Even though it quickly lost its popularity in the real world, it is still a popular gun shown in movies and video games. It was the gun of choice for characters Kyle Reese and the T-800 in the "Terminator" movies. It was also one of the most popular guns used in the video game "". Gatling gun The Gatling gun is a machine gun that has many barrels that fire bullets by turning the barrels around in a circle. It was the first machine gun ever made. It was first used by the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although it was very powerful, it was not much used because it cost a lot of money and was heavy. It was used more often in other wars during the second half of the 19th century. It was used in the Anglo-Zulu War, the Boshin War, and the Spanish-American War. Early in the 20th century armies stopped using it because other machine guns were better. The Minigun is based on the Gatling gun. The Gatling gun is a machine gun, but it is not called an automatic weapon because a user must continue to crank it instead of merely holding down the trigger. Still it was very useful in the wars. Consumer Reports Consumer Reports (CR) is a nonprofit organization focused only on unbiased product testing, investigative journalism, consumer-focused research, public education, and consumer advocacy. Founded in 1936 as Consumer Union, CR was created to serve as a information source that consumers could use to help assess product performance and safety. Since that time, CR has continued its testing and analysis of products and services, and advocate for the consumer in legislative and rule-making areas. Consumer Reports helped advocate for seat belt laws, the dangers of cigarettes, and recently, the growth of consumer finance protection and the growth of consumer access to better health care. The organization has also expanded its scope to a set of digital platforms. The organization’s headquarters, including its 50 testing labs, is in Yonkers, New York, while its cars are tested at a track site in East Haddam, Connecticut. CR is funded by subscriptions to its magazine and website, as well as through independent grants and donations. Marta L. Tellado is the current CEO of Consumer Reports. She joined the organization in 2014, with the goal of expanding its engagement and advocacy efforts. Consumer Reports' website and magazine writes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory and survey research center. CR accepts no advertising, and has no shareholders as a nonprofit organization. It also publishes general and targeted product/service buying guides. Consumer Reports pays for all the products it tests through common ways citizens buy products and services. They do this through secret, anonymous shoppers. Only paid subscribers can access its website ConsumerReports.org, in its entirety. ConsumerReports.org writes updates on product availability, and adds new products to already existing test results. In addition, the online data includes features that is not in the magazine; for example, vehicle reliability (frequency of repair) tables online show the full 10 model years reported in the Annual Questionnaires, but the magazine has only a six-year history of each model. Consumer Reports also allows the creators of the product to improve its product before Consumer Reports publishes its final results. Plymouth Fury The Plymouth Fury is an American car produced by Plymouth of Chrysler from the 1959 to 1978 model years. It is a full-size from 1959 to 1961, mid-size from 1962 to 1964, again full-size from 1965 to 1974 and again mid-size from 1975 to 1978. The Plymouth Sport Fury is a top-model of the Fury made from 1959 and 1962 to 1971. The Plymouth VIP is a luxury version of the Fury made from 1966 to 1969. The Plymouth Fury was succeeded by the Plymouth Gran Fury in the late 1970s. A 1958 Plymouth Fury was famous for the 1983 horror movie Christine. Plymouth (automobile) Plymouth was a brand of automobiles based in the United States, produced by the Chrysler Corporation and its successor DaimlerChrysler. The brand was founded in 1928 and ended in 2001. Jim Marsh (basketball) James Marsh (April 26, 1946 – August 12, 2019) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the National Basketball Association (NBA) for one season. He played college basketball at the University of Southern California. Marsh played professionally for the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA from 1971 to 1972. Marsh was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2004. He died on August 12, 2019 in Portland, Oregon at the age of 73. Héctor Rivoira Héctor Oscar Rivoira (10 April 1960 – 14 August 2019) was an Argentine football manager and player. He worked as the manager of Chacarita Juniors and Atlético Tucumán. He played for Almirante Brown from 1981 to 1984. He was born in Buenos Aires. Rivoira died on 14 August 2019 in Buenos Aires from colorectal cancer at the age of 59. Peter Murphy (musician) Peter John Joseph Murphy (born 11 July 1957) is an English singer-songwriter, and musician. He was the vocalist of the goth rock band Bauhaus. His best known albums were "Love Hysteria", "Deep", and "Holy Smoke". He is known as the Godfather of Goth". In August 2019, Murphy was hospitalized for a heart attack in New York City. George Keiser George James Keiser (February 22, 1946 – December 22, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives. He represented the 47th district. He was a Republican. Keiser was first elected in 1992. From 1988 to 1992 he was Commissioner of Bismarck. In August 2019, Keiser was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He died from the disease on December 22, 2021 in Bismarck at the age of 75. Vidya Sinha Vidya Sinha (15 November 1947 – 15 August 2019) was an Indian film actress. She acted in Bollywood movies and television shows. In movies, she was most known for "Rajnigandha" (1974) and "Chhoti Si Baat" (1975). In television, her best known role was as the grandmother on "Qubool Hai". Her last movie role was in Salman Khan's "Bodyguard" (2011). Sinha was born in Bombay. On 15 August 2019, Sinha died at a hospital in Mumbai of respiratory failure caused by heart and lung disease at the age of 71. Barbara March Barbara March (born Barbara Jean Maczka; October 9, 1953 – August 11, 2019) was a Canadian actress. She was born in Toronto. March was best known for her role as the Star Trek character Lursa, one of the Duras sisters. She appeared as Lursa in ' (" and "), ' ("Past Prologue"), and "Star Trek Generations". March died of cancer on August 11, 2019 at the age of 65. She was married to actor Alan Scarfe from 1979 until her death. They had two children. Auguste and Louis Lumière The Lumière brothers (, ; ), Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas (; 19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean (; 5 October 1864 – 7 June 1948), were the first filmmakers in history. Thomas Stafford Williams Thomas Stafford Williams ONZ ChStJ (born 20 March 1930) is a New Zealand Catholic official. He was born in Wellington. He was cardinal in the Catholic church and before his retirement in 2005. He was the fifth Archbishop of Wellington. FIBA The International Basketball Federation (FIBA ; French: ) is the governing body of the sport of basketball. Originally known as the , in 1989 it dropped the word "amateur" from its name but kept the acronym; the "BA" now represents the first two letters of "basketball". FIBA defines the rules of basketball such what equipment and facilities to use, organises international competitions, regulates the transfer of athletes across countries, and controls the appointment of international referees. A total of 213 national federations are now members, organized since 1989 into five zones: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. The FIBA Basketball World Cup is a world tournament for men's national teams held every four years. Teams compete for the Naismith Trophy, named in honor of basketball's Canadian creator James Naismith. The tournament occurred in the same year as the FIFA World Cup from 1970 through 2014, but starting in 2019, the Basketball World Cup will move to the year following the FIFA World Cup. University of Southern Mississippi The University of Southern Mississippi (USM) is a public research university in the United States. Its with its main campus is in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The Hattiesburg campus is about north of Gulfport, Mississippi and northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. It has another campuses at Long Beach. That campus is called Gulf Park. In addition, USM has five more teaching and research sites. USM is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) to award baccalaureate, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees. It is known informally as Southern Miss. The school was founded on March 30, 1910. Italian Parliament The Italian Parliament () is the national parliament of the Italian Republic. It is the representative body of Italian citizens. It is a bicameral legislature with 945 elected members and a small number of unelected members ("parlamentari"). The Italian Parliament is made up of the Chamber of Deputies (with 630 members or "deputati" elected on a national basis) and Senate of the Republic (with 315 members or "senatori". The two houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly. Antonio Rastrelli Antonio Rastrelli (15 October 1927 – 15 August 2019) was an Italian politician and lawyer. He was born in Portici, Italy. Rastrelli was a member of the Senate from 1979 to 1994 and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1994 to 1995. Rastrelli was President of Campania from 1995 to 1999. Rastrelli died on 15 August 2019 at the age of 91. Madhava of Sangamagrama Mādhava of Sañgamāgrama was an Indian mathematician of ancient time. HD 136418 HD 136418 is a star located in the constellation Boötes 340 light years away from Earth. It has a planet orbiting it, like Jupiter. The star and its planet will be named after something in the culture of Canada. Trailer (vehicle) A trailer vehicle is a vehicle that does not have any engine, and instead is attached to another vehicle to move, which could be another trailer or a truck, but the vehicle at the front almost always has an engine to let the trailers move. Trailers may be used for carrying cargo either being things that are not alive or sometimes animals like horses that are too big for the main vehicle. Some boats might also be a trailer as well to allow them to be moved on land. Christina of the Netherlands Christina of the Netherlands (born Maria Christina; 18 February 1947 – 16 August 2019) was a Dutch royal, educator and singer. She was the youngest of four daughters of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. She was the youngest sister of Beatrix of the Netherlands. She was born in Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands. During pregnancy, her mother was diagnosed with rubella and as a result, Christina was born nearly blind. Her godfather was British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In June 2018, it was announced that Christina had been diagnosed with bone cancer. She died on 16 August 2019 in Noordeinde Palace, Den Haag, Netherlands from the disease, aged 72. Irene of the Netherlands Princess Irene of the Netherlands (born Irene Emma Elisabeth; 5 August 1939) is a Dutch royal and environmentalist. She is the second child of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Titles. The Princess used the following names since her divorce: Margriet of the Netherlands Princess Margriet of the Netherlands (Margriet Francisca; born 19 January 1943) is a Dutch royal and philanthropist. She is the third daughter of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard. Biography. As an aunt of the reigning monarch, King Willem-Alexander, she is a member of the Dutch Royal House and currently eighth and last in the line of succession to the throne. From 1984 to 2007, Princess Margriet was president of the European Cultural Foundation, who set up the "Princess Margriet Award for Cultural Diversity". She is a member of the honorary board of the International Paralympic Committee. Pieter van Vollenhoven Pieter van Vollenhoven Jr. (born 30 April 1939) is a Dutch royal, photographer, educator and pianist. He is the husband of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and a member, by marriage, of the Dutch Royal House. He was born in Schiedam, Netherlands. He was chairman of the Dutch Safety Board from which he retired in February 2011. Van Vollenhoven was diagnosed with melanoma twice in May 2017 and in November 2017. Karim Olowu Alhaji Karim Ayinla Babalola "KAB" Olowu (OON) (7 June 1924 – 14 August 2019) was a Nigerian sprinter and long jumper. He was part of Nigeria's first delegation to the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games. Olowu participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He participated in the 1950 British Empire Games. At the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, he won silver medals in long jump and the 4×110 yards relay, becoming the first Nigerian athlete to win two medals at the Commonwealth Games. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics he became the first Nigerian Olympic torch bearer. He was one of Africa's oldest living Olympians. Olowu died at a hospital in Lagos, Nigeria on 14 August 2019 at the age of 95. Reuven Hammer Reuven Hammer (1933 – 12 August 2019) was an American-Israeli Conservative rabbi, scholar of Jewish liturgy, author and lecturer. He was born in Syracuse, New York. He was a founder of the "Masorti" (Conservative) movement in Israel. He was president of the International Rabbinical Assembly. For many years, he was head of the Masorti Beth Din in Israel. He was a regular columnist for "The Jerusalem Post" "Tradition Today" column. Hammer died of brain cancer on 12 August 2019 in Jerusalem at the age of 86. Gjergj Xhuvani Gjergj Xhuvani (20 December 1963 – 14 August 2019) was an Albanian movie director, screenwriter, and producer. He was born in Tirana, Albania. His 2001 movie "Slogans" was Albania's submission to the 74th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted His 2009 movie "" was selected as the Albanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it didn't make the shortlist. Xhuvani died of a possible heart attack on 14 August 2019 in Rome, Italy at the age of 55. Eddie Marlin Edward Marlin (August 13, 1930 – August 15, 2019) was an American promoter and professional wrestler. He was born in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1967, Marlin wrestled for Nick Gulas' NWA Mid-America promotion under a mask as "The Mummy". He retired in 1993. In the early-1970s, Marlin formed a tag team with Tommy Gilbert. The duo achieved their greatest success in NWA Mid-America, winning the NWA Southern Tag Team Championship, NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, and NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship. Death. Marlin died on August 15, 2019 from multiple organ failure under hospice care in Gallatin, Tennessee at the age of 89. Qin Hanzhang Qin Hanzhang (Chinese: 秦含章; 19 February 1908 – 15 August 2019) was a Chinese engineer, scientist and supercentenarian. He was a known figure in the field of food science and industrial fermentation. He was also a scholar in the wine industry. In 1950, Premier Zhou Enlai appointed Qin as a counselor of the Ministry of Food Industry and the Ministry of Light Industry. Lu Yonggen Lu Yonggen (; 2 December 1930 – 12 August 2019) was a Chinese agronomist, plant geneticist, educator, and philanthropist. Lu was President of South China Agricultural University from 1983 to 1995. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1993. He was named China's second most generous philanthropist in 2017 after donating his entire life savings of 8.8 million yuan (US$1.34 million) to his university. Lu was born in Hong Kong. He died on 12 August 2019 in Guangzhou at the age of 88. Glenn Tasker Glenn Robert Tasker (10 November 1951 – 15 August 2019) was an Australian sport administrator. He was known for his works in swimming, tennis and the Paralympic movement. He was President of the Australian Paralympic Committee from 2013 to 2018. Tasker died while in a coma on 15 August 2019 in Sydney due to cardiac arrest-related problems, aged 67. Wrestling Pro Edward Leon Baxter (June 4, 1938 – August 15, 2019) was an American professional wrestler. He worked for the National Wrestling Alliance in the 1960s and 70s. He was best known for wrestling under a mask as (The) Wrestling Pro and also wrestled under the ring name Tarzan Baxter. He had famous feuds with Ken Mantell for the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship and Jack Brisco for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Basu Chatterjee Basu Chatterjee (; 10 January 1930 – 4 June 2020) was an Indian movie director and screenwriter. His works were known for the urban settings, focusing on marriage and love relationships. He was best known for his movies "Us Paar", "Chhoti Si Baat" (1975), "Chitchor" (1976), "Rajnigandha" (1974), "Piya Ka Ghar" (1972), "Khatta Meetha ", "Chakravyuha", "Baton Baton Mein" (1979), "Priyatama" (1977), "Man Pasand", "Hamari Bahu Alka", "Shaukeen" (1982), and "Chameli Ki Shaadi" (1986). Mala Sinha Mala Sinha (born Alda Sinha; 11 November 1936) is an Indian actress. Her best known roles were in "Pyaasa" (1957), "Anpadh" (1962), "Dil Tera Deewana" (1962), "Gumrah" (1963), "Bahurani" (1963), "Gehra Daag", "Apne Huye Paraye", "Jahan Ara", "Himalaya Ki God Mein" (1965), "Nai Roshni", "Aankhen" (1968), "Maryada" (1971) and "Babu". Morogoro tanker explosion On 10 August 2019, a fuel tanker exploded in Morogoro, Tanzania. It killed at least 89 people and injuredat least 55. It was one of the largest disasters of its kind in Tanzania. The incident happened in the town of Morogoro. A fuel tanker crashed and people gathered at the accident site to steal the fuel. The tanker exploded during the looting, burning 60 people to death. Another 55 people were injured in the incident and many suffered serious burns. 7 August 2019 Kabul bombing A suicide car bomb exploded at a security checkpoint outside a police station in the Afghan capital, Kabul, on 7 August 2019. The explosion happened in the early morning, in a Shia neighbourhood in western Kabul. At least 14 people were killed and 145 injured, mostly civilians. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack. Ural Airlines Flight 178 Ural Airlines Flight 178 was a scheduled passenger flight from Zhukovsky International Airport in Moscow to Simferopol in Crimea. On 15 August 2019, an Airbus A321 (VQ-BOZ) suffered a bird strike, which is when birds hit the engines of the plane. It happened after taking off from Zhukovsky and crash landed in a cornfield a few kilometers past the airport. Twenty-nine people were injured and no one was killed. Moscow Domodedovo Airport Moscow Domodedovo Airport (), formally "Domodedovo International Airport named after Mikhail Lomonosov" is an international airport located in Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is south-southeast from the centre of Moscow. Domodedovo is one of the four major Moscow airports, as well as one of the largest airports in Russia. In 2017, it served 30,700,000 passengers, an increase of 7.6% compared to 2016, making it the second busiest airport in Russia after Sheremetyevo International Airport. Following a 2019 naming contest and presidential decree, it became named after Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. Sheremetyevo International Airport Sheremetyevo Alexander S. Pushkin International Airport ( "Mezhdunarodnyy aeroport Sheremet'yevo imeni A.S. Pushkina") is one of four international airports that serves the city of Moscow. It is the busiest airport in Russia. Sheremetyevo was a military base which became a civilian airport in 1959, and in a 2019 contest, was named after Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The airport had six terminals: four international terminals (one under construction), one domestic terminal, and one private aviation terminal. It is located in northwest of central Moscow, in the city of Khimki, Moscow Oblast. Zhukovsky International Airport Zhukovsky International Airport , formerly (and still occasionally) known as Ramenskoye Airport or Zhukovsky Airfield (, Аэропорт Жуковский) is an international airport. It is located in Moscow Oblast, Russia 36 km southeast of central Moscow, in the town of Zhukovsky. Official opening of the Zhukovsky International Airport took place on 30 May 2016 with declared capacity of the first stage of the airport of 4 million passengers annually. Vnukovo International Airport Vnukovo International Airport, formally "Vnukovo International Airport named after Andrei Tupolev", () , is a dual-runway international airport located southwest of the centre of Moscow, Russia. It is one of the four major airports that serve Moscow, along with Moscow Domodedovo Airport, Sheremetyevo International Airport, and Zhukovsky International Airport. In 2015, the airport handled 15.82 million passengers. It is the third-busiest airport in Russia. Vnukovo is Moscow's oldest operating airport. It was opened and used for military operations during the Second World War, but became a civilian facility after the war. In 1980, Vnukovo was expanded because of the 22nd Summer Olympic Games. Mariscal Sucre International Airport Mariscal Sucre International Airport () is the busiest airport in Ecuador and one of the busiest airports in South America. It is located in the Tababela parish, about east of Quito. It is the largest hub of TAME, the flag carrier of Ecuador, with an average of over 220 weekly flights. It opened in February 2013. The airport is named after the Venezuelan independence leader Antonio José de Sucre. Pichincha Province Pichincha () is a province of Ecuador located in the northern sierra region; its capital and largest city is Quito. The province is home to many rose plantations, which make up Ecuador's flower-culture industry. Cotopaxi Province Cotopaxi () is one of the provinces of Ecuador. The capital is Latacunga. The province has the Cotopaxi Volcano. Cantons. The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each canton with its population (per the 2019 census), its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat (capital). Mojanda Mojanda is an inactive stratovolcano of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes in northern Ecuador. It has three crater lakes: Karikucha (the largest), Yanakucha, and Warmikucha. Imbabura Volcano Imbabura is an inactive stratovolcano in northern Ecuador. It has not erupted for at least 14,000 years, it is not thought to be extinct. Imbabura is capped with snow and has no permanent glaciers. It is covered in volcanic ash. Maize, sugarcane, and beans are all crops of the region. Cattle are also an important commodity. Cotacachi Volcano Cotacachi is a dormant volcano in the Western Cordillera of the northern Ecuadorian Andes, in the west of Imbabura Province, above the city of Cotacachi. It has a summit elevation of above sea level and its highest elevations are capped with snow. Imbabura Province Imbabura () is a province located in the Andes of northern Ecuador. The capital is Ibarra. The people of the province speak Spanish and the Imbaburan Quechua language. The summit of Cotacachi Volcano at an elevation of is north-east of the town of Cotacachi. Cantons. The province is divided into six cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2010 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the capital. Galápagos Province Galápagos () is a province of Ecuador in the country's Insular region. It is located off the western coast of the mainland. The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno. The province has the Galápagos Islands, a group of tiny volcanic islands that sit on the equator. Political divisions. The province is divided in three cantons, each with a number of islands. They are: Guayas Province Guayas () is a coastal province in Ecuador. It is bordered to the west by Manabí, Santa Elena, and the Pacific Ocean. With over 3 million people, it is the most populous province in Ecuador. The largest city of Ecuador, Guayaquil, is within the province. Political divisions. The province is divided into 25 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital. Esmeraldas Province Esmeraldas () is a province in northwestern Ecuador. The capital is Esmeraldas. Cantons. The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital. Antonio José de Sucre Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (; February 3, 1795 – June 4, 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (), was a Venezuelan independence leader. He was the fourth President of Peru and the second President of Bolivia. Sucre was one of Simón Bolívar's closest friends, generals and statesmen. The city of Sucre, Bolivia's capital, is named for him, as is a state of Venezuela and a department of Colombia. The Mariscal Sucre International Airport of Ecuador's capital Quito are also named after him. Ecuador’s former currency the “Sucre” was also named after him. Sucre was shot and killed by multiple assassins on June 4, 1830 at the age of 35. Tocumen International Airport Tocumen International Airport () is the international airport of Panama City, the capital of Panama. The airport serves as the homebase for Copa Airlines. It is a regional hub to and from the Caribbean, South, North and Central America. There is high terrain to the north of the airport. The Tocumen VOR-DME (Ident: TUM) and non-directional beacon (Ident: AT) are located just south of the field. Pramod Mahajan Pramod Vyankatesh Mahajan (30 October 1949 – 3 May 2006) was an Indian politician. At the time of his death, he was in a power struggle for the leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was a member of the Rajya Sabha and a General Secretary of his party. As Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's telecommunications minister between 2001 and 2003, he played a major role in India's cellular revolution. On 22 April 2006, he was shot at and fatally injured by his brother Pravin Mahajan in Mumbai. He died thirteen days later on 3 May at the age of 56. Orellana Province Orellana () is an inland province of Ecuador. The capital is Puerto Francisco de Orellana (also known as Coca). It was created on July 30, 1998, from part of Napo Province. Cantons. The province is divided into four cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital. The Great Dictator The Great Dictator is a 1940 American political satire comedy-drama movie written, directed, produced, scored by, and starring British comedian Charlie Chaplin, following the tradition of many of his other movies. Modern Times Modern Times may refer to modern history. Modern Times may also refer to: Nils Clarke Nils Clarke is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He is a member of the Yukon Legislative Assembly representing the electoral district of Riverdale North. He is also the current Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Clarke was elected for the first time in the 2016 general election. He is a member of the Yukon Liberal Party. Clarke was a lawyer working in the Yukon for 24 years. He became the executive director of the Yukon Legal Services Society. In the 2016 general election, he was one of the 11 Liberal MLAs that were elected. They formed a majority government. On 12 January 2017, he was elected the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Prague-West District The Prague West District (Czech: "okres Praha-západ") is a district of the Central Bohemian Region in the Czech Republic. Central Bohemian Region The Central Bohemian Region is a region of the Czech Republic. It covers 14% of the country, with the highest population of any region of the Czech Republic. The capital city for the region is Prague. Important rivers in the region are Elbe, Vltava, Berounka, Jizera and Sázava. Křivoklátsko Protected Landscape Area is in Central Bohemia. Administrative divisions. The Central Bohemian Region is divided into 12 districts: Religion in Bulgaria Religion in Bulgaria are divided into large number of religions: The main one, which is Orthodox Christianity, of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, is the dominant religion of Bulgaria which it is practised by 80%. The main religion of Bulgaria, Islam, behind Orthodox Church, is practised by 13% of the population. Around 7% are strong to other minority religions, mainly Protestantism and Catholicism. The constitution designates Orthodox Christianity as the traditional religion of the country and gives the free exercise of any religion. Islam is main in selected areas of Bulgaria after Orthodox Christianity or 1st religion. Vermilion Bird The Vermilion Bird is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It represents the fire-element, the south direction, and the season summer correspondingly. Sometimes it is called the Vermilion Bird of the South (, Nán Fāng Zhū Què). It is known as Zhū Què in Chinese, Suzaku in Japanese, and Jujak in Korean. The color "vermilion" is often called "chinese red". It is described as a red bird that resembles a pheasant with a five-colored plumage (bird's feathers) and is covered in flames. It is often mistaken for the Fenghuang (Named Chinese Phoenix) due to similarities in appearance, but the two are different creatures. Seven Mansions of the Vermilion Bird. As with the other three Symbols, there are seven astrological "Mansions" (positions of the Moon) within the Vermilion Bird. The names and determinative stars are: Nature of the symbol. The Vermilion Bird is elegant and noble in both appearance and behavior, with feathers in many different colors of vermilion. It is very selective about what it eats and where it perches. Potwin, Kansas Potwin, is a hamlet in Kansas. It has a population of 450 people. John Moses Browning John Moses Browning (January 23, 1855 – November 26, 1926) was an American gun maker who invented many guns used by Americans, both by the military and civilians. He was born in Ogden, Utah in 1855 and died in Belgium in 1926 of heart failure, aged 71. He was a Mormon and the son of his father's second wife. He invented the repeating shotgun and made shotguns like the Winchester Model 1887, Model 1897, and Browning Auto-5. He invented pistols like the Browning Hi-Power and the M1911. He invented machine guns like the BAR, the M1917, the M1919, and the M2 .50 caliber machine gun. Some of Browning's gun models are still used by the US military today, including the M1911 and the M2. Winchester Model 1897 The Winchester Model 1897 was an early pump-action shotgun invented by John Moses Browning. It was so popular that it was used by the US military during both World War I and World War II. It was a deadly weapon a short range, especially in trenches, so the military was called the "trench gun". Even though the gun was pump action, the shooter could shoot quickly by holding down the trigger while pumping the shotgun. Nikolai Tzvelev Nikolai Nikolayevich Tzvelev (also romanized Nikolái Tsveliov; ) (January 31 (according to the passport February 3) 1925, Tambov - July 19, 2015, St. Petersburg) was a Russian botanist, a specialist in the field of systematics, floristry, morphology and evolution of vascular plants. He was a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2000) . Among his most important scientific achievements is a critical revision of the taxonomy of the grass family, a study of the problems of the origin of this taxon and its further evolution. He recognized "Korringia" as a genus, when Anna Prokofevna Czukavina described it only as a sect. of Polygonum. This author is usually abbreviated «Tzvelev» when citing a botanical name. Taxa by Tzvelev. "Arctanthemum arcticum" (L.)Tzvelev. Works. 2007 Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR) Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch is a group of Christians. They are a part of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Their patriarch lived in Antioch in the past. However, he now lives in Damascus. The members of the Church are called "Greek" because most of them spoke the Greek language in the past. Proscription Proscription is a ’decree of condemnation to death or banishment’ ("Oxford English Dictionary"). It may refer to state-approved murder or banishment. The term originated in Ancient Rome, where a person could officially be declared an enemy of the state. It often involved confiscation of property. In addition to its use the Roman Republic, it has become a standard term. It has been used since to describe similar governmental and political actions. It is used to suppress opposing ideologies. Also, it is used to eliminate political rivals or personal enemies. Paule Marshall Paule Marshall (born Valenza Pauline Burke; April 9, 1929 – August 12, 2019) was an American feminist writer. She was born in New York City. Her best known works were "Brown Girl, Brownstones" (1959), "The Chosen Place, the Timeless People" (1969) and "Praisesong for the Widow" (1983). Marshall died in Richmond, Virginia on August 12, 2019 from dementia, aged 90. José Nápoles José Ángel Nápoles, nicknamed "Mantequilla" ("Butter", because of his smooth boxing style), (April 13, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was a Cuban-born Mexican boxer and a World Welterweight Champion. He was ranked as one of the greatest fighters of all time. He was a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. His record of the most wins in unified championship bouts in boxing history, shared with Muhammad Ali, was unbeaten for 40 years. Nápoles died on August 16, 2019 in Mexico City after a long-illness at the age of 79. Felice Gimondi Felice Gimondi (; 29 September 1942 – 16 August 2019) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. He won all three "Grand Tours" of road cycling: Tour de France (1965, his first year as a pro), Giro d'Italia (1967, 1969 and 1976), and Vuelta a España (1968). He remains one of only seven cyclists to have done so. Gimondi died on 16 August 2019 from a heart attack while swimming on vacation in Sicily. He was 76. Vincenzo Nibali Vincenzo Nibali (; born 14 November 1984) is an Italian professional road bicycle racer. He rides for UCI WorldTeam. He was born in Sicily. His biggest wins are the 2010 Vuelta a España, the 2014 Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia twice (2013 and 2016), making him one of seven cyclists who have won the three Grand Tours in their career. Hugh Hudson Hugh Hudson (born 25 August 1936) is an English movie director. Hudson directed the 1981 Academy Award and BAFTA Award Best Picture "Chariots of Fire". He was born in London. Garrick Hagon Garrick Hagon (born 27 September 1939) is a British-born Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Biggs Darklighter in "". Other movie roles include "Batman", "Spy Game", "Me and Orson Welles" and "The Message". Faisal Masud Faisal Masud () ( 16 October 1954 – 16 August 2019) was a Pakistani educator and physician. He was the vice-chancellor of the University of Health Sciences and a vice-chancellor of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore from January 2013 through February 2017. He also was the principal of Services Hospital and Services Institute of Medical Sciences in Lahore, Pakistan. His area of interest was endocrinology. He was awarded the tamgha-e-imtiaz for his role in dengue epidemic. Masud was born in Gujrat. He died of cardiac arrest on 16 August 2019 in Lahore, aged 64. Almazbek Atambayev Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev (, "Almazbek Şarşenoviç (Şarşen uulu) Atambayev"; born 17 September 1956) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1 December 2011 to 24 November 2017. He was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December 2011 and from 29 March 2007 to 28 November 2007. Kurmanbek Bakiyev Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev (Kyrgyz: Курманбек Салиевич (Сали уулу) Бакиев, "Qurmanbek Saliyeviç (Sali Uulu) Baqiyev"; born 1 August 1949) is a politician who was the second President of Kyrgyzstan, from 2005 to 2010. Bakiyev was re-elected in the 2009 presidential election. On 7 April 2010, after bloody riots in the capital overturned the government, Bakiyev reportedly fled to the southern city of Osh. He resigned on 15 April 2010. Otunbayeva said she would press ahead to bring Bakiyev to trial. President of Kyrgyzstan The President of Kyrgyzstan is the head of state and the highest official of the Kyrgyz Republic. The president is directly elected for no more than one six-year term by the Kyrgyz electorate. The office of president was created in 1990. The office of president is open to all citizens of Kyrgyzstan who are no younger than 35 years of age, and no older than 65 years of age. Ishenbai Kadyrbekov Ishenbai Duyshonbiyevich Kadyrbekov () (born July 16, 1949) is a Kyrgyzstani politician. He was the Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of Kyrgyzstan and the interim President in March 2005. Sooronbay Jeenbekov Sooronbay Sharipovich Jeenbekov (, "Sooronbay Şaripoviç (Şarip uulu) Jéénbekov"; or Sooronbay Zheenbekov; born 16 November 1958) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the President of Kyrgyzstan. He officially took office on 24 November 2017. He was also the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017. He resigned on 15 October 2020 due to the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests. Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan The Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan is the head of government of Kyrgyzstan. Until 2010, the President was in a stronger position than the Prime Minister in Kyrgyzstan. After the 2010 constitutional referendum, the state became a parliamentary system, creating greater power in parliament. This position used to be known as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev (, ; born 20 January 1968) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 20 April 2018 to 17 June 2020. Apas Jumagulov Apas Jumagulov (; ) (born 19 September 1934) is a Kyrgyzstani politician. He was the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 14 December 1993 to 24 March 1998. He was the Ambassador to Germany from 1998 to 2003, and to Russia from 2005 to 2007. Sapar Isakov Sapar Jumakadyrovich Isakov (; born July 29, 1977) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was Prime Minister from 26 August 2017 to 19 April 2018. He was chief of staff for President Almazbek Atambayev. On 19 April 2018 the President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov fired Isakov and the government following a vote of no confidence. Isakov was arrested June 5, 2018 for corruption charges. In August 2019, Isakov was hospitalized due to a stroke. George Vella George William Vella, (born 24 April 1942) is a Maltese politician. He is the 10th and current President of Malta. He was Malta's Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1996 to 1998 and from 2013 to 2017. Ċensu Tabone Vincent "Ċensu" Tabone, (; 30 March 1913 – 14 March 2012) was the fourth President of Malta from 1989 to 1994. On 14 March 2012, Tabone died at his home in St. Julian's, Malta at age 98. Paul Xuereb Pawlu "Paul" Xuereb (21 July 1923 – 6 September 1994) was the Acting President of Malta between February 16, 1987 – April 4, 1989. Agatha Barbara Agatha Barbara, (11 March 1923 – 4 February 2002) was a Maltese politician. She was the first female President of Malta. She is the longest standing woman Member of Parliament in Maltese political history. Albert Hyzler Albert Victor Hyzler (20 November 1916 – 26 October 1993) was a Maltese politician. He was the Acting President of Malta from 27 December 1981 to 15 February 1982. Anton Buttigieg Anton Buttigieg, ( ; 19 February 1912 – 5 May 1983) was a Maltese politician. He was the second President of Malta from 1976 until 1981. Qala, Malta Qala () is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 2,284 as of March 2014. Anthony Mamo Sir Anthony Joseph Mamo, (9 January 1909 – 1 May 2008) was a Maltese politician. He was the first President of Malta. He was the last Governor-General of the State of Malta before the country became a republic. Mamo died on 1 May 2008 at the age of 99, at Casa Arkati Home for Elderly. Dom Mintoff Domenico Mintoff, (; often called "il-Perit", "the Architect"; 6 August 1916 – 20 August 2012) was a Maltese Socialist politician, architect, and engineer. He was leader of the Labour Party from 1949 to 1984, and was 8th Prime Minister of Malta from 1955 to 1958 and from 1971 to 1984. His tenure as Prime Minister has been seen with mixed views because he helped create better living conditions of the Maltese people but saw a rise in authoritarianism and political violence. Mintoff was taken to hospital on 18 July 2012. He was later discharged on 4 August and spent his 96th birthday at home in Tarxien. He died there sixteen days later on 20 August 2012. Maurice Henry Dorman Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (7 August 1912 – 26 October 1993) was a British diplomat. He was the representative of the British Monarchy in Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Sierra Leone, and Malta. He was in Sierra Leone from 1956 until 1962, for which he was knighted in 1957. From 27 April 1961 (Sierra Leone's independence day) to 27 April 1962, Dorman was the Governor-General of Sierra Leone. From 1962 until 1964, he was the Colonial Governor of Malta and then became Governor-General of Malta from September 1964 until July 1971, when he was replaced by Sir Anthony Mamo. Sony SAB Sony SAB is an Indian pay to air Hindi television channel It focuses on comedy contents. History. Sony SAB was launched by Adhikari brothers in 1999 as a Hindi language channel. Later the channel rebranded as Hindi-general comedy entertainment channel and launches many iconic shows. Sony SAB launches it's HD channel on 5 September 2015 on the occasion of Ganesh Chaturthi List of programs broadcast by Sony SAB This is the list of original programming currently and formerly broadcast by the Indian television channel Sony SAB. Upcoming Broadcasts. Yes online time upcoming now yes he was just thinking of done eating a great day and bonas and the other hand Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Cheshmah Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah ( Taarak Mehta's inverted spectacles ) is one of India's longest running sitcoms. It is produced by Neela Tele Films Private Limited. The show went on air on 28 July 2008. It airs from Monday to Friday on SAB TV. Reruns of the show started on Sony Pal from 2 November 2015. The show is based on the column "Duniya Ne Undha Chashma" written by columnist and journalist/playwright Taarak Mehta for the Gujarati weekly magazine "Chitralekha". Plot. Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli, Goregaon East, Mumbai with four wings: A Wing, B Wing, C Wing and D Wing. Although the society has 17 flats, the show revolves around the lives of eight families. The residents are like one family : There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal (brother of Jethalal's wife Daya, from Ahmedabad, Gujarat) and his friends Baka and Bhailu. Abdul, the shopkeeper of the provision store located outside the society entrance, reporter Rita Shrivastav from 'Kal Tak' a news channel, Inspector Chalu Pandey, Asit Kumarr Modi as himself, Jethalal's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala (Natu Kaka), his nephew Bagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala (Baagha), who are often bent on doing the wrong job and Baagha's fiancee Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria. The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family. They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together. Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families, the characters, more often than not Jethalal Gada, tend to find themselves in trouble, cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner. The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show. Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters, all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help. In an episode, the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta, which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers. Production and promotion. The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai. However, some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat, New Delhi, Goa and in foreign locations such as London, Brussels, Paris, Hong Kong and Singapore. To celebrate "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah" completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012, the director "decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial." In February 2015, Joshi, Vakani, and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards to promote the "Clean India" campaign. Reception and impact. In the first week of 2017, the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings. In the fourth week, the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings. In March 2017, the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics. In the 25th week of 2017, the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings. In the 26th week of 2017, the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings. It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings. Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage, Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016. List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah (Translation: Taarak Mehta's Inverted Spectacles) is India's longest running sitcom serial. Following is the list of various characters of the popular sitcom. Groups & Categories. Purush Mandal. It is the group of the senior male characters of the society. They sometimes try to have parties (which include drinking alcohol) hiding from their wives. They drink soda daily at Abdul's soda shop at night (All in One General Store). It includes Jethalal Champaklal Gada, Taarak Mehta, Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide,Sardar Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh SodhiKrishnan Subramanyam Iyer, Dr. Hansraj Hathi, Patrakar Popatlal Pandey and Abdul. Mahila Mandal. The group consists of all senior female members of the society. Mahila mandal is the best friend they all love each other.They express love for all. They all are very intelligent, smart and beautiful ladies. The group includes - Daya Jethalal Gada, Anjali Mehta, Madhavi Bhide, Roshan Kaur Sodhi, Babita Iyer & Komal Hathi. Tapu Sena. The Tapu Sena is a group of children residing in the society. It is providing a juvenile tone to the show. Usually, the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the Society because of their mischievous activities, while at times, it draws praises from the members by virtue of some laudable activities performed by the children. Since the beginning of the show, the Tapu Sena has, with their childlike activities, characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children. With the growth of the five children to maturity and elegance, the stories have been tailored accordingly to suit the children. It includes- Tipendra Jethalal Gada aka Tapu (Leader), Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide aka Sonu, Gulaabkumar Hansraj Hathi or Goli, Gurucharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi aka Gogi, Pankaj Diwan Sahay aka Pinku. Gada Electronics Staff. Natwarlal Prabhatshankar Undhaiwala aka Nattu Kaka, Baagheshwar Dadukh Undhaiwala aka Baagha and Magan. All of them are very sincere, laborious and honest. Magan makes rare appearances and Nattu Kaka and Baagha are the main employees. Nattu Kaka handles the finance and Baagha specialises in repairing old mobile phones. Even though Jethalal constantly refuses to give Nattu Kaka and Baagha a hike in their salary despite their constant requests, they are still loyal to Jethalal and are dedicated to their work. Nattu Kaka and Baagha also celebrate festivals and take part in events with Gokuldham Society. Main characters. Gada Family. Jethalal Champaklal Gada. He is the owner of Gada Electronics and a Businessman. He loves his wife Daya whilst having a secret crush on Babita and is often scolded by his father .He often uses the word nonsense and is disturbed by his family. He is called "jethiya" by Champaklal,"seth ji" by nattu kaka and bagha,"tapu ke papa " by Daya, "jethapra" by Sodhi and "jethabhai" by Dr.Haathi and the ladies.Whenever he gets in trouble,He consults Taarak Mehta his close friend whom he often calls as "Fire Brigade",as he solves the problems in Jethalal's life as fire brigade does. The role is essayed by Dilip Joshi. Daya Jethalal Gada. Also known as "Dayaben" or "Daya Tapu ke papa Gada", the role was essayed by Disha Vakani from 2008 to 2018. She is the wife of Jethalal and the daughter-in-law of Gada family. She is from Ahmedabad and is popularly referred to as Garba Queen as she loves playing Garba, a Gujarati dance. She is a responsible and dedicated homemaker mostly busy in household chores. Dayaben is very innocent and naive and loves her family. She is also a very caring neighbour. Jethalal is fond of her culinary skills. Dayaben enjoys close bonding with her mother Jeevdaya (Jashodha) and brother Sundar, whom she calls "Sundar Veera". Dayaben is a devoted wife and never refers Jethalal by name, instead calling him "Tapu ke Papa" (meaning “Tapu’s father”). She is a little superstitious and believes in black magic, ghosts, bad luck, etc. Dayaben is very religious and worships Amba Mata. She usually says “He Maa, Mata Ji” holding her hands to her head, whenever she is surprised, forgets something, or thinks some bad is to happen. She speaks in a typical high pitched Gujarati accent. She is always seen wearing a Gujarati sari with a traditional hairdo, except for some special occasions. Champaklal Jayantilal Gada. Also known as Champak Chacha. The role is essayed by Amit Bhatt. He is the father of Jethalal who immigrated from ancestral village of Gada family, Bhachau, to live with the family of Jethalal in Mumbai. He is a widower and is eccentric and temperamental in nature. Despite being nearly 72 years old, he is more energetic than Jethalal. He performs Pranayam and Yoga and is an active member of Young Old Group, a small group founded by him and his friends. Champaklal loves his whole family and enjoys special bonding with his grandson Tapu. He always takes the side of Tapu and Daya whenever Jethalal scolds them. Due to his supreme decision-making authority, Jethalal is often sidelined in family matters. He loves Jethalal with his whole heart but shows it on very rare occasions. He always scolds Jethalal and angrily calls him "babuchak" and “akkal vagar jo dhandho”. He calls Jethalal as "Jethiya", Tapu as "Tapuda", and Daya as “Bahu”. He also has nicknames for the whole purush mandal as he calls, Taarak Mehta as "Mehtoos", Popatlal as "Dibba", Bhide as "Bhindi Master", Dr. Haathi as “Haathida” and Iyer as “Iyerdi”. However, Champaklal is a fatherly figure for Gokuldham residents. He is always given immense respect and is involved in the decision-making process. Everyone calls him Chachaji and whole Tapusena calls him Dadaji. Champaklal always acts as a peacemaker in issues and verbal spats. He is also very fond of Daya's cooking skills and has Mehta be his troubleshooter when Jetha is not available. Although his original character, as written in "Duniya ne Undha Chashmah" by Taarak Mehta, is rebellious, rustic and ever quarrelling, in the show he is loyal to Gandhian principles and abhors unethical practices such as theft, quarrels and corruption. He is strictly against alcohol and dislikes people who drink. Champaklal looks exactly like his father, the Late Jayantilal Bhimji Gada who in the show was a freedom fighter during the British rule. Tipendra Jethalal Gada. The son of Daya and Jethalal and also he is the leader of Tappu Sena. He used to be mischievous in early episodes and always causes Jethalal Problems, He is loved by his grandfather and mother but Jethalal is strict to him and shows his love to Tappu sometimes.tapu is leader of tapu sena Old World flycatcher Old World flycatcher is the name for many small birds that usually feed on insects. They are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds As the name suggests, these birds only occur in the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa). The group is related to the common sparrow. These are mainly small insectivores. Many of them, as the name suggests, take their prey on the wing. The family includes 324 species and is divided into 51 genera. Sini, Sardinia Sini ("Sìni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 30 September 2018, 523 people lived there. Its area is 8.75 km². It is 255 meters above sea level. Eldorado, Oklahoma Eldorado is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Elmer, Oklahoma Elmer is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Elmore City, Oklahoma Elmore City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Empire City, Oklahoma Empire City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Erin Springs, Oklahoma Erin Springs is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Fairland, Oklahoma Fairland is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Azuay Province Azuay (), Province of Azuay is a province of Ecuador. Its capital is Cuenca. Cantons. The province is divided into 15 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km2), and the name of the canton seat or capital. Peoria, Oklahoma Peoria is a town of Oklahoma, in the United States. Quapaw, Oklahoma Quapaw is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Walter Hauser Walter Hauser (1 May 1837 – 22 October 1902) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1888 to 1902. He was elected to the Federal Council on 13 December 1888 and died in office on 22 October 1902. He was a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. During his office time he held the following departments: He was President of the Confederation twice in 1892 and 1900. Ernst Brenner Ernst Brenner (9 December 1856 – 11 March 1911) was a Swiss politician. He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 25 March 1897 and died in office on 11 March 1911. He was a member of the Free Democratic Party. During his office time he held the following departments: Leflore County, Mississippi Leflore County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 32,317 people lived there. Its county seat is Greenwood. Riverhead (town), New York Riverhead is a town in and the county seat of Suffolk County, New York. It is on the north shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,506. Lei, Sardinia Lei ("Lèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2018, 499 people lived there. Its area is 19.11 km². It is 456 meters above sea level. Fairmont, Oklahoma Fairmont is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Hollister, Oklahoma Hollister is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Tipton, Oklahoma "This is about the town in Oklahoma, USA. For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)." Tipton is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Loveland, Oklahoma Loveland is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Manitou, Oklahoma Manitou is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Fanshawe, Oklahoma Fanshawe is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Fargo, Oklahoma Fargo is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Hoot Owl, Oklahoma Hoot Owl is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Granite, Oklahoma Granite is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. VisualEditor VisualEditor (VE) is a project developed by the Wikimedia Foundation together with Wikia. It is similar to a WYSIWYG editor, and is available as a MediaWiki extension. The Beta version of this extension was enabled on Mediawiki.org and other larger Wikipedia in July 2013 by default, but users could decide to opt-out. Opt-out Opt-out are several methods by which individuals can decide not to receive unwanted products or service information. This option is usually related with direct marketing campaigns such as, e-mail marketing, or direct mail. The U.S. Federal Government created the United States National Do Not Call Registry to reduce the telemarketing calls consumers receive at home. Initially numbers listed on the registry were due to be kept for five years but will now remain on it permanently due to the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, which became law in February 2008. Hamza River The Hamza River (Portuguese: "Rio Hamza") is a recent discovery. Under the ground in the Amazon area is a huge slowly moving waterway. This slowly flowing aquifer in Brazil is about long. It is nearly below ground level. Its discovery was announced in 2011.<ref name="Hamza Google/AFP"></ref> The Hamza "river" and the Amazon River are a twin-river system flowing at different levels of the Earth's crust. Description. The Hamza and the Amazon are the two main drainage systems for the Amazon Basin. The reported flow rate of the Hamza, at about per second, is 3% of the Amazon's. It runs west to east, some below the Earth's surface, and follows roughly the path of the Amazon River. The Hamza empties in the Atlantic Ocean, deep under the surface. Its own water has a high salt content. It flows from the Andean foothills to the Atlantic coast in a nearly west-to-east direction like the Amazon River. Seismic data and temperature variation with depth measured in 241 inactive oil wells helped find the aquifer. Except for the flow direction, the Amazon and the Hamza have very different characteristics. The most obvious ones are their width and flow speed. While the Amazon is to wide, the Hamza is to in width. But the flow speed is in the Amazon and less than speed in the Hamza. Geology. Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. Water has worn away calcium carbonate rocks far under the ground. Water drops to great depths. East-west trending faults and the karst topography may have some role in supplying water to the "river". The 153 km-long underground river in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, and the 8.2 km-long Cabayugan River in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in the Philippines have come into being thanks to the karst topography. Water in these places has dissolved the carbonate rock to form extensive underground river systems. NSYNC NSYNC, (sometimes called *NSYNC or 'N Sync) was an American pop boy band formed in Orlando, Florida in 1990. The five members of the group were Justin Timberlake, JC Chasez, Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone and Lance Bass. The group's second album, No Strings Attached, sold over one million copies in one day and 2.42 million copies in one week, which was a record for over fifteen years. They also provided songs on the Billboard Hot 100 including Bye Bye Bye, Tearin' Up My Heart and It's Gonna Be Me, which became NSYNC's only number-one song on the chart. They took a break after their very last concert on March 29, 1997, but never released new music since. Afterwards, Timberlake and Chasez released solo albums. Justin Timberlake went on to become one of the world's best-selling music artists, with more than 56 million records sold throughout his solo career. Legacy. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked NSYNC as the best boy band of the period late 90s and 2000s; editor Madelne Boardman stated, "the group has a spot in pop history more than a decade late." "The Washington Post" stated it was one of the two boy bands "that dominated the late '90s and early '00s." According to "Billboard", "No Strings Attached" was the top album of the 2000s (decade), with "The Independent" listing it among the albums "that marked the decade." "Billboard" also ranked the group at number four on their list of the biggest boy bands (from the period 1987–2012) according to chart performance, with the staff writing, "despite having one of the most short-lived boy band careers, 'N Sync was arguably the most famous." Several acts have cited the group as an influence, including Kelsea Ballerini, Selena Gomez, Meghan Trainor, Why Don't We and Hayley Williams. On April 30, 2018, NSYNC reunited to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Night service (public transport) Nocturnal transportation is an all-encompassing name for public transportation that operates during the night. Nocturnal transport is operated by governments and municipalities, and operates mainly in large cities. Nocturnal transport is divided into two main types: urban nocturnal transport and inter-urban nocturnal transport. Urban night traffic is less common, and has flourished mainly in recent years. Transportation lines, which include mainly trams and buses, are usually marked with different numbers than usual, and their routes are also different, stopping at fewer stations. By contrast, inter-city night transport is very common, as many prefer to travel by train, for example, during the night, and arrive at their destination the next morning. Stress management Stress management is the name for a number of techniques to control the level of psychical stress situations. It is usually done to impove everyday functioning. Stress produces many physical and mental symptoms which are different in every individual situation. Stress can make physical health worse, and it can lead to clinical depression. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and successful life in modern society Although life provides numerous demands that can prove difficult to handle, stress management provides a number of ways to manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being. František Salzer František Salzer (August 30, 1902, Sušice – December 23, 1974, Prague) was a Czechoslovak theatre director, theatre actor, film actor, University professor and translator. Biography. He studied at Prague Conservatory (1920–1924). In the season of 1924/1925 he started his career at Olomouc Theatre as actor and later on as Theatre Director. In 1930 he came to Prague as Theater Director of Vinohrady Theatre. He stayed at Vinohrady Theatre till the end on the 2nd World War. During his time at the Vinohrady Theater, Salzer has directed over 120 plays by world and Czech authors (incl. W. Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, Carlo Goldoni, G. B. Shaw, F. Schiller, Stefan Zweig, Jiří Mahen, J. K. Tyl, Viktor Dyk, V. K. Klicpera, etc.) From 1947 till 1963 he acted as Theatre Director of the National Theatre (Prague). During the years of 1941–1945 he was professor of the Prague Conservatory. He was one of the founders of the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (DAMU) together with Jiří Frejka, František Tröster and Josef Träger. Then he was the Dean of this Faculty in three periods (1954–1955, 1958–1961 and 1963–1970) and acted as professor of this Faculty till his death in 1974. Salzer was also translator of theatre plays (e.g. Stefan Zweig: "Ovečka chudých – Das Lamm des Armen", Fritz Hochwälder: "Tlustý anděl z Rouenu – Boule de suif", etc. ). His first wife, Eva Adamcová (1895–1972), with whom he has been living for 42 years, was an actress and translator. From August 1923 she was a member of the Slovak National Theater in Bratislava. Faxon, Oklahoma Faxon is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gwalior district Gwalior district is a district of the Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The historic city of Gwalior is the district headquarters. The district is part of the Gwalior division. Taft, Oklahoma Taft is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Talala, Oklahoma Talala is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Webb City, Oklahoma Webb City is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Friendship, Oklahoma Friendship is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Headrick, Oklahoma Headrick is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Foraker, Oklahoma Foraker is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Prue, Oklahoma Prue is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Skiatook, Oklahoma Skiatook (Skī·ǎ·tōōk "or" Skī·ǎ·tǒǒk versus Skī·tōōk "or" Skī·tǒǒk) is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Cedric Benson Cedric Myron Benson (December 28, 1982 – August 17, 2019) was an American football running back. He played college football for the University of Texas. He was recognized as All-American for his good college performance. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) fourth overall in the 2005 NFL Draft, and also played for the Cincinnati Bengals and Green Bay Packers. On August 17, 2019, Benson and a female passenger were killed in an overnight motorcycle crash with a minivan on RM 2222 in Austin, Texas. Benson and the passenger were found dead at the scene, and two passengers in the minivan were injured. Janelle M. Burke Janelle M. Burke is a botanist in the US. She has been affiliated with Cornell University and Howard University. She specializes in plant systematics and plant evolutionary biology of Polygonaceae. This author is usually abbreviated «Jan.M.Burke» when citing a botanical name. Works. -& Adriana Sanchez 2011 Revised subfamily classification for Polygonaceae with a tribal classification for Eriogonoideae Brittonia 63(4): 510–520. Browning Auto-5 The Browning Auto-5 or Remington Model 11 was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun ever made. It was made by John Moses Browning, who also made the Model 1887 and Model 1897 shotguns. While it was reliable, it had a very hard kickback. Even though the Model 1897 was slower because it was a pump-action shotgun, most people liked it better than the Auto-5 because it did not kick back as hard. Joey Fatone Joseph Anthony Fatone Jr. (born January 28, 1977) is an American singer, dancer, actor, and television personality. He is best known as a member of the boyband NSYNC, in which he sang baritone. In 2007, he came in second place on the ABC reality show "Dancing with the Stars". He was the host of the U.S. and Australian versions of "The Singing Bee", which aired on NBC in the U.S. Fatone was also the announcer for the game show "Family Feud" from 2010 to 2015. Fatone previously hosted on Food Network's "Rewrapped", Live Well Network's "My Family Recipe Rocks", and "The Price Is Right Live!" at Bally's Las Vegas. Early life and education. Fatone was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Joe and Phyllis Fatone. He has a brother, Steven, and a sister, Janine, and was raised at 2140 84th Street in the Bensonhurst neighborhood, His father had sung in a doo-wop group called the Orions. At 13, he moved with his family to Orlando, Florida, where he attended a Dr. Phillips High School. Career. NSYNC (1995-2002). In the summer of 1995, after befriending Chris Kirkpatrick, a fellow Universal Studios stage performer who was singing in a doo-wop group, he became the fourth member of NSYNC, along with Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez. Then Lance Bass was added to the group that would become NSYNC. In 2001, Fatone co-starred with *NSYNC bandmate Lance Bass in the Miramax film "On the Line", he guest starred with NSYNC on a 2001 episode of "The Simpsons" episode New Kids on the Blecch, and also did voice work with Bass on the same episodes of Disney's "Kim Possible" and Adult Swim's "Robot Chicken". Post-NSYNC career (2002-present). Fatone co-starred in the 2002 dramatic comedy motion picture "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" as Toula's cousin Angelo, appeared in the show "My Big Fat Greek Life", and reprised the role again in the 2016 sequel "My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2". Fatone hosted NBC's "The Singing Bee" as well as the Australian version of the show on Nine Network. On August 21, 2007, it was announced that Fatone, along with Lisa Rinna, would replace Joan Rivers and Melissa Rivers as hosts of TV Guide's red carpet pre-shows for the 2007–2008 season. His hosting duties with TV Guide continued for the 2008–2009 season. In the twelfth season of "Family Feud" in 2010, Fatone became the announcer with Steve Harvey as the host for that season. In January 2012, he was one of eight celebrities participating in the Food Network reality series "Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off". In 6 weeks he was eliminated, but he won $5,000 for his charity, the Fatone Family Foundation. He also hosted the Las Vegas show "The Price Is Right Live!" at Bally's Las Vegas, as a celebrity guest host. On August 25, 2013, the members of NSYNC regrouped for a one-off performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. They performed a medley of "Girlfriend" and "Bye Bye Bye." After the performance, Lance Bass said that the group does not have plans at the moment for a reunion tour or new music. In February 2014, he made a guest appearance on the hidden camera show "Impractical Jokers", standing in for one of the show's stars, Brian Quinn, during a challenge. In April 2014, Fatone began hosting the Food Network cooking competition "Rewrapped", where chefs must try to recreate classic snack foods, then create new dishes using said snack food. In August 2014, Fatone hosted the family reality series "Parents Just Don't Understand", seen on the Hub Network, which was later rebranded as Discovery Family. In 2015, Fatone made a couple of appearances as himself in "The Jack and Triumph Show." In November 2016, Fatone made another appearance on "Impractical Jokers" for the Nitro Circus Spectacular episode. Fatone is the host of "Common Knowledge", a game show which premiered on January 14, 2019 on the Game Show Network. He also appeared as the Rabbit in the singing competition show "The Masked Singer". "Dancing with the Stars". On February 1, 2007, the ABC television network announced that Fatone would participate in season 4 of the American version of "Dancing with the Stars", which debuted March 19, 2007. He ended up placing second, losing the mirror ball to Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough. He competed with professional partner Kym Johnson. Fatone participated in the 15th season of "Dancing with the Stars" for a second chance to win a mirror ball trophy, again dancing with Kym Johnson. They were the second couple eliminated. He later returned in season 27 during Trio Week as a trio partner to John Schneider and Emma Slater. Personal life. On September 9, 2004, Fatone married his high-school sweetheart, Kelly Baldwin, at Oheka Castle on Long Island, New York, in a ceremony was attended by all his bandmates. Fatone and his wife have two daughters: Briahna Joely, born March 21, 2001, and Kloey Alexandria, born January 11, 2010. Fatone's best friend, Lance Bass, is their godfather. Großbeeren Großbeeren is a municipality in the Teltow-Fläming district in the German state of Brandenburg. Neuenhagen bei Berlin Neuenhagen bei Berlin is a municipality in the Märkisch-Oderland district in the German state of Brandenburg. It is about east of Berlin (centre). It was founded around 1230. Am Mellensee Am Mellensee is a municipality in the Teltow-Fläming district in the German state of Brandenburg. Logan, North Dakota Logan is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Ward County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 194 at the 2010 census. Cove, Utah Cove is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 460 at the 2010 census. Independence, Utah Independence is a town of Wasatch County in the state of Utah, in the United States. Covington County Covington County is the name of two counties in the United States: Forest Park, Oklahoma Forest Park is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Luther, Oklahoma Luther is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Interlaken, California Interlaken is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Cruz County, California, United States. The population was 7,321 at the 2010 census. Jana Pidrmanová Jana Pidrmanová (born March 17, 1985, Cheb) is a Czech theatre and film actress. Biography. She spent her childhood in Františkovy Lázně and graduated from a hotel high school. After graduation she studied at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts (DAMU) from 2004 to 2008. Some of her teachers were Eva Salzmannová, Alois Švehlík, Jan Nebeský and Daria Ullrichová. She also studied special education at the University of Hradec Králové. After graduating from the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts (DAMU), she first performed at the South Bohemian Theater (Jihočeské divadlo, České Budějovice) and since 2009 has been performing at the National Theater in Prague. Leader of the Opposition (Belize) The Leader of the Opposition of Belize is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Belize and also elected official who, according to the Constitution, “commands the support of those elected official that do not support the Government. He/she speaks on behalf of the Opposition Members of Belize’s House of Representative. University of St. Gallen The University of St. Gallen () is a university in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Forgan, Oklahoma Forgan is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Gage, Oklahoma Gage is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Fort Supply, Oklahoma Fort Supply is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Mooreland, Oklahoma Mooreland is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Foster, Oklahoma Foster is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Stratford, Oklahoma Stratford is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Katie, Oklahoma Katie is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Helvetia, West Virginia Helvetia is a census-designated place (CDP) in Randolph County, West Virginia, USA. The population was 59 at the 2010 census. The community was settled by Swiss starting in 1869, and is known today for maintaining Swiss traditions, food, and folkways. Fort Towson, Oklahoma Fort Towson is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. On June 23, 1865, the last Confederate General, Stand Watie, surrendered his Indian Brigade to Union forces near Doaksville. Askar Mamin Askar Uzaqpayevich Mamin (; born 23 October 1965) is a Kazakh politician who served as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2022. Gina Lopez Regina Paz "Gina" La'O López (December 27, 1953 – August 19, 2019) was a Filipino environmentalist, politician and philanthropist. She was Secretary of the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) under President Rodrigo Duterte from June 2016 through May 2017. She was the Chairperson of the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission from August 2010 until her death in August 2019 during the Benigno Aquino III and Duterte presidencies. Lopez was born in Manila. Lopez died of multiple organ failure caused by brain cancer at a hospital in Makati on August 19, 2019 at the age of 65. Richard Williams (animator) Richard Edmund Williams (March 19, 1933 – August 16, 2019) was a Canadian–British animator, voice actor, director, and writer. He was best known for being the animation director on "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988) and for his unfinished movie "The Thief and the Cobbler" (1993). He also created the title scenes for "What's New Pussycat?" (1965), "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966), "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and the intros of the "Pink Panther" movies. Williams died of cancer at his home in Bristol, England on August 16, 2019 at the age of 86. Break-open shotgun A break-open shotgun is a type of shotgun that loads shotgun shells by opening up the barrels, taking out the spent shells, placing a new shell in each chamber, then closing the barrels. Most are either single- or double-barrel. Triple- and quadruple-barrel (four barrel) shotguns also exist, but single- and double-barrel shotguns are easier to make and less likely to jam. Most double-barrel shotguns are made with their barrels touching side-by-side. However, there are also shotguns where one barrel is on top of the other. Over-and-under shotguns are easier to aim than side-by-side shotguns because you do not need to aim a little to the left or right. Since the metal cartridge was invented in 1845, most shotguns were break-open shotguns until the repeating shotgun was invented. However, break-open shotguns are still popular with civilians because they are easier to use and less likely to jam than repeating shotguns. Nonetheless, they hold fewer shells than repeating shotguns. Anthiyur taluk Anthiyur taluk (Tamil: அந்தியூர் வட்டம்) is a taluk of Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is made up of four blocks – Anthiyur, Athani, Burgur and Ammapet. Aegeus Aegeus is a figure in Greek mythology and the father of Theseus. He is part of the founding myth of Athens. After he was defeated by Minos in a war, Athens sent seven men and seven women to Crete every nine years. These people would be sacrificed to the Minotaur. List of presidents of Senegal The President of Senegal is the head of state and head of government of Senegal. According to the 2001 Constitution, the president is elected for a 7-year term. The following is a list of presidents of Senegal, since the country gained independence from France in 1960. The current President is Macky Sall, since 2 April 2012. Foyil, Oklahoma Foyil is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gans, Oklahoma Gans is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Moffett, Oklahoma Moffett is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Marble City, Oklahoma Marble City is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Paradise Hill, Oklahoma Paradise Hill is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Roland, Oklahoma Roland is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Garvin, Oklahoma Garvin is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gate, Oklahoma Gate is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Wichita County Wichita County is the name of the two counties in the United States: Gene Autry, Oklahoma Gene Autry is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Springer, Oklahoma Springer is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gerty, Oklahoma Gerty is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Horntown, Oklahoma Horntown is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Glencoe, Oklahoma Glencoe is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Porter, Oklahoma Porter is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Kip Addotta Francis Kip Addotta (June 16, 1944 – August 13, 2019) was an American stand up comedian. He appeared on many talk shows during the 1970s including "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", "The Mike Douglas Show", "Dinah!", "American Bandstand", "The Midnight Special", "Don Kirshner's Rock Concert", and the game shows "The Hollywood Squares" . Addotta was also featured on the "Dr. Demento" radio show. He was best known for his comedy recording "Wet Dream". He also hosted the game show "Everything Goes" on the Playboy Channel. Addotta died on August 13, 2019 in Los Angeles, aged 75. Mulhall, Oklahoma Mulhall is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Guo Zhenqian Guo Zhenqian (; February 1933 – 13 August 2019) was a Chinese Communists politician and banker. He was Governor of Hubei Province from 1985 to 1990, Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China from 1990 to 1993 and Auditor-General of the National Audit Office from 1994 to 1998. Guo was born in Luoning County, Henan. Guo died on 13 August 2019 in Beijing at the age of 86. Orlando, Oklahoma Orlando is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Gustavo Barreiro Gustavo "Gus" A. Barreiro (July 12, 1959 – August 16, 2019) was a Cuban-born American Republican politician. He was born in Matanzas, Cuba. For four terms, he was in the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 107th district in Miami-Dade County from 1998 to 2006. Barreiro died on August 16, 2019 of a heart attack in Miami at the age of 60. Brooks County Brooks County is the name of two counties in the United States: Page County Page County is the name of two counties in the United States: Jim Hardy James Francis Hardy (April 24, 1923 – August 16, 2019) was an American football quarterback. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Hardy was known for playing with the Los Angeles Rams from 1946 through 1948, the Chicago Cardinals from 1949 through 1951 and for the Detroit Tigers in 1952. Hardy died on August 16, 2019 in La Quinta, California at the age of 96. Jacques Diouf Jacques Diouf (1 August 1938 – 17 August 2019) was a Senegalese diplomat. He was the Director-General of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from January 1994 to 31 December 2011. Diouf was born in Saint-Louis, Senegal. Diouf died on 17 August 2019 in Paris after a long-illness, 16 days after his 81st birthday. Hoffman Estates, Illinois Hoffman Estates is a village in Illinois, United States. The village is located primarily in Cook County, with a small section in Kane County. It is a suburb of Chicago. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,895. Paul Thomas Anderson Paul Thomas Anderson (born June 26, 1970) is an American filmmaker. He was nominated for eight Academy Awards. Donald A. B. Lindberg Donald Allen Bror Lindberg (September 21, 1933 – August 17, 2019) was an American mathematician. He was born in New York City. He was the Director of the United States National Library of Medicine from 1984 until his retirement in 2015. He was known for his work in medical computing. Lindberg died on August 17, 2019 after falling at his home at the age of 85. Goldsby, Oklahoma Goldsby is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Choulex Choulex is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. José A. Martínez Suárez José Antonio Martínez Suárez (2 October 1925 – 17 August 2019) was an Argentine movie director and screenwriter. He worked on more than 20 movies between 1949 and 2003. He was the brother of actresses Mirtha and Silvia Legrand. He was born in Villa Cañás, Santa Fé, Argentina. His best known movie was "Yesterday's Guys Used No Arsenic" (1976). Martínez Suárez died of pneumonia in Buenos Aires on 17 August 2019 at the age of 93. Collonge-Bellerive Collonge-Bellerive is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Goltry, Oklahoma Goltry is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gene LeBell Ivan Gene LeBell (October 9, 1932 – August 9, 2022) was an American martial artist, instructor, stunt performer, and professional wrestler. He was born in Los Angeles, California. LeBell also worked on over 1,000 movies and TV shows and authored 12 books. He was born in Los Angeles. As an instructor, some of his best known students were Chuck Norris, Karo Parisyan, Manny Gamburyan, Ronda Rousey, Roddy Piper and Bruce Lee. LeBell was an inspiration for the character of Cliff Booth, played by Brad Pitt, in Quentin Tarantino's 2019 movie "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". LeBell died on August 9, 2022 at the age of 89. Lambert, Oklahoma Lambert is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Corsier Corsier is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is a 2019 comedy-drama movie written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It is produced by Columbia Pictures, Bona Film Group, Heyday Films, and Visiona Romantica and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, Margot Robbie, Emile Hirsch, Margaret Qualley, Timothy Olyphant, Austin Butler, Dakota Fanning, Bruce Dern, Luke Perry, Damian Lewis, Lena Dunham, Rumer Willis, James Remar, Kurt Russell, and Al Pacino. The movie takes place in the late 1960s in Hollywood. The movie sees an aging television actor and his stunt double and longtime friend seeing the changing Hollywood movie industry. "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" was released on July 26, 2019 and in the United Kingdom on August 14, 2019. It was released to strong positive reviews. Karel Kuklík Karel Kuklík (March 7, 1937 – August 18, 2019) was a Czech photographer. He was born in Prague. He was one of the representatives of Informel in Czech fine art photography. He was an artist influenced by abstract and surrealist. In 2000 he co-founded the photographic group Český dřevák. Kuklík died on August 18, 2019 in Prague at the age of 82. Charter 77 Charter 77 ("Charta 77" in Czech and in Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1976 to 1992. It is named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. The founding members and architects were Jiří Němec, Václav Benda, Ladislav Hejdánek, Václav Havel, Jan Patočka, Zdeněk Mlynář, Jiří Hájek, Martin Palouš, Pavel Kohout and Ladislav Lis. The charter was seen as a political crime by the communist regime. After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, many of its members played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics. Ladislav Hejdánek Ladislav Hejdánek (10 May 1927 – 28 April 2020) was a Czech philosopher. He was one of the creators of Charter 77. He was born in Prague. František Derfler František Derfler (12 November 1942 – 17 August 2019) was a Czech actor, educator and political activist. He was born in Prague. He was a professor of divisions. In November 1989 he co-founded the local Civic Forum in Brno and became its spokesperson. He was one of the signers of Charter 77. Derfler died on 17 August 2019 in Prague at the age of 76. Julie Dreyfus Julie Dreyfus (born 24 January 1966) is a French actress. She is known for her roles in the Quentin Tarantino movies "Kill Bill" and "Inglourious Basterds". Encarna Paso María de la Encarnación Paso Ramos (25 March 1931 – 18 August 2019), better known as Encarna Paso, was a Spanish actress. She was born in Madrid. She was known for her role as Elena in the movie "Begin the Beguine" (1982). Paso died on 18 August 2019 in Madrid at the age of 88 from pneumonia. Al Jackson Alvin Neill Jackson (December 26, 1935 – August 19, 2019) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played from 1959 to 1969. His 43 wins with the New York Mets were the franchise record until 1969. He was born in Waco, Texas. He also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Cincinnati Reds. Jackson died on August 19, 2019 after a long illness in Port St. Lucie, Florida at the age of 83. Mohammed Zahur Khayyam Mohammed Zahur "Khayyam" Hashmi, better known as Khayyam (18 February 1927 – 19 August 2019), was an Indian music director and background score composer. His career lasted from 1948 to 2007. His best known works were "Umrao Jaan, Kabhi Kabhie, Razia Sultan, Dil-e-Nadaan, Dard" and "Thodisi Bewafai". He was born in Rahon, Punjab, British India. Khayyam died on 19 August 2019 in Mumbai from cardiac arrest caused by a lung infection at the age of 92. Rudolf Hundstorfer Rudolf Hundstorfer (September 19, 1951 – August 20, 2019) was an Austrian social democratic politician who served as president of the Austrian Trade Union Federation (ÖGB). Hundstorfer was from December 2008 to January 2016 the Federal Minister for Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection. He ran for president in the 2016 election. Hundstorfer was born in Vienna. On August 20, 2019, Hundstorfer died at the age of 67 from a heart attack while on vacation in Croatia, aged 67. Jan Ruff O'Herne Jeanne Alida "Jan" Ruff O'Herne (18 January 1923 – 19 August 2019) was a Dutch-born Australian human rights and comfort women activist. She was known for her campaigns and speeches against war rape. During World War II, O'Herne was among young women forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army. Fifty years after the end of the war, O'Herne decided to speak out publicly to demand a formal apology from the Japanese government. She was born in Bandoeng, Dutch East Indies. O'Herne died on 19 August 2019 in Adelaide, South Australia at the age of 96. Cistanthe monandra Cystanthe monandra is a species of flowering plant. It is known as the common pussypaws. The plant is native to the Southwestern United States, Southern California, and nearby Baja California. It grows in sandy areas such as deserts and coastal and mountain scrub habitats. Larry Taylor Samuel Lawrence Taylor (June 26, 1942 – August 19, 2019) was an American bass guitarist. He was born in New York City. He was best known for his work as a member of Canned Heat. He also played for The Monkees and Jerry Lee Lewis. He was the younger brother of Mel Taylor, long-time drummer for The Ventures. Taylor died after a twelve-year struggle with lung cancer at his home in Lake Balboa, California at the age of 77. No Time to Die No Time to Die is a 2021 spy movie. It is twenty-fifth movie in the "James Bond" series. It is produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Universal Pictures. The movie has Daniel Craig in his fifth and final performance as fictional MI6 agent, James Bond. It is directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga. Theme Song. Billie Eilish performed and released the official theme of the movie in February 2020. The movie released on 3 April 2021 in the United Kingdom and on 8 October 2021 worldwide. Melanie Scrofano Melanie Scrofano is a Canadian actress. She is known for playing the roles of Rebecca on the CBC dramedy series "Being Erica", October on the Showcase comedy mockumentary series "Pure Pwnage", and Tia on the CTV Television Network fantasy drama series "The Listener". Scrofano has played the lead role on Syfy's modern Western drama "Wynonna Earp" since 2016. Jagannath Mishra Jagannath Mishra (24 June 1937 – 19 August 2019) was an Indian politician. He was the Chief Minister of Bihar from 1975 to 1977, again from 1980 to 1983 and for a final time from 1989 to 1990. Mishra was born in Bihar. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Mishra died on 19 August 2019 at a hospital in New Delhi of cancer at the age of 82. Hit box (video games) Hit boxes are areas programmed into a video or computer game where an attack will hit and do damage. A hurt box is where a player or bot can be hurt by another's attack. Splash damage is the area where a player or bot's own attack does damage to themselves. Explosive weapons like rocket launchers and grenades usually do splash damage if they explode too close to the player or bot, even when friendly fire is on. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony is an annual Japanese vigil that that occurs on August 6 yearly since 1974 in the city of Hiroshima. Its purpose is to console the victims of the atomic bombs and to pray for the realization of lasting world peace. In 2010, John V. Roos became the first United States ambassador to Japan to attend the ceremony. President Barack Obama visited later in 2016. Memorial ceremonies for Hiroshima outside Japan. Due to the worldwide spreading of the memorial culture surrounding Hiroshima, similar ceremonies are held across the globe. An example occurred at the Israeli Holocaust memorial of Yad Vashem, where 18 individuals held a brief ceremony at the Yizkor Hall in 1986. Friendly fire Friendly fire is when a soldier accidentally injures or kills someone from their own military or a soldier who is on neither side. If civilians are killed and not soldiers, it is called collateral damage. Health bar (video games) A health bar is a image in video games that show the player how much health they have left. If the player's health bar is completely empty or the number shown is zero, the player will usually lose a life or die. Many games have health pick-ups that will give the player back lost health if they touch or use them. The health bar is used in many types of video games, including first-person shooters, fighter games, role-playing games, and platformers. Even though many first-person gives the player regenerating health instead of a health bar, there are still some shooter games that have health bars. Most fighter games use health bars, but there are some like the Super Smash Bros. games that measure health by damage percentage. In such games, the goals is to knock the opponent off stage, rather than kill the opponent, and the higher the damage percentage, the further attacks will knock the opponent off stage. M72 LAW The M72 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) is a small, lightweight rocket launcher used by the US military and other NATO countries. It weighs only five-and-a-half pounds. It was so small that it only needed one person to use it, rather than two for the bazooka. It was used often during the Vietnam War. The North Vietnamese military and guerillas did not use tanks often since so much fighting was in the jungle, but the LAW was still useful for destroying bunkers and trenches. Boon Keng MRT station Boon Keng MRT Station (NE9) is an underground station along the North East Line of the Mass Rapid Transit in the Kallang planning area, Singapore. It is located near the north end of Little India. This station is within a ten-minute walk to Bendemeer MRT station on the Downtown Line. The station was named after Dr Lim Boon Keng. Babulal Gaur Babulal Gaur Yadav (2 June 1930 – 21 August 2019) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was elected in 10 Assembly elections from the seat of Govindpura in Bhopal before retiring from electoral politics in 2018. He was the 16th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh from August 2004 through November 2005. He was born in Naugir, United Provinces. Gaur died on 21 August 2019 from cardiac arrest at a medical center in Bhopal at the age of 89. Motilal Vora Motilal Vora (20 December 1928 – 21 December 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC). He was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh from 1985 through 1988 and again in 1989. He was born in Nimbi Jodha, Jodhpur State, British India. He was also Governor of Uttar Pradesh from 1993 to 1996. Vora died at a hospital in New Delhi from problems caused by COVID-19 on 21 December 2020, one day after his 92nd birthday. Kailash Chandra Joshi Kailsh Chandra Joshi (14 July 1929 – 24 September 2019) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was the 9th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh from June 1977 to January 1978. He was a member of the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2014, representing the Bhopal constituency in Madhya Pradesh. Joshi was born in Hatpipalya, Dewas State, British India. Joshi died on 24 September 2019 at hospital in Bhopal from respiratory failure caused by diabetes at the age of 90. Singapore General Hospital The Singapore General Hospital (SGH; ) is the largest and oldest hospital in Singapore, which was founded in 1821. SGH ranked third as the best hospital in the world by Newsweek in 2019. The hospital occupies a large portion of the eastern part of Bukit Merah. It shares space with the Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), the National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS), the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), National Dental Centre Singapore (NDCS) and the Duke–NUS Medical School. Brief history. The hospital was established in 1821, when the first General Hospital was located in the cantonment for British troops near the Singapore River. The hospital moved several times before settling down at Sepoy Lines along Outram Road in 1882. Modern history of the hospital began on 29 March 1926, with the opening of 800 beds. Today, only the Bowyer Block with its historically distinctive clock tower remains. The Bowyer Block is now home to the SGH Museum. In the 1990's, the hospital was rebuilt and restructured to modernise the organisation of the hospital. The campus now houses its current 8-block complex housing in-patient wards, ambulatory and support services, research laboratories and a postgraduate medical institute. The SGH Museum. The SGH Museum was officially opened by President S. R. Nathan on 20 May 2005. It is a repository of artefacts and records, where the long and rich history of the hospital can be traced. One can also learn about the development of medical specialties and medical education in Singapore at the museum. Hepatitis C outbreak. In 2015, 22 patients in the renal ward were infected with Hepatitis C and 8 out of which died in the outbreak. Chelsea F.C. Women Chelsea Football Club Women are an English women's football club based in Fulham, England. Previously, they were named Chelsea Ladies Football Club. Chelsea Women were a founding member of the FA WSL in 2010, the top level of women's football in England since 2011. SIA Sia or SIA may refer to: Jean-Henry Céant Jean Henry Céant (born 27 September 1956) is a Haitian politician who was the Prime Minister of Haiti. SAG-AFTRA Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) is an American labor union representing approximately 160,000 movie and television actors, journalists, radio personalities, recording artists, singers, voice actors, and other media professionals worldwide. The organization was formed on March 30, 2012, following the merger of the Screen Actors Guild (created in 1933) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. SAG-AFTRA is a member of the AFL–CIO, the largest federation of unions in the United States. Millie Perkins Millie Perkins (born May 12, 1938) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as Anne Frank in "The Diary of Anne Frank" (1959), and for her supporting actress roles in two 1966 westerns, "The Shooting" and "Ride in the Whirlwind". Dafli A Dafli or Daf is a handheld bass producing device, which can be thought of similar to a drum or Tabla. There is not much learning involved unlike other musical instruments and one can soon learn to produce a musical pattern on it. They are often used in rural folk fares, religious festivals, or Bhajans. Some people earn their livelihood by playing such musical instruments. Typhoon Lekima The typhoon Lekima refers to two storms: Raymond-Poincaré Hospital The Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré is a well-known hospital in Garches, close to Paris. It has been created in 1936. He is partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Mahamadou Issoufou Mahamadou Issoufou (born 1 January 1951) is a Nigerien politician who was the President of Niger from 2011 until 2021. Issoufou was the Prime Minister of Niger from 1993 to 1994, President of the National Assembly from February 1995 to 27 January 1996, and he has been a candidate in each presidential election since 1993. He led the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS-Tarayya), a social democratic party, from its foundation in 1990 until his election as President of Niger in 2011. During the Presidency of Mamadou Tandja (1999–2010), Issoufou was the main opposition leader. N'guigmi (department) N'guigmi is a department of the Diffa Region in Niger. Its capital is the city of N'guigmi. As of 2011, 77,748 people lived there. Abalak (department) Abalak is a department of the Tahoua Region in Niger. Its capital is the city of Abalak. As of 2011, 112,273 people lived there. Gaya (department) Gaya is a department of the Dosso Region in Niger. Its capital is the city of Gaya. As of 2011, 349,794 people lived there. Gore, Oklahoma Gore is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Gore claims to be the "trout capital of Oklahoma". Gotebo, Oklahoma Gotebo is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Mountain View, Oklahoma Mountain View is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Mountain Park, Oklahoma Mountain Park is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Grayson, Oklahoma Grayson is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Greenfield, Oklahoma Greenfield is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Hall Park, Oklahoma Hall Park is a town in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. Hallett, Oklahoma Hallett is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hanna, Oklahoma Hanna is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hastings, Oklahoma Hastings is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Haworth, Oklahoma Haworth is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Smithville, Oklahoma Smithville is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Valliant, Oklahoma Valliant is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Jones, Oklahoma Jones is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Kellyville, Oklahoma Kellyville is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Kendrick, Oklahoma Kendrick is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Tryon, Oklahoma Tryon is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hickory, Oklahoma Hickory is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Oak Grove, Pawnee County, Oklahoma Oak Grove is a town in Pawnee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 18 in both the 2000 census and the 2010 census. Ralston, Oklahoma Ralston is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Maramec, Oklahoma Maramec is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hillsdale, Oklahoma Hillsdale is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Lahoma, Oklahoma Lahoma is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Ketchum, Oklahoma Ketchum is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Roopkund Roopkund (also known as "Mystery Lake" and "Skeletons Lake") is a remote lake in the Indian Himalayas. It is located away from Karnaprayag, Uttarakhand, India. Hitchcock, Oklahoma Hitchcock is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Indiahoma, Oklahoma Indiahoma is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Dardagny Dardagny is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. The main sights of Dardagny are: the castle, the chapel "Malval" and the farm "Bellevaux". In 1978, Dardagny received the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage. Kaya (musician) (born July 17, 1980) is a Japanese visual kei musician. He is a vocalist of the electro/dark wave duo Schwarz Stein. Kaya is also known for his feminine appearance and elegant dresses. His best known singles were "Kaleidoscope", "Masquerade" and "Chocolat". Munirah Warsame Abdiwahid Munirah Warsame Abdiwahid is a Taekwondo sportswomen. In 2019, she participated in the representing the country of Somalia. Yara Sharafeldin Yara Sharafeldin is a Snooker player. 2019 African Games. In 2019, she participated in the representing the country of Egypt. On August 20, Sharafeldin lost against fellow Egyptian Gantan Elaskary, and she later that same day would lose to against Morocco's Youssra Matine both with a score of 2-1. Kingston, Oklahoma Kingston is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Oakland, Oklahoma Oakland is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Muldrow, Oklahoma Muldrow is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Russin Russin is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Concurrency (computer science) In concurrent computing, multiple calculations are made within overlapping time frames. It takes advantage of the concept that multiple threads or processes can make progress on a task asynchronously. This general approach to writing and executing computer programs is called concurrency. Concurrency is different from parallel computing, as parallel computing uses multiple processors, each of which are assigned a single, synchronous thread. Batalhão Cemetery Batalhão Cemetery is a cemetery located in the city of Campo Maior, Piauí, Brazil. It is a historical heritage site, listed in 1938 by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (, IPHAN) and named National Monument in 1990 by the president José Sarney. The Batalhão cemetery, located in the municipality of Campo maior (PI), was listed by IPHAN in 1938 and has been registered in the Books of Listed Historical Sites and of Fine Arts. The cemetery, one of the most important landmarks in the history od Piauí and in the Independence of Brazil, is home to the remains of the heroes of the Battle of Jenipapo, which took place on March 13, 1823. Celso Piña Celso Piña (April 6, 1953 – August 21, 2019) was a Mexican singer-songwriter, composer, arranger, and accordionist. He was born Monterrey, Nuevo León. His most popular songs include, "La quebradita de la paz", "El tren", "Como el viento" and "La piragua" by José Barros. He was featured in the song "Sufran con lo que yo gozo" along with Mexican singer Gloria Trevi. On August 21, 2019, Piña died from a heart attack in Monterrey at the age of 66. Ryan McCarthy (U.S. Army) Ryan D. McCarthy is an American politician and military personnel. He was the 24th United States Secretary of the Army from July 23, 2019 to January 20, 2021. In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated him to become the United States Under Secretary of the Army. He was confirmed as United States Under Secretary of the Army by the United States Senate on August 1, 2017, by voice vote. From August 3 to November 20, 2017, he was acting secretary of the Army. From June 24, 2019 to July 15, 2019, while secretary of the Army Mark Esper was acting secretary of Defense, McCarthy became acting Secretary of the Army. Trump McCarthy to become the Secretary of the Army on June 21, 2019. He was confirmed on September 26, 2019 and was sworn in on September 30, 2019 as Secretary of the Army. Giovanni Buttarelli Giovanni Buttarelli (24 June 1957 – 20 August 2019) was an Italian politician. He was the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS). On 4 December 2014, he was appointed to the job. He was also a member of the Italian judiciary with the rank of judge of the Court of Cassation. Buttarelli died on 20 August 2019 in Milan at the age of 62. List of kings of Jordan The King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is Jordan's head of state and monarch. He is the head of the Jordanian monarchy — the Hashemite dynasty. The king is known as His Majesty (). The king has executive and legislative powers. He is commander-in-chief of the Jordanian Armed Forces and appoints the prime minister and the directors of security agencies. He also appoints the members of the upper house, the Senate, as well as the members of the Constitutional Court. Hussein of Jordan Hussein bin Talal (, "Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ṭalāl"; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was the King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death on 7 February 1999. He died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aged 63. Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan Hussein bin Abdullah (, "Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdullāh"; born 28 June 1994) is the heir apparent of King Abdullah II of Jordan. Hussein was born on 28 June 1994 in Amman to the then-Prince Abdullah and Princess Rania. The Crown Prince's Instagram account has more than 2 million followers. Abdullah I of Jordan Abdullah I bin Al-Hussein (, "Abd Allāh Al-Awal ibn Al-Husayn", 2 February 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the ruler of Jordan and Transjordan, from 1921 until his assassination in 1951. He was Jordan's first King. During World War I, he played a key role in secret negotiations with the United Kingdom. This led to the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule that was led by his father Sharif Hussein. Abdullah led guerrilla raids on Ottoman garrisons. Abdullah was shot and killed in Jerusalem by a Palestinian activist on 20 July 1951, aged 69. Talal of Jordan Talal bin Abdullah (, ; 26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972) was King of Jordan from the assassination of his father, King Abdullah I, on 20 July 1951, until he was forced to abdicate on 11 August 1952. He ruled for less than thirteen months until he was forced to abdicate by Parliament due to his schizophrenia. Talal spent the rest of his life at a sanatorium in Istanbul and died there on 7 July 1972. Abdullah Ensour Abdullah Ensour ( ; ""; born 20 January 1939) is a Jordanian economist. He was Prime Minister of Jordan between October 2012 and May 2016. Abdelraouf Rawabdeh Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh (; born 18 February 1939) is a Jordanian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Jordan from 4 March 1999 until 19 June 2000. On 24 October 2013 he was named President of the Senate. He resigned on 25 October 2015. Ahmad Obeidat Ahmad Obeidat (born 18 November 1938) is a Jordanian politician. He was Prime Minister of Jordan from 10 January 1984 to 4 April 1985. He was born in Hartha, Irbid. In May 2011, he launched the National Front for Reform. Prime Minister of Jordan The Prime Minister of Jordan is the head of government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Prime Minister is appointed by the King of Jordan, who is then free to form his own Cabinet. The Parliament of Jordan then approves the programs of the new government through a vote of confidence. There are no constitutional limits on a Prime Minister's term, and several of them served multiple non-consecutive terms. Junior Agogo Manuel "Junior" Agogo (1 August 1979 – 22 August 2019) was a Ghanaian former professional footballer. He played as a striker. His longest spell was at Bristol Rovers (2003–06), where he made 140 appearances before moving to Nottingham Forest. Career. Agogo played on the Ghana between 2006 and 2009. His three goals in the final stages of the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations helped Ghana to a third-place finish. After retiring, he opened his own small group and personal fitness training business. On 29 January 2015, Agogo was hospitalised after suffering a stroke. Personal life. On 22 August 2019, Agogo died in London at the age of 40. Mazhar Krasniqi Mazhar Shukri Krasniqi (17 October 1931 – 8 August 2019) was a Yugoslav-born New Zealand Muslim community leader. He was born in Pristina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was the first president of the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) from 1979 to 1981. In December 2002, he was awarded the Queen's Service Medal (QSM). Krasniqi died on 8 August 2019 at the age of 87. William O'Malley The Rev. William J. O'Malley, S.J. (born August 18, 1931) is an American author and actor. He was born in Buffalo, New York. He graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1953. O'Malley is best known for playing Father Joseph Dyer in the 1973 horror classic movie "The Exorcist". He taught theology, AP English and later an elective called "The Problem of God/Morality/Marriage/Fatherhood" at Fordham Preparatory School in the Bronx until June 2012. He was an associate professor of theology at Fordham University and later a professor of theology and the humanities at Seattle University. In August 2019, O'Malley was accused of sexually assaulting a student multiple times while teaching in Rochester, New York in the late 1980s. Narberth, Pennsylvania Narberth is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,282 at the 2010 census. Otopeni Airport Otopeni Airport (full name: Henri Coandă International Airport; ) is the airport with the most traffic in Romania, and it is based in Otopeni, a city which is 16.5 km (10.3 mi) from the center of Bucharest. In 2018, the airport had 13,824,830 total passengers. Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Montgomery County is the third-most populous county in the U.S. state of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of 2017, the census-estimated population of the county was 826,075. Montgomery County is located adjacent to and northwest of Philadelphia. The county seat is Norristown. Dauphin County, Pennsylvania Dauphin County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 268,100. The county seat and the largest city is Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's state capital and tenth largest city. The county was created on March 4, 1785. Le Grand-Saconnex Le Grand-Saconnex is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Geneva International Airport is partially within the borders of Le Grand-Saconnex. Twin town. Le Grand Saconnex is twinned with: Genthod Genthod is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Troinex Troinex is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Meinier Meinier is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Hitchita, Oklahoma Hitchita is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hoffman, Oklahoma Hoffman is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Howe, Oklahoma Howe is a town in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. Shady Point, Oklahoma Shady Point is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Hunter, Oklahoma Hunter is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Jussy, Switzerland Jussy is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Hideaki Anno is a Japanese animator. He created the anime series "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Todd Kauffman Todd Kauffman (born 1971) is a Canadian cartoonist. He created the TV series Sidekick and Grojband Brentwood, Pennsylvania Brentwood is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 9,643 at the 2010 census. Afton (village), New York Afton is a village in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 822 at the 2010 census. Presinge Presinge is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Perly-Certoux Perly-Certoux is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Hermance Hermance is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Laconnex Laconnex is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Plan-les-Ouates Plan-les-Ouates is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Satigny Satigny is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It is the largest wine-producing municipality in Switzerland. Vandœuvres Vandœuvres is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Lenapah, Oklahoma Lenapah is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Taloga, Oklahoma Taloga is the county seat of Dewey County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 299 at the 2010 census. Rocky, Oklahoma Rocky is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Sentinel, Oklahoma Sentinel is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Jennings, Oklahoma Jennings is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. Johnson, Oklahoma Johnson is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. St. Louis, Oklahoma St. Louis is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Keota, Oklahoma Keota is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Tamaha, Oklahoma Tamaha is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Kinta, Oklahoma Kinta is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. May, Oklahoma May is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Battle of Isandlwana The Battle of Isandlwana took place on 22 January 1879. It was the first battle between the Zulus and the British Empire. The struggle between the two nations is known as the Anglo–Zulu War. The British army, commanded by Lord Chelmsford, invaded Zululand. The 24th foot made camp at Isandlwana where they were attacked by about 20,000 Zulus. Over 1,300 soldiers were killed. The Zulus themselves lost about 1,000 to 2,500 men. The battle was followed by the successful British defence at the Battle of Rorke's Drift. Strictly speaking, the war was between the colonial Government of Natal and the Zulu nation. The colony (which later became South Africa) made its own decisions. Civil marriage A civil marriage is a marriage that is recognized by a government official. It can either be a religious ceremony or it can be secular. The definition and practice varies greatly between countries. United Kingdom. At present the law allows same-sex marriages as well as man/woman marriages, and both religious and civil settings are possible. England and Wales. In 1753 an Act of Parliament required all marriages to be done in a religious place. Church of England churches, Quakers meeting places and synagogues were examples of appropriate places. Scotland. The Act of 1753 did not apply in Scotland. Marriages were, of course, done in churches. But actually it was enough for a couple to state their commitment in front of witnesses. A registrar would record the marriage. This was a type of common law marriage. Kiefer, Oklahoma Kiefer is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Mounds, Oklahoma Mounds is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Depew, Oklahoma Depew is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Thackerville, Oklahoma Thackerville is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Yalobusha County, Mississippi Yalobusha County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 12,678 people lived there. Its county seats are Water Valley and Coffeeville. Heat treating Heat treating or heat treatment is the name for a number of processes in metallurgy: All processes have in common that the piece being worked on is heated for some time, and then cooled off. This is done to change some of the properties of the workpiece. Heat treating is used for pieces of metal, for certain alloys, and for certain types of plastic. With ceramics, a form of heat treating is part of the production process, and is called sintering. There is also a concept called hot working, but it is different. Victoria Mary Talbot Victoria Mary Talbot, born in 1931, is an Australian painter and illustrator. She started her career in Melbourne in 1958. She moved to London where she worked for the well-recognized solo-exhibitionist Arthur Jeffress' Gallery in 1961. This period were successful and became her great breakthrough. During this period, she also finished the portraits of The Duke of Bedford, Lady Astor and Princess Ujrvala Bistraw Shah. In 1962 she had her first solo exhibition in Paris. Several Exhibitions in Australia, which was completed in 1964. The travel desire brought her to Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Japan and America. After completing her exhibition in Los Angeles in 1965, she returned to London where she commissioned painting the Maharaja by Ciich-Behar. Her colourful and interesting life is reflected in her imaginative images, varied expressions from the observant and quality-conscious eye of an international connoisseur. Victoria Mary Talbot moved to Norway in November 1965, fell in love with the country and the tranquility. It has been numerous separate and collective exhibitions throughout much of the world. 1957    Melbourne       Australian Galleries 1957    Sydney            Terry-Clune Gallery 1961    London            Arthur Jeffress Gallery 1962    Paris                Jean Giraudoux Galerie 1963    Melbourne       South Yarra Gallery 1964    London            The Trafford Gallery 1964    London            The Trafford Gallery 1967    Paris                La Galerie Mouffe 1969    London            The Trafford Gallery 1971    Asker               Galleri Pan 1973    Melbourne       South Yarra Gallery 1976    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung 1979    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung 1982    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung 1986    Elverum           Glomdalsmuseet 1988    Melbourne       Westpac Victorian Arts Centre Trust 1989    Sydney            Casey Galleries 1992    Oslo                 Galleri Galtung 1996    Shawnee         Oklahoma Mabee & Gerrer Museum of Art – USA 1998    Roma               Galleria Lazzari 1999    Mantova          Galleria Accademia, Italia 2005    Oslo                 Interiør-Galleriet 2011    Oslo                 Interiør-Galleriet Representing National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Australian Mission, København Larry Siegel Larry Siegel (October 29, 1925 – August 20, 2019) was an American comedy writer, playwright and satirist. He was born in New York City. He wrote for television, stage, magazines, records, and books. He won three Emmys as Head Writer during four seasons of "The Carol Burnett Show". He was one of "Mad Magazine" top movie satire writers. He also wrote for Playboy Magazine. Siegel died of problems caused by Parkinson's disease on August 20, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 93. Drake White William Drake White (born October 3, 1983) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He was born in Hokes Bluff, Alabama, but raised in Nashville, Tennessee. In early 2013, he released his debut single "Simple Life" through MCA Nashville. On August 19, 2016, White released "Spark", his debut album under Dot Records. It charted at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums chart. The album's third single, "Makin' Me Look Good Again", was released in 2016. In January 2019, White was diagnosed with arteriovenous malformation (AVM), a rare vascular disease. Arteriovenous malformation Arteriovenous malformation is a rare disorder. It affects the areas between arteries and veins, and bypasses the capillary system. This happens in the central nervous system (usually cerebral AVM), but may appear in any location. The disease can cause intense pain or bleeding or lead to other serious medical problems such as cerebral hemorrhages or strokes. AVMs are usually congenital. The genetic patterns of AVMs are incomplete, but there are known genetic mutations. The general symptoms of a cerebral AVM include headaches and epileptic seizures. More specific symptoms occurring that normally depend on the place of the malformation. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cerebral AVM, CAVM, cAVM) is a rare connection between the arteries and veins in the brain. It is an arteriovenous malformation in the cerebrum. In serious cases, the blood vessels rupture and there is bleeding within the brain (intracranial hemorrhage). Nevertheless, in more than half of patients with AVM, hemorrhage is the first symptom. The most problems related to an AVM, are headaches and seizures, cranial nerve deficits, backaches, neckaches and eventual nausea. Peter Ellis (childcare worker) Peter Hugh McGregor Ellis (30 March 1958 – 4 September 2019) was a New Zealand childcare worker who was wrongly accused of child sexual abuse. He was a child care worker who worked in Christchurch. He was convicted in June 1993 and released from prison in February 2000. In October 2022 the Supreme Court of New Zealand said he had been wrongly accused and cleared him of all charges. Conviction and overturn. In June 1993, Ellis was found guilty in the High Court on 16 counts of sexual offences involving children in his care at the Christchurch Civic Creche and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment. Many people have said he was wrongly accused, because of the way the children were interviewed and the way their interviews were shown to the jury. Many people believe in Ellis' innocence and many New Zealanders have supported his calls to overturn the conviction. In 1994, the Court of Appeal removed convictions on three of the charges, but kept the sentence. His conviction and sentence were removed for a second time in the Court of Appeal in October 1999. Ellis refused to attend parole board hearings while in prison because he would have to confess to the crimes in order to argue for early release. He was released in February 2000 after serving seven years in prison. Ellis has continued to campaign to clear his name. In 2019, he appealed to the Supreme Court to have his conviction removed from his background. The Ellis case was one of many high profile child abuse cases around the world in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has been mentioned as a reason for the decrease in the number of male teachers in New Zealand schools. In October 2022 the Supreme Court of New Zealand said he had been wrongly accused and cleared him of all charges, even though he had died in 2019. Personal life. Ellis was born in Christchurch. He was openly bisexual. On 26 July 2019, Ellis announced that he was diagnosed with terminal bladder cancer. He died on 4 September 2019 while appealing his conviction in Christchurch from the disease, aged 61. Tom Long Tom Long (3 August 1968 – 4 January 2020) was an American-born Australian actor. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Australian parents. He was raised in Benalla, Victoria. Long is best known for his roles in the ABC hit "SeaChange" (1998–2000) and the Nine Network police drama "Young Lions" (2002). He also starred in the movies "Two Hands" (1999) and "The Dish" (2000). He retired from acting in July 2012. Long was diagnosed with multiple myeloma after collapsing on stage at the Sydney Opera House in July 2012. On 4 January 2020, Long died of encephalitis caused by the disease at the age of 51. John H. McArthur John H. McArthur (March 31, 1934 – August 20, 2019) was a Canadian-American educator and business theorist. He was the Professor of Business Administration and Dean Emeritus of the Harvard Business School from 1980 to 1995. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2015, McArthur received the Order of Canada. McArthur was the founding co-chair of Partners HealthCare and Chair of the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. McArthur died on August 20, 2019 at his home in Weston, Massachusetts at the age of 85. Baru (cartoonist) Hervé Barulea, also known as Baru, (born 29 July 1947) is a French cartoonist. He has Italian heritage. He was known for his debut in the magazine Pilote in 1982. In 2013, he was knighted a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2010, received the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême. The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical biographical drama movie directed by Michael Gracey. It stars Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The movie is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives the star attractions. It was released in the United States on December 20, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, seven months after Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus closed, and made over $434million worldwide. "The Greatest Showman" had mixed reviews from critics. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, the movie was nominated for two awards. For the song "This Is Me", the movie won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards and won the Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 61st Grammy Awards. Rebecca Ferguson Rebecca Louisa Ferguson Sundström (born 19 October 1983) is a Swedish actress and model. She is known for her role as Elizabeth Woodville in the British television miniseries "The White Queen" (2013). Ferguson starred as MI6 agent Ilsa Faust in the action spy movies ' (2015) and its sequel ' (2018). She played Jenny Lind in the musical "The Greatest Showman" (2017), and also starred in the comedy-drama "Florence Foster Jenkins" (2016). 2019 Brazil wildfires The 2019 Brazil wildfires is the result of at least 75,336 wildfires occurred in the country since January 2019. As of August 20, there are fires burning in the Amazon rainforest in four Brazilian states: Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Pará. At least 39,194 fires have been detected in Amazonas, which is the largest state in Brazil by area, and which has the "largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" in the world. A state of emergency was declared by the government of Amazonas on August 11. The federal government and President Jair Bolsonaro claims that the data on the numbers are "fake" and refuses to help end the fires or allow other countries to help. In August, Bolsonaro said no one was allowed to set fires in the Amazon for 60 days. When someone wants to change rainforest land into a farm or other thing, first they cut down the trees and leave them there. Then they allow the land to dry. Then they set it on fire. So many of the trees were still killed because people could cut them down and wait to burn them until later. Wildfires were also a problem on the Cerrado grassland, a place with many rare plants and animals. 40% of its animals do not live in any other place on Earth. Yap Yap or Wa′ab traditionally refers to an island in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean, a part of the Federated States of Micronesia. The name "Yap" in recent years has come to also refer to the state within the Federated States of Micronesia, inclusive of the Yap Main Islands and its various outer islands. Geography. The Yap Main Islands are considered to be made up of four separate islands: Yap Island proper ("Marbaq"), Gagil-Tamil, Maap, and Rumung. The four are contiguous, though separated by water, and are surrounded by a common coral reef. They are formed from an uplift of the Philippine Sea Plate, and are referred to as "high" islands as opposed to atolls. The land is mostly rolling hills, densely vegetated. Mangrove swamps line much of the shore, although there are beaches on the northern sides of the islands. Excluding the reef area, Yap is approximately 24 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 98 km. The highest elevation is at Mount Taabiywol in Fanif municipality on Yap island proper. The Yapese people's indigenous cultures and traditions are strong compared to other states in Micronesia. Capital. Colonia is the capital of the State of Yap which includes the Yap Main Islands and the Yap Neighboring Islands—the outer islands (mostly atolls) reaching to the east and south from the Yap Main Islands for some 800 km (500 mi), namely the atolls of Eauripik, Elato, Faraulep, Gaferut, Ifalik, Lamotrek, Ngulu, Olimarao, Piagailoe (West Fayu), Pikelot, Sorol, Ulithi, and Woleai, as well as the islands of Fais and Satawal (see map). Historically, a tributary system existed between the Neighboring Islands and the Yap Main Islands. This probably related to the need for goods from the high islands, including food, as well as wood for construction of seagoing vessels. Population. In 2000 the population of Colonia and ten other municipalities totalled 11,241. The state has a total land area of . Chris Kirkpatrick Christopher Alan Kirkpatrick (born October 17, 1971) is an American singer, dancer, actor, and voice actor who is known for his work with NSYNC, which he sang countertenor. Career. Lou Pearlman approached Kirkpatrick with an idea to start another group, forming NSYNC. He has provided the voice of Chip Skylark on "The Fairly OddParents" and guest starred on "The Simpsons" as himself, along with NSYNC. In April 2003, Kirkpatrick was part of the second season of CMT's show "Gone Country". Personal life. On November 2, 2013, Kirkpatrick married Karly Skladany, at the Loews resort hotel in Orlando, Florida. In March 2017, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. His wife gave birth to a son, Nash Dylan Kirkpatrick on October 10, 2017. Music videos. Kirkpatrick has appeared in the music videos for "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" by Good Charlotte, "2nd Sucks" by A Day to Remember and "Irresistible" by Fall Out Boy featuring Demi Lovato. 'N Sync (album) 'N Sync is the first studio album by American boy band NSYNC, released on May 26, 1997 in Germany. It was later released on March 24, 1998 in the United States, where it reached number 2 on the Billboard 200. Track listing. All lead vocals provided by JC Chasez and Justin Timberlake. No Strings Attached No Strings Attached is the third studio album by American boy band NSYNC, released on March 21, 2000, by Jive Records. Track listing. All lead vocals provided by Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez. Celebrity (album) Celebrity is the fourth and final studio album by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on July 24, 2001 by Jive Records. Track listing. All lead vocals provided by Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez. Lakewood Church Lakewood Church is a church in Houston, Texas. Joel and Victoria Osteen are the senior pastors. Perun Perun is the god of sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, law, war, fertility and oak trees in Slavic mythology. He is similar to the Greek god Zeus. Garden City Garden City can refer to: Somnath temple The Somnath temple is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot in Gujarat, India. It is located in Prabhas Patan near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujrat and is believed to be the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It was reconstructed in the Chalukya style of Hindu temple architecture and was completed in May 1951. The reconstruction was started under the orders of the Indian Home Minister, Vallabhbhai Patel and completed after his death. Kiowa, Oklahoma Kiowa is a town in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 731 at the 2010 census. Quinton, Oklahoma Quinton is a town of Pittsburg County in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. The population was 1,051 at the 2010 census. The town was named for Elizabeth Quinton who lived to be 116 years old. Her family still resides in and around the town of Quinton. Geography. Quinton is at (35.125904, -95.367470). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 0.88% is water. Demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,071 people, 446 households, and 293 families in the town. The population density was 954.8 people per square mile (369.2/km²). There were 509 housing units at an average density of 453.8 per square mile (175.5/km²). There were 79.93% White, 0.19% African American, 16.15% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 3.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population. There were 446 households out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $19,531, and the median income for a family was $26,912. Males had a median income of $28,056 versus $16,797 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,143. About 18.3% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.3% of those under age 18 and 24.3% of those age 65 or over. Rosedale, Oklahoma Rosedale is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Washington, Oklahoma Washington is a town of Oklahoma, in the United States. Lawrence Creek, Oklahoma Lawrence Creek is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Shamrock, Oklahoma Shamrock is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Slick, Oklahoma Slick is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Renfrow, Oklahoma Renfrow is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Keyes, Oklahoma Keyes is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. List of towns in Ontario A town is a sub-type of municipalities in the Canadian province of Ontario. Leon, Oklahoma Leon is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Paoli, Oklahoma Paoli is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Maysville, Oklahoma Maysville is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Locust Grove, Oklahoma Locust Grove is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Ancestral Puebloans The Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Native American civilization. They lived in what is today the southwestern United States. Their settlements were in what are now Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. They were called the Anasazi by the Navajos. Their culture ceased in the 15th century AD. The civilization left remains of some large and important places. Two of these have been classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Remains found by archaeologists show knowledge of pottery, weaving and irrigation. They also drew symbols. Tim Means (environmentalist) Timothy "Timoteo" Irwin Means Heinemann (March 18, 1944 – August 13, 2019) was an American-Mexican ecotourism and environmentalist. He was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. He was known for his works for the protection and preservation of the Baja California peninsula and its wildlife. He played an important role in the Federal government of Mexico's designation of Isla Espíritu Santo as an area of ecological and national protected area in 1994. His works were acknowledged by the UNESCO. Means died in San Diego, California on August 13, 2019 from problems caused by diabetes, aged 75. Bill McDonagh Joseph William James McDonagh (April 30, 1928 – August 17, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played four games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers in the 1949–50 season. McDonagh was born in Rouyn, Quebec, but grew up in Ansonville, Ontario. He died on August 17, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 91. Egon Zimmermann Egon Zimmermann (8 February 1939 – 23 August 2019), often known as Egon Zimmermann II, was an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist and businessman. Zimmermann won the Olympic downhill at Patscherkofel in 1964 and won several medals on the professional tour in the late-1960s and early 1970s. He was born in Lech, Vorarlberg, Austria. He owned hotels in Austria. Zimmermann died on 23 August 2019 in Lech, Austria from problems caused by multiple sclerosis, aged 80. Frederick R. Koch Frederick Robinson Koch (; August 26, 1933 – February 12, 2020) was an American businessman, art collector and philanthropist. He was the oldest of the four sons born to American industrialist Fred Chase Koch, founder of what is now Koch Industries, and Mary Clementine (née Robinson) Koch. Koch's Frederick R. Koch Foundation was a major donor in New York to the Pierpont Morgan Library. He donated to the Frick Collection and, in Pittsburgh, to the Carnegie Museum of Art. Yale president Richard C. Levin described the Koch collection as "one of the greatest collections to come to Yale since the year of its founding." Koch many historic places only to restore them such as the Donahue house, a Woolworth mansion in Manhattan; the Habsburg hunting lodge "Schloss Blühnbach" near Salzburg; the Romanesque Villa "Torre Clementina" in Cap Martin, France; and Elm Court, a manse in Butler, Pennsylvania. Koch helped restore the Royal Shakespeare Company's Swan Theater in England from its 1879 remains. Koch died on February 12, 2020 at his Manhattan home from heart failure, aged 86. Qinlingosaurus Qinlingosaurus is a genus of herbivorous sauropod from the late Cretaceous, one of the last in Asia. The fossil evidence is very limited: it is only an ilium, ischium and three vertebrae. The type species is "Qinlingosaurus luonanensis". The generic name comes from where the first fossils were found in the Qinling mountain range in China. Typhoon Krosa (2019) Typhoon Krosa was a storm that affected Japan. It was the next typhoon after Lekima, in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Storm history. A tropical depression formed near Mariana Islands on August 5. By August 6, it intensified into a tropical storm, and was named Krosa by the JMA. Tropical Storm Krosa soon became a typhoon, and rapidly intensified to become a category 3-equivalent typhoon on August 8. Upwelling of cooler waters induced weakening thereafter; by August 13, Krosa weakened below typhoon intensity. Krosa continued moving, albeit slowly, towards Japan with little change in intensity. Moderately conducive conditions were unable to aid Krosa in strengthening, and it stayed the same intensity before landfall in Japan. On August 14, Krosa emerged in the Sea of Japan and a few days later on August 16 Krosa transitioned into an extratropical low. Impact. The typhoon brought torrential rain to parts of Shikoku and Honshu, with accumulations peaking at at Yanase in Kochi Prefecture. Wind gusts reached in Muroto. Rough seas produced by the storm killed two people while flooding killed one other. Fifty-five people were injured in various incidents. Agricultural damage in Japan reached ¥279.61 million (US$2.64 million). Albert Fish Hamilton Howard "Albert" Fish (May 19, 1870 – January 16, 1936) was an American serial killer, child rapist and cannibal. He was also known as the Gray Man, the Werewolf of Wysteria, the Brooklyn Vampire, the Moon Maniac, and The Boogey Man. Fish once boasted that he "had children in every state", and at one time stated his number of victims was about 100. However, it is not known whether he was referring to rapes or cannibalization, nor is it known if the statement was truthful. Fish was a suspect in at least five murders during his lifetime. Fish confessed to three murders that police were able to trace to a known murder, and he confessed to stabbing at least two other people. He was put on trial for the kidnapping and murder of Grace Budd, and was convicted and executed by electric chair at Sing Sing. His last words were, "I don't even know why I'm here." Fish was known to stab himself with pins, as could be seen from X-rays. He was also known to eat his own feces. Fish supposedly ate the penis of at least one of his victims. Due to modus operandi, his crimes were sometimes confused with those of nearby serial killer Peter Kudzinowski. Vertical bar A vertical bar is the glyph "|". It has several other names besides vertical bar, such as "pipe", "vertical slash", and "bar". In mathematics, it may be put on both sides of a real or complex number to mean its absolute value. When applied on both sides of a matrix, it means its determinant. When placed in between two numbers, it means the divisibility relation (for example. formula_1 means ""a" divides "b""). In mathematics, double vertical bars are also used to refer to various mathematical concepts. These include the parallel relation (as in formula_2) and the norm of a vector (as in formula_3). Southampton, New York Southampton, (pron. south-AM-pton) officially the Town of Southampton, is a town in southeastern Suffolk County, New York. It is located on Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town had a population of 56,790. Carlo Delle Piane Carlo Delle Piane (2 February 1936 – 23 August 2019) was an Italian actor. From 1948 until his death, he appeared in more than 100 movies. He was born in Rome. In 1984, he won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor for his role in "Una gita scolastica". For his role in "Regalo di Natale" he won the Volpi Cup. Delle Piane died on 23 August 2019 in Rome at the age of 83. Tom Nissalke Thomas Edward Nissalke (July 7, 1932 – August 22, 2019) was an American professional basketball coach. He worked for the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association. He coached several teams in both leagues, and had an overall coaching record of 371–508. He worked for the Houston Rockets, San Antonio Spurs and the Utah Jazz. Nissalke was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Nissalke died on August 22, 2019 at his home Salt Lake City, Utah at the age of 87. Neil Sedaka Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939) is an American pop singer-songwriter, pianist, composer and record producer. His music career began in 1957. He was a founding member of the Tokens. He sold millions of records as an artist and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself. He was born in New York City. His career was set in Brill Building. 112 112 may refer to: Mac OS X Public Beta Mac Os X Public Beta is a Operating System of Apple Computers which are Developed by Apple Inc. Which is later on Updated to the version Mac OS X 10.0 The Mac OS X Public Beta was an early, test version of the Mac OS X operating system released to the public in late 2000 for USD $30. Hardcore Macintosh fans could therefore get a taste of the upcoming operating system before its final release. It was named Kodiak internally by Apple. The name was not publicly used. The Public Beta was the first time people could use the Aqua interface. Virtually everything was new in the operating system: fonts, the Dock, even the menu bar (with an Apple logo at the centre, which was later repositioned). The icons exploded in size, and new OS eye candy was all the rage. As it was a public beta, this version was not without its bugs and inconveniences. Apple used user feedback to improve upon the OS, so that a vastly improved Golden Master version of Mac OS X was ready for release by March 2001. The Public Beta version came with a price tag, and a time limit (set for May 15, 2001). In spite of all these shortcomings, it was still welcomed by the Mac community, with people eager to test drive the new OS. The Public Beta was superseded by Mac OS X 10.0.0, the first final release of Mac OS X. Order of the Phoenix The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the "Harry Potter" series written by J. K. Rowling. The organisation was created by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name from the fifth book of the "Harry Potter" series, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". The headquarters of the order is at Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, Sirius Black's family home. Dumbledore was the Secret-Keeper for the order, meaning that only he could tell others the location of headquarters. Dumbledore's death in book six, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", made the location unsafe and the headquarters was moved to The Burrow as a result. Members. Members of the order includes Albus Dumbledore, ex-Auror Alastor 'Mad-Eye' Moody,James and Lily Potter, Sirius Black, Remus Lupin,Frank and Alice Longbottom, and many other members. Zorro Zorro, Spanish for fox, is the name used by a fictional Mexican-era California masked hero and master swordsman of the Old West. In the stories, his real name is Don Diego De La Vega who fights for the people against the corrupt tyranny of Govenor Montero where he proves to be much too foxlike and cunning for the bumbling authorities to catch. History. The first Zorro story was a 1919 novel, "The Curse of Capistrano", by Johnston McCulley. He soon becomes a regular character in pulp fiction magazines. McCulley was inspired by the story of the real bandit Salomon Pico and other real Mexican bandits who robbed Americans after the Mexican-American War. However, because his readers were Americans, McCulley had his Zorro fighting Spanish people instead of Americans. In other works. The character has been also adapted for numerous movies, the most famous of which include: There was one parody movie in 1981, "", which starred George Hamilton. There were also numerous television shows with the best known one being one shown in the 1950s staring Guy Williams. Hotel Farah Hotel Farah is a five star hotel in Casablanca, Morocco. The hotel was attacked during the . In 2019, it hosted the at the . Rattan, Oklahoma Rattan is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Morbio Morbio can mean: The VeggieTales Show The VeggieTales Show (also known simply as VeggieTales) is an American Christian live action and computer animated children's television series based on the series VeggieTales. The series is produced by TBN, NBCUniversal, Big Idea Productions and Trilogy Animation, and the series started on October 22, 2019. Characters. Most of the characters are the same from the other VeggieTales shows. The show brings back many characters that have not been seen in a long time, such as Mr. Nezzer (owner of the show's theater), Petunia Rhubarb (as president of the "VeggieTales" fan club), Khalil (half worm, half caterpillar from ""), Bruce Onion (from "Celery Night Fever"), and Goliath (from "Dave and the Giant Pickle"). Valle di Muggio The Valle di Muggio is located in Ticino in Switzerland and is the southernmost valley of the country. The name comes from the village of Muggio, which is the largest population centre in the valley. Roncapiano is the highest village in the valley, where the roads end. The river Breggia runs through it, before flowing into Italy and Lake Como. The valley comprises the municipalities of Breggia, Vacallo and Castel San Pietro. In the village of Cabbio there is the Museo Etnografico della Valle di Muggio, which describes village life in the region. The Valle di Muggio is known as the Valle Breggia in Italy. Élder (footballer) Élder, born July 19, 1976, is a former Brazilian footballer. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), also known as Amdavad Municipal Corporation, is a government organization which manages the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Ahmedabad. AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act (1949). Administration. AMC is divided into 48 electoral division headed by a mayor which is largely ceremonial. However, the administrative head is a Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service's officer appointed by the Government of Gujarat. For administrative purposes, the city was earlier divided into 5 zones — Central, East, West, North, and South. But, in 2013, an area spread across 466 sq km demarcated as New West Zone which was formerly governed by the "Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA)." In 2018, the "New West Zone" was further divided into "North West Zone" and "South West Zone". City Water Distribution System. AMC uses the Sabarmati river and Narmada canal as the two main sources of water supply for catering to the domestic and commercial demand. It also utilizes groundwater as a source for water supply. Currently, it operates 4 major "Water Treatment Plants (WTPs)" namely Kotarpur, Raska, Dudheswar, and Jaspur. Also, there are 7 operational french wells on Sabarmati River that augment water supply to the city. After the treatment, AMC supplies water through its pipeline network to its strategically located "Water Distribution Stations (WDSs)" in 6 zones across the city. Solid Waste Management System. AMC collect more than 1000 TPD "(tonnes per day)" waste from various spots existing in 6 zones by deploying 130 tractors, trucks, JCB, etc. equipments & machineries. In total, 1173 vehicles are monitored through global positioning system. In 2017, the corporation started door-to-door e-waste collection under public-private partnership. Total 6 collection centers were open across the city to segregate e-waste. Methyl isocyanate Methyl isocyanate is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO. It has been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives. It is highly toxic and irritating. It was the main toxic material involved in the Bhopal disaster. Physical properties. Methyl isocyanate is a colourless, poisonous and flammable liquid. It is soluble in water. Hazards. Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm. Exposure symptoms include coughing, chest pain, asthma, shortness of breath and skin damage. Lunar south pole The lunar south pole is a place on the Moon. It has a special interest because ice seems to be inside the craters. As the moon orbits, it keeps one face always opposite the Earth. So when the Sun shines on it, it shines obliquely on the poles. Thus it never reaches the ice inside the craters, and the water stays frozen. The same pattern might apply to the Moon's northern pole, but that has fewer craters. Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show. It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as "Sa Re Ga Ma". It is the oldest running singing reality show in India. Series history. The first episode aired on 1 May 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam. In the year 1999, the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers, Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash, sons of legendary sarod-player Amjad Ali Khan. From 2002, Shaan started hosting the show. Till 2005, the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them. The format changed with the advent of "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005" which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting. After Shaan quit hosting the show, the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli, Manish Paul, Karan Singh Rathore, Archana Jani, Vipul Roy, Jay Soni and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani. The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali and the current host Aditya Narayan. The show has seen multiple variations over the years: There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu. Amath Dansokho Amath Dansokho (January 13, 1937 – August 23, 2019) was a Senegalese politician. He was Secretary-General of the Party of Independence and Work (PIT) for years. He was Minister of Urban Planning and Housing from 1991 to 1995 and again in 2000. He was mayor of Kédougou from 2005 through 2012. Roaring Lion (horse) Roaring Lion (March 11, 2015 – August 23, 2019) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He was the top-rated British-trained two-year-old of 2017. He won three races including the Royal Lodge Stakes and was only defeated narrowly in the Racing Post Trophy. In the following year, he won the Dante Stakes, the Eclipse Stakes, International Stakes, Irish Champion Stakes and Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. He was euthanized following horse colic in Cambridge, New Zealand on August 23, 2019 at the age of four. Ines Torelli Ines Torelli (née Ines Stierli, June 14, 1931 – August 23, 2019) was a Swiss comedian, radio personality, singer and actress. She was born in St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. She was known for her roles in the television series "Fascht e Familie" and in the 1961 movie "Chikita". Torelli died on August 23, 2019 at her home in Rose Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada at the age of 88. Rick Loomis Rick Loomis (August 24, 1946 – August 23, 2019) was an American game designer. He was known as the founder of game publisher Flying Buffalo. He managed the publishing company until his death. Loomis was born in Raleigh, North Carolina. Loomis died on August 23, 2019 from lymphoma in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 72. Sidney Rittenberg Sidney Rittenberg (; August 14, 1921 – August 24, 2019) was an American journalist, educator, and Chinese linguist. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He lived in China from 1944 to 1980. He worked closely with Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Communist Revolution. He was imprisoned in solitary confinement, twice, for a total of 16 years. He was the first American citizen to join the CCP. Rittenberg died on August 24, 2019 in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 98. Zhu De Zhu De ( (also Chu Teh; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, warlord, politician and revolutionary. He was one of of the founders of the Communist Party of China. He was a high-ranking official of the Chinese Red Army. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1955 he became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army. He was the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1975 to 1976. Zhu was the head of state of the People's Republic of China. Zhu died on 6 July 1976 in Beijing at the age of 89. Eddie Money Edward Joseph Mahoney (March 21, 1949 – September 13, 2019), known professionally as Eddie Money, was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was popular during the 1970s and 1980s. He was born in New York City, but raised in Berkeley, California. Money was well known for songs like "Baby Hold On", "Two Tickets to Paradise", "Maybe I'm a Fool", "Think I'm in Love", "Shakin'", "Take Me Home Tonight", "I Wanna Go Back", "Walk on Water", "The Love in Your Eyes", and "Peace in Our Time". In August 2019, Money was diagnosed with stage 4 esophageal cancer. On September 13, 2019, he died from the cancer and from heart valve surgery-related problems at his home in Los Angeles at age 70. Chandler, Arizona Chandler is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is a suburb of Phoenix, Arizona. As of 2017, the population was estimated at 253,458 according to the United States Census Bureau. Permadeath Permadeath, short for permanent death, is a feature in video games where if a character dies, they will stay dead for the rest of the game. The only way be able to play dead characters would be to load the game file before the character died or to start the game all over again. This is a big feature in Fire Emblem games. Permadeath adds a level of challenge to the player, so the player must be very careful where they move each of their own player units. However, in every Fire Emblem game since , the player has the choice whether or not they want to play the game with permadeath. Alaska Natives Alaska Natives are the indigenous peoples of Alaska. They include Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Eyak, and some Northern Athabaskan cultures. Cultures. Below is a full list of the different Alaska Native cultures. Within each culture are many different tribes. Tropical Storm Bailu (2019) Tropical Storm Bailu (Jenny) was a storm that devastated many parts of Southeastern Asia, especially Fujian. It was a storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Meteorological history. On August 20, a tropical depression formed to the west of Mariana Islands. On the next day, the JMA designated the system as Tropical Storm Bailu, and the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Depression 12W. Bailu gradually intensified over the Philippine Sea. At 13:00 TST (05:00 UTC) on August 24, Bailu made landfall over Manzhou Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan. Impact. Philippines. Though Bailu didn't made landfall in the Philippines, two people were killed in Ilocos Norte, and left Php1.1 billion (US$21 million) damage in the province. Taiwan. Bailu also killed one person, and injured nine others in Taiwan. Institutional damage were calculated to be TWD 2.31 million (US$74,000), while agricultural damage reached TWD 87.9 million (US$2.83 million). China. Damage in Fujian reached ¥10.49 million (US$1.5 million). Massimo Mattioli Massimo Mattioli (25 September 1943 – 23 August 2019) was an Italian artist and cartoonist. He was born in Rome. Mattioli began his career in 1965. He was also published in "Corto Maltese" and "Frigidaire". In 1973 he began his works with "Il Giornalino", creating the character "Pinky". In 1977, he created the underground magazine "Cannibale". In 1978, "Cannibale" published the first adventure of Joe Galaxy. In 1982, he created the "Squeak the Mouse" series. His works helped inspire "The Simpsons" creator Matt Groening. Mattioli died on 23 August 2019 in Rome after a short-illness at the age of 75. Pita Paraone Rewiti Pomare Kingi "Pita" Paraone (30 November 1945 – 26 August 2019) was a New Zealand politician. He was Chairman of the Waitangi National Trust Board. He was a member of the New Zealand First party. Paraone was a member of the New Zealand Parliament from 2002 to 2008 and again from 2014 through 2017. Paraone was born in Kawakawa, New Zealand. Paraone died on 26 August 2019 at a hospital in Auckland from heart surgery-related problems at the age of 73. Jafar Umar Thalib Jafar Umar Thalib (; ; ; December 29, 1961 – August 25, 2019) was an Indonesian Muslim figure. He was the founder and the head of Laskar Jihad, an Islamic organization in Indonesia. Thalib died of a heart attack in Jakarta on August 25, 2019 at the age of 57. Anne Grete Preus Anne Grete Preus (22 May 1957 – 25 August 2019) was a Norwegian rock singer and musician. She was born in Haugesund, Norway. She was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. She was a member of the bands Veslefrikk and Can Can, and later as a solo artist. She released nine solo albums, and won the Spellemannprisen and other awards multiple times. In 2007, Preus was diagnosed with liver cancer. In February 2019, she was diagnosed with kidney cancer. Preus died from the diseases in Oslo on 25 August 2019 at the age of 62. Timothy Bell, Baron Bell Timothy John Leigh Bell, Baron Bell (18 October 1941 – 25 August 2019), was a British advertising and public relations executive. He was best known for his role as an adviser in Margaret Thatcher's three successful general election campaigns. He was also known for co-founding and 30 years of heading Bell Pottinger. Controversy. He had exposed himself while masturbating at his Hampstead bathroom window on 21 October in full view of female passers-by. He was later convicted as a sex offender. Death. Bell died on 25 August 2019 at the age of 77. Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign On August 25, 2019, former U.S. representative Joe Walsh officially announced he would be running for president, challenging incumbent Donald Trump, as well as former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld. Walsh stated that Trump's behavior in office motivated him to declare his candidacy. On February 7, 2020, Walsh ended his campaign after the Iowa caucuses. Joseph Walsh Joseph Walsh or Joe Walsh name may refer to: Max Abramson Albert "Max" Abramson (born April 29, 1976) is an American politician. He is a Libertarian member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing Rockingham District 20 since 2018. He represented the district before between 2014 and 2016. In July 2019, Abramson announced his campaign for the Libertarian presidential nomination in the 2020 election. He ended his campaign on March 3, 2020. Kent, Washington Kent is a city in King County, Washington, United States. It is the sixth largest city in the state. Kent part of the Seattle–Tacoma metropolitan area. It is located 19 miles south of Seattle and 19 miles northeast of Tacoma. Kent's population as of April 2010 was 92,411 according to the 2010 census. Vince Naimoli Vincent James Naimoli (September 16, 1937 – August 25, 2019) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was known as the first owner of the Major League Baseball team, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey. Naimoli was diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy in 2014. He died from problems caused by the disease on August 25, 2019 in St. Petersburg, Florida at the age of 81. Downers Grove, Illinois Downers Grove is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer. It is a southwestern suburb of Chicago. As of the 2010 census, there were 47,833 people residing in the village. George Bruns George Edward Bruns (July 3, 1914 - May 23, 1983) was an American composer and conductor. Early life. Bruns was born in Sandy, Oregon to Anthony Bruns and Margaret Beilin. His father is German and his mother is Russian Jewish. Foot odor Foot odor (or foot odour) is a type of body odor that affects the feet of humans. Some people think it is an unpleasant smell. Others may enjoy it when they have a foot fetish or olfactophilia (being attracted to certain smells). A 1994 study found that 45% of people with a foot fetish were also aroused by smelly socks and/or feet. Causes. The main cause of foot odor is foot sweat. Sweat itself does not smell a lot, but some bacteria can grow better in a sweaty environment, which then cause the odor. These bacteria are normally on our skin and are not harmful. The front part of the foot produces the most sweat. Sweating on the feet can be increased by wearing closed shoes or boots. Especially thick materials such as leather or rubber will hold the sweat in them and can increase the odor intensity. Certain types of socks can also make the smell stronger. Odor qualities. The quality (aroma) of foot odor is often described as thick and smelling like cheese. This is because some of the bacteria that create foot odor (like "Brevibacteria") are also used in the production of cheese. They produce the chemical "3-Methylbutanoic acid," which is a main part that is responsible for the odor. This chemical is also often used to make perfumes. Because of acids in the foot sweat, the odor may also be sour, similar to that of vinegar. Other things that can influence foot smell are the type of socks and shoes a person wears, how long they are worn at a time, and many individual factors, for example if the person does a lot of sports or other physical activities. Because men sweat more than women, they generally have smellier feet. Prevention. The best method for preventing food odor is to maintain a good foot hygiene. Regular cleaning of the feet removes dead skin cells from the feet, along with sebum (a type of body oil). This reduces the opportunities for bacteria to cause smelly feet. By regularly cleaning feet properly, feet will not have a strong foot odor. A foot file or pumice stone can be used to remove dead skin cells. Tom Jordan (baseball) Thomas Jefferson Jordan (September 5, 1919 – August 26, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He appeared in 39 major league games over three seasons for the Chicago White Sox (1944; 1946), Cleveland Indians (1946), and the St. Louis Browns (1948). Jordan died at his home in Roswell, New Mexico on August 26, 2019 from heart attack-related problems, aged 99. Val Heim Val Raymond Heim (November 4, 1920 – November 21, 2019) was a left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball during the 1942 season with the Chicago White Sox. He was , 170 lbs. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Heim died at his childhood home in Superior, Nebraska on November 21, 2019 at the age of 99. Plymouth, Wisconsin Plymouth is a city in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, along the Mullet River. The city is located in the Town of Plymouth, but is politically independent. Plymouth is known as "Hub City" because it is a former regional center of wooden wheelwrighting. The population was 8,445 at the 2010 census. Mayor Don Pohlman was last reelected in April 2014. Ferdinand Piëch Ferdinand Karl Piëch (; 17 April 1937 – 25 August 2019) was an Austrian businessman, engineer and executive. He was the chairman of the executive board ("Vorstandsvorsitzender") of Volkswagen Group in 1993 through 2002 and the chairman of the supervisory board ("Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender") of Volkswagen Group in 2002 through 2015. Jerry Rook Jerry G. Rook (October 27, 1943 – August 25, 2019) was an American basketball player. He was best known for his success at Arkansas State University. He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. He played for the Arkansas State Red Wolves and the New Orleans Buccaneers. Rook died on August 25, 2019 in Jonesboro after a long-illness at the age of 75. Pal Benko Pal Benko (; July 15, 1928 – August 26, 2019) was a French-born Hungarian–American chess grandmaster. Benko's highest achievement was qualifying and competing in the Candidates Tournament—the tournament to decide the challenger for the World Championship—in 1959 and 1962. He finished eighth in 1959 and sixth in 1962. Isabel Toledo Isabel Toledo (born Maria Isabel Izquierdo; April 9, 1960 – August 26, 2019) was a Cuban-American fashion designer based in New York City. She was born in Camajuaní, Cuba. Her career was based in New York City. She was known for designing Michelle Obama's first inaugural dress. Toledo died at a Manhattan hospital on August 26, 2019 from breast cancer at the age of 59. Inauguration of Gerald Ford The inauguration of Gerald Ford as the 38th president of the United States was held on Friday, August 9, 1974, in the East Room of the White House in Washington, D.C., following the resignation of President Richard Nixon. The inauguration marked the commencement of Gerald Ford's only term (a partial term of ) as President. Chief Justice Warren Burger administered the oath of office. Ford was the ninth vice president to replace an incumbent president and the most recent to do so. David Davis (Supreme Court justice) David Davis (March 9, 1815 – June 26, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States Senator from Illinois and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. He also was Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 Republican National Convention. John Yarmuth John Allan Yarmuth (born November 4, 1947) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for since 2007. Since 2013, he has been the only Democratic member of Kentucky's congressional delegation. In August 2019, Yarmuth endorsed Bernie Sanders's 2020 presidential campaign. On October 12, 2021, Yarmuth announced that he would not seek re-election in 2022. Gavin Watson Gavin Joseph Watson (12 July 1948 – 26 August 2019) was a South African businessman. He was Chief Executive Officer of State Capture-implicated company, African Global Operations, previously known as Bosasa, from 2000 until his death in 2019. Watson died in a car accident on 26 August 2019, near O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg at the age of 71. Linda Taylor Linda Taylor (born Martha Louise White; c. January 1926 – April 18, 2002) was an American criminal. She committed welfare fraud and, after an article in the "Chicago Tribune" in fall 1974, became known as the "welfare queen". Her activities were used by Ronald Reagan, from his 1976 presidential campaign onwards, to defend his criticisms of social programs in the United States. Her criminal activities are believed to have extended beyond welfare fraud and may have included assault, theft, insurance fraud, bigamy, the abduction and sale of children, and possibly even murder. Social programs in the United States Social programs in the United States are welfare subsidies designed to help the overall American population receive basic needs such as food, housing and healthcare. Federal and state welfare programs include money assistance, healthcare and medical needs, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, education and childcare assistance, and subsidies and assistance for other basic services. Welfare queen "Welfare queen" is a slur used in the United States to call women who allegedly misuse or collect excessive welfare payments through fraud, child endangerment, or manipulation. Reporting on welfare fraud began during the early 1960s, appearing in general-interest magazines such as "Readers Digest". The term "welfare queen" originates from media reporting in 1974 and again when Ronald Reagan used the term to describe Linda Taylor during his 1976 campaign. Pejorative A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form of expressing a negative term of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is seen as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others, or may be originally pejorative and eventually be adopted in a non-pejorative sense (see queer and nigga). Welfare fraud Welfare fraud is the act of illegally using state welfare systems by knowingly withholding or giving information to have more funds than would otherwise be given. Finding reliable evidence of welfare fraud is notoriously difficult. Lil Nas X Montero Lamar Hill (born April 9, 1999), known by his stage name Lil Nas X ( ), is an American rapper and singer. He came to international attention for his country rap single "Old Town Road", which first achieved viral popularity on the micro-platform video sharing app TikTok in early 2019, and was Diamond Certified by November the same year. The song reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and remained there for nineteen weeks, the longest for any song since the chart debuted in 1958. In June 2019, Nas X came out as gay, the only artist ever to have done so while having a number-one record. "Old Town Road" earned him two MTV Video Music Awards including Song of the Year and the American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip Hop Song. Nas X is the only openly LGBTQ artist to win a Country Music Association award. He won two Grammy Awards for Best Music Video and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, along with being nominated six others, the most for any male in 2019. "TIME" named him to their inaugural "TIME" 100 Next list. Songs. His debut EP, "7", was released in June 2019 with its second single, "Panini", peaking at number five on the Hot 100 and three on "Rolling Stone"'s Top 100. Its third single "Rodeo" with Cardi B, peaked at number nine on the "Rolling Stone" Top 100. , his songs have been streamed over 2.3 billion times. Old Town Road "Old Town Road" is a song by American recording artist Lil Nas X. It was originally released independently on December 3, 2018. The song later gained popularity on the social video sharing app TikTok. "Old Town Road" has been officially remixed four times, featuring a different array of guest artists including Billy Ray Cyrus, Diplo, Young Thug, Mason Ramsey and RM. In March 2019, the song reached number 19 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart before the magazine disqualified it. The song was not re-entered onto the overall country charts. However, both the original version of the song and the remix featuring Cyrus eventually peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a record-break of nineteen continuous weeks. The song was the first number one song on the "Rolling Stone" Top 100 chart. First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge The first inauguration of Calvin Coolidge as the 30th president of the United States was held on Friday, August 3, 1923 at the Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, following the death of President Warren G. Harding. The inauguration marked the beginning of the first term (a partial term of ) of Calvin Coolidge as President. The presidential oath of office was administered to the new president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr.. John Calvin Coolidge Sr. John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (March 31, 1845 – March 18, 1926) was an American politician and businessman. He was the father of J. Calvin Coolidge Jr., the 30th President of the United States. He administered the presidential oath of office to his son at their family homestead on the early morning of August 3, 1923, following the death of President Warren G. Harding. Michael Buffer Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American ring announcer for boxing and professional wrestling matches. He is known for his trademarked catchphrase, "Let's get ready to rumble!". He is also known for creating the announcing style in which he rolls certain letters and adds other emphasis to a fighter's name. , the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark. In 2008, Buffer was treated for throat cancer. Good Boys (movie) Good Boys is a 2019 American adventure comedy movie directed by Gene Stupnitsky and written by Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg. The movie stars Jacob Tremblay, Keith Williams, and Brady Noon. Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg serve as producers. The movie was released on August 16, 2019, by Universal Pictures. The movie received generally positive reviews from critics with an 78% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was shot in Vancouver. Identity Property In math, the identity property is made up of two parts: the "additive identity property" and the "multiplicative identity property". The additive identity property says that the sum of adding any number and zero (0) is just the original number. For that reason, zero is often called the additive identity of common numbers. The multiplicative identity property says that the product of multiplying any number and one (1) is just the original number. Also, if you divide a number by itself, the result (quotient) is one. For that reason, one is often called the multiplicative identity of common numbers. Java ME Java ME (Java, Platorm, Micro, Edition) is a Linux-based platform designed for running dedicated applets. For example, your smart TV might run Java ME, your car's media player might run Java ME. it is also compatible with the internet of things. Montiaceae A segregated family, formerly in the family Portulacaceae. Sensational spelling Sensational spelling is when a word is spelled wrong on purpose. This may be done for creativity, advertising, or humor. These are many brands with sensational spelling, including Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (which should be spelled "crispy cream"), Froot Loops (fruit loops), Mortal Kombat (mortal combat) and Hasbro's Playskool (playschool). It can also happen with common nouns, such as drive-thru (drive through), blu-ray (blue ray) "lite" items (light). Some websites on the internet also gain fame from sensational spelling, such as Google, flickr, Tumblr. New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe is a 2019 Nintendo Switch side-scrolling platform game released on January 11, 2019. It was announced at Nintendo Direct on September 13, 2018. It is the latest game in the "New Super Mario Bros." series and the follow-up of the 2012 Wii U launch title "New Super Mario Bros. U" and its 2013 extension pack "New Super Luigi U" (also released on Wii U). The game adds two new playable characters, Nabbit and Toadette. A power-up called "Super Crown' is a power-up for Toadette, which causes her to transform into a character that resembles Princess Peach, Peachette. As Peachette, she can float like Princess Peach in Super Mario, double jump like Daisy, and recover if she falls in a pit or lava. André-Mignot Hospital The Hôpital André-Mignot is a hospital in France. It is in the commune of Le Chesnay, close to Paris. It was created in 1981. It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Northampton, Massachusetts The city of Northampton is the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of Northampton was 28,549. Yoshihide Kozai Yoshihide Kozai (1 April 1928 – 5 February 2018) was a Japanese astronomer. He worked in celestial mechanics. He was best known for discovering the Kozai mechanism, for which he received the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1979. From 1988 to 1991, he was the president of the International Astronomical Union. In 2009, he won the Decoration of Cultural Merit from the Japanese government. Kozai died on 5 February 2018 in Tokyo from liver failure, aged 89. Minister of Home Affairs (India) The Minister of Home Affairs (or simply, the Home Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. Iñigo Manterola Ondarra Iñigo Manterola Ondarra (born 1973 in Orlo) is a Spanish painter and Basque sculptor. Biography. Iñigo Manterola was born in Orio in 1973. He was born in a familiar core of sailor tradition. Since he was little showed a lot of interest by the drawing and the painting. When he had only 8 years old, his teacher spoke with his mother and aimed him to extracurricular classes of painting. Because of this passion by the art , Iñigo starts his studies of painting in the Faculty of Fine arts in Bilbao between 1993 and 1998, licensing in the speciality of painting. After finishing his studies, Iñigo made diverse workshops between which stand out, on the one hand the workshop of MASTER painting OF THE FIGURACIÓN, together with Antonio López García and Juan José Aquerreta , in the School of Architecture of Pamplona in 2006. On the other hand, the workshop TEXTURES, given by the Australian artist David Kelly with reason o the exhibition AUSTRALIS in the room Kubokutxa of Donostia- San Sebastián in 2010. Besides, we can stand out a lot of projects during his artistic path, as well as "Way between two waters", of the figuración to the abstraction ,in 2005, multidisciplinary exhibition that presented to the Gallery ISPILU of Zarautz as in Madrid in the gallery JOVENART. In 2007 Animated Paintings, a seasickness in the Bay of Biscay, in the gallery 3And of Bilbao. In the year 2011 made a project beside the artist Gorka Larrañaga, Txantxareatzen  that consisted in making a plastic exercise between both with his back exhibition in the gallery THE HOUSE in Mexico D.F. In the year 2016, made RTRAZO, X-ray of a gesture agonizante, in the room POLVORÍN of the Citadel of Pamplona, that later travelled to the gallery ENELESTUDIO of San Sebastián. Path. If there is something that stand out in the path of Iñigo is his constant and vital evolution. The need to go burning stages and to present new proposals is tangible. After devoting him 15 years exclusively to the painting, began to incorporate in his projects another type of disciplines like the sculpture, the photography and the installation, with spirit to go growing in his work. Iñigo has been able to expose more than 50 individual exhibitions and 20 collective ,in cities like San Sebastián , Vitoria, Pamplona, Bilbao, Valencia, Seville, Madrid, Barcelona, Biarritz, Mexico D.F , Port wine, Abu Dabi etc., in all has been able to see his evolution. Recently, Iñigo has incorporated the resin to make his pieces and also the dibond like support in his paintings, specifically in the series Rtrazo. Besides, on 21 June of the 2019, Iñigo inaugurated his new study in Zarautz. Way of work. As Iñigo was born in a family of sailor tradition, his thematic shows prompt to the balcony of the pesqueros of bajura, the arrantzales and the bustle of the port. And it has not changed until today, I save in his exercises, that submerge it by a time in the language no figurativo. Also Manterola has worked the sculpture, converting each piece in an only piece using different materials so much the iron , steel cut ,copper , iron galvanised , nylon, stainless steel, resin or iron painted. Another of the appearances to stand out of Manterola is that it believes in the synergies and in the collaborations with other artists and disciplines. It says that it exists a mutual enrichment in all maridaje. Proof of this are the exercises with artists like Gorka Larrañaga and Samuel Dougados, the project "UNYON" beside Ivory Jewellers and, more recently, the collaboration with the chef French , that has 3 stars Michelin, for the one who has designed the servilleteros of his restaurant of Paris and where in each table luce one of his sculptures. Tudor architecture The Tudor architectural style is a mediaeval architectural style in England during the Tudor period (14851603). Tudor House, Chester is a good example of a wealthy merchant's house. Tudor House is constructed in sandstone, in brick, and in timber framing with plaster panels. It is roofed in slate. It has four storeys plus a cellar. It is a grade II* listed building on the National Heritage List for England. Lawrence Municipal Airport Lawrence Municipal Airport is an airport three miles north of Lawrence, in Douglas County, Kansas. It is used for general aviation. It was dedicated on October 14, 1929. It has more than 120 flights every day. Facilities. The airport covers at an elevation of 833 feet (254 m). Runway 15/33 is 5,700 by 100 feet (1,737 x 30 m) asphalt and 1/19 is 3,901 by 75 feet (1,189 x 23 m) concrete. In 2008, the airport had 32,700 aircraft operations, average 89 per day: 93% general aviation, 6% air taxi and <1% military. 56 aircraft were then based at the airport: 91% single-engine, 5% multi-engine, 2% jet and 2% helicopter. In July 2019, Lawrence allowed a $2.1 million construction project to begin. The project is supposed to be completed by the end of 2019. It will include a 23,000 square foot hangar and an office. It is designed in order to get more private planes to use the airport. Watkins Community Museum The Watkins Museum of History (Officially the Elizabeth M. Watkins Community Museum or the Watkins Community Museum) is a museum in Lawrence, Kansas. It is managed by the Douglas County Historical Society. It has programs and public events. It also has educational resources and activities. It has exhibits about the history of Douglas County. History. In 1888, the Watkins National Bank opened at 11th Street and Massachusetts Street. Jabez B. Watkins created it. It would stay until 1929. The building was given to the city to become the city hall. In 1970, Lawrence built a new city hall, so the building became a museum. The Watkins Community Museum opened in 1975. Talos In Greek mythology, Talos was a giant bronze man. He guarded the island of Crete by throwing stones at the ships of unwanted visitors. He was given life by the Greek god Hephaestus. He was given to either Minos or Europa as a gift. New Fairfield New Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 13,881 at the 2010 census. New Fairfield is one of five towns that surround Candlewood Lake, the largest lake in Connecticut. Raigad Fort Raigad Fort is a hill fort in the Mahad, Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. The Raigad Fort was seized by and made it his capital in 1674 when he was crowned as the King of a Maratha Kingdom which later developed into the Maratha Empire, eventually covering much of western and central India. Robert J. Walker Robert John Walker (July 19, 1801November 11, 1869) was an American lawyer, economist and politician. He was in the Democratic Party. He was a senator from Mississippi from 1835 until 1845. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from 1845 to 1849 under President James K. Polk. He was the Territorial Governor of Kansas in 1857. Career. Secretary of the Treasury (1845-1849). President Polk asked Walker to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Walker was the Treasury Secretary during all of Polk's presidency (from March 8, 1845 until March 5, 1849). As Treasury Secretary, Walker was responsible for financing the Mexican–American War. However, he did not do a very good job. In 1853, President Franklin Pierce asked Walker if he wanted to be the United States Minister to China, but Walker said no. Kansas Territorial Governor (1857). He was chosen to be governor of Kansas Territory on May 27, 1857 by President James Buchanan. However, he quit in December 1857. He quit because of he didn't agree with the Lecompton Constitution. In a to Secretary of State Lewis Cass dated December 15, 1857, he said his reasons for quitting was because clear voting fraud and improper political pressure from Franklin Pierce's administration. Death and legacy. Walker died in Washington D.C. on November 11, 1869. He is buried at Washington's Oak Hill cemetery. His son-in-law Benjamin H. Brewster became Attorney General under Chester A. Arthur. Many of his papers are held by the University of Pittsburgh. The University has put them online them. Lecompton Constitution The Lecompton Constitution (1857) was one of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. It was written by pro-slavery people. It included parts to allow slavery in the state. It also had parts to not include free blacks from its bill of rights. It was defeated on January 4, 1858 by a majority of voters in the Kansas Territory. The rejection of the Lecompton Constitution, and the admission of Kansas to the Union as a free state, showed the unusual and fraudulent voting practices. These practices had been used in earlier efforts by bushwhackers and border ruffians to create a state constitution in Kansas that allowed slavery. The Topeka Constitution was written before the Lecompton Constitution. The Leavenworth and Wyandotte Constitutions were written after the Lecompton Constitution. The Wyandotte Consitution became the Kansas state constitution. The document was written in response to the anti-slavery 1855 Topeka Constitution. That constitution was written by James H. Lane and other free-state people. The territorial legislature was filled mostly with slave owners. They met at the chosen capital of Lecompton in September 1857. They met there to write a document that would compete against the other constitutions. Most actual settlers were anti-slavery. They [boycott]ed the vote. Territorial governor of Kansas, Robert J. Walker, was very pro-slavery. However, he was against the obvious unfairness of the Constitution. He quit being governor so he did not have to enforce it. President James Buchanan was very pro-slavery, so he supported the Lecompton Constitution when it was sent to Congress. The president received the support of the Southern Democrats. However, many Northern Democrats, led by Stephen A. Douglas, voted with the Republicans to be against the constitution. Dalmatian language Dalmatian was a Romance language, which was spoken in Dalmatia, on the Eastern Adriatic Sea. The language became extinct in the Middle Ages. In places it was used until the 18th or 19th century. Today, few sources are left. Only the dialect of Veglia (Krk) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) have enough sources so they can be studied. From the other dialects, there are only isloate words, or short phrases. In 1897, the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, visited postman Tuone Udaina (), nicknamed "burbur" ('barber' in Dalmatian) the last known speaker of any Dalmatian dialect, to study his language. Bartoli wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book in German ("") in 1906. That book has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. One year after the interview, on 10 June 1898, Tuone Udaina was accidentally killed at 74 in a roadwork explosion. Arhat An arhat is a type of enlightened person in Buddhism. They have achieved enlightenment by following the teachings of a Buddha. Many of the Buddha's disciples became arhats. The importance of the arhat is different depending on the Buddhist school. The aim of becoming an arhat is to seek perfect calm and understanding in one's mind. Meaning. "Arhat" is a Sanskrit word. It means "someone who deserves to be to honored." Theravada. The ultimate goal in Theravada Buddhism is to become an arhat. Someone who becomes an arhat is the same as someone who attains enlightenment. The Buddha is also sometimes called an "arhat." Mahayana. In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhisattvas are seen as better than arhats. A bodhisattva will eventually become a Buddha, who can teach all living beings. An arhat can teach too, but only achieves enlightenment for him or herself. Nāga A naga is a type of deity in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. They are snake gods that live in the ocean and underground in an underworld called "Patala." They can sometimes appear in human form. There are three main forms: A female naga is called a "nagi" or "nagini". A "nagaraja" is a king of the nagas. They are common in Indian mythology and play an important role in many religious traditions. Meaning. "Naga" (नाग; nāga) is a Sanskrit word that means "cobra." The word is sometimes also used to refer to any kind of snake. Hinduism. Nagas are very common in Hindu mythology and art. They are described as a proud and powerful race of semi-divine beings that can take on many forms. They live in an enchanted underworld filled with jewels, gold and other treasures. This world is called “Naga-loka” or “Patala-loka”. The nagas are guardians of treasure and keepers of magic. They are often seen in bodies of water such as lakes and oceans. Their power and venom is potentially dangerous to humans. However, many nagas are benevolent, such as in the story called Samudra manthan, where the Nagaraja Vasuki who lays on Shiva's neck becomes a rope used by the gods and asuras for churning the Ocean of Milk. The nagas’ eternal enemies are the garudas, a bird-like deity. Vishnu is often portrayed resting under Shesha’s hood or laying on Shesha, but this symbolism can be found among other deities too. The serpent is commonly seen in art featuring Ganesha. Buddhism. Nagas are a common deity in Buddhism. They usually appear in the form of a giant cobra, with one head or many heads. Sometimes nagas will use their magic powers to transform into human form. They are often called "dragons" in English and are understood across Asia as being the same as dragons. It is believed that nagas live both underground in their own world and in the world of humans. Some live in the earth in places like caves and caverns while others live in water such as oceans and lakes. The nagas are the followers of Virupaksha one of the Four Heavenly Kings. They are also guardians on Mount Sumeru and protect the devas of Trayastrimsha heaven from the asuras. There is a story of a naga who appeared in human form so that he could become a Buddhist monk. The Buddha told him that only humans were allowed to become monks. The naga took the five precepts so that he could be reborn as a human in a future life. There is also an episode in the "Lotus Sutra" where the eight year old daughter of the dragon king transforms into a male bodhisattva and then becomes enlightened. This story may be a reference to the idea that a person must have a male body in order to become a Buddha. One popular naga in Buddhism is Mucalinda, who is a Naga King and protector of the Buddha. In the Vinaya Sutra, King Mucalinda uses his hood and seven heads to shelter the Buddha from a storm. Then the king takes the form of a young Brahmin and worships the Buddha. According to tradition, Nāgārjuna was given the Prajñapāramita sutras by nagas who were guarding them after the Buddha left the world. Dhritarashtra Dhritarashtra (Sanskrit: धृतराष्ट्र, "Dhṛtarāṣṭra") or Dhatarattha (Pali: धतरट्ठ "Dhataraṭṭha") is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and an important person in Buddhism. Name. The name Dhṛtarāṣṭra comes from two Sanskrit words: "dhṛta" (possessing; bearing) and "rāṣṭra" (kingdom; territory). Character. Dhṛtarāṣṭra is the guardian god of the East. He lives on the eastern part of Mount Sumeru. He is leader of the gandharvas and the pishacas. He is often shown in art playing a stringed instrument. Theravada. In the Pāli writings of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, Dhṛtarāṣṭra is called "Dhataraṭṭha". Dhataraṭṭha is one of the Four Great Kings, each one of which rules over a direction. Vessavaṇa's direction is the eastern quarter of the world. He has many sons called "Indra." He also has a daughter named "Sirī". Japan. In Japan, Jikokuten (持国天) is often shown wearing a suit of armor. He usually holds a sword and a trident while standing on top of a demon called a "jaki". Bobby Dillon Bobby Dan Dillon (February 23, 1930 – August 22, 2019) was an American football defensive back. He played for the Green Bay Packers from 1952 through 1959. Dillon was born in Temple, Texas. In 2011, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Dillon to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2011. Dillon died on August 22, 2019 in Temple at the age of 89. Lodewijk Woltjer Lodewijk Woltjer (26 April 1930 – 25 August 2019) was an Austrian astronomer and editor. He was born in Noordwijk, Netherlands. From 1964 to 1974 he was Rutherford Professor of Astronomy and Chair of the Astronomy Department at Columbia University in New York. From 1975 to 1987, he was Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). In 1994–1997 he was President of the International Astronomical Union. He was the first Editor-in-Chief of "The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review" in 1989 and also the Editor of "the Astronomical Journal" in 1967 to 1974. Woltjer died on 25 August 2019 in Geneva at the age of 89. Fernanda Young Fernanda Maria Young de Carvalho Machado (née Leite Young; 1 May 1970 – 25 August 2019), commonly known as Fernanda Young, was a Brazilian writer, screenwriter, television presenter, model and actress. She was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. She was known for starring and creating "Os Normais" and "Como Aproveitar o Fim do Mundo". Young died at a hospital in Paraisópolis, Minas Gerais from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by asthma at the age of 49. Christian Bonaud Yahya Christian Bonaud (1957 – 26 August 2019), also known as Yaḥyā ʿAlawī (or Yaḥyā Bonaud) was a French Islamologist, philosopher, writer and translator. He was a commentator of the Qur'an in French, and a professor at the Jāmī Theological Center at Al-Mustafa International University in Iran. He was born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Bonaud drowned after being involved in a boat crash on 26 August 2019 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast at the age of 62. Neal Casal Neal Casal (November 2, 1968 – August 26, 2019) was an American rock guitarist, singer-songwriter and photographer. Casal was born in Denville, New Jersey. He was known as the guitarist for Rickey Medlocke's Blackfoot from 1988 to 1993 and as a member of Ryan Adams' backing band the Cardinals from 2005 until 2009. He played in several groups, including the Chris Robinson Brotherhood, Hard Working Americans, The Skiffle Players, GospelbeacH and Circles Around the Sun – and released twelve albums as a solo artist. Casal killed himself on August 26, 2019 at the age of 50. Hurricane Dorian Hurricane Dorian was a 2019 tropical cyclone. The storm hit the British and United States Virgin Islands and nearly hit Puerto Rico. It was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, first major hurricane, and a first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. On August 30, Dorian became a first major hurricane of the season, and then became a Category 4 hurricane from a Category 2 in 9 hours. Dorian later became a Category 5 hurricane, making 2019 the fourth consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane (Matthew in 2016, Irma and Maria in 2017, and Michael in 2018). The storm was the second most-intense storm to strike anywhere in the Atlantic basin. Dorian struck the northwestern Bahamas with 185 mph sustained winds and heavy flooding. This was the most powerful tropical cyclone on the record to hit the Bahamas, and is regarded as the worst natural disaster in the country's history. The cyclone brushed eastern Florida and Georgia. The storm was also expected to move over northeastern South Carolina, eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. After that, it transitioned into a category 2 extratropical storm and hit Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were put up for areas from the Leeward Islands to Hispaniola. Similar warnings were put up from Florida to Delaware. Colin Clark (soccer) Colin Clark (April 11, 1984 – August 26, 2019) was an American soccer player. He was born in Fort Collins, Colorado. Clark played for men's national soccer team in 2009. From 2006 through 2010, he played for the Colorado Rapids and for the Houston Dynamo from 2010 through 2012. On August 26, 2019, Clark died after suffering a heart attack; he was 35 years old. Colin Clark Colin Clark may refer to: Colin Clark (economist) Colin Grant Clark (2 November 1905 – 4 September 1989) was a British-Australian economist and statistician. He worked in both the United Kingdom and Australia. He created the use of gross national product (GNP) as the basis for studying national economies. He was on the Council of the Econometric Society from 1948 to 1952. Albert Vickers Bryan Jr. Albert Vickers Bryan Jr. (November 8, 1926 – August 27, 2019) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia from July 1971 through December 1991. Bryan Jr. was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He was nominated by President Richard Nixon. Bryan Jr. died of pneumonia in Alexandria on August 27, 2019 at the age of 92. Jessi Combs Jessica Combs (July 27, 1980 – August 27, 2019) was an American professional racer, television personality, and metal fabricator. She was known as "the fastest woman on four wheels". She co-hosted the Spike TV show "Xtreme 4x4" for more than 90 episodes from 2005 to 2009. Other television shows she appeared on included "Overhaulin"', "Mythbusters", "The List: 1001 Car Things To Do Before You Die", "All Girls Garage", and Science Channel's "How to Build... Everything" in 2016. Combs was killed during a land speed record attempt as part of the North American Eagle Project on August 27, 2019, in the Alvord Desert, Oregon at the age of 39. Donnie Fritts Donald Ray Fritts (November 8, 1942 – August 27, 2019) was an American session musician and songwriter. In 2008, he was added into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame. He was known for working with Kris Kristofferson. Working closely with Rick Hall, Billy Sherrill, Dan Penn, Arthur Alexander, David Briggs, Jerry Carrigan and Norbert Putnam. In 2014, he appeared on "Country Funk Vol. II", a compilation album from Light in the Attic. In 2015, he signed with Single Lock Records. Fritts died from heart surgery-related problems on August 27, 2019, at a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 76. Abel González Chávez Abel González Chávez (July 26, 1943 – August 27, 2019) was a Colombian radio and television host. From 1996 to 2019, González hosted a daily radio program on Emisora Atlántico called "Satélite". González Chávez died on August 27, 2019 in Barranquilla, Colombia from a stroke at the age of 76. Paul Meger Paul Carl Meger (February 17, 1929 – August 27, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. Meger played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Montreal Canadiens, winning the Stanley Cup in 1953. His career lasted from 1950 to 1955. Meger was born in Watrous, Saskatchewan. Meger died on August 27, 2019 in Barrie, Ontario at the age of 90. Nataša Novotná Nataša Novotná (born October 29, 1977, Opava) is a Czech dancer, choreographer, lecturer, co-founder of 420PEOPLE and founder of Kylián fund in Prague. Education. Novotná graduated from Janáček Conservatory in Ostrava. Professional career. Dancer and choreographer. In 1997, Novotná was engaged in the Dutch ensemble Nederlands Dans Theater 2 (NDT2) led by Jiří Kylián. Between 2000 and 2002 she danced in the Swedish Göteborgs Operan Ballet. Since 2002 she has been a member of the Nederlands Dans Theater (NDT1). Novotná has collaborated with leading world choreographers, e.g . Jiří Kylián, Ohad Naharin, W. Forsyth, M. Ek, Crystal Pite, Meryl Tancard and others. Since 2007, Novotná has been working independently, performing contemporary dance, collaborating as a dancer with leading world scenes and choreographers such as the Tero Saarinen Company in Finland, Copenhagen International Ballet, Korzo Theater, Station Zuid and C-scope in the Netherlands, as well with Roberto Bolle, the soloist of the Teatro alla Scala or with the London's Sadler's Wells and Sylvie Guillem. 420PEOPLE. Together with her former NDT colleague Václav Kuneš and manager Ondřej Kotrč, in 2007 Novotná founded a contemporary dance ensemble 420PEOPLE, and acted as executive director of the ensemble until 2016. The name of the ensemble evokes Czech origin – " 420 " is the telephone prefix for the Czech Republic. The ensemble performs regularly both abroad (e.g. France, Spain, Germany, Mexico, Holland, Finland, Norway, Japan, Great Britain, etc.) and on the Czech stages (among others Czech National Theater, National Moravian-Silesian Theatre). The ensemble organizes the participation of prominent foreign artists at events in the Czech Republic – such as Ohad Naharin, Abou Lagraa, Jo Strǿmgren, Ann Van den Broek, Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui and others. Kylián Fund in Prague. After a decade of working for 420PEOPLE, Novotná founded " Kylián Fund in Prague " in 2017. Further activities. Novotná is involved in initiatives to support Czech contemporary dance and is a board member of the Vision of Dance professional organization. Novotná teaches at dance conservatories, Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and in ensembles in the Czech Republic and abroad. She is a lecturer in the Dance Studio of the New Stage, which offers both contemporary and classical dance lessons. Since 2017 she has been certified teacher of the Gaga movement language, developed by world-renowned choreographer Ohad Naharin. Tahu Potiki Tahu Potiki (23 December 1966 – 27 August 2019) was a New Zealand Māori leader. He was chief executive of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu from 2002 to 2006. Potiki was born in Palmerston, Otago. Potiki died in Auckland on 27 August 2019, aged 52 from multiple organ failure. Martin Weitzman Martin Lawrence "Marty" Weitzman (April 1, 1942 – August 27, 2019) was an American economist. He was a Professor of Economics at Harvard University. He was among the most influential economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. His latest research was largely focused on environmental economics, specifically climate change and the economics of catastrophes. Donnie Green Donnie Gerald Green (July 21, 1948 – August 28, 2019) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League. He played for the Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, and the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Purdue University and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1971 NFL Draft. He was born in Washington, D.C.. On August 28, 2019, Green died on August 28, 2019 at the age of 71. Nancy Holloway Nancy Holloway ( Brown, December 11, 1932 – August 28, 2019) was an American jazz, pop and soul singer and actress. She was popular during the 1960s in France, where she continued to perform and live. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Holloway was known for singing "T'en va pas comme ça" and for starring in "Seek the idol" and "Man from Cocody". Holloway died on August 28, 2019 in Paris at the age of 86. Nicolás Leoz Nicolás Leoz Almirón (10 September 1928 – 28 August 2019) was a Paraguayan-Colombian sports executive. He was the President of CONMEBOL ("South American Football Confederation") from 1986 to 2013. On April 23, 2013, Leoz resigned from both the FIFA Executive Committee and the CONMEBOL presidency, citing health issues. Leoz died on 28 August 2019 of cardiac arrest while under house arrest in Asunción, Paraguay at the age of 90. Guy Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe Guy David Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe (18 November 1954 – 29 August 2019), styled Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford until 1974, was a British aristocrat. He was a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers and a Freeman of the City of London. He was the Duke of Roxburghe from 1974 until his death. He was also the Premier Baronet of Scotland, and the 30th feudal baron of Innes. In 2009, Innes-Ker was diagnosed with esophageal cancer. He died from the disease on 29 August 2019 at his home in Floors Castle in Kelso, Roxburghshire at the age of 64. Juhani Kärkinen Juhani Tapio Antero Kärkinen (28 October 1935 – 29 August 2019) was a Finnish ski jumper. He won a gold medal in the large hill at the 1958 World Ski Championships. He placed eighth in the normal hill at the 1960 Winter Olympics. He was born in Kotka, Finland. Kärkinen died on 29 August 2019 in Lahti, Finland at the age of 83. Veikko Kankkonen Veikko Kankkonen (born 5 January 1940) is a retired Finnish ski jumper. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and at the 1968 Winter Olympics. He won two medals in 1964 with a gold in the individual normal hill and a silver in the individual large hill event. He was born in Sotkamo, Finland. Kankkonen won the Holmenkollen medal (shared with Eero Mäntyranta, Georg Thoma, and Halvor Næs). Halvor Næs Halvor Næs (born 19 April 1928) is a Norwegian former ski jumper. He competed in the 1950s. His only victory was in 1953 and he finished fifth in the individual large hill event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. He was born in Trysil. Næs was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1964 (shared with Veikko Kankkonen, Eero Mäntyranta, and Georg Thoma). Georg Thoma Georg Thoma (born 20 August 1937) is a retired German Nordic combined skier and ski jumper. He won a gold medal at the 1960 Olympics. At the 1964 Olympics, he won a bronze medal and was the Olympic flag bearer for Germany at the opening ceremony. He further won the world championships title in 1966. Thoma was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1964 (shared with Veikko Kankkonen, Eero Mäntyranta, and Halvor Næs). Thoma was born in Hinterzarten, Germany. Vladimir Veličković Vladimir Veličković (; 11 August 1935 – 29 August 2019) was a Serbian painter. He was born in Belgrade, then-Yugoslavia. In 1987, he won the Herder Prize. In 1985, he became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2005, he became a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. In 2017 he signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins. His paintings were exhibited in many countries in Europe and Americas starting in 1951. Veličković died on 29 August 2019 at a hospital in Split, Croatia from congestive heart failure at the age of 84. Rockerville, South Dakota Rockerville is a small unincorporated community in Pennington County in the Black Hills of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It originally started as a mining camp. It was named for the "rockers" which were used to separate placer gold from stream gravel. Rockerville was founded in 1876 as the result of a gold rush. Alvord Desert The Alvord Desert is a desert located in Harney County, in southeastern Oregon in the western United States. It is roughly southeast of Steens Mountain. The Alvord Desert is a dry lake bed and averages of rain a year. Two mountain ranges separate it from the Pacific Ocean—the Coast Range, and the Cascade Mountains. The Alvord Desert is at an elevation of about . PROSOCO PROSOCO is a national manufacturer of special construction chemical products for cleaning, protecting and maintaining concrete. It was created in 1937. PROSOCO's production and warehouse building, and corporate headquarters are in Lawrence, Kansas; construction on that building started in 1998. The company has 100-250 employees. History. PROSOCO was created in 1937. It was first called the Process Solvent Company. It was first a company in Kansas City that made special cleaning products and engine products for the car and railroad industries. Because the construction industry grew in the 1950s, Process Solvent Company starting making construction and building maintenance products. In 1967, the Process Solvent Company filed to trademark "PSC", which made it shorter to call the company. PROSOCO has been involved with some famous buildings including the United States Capitol Building. Awards. In 2015, the company received an award Building Green's top-10 products. Product. PROSOCO has 4 brands: "R-Guard, Sure Klean, Consolideck and Anchoring Systems". Mortal Kombat series Mortal Kombat is a series of fighting video games. It is known for having a very high level of violence, blood, and gore. The first game was so violent and bloody compared to other video games at the time that it was one of the games mentioned in the 1993 congressional hearings on video games. This later led to the ESRB rating system. Unsurprisingly, most games in the series are rated M for Mature, which means that the game cannot legally be sold to anyone under the age of 17 in most stores in the United States. Guest fighters. Starting with the 2011 video game, well-known characters serve as guests for the games. Due to legal constraints, they only appear only in one game. There are two guests in MK9, four guests in MKX and five guests in MK11. Sonic Spinball Sonic the Hedgehog Spinball, commonly shortened to Sonic Spinball, is a 1993 pinball video game. It was created by Sega Technical Institute, and it was published by Sega. It is a spinoff of the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series. It takes place in the universe of the "Sonic the Hedgehog" animated series. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog, who must stop Doctor Robotnik from enslaving the population in a big pinball-like machine. "Sonic Spinball" was created by the American staff of Sega Technical Institute. This was because the Japanese staff was busy with making "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" and "Sonic & Knuckles". When Sega management realized that "Sonic 3" would not be finshed in time for the 1993 holiday shopping season, they created another "Sonic" game. The game was quickly designed. It had short time constraints. Most of the work happened in two months. "Sonic Spinball" was released for the Sega Genesis in November 1993 and for the Game Gear and Master System in 1994. "Sonic Spinball" got good and bad reviews. People liked the idea and graphics. They didn't like the controls. A second pinball game, "Sonic Pinball Party", was created in 2003. A Sonic Spinball spinning rollercoaster was built in Alton Towers, a British theme park, in 2010. Release. The game has been rereleased on 11 different consoles. The Genesis version of the game has been rereleased on the "Sonic Mega Collection" compilation for the Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and PCs, "Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection" for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and multiple iterations of the "Sega Smash Pack" series of compilations. The Game Gear version is an unlockable game in "" for the GameCube and PC, as well as "Sonic Gems Collection" for the GameCube and PlayStation 2. Sega Technical Institute Sega Technical Institute (STI) was an American development division of Sega. It was created by Mark Cerny in 1991. They wanted to combine good Japanese developers, including Sonic Team programmer Yuji Naka and his team, with new American developers. STI created many "Sonic the Hedgehog" games, as well as other games for the Sega Genesis. It closed in late 1996. Games developed by STI are important in the history of the Genesis, and many were well-received or sold well. Developers have described STI as a unique workplace that did not fit into Sega's corporate structure, and have fond memories of the environment. Kansas State Department of Education Kansas State Department Board of Education (KSDE) is Kansas's Board of Education. Its headquarters are in Topeka. The board of education that controls the department is a constitutional group created in Article 6 of the Kansas Constitution. The Board helps decide educational policy for the state's primary and secondary schools. Sean Stephenson Sean Clinch Stephenson (May 5, 1979 – August 28, 2019) was an American therapist, self-help author and motivational speaker. He was born in Chicago with osteogenesis imperfecta. Stephenson stood three feet tall, had fragile bones, and used a wheelchair. He studied at DePaul University. He earned $15,000 to $30,000 per appearance. His second book, "Get Off Your "But": How to End Self-Sabotage and Stand Up for Yourself", was published in 2009. It was a self-help book about his own personal story along with the stories of others, and provided exercises for readers to perform while they read. That same year, Stephenson was the subject of "Three Foot Giant", a television documentary that aired on The Biography Channel in November 2009. Stephenson died on August 28, 2019 from problems caused by a concussion at the age of 40. Maria Dolors Renau Maria Dolors Renau i Manén (15 November 1936 – 29 August 2019) was a Spanish politician. She was a Deputy and a MEP from 1986 to 1987, as well as as president of Socialist International Women (1999–2003). She was born in Barcelona. Renau died on 29 August 2019 in Barcelona at the age of 82. Parsnip The parsnip ("Pastinaca sativa") is a root vegetable. The parsnip is native to Eurasia; it has been used as a vegetable since antiquity. It was cultivated by the Romans. It was used as a sweetener before the arrival in Europe of cane sugar. The plant is closely related to carrot and parsley; all belong to the family Apiaceae. Its long, tuberous root has cream-colored skin and flesh. Left in the ground to mature, it becomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts. Jim Langer James John Langer (May 16, 1948 – August 29, 2019) was an American football center. He played for the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Miami Dolphins and Minnesota Vikings. He was thought to have been among the greatest NFL centers of all time. Langer was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 1987. Langer was born in Little Falls, Minnesota. Langer died on August 29, 2019 in Coon Rapids, Minnesota from heart failure at the age of 71. Little Falls, Minnesota Little Falls is a city in Morrison County, Minnesota, United States. It is the county seat of Morrison County. The population was 8,343 at the 2010 census. Little Falls was the boyhood home of noted aviator Charles Lindbergh. Coon Rapids, Minnesota Coon Rapids is a northern suburb of Minneapolis, and is the largest city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 61,476 at the 2010 census. It is the thirteenth largest city in Minnesota and the seventh largest Twin Cities suburb. Conan the Barbarian Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who began in pulp magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, several films (including "Conan the Barbarian" and "Conan the Destroyer"), television programs (animated and live-action), video games, role-playing games, and other media. Franco Columbu Francesco Columbu (August 7, 1941 – August 30, 2019) was an Italian actor, author, champion bodybuilder, powerlifter and "World's Strongest Man" competitor. He was born in Ollolai, Sardinia. He was known for his roles in "Conan the Barbarian" and "The Terminator". Columbu won the Mr. Olympia in 1976 and again in 1981. Columbu drowned after having a heart attack on August 30, 2019 in San Teodoro at the age of 78. Dennis Fentie Dennis G. Fentie (November 8, 1950 – August 30, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was the seventh Premier of Yukon and leader of the Yukon Party from 2002 to 2011. He worked on the MLA for Watson Lake from 1996 through 2011. Fentie died of cancer at the age of 68 on August 30, 2019. Hans Rausing Hans Rausing, KBE (25 March 1926 – 30 August 2019) was a Swedish-British businessman. He was founder of Tetra Pak. It is the largest food packaging company in the world. In 1995 he sold his share of the company to his brother, Gad. In the Forbes world fortune ranking, Rausing was placed at number 83 with an estimated fortune of US$10 billion in 2011. He was the second richest Swedish billionaire in 2013. Rausing died in London on 30 August 2019 at the age of 93. Udo Schaefer Udo Schaefer (October 19, 1926 – August 30, 2019) was a German lawyer and a Bahá'í writer. He was born in Heidelberg, Germany. He was known for his writing "Bahá'í Ethics in Light of Scripture" and "". Schaefer died on August 30, 2019 at the age of 92. William Bulger William Michael Bulger (born February 2, 1934) is an American Democratic politician, lawyer, and educator. He was the President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1978 through 1996, which is the longest in history. He then became president of the University of Massachusetts. His brother was convicted mob boss James "Whitey" Bulger, who led the Winter Hill Gang. In 2003 he refused to testify in a congressional hearing about communications he had with his then-fugitive brother. Because of that, he was forced to resign from the presidency of the University of Massachusetts. Dorchester, Massachusetts Dorchester is a Boston neighborhood making up more than in the City of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally, Dorchester was a separate town, founded by Puritans who emigrated in 1630. It is Boston's largest neighborhood by far. In the 2010 United States Census, the neighborhood's population was 92,115. Vincent Waller Vincent Waller (born September 30, 1960) is an American writer, artist, animator, storyboard artist, and technical director. He worked on several animated television shows and movies, his best works being "The Ren & Stimpy Show" and "SpongeBob SquarePants". Alan Oppenheimer Alan Louis Oppenheimer (born April 23, 1930) is an American actor. He is best known for working with Filmation in the 1970s and 1980s. His best known roles include Oil Can Harry, Swifty and the narrator on "The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle", Ming the Merciless on "Flash Gordon", the Overlord on "BlackStar", Skeletor, Man-At-Arms and Mer-Man from Filmation's 1980's cartoon "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe", and the voice of Prime Evil in the 1986 TV series, Filmation's "Ghostbusters". Recently, he voiced the Scientist in "9" and Old Timer in "Toy Story 4". Toy Story 4 Toy Story 4 is a 2019 American computer-animated comedy adventure movie. It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. It is the fourth and final installment of movie in Pixar's "Toy Story" series, followed by "Lightyear" in 2022. Voices. The movie stars the voices of Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Annie Potts, Tony Hale, Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, Madeleine McGraw, Christina Hendricks, Keanu Reeves, Ally Maki, Jay Hernandez, Lori Alan, and Joan Cusack, and Schedule. "Toy Story 4" premiered on June 11, 2019 in Los Angeles, California and nationwide on June 21, 2019, in RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, and IMAX. Reputation. The movie has made $1 billion worldwide, becoming the sixth highest-grossing movie of 2019. The movie received strong positive reviews. In 2020, it won an Academy Award for best animated movie. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Jomo Kenyatta International Airport , is an international airport in Nairobi, the capital of and largest city in Kenya. Located in the Embakasi suburb southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries. Originally named Embakasi Airport, the airport's name was changed in 1978 to honour Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president and prime minister. The airport served over 7 million passengers in 2016, making it the seventh busiest airport in passenger traffic in Africa. Alan Silvestri Alan Anthony Silvestri (born March 26, 1950) is an American composer and conductor. He is known for his movie and television scores. Early life. Silvestri was born in New York City to Louis Silvestri and Sophia Phelan. His father is Italian and His mother is Irish. Influences. Silvestri stated composers like Elmer Bernstein and John Barry as influences. Personal life. Silvestri and his wife Sandra live in Carmel Valley Village, California with Joey Silvestri, Alexandra Silvestri and James Silvestri. France Aviation Civile Services France Aviation Civile Services, previously DSNA Services, is a consulting company, started by the DGAC and the ENAC in 2013. It gives to clients the expertise of French civil aviation in regulation, security and air navigation. Its President is Mr Farid Zizi, previous President of the ICAO Air Navigation Commission. Lieutenant commander Lieutenant commander is an officer rank in several navies. In the Royal Navy, It is junior to commander and senior to the naval rank of lieutenant. Royal Navy ranks are matched up with Royal Air Force ranks. In this case the equivalent rank would be a squadron leader. Lieutenant commander (LCDR) is a mid-ranking officer in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, and several other public uniformed services. In the Royal Canadian Navy, the rank of lieutenant commander (LCdr) (French: capitaine de corvette or capc) is the naval rank equal to major in the army or air force. It is the first rank of senior officer. This rank would be usual for a commander of a minor warship, or an executive officer in a larger ship. Señorita (Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello song) "Señorita" is a song by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes and Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello. It is from Mendes' self-titled third studio album. The song was released on June 21, 2019. It was written by the two artists along with its producers – Cashmere Cat, WATT, and Benny Blanco – and British artist Charli XCX, Ali Temposi, Magnus Höiberg, and Jack Patterson of the electronic band Clean Bandit. The song became Mendes' first number-one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US and Cabello's second, after "Havana". Mendes previously reached number two on the Hot 100 with "If I Can't Have You" earlier in 2019. Battle of Kursk The Battle of Kursk was a World War II battle. It happened on 5 July to 23 August 1943 near Kursk, Russia. Berzona Berzona is a village and former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Auressio and Loco to form a new and larger municipality Isorno. Knowles, Oklahoma Knowles is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Kremlin, Oklahoma Kremlin is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Waukomis, Oklahoma Waukomis is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Oktaha, Oklahoma Oktaha is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Muzzano Muzzano can mean: Kyivan Rus Park The Kyivan Rus Park (in Ukrainian: "Парк Київська Русь") is a cultural, commercial and entertainment complex in Kopachiv village, Obuhivskyi raion. 34 km. from Kyiv, Ukraine. the park was opened in 2008 in a site that restores the Kyiv Kremlin that was the Kremlin of Kyiv in the 5th to 8th century. Schulter, Oklahoma Schulter is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Clow, Arkansas Clow is an unincorporated community in Hempstead County, Arkansas, United States. Oleksiy Honcharuk Oleksiy Valeriyovych Honcharuk (; born July 7, 1984) is a Ukrainian politician and lawyer. Honcharuk was the 17th Prime Minister of Ukraine from 29 August 2019 to 4 March 2020. He was the Deputy Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Zelensky. Honcharuk is the youngest Prime Minister in the modern Ukrainian history. Anthoine Hubert Anthoine Hubert (22 September 1996 – 31 August 2019) was a French professional racing driver. He was born in Lyon and began his kart racing career in 2006 at age nine. In 2018, he became the GP3 Series champion. At the time of his death in 2019, he raced for BWT Arden. On 31 August 2019, Hubert was involved in a crash during the Formula 2 feature race at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Stavelot, Belgium. He died of his injuries a short time later. He was 22. Deaths in September 2019 The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in September 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting. Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source. Jukka Virtanen Jukka Jalmari Virtanen (25 July 1933 – 1 September 2019) was a Finnish entertainer and author. He won the Rose d'Or in 1965 for the entertainment program "Lumilinna". He starred in the movies "Millipilleri", "Pähkähullu Suomi" and "Noin 7 Veljestä". Virtanen was the host of Levyraati from 1980 through 1997. Virtanen was born in Jämsänkoski, Finland. Virtanen died from prostate cancer on 1 September 2019, aged 86. Bob Davie (American football) Robert Edwin Davie Jr. (born September 30, 1954) is an American football college coach and player. He is the head football coach at New Mexico. He was the head football coach at Notre Dame from 1997 to 2001. He also was an ESPN college football color commentator from 2002 to 2011. Davie was born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Sewickley, Pennsylvania Sewickley is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, west northwest of Pittsburgh along the Ohio River. It is a residential suburb of Pittsburgh. The population was 3,827 at the 2010 census. Midland–Odessa shooting On August 31, 2019, multiple people were shot from a vehicle traveling between and in the Texas cities of Odessa and Midland. Odessa police announced five deaths (including the shooter) and 21 injuries (including three police), and described the shooter as a white male in his mid-30s, shot and killed by police outside a movie theater as he fired at them again. Brad Linaweaver Bradford Swain Linaweaver (September 1, 1952 – August 29, 2019) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He was known for directing "The Brain Leeches" and "Jack-O". He also wrote Libertarian-leaning novels such as "The Boneyard Collection" and "Space Babes Meet the Monsters". Linaweaver was born in Washington, North Carolina. His best known novel was "Moon of Ice". Linaweaver died on August 29, 2019 from cancer at the age of 67. Washington, North Carolina Washington, commonly known as The Original Washington or Little Washington (to distinguish it from Washington, D.C.), is a city in Beaufort County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 9,744 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Beaufort County. Berthe's mouse lemur Berthe's mouse lemur or Madame Berthe's mouse lemur ("Microcebus berthae") is the smallest mouse lemur and the smallest primate in the world. Its average body length is and seasonal weight is around . This primate was found in 1992 in the dry Kirindy Forest in western Madagascar. After its discovery genetic studies showed it was as a new species, "M. berthae". This lemur is named after the conservationist and primatologist Berthe Rakotosamimanana of Madagascar, who was the Secretary General of the "Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche des Primates" (GERP) from its founding until her death in 2005. Alec Holowka Alec Holowka (30 October 1983 – 31 August 2019) was a Canadian indie game developer, co-founder of an independent game companies Infinite Ammo, Infinite Fall, and Bit Blot. He was known for collaborating with Derek Yu to create "Aquaria" and freeware game "I'm O.K - A Murder Simulator" and with Scott Benson and Bethany Hockenberry to create "Night in the Woods". He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Controversy and death. In early August 2019, Holowka was accused of physical and sexual assault by many women including Zoë Quinn. He killed himself on August 31, 2019, aged 35. According to his sister, Holowka had been "battling mood and personality disorders" through his life but "was a victim of abuse". Zoë Quinn Zoë Tiberius Quinn (born 1987) is an American video game developer, programmer, writer, and artist. Quinn, who uses the gender-neutral pronoun "they" , is known for developing the interactive fiction game "Depression Quest". In 2014, a blog post by their ex-boyfriend sparked the Gamergate controversy, in which Quinn was subjected to extensive criticism and harassment. Anita Sarkeesian Anita Sarkeesian (; born 1983) is a Canadian-American feminist media critic, blogger, and public speaker. She is the founder of "Feminist Frequency". She is known for her video series "Tropes vs. Women in Video Games", which reviews the female video game characters stereotypes. Brianna Wu Brianna Wu (born July 6, 1977) is an American video game developer and computer programmer. She co-founded Giant Spacekat. Giant Spacekat makes indie games. She is also a blogger and podcaster on matters relating to the video game industry. She is transgender. Wu unsuccessfully ran against incumbent Stephen F. Lynch in Massachusetts for the 8th district for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2018. Wu unsuccessfully ran a second campaign for the 2020 election. Stephen F. Lynch Stephen Francis Lynch (born March 31, 1955) is an American politician. He has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts since 2001. He is a Democrat representing Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Lynch ran for the Democratic nomination in the 2013 special election for the U.S. Senate but lost to Ed Markey. Immanuel Wallerstein Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (; September 28, 1930 – August 31, 2019) was an American sociologist, economic historian and world-systems analyst. His best known works helped developed the world-systems approach. He published bimonthly commentaries through Agence Global on world affairs from October 1998 to July 2019. He was a Senior Research Scholar at Yale University from 2000 until his death in 2019. Wang Buxuan Wang Buxuan (5 February 1922 – 31 August 2019), also known as Bu-Xuan Wang and Pu-Hsuan Wang, was a Chinese thermal physicist and educator. He was known for engineering thermodynamics in China. He created the engineering thermodynamics program at Tsinghua University in 1957. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. Ali Wong Alexandra Wong (born April 19, 1982) is an American actress, comedian, producer, and writer. She is known for her Netflix stand-up specials "Baby Cobra" and "Hard Knock Wife," as well as her television appearances in "American Housewife", "Are You There, Chelsea?", "Inside Amy Schumer", and "Black Box". She also wrote for the first three seasons of the sitcom "Fresh Off the Boat". In 2019, she starred in "Always Be My Maybe". Ramona, Oklahoma Ramona is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Rosston, Oklahoma Rosston is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. West Hartford, Connecticut West Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is about west of downtown Hartford. The population was 63,268 at the 2010 census. Simsbury, Connecticut Simsbury is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 23,511 at the 2010 census. Sant'Abbondio (disambiguation) Sant'Abbondio is the name of two places in Europe: Terlton, Oklahoma Terlton is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Railroad classes In the United States, railroads are Class I, II, or III, depending on how big they are. The Surface Transportation Board decides how big the railroads need to be to be in the classes. There are six US Class I freight railroad companies. Canada has two Class I freight railroads. Both of the Canadian companies have trackage in the US. Mexico has two Class I freight railroads, one with trackage in the US. The national passenger railroads in the US and Canada, Amtrak and Via Rail, are both Class I. Classes. Class I. In the United States, the Surface Transportation Board says a Class I railroad is a railroad that gets $250 million or more in revenue every year. It was 1991 when they said it had to be at least $250 million. In 2012, $452,653,248 is how much it would be. In 2011, the Association of American Railroads says that Class I railroads had to get at least $433.2 million. In Canada, a Class I rail carrier is a company that has earned at least $250 million (CAD) in revenue for each of the previous two years. Class I railroads are some of the most efficient kinds of transportation. They move a ton of freight almost 500 miles with each gallon of diesel fuel ( to move ). In 2013, eleven railroads in North America were Class I. In the United States, Amtrak and seven freight railroads are Class I based on 2011 measurements released in 2013. Class II. A Class II railroad in the United States takes freight and is mid-sized in terms of revenue. , a Class II railroad is a railroad with that earns more than $37.4 million but less than $433.2 million in revenue for at least three years in a row. Switching and terminal railroads are can't be Class II railroads. Class III. A Class III railroad earns less than $20 million (1991 dollars) in revenue every year. University Press of Kansas The University Press of Kansas is a publisher in Lawrence, KS that represents the six state universities in the US state of Kansas: Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University (K-State), Pittsburg State University, the University of Kansas (KU), and Wichita State University. History. The press was created in 1946. There were big changes in 1967 and 1976. Today, it operates as a consortium with representation from each of the participating universities. The press is on the west part of the KU campus. The press mostly publishes books about American politics and military history. They also publish books about the region around it. Shivamogga Shivamogga is the capital of the Shivamogga district in Karnataka. It was earlier called Shimoga. It is located in India. University of Nebraska Press The University of Nebraska Press, also known as UNP, is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books. It was created in 1941. The press is controlled by the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the main campus of the University of Nebraska system. UNP mostly publishes non-fiction books and academic journals. They publish in both print and electronic editions. The press has strong publishing programs in Native American studies, Western American history, sports, world and national affairs, and military history. UNP has published more than 4,000 books and 30 journals. They publish more than 150 new titles each year, making it the 12th biggest university press in the United States. Since 2010, two of UNP's books have received the Bancroft Prize, the highest honor given to history books in the U.S. Missouri River Valley The Missouri River Valley outlines where the Missouri River from its headwaters where the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers flow together in Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi River in the State of Missouri. At long, the valley drains one-sixth of the United States. It is the longest river valley in North America. The valley in the Missouri River basin includes river bottoms and floodplains. Mount Oread Mount Oread is a hill in Lawrence, Kansas. The University of Kansas is on it. It is on the water divide between the Kansas and Wakarusa rivers. It was named after the Oread Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts. The hill was first called Hogback Ridge by many Lawrence residents until the Oread name was chosen in 1866. For emigrants going west by wagon train on the Oregon Trail, "The Hill" was the next big topographical challenge after crossing the Wakarusa River near today's Haskell Indian Nations University. The United States Geological Survey says that Mount Oread is about above sea level. Downtown Lawrence is about above sea level. Mount Oread was whereWilliam Quantrill's raid into Lawrence on August 21, 1863, during the American Civil War, happened. The campus of the University of Kansas (KU) is on Mount Oread. Samuel C. Pomeroy Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (January 3, 1816 – August 27, 1891) was a United States senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century. He was in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. Pomeroy was also in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.He also was the mayor of Atchison, Kansas from 1858 to 1859. He was also the second president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, and the first president to oversee any of the railroad's construction and operations. Pomeroy succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the railroad on January 13, 1864. He was a Republican. Career. Early life. Samuel C. Pomeroy was born on January 3, 1816 at Southampton, Massachusetts. He was a student at Amherst College. Pomeroy was against the politics of slavery. In 1854, he joined the New England Emigrant Aid Company. That fall, he led a group of people to Kansas to help create the city of Lawrence. 1860s. On April 4, 1861, the Kansas legislature elected Pomeroy (along with James Lane) to be one of Kansas's first senators. 1870s. On December 18, 1871, because of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden urging and after learning of the findings of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, Pomeroy introduced the Act of Dedication bill into the Senate. That bill led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park. High court High court usually refers to the superior court (or supreme court) of a country or state. In some countries, it is the highest court (for example, Australia). In others, it is positioned lower in the hierarchy of courts (for example, England and Wales). A person who presides as a judge in such a court may be called a High Court judge, or, in some cases, a High Court Justice. Truth Hurts (song) "Truth Hurts" is a song by American R&B recording artist Lizzo. It is taken from the deluxe version of her third studio album (and first major-label release), "Cuz I Love You". It was released as a single on September 19, 2017. Lizzo wrote the song with Steven Cheung, Jesse Saint John, and its producer, Ricky Reed. In 2019, it reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the Pop Songs radio chart, R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts, and on the Radio Songs chart. It also reached the top ten in Canada and New Zealand, while maintaining the top 20 in Australia, the top 40 in the UK, and the top 100 in the Netherlands and Switzerland. Electoral district (Canada) Electoral districts in Canada (also called a "constituency" or "riding") are what Canada's representative democracy is based on. In Canadian French, it is called a "circonscription", but is also called a "comté" (county). Every single federal electoral district is represented by one Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada. In provincial or territorial electoral districts, the person that represents the riding might be called a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), Member of the National Assembly (NLA), Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP), or a Member of the House of Assembly (MHA). Right now, federal and provincial electoral districts are only represented by one person. In the past, however, some have been represented by more than one person. Kenneth Baugh Kenneth Lee O'Neil Baugh (24 February 1941 – 1 September 2019) was a Jamaican politician. He was an Opposition Leader from January 2005 through April 2005. He was a member of the Parliament of Jamaica, was a general secretary and chairman of the Jamaica Labour Party. Baugh was born in Montego Bay, Jamaica. Baugh retired from politics in 2015 due to ill health. He had brain surgery later that year. Baugh died on 1 September 2019 from a long-illness at the age of 78. Alberto Goldman Alberto Goldman (; 12 October 1937 – 1 September 2019) was a Brazilian engineer and politician. He was elected Vice Governor of São Paulo in 2006 with Governor José Serra. Goldman became governor of São Paulo on 6 April 2010. He resigned on 1 January 2011. He was National President of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party from November 2017 through December 2017. Goldman was born in São Paulo. He died on 1 September 2019 at a São Paulo hospital from problems caused by cancer-related surgery, aged 81. Walter Thiel (chemist) Walter Thiel (7 March 1949 in Treysa, Hesse - 23 August 2019) was a German theoretical chemist. He was the president of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) from 2011. William J. Larkin Jr. William J. Larkin Jr. (February 5, 1928 – August 31, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the New York State Legislature representing districts in the Hudson Valley. He was a member of the Republican Party. Larkin represented the 39th District in the New York State Senate from 1991 until his retirement in 2018. During his career in the Army, Larkin helped protect President John F. Kennedy on a visit to Berlin and met Martin Luther King Jr. when escorting one of the Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. Larkin lived in the town of New Windsor, New York. He died there on August 31, 2019 at the age of 91. New Windsor, New York New Windsor is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The Town of New Windsor is in the eastern part of the county, bordering the Town of Newburgh and the City of Newburgh. The population was estimated at 25,244 in 2010 by the US Census. Jim Gardner (politician) James Carson Gardner (born April 8, 1933) is an American businessman and Republican politician. He was a U.S. Representative from 1967 through 1969 and as the 30th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina from 1989 through 1993. Gardner was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Robert B. Jordan Robert Byrd Jordan III (October 11, 1932 – February 16, 2020) was an American politician. He was the 29th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina for one term from 1985 through 1989 under Governor James G. Martin. He ran for Governor of North Carolina in 1988 but didn't win. Mount Gilead, North Carolina Mount Gilead is a town in Montgomery County, in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,181 at the 2010 census. Ben Nighthorse Campbell Ben Nighthorse Campbell (born April 13, 1933) is a Cheyenne-American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from 1987 to 1993, and a U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1993 to 2005. He was a member of the Democratic Party, until Campbell switched to the Republican Party on March 3, 1995. Sid Morrison Sidney Wallace Morrison (born May 13, 1933) is an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Washington from 1981 through 1993. He was elected as a Republican. Morrison was born in Yakima, Washington. Morrison was a member of the State Senate from 1975 through 1980. Before, he was a member of the State House from 1967 through 1975. In 1992, he ran for Governor, but lost the primary to Ken Eikenberry. Ken Eikenberry Kenneth Otto Eikenberry (born June 29, 1932) is an American Republican politician. He was born in Wenatchee, Washington. Eikenberry was the Attorney General of Washington from January 1981 through January 1993. Gilbert S. Merritt Jr. Gilbert Stroud Merritt Jr. (January 17, 1936 – January 17, 2022) was an American lawyer and jurist. He was a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Merritt Jr. was nominated to the court by President Jimmy Carter. He was judge on the court from 1977 through 2001 and was Chief Judge from 1989 through 1996. Merritt Jr. was born in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1993, when Byron White retired from the Supreme Court, he was seen as a possible replacement pick by President Bill Clinton. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the final pick. Merritt Jr. died on January 17, 2022 in Nashville on his 86th birthday. Abe Fortas Abraham "Abe" Fortas (June 19, 1910 – April 5, 1982) was an American lawyer. He was a U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1965 to 1969. Fortas died from an aortic rupture on April 5, 1982 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 71. Richard Ravitch Richard Ravitch (born July 7, 1933) is an American politician and businessman. He was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 2009 to 2010. He was appointed to the position in July 2009 by New York Governor David Paterson. Hugh Carey Hugh Leo Carey (April 11, 1919 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and attorney. He was a seven-term United States Representative from 1961 to 1974, as well as 51st Governor of New York from 1975 to 1982. Carey died on August 7, 2011 at his home in Shelter Island, New York of heart failure at the age of 92. Georgia Holt Georgia Holt (born Jackie Jean Crouch; June 9, 1926) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and model. She is the mother of singer and actress Cher and the grandmother of Chaz Bono. Personal life. Holt was born in Kensett, Arkansas. She was married to six men, one of them twice. Career. Holt appeared as a model on two episodes of "I Love Lucy". She was an audience polling member as part of a group of ten mothers of famous celebrities on the U.S. game show "Card Sharks" from July 4–8, 1988. Holt also released her album "Honky Tonk Woman", which was recorded in 1982, in 2013. The album includes a duet with Cher titled "I'm Just Your Yesterday". Holt appeared on talk shows hosted by Mike Douglas, Merv Griffin, Dinah Shore, Jay Leno and Ellen DeGeneres. Carlo Fonseka Carlo Fonseka ( "Kālō Fonsēkā"; 4 March 1933 – 2 September 2019) was a Sri Lankan physician, academic and political activist. He was a dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya. He was president of the Sri Lanka Medical Council fro 2012 through 2017. He was born in Colombo, Ceylon. Fonseka died in Colombo on 2 September 2019 at the age of 86. Marc Singer Marc Singer (born January 29, 1948) is a Canadian-born American actor. Singer is best known for his roles in the "Beastmaster" movie series, as Mike Donovan in the original 1980s TV series "V", as Man-Bat in "" and his role in "Dallas" as Matt Cantrell. Singer also played General Matthew Shrieve on The CW television series "Arrow"'s third season. George Will George Frederick Will (born May 4, 1941) is an American conservative political commentator. He writes regular columns for "The Washington Post" and is a political commentator for NBC News and MSNBC. In 1986, "The Wall Street Journal" called him "perhaps the most powerful journalist in America". He won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1977. Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr. Arthur Boggess Culvahouse Jr. (born July 4, 1948) is an American attorney and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to Australia from March 13, 2019 tom January 19, 2021 under the Donald Trump administration. Before, he was the White House Counsel from 1987 through 1989 during the Ronald Reagan presidency. He was an important figure in John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign. He helped picked McCain's running mate. In May 2016, Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, chose Culvahouse to head the search for his running mate. In November 2018, Trump nominated Culvahouse to be the U.S. Ambassador to Australia. He was confirmed by the United States Senate in January 2019. Cecilia Seghizzi Cecilia Seghizzi (5 September 1908 – 22 November 2019) was an Italian composer, painter and teacher. Her music catalog includes more than 130 compositions, among which many are choral music. On 5 September 2018, she became a supercentenarian upon celebrating her 110th birthday. She died on 22 November 2019 at the age of 111. Tony Street Anthony Austin Street (born 8 February 1926 died 25 October 2022) is an Australian federal politician. He was Foreign Minister in the Fourth Fraser Ministry between 1980 and 1983. A member of Parliament, he represented the Corangamite division in Victoria from 1966 through 1984. His father Geoffrey Street held his seat before him, and other members of the Street family. Street was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. He was born in Melbourne. Jason Kenney Jason Thomas Kenney PC MLA (born May 30, 1968) is a Canadian politician. He is the 18th Premier of Alberta since 30 April 2019, and leader of the United Conservative Party in Alberta since 2017. Kenney was inspired to enter politics after having a short conversation with former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker at an early age. François Legault François Legault (; born May 26, 1957) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He is the 32nd and current Premier of Quebec since 2018. He has been Leader of the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) party since its founding in 2011. He was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat. Legault was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2009. During this time, he was a part of the Parti Québécois (PQ). He was a cabinet minister while Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry were Premier. He was elected in the 1998, 2003, 2007, and 2008 elections. He did not run for election again in 2009, and stopped being a member of the National Assembly that year. As a part of the CAQ, he became a member of the National Assembly again after the 2012 provincial election. Dennis King Dennis King (born November 1, 1971) is a Canadian politician. He is the 33rd and current Premier of Prince Edward Island since May 2019. He is also the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island. Plymouth, Minnesota Plymouth is the seventh largest city in the U.S. State of Minnesota. It is located west of downtown Minneapolis in Hennepin County. It is the third largest suburb of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. According to the 2018 Metropolitan Council, Plymouth's population is 79,450. The population was 70,576 at the 2010 Census. Let's Get Loud "Let's Get Loud" is a 2000 song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her debut studio album "On the 6" (1999). It was written by the song's co-writer Gloria Estefan for herself but she felt as if the song was too similar to her last songs and gave it onto Lopez. Estefan, who co-wrote the song alongside Kike Santander, stated that Lopez would have "more fun with it" and would put "a new spin" on it. "Let's Get Loud" is sometimes seen as Lopez's signature song. Estefan eventually released her own version of the song in 2011 as a bonus track on the deluxe Target edition of her album "Miss Little Havana". Emilio Estefan Emilio Estefan Gómez (born March 4, 1953) is a Cuban-American musician and producer. He has won 19 Grammy Awards. Estefan is known as a member of the Miami Sound Machine. He is the husband of singer Gloria Estefan, father of son Nayib Estefan and daughter Emily Estefan, and the uncle of Spanish-language television personality Lili Estefan. Lili Estefan Liliana Del Carmen "Lili" Estefan García (born March 20, 1967) is a Cuban-American model and television host. She is the host of "El Gordo y la Flaca" on Univision. Todd Phillips Todd Phillips (born Todd Bunzl; born December 20, 1970) is an American filmmaker. Phillips was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in "Borat". Gus Van Sant Gus Green Van Sant Jr. (born July 24, 1952) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, painter, photographer, musician and author. His movies are known for having a pro-LGBT stance and messages. His movies include: "Drugstore Cowboy", "Good Will Hunting", "My Own Private Idaho", "Milk", "Elephant", "Psycho" and "Finding Forrester". Jane Kim Jane Jungyon Kim (born July 9, 1977) is an American civil rights attorney and politician. She is the first Korean American elected official in San Francisco. She represented San Francisco's District 6 on the Board of Supervisors between 2011 and 2019. She is currently a member of the San Francisco's Democratic County Central Committee and was the top vote getter in CA AD17. In 2016, she ran for the 11th California State Senate District, but lost to Scott Wiener in the primary. She was a candidate for Mayor in the 2018 mayoral election, finishing third with 24.03% of the first-round vote. Biopsychosocial model The biopsychosocial model is a branch of psychology. It combines biological, psychological, and social factors into a single study. It's meant to understand complex interactions in health, illness, and healthcare delivery aspects. The model was created by George L. Engel in 1977. Iah Iah ( Egyptian: "jˁḥ", Coptic ) is a minor ancient Egyptian moon god who eventually evolves into Khonsu. Iah is said to be a god of both time and fertility. He is most notable for creating the ancient lunar calendar. The word "jˁḥ" simply means "moon". It is also transliterated as "Yah", Yah(w), "Jah", "Jah(w)", "Joh" or "Aah". 5 Day Myth. In an ancient Egyptian myth, sun god Ra has cursed goddess Nut so that she can not have birth on any of the 360 days of the year. The wisdom god Thoth devised a plan that involved challenging A'ah to a game of Senet. Thoth outsmarted A'ah and won enough moonlight to add 5 days to the year. Since these extra days were not cursed, Nut was able to birth a god on each of these days; Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, and Horus. Due to the loss of moonlight, the moon was unable to shine continuously and was forced to periodically dim in order to recuperate. Thus creating the phases of the moon. Fred Risser Fred A. Risser (born May 5, 1927) is an American Democratic politician. He has been a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 26th District since 1962. His district includes most of the west side and central neighborhoods of Madison. He was a member of the Wisconsin Assembly from 1957 to 1962. Risser has never lost an election and is the longest-serving state legislator in American political history. Upon the death of New Mexico State Senator John Pinto in May 2019, Risser became the only remaining World War II veteran currently serving as a state legislator in the United States. Atli Eðvaldsson Atli Eðvaldsson (3 March 1957 – 2 September 2019) was an Icelandic footballer. He played as a midfielder. During his career, he won the Icelandic championship three times and the Icelandic Cup four times. After retiring from playing, he became a well-known manager. In 1999, he managed Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur to its first championship in 31 years. Atli played 70 games for the Icelandic national team from 1976 to 1991. He later coached the national team from 1999 to 2003. In December 2018, he revealed was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer two years before. On 2 September 2019, Atli died from cancer, aged 62. Joan Antoni Solans Huguet Joan Antoni Solans i Huguet (15 October 1941 – 2 September 2019) was a Spanish Catalan architect. His works were about urban planning . He was born in Barcelona. Between 1980 and 1997 he was General Director of Town Planning of the Generalitat de Catalunya during the government of Jordi Pujol and vice president of the Institut Català del Sòl between 1988 and 2000, when he resigned. He was the architect of the new territorial planning of Catalonia and some cities. Huget died on 2 September 2019 in Barcelona after being hit by a car at the age of 77. Dane County, Wisconsin Dane County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 488,075, making it the second-most populous county in Wisconsin. The county seat is Madison, which is also the state capital. Matthew H. Clark Matthew Harvey Clark (born July 15, 1937) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Eighth Bishop of Rochester from 1979 until 2012. He was born in Waterford, New York, to Matthew and Grace (née Bills) Clark. He was raised in Troy, New York. Clark has been criticized for being overly tolerant of homosexuality and even challenging the Vatican's position of not allowing homosexual priests. In September 2019, Clark was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. David Cornstein David B. Cornstein (born August 17, 1938) is an American businessman and politician. He is the United States Ambassador to Hungary. He is from New York and his business career is about gambling operations, high-end used jewelry and telemarketing. Sinking of MV Conception On September 2, 2019, the 75-foot (23 m) diving boat "Conception" caught fire and sank off the coast of Santa Cruz Island, California. The boat was anchored in Platts Harbor, a small undeveloped bay on the north shore of the island, with over 30 passengers asleep below decks when fire broke out shortly after 3 am. The loss of the ship caused a rescue operation by the United States Coast Guard. Coast Guard divers counted 25 bodies in the sunken hull, while nine other people remain missing. Costa Concordia disaster On 13 January 2012, the Italian cruise ship "Costa Concordia" hit the bottom of the sea floor and overturned after striking an underwater rock off Isola del Giglio, Tuscany, resulting in 32 deaths. The eight year old Costa Cruises vessel was on the first leg of a cruise around the Mediterranean Sea when she deviated from her planned route at the Isola del Giglio, sailed closer to the island, and struck a rock formation on the sea floor. A six-hour rescue effort brought most of the passengers ashore. Many blamed the ship's captain Francesco Schettino, who left the ship shortly after the sinking began leaving behind the crew and passengers. Francesco Schettino Francesco Schettino (; born 14 November 1960) is an Italian former sea captain. He commanded the cruise ship "Costa Concordia" when it struck an underwater rock and capsized with the deaths of 32 passengers and crew off the Italian island of Giglio on 13 January 2012. In 2015 he was sentenced to a 16-year prison sentence. Sara Wilford Sara Delano Roosevelt Whitney diBonaventura Wilford (born March 13, 1932) is an American psychologist. She taught at Sarah Lawrence College from 1982 to 2014. She is a daughter of Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, a prominent philanthropist in medicine and art, and James Roosevelt, the oldest son of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. She was married to Ronald A. Wilford from 1973 to his death in 2015. Sentiero di Leonardo The Sentiero di Leonardo (in English "The Trail of Leonardo") is a trail in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland. It is named for Leonardo Da Vinci. The trail was opened in February 2019, the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death. It goes through places that were important in the life and art of Leonardo. The Sentiero di Leonardo is not a new trail. It is made up of existing footpaths and trails such as the Sentiero del Viandante. One half of the Sentiero di Leonardo goes between Pavia in Italy and San Bernardino in Switzerland along the eastern side of Lake Como. The other half goes between Pavia and San Bernardino along the western side of Lake Como. The trail is 540 kilometers long in total. It takes 26 days to walk both halves. Alessandro Manzoni and Leonardo da Vinci are numerous and it seems that their families knew each other. The Last Supper inside the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in nearby Milan sees the profiles of its characters perfectly matching the profiles of Monte Resegone on Lake Como. Numerous symbols and emblems in local churches of the Lierna Lake Como area and other medieval structures also lead explorers to discover the important role of the Knights Templar in this region, including indications that Leonardo's painting may have served as a mysterious map to a secret passage in a area of ​​the Grigna mountain range known as Alpe di Campione. The rock formations, caves, waterfalls and breathtaking views of the Grigna massif and the surrounding Lierna mountains on Lake Como deeply inspired Leonardo da Vinci's development. Significant places for Leonardo da Vinci on Lake Como: Porta Romana (Milan) Porta Romana ("Roman Gate") is a former city gate of Milan, Italy. In its present form, the gate dates back to the 16th century Spanish walls of Milan. Its origins can be traced further back to the Roman walls of the city. They had a "Roman Gate" in the same area. "Porta Romana" was the first and the main imperial entrance of the entire city of Milan. It was the starting point of the road leading to Ancient Rome. Sexagesimal Sexagesimal (base 60) is a number system with sixty as its base. It was invented by the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC. It was passed down to the ancient Babylonians, and it is still used—in a modified form—for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates. The number 60 is a composite number. It has twelve factors, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60, of which 2, 3, and 5 are prime numbers. Therefore, using sexagesimal numbers, fractions are simplified. For example, one hour can be divided evenly into sections of 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 12 minutes, 10 minutes, 6 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, and 1 minute. 60 is the smallest number that is divisible by every number from 1 to 6; that is, it is the lowest common multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Note: here in this article, all sexagesimal digits are represented as decimal numbers. For example, "10" means the number ten and "60" means the number sixty. Battle of Falkirk The Battle of Falkirk ("Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice" in Scottish Gaelic) was a battle that occurred on the 22nd of July 1298. It is considered one of the major (most important) battles of the First Scottish War of Independence. In it,the English Army beat the Scottish Army. Halvard Hanevold Halvard Hanevold (3 December 1969 – 3 September 2019) was a Norwegian biathlete. He was born in Asker, Norway. Hanevold won an Olympic gold medal at the 1998, 2002 and in 2010. He also won two silver medals in 1998 and in 2006. He also won a bronze medal in 2006. Hanevold died on 3 September 2019 in Asker at the age of 49. Jacob Hornberger Jacob G. Hornberger (born January 1, 1950) is an American attorney, author, and politician. He is the founder and president of the Future of Freedom Foundation. He was a candidate for the Libertarian Party's presidential nomination in 2000, as well as a candidate for the United States Senate election in Virginia in 2002. He was born in Laredo, Texas. In April 2019, Hornberger was seen as a possible 2020 candidate for the Libertarian nomination. On October 23, 2019, he filed to run for the Libertarian Party 2020 presidential primary. Though Hornberger won the most primaries and received the most votes, Jo Jorgensen was chosen as the party's presidential nominee on the night of May 23, 2020, after four rounds of voting. Early life. Jacob grew up on a farm on the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas, which at the time was the poorest city in the United States. His father was German-American and his mother was Mexican-American. Education. Jacob Hornberger received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Virginia Military Institute, and a law degree from the University of Texas. Professional career. Jacob Hornberger was an attorney in the state of Texas for twelve years. Hornberger was an adjunct professor at the University of Dallas, teaching economics and law. Hornberger stopped practicing law in 1987 to become the director of programs for the Foundation for Economic Education. Since then, he has been an advocate for free markets and founded the Future of Freedom Foundation. 2000 Presidential Campaign. In early 1999, Hornberger formed an exploratory committee to seek the Libertarian nomination for president in 2000. Two months later, Hornberger withdrew from the race. Harry Browne, who had been the 1996 Libertarian nominee for president, was running for the nomination in 2000 and was considered the frontrunner. Hornberger began publishing essays criticizing Browne for not being committed to libertarian principles, alleging that Browne was running a "Republican-lite" campaign. Then, a week before the 2000 Libertarian National Convention, Hornberger rejoined the race for the presidential nomination. At the convention, Hornberger focused most of his messaging on the criticisms of Browne he had been publishing in the previous year. Browne secured the nomination on the first ballot with 56.15% of the vote, while Hornberger finished in third place with 13.67% of the vote. 2002 Senate Campaign. During the 2000 Libertarian presidential primary, Hornberger published an essay titled "Lord Acton Was Right: A Response to David Bergland: Part 3 (of 3)". In it, Hornberger accused then-candidate for chair of the Libertarian National Committee Jim Lark of silencing a presidential candidate, Don Gorman, during the Libertarian Party of Virginia's state convention. Hornberger also detailed a conversation he had overheard between Lark and Gorman that supported these accusations. Both Lark and Gorman, as well as others, denied this conversation happening. Hornberger acknowledged this two years later in an essay titled "Correction and Apology." Shortly after this essay was published, Hornberger announced his intent to run for senate in Virginia as a Libertarian. Lark, as well as other members of the Libertarian Party of Virginia, expressed opposition to Hornberger's candidacy, citing his false accusations against them from 2000. Hornberger requested that the Libertarian Party of Virginia assist his campaign in collecting ballot access signatures, but the party denied since Hornberger had not been formally nominated as the party's candidate yet. Hornberger then decided to instead run as an independent in the 2002 Virginia senate race. In the general election, Hornberger was one of three candidates who qualified for the ballot, alongside Republican incumbent John Warner and independent Nancy Spannaus, a Lyndon LaRouche movement activist; there was no Democrat challenger. Hornberger finished in third place with 106,055 votes and 7.1% of the popular vote. 2020 Presidential Campaign. In April 2019, Hornberger was seen as a possible 2020 candidate for the Libertarian nomination. On October 29, 2019 Hornberger officially filed to run for president as a Libertarian Shortly after he released a YouTube video announcing his candidacy, expressing a view that the candidates in the race before him were insufficiently committed to abolishing Medicare. Hornberger began his campaign by focusing on the North Carolina primary, declaring his intent to win the vote on March 3rd. Hornberger was considered an early front runner for the Libertarian Party nomination. Hornberger has conceded that him winning the presidency isn't "realistic" but hopes his campaign could "make the case for freedom" and "fight for a free society". Hornberger finished 5th in the New Hampshire primary, which was won by Vermin Supreme. He later won the Iowa caucus. On "Super Tuesday" Hornberger received the most votes in all but one of the contests (finishing behind "Uncommited" in North Carolina) solidifying his status as the front-runner. On November 8, 2019, Hornberger was endorsed by historian and author . On November 11, 2019 radio host and anti-war activist Scott Horton also endorsed Hornberger, followed by Comedian and podcaster Dave Smith. Jake Porter, nominee for Governor of Iowa in 2018 endorsed Hornberger December 7, 2019. Jake Porter is now Hornberger's campaign manager for his 2020 presidential campaign Businessman and Chair of the Tulsa, OK chapter of the Libertarian Party of Oklahoma Todd Hagopian endorsed Hornberger on January 3, 2020. "The Liberty Herald" endorsed Hornberger December 29, 2019. The Libertarian Party Mises Caucus endorsed Hornberger January 7, 2020. 2020 Primary. Hornberger did not appear on the New Hampshire Libertarian Party Primary ballot, though he received 9 votes, putting him in sixth place. On February 8, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party Iowa Caucus with 47.52% of the vote. On February 25, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party Minnesota Caucus with 38.5% of the vote. On March 3, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party California Primary with 17.5% of the vote. Ryszard Czerniawski Ryszard Waldemar Czerniawski (20 August 1952 – 31 August 2019) was a Polish lawyer and economist. He worked as a journalist from 1976 to 1990 for the first at the Polish Press Agency and then at the weekly "Prawo i Życie" ("Law and Life"). Between 1990 and 1991, he was head of the Legal Department within the Capital Markets Development Division at the Ministry of Privatisation; and from 1991 until 1994 a Director of the Legal Department at the Warsaw Stock Exchange, eventually becoming Vice-Chairman of the Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 1994, where he worked until June 2006. Czerniawski was born in Warsaw. He died on 31 August 2019 at the age of 67. His death was announced on 2 September. Jaswant Singh Jaswant Singh (3 January 1938 – 27 September 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a founding member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was one of India's longest serving parliamentarians, serving as a member of parliament between 1980 and 2014. He was the Minister of Finance, External Affairs and Defence. He was also Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission (1998–99). After his party lost power in 2004, Jaswant Singh w as Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from 2004 to 2009. He was the candidate for Vice president in 2012. He lost the election to Hamid Ansari. In the mid-2010s, Singh wrote a book praising Jinnah. As a result, he was expelled from the BJP on 29 March 2014 and was forced off any elections he was running in under the party. He lost the election to the candidate put up by his former party. Singh was born in Jasol, Rajputana Agency, British India. He studied at the Indian Military Academy and at Mayo College. On 7 August 2014, Singh suffered a fall in the bathroom of his home in New Delhi and suffered a serious head injury. He was hospitalized and was in a coma until his death on 27 September 2020. Singh died of cardiac arrest and multiple organ failure caused by injuries from the fall, aged 82. Mary Ma Mary Ma or Ma Xuezheng (; 1952/53 – 31 August 2019) was a Chinese business executive and investor. She was Chief Financial Officer of the computer maker Lenovo. She played a key role in the company's acquisition of IBM's personal computer division in 2005. She was named by Forbes as the world's 57th most powerful woman in that year. After retiring from Lenovo in 2007, she worked in private equity and co-founded Boyu Capital, which invested in companies such as Alibaba Group and Megvii. Ma died on 31 August 2019 from pancreatic cancer at the age of 66. Margaret Beazley Margaret Joan Beazley, (born 23 July 1951) is an Australian jurist. She is the 39th and current Governor of New South Wales since 2 May 2019. She was the president of the New South Wales Court of Appeal, the first woman to hold the office, from 2013 until February 2019. Linda Dessau Linda Marion Dessau (born 8 May 1953) has been the Governor of Victoria since 1 July 2015. She is the first female and the first Jewish holder of the office. She was a judge of the Family Court of Australia from 1995 to 2013. David de Kretser David Morritz de Kretser AC (born 27 April 1939) is an Australian medical researcher. He was the 27th Governor of Victoria from 2006 to 2011. Paul de Jersey Paul de Jersey, (born 21 September 1948) is an Australian jurist. He was the Governor of Queensland from 2014 until 2021. In November 2018 it was announced that de Jersey's original term had been extended by two years. From 1998 to 2014, he was Chief Justice of Queensland. Governor of Queensland The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. The governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other ministers in the cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state parliament. The current Governor of Queensland, Jeannette Young, was sworn in on 1 November 2021. Governor of Western Australia The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. As with the other governors of the Australian states, the Governor of Western Australia performs constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including: The current governor is Kim Beazley. He succeeded Kerry Sanderson, who was the first woman to hold the position, in May 2018. Kim Beazley Kim Christian Beazley, AC (born 14 December 1948), is an Australian politician. He is the Governor of Western Australia since May 2018. He was the deputy prime minister of Australia and leader of the Opposition. He worked for the Hawke and Keating Governments before later serving as Ambassador to the United States. He is seen by political commentators as the "best Prime Minister Australia never had". Malcolm McCusker Malcolm James McCusker (born 6 August 1938) is an Australian barrister and philanthropist. He was the 31st Governor of Western Australia from July 2011 to June 2014. Ken Michael Kenneth Comninos Michael (born 12 April 1938) an Australian civil engineer and politician. He was the 30th Governor of Western Australia from 2006 to 2011. Governor of South Australia The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The current governor is Frances Adamson. The Governor's official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the state's capital. Governor of Tasmania The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. The official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury (appointed 1973). The first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green (appointed 1995). In May 2021, Premier Peter Gutwein announced that Barbara Baker would replace Kate Warner as governor of Tasmania on 16 June 2021. Vicki O'Halloran Vicki Susan O'Halloran, (born 20 June 1964), is an Australian businesswoman and community worker. She was CEO of Somerville Community Services in the Northern Territory from 1998 to 2017. On 31 October 2017, she was sworn in as the 22nd Administrator of the Northern Territory, replacing John Hardy. Eric Hutchinson (politician) Eric Russell Hutchinson (born 19 June 1965) is a former Australian politician. He represented the Division of Lyons in the Australian House of Representatives from September 2013 to July 2016 as a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. He is the Administrator of Norfolk Island since April 2017. Administrator of Norfolk Island The Administrator of Norfolk Island acts as a representative both of The Crown and of the Government of Australia, as well as carrying out other duties according to the "Norfolk Island Amendment Act 2015". Since its construction in 1829, Government House located in KAVHA, Kingston has been the residence of the governors, commandants, and administrators of Norfolk Island. Australian Indian Ocean Territories Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, consisting of two islands groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty: This does not include Heard and McDonald Islands, or islands close to Antarctica in the Indian Ocean and administered by Australia. Natasha Griggs Natasha Louise Griggs (born 24 January 1969) is a former Australian politician. Since 5 October 2017, Griggs has been the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories since October 2017. Ronald Harvey (administrator) Ronald George "Ron" Harvey, (born 9 June 1934) is a former senior Australian public servant and sport administrator. He was the third Director of the Australian Institute of Sport from 1987 until 1989. He was the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories from 1997 through 1998. Bill Taylor (naval officer) Commodore William Leonard Taylor (born 14 September 1938) was an Australian naval officer and politician. He was born in Toowoomba, Queensland. He was the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories from 1999 through 2003. He was a member of the Australian Parliament for Groom between April 1988 through August 1998. Adrianus Johannes Simonis Adrianus Johannes Simonis (26 November 1931 – 2 September 2020) was a Dutch Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Utrecht from 1983 to 2007, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. He was born in Lisse, Netherlands. In 2010, Simonis was accused of protecting priests who were accused of molesting and sexually abusing minors. Simonis died on 2 September 2020 in Voorhout, Netherlands at the age of 88. José Freire Falcão José Freire Falcão (; 23 October 1925 – 26 September 2021) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic cardinal. He was the Archbishop of Brasília. He was also the Cardinal-Priest of San Luca a Via Prenestina when he was made a cardinal in 1988. He was born in Ererê, Brazil. Freire Falcão died on 26 September 2021 at a hospital in Brasilia, Brazil from COVID-19, aged 95. Henryk Gulbinowicz Henryk Roman Gulbinowicz (17 October 1923 – 16 November 2020) was a Polish prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Wrocław from 1976 to 2004. Pope John Paul II made him a cardinal in 1985. Gulbinowicz was born in Wilno, Second Polish Republic. Gulbinowicz died on 16 November 2020 in Wrocław, Poland from respiratory and heart failure caused by pneumonia, aged 97. Jozef Tomko Jozef Tomko (11 March 1924 – 8 August 2022) was a Slovak Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 1985 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. Tomko became the oldest living member of the College of Cardinals in July 2021, after the death of Albert Vanhoye. Tomko died on 8 August 2022 from problems caused by a fall in Rome, Italy at the age of 98. Paul Poupard Paul Joseph Jean Poupard (born 30 August 1930) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a Cardinal since 1985. He held job of the Roman Curia for more than 25 years, was President of the Pontifical Council for Culture from 1988 to 2007 and briefly as President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. Poupard was born in Bouzillé, Maine-et-Loire. Friedrich Wetter Friedrich Wetter (born 20 February 1928) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Munich and Freising, Germany, from 1982 to 2007. He was Bishop of Speyer from 1968 to 1982. Pope John Paul II made him a cardinal in 1985. Wetter was born in Landau (Rhineland-Palatinate). Christian Tumi Christian Wiyghan Tumi (15 October 1930 – 2 April 2021) was a Cameroonian Cardinal Priest and the Archbishop Emeritus of Douala in the Catholic Church. Tumi is known as "Santi Martiri dell'Uganda a Poggio Ameno". He was made cardinal on 28 June 1988 by Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Tumi was named the Archbishop of Douala on 31 August 1991. Tumi died on 2 April 2021, aged 90. Alexandre José Maria dos Santos Alexandre José Maria dos Santos, O.F.M. (18 March 1924 – 29 September 2021) was a Roman Catholic Mozambican cardinal. He was the first native cardinal of Mozambique. He was born in Zavala, Mozambique. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1953. He was archbishop of Maputo, between 1975 and 2003. On 26 June 1988 he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II, and given the titular church of San Frumenzio ai Prati Fiscali. Santos died on 29 September 2021 at the age of 97. Peter Lindbergh Peter Lindbergh, born Peter Brodbeck (23 November 1944 – 3 September 2019), was a German photographer and movie director. He was known for his cinematic images. His best known movie works were "Models, The Film" (1991); "Inner Voices" (1999), which won the Best Documentary Award at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in 2000; "Pina Bausch, Der Fensterputzer" (2001) and "Everywhere at Once" (2008). Lindbergh died on 3 September 2019 at the age of 74. Editorial An editorial, leading article (US) or leader (UK), is an article written by the senior editors of a newspaper or magazine. The article is often unsigned. Australian and major United States newspapers, such as "The New York Times" and "The Boston Globe", often give editorials the heading "opinion". Editorials can also be in the form of a cartoon. The editors decide on which issues their readers will want to know the newspaper's opinion. Editorials are usually published on a special page, called the editorial page. This often features letters to the editor from members of the public. The page opposite this page is called the op-ed page (opposite the editorial); and has opinion pieces by writers not employed by the publication. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial on the front page. In the English-language press, this occurs rarely and only on topics considered very important; it is more common, however, in some European countries such as Spain, Italy, and France. Many newspapers do not put the name of the author on the editorial. Tom Clark, editorial writer for "The Guardian", argues that it helps readers discuss the issue, not the author. On the other hand, an editorial does reflect the position of a newspaper and the head of the newspaper, the editor, is known by name. Whilst the editor will often not write the editorial themselves, they maintain oversight and retain responsibility. When "The Press", a New Zealand newspaper based in Christchurch, changed after 157 years from broadsheet to compact in 2018, they published a list of editorials where current thinking differs from opinions expressed at the time. One example was the change in their view on women's suffrage in New Zealand. The government gave women the vote in 1893, and the editorial said that women would "much prefer staying at home and attending to their household duties" than going to the polling booths. In fashion publishing, the term is often used to refer to "photo"-editorials. These are often full-page photographs on a particular theme, designer, model or other single topic, with or (as in a photo-essay) without accompanying text. Southwest Chief The Southwest Chief (formerly the Southwest Limited and Super Chief) is a passenger train operated by Amtrak. It is on a route that goes through the Midwestern and Southwestern United States. It goes between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California, going through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. During fiscal year 2018, the "Southwest Chief" carried 331,239 passengers. This was 8.8 percent less than it was from FY 2017. The route grossed $43,184,176 in revenue during FY 2018. This was 3.8 percent less than it was from FY 2017. Amtrak had plans for replacing the route between Albuquerque, New Mexico and Dodge City, Kansas with bus service. As of October 2018, these plans were canceled. Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives (called either delegates or resident commissioner, in the case of Puerto Rico) are representatives of their territory in the House of Representatives, but they can't vote on legislation in the full House. However, they are able to take part in certain other House activities. Non-voting members may vote in a House committee they are a member in, and they can introduce legislation. There are currently six non-voting members: a delegate representing the federal district of Washington D.C., a resident commissioner representing Puerto Rico, and one delegate for each of the other four US Territories with people: American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands. A seventh delegate, representing the Cherokee Nation, has been formally proposed but not yet seated. Non-voting delegates are elected every two years. The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico is elected every four years. Jack Cust Jack Cust is a retired professional major league baseball player. He played for the Oakland Athletics. A. James Gregor Anthony James Gregor (April 2, 1929 – August 30, 2019) was an American educator, historian and political scientist. He was the Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley who was well known for his research on fascism, Marxism, and national security. Gregor was born in New York City. Gregor died on August 30, 2019 at the age of 90. Blanca Fernández Ochoa Blanca Fernández Ochoa (22 April 1963 – 24 August 2019) was a World Cup alpine ski racer. She was born in Madrid, Spain. She competed in four Winter Olympics, from 1980 through 1992. She won a bronze medal in 1992. Fernández Ochoa was reported as missing on 23 August 2019 and found dead on 4 September 2019 near La Peñota, in the Guadarrama Mountains. She was 56. Joana Sainz García Joana Sainz Garcia (1989 – September 1, 2019) was a Spanish singer, dancer, and songwriter from Madrid, Spain. She was killed in a stage explosion in September 2019. Biography. Sainz was raised in Santander, a port city on Spain’s north coast in the Cantabria region. She later moved to Suances, also in Cantabria. "The first time I saw her, when she came, I realized her virtues. She was a girl with a lot of energy, with a lot of desire. From the beginning, I saw her a dancer,” Sainz' teacher, Marta Rojo, told "El Espanol". Rojo remembered that Sainz started formal dance training in 2010. Sainz was the principal dancer and chief choreographer of Spain’s Super Hollywood Orchestra. The group were known for their exciting performances which used many special effects, including fireworks. Joana Sainz died on September 1, 2019 while performing in front of an audience of 1000 people, at a four day music festival at Las Berlanas. A pyrotechnic device used during the performance exploded next to her. She was struck in the stomach by a faulty cartridge used in the pyrotechnic device. Western pattern diet The Western pattern diet, also called standard American diet, is a modern eating pattern. In the Western diet, processed meat, red meat, butter, fried foods, high-fat dairy products, refined grains, high fructose corn syrup and certain sugary drinks is common. The modern Western diet came by way of fundamental lifestyle changes after the Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions. The opposite is a healthy diet. Healthy diets have higher servings of fruit, nuts, fish, poultry and vegetables. A Western pattern diet is associated with an increased risk of being overweight or obese and diabetes mellitus. Yōhei Kōno is a Japanese politician. He was the President of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives from November 2003 until August 2009, when the LDP lost its majority in the 2009 election. Kōno was speaker for the longest length since the set up of House of Representatives in 1890. He was the president of the Japan Association of Athletics Federations from 1999 to 2013. Kōzō Watanabe (Democratic Party politician) is a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Japan. He was a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). He was bornin Tajima, Fukushima. He was elected to the first of his two terms in the assembly of Fukushima Prefecture in 1959 and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1969 as an independent. He later joined the Liberal Democratic Party and eventually the DPJ. Duke of Edinburgh Duke of Edinburgh, after the city of Edinburgh, is a substantive title. It has been created three times for members of the British royal family since 1726. The most recent holder was Prince Philip, husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Alison Cheek Alison Mary Cheek (April 11, 1927 – September 1, 2019) was an Australian-born American religious leader. She was known for being one of the first women ordained in the Episcopal Church and the first woman to publicly celebrate the Eucharist in that denomination. Cheek was born in Adelaide, South Australia. Cheek died at her home in Brevard, North Carolina on September 1, 2019 at the age of 92. Brevard, North Carolina Brevard is a city in Transylvania County, North Carolina, United States, with a population of 7,609 as of the 2010 Census. It is the county seat of Transylvania County. Transylvania County, North Carolina Transylvania County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its 2018 U.S. Census population estimate is 34,215. Its county seat is Brevard. Edgardo Andrada Edgardo Norberto Andrada, better known as Edgardo Andrada, or simply Andrada (January 2, 1939 – September 4, 2019) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for several top level Argentine and Brazilian clubs. He played for the Rosario Central, Vasco and the national team. Andrada was born in Rosario, Santa Fe province. Andrada died on September 4, 2019 in Rosario at the age of 80. Anwar al-Awlaki Anwar al-Awlaki (also spelled al-Aulaqi, al-Awlaqi; "Anwar al-‘Awlaqī"; April 21/22, 1971 – September 30, 2011) was a Yemeni-American imam. He was a known recruiter and motivational speaker representing al-Qaeda. Al-Awlaki became the first U.S. citizen to be targeted and killed by a U.S. drone strike without the rights of due process. President Barack Obama ordered the strike. On January 29, 2017, al-Awlaki's 8-year-old daughter, Nawar Al-Awlaki, was killed in a U.S. commando attack in Yemen that was ordered by President Donald Trump. He was known as the "bin Laden of the Internet" for positing pro al-Qaeda speeches on the internet. After a request from the U.S. Congress, in November 2010, Google removed many of al-Awlaki's videos from its websites. According to "The New York Times", al-Awlaki's public statements and videos have been more influential in inspiring acts of terrorism after his killing than before his death. Drone strike A drone strike is an attack by one or more unmanned combat aerial vehicles or weaponized commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). It usually involves firing a missile or releasing a bomb at a target. The drone may be equipped with such weapons as guided bombs, cluster bombs, incendiary devices, air-to-surface missiles, air-to-air missiles, anti-tank guided missiles or other types of precision-guided munitions. Since the post-9/11 era, the United States have used drone strikes in such countries as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Iraq, Somalia, and Yemen using air-to-surface missiles. Drones strikes are used for targeted killings by several countries. Drone strikes are often used to kill terrorists. Giuliana Rancic Giuliana Rancic (; née DePandi; born August 17, 1974) is an Italian-American entertainment reporter, businesswoman, and television personality. She is a co-anchor of E! News. In Chicago and Washington, D.C., Rancic and her husband Bill Rancic own a resturant chain titled: "RPM Steak", "RPM Italian" and "RPM on the Water". Rancic is a breast cancer survivor. Bill Rancic William Rancic (; born May 16, 1971) is an American businessman, author, television personality and philanthropist. He was the first candidate hired by The Trump Organization at the conclusion of the first season of Donald Trump's reality television show, "The Apprentice". Rancic owns several restaurants mainly in Chicago and Washington, D.C. which include "RPM Italian", "RPM Steak" and "RPM on the Water". He is married to E! News host Giuliana Rancic. Albert Vanhoye Albert Vanhoye, SJ (24 July 1923 – 29 July 2021) was a French priest of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and an exegete. He was created cardinal in 2006. Vanhoye was the oldest living member of the College of Cardinals at the time of his death. Vanhoye died on 29 July 2021 in Rome, five days after his 98th birthday. College of Cardinals The College of Cardinals, formerly styled the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. Its current membership is 214. Cardinals are appointed by the Pope for life. Hugh Scott Hugh Doggett Scott Jr. (November 11, 1900 – July 21, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977. Scott died at his home in Falls Church, Virginia on July 21, 1994 from cardiac arrest at the age of 93. Russell B. Long Russell Billiu Long (November 3, 1918 – May 9, 2003) was an American Democratic politician. He was the United States Senator from Louisiana from 1948 until 1987. He was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee for fifteen years from 1966 to 1981. Long was the son of Louisiana governor and U.S. senator Huey Long. He worked during the administrations of eight U.S. presidents from Truman to Reagan. Long died at his home in Washington, D.C. of heart failure on May 9, 2003 at the age of 84. Harry F. Byrd Harry Flood Byrd Sr. (June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) was an American newspaper publisher and political leader of the Democratic Party. H was Governor of Virginia from 1926 until 1930. He was then a United States Senator from 1933 until 1965. He was a critic of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, largely blocking most liberal legislation after 1937. His son Harry Jr. replaced him as U.S. Senator, but ran as an Independent following the decline of the Byrd Organization. Although Byrd never announced as a presidential candidate, he received many votes in the 1956 presidential election and 15 electoral votes in the 1960 election. Byrd died in Berryville, Virginia on October 20, 1966 at the age of 79. Ernest McFarland Ernest William "Mac" McFarland (October 9, 1894 – June 8, 1984) was an American politician. He is the only Arizonan to serve in the highest office in all three branches of Arizona government, two at the state level, one at the federal level. He was a Democratic Senator from Arizona from 1941 to 1953 (Majority Leader from 1951 to 1953) before he was the tenth governor of Arizona from 1955 to 1959. Finally, McFarland sat as Chief Justice on the Arizona Supreme Court in 1968. Sam Nunn Samuel Augustus Nunn Jr. (born September 8, 1938) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Georgia (1972 – 1997) as a member of the Democratic Party. When he left the United States Senate, he made the Nuclear Threat Initiative with Ted Turner. It is a group that works to stop Nuclear War. His experience made Barack Obama and John Kerry think about making him their Vice President. Paul Fannin Paul Jones Fannin (January 29, 1907January 13, 2002) was an American businessman and politician. He was a Republican. He was a U.S. Senator from Arizona from 1965 to 1977. He was the 11th Governor of Arizona from 1959 to 1965. Fannin died of a stroke in Phoenix, Arizona on January 13, 2002 at the age of 94. Daniele Raffaelli Daniele Raffaelli (born 5 April 1977 in Rome) is an Italian voice actor. He is known for his roles as Shinji Ikari in the "Neon Genesis Evangelion" original Italian dub. Styles Bridges Henry Styles Bridges (September 9, 1898November 26, 1961) was an American teacher, editor, and Republican Party politician. He was the 63rd Governor of New Hampshire before a twenty-four-year career in the United States Senate. Bridges died of a heart attack in Concord, New Hampshire on November 26, 1961 at the age of 63. Pembroke, Maine Pembroke is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 840 at the 2010 census. Valentina Mari Valentina Mari (Rome, 1978) is an Italian voice actress. She is known for her roles as Rei Ayanami and Yui Ikari in the original Italian dub of "Neon Genesis Evangelion". William Knowland William Fife Knowland (June 26, 1908 – February 23, 1974) was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and Republican Party leader. He was a U.S. Senator representing California from 1945 to 1959. He was Senate Majority Leader from August 1953 to January 1955 after the death of Robert A. Taft. In 1958, he made a failed run for Governor of California. On February 23, 1974, Knowland shot himself in the head at his summer home near Guerneville, California at the age of 65. He died owing over $900,000 to banks and impatient mobsters. Other websites. Retrieved on 2008-02-09 Leverett Saltonstall Leverett A. Saltonstall (September 1, 1892June 17, 1979) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the 55th Governor of Massachusetts, and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator (1945–1967). He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy. Massimo Corvo Massimo Corvo (born July 9, 1959 in Rome) is an Italian actor and voice actor. He is the voice of Gendo Ikari in the original Italian dub of Neon Genesis Evangelion. References. Kenneth S. Wherry Kenneth Spicer Wherry (February 28, 1892November 29, 1951) was an American businessman, attorney, and politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was a U.S. Senator from Nebraska from 1943 until his death in 1951. He was the minority leader for the last two years. Paul Tsongas Paul Efthemios Tsongas (; February 14, 1941January 18, 1997) was an American politician. He represented Massachusetts in both the United States House of Representatives and in the United States Senate from 1975 to 1985. He won eight states as a candidate in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, losing the nomination to Bill Clinton. Tsongas was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1983 and retired in 1984. He returned to politics after undergoing a successful bone marrow transplant. He experienced early success in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, winning the New Hampshire primary, but withdrew from the race in March 1992 and endorsed Clinton. Tsongas died in Lowell, Massachusetts on January 18, 1997 of complications from pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 55. List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters This is a list of characters in the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion Paul Trible Paul Seward Trible Jr. (born December 29, 1946) is an American attorney and Republican politician. He was in the U.S. House of Representatives for three terms (1977 – 1983) and the U.S. Senate for one term (1983 – 1989). Chuck Robb Charles Spittal Robb (born June 26, 1939) is an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 64th Governor of Virginia from 1982 to 1986, and as a United States senator from 1989 until 2001. In 2004, he co-chaired the Iraq Intelligence Commission. He has been married to Lynda Bird Johnson Robb since 1967. She is the daughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Laurence Silberman Laurence Hirsch Silberman (October 12, 1935 – October 2, 2022) was a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was appointed in October 1985 by Ronald Reagan and took senior status on November 1, 2000. On June 11, 2008, Silberman was named a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the government of the United States. Silberman died on October 2, 2022, ten days before his 87th birthday in Washington, D.C. from an infection. George Allen (American politician) George Felix Allen (born March 8, 1952) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the 67th Governor of Virginia from 1994 to 1998 and as a United States Senator from Virginia from 2001 to 2007. Ilaria Latini Ilaria Latini (Rome,1972) is an Italian voice actress. Daughter of voice actor Franco Latini, she is the voice of Asuka Soryu Langley in the original Italian dub of Neon Genesis Evangelion. George Aiken George David Aiken (August 20, 1892November 19, 1984) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was the 64th Governor of Vermont (1937–1941) before becoming a member of the United States Senate for 34 years, from 1941 to 1975. Aiken died at a nursing home in Montpelier, Vermont of a stroke on November 19, 1984 at the age of 92. Frank Moss (politician) Frank Edward "Ted" Moss (September 23, 1911 – January 29, 2003) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a United States Senator from Utah from 1959 to 1977. Nicoletta Costa Nicoletta Costa (born 1953 in Trieste) is an Italian writer and cartoonist. She specialized in children's literature. Earle Clements Earle Chester Clements (October 22, 1896 – March 12, 1985) was an American farmer and Democratic politician. He represented the state of Kentucky in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and was its 47th Governor from 1947 to 1950. Marcello Boasso Marcello Boasso (Turin, January 16, 1902 - El Palomar, February 17th, 1960) was an Italian-Argentine composer and pianist. Happy Chandler Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler Sr. (July 14, 1898 – June 15, 1991) was an American politician. He represented Kentucky in the U.S. Senate and was its 44th and 49th Governor. Chandler was the second Commissioner of Baseball from 1945 to 1951 and was added into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. His grandson, Ben Chandler, later was congressman for Kentucky's Sixth District. Governor of Kentucky The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky. The governor's term is four years in length; since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years. The current governor is Andy Beshear, who was first elected in 2019. Andy Beshear Andrew Graham Beshear (born November 29, 1977) is an American lawyer and politician. Beshear is the 63rd Governor of Kentucky since December 10, 2019. He was the 50th Attorney General of Kentucky from January 2016 through December 2019. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He is the son of Steve Beshear, the 61st Governor of Kentucky. Beshear was elected as attorney general in 2015. He was the Democratic nominee for governor in the 2019 election. He beat incumbent Governor Matt Bevin on November 5, 2019 by less than 5,000 votes. Ernie Fletcher Ernest Lee Fletcher (born November 12, 1952) is an American physician and politician. In 1998, he was elected to the first of three terms in the United States House of Representatives. He resigned in 2003 after being elected the 60th Governor of Kentucky and served until 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party. Dai Tielang Dai Tielang (; 17 October 1930 – 4 September 2019) was a Singaporean-born Chinese animator. He was best known for directing "Black Cat Detective" (1984–1987). He worked in Shanghai Animation Film Studio. His other works include "Where is Mama" (1960) and "A Deer of Nine Colors" (1981). Dai died on 4 September 2019 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China of multiple organ failure at the age of 88. Josuke Higashikata Josuke Higashikata is a character from the manga and anime "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". He is the main character of the fourth part of the manga and anime "Diamond is Unbreakable", where is revealed he is the bastard son of Joseph Joestar, who cheated on his wife with a young Japanese woman, Tomoko Higashikata. Because of this, he is the uncle of Jotaro Kujo, from Part 3, "Stardust Crusaders". Josuke is a young, but tall Japanese student with a golden heart, living in the fictional Japanese town of Morioh. During the series he fight several enemies with the help of Jotaro and befriends Koichi Hirose and Okuyasu Nijimura. His stand is called "Crazy Diamond", a tribute to the Pink Floyd's song. It has the ability to heal wounds and restore objects. However it can't heal Josuke's own wounds. He can also survive painful deaths like the from last season in part 4 finale. Takehito Koyasu Takehito Koyasu (子安 武人 "Koyasu Takehito") (born May 5, 1967) is a Japanese voice actor and singer. When he dubs hentai, he uses the pseudonym of Hayato Jumonji. He is the voices for Dio Brando in "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" and Shigeru Aoba in "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Dio Brando Dio Brando or DIO is a recurring character and main antagonist in the manga and anime series "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". After killing his father, he was adopted into the Joestar family, where he lived with his newfound adoptive brother, Jonathan Joestar. Story. In Phantom Blood, after killing his father, Dario, he is adopted by the english nobleman Lord Joestar. He became the brother of Jonathan Joestar, nicknamed "JoJo". His first goal is to make the life of his adoptive brother terrible, killing his pet dog Danny,and kissing his girlfriend Erina Pendelton. During Phantom Blood he discovers the hidden power of the stone mask, a mysterious object from Mexico. Meanwhile, he is slowly killing his adoptive father. Later on, his plan is discovered by Jonathan. Three days later, Dio kills Lord Joestar, puts on the stone mask, and becomes a vampire. After this event, Dio founded an army of zombies and chimera creatures, only to be later defeated by Jonathan Joestar with the power of Hamon. He supposedly dies with JoJo on the honeymoon of the brother. He reappears in part three as DIO and uses his stand, The World, which can stop time and has high speed. Marco Balzarotti Marco Balzarotti (born 2 March 1957) is an Italian voice actor. He is the Italian voice of Dio Brando from "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". Arale Norimaki Arale is a fictional character from the manga Dr. Slump, created by Akira Toriyama. She is a robot created by Senbe Norimaki, nicknamed "Dr. Slump". Her appareance is that of a young girl with glasses, cause despite being a robot she is shorstsighted. She is very powerful, capable of destroying the Earth with one single punch on the ground. She also apparead in Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Super. Umberto Saba Umberto Saba (9 March 1883 – 26 August 1957), or Umberto Poli was an Italian poet and novelist. He was born in Trieste. James Henry Lane (Union General) James Henry Lane, also known as Jim Lane, (June 22, 1814 – July 11, 1866) was a partisan during the Bleeding Kansas period. It was right before the American Civil War. During the war itself, Lane was a United States Senator, and he was a general for the Union. Although reelected as a Senator during 1865, Lane committed suicide the next year. Biography. Lane was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. He was the son of Amos Lane. He was a U.S. congressman from Indiana (1853–1855) where he voted for the Kansas–Nebraska Act. On June 3, 1858, Lane shot and killed Gaius Jenkins in a land dispute in Lawrence. Reports say Jenkins was coming to get water from a well on the disputed land. Jenkins was reported to have been showing a revolver. Lane had a shotgun. One of the men with Jenkins shot Lane in the leg, and Lane shot back killing Jenkins. Death and legacy. On July 1, 1866 Lane shot himself in the head as he jumped from his carriage in Leavenworth, Kansas. The following places were named in honor of him: Virgilio Giotti Virgil Schönbeck (15 January 1885 – 21 September 1957), known by his pen name Virgilio Giotti, was an Italian poet. He wrote in both Italian and in the Triestine dialect. Banff, Alberta Banff is a town within Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. It is located in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, approximately west of Calgary and east of Lake Louise. At above Banff is the community with the second highest elevation in Alberta, after Lake Louise. Kenora Kenora, originally named Rat Portage (), is a small city on the Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, close to Manitoba, and about east of Winnipeg. It is the seat of Kenora District. Supply chain A supply chain moves a product or service from supplier to customer. It is the people, activities, information, and resources which move the product. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end user or customer. The term is most used in business and finance. In short, the supply chain is an illustration of the different activities carried on in given transit of goods. Kiran Nagarkar Kiran Nagarkar (1942 – 5 September 2019) was an Indian novelist, playwright, critic and screenwriter. He was born in Mumbai. His best known works are "Saat Sakkam Trechalis" (tr. "Seven Sixes Are Forty Three") (1974), "Ravan and Eddie" (1994), and the epic novel, "Cuckold" (1997) for which he was awarded the 2001 Sahitya Akademi Award. Nagarkar died on 5 September 2019 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Mumbai at the age of 77. Patrick Dehornoy Patrick Dehornoy (September 11, 1952 – September 4, 2019) was a French mathematician. He worked at the University of Caen. He found one of the first applications of large cardinals to algebra. This was called the Dehornoy order, on the braid group. He was one of the main workers to the development of Garside methods in group theory. His works helped solved the word problem of general Artin–Tits groups. Dehornoy died on September 4, 2019 in Caen, France at the age of 66. Manuel Heredia (politician) Jose Manuel Heredia Jr. (born 29 September 1954, San Pedro Town) is a Belizean politician. He is a Member of the Belize House of Representatives for Belize Rural South since 5 March 2003. He is also the Minister of Tourism since 8 February 2008, from 8 February 2008 to 8 March 2012 he was Minister of Civil Aviation in Belize. After the 2012 General Election and the reshuffle of cabinet, he was appointed to the Culture portfolio which made Minister of Tourism and Minister of Culture. He served as Minister of Culture 8 March 2012 to March 2018. Another cabinet reshuffle occured in 2018 and Heredia was appointed again as Minister of Civil Aviation. Early life and education. Jose Manuel Heredia Jr was born on a bright sunny September 29, 1951 in San Pedro Town to Manuel Heredia Sr and Rosita Heredia. He was born into a family of four girls and three boys and grew up enjoying the clear waters surrounding La Isla Bonita. When he was a child, Heredia went canoeing out to the sea, fishing and snorkeling in Caribbean Sea. Those were his favourite activities to do in his past time. For his Primary education, Heredia attended San Pedro Roman Catholic School, now known as the San Pedro police station. He studied there from 1961 to 1966, he was appointed as a Student Councillor in 1962 and served in that role until he graduated. The two story wooden building provided him with a sound education. On Reconition Day he was awarded the “Most Compassionate Student” and ”Most Contributive Student” Award. After successfully completing his studies there he attended Saint John’s College High School (SJCHS) for his Secondary education in Belize City and studied there from 1967 to 1970. Heredia’s entire family made the move to the City. At SJCHS, Heredia studied Industrial Arts in 1969 and 1970 and was specialised in Welding. Heredia was again appointed as a Student Councillor in 1968 and after an unprecedented service, was appointed to the Student Council Executive Committee (EXCO) the following year serving as the Head of Games and Events. He proudly graduated in 1970, winning four awards. Welding career. After graduating, Heredia moved back to the island and began fishing with his Uncle, Francisco Arceo . Arceo was the Father of Heredia’s Cousin and Long-time rival Patty Arceo. Arceo and Heredia fished for four months, until he heard of a great opportunity in Landyville in the Mainland. Bowen and Brown Distributers were planning to build their beer (Belikin) Factory and were in need of welders. Since he had majored in Welding, Heredia decided to take advantage of the opportunity and made the move to the Mainland where he remained for 14 months. With the ball in his court, Heredia along with others struggled to weld but in the end they manage to complete the project in time. After the project’s completion, the manager of the Factory offered Him a job as a Maintainace worker but Heredia chose to move back to San Pedro Town. He returned to the Island In January 1972 and opened his own Welding shop on Prescador Drive and eventually became the manager of that shop. Due to his stellar experience in the Fishing industry, Heredia was appointed as the Director of the Caribeña Cooperative which he served for 30 years, he still had his passion for the open sea and went out on fishing trips with Guillermo Nunez and/or Severo Castillo at least once a week their catches were then sold to the Cooperative. On 25 November 1975, only one short month after The Lions Club was formed in San Pedro Town. Pablo Marin Pablo Saul Marin (born 1967) is a Belizean politician from Corozal Bay. A member of the United Democratic Party (UDP), he is the Minister of Health in Belize as part of the Cabinet and the Member of the Belize House of Representatives for Corozal Bay constituency, serving in both positions since 8 February 2008, after the UDP won the General election. He received the 2010 United Nations award for his excellence in public service and the prominent role he played in bringing better Health care to Belize. Marin is also a Doctor of Health in Belize. Early life and education. Pablo Saul Marin was born in 1967 in Corozal Bay, then British Honduras to his Mother and Father. He grew in the same district and still resides there up until today. During his years at Corozal Bay he would often get sick and unwell but that did not stop him from pursuing his Education. Marin is extremely well known in Corozal Bay and has made several friends and comrades in that particular District. He also studied in a Primary school and Secondary school located not to far from his home, his parents wanted this for him so that his time would not be consumed by travelling. After graduating form High school in 1984, Marin went on to Junior college where he studied Medicine there. He had a strong aspiration to become one of the well-known Doctors in Belize. Marin often study late until the night just to ace his exams in High school. Due to his stellar work in his Junior college and his brilliant attitude towards learning, Marin was appointed as a Student Councillor in 1986 and quickly rose up the ranks to become member of the Student Council Executive Committee (EXCO) serving as its President in 1987. Marin chaired several students in Medicine as well. Health career. Upon graduation from College in 1989, Marin set up his own Clinic in Corozal Bay and first served as a doctor there from 1990 to 1994. Prior to 1994, he was appointed Senior doctor which he served until 2007. During his years as a Doctor, Marin never failed to treat his patients whoever they were and his Clinic became one of the most famous and well-known clinics in Belize. Political career. Marin first joined the UDP in 2007, where he submitted his nomination to contest the 2007 United Democratic Party (UDP) Corozal Bay Standard-bearer convention and election. He was the only UDP Candidate who submitted his nominations in that Convention and therefore, won unopposed. After the Convention concluded, Marin then prepared himself to go head to head against Deputy prime minister, Juan Vildo Marin of the People’s United Party (PUP) in the 2008 general election. Vildo Marin was the Area Representative for Corozal Bay for 19 consecutive years and Marin new that it was not an easy task to turn Corozal Bay Red. Marin came up with multiple Health policies that will woo the Electorate to vote for him. He also toured his Constituency and manage to get a view of how "bad" everything in Corozal Bay was. During the campaign period in the of the 2008 election, Marin proposed better health care solutions as well as improving infrastructure for the people of his Constituency. He also campaigned heavily especially in the urban areas of the Corozal District where there were more Electorate. After a determined Campaign, Marin finally ended his opponent’s Long time political career. Marin finished first to Vildo Marin gaining 59.36% of the vote and 2,467 of the Popular vote. Going into the 2012 Belizean general election, Marin sought another term as Corozal Bay Area Rep after winning the 2012 United Democratic Party (UDP) Standard-bearer unopposed once again. Marin's main campaign focus was his achievements as Health Minister and the road ahead for the country if having re-elected to his seat. Marin went on to face PUP's Gregorio "Papas" Garcia. However unlike Marin’s previous landslide win in 2008. This time was different. There was a third candidate contesting in Corozal Bay, namely Carlos Javier Sawers of Vision Inspired by the People (VIP). Marin retained his winning streak, winning 50.3% of the vote and 2,340 of the Popular vote. On 30 May 2012, several babies across Belize due to an outbreak of Inter Bacteria in the Intensive care unit (ICU) at the Cage image. Marin attended a press conference at the Carlie Hugh Memorial Hospital to address about the tragedy. Instead of speaking up at the conference, Marin differed to Prime minister, Dean Barrow to lead. This caused multiple protests across the country. On 29 June 2013, Marin attended another press conference and took the spotlight this time on the same matter. In opening the press conference he formally apologised to the families who were affected by the tragedy and said he had formulate a team to investigate the outbreak. He also believed that the media have either received or have been given access to the reports on the investigation by the International Consultants which was brought it by the Pan-American health organisation. Marin also said that the Ministry of Health will remain absolutely committed to making all Information available and doing everything possible to make sure that the babies are safe for the future. The report was clearly critical of many areas and made strong recommendation. Marin stated that he will not resign or take overall responsibility about the affair as there was never a report by the media about what Cage image has done. Marin also enforced that all hospitals across Belize are doing the best they can to provide good and quality health care to Belizeans. After the press conference ended, the PUP issued a press release saying that powers findings point to the Ministry of Health and the hospital's incompetence and lack of accountability. List of stars in Apus This is the list of notable stars in the constellation Apus. It is sorted by decreasing brightness. Francisco Toledo Francisco Benjamín López Toledo (July 17, 1940 – September 5, 2019) was a Mexican painter, sculptor, and graphic artist. He was born in Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico. In 2005, Toledo was awarded Right Livelihood Award. Toledo worked in many media, including pottery, sculpture, weaving, graphic arts, and painting. He had exhibitions in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Japan, Sweden, the United States, as well as other countries. Toledo died on September 5, 2019 in Oaxaca, Mexico at the age of 79. Prime Minister of Zimbabwe The Prime Minister of Zimbabwe was a political office in the government of Zimbabwe. The first person to hold the position was Robert Mugabe from 1980 to 1987 following independence from the United Kingdom. He took office when Southern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. This position was abolished when the constitution was amended in 1987 and Mugabe became President of Zimbabwe. The office of Prime Minister was restored in 2009 and held by Morgan Tsvangirai until the position was again abolished by the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe. Gillian Freeman Gillian Freeman (5 December 1929 – 23 February 2019) was a British writer. Author of The Liberty Man and The Leather Boys. She wrote a lot of books over a period of 50 years, including "The Liberty Man" and "The Leather Boys". References. President of Zimbabwe The President of Zimbabwe is the head of state of Zimbabwe. They are elected using a two-round system. The President is also the head of government. the office of Prime Minister was abolished in 1987. Under the rules adopted by the same referendum, the president serves a maximum of two five-year terms. Canaan Banana Canaan Sodindo Banana (5 March 193610 November 2003) was a Zimbabwean Methodist minister, theologian, and politician. He was the first President of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987. On 10 November 2003, Banana died of cancer, in London at the age of 67. Vice-President of Zimbabwe The Vice-President of Zimbabwe is the second highest political position obtainable in Zimbabwe. Currently there is a provision for two Vice-Presidents, who are appointed by the President of Zimbabwe. The Vice-Presidents are designated as "First" and "Second" in the Constitution of Zimbabwe; the designation reflects their position in the presidential order of succession. Phelekezela Mphoko Report Phelekezela Mphoko (born 11 June 1940) is a Zimbabwean politician, diplomat, businessman and former military commander. He was Vice-President of Zimbabwe from 2014 until 2017. Legally, Mphoko was the acting President of Zimbabwe from 21–24 November 2017, however, as he was not in the country at the time, official standing on this is unclear. Mphoko's term as vice-president was ended by President Emmerson Mnangagwa following the dissolution of the cabinet on 27 November 2017. Tony Fuochi Antonio Fuochi better known as Tony Fuochi (Milano, 1955-Padova 2022) was an Italian actor active from the late 80's until 2014. He voiced multiple characters from Cartoons and video games. Benjamin N. Bellis Benjamin Neil Bellis (February 4, 1924 – August 19, 2019) was an American Air Force lieutenant general. He was vice commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, with headquarters at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. He was also commander of the Air Force's Electronic Systems Division. He was born in Wheatland, Wyoming. Bellis died on August 19, 2019 in Monument, Colorado at the age of 95. Monument, Colorado The Town of Monument is a statutory town in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,530 at the 2010 United States Census. Marita Lorenz Ilona Marita Lorenz (18 August 1939 – 31 August 2019) was a German-born American conspiracy theorist. She had an affair with Fidel Castro in 1959 and in January 1960 was involved in an assassination attempt by the CIA on Castro's life. In the 1970s and 1980s, she testified about the John F. Kennedy assassination saying that she was involved with a group of anti-Cuban militants, including Frank Sturgis, and E. Howard Hunt of CIA and Watergate shortly before the assassination. Zbigniew Zaleski Zbigniew Zaleski (29 April 1947 – 31 September 2019) was a Polish politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lublin Voivodship from 2004 through 2009 and again from 2013 through 2014. He was a member of the Civic Platform. He was born in Rogoziniec, Poland. Zaleski died on 31 September 2019 in Warsaw at the age of 72. Carol Lynley Carol Lynley (born Carole Ann Jones; February 13, 1942 – September 3, 2019) was an American actress and model. She was born in Manhattan, New York. Her career began in 1956 and ended in 2006 when she retired. Lynley was best known for her movie roles in "Return to Peyton Place", "Under the Yum Yum Tree", "Bunny Lake is Missing", "The Pleasure Seekers", "The Cardinal", and "The Poseidon Adventure", in which she performed the Oscar-winning song "The Morning After". Lynley posed nude at age 22 for the March 1965 edition of "Playboy" magazine (pp.108-115). In 1960, she married Michael Selsman. They had one child. The couple divorced in 1964. Lynley had an 18-year intermittent affair with English broadcaster and writer David Frost. Lynley died of a heart attack on September 3, 2019 at her home in Pacific Palisades, California at the age of 77. Helmut Rauch Helmut Rauch (22 January 1939 – 2 September 2019) was an Austrian physicist. He was specially known for his experiments on neutron interference. In 1979, he became a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He was born in Krems an der Donau, Lower Austria. In 1985, he was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal. Rauch died on 2 September 2019 from a short-illness in Vienna at the age of 80. Michael Ondaatje Philip Michael Ondaatje, (; born 12 September 1943), is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian poet, fiction writer, essayist, novelist, editor and filmmaker. He has won the Governor General's Award, the Giller Prize, the Booker Prize, and the Prix Médicis étranger. Ondaatje is also an Officer of the Order of Canada. He is seen as Canada's most renowned living authors. The English Patient The English Patient is a 1992 novel by Michael Ondaatje. The book is about people brought together at an Italian villa during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The four main characters are: a burned English man; his Canadian Army nurse, a Sikh British Army sapper, and a Canadian thief. The book won the 1992 Booker Prize, the 2018 Golden Man Booker, and the Governor General's Award. Joffrey Ballet The Joffrey Ballet, is one of the world's leading dance companies. It is based in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The dance company performs both classical ballets and modern dance pieces. Today, the company is based in Chicago, but from its first days in 1956 until 1995, it was based in New York City, USA. Many prominent choreographers have worked with the Joffrey, for example, Paul Taylor, Twyla Tharp, George Balanchine, and Robert Joffrey. The administrative center is in Joffrey Tower. Its dances are held at the Auditorium Theatre, but for 2020 the company had plans to move and begin holding its dances in the Civic Opera House (Chicago) as part of a seven-year rental agreement. History. When Robert Joffrey and Gerald Arpino started the company in 1956, they did something different from what other touring ballet companies did. Instead of just performing ballet classics, they had their six dancers dance new ballets by Joffrey. The troupe first performed in a major city in Chicago in 1957. The Joffrey Ballet originally settled in New York City, where joffrey was teaching dance to pay for the company. At that time, it was called the Robert Joffrey Theatre Ballet. The company began touring internationally in 1962. They first toured in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. In 1963, the company performed in the USSR. After some troubles, Joffrey built the company anew in 1965. The new company was called the Joffrey Ballet. Following a successful season at the New York City Center in 1966, it was invited to become City Center's resident ballet company with Joffrey as artistic director and Arpino as chief choreographer. In 1973 Joffrey asked Twyla Tharp to create her first commissioned ballet, "Deuce Coupe". The company continued as City Center Joffrey Ballet until 1977. From 1977, it performed as the Joffrey Ballet, with a second home in Los Angeles from (1982-1992). In 1995, the company left New York City and moved to Chicago. At first, the Joffrey had financial difficulties in Chicago. But then it became successful. In 2005 the Joffrey Ballet celebrated its 10th anniversary in Chicago. In 2006 and 2007, it held two-season-long 50th anniversary celebrations. The celebrations included "River to River" tour of free, outdoor performances across Iowa, sponsored by Hancher Auditorium at the University of Iowa. In 2007 Gerald Arpino retired from day-to-day operations, becoming artistic director emeritus until his death in 2009. In October 2007 former Joffrey dancer Ashley Wheater, assistant artistic director and ballet master for San Francisco Ballet, became the third artistic director. In 2020, the company was one of a number of Chicago cultural organizations to receive financial support as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic/ That same year, the Joffrey canceled its entire 2020 season due to the pandemic. "In addition, the Joffrey Academy of Dance, Official School of The Joffrey Ballet, and Joffrey Community Engagement . . . shifted to virtual programming until further notice." Moran Atias Moran Atias (; born April 9, 1981) is an Israeli-American actress and model. She was born in Haifa, Israel. Atias first became known for her roles in the Italian movies "Oggi sposi", and "Mother of Tears". She is best known for her work with in the 2008 TV series "Crash" and the 2013 movie "Third Person". She also starred on the FX television series "Tyrant". In February 2017, Atias became a naturalized U.S. citizen. Elena Ceaușescu Elena Ceaușescu (; "née" Lenuța Petrescu; 7 January 1916 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician. She was the wife of Nicolae Ceaușescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and leader of the Socialist Republic of Romania. She was also the Deputy Prime Minister of Romania. She and her husband Nicolae were publicly executed by a firing squad on 25 December 1989. Viorica Dăncilă Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (; born 16 December 1963) is a Romanian politician. She is the was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from May 2019 until November 2019. She was the Prime Minister of Romania from 29 January 2018 through 4 November 2019. She is the first woman in Romanian history to hold both the office of Prime Minister and president of the PSD. Belus In Greek mythology, Belus (Ancient Greek: Βῆλος "Bē̂los") was a king of Egypt and father of Aegyptus and Danaus and (usually) brother to Agenor. References. Redfield, B.G. (1989) "The Concise Dictionary of Mythology", Peerage Books, London, pp. 28 & 30-31. Bud Day George Everette "Bud" Day (24 February 1925 – 27 July 2013) was a United States Air Force officer, aviator, and veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross. , he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross. After his death, he was advanced to the rank of brigadier general effective March 27, 2018, as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act. Colonel "Bud" Day served 30 months in the South Pacific during WW II as an enlisted member with the US Marine Corps. He served as an Army reservist, and Army guardsman between WW II and Korea, and then in the Air Force during the Vietnam War (3 different services over the span of 3 different wars.) After being shot down on August 26, 1967, and serving 7 years in captivity, Colonel Day was repatriated in 1973. A recipient of virtually every other available combat decoration, he is widely considered the most decorated Airman in history. His autobiography is titled "Return With Honor" and he later expanded upon that book in a second autobiography titled "Duty, Honor, Country." List of Angels in Neon Genesis Evangelion The Angels in Neon Genesis Evangelion are mysterious alien beings and the major enemies of the franchise. Vittorio Guerrieri Vittorio Guerrieri (born December 23, 1958) is an Italian actor and voice actor. He is known for being the official dubber of Ben Stiller in various movies. He was born in Rome. Guerrieri is married to voice actress Roberta Greganti. In Guerrieri's animated roles, he voiced Squit in the Italian dub of "Animaniacs" as well as "Freakazoid" in the Italian dub of the series of the same name. Alex Polidori Alex Polidori is an italian voice actor. He is the younger brother of the voice actor Gabriele Patriarca. Ken Sugimori Ken Sugimori (杉森建) (born January 27, 1966) is a Japanese video game designer, illustrator, manga artist, and director. Kobresia sibirica Kobresia sibirica, the Siberian bog sedge, is a sedge recently merged in Carex by S.R.Zhang and formerly recognized as Elyna sibirica Turcz. Salvatore Giunta Salvatore Augustine Giunta, born January 21 1985, used to be a United States Army soldier, and, in 2010, he received the Army's highest award, the Medal of Honor. He was the first person to get one since the Vietnam War. Giunta’s received the Medal of Honor for his actions during a fierce battle following an enemy ambush in Afghanistan’s Korengal Valley in October 2007. Two U.S. soldiers, Sgt. Joshua Brennan and Spc. Hugo Mendoza, were killed in the attack. Giunta, then a specialist with Company B, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, exposed himself to heavy enemy fire to aid a fellow soldier he believed was injured during the ambush. He engaged the enemy and advanced up a hill alone and under fire. Giunta saw two insurgents carrying away a gravely injured Brennan. Giunta killed one of the insurgents and prevented the enemy from taking Brennan. MacOS Catalina MacOS Catalina (version 10.15) is the sixteenth major version of MacOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to macOS Mojave. MacOS Catalina was announced at WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019. Catalina is the first version of macOS to support only 64-bit applications. It will be released as a free update on October 2019. Node (networking) A network node is another name for a single computer in a network of other computers. Suraphol Sombatcharoen Suraphol Sombatcharoen (, born 25 September 1930 - died 16 August 1968) was a Thai luk thung singer. Dubbed the "King of Luk Thung", he was one of the first major stars of Thailand's own country music genre. He was fatally shot while seated in his own car after a live performance in Nakhon Pathom. Biography. Born in Suphan Buri Province, he chose Suraphol as his stage name. His first hit came in 1954 with "Nam Ta Sao Wieng" ("Tears of a Lao Girl"). It marked the emergence of luk thung, a Thai counterpart to such crooning styles as Japanese enka and Indonesian kroncong, and embodied such influences as Hollywood film music, American country music, Malay pop and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Enjoying popularity at the same time as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, Suraphol was sometimes called the "Thai Elvis". By the 1960s, there was no Thai performer who was better known than Suraphol Sombatcharoen. Suraphol composed more than 100 songs. Among his best known are "Sao Suan Taeng" ("The Girl from the Cucumber Field"), "Mong" ("Look"), "Nam Ta Ja Tho" ("The Tears of a Corporal"), "Khong Plom" ("Fake Stuff"), and "Muai Cham" ("Broken-Hearted Chinese Girl"). Shortly before his murder, he released his last and most memorable song, "Siphok Pi Haeng Khwam Lang" ("สิบหกปีแห่งความหลัง" or "16 Years of Our Past"), in which told sadly about the end of his own 16-year marriage, reflecting on both the happiness and bitterness of the union. List of stars in Lacerta This is the list of notable stars in the constellation Lacerta. It is sorted by decreasing brightness. Ji Guobiao Ji Guobiao (; 1 March 1932 – 5 September 2019) was a Chinese engineer and an academician. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE). He was seen as a key figure of chemical fiber engineering technology in China. He died of laryngeal cancer in Beijing, on September 5, 2019 at the age of 87. Abdul Qadir (cricketer) Abdul Qadir Khan (, 15 September 1955 – 6 September 2019) was a Pakistani international cricketer. His main role was as a leg spin bowler. Later he was a commentator and Chief Selector of the Pakistan Cricket Board, from which post he resigned because of differences with the top brass of Pakistan cricket. He played for the national cricket team between 1977 through 1993. He was born in Lahore. Qadir died on 6 September 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 63. Chester Williams Chester Mornay Williams (8 August 1970 – 6 September 2019) was a South African rugby union rugby player. He played as a winger for the Springboks from 1993 to 2000. Williams also played rugby for the Western Province in the Currie Cup. He was born in Paarl, South Africa. Williams died on 6 September 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 49. Tomi Lahren Tomi Rae Augustus Lahren (; born August 11, 1992) is an American conservative political commentator and former television host. She hosted "Tomi" on TheBlaze. Many of her videos went viral, with "The New York Times" describing her as a "rising media star". In August 2017, Lahren joined Fox News as a commentator. Prime Minister of Greece The Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic (, "Pro̱thypourgós ti̱s Elli̱nikí̱s Di̱mokratías"), known as the Prime Minister of Greece (, "Pro̱thypourgós ti̱s Elládas"), is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent Prime Minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019. Theodoros Pangalos (politician) Theodoros Pangalos (, born 17 August 1938) is a Greek politician. He is the leading member of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from 2009 to 2012 Kostas Karamanlis Konstantinos A. Karamanlis (; born 14 September 1956), commonly known as Kostas Karamanlis (, ), is a Greek politician. He was Prime Minister of Greece from 2004 to 2009. He was also president of the centre-right New Democracy party. Lucas Papademos Lucas Demetrios Papademos (; born 11 October 1947) is a Greek economist. He was Prime Minister of Greece from November 2011 to May 2012. He was Vice President of the European Central Bank from 2002 to 2010 and Governor of the Bank of Greece from 1994 to 2002. He was a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Financial Studies at the University of Frankfurt. Georgios Papandreou Georgios Papandreou ( "Geórgios Papandréou"; 13 February 1888 – 1 November 1968) was a Greek politician. He was the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty. He was Prime Minister of Greece (1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965). He was also Deputy Prime Minister from 1950–1952, in the governments of Nikolaos Plastiras and Sofoklis Venizelos. Andreas Papandreou Andreas Georgios Papandreou (, ; 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist and politician. He was known for founding the political party PASOK, which he led from 1974 to 1996. He was the Prime Minister of Greece three times. Panagiotis Pikrammenos Panagiotis Pikrammenos (, ; born 26 July 1945) is a Greek judge and politician. Since 9 July 2019, he has been the Deputy Prime Minister of Greece. He was the caretaker Prime Minister of Greece from May 16, 2012 to June 20, 2012 after the legislative election in May 2012 resulted in an absence of majority. Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou (, ; born 1950), also known as Vassiliki Thanou, is a Greek judge. She was caretaker Prime Minister of Greece from 27 August to 21 September 2015. She was the first ever female Greek Prime Minister. Konstantinos Karamanlis Konstantinos G. Karamanlis (, ; 8 March 1907 – 23 April 1998) was a four-time Prime Minister and two-time President of Greece. Ioannis Alevras Ioannis Alevras (, 1912 – 6 April 1995) was a Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement politician. He was the Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament and was acting President of Greece in March 1985. Konstantinos Tsatsos Konstantinos D. Tsatsos (; July 1, 1899 – October 8, 1987) was a Greek, professor of law, scholar and politician. He was the second President of the Third Hellenic Republic from 1975 to 1980. Michail Stasinopoulos Michail Stasinopoulos (; 27 July 1903 – 31 October 2002) was a Greek jurist. He was President of Greece between 18 December 1974 and 19 July 1975. David Irving David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938) is an English author and Holocaust denier. He has written on the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany. His works include "The Destruction of Dresden" (1963), "Hitler's War" (1977), "Churchill's War" (1987) and "Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich" (1996). In his works, he argued that Adolf Hitler did not know of the extermination of Jews or, if he did, opposed it. His works were never taken seriously by mainstream historians. Turbe, Travnik Turbe is a settlement in the Travnik municipality, FB&H, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name is derived from Turkish "türbe". Paul of Greece Paul (, "Pávlos"; 14 December 1901 – 6 March 1964) was King of Greece from 1947 until his death from stomach cancer in 1964. Daniel Antosch Daniel Antosch (born 7 March 2000) is an Austrian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Cypriot First Division club Pafos. Career. Antosch started playing football for the teams of Wiener Sportklub and SK Rapid Wien. Then he went on to the Red Bull youth academy, where he played in all teams. For the 2017/18 season he was transferred to FC Liefering, where he is still playing. He also played for the Autrian football national youth teams from U15 up to U18. With the U19 team of FC Red Bull Salzburg he won the UEFA Youth League 2017. He played once in the quarterfinals versus Atlético Madrid. Local community A local community is a group of people living in a same location. The group has common and shared values. The groups are larger than a household. The word "community" is comes from the Old French word "communité". This came from the Latin word "communitas" (cum, "with/together" + munus, "gift"), a broad term for fellowship or organized society. A sense of community refers to the way people see the connections within the group, shared responsibility, and common goals. Loyal, Oklahoma Loyal is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Cossonay Cossonay is a municipality in the Morges district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bhagalpur Bhagopur is a district of bihar Cradle of civilization A cradle of civilization is a place where civilization emerged. There was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently. The Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia), Ancient India, and Ancient China were the first. Whether there was influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is not known. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica emerged independently and later than those in Eurasia. They were mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico, in the north-central coastal region of Peru. Civilization involves the use of writing, building cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture. The term "cradle of civilization" has been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iranian plateau, and used to refer to culture predecessors—such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western civilization. Ćorkovac Ćorkovac is an eastern confluent of the Vrbanja river in Bosnia. It begins on the north-eastern slopes of the Vlašić mountain's plateau, and the mouth opens at Šiprage, where the town's sawmill was. The spring of Ćorkovac is 1,150 metres above sea level, and its length is around 6 kilometres. It flows between the Jasen and Stražbenica mountains to its estuary. The watermills were in operation until the 1960s. In the relatively narrow area there is a fertile and wide riverhead between Ćorkovac, Ilomska, Čudnić, Kovačevića potok, Grabovička rijeka, Kobilja, Ugrić and other confluents of Vrbanja and the Ugar river. The crest of the riverhead directs towards the villages of Petrovo Polje, Imljani, Vlatkovići, and the Skender Vakuf Municipality. Kovačevića potok Kovačevića potok (English: Kovacevici's stream) is a left tributary of Vrbanja river, between Kruševo Brdo (upstream) and Šiprage (downstream) ), in the Kotor-Varoš, Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is about three km long. Several of its constituent streams originate in the Guzovina - Vis elevation complex (1003 m), west of the village of Kovačevići: Tocil at 1000 m above sea level, Duboki potok (Deep creek) at 900 m, and nameless creek at 940 m. First, the Tocil and the Deep creek connect, and then that watercourse connects with the nameless creek between Durakovići and Kovacevići villages at an altitude of 672 m, on the road R-440: Šiprage - Kruševo Brdo From the Čudnić basin and to the south, it is separated by Arab Hill. On this stream, in the 1960s, there were five watermills. Fiat money Fiat money is a currency (a medium of exchange) made as money, often by government laws. Fiat money does not have value. It has value only because a government gives its value, or because parties are taking part in exchange agree on its value. It was used as an alternative to commodity money. Hurricane Beryl Hurricane Beryl was a hurricane that hit the lesser antilies. Damage was reletively minor. Beryl was also one of the Subtropical Cyclones of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. Stopanska rijeka The Stopanska rijeka – also signed as Stopanski and Stopanski potok – is a right tributary of the Vrbanja river in the Kotor-Varoš Municipality, local community of Šiprage, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It originates northeast of the village Stopan, from the stream Subanj (1100 m) and the Pecan spring, at an altitude of 1000 m, between the elevations Pirevište (northwest, 1042 m) and Lepenica (southeast, 1016 m). žIn the upper stream it bears the name of Burča, after the village of the same name in the north, through which the river Buračka river. The geographical and popular name Stopanska river is from the straits below one of the peaks of Lepenica (807 m). With name Burča, this river flows in the northeast – southwest direction, and as Stopanska River it turns northwest all the way below Stopan, where it makes its south-west arch and flows into Vrbanja on its great blood near Todorovici village, at altitude of 460 m. Until the 1960s, 12 watermills operated on Stopanska River, and its streams and tributaries. Putnam County, Tennessee Puntnam is a county in the US state of Tennessee. About 79.000 people live in the county. The biggest cities are Cookeville (which is also the county seat, 30.000 people in 2019), and Algood (about 3.000 people in 2019). Corbeyrier Corbeyrier is a municipality in Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gryon Gryon is a municipality in Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Lavey-Morcles Lavey-Morcles is a municipality in the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The municipality was created in 1852 by a merger of Lavey and Morcles. Ormont-Dessous Ormont-Dessous is a municipality in the Aigle district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mill Creek, Oklahoma Mill Creek is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Yvorne Yvorne is a municipality in the Aigle district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Ormont-Dessus Ormont-Dessus is a municipality in the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Pully Pully is a municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is one of the eastern suburbs of the city of Lausanne, located on the shores of Lake Geneva ("Lac Léman") and at the foot of the vineyards of Lavaux on the road to Vevey and Montreux. Lutry Lutry is a municipality in the Lavaux-Oron district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Wann, Oklahoma Wann is a town in Nowata County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 125 at the 2010 census. Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 was the seventeenth edition of the contest. It took place at the Gliwice Arena, Gliwice-Silesia, Poland on 24 November 2019, Polish broadcaster Telewizja Polska (TVP) was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was "Share the joy". Results. On 18 July 2019, it was confirmed that nineteen countries would take part in the contest. Spain marked their first appearance since 2006, while Azerbaijan and Israel did not return. Score sheet. 12 points. Below is a summary of all 12 points received from each country's professional juries. Spokespersons. The following people announced the jury 12 points for their respective country: Mark Sanford 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of former U.S. Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford began on September 8, 2019 when Sanford announced his plans to challenge incumbent president Donald Trump for the Republican nomination in the 2020 election. After months of speculation, Sanford planned on making the announcement in South Carolina on September 2, but postponed the announcement due to Hurricane Dorian. A formal announcement was made on September 15. Two months later on November 12, he dropped out from the race. Katherine MacLean Katherine Anne MacLean (January 22, 1925 – September 1, 2019) was an American science fiction author. She was best known for her short fiction of the 1950s which talked about the impact of technological advances on individuals and society. In 1971, she won the Nebula Award for her novel "The Missing Man". MacLean was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. MacLean died on September 1, 2019 at the age of 94. Glen Ridge, New Jersey Glen Ridge is a borough in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,527. United First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts United First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts is a Unitarian Universalist church in Quincy, Massachusetts. It became the parish church of Quincy in 1639. The building was built in 1828. Lavrentis Machairitsas Lavrentis Machairitsas (; 5 November 1956 – 9 September 2019) was a Greek rock musician and songwriter. He was born in Volos, Thessaly. Machairitsas began his solo career in 1989 as a writer and performer. His first album was "O Magapas Kai I Sagapo", released by Minos-EMI. In 1991 he released "Didymoteicho Blues", which was certified Gold. In 2016, Machairitsas performed at the Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College in New York during AKTINA's Greek Music Journey concert series. Machaititsas died on 9 September 2019 of a heart attack in Athens at the age of 62. Tommy Tuberville Thomas Hawley Tuberville (; born September 18, 1954) is a former American football coach and player and politician. Tuberville is the junior United States Senator from Alabama since 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was born in Camden, Arkansas. Tuberville was the head football coach at the University of Mississippi from 1995 to 1998, Auburn University from 1999 until 2008, Texas Tech University from 2010 to 2012 and University of Cincinnati from 2013 to 2016. In 2015, Tuberville was the president of the American Football Coaches Association. In 2017 he was hired by ESPN as a color analyst for their college football coverage. In April 2019, Tuberville announced he would run for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in Alabama to challenge Democratic U.S. Senator Doug Jones. He won the Republican nomination in July 2020, beating former Senator Jeff Sessions. He defeated Jones in the general election in November 2020. Danny Frawley Daniel Patrick Frawley (8 September 1963 – 9 September 2019) was an Australian rules footballer and football commentator. He worked for Fox Sports. He coached the Richmond Football Club between 2000 and 2004. He was the nephew of Collingwood player Des Tuddenham and the uncle of current Hawthorn Football Club player James Frawley. Frawley worked for the St Kilda Football Club as a specialist defence coach on a part-time basis. Frawley was born in Ballarat, Victoria. On 9 September 2019, Frawley was killed in a car crash near Millbrook, Victoria. He was 56 years old. Robert Axelrod (actor) Robert Axelrod (May 29, 1949 – September 7, 2019), also credited as Axel Roberts and Myron Mensah, was an American actor. He was known for his voice work in "Digimon". He was also the voice of Lord Zedd, the main antagonist of the "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers"; and Finster, the original "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" monster maker. He also played a Paul McCartney look-alike on the popular sitcom "Family Matters". Axelrod died in Los Angeles, California on September 7, 2019 at the age of 70. He had been suffering from problems caused by spinal surgery. Robert Axelrod Robert Marshall Axelrod (born May 27, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his work on the evolution of cooperation. Axelrod is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Roger Boutry Roger Boutry (27 February 1932 – 7 September 2019) was a French composer and conductor. He was born in Paris. Boutry was the Music Director of the Republican Guard from 1973 through 1977. Boutry died in Paris on 7 September 2019 at the age of 87. Al Carmichael Albert Reinhold Carmichael (November 10, 1928 – September 7, 2019) was an American football player and stuntman. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Carmichael played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League between 1953 and 1958 and then he was with the Denver Broncos of the American Football League in 1960 and 1961. Carmichael played as a stuntman in more than 50 movies including "Jim Thorpe – All-American" for Burt Lancaster (1951), "Saturday's Hero" (1951), "All-American" (1953), "Pork Chop Hill" (1959), "It Started with a Kiss" (1959), "The Big Operator" (195), "Elmer Gantry" (1960), one of the doubles for Kirk Douglas in "Spartacus" (1960), "Birdman of Alcatraz" (1962), "Son of Flubber" (1962), "How the West was Won" (1962), and the TV show "Rawhide". Carmichael died on September 7, 2019 in Palm Dessert, California at the age of 90. Ram Jethmalani Ram Boolchand Jethmalani (14 September 1923 – 8 September 2019) was an Indian lawyer and politician. He was born in Shikarpur, Bombay Presidency . Jethmalani was a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal. Until 2016, he was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Jethmalani MP from 1977 through 1984 and again from 2010 until his death. He was Minister of Law and Justice in 1996 and again from 1999 through 2000 and Urban Development from 1998 through 1999. Jethmalani died on 8 September 2019 in New Delhi at the age of 95. Shanti Bhushan Shanti Bhushan (born 11 November 1925) is an Indian politician. He was Minister of Law and Justice from 1977 to 1979 in the Morarji Desai Ministry. He is a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India. K. Natwar Singh Kunwar Natwar Singh (born 16 May 1931) is an Indian politician. He was born in Bharatpur, Bharatpur State. Singh was Minister of External Affairs from May 2004 through December 2005. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Yisrael Kessar Yisrael Kessar (, 20 May 1931 – 8 September 2019) was a Yemeni-born Israeli politician. He was a Knesset member for the Alignment and Labor Party between 1984 and 1996. He was Minister of Transport and Road Safety from 1992 through 1996. Kessar was born in Sanaʽa, Yemen. He died on 8 September 2019 in Haifa from pneumonia at the age of 88. Yamata-no-Orochi or , is a mythical Japanese dragon with eight heads and eight tails. In popular culture. "Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba" () is a Meitei language play that interweaves the stories of the two legendary creatures, Yamata-no-Orochi of Japanese mythology and Keibu Keioiba of Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology). In the play, the role of Yamata-no-Orochi was played by "Maisnam Momocha". Lito Legaspi Lito Legaspi (10 September 1941 – 8 September 2019) was a Filipino actor. He won Gawad Urian Award for Best Supporting Actor in "Sinong Kapiling? Sinong Kasiping?" (1977). He was probably best known for playing President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte in 1992 movie "". He was born in Manila. Legaspi died on 8 September 2019 at a Manila hospital from cardiac arrest at the age of 77. Camilo Sesto Camilo Blanes Cortés (16 September 1946 – 8 September 2019), known professionally as Camilo Sesto, was a Spanish pop and rock singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Alcoy, Spain. Sesto was also a guitarist and drummer. His best known songs were "Algo Más" and "Amor Mío, ¿Qué Me Has Hecho?". Sesto died on 8 September 2019 at a Madrid hospital from heart failure, eight days before his 73rd birthday. Olav Skjevesland Olav Skjevesland (31 May 1942 – 8 September 2019) was Norwegian theologian and priest. He was the Bishop of the Diocese of Agder og Telemark from 1998 until his retirement in 2012. During his time as a bishop, he was thought to be theologically conservative and he was opposed to letting gay priests serve in the church. Carlos Squeo Carlos Vicente Squeo (4 June 1948 – 8 September 2019) was an Argentine football defender. He played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico and represented the Argentina national football team at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He was born in Dock Sud, Argentina. Squeo died on 8 September 2019 at the age of 71. John Wesley (actor) John Wesley (August 3, 1947 – September 7, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for his role in "Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad", where he played the role of Principal Pratchert. He was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Wesley was also known for his roles in "Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot" and in "Hang 'Em High". Wesley died on September 7, 2019 of multiple myeloma at the age of 71. Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Buzz Lightyear of Star Command is a action-comedy science fiction superhero animated series based on the film "Toy Story". It is produced by Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Television Animation. Patrick Warburton performed the voice of Buzz in this television show, not Tim Allen who provided the voice for the Toy Story movies. The show was on television for two seasons (two years). Synopsis. The show is set on Capital Planet and other planets. Space Rangers are led by Star Command of the Galactic Alliance. The villain is named Zurg. Irina Slavina (journalist) Irina Vyacheslavovna Murakhtaeva (; "née" Kolebanova; 8 January 1973 – 2 October 2020), better known as Irina Slavina, was a Russian journalist. She was the editor-in-chief of the "Koza.Press", which she founded in 2015. She was born in Gorky (now known as Nizhny Novgorod). She was married and had a daughter. On 2 October 2020, Slavina died by suicide after setting herself on fire (self-immolation). She was 47. Before her death, she wrote a post on Facebook asking the public to blame the Russian Federation for her death. She carried out the action in front of the building of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Woody Creek, Colorado Woody Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 263. Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kaba Gandhi No Delo (literally "Kaba Gandhi's house"), was Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's primary family home in India until 1915, including during those years when he stayed in London and in South Africa. In Gujarati, the words Kaba Gandhi No Delo literally means 'Kaba Gandhi's residence'. Kaba Gandhi was another name for Gandhi's father Karamchand Gandhi. Waddinxveen Waddinxveen is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 28,316 people lived there. Wassenaar Wassenaar is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 26,211 people lived there. Westland Westland is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 108,603 people lived there. Westvoorne Westvoorne is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 14,626 people lived there. Zoeterwoude Zoeterwoude is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 8,450 people lived there. Molenwaard Molenwaard is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. It was created on 1 January 2013 from the former municipalities of Graafstroom, Liesveld and Nieuw-Lekkerland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Molenlanden. Graafstroom Graafstroom is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it had been part of the new municipality of Molenwaard. In 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Molenlanden. Liesveld Liesveld is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it had been part of the new municipality of Molenwaard. In 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Molenlanden. Nieuw-Lekkerland Nieuw-Lekkerland is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it had been part of the new municipality of Molenwaard. In 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Molenlanden. Dirksland Dirksland is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it has been part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee. Christine (novel) Christine is a horror novel by American writer Stephen King, published on April 29, 1983. It is about a possessed 1958 Plymouth Fury. On December 9, 1983 a movie of the same name was released. Goedereede Goedereede is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it has been part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee. Middelharnis Middelharnis is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it has been part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee. Oostflakkee Oostflakkee is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2013, it has been part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee. Boskoop Boskoop is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2014, it has been part of the municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn. Rijnwoude Rijnwoude is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. History. Rijnwoude was created on 1 January 1991 as Rijneveld from the former municipalities of Benthuizen, Hazerswoude and Koudekerk aan den Rijn. In 1993, the municipality was renamed to Rijnwoude. In 2014, it has been part of the municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn. Noordwijkerhout Noordwijkerhout is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2019, it has been part of the municipality of Noordwijk. Zederik Zederik is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. History. It was created on 1 January 1986 from the former municipalities of Ameide, Hei- en Boeicop, Leerbroek, Lexmond, Meerkerk, Nieuwland, and Tienhoven aan de Lek. Zederik merged with Leerdam and Vianen to form the new municipality of Vijfheerenlanden in the province of Utrecht on 1 January 2019. Bernisse Bernisse is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2015, it has been part of the new municipality of Nissewaard. Spijkenisse Spijkenisse is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Since 2015, it has been part of the new municipality of Nissewaard. The city has about 72,500 people. Almelo Almelo is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 73,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region. Borne, Netherlands Borne is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 24,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region. Dalfsen Dalfsen is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 29,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies at the Vecht river in the region of Salland. Dinkelland Dinkelland is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 27,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region and borders Germany. Circus Cowboy Circus Cowboy is a 1924 American western drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and starring Buck Jones, Marian Nixon, Jack McDonald, Ray Hallor, Marguerite Clayton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and is a lost movie. Ultra Warrior Ultra Warrior is a 1990 American Peruvian science fiction action movie directed by Augusto Tamayo San Román and Kevin Tent. It stars Dack Rambo, Clare Beresford, Meshach Taylor, George Peppard and was distributed by Concorde Pictures. Ranoidea serrata Ranoidea serrata (also known as the green-eyed tree frog) is a tree frog from Australia. The adult male frog is 3.7 to 5.4 cm long and the adult female is 5.8 to 8.0 cm long. This frog can be green, brown, orange or tan in color, and it often has a pattern on its back so it can look like moss or lichen to hide from larger animals that want to eat it. Scientists used to think this frog was the same species as "Ranoidea genimaculata", which is also called "green-eyed tree frog." They also thought it was the same as "Ranoidea eucnemis" and "Ranoidea myola". "Ranoidea serrata" is larger than these other frogs and the male frogs' voices sound different. It also has a larger flap of skin next to its limbs. This skin is scalloped like a serrated knife. That is why its Latin name is "serrata". The Tigress The Tigress () is a 1992 German erotic drama movie directed by Karin Howard and was based on the novel by Walter Serner. It stars James Remar, Valentina Vargas, George Peppard. White nationalism White nationalism is a type of nationalism that sees white people as a race. It also wants to keep a national identity of white people as a race. Many believers of white nationalism see certain countries (often their own country) as being countries that are for white people only. Often, supporters of white nationalism can also believe in white supremacy, nazism, Ku Klux Klan and other racist policies and ideas. Charlie Haeger Charles Wallis Haeger (September 19, 1983 – October 3, 2020) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Chicago White Sox (2006–2007), the San Diego Padres (2008) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2009–2010) in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born in Livonia, Michigan. On October 3, 2020, Haeger was found to have shot himself dead near the Grand Canyon in Arizona. He was the prime suspect in the shooting death of his ex-girlfriend, Danielle Breed, the day before. Meigs County, Tennessee Meigs County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2010 census, 11,753 people lived there. The county seat is Decatur. Morgan County, Tennessee Morgan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2010 census, 21,987 people lived there. The county seat is Wartburg. It was founded in 1817. Haaksbergen Haaksbergen is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 24,000 people were living there in 2021. Haaksbergen lies in Twente region and borders both Achterhoek region and Germany. Hardenberg Hardenberg is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 61,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies at the Vecht river in Salland region and borders both Drenthe province and Germany. Hellendoorn Hellendoorn is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 36,000 people were living there in 2021. Hellendoorn belongs to Salland region (except the very eastern part that belongs to Twente region) but administratively to Twente region. Hof van Twente Hof van Twente is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 35,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region and borders Achterhoek region. It was created from the former municipalities of Diepenheim, Goor, Markelo, Ambt Delden and Stad Delden on 1 January 2001. Olst-Wijhe Olst-Wijhe is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 18,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland and IJsselvallei regions. It was created from the former municipalities of Olst and Wijhe on 1 January 2001. The IJssel river flows through and alongside the western part of the municipality. Ommen Ommen is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 18,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies at the Vecht river in the region of Salland. Raalte Raalte is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 38,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in the region of Salland. Rijssen-Holten Rijssen-Holten is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 38,000 people were living there in 2021. It was created from the former municipalities of Holten and Rijssen on 1 January 2001. The new municipality was called Rijssen but renamed in Rijssen-Holten in 2003. Rijssen-Holten lies partially in Salland region (Holten area) and partially in Twente region (Rijssen area). Administratively the municipality belongs to Twente region. It borders Achterhoek region. Staphorst Staphorst is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 17,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in the region of Salland and the region of Kop van Overijssel. Steenwijkerland Steenwijkerland is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 44,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in the region of Kop van Overijssel. In 2001, the municipalities of Brederwiede and IJsselham joined the municipality of Steenwijk. Last one was renamed Steenwijkerland in 2003. Tubbergen Tubbergen is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 21,000 people were living there in 2021. Tubbergen lies in Twente region and borders Germany. Twenterand Twenterand is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 34,000 people were living there in 2021. It was created from the former municipalities of Den Ham and Vriezenveen on 1 January 2001. The new municipality was called Vriezenveen but renamed in Twenterand in 2003. Twenterand lies partially in Twente region (Vriezenveen area) and partially in Salland region (Den Ham area, except eastern Vroomshoop). Administratively the municipality belongs to Twente region. Zwartewaterland Zwartewaterland is a municipality in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 23,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in the region of Salland and the region of Kop van Overijssel. It was created from the former municipalities of Genemuiden, Hasselt, and Zwartsluis on 1 January 2001. Dick Johnson Is Dead Dick Johnson Is Dead is a 2020 American documentary movie, directed by Kirsten Johnson and co-written by Johnson and Nels Bangerter. The story focuses on Johnson's father Richard, who suffers from dementia, portraying different ways—some of them violent "accidents" — in which he could ultimately die. In each scenario, the elderly Johnson plays along with his daughter's black humor and imaginative fantasies. The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Special Jury Award for Innovation in Non-fiction Storytelling. It was released on Netflix on October 2, 2020. Plot. Richard Johnson (referred to as "Dick") is a retired clinical psychiatrist who is suffering from dementia. His daughter Kirsten Johnson involves him in a series of imaginative enactments of his impending death, some of them violent "accidents", such as "falling down a flight of stairs, [or] being struck in the neck and bleeding out". She also has him act out his own funeral and fantasizes about him entering the gates of heaven. Dick amiably plays along with her black humor; in one scene he proposes, "You can euthanize me." TUT.BY TUT.BY is a web portal from Minsk, Belarus, in Russian and Belarusian languages. It has been runned since 2000. It is a very big website in the country.<ref name="Akt 9/20"></ref> Abstract. It is a website to read about the 2020 Belarusian protests and 2020 Belarusian presidential election, more. Because of that, at the end of September 2020, the Ministry of Information of Belarus stopped the TUT.BY’s media rights for three months from October 1. The international organization Reporters Without Borders named it a cruel attack on the web portal. The USA together with more than fifty other countries and the EU asked the Belarusian government to stop such attacks. Founder. Yuri Zisser (1960–2020) made the website in October 2000. The website worked with digital media rights since January 2019. Problems. Journalist Katsyaryna Barysevich wrote an article about the death of Raman Bandarenka in 2020. She was arrested in Minsk on November 19, 2020. On March 2, 2021, she was sentenced to a half-year in prison and got a fine for that. On May 18, 2021, the TUT.BY office and the houses of its main people were looked for. It was a result of the just opened TUT.BY tax evasion criminal case. Since that day, the domain name was stopped working, copies of the TUT.BY website and the E-mail system of TUT.BY can't be opened. The Ministry of Information of Belarus made such punishment for "prohibited information" that the website has been having over it. One example of such information was named. It was information of BYSOL. BYSOL is a foundation that helps people who got punishments because of the 2020 Belarusian protests. At least 18 people who worked for TUT.BY were arrested on May 18, 2021. As of May 25, 2021, 12 people were put in isolation centers, including the main editor Maryna Zolatava. As of May 25, 2021, three people, including the widow of Yuri Zisser Julia Charnyauskaya, were under a house arrest. On May 25, 2021, nine organizations (the Viasna Human Rights Centre, the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee and others) made a statement together. They named all of 15 people political prisoners. On July 8, 2021, a part of journalists of TUT.BY that was free made the second website Zerkalo.io. They said that this domain name is going to be used until TUT.BY can work in Belarus again. Since July 8, 2021, the website Zerkalo.io can't be opened in Belarus. Berg en Dal Berg en Dal is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 34,798 people lived there. History. It was created on 1 January 2015 from the former municipalities of Groesbeek, Millingen aan de Rijn and Ubbergen. The resulting larger municipality kept the name of Groesbeek until 1 January 2016, when it was renamed to Berg en Dal after the village of Berg en Dal. Berkelland Berkelland is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 44,000 people were living there in 2021. Berkelland lies in Achterhoek region and borders both Twente region and Germany. It was created from the former municipalities of Borculo, Eibergen, Neede, and Ruurlo on 1 January 2005. It is named after the Berkel river. Bronckhorst Bronckhorst is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 36,000 people were living there in 2021. Bronckhorst lies in the regions of Achterhoek and IJsselvallei. A small part in the southwest lies in the region of Liemers. It was created from the former municipalities of Hengelo, Hummelo en Keppel, Steenderen, Vorden, and Zelhem on 1 January 2005. Peter Jutzeler Peter Jutzeler (9 May 1940 – 28 September 2020) was a Swiss wrestler. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Erlenbach, Switzerland. Jutzeler died on 28 September 2020 at the age of 80. Brummen Brummen is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 20,698 people lived there. Ogun Ogun or Ogoun is a spirit that appears in several African religions. He is also known as the 'God of Iron' and is present in Voodoo. Overview. Ogun is a powerful spirit of metal work. Also he is the spirit of war and patron deity of smiths and craftsmen. He was sent to earth to make it a nice place for people to live, and he has not yet finished this task. The primary symbol of Ogun is Iron. Rijnwaarden Rijnwaarden is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It became a part of the municipality of Zevenaar in 2018. Main seat was Lobith. Rijnwaarden was situated where the Rhine river enters from Germany into the Netherlands. Robert Adair (physicist) Robert Kemp Adair (August 14, 1924 – September 28, 2020) was an American physicist. He latterly held the position of Sterling Professor Emeritus of physics at Yale University. He was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1997, he became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Adair died on September 28, 2020 in Hamden, Connecticut at the age of 96. Nicolas Wildhaber Nicolas Wildhaber (8 December 1929 – 26 September 2020) was a Swiss swimmer. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Zürich, Switzerland. Wildhaber died on 26 September 2020, aged 90. Riley Darnell Riley Carlisle Darnell (May 13, 1940 – October 2, 2020) was an American Democratic politician, He was the Tennessee Secretary of State from 1993 to 2009. He was born in Clarksville, Tennessee. From 1971 to 1981, he was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Between 1981 to 1993, he was a member of the Tennessee Senate. Darnell died on October 2, 2020, in Clarksville at age 80. Ron Perranoski Ronald Peter Perranoski (April 1, 1936 – October 2, 2020) was an American Major League Baseball left-handed relief pitcher, who played from 1961 through 1973. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Minnesota Twins, Detroit Tigers, and the California Angels. Perranoski died on October 2, 2020 in Vero Beach, Florida at the age of 84. MsChif Rachel Frobel (née Collins, b. 1976) is an American professional wrestler who is better known by her ring name MsChif. She has been wrestling since 2001 and in that time has worked for several independent promotions across the United States, with guest matches in England and Japan. She is known for her banshee gimmick, howling at her opponents and referees who stand in her way, as well as her unusually flexible body that allows her to perform, and be subjected to, modified submission holds. For two years, between 2008 and 2010, she was a triple crown champion holding the NWA World Women's Championship for the second time, as well as the Shimmer Championship and the NWA Midwest Women's Championship. As well as being a two-time NWA World Champion, she is also a ChickFight tournament winner. Claude Vigée Claude Vigée (born Claude Strauss; 3 January 1921 – 2 October 2020) was a French poet. He wrote in French and Alsatian. He was born in Bischwiller, Bas-Rhin. He taught French Language and Literature at Ohio State University, then at Wellesley College and then at Brandeis University. He lived in Israel between 1960 and 2001, where he taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem until his retirement in 1983. Vigée died on Paris on 2 October 2020 at the age of 99. Karel Fiala Karel Fiala (3 August 1925 – 3 October 2020) was a Czech operatic tenor and actor. He was known for his work in operas and musicals, but received worldwide attention for his role of Mozart's Don Giovanni in the movie "Amadeus". Fiala was born in Hrušov, Czechoslovakia. Fiala died on 3 October 2020 in Prague from a long-illness, aged 95. Pradeep Maharathy Pradeep Maharathy (4 July 1955 – 4 October 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD). He was born in Pipili, Odisha. From 1985 to 1995 and again from 2000 until his death, he was a member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly. Maharathy died on 4 October 2020 from COVID-19 at a hospital in Bhubaneshwar, aged 65. Eli Ruckenstein Eli Ruckenstein (August 13, 1925 – September 30, 2020) was a Romanian-born American physical chemist. He was a Distinguished Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. His main research areas were catalysis, surface phenomena, colloids and emulsions. Ruckenstein became a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1990 and was honored in 1998 of the National Medal of Science. Ruckenstein died on September 30, 2020, at the age of 95. Atlanta Police Department The Atlanta Police Department (APD) is a law enforcement agency in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. In 1873, the department was formed with 26 officers. Thomas Jones was elected the first Atlanta Chief of Police by the city council. The 1,700+ officer force is currently being led by former Assistant Police Chief Rodney Bryant (acting), after Chief Erika Shields resigned following the killing of Rayshard Brooks. Bryant will serve as interim police chief until the city finds replacement. The Gang's All Here (1943 movie) The Gang's All Here is a 1943 American musical movie directed by Busby Berkeley and starring Alice Faye, Carmen Miranda, Benny Goodman, Phil Baker, Eugene Pallette, Charlotte Greenwood, Edward Everett Horton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1944. Self-immolation Self-immolation is the act of killing oneself, either for political or religious reasons, by burning. It is often used as an extreme form of protest or in acts of martyrdom. "Self-immolation" "setting oneself on fire, especially as a form of protest" was first recorded in Lady Morgan's "France" (1817). Martha Hart Martha Joan Hart (; born October 31, 1966) is a Canadian philanthropist and researcher who is the widow of professional wrestler Owen Hart. After her husband's death in an accident at a WWF event, Hart sued the World Wrestling Federation. She later wrote a bestselling book about her husband's life and founded a charity in his name. She has subsequently been involved in several legal cases involving her husband's image and has worked as a philanthropist and researcher. Sydney, Lady Morgan Sydney, Lady Morgan ("née" Owenson; 25 December 1781? – 14 April 1859), was an Irish novelist. She was best known as the author of "The Wild Irish Girl". Ibnu Saleh Ibnu Saleh (8 October 1961 – 4 October 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Prabumulih, Indonesia. He was a member of the Nasdem Party. Between 2016 to 2017, he was Deputy Regent of the Central Bangka Regency. In 2017, he became the Regent. Saleh died on 4 October 2020 at a hospital in Pangkal Pinang, Indonesia from COVID-19, four days before his 59th birthday. Pangkal Pinang Pangkal Pinang is the capital and largest city of Bangka Belitung Islands province in Indonesia. It is located on Bangka Island's east coast. Sunda Island tiger The Sunda Island tiger is a tiger that lives on Sunda Islands. It used to live in Indonesia, Java, Bali and Sumatra. Now the only living Sunda Island tigers are in Sumatra. The ones in Java and Bali all died. The Sunda Island tiger is a subspecies of "Panthera tigris", not a whole species by itself. This means their genes are a little different from those of tigers from other places. They are smaller than other tigers and more likely to have beards or manes of fur around their faces. They have thick black stripes over their orange fur. Scientists believe the Sunda island tigers became different from other tigers many years ago when the sea level rose and surrounded what is now the islands they live on. They live in forests and swamps. There are fewer than 400 left alive in the wild. They weigh 165 to 308 pounds. They are endangered because of illegal hunting by humans and deforestation. Bangka Belitung Islands The Bangka Belitung Islands () is a province of Indonesia. It is made up of two main islands, Bangka and Belitung, and several smaller ones. Bangka Belitung is bordered by the Bangka Strait to the west, the Natuna Sea to the north, the Java Sea is to the south, and the Karimata Strait to the east. The province's capital and largest city is Pangkal Pinang. As of the 2015 census, the population of Bangka Belitung was 1,372,813. Rachel Kempson Rachel, Lady Redgrave (28 May 1910 – 24 May 2003) was an English actress. She married Sir Michael Redgrave in 1935. Her best known roles were in the movies "The Captive Heart", "The Sea Shall Not Have Them", "The Jokers", "Two Gentlemen Sharing", "Out of Africa", "Uncle Vanya", and the television series "" (1974) and "The Jewel in the Crown". Roxxi Laveaux Nicole Raczynski (born April 19, 1979) is an American former professional wrestler. She is best known for her tenure in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring names Roxxi Laveaux, The Voodoo Queen, and Roxxi. On December 6, Roxx defeated Alexxis in her retirement match. She is also known for her time in Shimmer Women Athletes and various other independent promotions under the ring name Nikki Roxx. Giulia Albini Giulia Albini (March 8, 1982 - May 29, 2012), Italian volleyball player. He committed suicide by jumping from the Istanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. Albini's body was spotted by a fisherman in Kandilli Stream Nose. His suicide had wide media coverage. Dangerous Years Dangerous Years is a 1947 American drama movie directed by Arthur Pierson and starring Billy Halop, Scotty Beckett, Ann E. Todd, Richard Gaines, Jerome Cowan, Darryl Hickman, Marilyn Monroe. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Spencer's river tree frog Spencer's tree frog, Spencer's river tree frog or the spotted tree frog ("Ranoidea spenceri") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives near the Great Dividing Range in Victoria and New South Wales. It lives between 200 and 1100 metres above sea level. The adult frog is 4.2 to 7.0 cm in length. It is green or brown and can have spots. This frog lives in forests on mountains, both dense forests and open forests, both dry forests high in the mountains and wet forests lower down. It always lives in rocky places near streams. The female frog lays 200-1000 eggs at a time in between rocks or underneath rocks in the water. The tadpoles eat algae off rocks and dead things from the bottoms of the water. Male frogs that live near the bottoms of mountains become adults 18 months after transforming from tadpoles to frogs. Female frogs that live near the bottoms of mountains become adults 3.5 years after transforming into frogs. Male frogs that live high in the mountains become adults 3.5 years after transforming into frogs. Female frogs that live high in the mountains become adults 4.5 years after transforming into frogs. Adult frogs eat insects. This frog is in danger of dying out. Scientists only ever saw this frog in 19 streams. The frog has disappeared from 4 of them. The other streams make up 12 groups of frogs who only mate within their group. Adult frogs do not move much. Scientists think a single frog does not move more than 80 metres in its whole life. Scientists are not sure why this frog is endangered, but they think many of them died during the 20th century. They think two types of invasive species, the rainbow trout and brown trout are eating the tadpoles. This frog can catch the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. VIP VIP may refer to: Campaign of Danture (1594) Battle of Danture is the first battle which King Vimaladharmasuriya I fought against Portugese in 1594 which he successfully defeated them. Buren Buren is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 26,568 people lived there. Culemborg Culemborg is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 28,555 people lived there. Doesburg Doesburg is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 11,000 people were living there in 2021. Doesburg lies on the east bank of the IJssel river in the region of IJsselvallei. The northern part belongs also to the region of Achterhoek, the southern part also to the region of Liemers. The Oude IJssel river flows into the IJssel river in Doesburg. It got city rights in 1237 and became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1447. Doesburg is well-known for its mustard. Doetinchem Doetinchem (Achterhooks: "Deutekem" in the city or "Dörkum" in the region) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 58,000 people were living there in 2021. The western part lies in the Liemers region and the eastern part in the Achterhoek region. The Oude IJssel river flows through Doetinchem. It got city rights in 1236. The former municipality of Wehl joined Doetinchem in 2005. Druten Druten is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 18,797 people lived there. Duiven Duiven (Liemers: "Duve", Low Saxon: "Duven") is a municipality and town in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 25,000 people were living there in 2021. Duiven lies in the Liemers region, on the east bank of the Rhine river. Elburg Elburg is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 23,086 people lived there. Epe Epe is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 33,145 people lived there. Ermelo Ermelo is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 26,858 people lived there. Harderwijk Harderwijk (Dutch Low Saxon: "Harderwiek") is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. As of 2021, about 49,000 are living there. Quadruped walk The quadruped walk is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs or those which fly have evolved from the basic pattern. The scientific term for quadrupeds is Tetrapoda. Heerde Heerde is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 18,546 people lived there. Groenlo Groenlo (Achterhooks: "Grolle") is a city and former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2020, about 9,900 people lived there. It lies in the Achterhoek region. On 1 January 2005, the municipality of Lichtenvoorde was added to the municipality of Groenlo. Until 20 May 2006, Groenlo was the official name of Oost Gelre. Groenlo got city rights in 1277. Armelia McQueen Armelia Audrey McQueen (January 6, 1952 – October 4, 2020) was an American actress. She was known for her roles as The Red Queen in "Adventures in Wonderland", in the original Broadway production of "Ain't Misbehavin"' and as Clara in "Ghost". McQueen died on October 4, 2020 at the age of 68. Heumen Heumen is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 16,486 people lived there. Lingewaard Lingewaard is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 46,475 people lived there. Lochem Lochem is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 34,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in the Achterhoek and the IJsselvallei regions, and borders the Salland region in the north. Lochem got city rights in 1233. The municipality of Gorssel joined Lochem in 2005. Between Lochem and Barchem lie the forests of the Lochemse Berg and the Kale Berg. The Twentekanaal begins at the southwest municipal border with the city of Zutphen and is running to the east, dividing the municipality of Lochem in two. The city of Lochem lies on the southside. Maasdriel Maasdriel is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 24,693 people lived there. Montferland Montferland is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 36,000 people were living there in 2021. It was created from the former municipalities of Bergh and Didam on 1 January 2005. Montferland borders Germany in the south. It belongs to the Liemers region, but the forestial area of the Montferland hills or Bergherbos, which lie in the middle of the municipality, are sometimes considered being the border between the Liemers and the Achterhoek regions. Settlements. Formerly Bergh municipality: Formerly Didam municipality: Neder-Betuwe Neder-Betuwe is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 24,034 people lived there. Nijkerk Nijkerk (Dutch Low Saxon: "Niekark") is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 42,943 people lived there. Nunspeet Nunspeet is a municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 27,481 people lived there. Oldebroek Oldebroek is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 23,598 people lived there. Oost Gelre Oost Gelre is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 30,000 people were living there in 2021. The municipality of Lichtenvoorde joined the municipality of Groenlo on 1 January 2005. Groenlo was renamed Oost Gelre on 20 May 2006. Overbetuwe Overbetuwe is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 47,543 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2001 from the former municipalities of Elst, Heteren and Valburg. Putten Putten is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 24,198 people lived there. Renkum Renkum is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 31,302 people lived there. Lingewaal Lingewaal is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of West Betuwe. Geldermalsen Geldermalsen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of West Betuwe. Neerijnen Neerijnen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of West Betuwe. Ubbergen Ubbergen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. Since 2015, it has been part of the new municipality of Berg en Dal (formerly known as Groesbeek). Rheden Rheden is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 43,640 people lived there. Scherpenzeel Scherpenzeel is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 9,873 people lived there. Voorst Voorst is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 24,417 people lived there. Wageningen Wageningen is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 38,774 people lived there. Seyi Makinde Oluseyi Abiodun Makinde (born 25 December 1967) is a Nigerian Businessman, Politician and Philanthropist. He is the governor of Oyo State in South-western Nigeria. Early life and education. Makinde was born to a renowned teacher turned accountant, late Pa Olatubosun Makinde and Madam Abigail Makinde of Aigbofa Compound in Oja’ba, Ibadan. He is the third child of the family. Makinde began his education at St Paul Primary School and completed his primary education at St Michael Primary School, Yemetu, Ibadan. His secondary education was at Bishop Phillips Academy, Monatan, Ibadan. In 1985, he gained admission to the University of Lagos (Unilag) where he earned his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. In 1998, Oluwaseyi trained at Industrial Control Services in Houston, Texas on "Safety Shutdown System"; and "Development of Analytical Competence for Managing Operations" at Lagos Business School (now Pan-Atlantic University)in 1999. In 2000, he had training in automation. In 2002, he studied Fundamentals of Crude Sampling at Jiskoot Auto Control Training Centre, Kent, England. Also, in 2005, he studied Understanding and Solving Difficult Business Problems at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. Personal Life. Oluwaseyi lives in Ibadan, Oyo State. He is married to Tamunominini, and they have three children. West Betuwe West Betuwe is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 50,834 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Geldermalsen, Lingewaal and Neerijnen. West Maas en Waal West Maas en Waal is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 19,076 people lived there. Westervoort Westervoort is a municipality and town in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 15,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in the IJsselvallei and Liemers regions, at the meeting point of the Rhine and IJssel rivers. Wijchen Wijchen is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 40,951 people lived there. Winterswijk Winterswijk is a municipality and town in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 29,000 people were living there in 2021. Winterswijk lies in the Achterhoek region and borders Germany. Zaltbommel Zaltbommel is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 28,451 people lived there. Dalzell, Illinois Dalzell is a village in Illinois in the United States. Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. Baarn Baarn is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 24,767 people lived there. Calabar Calabar (also called Callabar, Calabari, Calbari, Kalabari and Kalabar) is the capital city of the Cross River State in Nigeria. It was first called Akwa Akba in the Efik language. The city is next to the Calabar and Great Kwa rivers and creeks of the Cross River. Kalabari Kalabari may refer to: Kenzō Takada was a Japanese fashion designer. He started Kenzo in 1970, which is a brand of perfumes, skincare products and clothes. Takada died on 4 October 2020 in Paris of COVID-19. He was 81 years old. River Cole, West Midlands The River Cole is a river in the West Midlands, England. It is around long. It is a tributary of the River Blythe, which it flows into near Coleshill. Its sources are in Wythall and Kings Norton to the south of Birmingham City Centre. The river flows north-west through eastern Birmingham, through the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, and into Warwickshire. The River Blythe flows into the River Tame, which flows into the River Trent. This river flows into the North Sea through the Humber Estuary. Billy Two Hats Billy Two Hats is a 1974 American British Israeli western movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Gregory Peck, Jack Warden, Desi Aranz, Jr., David Huddleston, Vic Armstrong, Sian Barbara Allen. It was distributed by United Artists. Zeki Ergezen Zeki Ergezen (2 December 1949 – 2 October 2020) was a Turkish politician. He was a founding member of the Justice and Development Party. He was the Minister of Public Works and Housing from 2002 to 2005 in the Abdullah Gül and Recep Tayyip Erdogan cabinet. Ergezen died on 2 October 2020 in Ankara from cancer at the age of 70. Thomas Jefferson Byrd Thomas Jefferson Byrd (25 June 1950 – 3 October 2020) was an American actor. He was known for starring in many movies by director Spike Lee. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the 2003 Broadway revival of "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom". He was born in Griffin, Georgia. Byrd was shot and killed in Atlanta, Georgia on 3 October 2020, aged 70. Sandy Keith Alexander MacDonald "Sandy" Keith (November 22, 1928 – October 3, 2020) was an American Democratic politician and jurist. Keith was born in Rochester, Minnesota. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate between 1959 to 1963. He was the 37th Lieutenant Governor between 1963 to 1967. He was an associate justice and chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court between 1989 to 1998. Keith died on October 3, 2020 at the age of 91. Jan des Bouvrie Jan des Bouvrie (3 August 1942 – 4 October 2020) was a Dutch architect, interior and product designer. He was best known for his 1969 "kubusbank sofa", now considered a design classic. Des Bouvrie was known as a distinguished lecturer at various design academies. The design college "Jan des Bouvrie Academy", in Deventer is named after him. Des Bouvrie died in Naarden on 4 October 2020, aged 78. Giovanni D'Alise Giovanni D'Alise (14 January 1948 – 4 October 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop. D'Alise was born in Naples, Italy. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1972. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia, Italy, from 2004 to 2014 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Caserta, Italy, from 2014 until his death in 2020. D'Alise died on 4 October 2020 from COVID-19 in Caserta, Italy at the age of 72. Richard Schifter Richard Schifter (July 31, 1923 – October 4, 2020) was an Austrian-American lawyer and politician. He was Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from 1985 to 1992 during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Schifter was born in Vienna. Schifter died on October 4, 2020 at the age of 97. Dick Hall (baseball) Richard Wallace Hall (born September 27, 1930) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher from 1952 to 1957 and from 1959 to 1971. He is best known as a member of the Baltimore Orioles team that won three American League pennants and two World Series championships between 1966 and 1970. He also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Kansas City Athletics and the Philadelphia Phillies. Hall was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Swarthmore College. He is the older brother of linguist and fellow Swarthmore graduate Barbara Partee. Henryk Boukołowski Henryk Ignacy Boukołowski (11 January 1937 – 4 October 2020) was a Polish actor and stage director. He was born in Białystok, Poland. His career began in 1958 and he retired in 2005. Boukołowski was known for his roles as the Firefighter in "The Hourglass Sanatorium" (1973), Cardinal Hipolit in "Copernicus" (1973) and Dr. Mroczek in "The Gateway of Europe" (1999). Boukołowski died on 4 October 2020 in Warsaw, aged 83. Isabella Gomez Isabella Gomez (born February 9, 1998) is a Colombian-American actress. She is best known for starring as Elena Alvarez in the Netflix series "One Day at a Time". Gomez also had minor roles in "Modern Family" and "Matador". Neil Harvey Robert Neil Harvey (born 8 October 1928) is an Australian former cricketer. He played for the Australian cricket team between 1948 and 1963. He played in 79 Test matches for his country. He was the vice-captain of the team from 1957 until his retirement. He was a left-handed batsman, a fielder and sometimes an off-spin bowler. Harvey was the youngest member of the 1948 Invincibles of Don Bradman to tour England. This squad is regarded as one of the finest teams in history. He was the senior batsman in the Australian team for much of the 1950s. Harvey has been was named by "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" as the finest fielder of his era. Harvey was born in Fitzroy, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He is one of six cricketing brothers. Neil and brothers Merv, Mick and Ray would go on to play for Victoria. During the 1949–50 tour of South Africa, Harvey met Iris Greenish. The couple later married and had three children. Joe B. Hall Joe Beasman Hall (November 30, 1928 – January 15, 2022) was an American college basketball coach. He was the head basketball coach at the University of Kentucky from 1972 to 1985. As coach of the Wildcats, the team were the NCAA Division I champions in 1978. He was the National Coach of the Year in 1978, and was a four-time Southeastern Conference (SEC) Coach of the Year. Hall was born in Cynthiana, Kentucky. He was married to Katharine Dennis until her death in 2007. The couple had three children. Hall died on January 15, 2022, at his home in Lexington, Kentucky. He was 93. Phil Samis Philip Lawrence Samis (December 28, 1927 – January 11, 2022) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a defenceman. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL). He helped the Maple Leafs win the 1948 Stanley Cup. He also played in the American Hockey League (AHL) for the Pittsburgh Hornets and the Cleveland Barons. He helped Cleveland win the Calder Cup in 1951. He retired from hockey in 1953. Samis was born in Edmonton, Alberta. After his playing career, he worked as a dentist. Samis died on January 11, 2022, at a hospital in Greater Napanee, Ontario. He was 94. Michael Caputo Michael Raymon Caputo (born March 24, 1962) is an American political analyst and lobbyist. He was born in Buffalo, New York. Caputo is a member of the Republican Party. In April 2020, he became the Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Public Affairs. In September 2020, it was announced that Caputo was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma that had spread from his throat to his neck and head. Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), also known as epidermoid carcinomas, is made up of a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells. These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Karl-Günther von Hase Karl-Günther von Hase (15 December 1917 – 9 May 2021) was a former German diplomat. He served as Ambassador of West Germany to the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1977. He also served as director-general (intendant) of the ZDF, the German public-service television broadcaster, from 1977 to 1982. Von Hase was born in Gut Wangern, Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia. That area is now in Wrocław, a city in western Poland. He was married to Renate Stumpff, the daughter of general Hans-Jürgen Stumpff. The couple had five children. Hase turned 100 in December 2017 and died in May 2021 at the age of 103. John Daly (golfer) John Patrick Daly (born April 28, 1966) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour. He was born in Carmichael, California. His two greatest moments of his career are his "zero to hero" victory in the 1991 PGA Championship, and his playoff victory over Costantino Rocca in the 1995 Open Championship. In September 2020, Daly was diagnosed with bladder cancer. Ma Rainey Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (born Gertrude Pridgett, April 26, 1886 – December 22, 1939) was an American blues singer. She was one of the first generation of blues singers to record. Rainey was known as The "Mother of the Blues". Her first recording was made in 1923. In the next five years, she made over 100 recordings, including "Bo-Weevil Blues" (1923), "Moonshine Blues" (1923), "See See Rider Blues" (1924), "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" (1927), and "Soon This Morning" (1927). Rainey died on December 22, 1939 in Rome, Georgia from a heart attack, aged 53. Bryant Burns Bryant Robert Burns (born 24 March 1929) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Labor Party. He served as a Senator for Queensland from 1987 until his retirement in 1996. Burns was born in Rockhampton, Queensland. He married Lorraine in 1953. The couple had seven children. After his first wife's death, he married his second wife, Annette. Trackless train A trackless train is a bus made to look like a train. It has many carriages and often looks like a steam train. Bill Nankivell William Field Nankivell (born 7 September 1923) is a former Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He represented the South Australian House of Assembly seats of Albert (1959–1970) and Mallee (1970–1979). He was a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Land Settlement (1963–1968), Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works (1968–1973) and Public Accounts Committee (1973–1977) Nankivell was born in Mount Gambier, South Australia. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II from 1944 to 1945. List of Indian child actors This is a list of child actors from India. Movies and/or television series they appeared in are mentioned only if they were still a child at the time of filming. Current child actors (under the age of eighteen) are indicated by boldface. Pericarp Many seed plants have edible fruit. The part of the fruit outside the structure which contains the seeds, is called pericarp. Very often it corresponds to the part of the fruit that is eaten. Vern Law Vernon Sanders Law (born March 12, 1930) is an American former baseball pitcher. He played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates. During his years at Pittsburgh, 1950 to 1951 and 1954 to 1967, he became a World Series champion (1960) and a two-time All-Star. Law was born in Meridian, Idaho. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His son, Vance (born 1956), played for many MLB teams. The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit is a 1956 American drama movie directed by Nunnally Johnson and was based on the 1955 novel of the same name by Sloan Wilson. It stars Gregory Peck, Jennifer Jones, Fredric March, Marisa Pavan, Lee J. Cobb, Arthur O'Connell, Keenan Wynn, Connie Gilchrist and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Phil Gould Philip or Phil Gould may also refer to: List of Indian comedians This is a list of notable Indian comedians, sorted by country or area of notability. Homer Rice Homer C. Rice (born February 20, 1927) is a former American football player, coach and college athletics administrator. He was born in Bellevue, Kentucky. While serving as the athletic director of Georgia Tech, Rice developed the "Total Person Program" which is now the model for NCAA Life Skills program that is in place at universities throughout the United States. He was also head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL) from 1978 to 1979. Tones and I Toni Watson, better known as Tones and I, is an Australian singer and songwriter. Her second single, "Dance Monkey", was released in May 2019. It reached number one in over 30 countries. Later, in November 2019, she broke the record for the most weeks at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart by any artist with 16 weeks. By mid-January 2020, "Dance Monkey" had spent its 24th and final week at the top spot. The single beat Bing Crosby's all-time Australian record for his version of "White Christmas", which spent 22 weeks at number one. Her first extended play, "The Kids Are Coming", was released in August 2019. Tones and I was born in Mount Martha on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria. Her year of birth is not widely known, with it being reported as either 1993 or 2000. Carla Federica Nespolo Carla Federica Nespolo (4 March 1943 – 4 October 2020) was an Italian politician. She was the President of National Association of Italian Partisans from 2017 until her death. She was a member of the Italian Parliament between 1976 to 1992. Nespolo was born in Novara, Italy. She was a member of the Italian Communist Party. Nespolo died on 4 October 2020 from a long-illness, aged 77. Michael Houghton Michael Houghton (born 1949) is a British scientist. He co-discovered Hepatitis C in 1989. He also co-discovered the Hepatitis D genome in 1986. He is the co-recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice. Hepatitis D Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a small particle that are alike to viroid and virusoid. HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a satellite because it can appear if the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is present. Hepatitis E Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission that is similar to hepatitis A, but the viruses are unrelated. The earliest known epidemic of hepatitis E happened in 1955 in New Delhi, but the virus was not discovered until 1983, by Russian scientists investigating an outbreak in Afghanistan. One of five known human hepatitis viruses: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Charles M. Rice Charles M. Rice (born August 25, 1952) is an American virologist. His main area of research is hepatitis C virus. He is a professor of virology at the Rockefeller University. He was born in Sacramento, California. Rice is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, member of the National Academy of Sciences and was president of the American Society for Virology from 2002 to 2003. Along with Michael Houghton and Harvey J. Alter, he was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 2020 New Caledonian independence referendum An independence referendum was held in New Caledonia on 4 October 2020. Independence was rejected, with 53.26% of voters choosing against such a change. Turnout was 85.64%. In accordance with the Nouméa Accord, New Caledonians are allowed up to three referendums on independence; the first in 2018, then two more in 2020 and 2022 if the previous ones had not resulted in independence, but one-third of members of the Congress of New Caledonia voted for another one. The first was held in November 2018, with voters rejecting independence by 57–43%. In 2019, members of the Caledonian Union, Future with Confidence, the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) and the National Union for Independence requested another referendum be held. Bob Wilson Bob Wilson may refer to: Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1943) Robert John Wilson (23 May 1943 – October 2020) was an English professional footballer. He was born in Birmingham, England. He played for Aston Villa, Cardiff City and for Exeter City. His career lasted from 1961 to 1976. Wilson died in October 2020 at the age of 77. Bob Wilson (cricketer) Robert Colin Wilson (born 18 February 1928), known as Bob Wilson, is an English cricketer. He played for Kent County Cricket Club from 1952 to 1967. He was born in Bapchild, Kent. He appeared in 365 first-class cricket matches for the county. Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1934) Robert Smail Whitelaw "Bob" Wilson (born 29 June 1934) is a Scottish former professional footballer. He was a half-back. He began his professional career with Aberdeen, before going on to play for a number of English clubs. He was captain of the original incarnation of Accrington Stanley when the club resigned from The Football League in 1962. Bob Wilson (ice hockey) Robert Wayne Wilson (born February 18, 1934) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks from 1953 to 1954. He was born in Sudbury, Ontario. Robert B. Wilson Robert Butler "Bob" Wilson, Jr. (born May 16, 1937) is an American economist. He is the Adams Distinguished Professor of Management, Emeritus at Stanford University. He is known for his works to management science and business economics. His works helped change the economics of industrial organization and organization theory using non-cooperative game theory. His research on nonlinear pricing has played an important role for large firms, particularly in the energy industry, especially electricity. In 2020, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Paul Milgrom "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats". Geneva, Nebraska Geneva is a city in, and the county seat of, Fillmore County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 2,217 at the 2010 census. Southern Pines, North Carolina Southern Pines is a town in Moore County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 12,334 as of the 2010 United States Census. Triple talaq in India The debate has involved the Government of India and the Supreme Court of India, and is connected to the debate about a uniform civil code (Article 44, a Directive Principle of state policy, Constitution of India) in India. On 22 August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court tagged instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) as unconstitutional. Three of the five judges in the panel concurred that the practice of triple talaq is unconstitutional. The remaining two declared the practice to be constitutional. However, unconstitutionality is not the same as being declared illegal. India's Muslim neighbours are among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq already. The Quran established means to avoid hasty divorces. It prescribes two waiting periods of three months before the divorce is final in order to give the husband time to reconsider his decision. On 30 July 2019, the Parliament of India declared the practice of Triple Talaq illegal and unconstitutional, and made it a punishable act from 1 August 2019 which is deemed to be in effect from 19 September 2019. Rasheed Masood Rasheed Masood (15 August 1947 – 5 October 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He was a member of the Lok Sabha between 1977 to 1984, 1989 to 1996 and from 2004 to 2009. In 1990, he was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Masood died on 5 October 2020 at a hospital in Roorkee, Uttarakhand from COVID-19 at the age of 73. Follansbee, West Virginia Follansbee is a city in Brooke County, West Virginia, United States. It is located along the Ohio River. The population was 2,986 at the 2010 census. New Cumberland, West Virginia New Cumberland is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, West Virginia, United States, along the Ohio River. It is part of the Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,103 as of the 2010 census. Wellsburg, West Virginia Wellsburg is a city in and the county seat of Brooke County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the "Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area". The 2010 census said it had a population of 2,805. John Joseph Campion John Joseph Campion (January 17, 1963 – October 2, 2020) was an Irish-American businessman and philanthropist. In 1987, he founded Showpower, Inc. His company gave portable generators for the Rolling Stones, U2, Kiss and AC/DC. Campion was chairman and chief executive officer of APR Energy. He was born in Cork, Ireland. Campion died on October 2, 2020 in California, aged 57. WAP (song) "WAP" (an acronym for "Wet-Ass Pussy") is a song recorded by American singer Cardi B featuring American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released through Atlantic Records on August 7, 2020, as the lead single from Cardi's upcoming second studio album. "WAP" is a hip hop song and uses many sexual innuendos. It has received mixed reviews from people liking the song for having a sex-positive message, while others found it to be extremely offensive because of the strong sexual language. Spiny tree frog The spiny tree frog ("Ranoidea spinifera") is a tree frog from New Guinea. It lives near Purari River, between 1000 and 1500 meters above sea level. Hugh Griffith Hugh Emrys Griffith (; 30 May 1912 – 14 May 1980) was a Welsh screen and stage actor. He is best known for playing Sheik Ilderim in the movie "Ben-Hur" (1959). For this role, he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Some of his other notable credits include "Exodus" (1960), "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1962), "Tom Jones" (1963) and "Oliver!" (1968). Griffith was born in Marian-glas, Anglesey. His sister was actress and teacher Elen Roger Jones. On 14 May 1980, Griffith died of a heart attack at his London home. He was 67. Bunnik Bunnik is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The population of Bunnuk is 15,192 as of 2019. De Bilt De Bilt is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 42,824 people lived there. De Ronde Venen De Ronde Venen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 44,059 people lived there. Since 2011, Abcoude is part of the municipality of De Ronde Venen. Eemnes Eemnes is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 9,113 people lived there. IJsselstein IJsselstein is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 34,160 people lived there. It received city rights in 1331. Leusden Leusden is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 30,030 people lived there. Bubo A bubo (Greek βουβών, "boubôn", 'groin') is adenitis or inflammation of the lymph nodes and is an example of reactive lymphadenopathy. Bubo (disambiguation) A bubo is a rounded swelling on the skin of a person afflicted by the bubonic plague. Bubo may also refer to: Abcoude Abcoude is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2011, it has been part of the municipality of De Ronde Venen. Vianen Vianen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht, and of South Holland. The municipality was merged with the former municipalities of Leerdam and Zederik on 1 January 2019. The name of the new municipality is Vijfheerenlanden, which is a part of the province of Utrecht. Maarn Maarn is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2006, it has been part of the new municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Amerongen Amerongen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2006, it has been part of the new municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Doorn Doorn is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2006, it has been part of the new municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Utrechtse Heuvelrug Utrechtse Heuvelrug is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 49,515 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2006 from the former municipalities of Amerongen, Doorn, Driebergen-Rijsenburg, Leersum, and Maarn. Driebergen-Rijsenburg Driebergen-Rijsenburg is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2006, it has been part of the new municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Leersum Leersum is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2006, it has been part of the new municipality of Utrechtse Heuvelrug. Lopik Lopik is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 14,473 people lived there. Montfoort Montfoort is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 13,996 people lived there. Montfoort received city rights in 1329. Nieuwegein Nieuwegein is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 63,036 people lived there. Mortal Engines (movie) Mortal Engines is a 2018 science fiction action adventure movie from Universal Pictures based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Philip Reeve. The film is set in a post-apocalyptic world where entire cities have been mounted on wheels and motorised, and practice municipal Darwinism. Oudewater Oudewater is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht, and a former municipality of South Holland. In 2019, 10,201 people lived there. Breukelen Breukelen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Stichtse Vecht. Renswoude Renswoude is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 5,259 people lived there. Gemma Collins Gemma Clare Collins (born 31 January 1981) is an English media personality and businesswoman. In 2011, she began appearing on the ITVBe reality series "The Only Way Is Essex", appearing until 2019. Following a brief appearance on "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" (2014), Collins has appeared in various television programmes including "Celebrity Big Brother" (2016), "Celebs Go Dating" (2018), and "Dancing on Ice" (2019). In 2019, she began starring in her own , "Gemma Collins: Diva Forever" and hosting a podcast on BBC Sounds entitled "The Gemma Collins Podcast". Laudanum Laudanum is the name of a tincture containing opium. Paracelsus thought that it was good for treating almost anything. According to Paracelus, laudanum consists of about 9 parts wine, and one part opium. Other ingredients, such as henbane, mandrake and deadly nightshade were commonly added. Since its discovery in the 16th century, laudanum was often used to treat different diseases. Its popularity and use is comparable to the modern drug aspirin. Its main effect was that of the opium: it was a painkiller, and a sedative. The main problem is that opium causes addiction. This was only seen starting with the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, there were good alternative drugs. England banished opiates in the 1920s, Germany regulated their use in 1929. Laudanum, like other opiates was used as a painkiller, and a sedative. Until the 1970s it was used to treat clinical depression. Laudanum is dangerous to children, it is easy to get an overdose. Today, laudanum is still used to treat severe cases of diarrhea which sometimes occur with chemotherapy. Rhenen Rhenen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 20,004 people lived there. Soest, Netherlands Soest is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 46,194 people lived there. Stichtse Vecht Stichtse Vecht is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 64,336 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2011 from the former municipalities of Breukelen, Loenen, and Maarssen. Veenendaal Veenendaal is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 65,589 people lived there. Loenen Loenen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Stichtse Vecht. Drimmelen Drimmelen is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. In 2019, 27,150 people lived there. Wijk bij Duurstede Wijk bij Duurstede is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 23,762 people lived there. Woerden Woerden is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht, and a former municipality of South Holland. In 2019, 52,197 people lived there. Power of Three Power of Three may be: It is also the title of: Orlando City SC Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club in Orlando, Florida. They are a member of the Eastern Conference in the MLS. Orlando City SC played their 1st season in 2015 as the 21st franchise in MLS. They became the first MLS team in Florida since Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny both folded following the 2001 season. The team plays at Exploria Stadium in Downtown Orlando. Nabis Nabis () was a king of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC. He fought in the War against Nabis. New England tree frog The New England tree frog, gold-striped tree frog, sublime tree frog or glandular tree frog ("Ranoidea subglandulosa") is a tree frog from Australia. Even though it is called the New England tree frog, it does not live in New England. It lives on Australia's New England Tablelands. It lives near the Great Dividing Range in Queensland and New South Wales. It lives more than 600 metres above sea level. The adult male frog is 4.0 cm long and the adult female is 5.0 cm long. It can be green or brown on the back and green on the sides. It has a white stripe on each side of its body. Parts of its sides and legs are bright orange. The tadpoles are about 3.5 cm long. Unlike tadpoles of other tree frogs, they do not have teeth or beaks. Instead, they have things similar to tentacles near their mouths. Scientists do not know what the tadpoles eat. This frog is in some danger of dying out. Scientists say this is because human beings take animals to eat grass where the frog lives and collect trees from its forests for lumber. Invasive species such as trout also eat the eggs and tadpoles. Scientists say this frog is related to "Ranoidea citropa". Toyota Comfort The Toyota Comfort is an automobile that was designed by Toyota. The Toyota Comfort was made from 1995 until 2017 by Kanto Auto Works. The Toyota Comfort, was mainly used as a taxi, in Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Sometimes the Toyota Comfort could fit five people in it, six with the driver. When Toyota stopped making the Toyota Comfort in 2017, Toyota made the Toyota JPN-Taxi instead. Candy Carson Lacena "Candy" Carson (née Rustin; born August 19, 1953) is an American author and businesswoman. She is married to former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and retired neurosurgeon Benjamin Carson and co-founded the Carson Scholars Fund. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (28 July 1676 – 23 March 1732) was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. His reign started on 2 August 1691 and ended on 23 March 1732. He was born in Gotha. He also created an orphanage and asylum. He died in Altenburg. P. Wayne Goode Peter Wayne Goode Jr. (August 20, 1937 – October 3, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in St. Louis. A member of the Democrat, he was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives for district 33 in 1962. In 1984, he was elected to the Missouri State Senate. He retired in 2005. Goode died of leukemia on October 3, 2020, in St. Louis at the age of 83. Najeeb Tarakai Najeeb Tarakai (2 February 1991 – 6 October 2020) was an Afghan cricketer. He played international cricket for the Afghanistan national team. He also played domestic cricket for the Afghan Cheetahs and Twenty20 cricket for the Nangarhar Leopards. On 2 October 2020, Tarakai was hit by a car while crossing a road in Jalalabad, Nangarhar. He suffered a head injury and was left in a coma. He died four days later at the age of 29. Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer (; 1955October 4, 2020) was an American rabbi. He was the third Rebbe of the Pittsburgh Hasidic dynasty. He was born in Newark, New Jersey. He was well known for being in charge of the Hasidim in Jerusalem, Bnei Brak, Beit Hilkia, New York City, and California. He was a Torah scholar and musical composer, he led the Hasidut for three decades until his death in 2020. Yissachar was hospitalized with COVID-19 at a hospital in Netanya in August 2020. He died from the infection on October 4, 2020 at the age of 64. Simon Eine Simon Eine (8 August 1936 – 30 September 2020) was a French actor and comedian. He was born in Paris. He became a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1997. He was known for his roles in "Another Man, Another Chance" (1977), "Notre musique" (2004) and in "Sarah's Key" (2006). Eine died on 30 September 2020 in Paris, aged 84. Gord Brooks Gordon John Brooks (September 11, 1950 – October 1, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played parts of three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the St. Louis Blues and Washington Capitals. He was born in Cobourg, Ontario. His career lasted from 1970 to 1984. Brooks died on October 1, 2020 in London, Ontario at the age of 70. Snowpiercer Snowpiercer () is a 2013 science fiction action movie based on the French graphic novel "Le Transperceneige" by Jacques Lob, Benjamin Legrand and Jean-Marc Rochette. The movie was directed by Bong Joon-ho. The movie stars Chris Evans, Song Kang-ho, Tilda Swinton, Jamie Bell, Octavia Spencer, Go Ah-sung, John Hurt, and Ed Harris. "Snowpiercer" received positive reviews after being released on 29 July 2013. Clark Middleton Clark Tinsley Middleton (1957 – October 4, 2020) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in "Kill Bill: Vol. 2", "Sin City", "Fringe", "Snowpiercer", and "The Blacklist". He was born in California. Middleton died on October 4, 2020 from the West Nile virus in Los Angeles, aged 63. K. K. Usha K. K. Usha (3 July 1939 – 5 October 2020) was an Indian politician and lawyer. She was born in Thrissur, Kerala. She was married to Judge K. Sukumaran. She was a judge on the Kerala High Court between 1991 to 2001. She was the chief justice between 2000 to 2001. Usha died on 5 October 2020 at a hospital in Thiruvananthapuram from cardiac arrest caused by spinal cord surgery, aged 81. Don Stonesifer Donald Humphrey Stonesifer (January 29, 1927 – October 15, 2021) was an American football player. He played as an end. He played six seasons (1951–1956) in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Cardinals. Stonesifer was born in Chicago, Illinois. He served in the Army Air Forces during World War II. He played college football for Northwestern University's Wildcats. Stonesifer died on October 15, 2021 at the age of 94. K. Sukumaran (judge) K. Sukumaran (born 12 July 1930) is an Indian politician and lawyer. He was born in Kerala, India. Until her death in 2020, he was married to K. K. Usha. He was a judge on the Kerala High Court between 1981 to 1991 and on the Bombay High Court between 1991 to 1992. Bobby Bowden Robert Cleckler Bowden (November 8, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was an American football coach. Bowden was best known for coaching the Florida State Seminoles football team from the 1976 to 2009 seasons. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama. In October 2020, Bowden was diagnosed with COVID-19. Bowden was diagnosed terminal pancreatic cancer in July 2021. He died from the disease one month later on August 8, 2021 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 91. Mineola, Texas Mineola is a city in Wood County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,515 at the 2010 census. City of Ember City of Ember is a 2008 American science fiction adventure movie directed by Gil Kenan and is based on the 2003 novel "The City of Ember" by Jeanne Duprau. It stars Saoirse Ronan, Harry Treadaway, Bill Murray, Mackenzie Crook, Martin Landau, Mary Kay Place, Toby Jones, Tim Robbins and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Total Recall (2012 movie) Total Recall is a 2012 American dystopian science fiction action movie directed by Len Wiseman. The screenplay by Kurt Wimmer and Mark Bomback was based on the 1990 movie of the same name, which was inspired by the 1966 short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" by Philip K. Dick. It stars Colin Farrell, Kate Beckinsale, Jessica Biel, Bryan Cranston, Bokeem Woodbine, John Cho, Bill Nighy and was distributed by Sony Pictures. It was nominated for one Razzie in 2013. Unserdeutsch Rabaul Creole German (also called Unserdeutsch, our German) is a creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea, and parts of Australia. It is the only German-based Creole language with an ISO code. It was developed in Papua New Guinea, around 1900. At that time, Papua New Guinea was a German colony. Today, most speakers live in Eastern Australia. Most speakers are old, so the language will soon disappear. Australian speakers of Unserdeutsch now live scattered in cities on the east coast, but communicate with one another in closed groups of social networks. It is estimated that fewer than ten Unserdeutsch speakers live in Papua New Guinea today. All speakers of Unserdeutsch know at least two other languages. In most cases, these are English and Tok Pisin. Estimates are that there are about 100 speakers left. Origin. Unserdeutsch developed around 1900 around today's provincial capital Kokopo. At the time, this city was called Herbertshöhe. It was the seat of the provincial governor of German New Guinea. There was a Catholic school at the outskirts of town, which taught mixed-race children standard German. Most of the time, the mothers were locals, from Melanesia, and the fathers were Europeans; most often from Germany. They were civil servants, traders, and adventurers. Outside school, the children mixed the high German with the local language Tok Pisin. They were not allowed to use Tok Pisin in school. The language that developed essentially used German words, with the grammar from Tok Pisin. Even after German rule in Papua New Guinea ended, the Vunapope mission station (which ran the school) remained in German hands with German as a school subject and even partly as the language of instruction. Since the children who developed Unserdeutsch often kept to themselves as mixed-race children and got married, they passed their Unserdeutsch on to the next generation and Unserdeutsch became the Creole language. After Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia in 1975, most of the Unserdeutsch speakers decided to take on Australian citizenship and to emigrate to Australia, especially Queensland, because offices and posts in their homeland were to be filled by indigenous Papuans. Unserdeutsch is a spoken language; there is no governing body that regulates how to write it. Linguists at the University of Augsburg (now: University of Bern) began to research Unserdeutsch in 2014. Grammar. Nouns in Unserdeutsch have no gender. The article is always called “de”, for example de Mann, de Frau, de Haus. The plural of a noun is formed by prefixing the word “alle” with: “alle Frau”, “alle Knabe”. Interrogative pronouns are often placed at the end of the question sentence (“Du geht wo? "). Sometimes, words from Tok Pisin and English are used, for example “aufpicken” (In English: to pick up) for “abholen” (translates as fetch). Unserdeutsch is a strict SVO language. Planned languages as alternatives. Two planned languages were developed to be used in German colonies: One is called Weltdeutsch, the other is called Kolonialdeutsch. Frances de la Tour Frances de la Tour, also Frances J. de Lautour, (born 30 July 1944) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom "Rising Damp" from 1974 until 1978. She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner. She also played Madame Olympe Maxime in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" (2005). Fiona Shaw Fiona Shaw (born Fiona Mary Wilson; 10 July 1958) is an Irish actress and theatre and opera director. She is known for her roles as Petunia Dursley in the "Harry Potter" movie series (2001–2010), Marnie Stonebrook in the fourth season of the HBO series "True Blood" (2011), and Carolyn Martens in the critically acclaimed BBC spy thriller series "Killing Eve" (2018–2022). Personal life. Shaw is openly a lesbian. A Web of Air A Web of Air is a novel written by Philip Reeve in 2010. Scrivener's Moon Scrivener's Moon is a novel written by Philip Reeve in 2011. Reinhard Genzel Reinhard Genzel (born 24 March 1952) is a German astrophysicist. He was born in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany. His works relate to infrared and submillimetre astronomy. Genzel was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics, which he shared with Andrea Ghez and Roger Penrose. Night Flights Night Flights is a short story collection written by Philip Reeve in 2018. It consists of three stories revolving around the character Anna Fang. These stories take place before the events of Mortal Engines. Andrea M. Ghez Andrea Mia Ghez (born June 16, 1965) is an American astrophysicist and professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 2004, "Discover" magazine listed Ghez as one of the top 20 scientists in the United States. She was born in New York City. In 2020, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing one half of the prize with Reinhard Genzel, "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy." The other half was awarded to Roger Penrose. The Illustrated World of Mortal Engines The Illustrated World of Mortal Engines is a reference book written by Philip Reeve in 2018. It is currently the last ever Reeve wrote. Enola Holmes (movie) Enola Holmes is a 2020 American mystery movie based on the first book in the series of the same name by Nancy Springer. The movie is about the teenage sister of Sherlock Holmes. The movie is directed by Harry Bradbeer, from a screenplay by Jack Thorne. Millie Bobby Brown stars as Enola. Henry Cavill, Sam Claflin, Adeel Akhtar, Fiona Shaw, Frances de la Tour, Louis Partridge, Susie Wokoma and Helena Bonham Carter also star. "Enola Holmes" was released on September 23, 2020 by Netflix. The movie received positive reviews from critics. Sam Claflin Samuel George Claflin (born 27 June 1986) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Philip Swift in "" (2011) and as Finnick Odair in "The Hunger Games" movie series. Secretary General of the Organization of American States The Secretary General of the Organization of American States is the person in charge of the OAS. This is a list of individuals who have served as Secretaries General: Alberto Lleras Camargo Alberto Lleras Camargo (3 July 1906 – 4 January 1990) was a Colombian journalist and politician. He was the 20th President of Colombia (1958–1962), and the 1st Secretary General of the Organization of American States (1948–1954). Carlos Dávila Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinoza (September 15, 1887 – October 19, 1955), was a Chilean politician and journalist. He was the Chairman of Government Junta of Chile in 1932, and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1954 until his death in 1955. José Antonio Mora José Antonio Mora Otero (22 November 1897 – 26 January 1975) was a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. He was the secretary general of the Organization of American States between 16 January 1956 and 18 May 1968. He was Uruguay's Minister of Foreign Relations from 1971 to 1972. Luigi R. Einaudi Luigi R. Einaudi (born March 1, 1936) is an American politician. He was Acting Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) in October 2004 after the resignation of Secretary General Miguel Ángel Rodríguez. He left the job in May 2005 when José Miguel Insulza replaced him. From 1989 to 1993, Einaudi was the U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States during the George H. W. Bush presidency. Einaudi was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University. José Miguel Insulza José Miguel Insulza Salinas (born June 2, 1943) is a Chilean politician. He was Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 2005 to 2015. He was Chile's Foreign Minister from 1994 to 1999, and as Interior Minister from 2000 to 2005. In 2009, he unsuccessfully ran for President of Chile. Luis Almagro Luis Leonardo Almagro Lemes (; born June 1, 1963) is a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. He is the 10th Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) since 2015. He also was Minister of Foreign Affairs between 2010 and 2015, during the Presidency of José Mujica. Volkan Bozkır Volkan Bozkır (born 22 November 1950) is a Turkish politician. He was the Minister of European Union Affairs from November 2015 to May 2016. He was elected as the president of The United Nations General Assembly on 17 June 2020 for the 75th session. Howard Goodall Howard Lindsay Goodall (; born 26 May 1958) is an English composer who has worked on musicals, choral music and music for television. He was the composer of the music for Mr. Bean. Honours. In January 2011, Goodall was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to music education. Joshua Kimmich Joshua Walter Kimmich (born 8 February 1995) is a German professional footballer. He plays as a right-back or defensive midfielder for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team. Honours. Bayern Munich Germany U19 Germany Individual Patricia Leavy Patricia Leavy (born June 13, 1975) is an American sociologist, novelist, public intellectual, and arts advocate. She has published more than thirty fiction and non-fiction books. Leavy promotes an arts-based research paradigm which combines the arts and sciences. She is the co-founder and co-editor-in-chief of Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal. Early life and education. Leavy earned a Ph.D. in sociology from Boston College. Career. She was an associate professor of sociology, founding director of gender studies, and chairperson of sociology and criminology at Stonehill College from 2002 to 2012. She has also taught at Boston College, Northeastern University, and Curry College. Leavy left academia in 2012 to be an independent scholar, public intellectual, and novelist. She developed ‘social fiction’ which has influenced the careers of many scholars around the world. Author and novelist. Leavy has written more than thirty books, including both fiction and non-fiction books. She is the creator and editor for numerous book series, including Personal/Public Scholarship (Brill/Sense), Teaching Writing (Brill/Sense), Teaching Race & Ethnicity (Brill/Sense), Teaching Gender (Brill/Sense), Social Fictions (Brill/Sense), and Understanding Qualitative Research (Oxford University Press). Public speaking. She was a keynote speaker at the Interdisciplinary Social Sciences Conference in Barcelona, Spain, in 2012.[1][18]The next year, she was invited as a keynote speaker by the New Directions in the Humanities conference and the Arts in Society conference in Budapest, Hungary. In 2015, she gave a keynote address in Florida at the Qualitative Report conference and was invited again for the same conference in 2020. In 2017, she appeared at the “NYU Forum on Ethnodrama” at New York University as a part of the keynote conversation. Also in 2017, she gave a keynote address at The World Chinese Art Education Symposium in Ningbo, China. In 2018, Leavy was a keynote speaker at the “Arts as an Agent for Social Change conference at McGill University in Montreal and also delivered the keynote address at the “Arts-Based Research Symposium” at SUNY-New Paltz. Awards and recognition. Leavy was named as the “2010 New England Sociologist of the Year” by the New England Sociological Association. She is the recipient of the 2014 Special Achievement Award by the American Creativity Association, the Egon Guba Memorial Keynote Lecture Award by the American Educational Research Association Qualitative SIG, and a 2015 Special Career Award by the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry. She has received the National Art Education Association 2018 Distinguished Service Outside the Profession Award. She was invited as a fellow in 2015 to the Salzburg Global Seminar Session “The Neuroscience of Art: What are the Sources of Creativity and Innovation?. In 2017, Leavy’s book, Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches was the third-place winner of the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Awards in the category nursing research. Leavy’s Privilege Through the Looking-Glass (Sense Publishers) won the USA Best Book Award for Nonfiction Anthologies in 2018. In the same year, Leavy’s Handbook of Arts-Based Research (Guilford Press) won the USA Best Book Award for Education/Academic. In 2018, the “Patricia Leavy Award for Art and Social Justice” was established by SUNY New Paltz. In the same year, she was honored by the National Women’s Hall of Fame, and her book Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice (Second Edition), received the American Educational Research Association Division D Measurement and Research Methodology Significant Contributions Award. In 2019, Spark received the Living Now Book Award for Adventure Fiction, and it also received the American Fiction Award for Inspirational Fiction. In 2020 Leavy’s book Film received the American Fiction Award for Inspirational Fiction. The same year Leavy’s book Candy Floss Collection (3 novels) received the American Fiction Award for Anthologies. Western capercaillie The western capercaillie ("Tetrao urogallus"), is a member of the grouse family. It is also called the Eurasian capercaillie, wood grouse, heather cock, or just capercaillie. It is found across Europe and the Palearctic. It is sexually dimorphic. It is a least concern species. Michelle Borth Michelle Borth (born August 19, 1978) is an American actress. She is known for her roles on "The Forgotten" and the HBO series "Tell Me You Love Me". Borth played Catherine Rollins on the CBS crime-drama "Hawaii Five-0". Cyclone (DC Comics) Cyclone (real name Maxine Hunkel) is a fictional character in the DC Comics Universe. She is the granddaughter of the original Red Tornado and a member of the Justice Society of America. Cyclone was created by Mark Waid, Alex Ross, Geoff Johns and Dale Eaglesham. Cyclone will make her first movie appearance in 2022's "Black Adam" set in the DC Extended Universe. Meaghan Rath Meaghan Rath (born June 18, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her television roles on "Being Human", "15/Love", "The Assistants", and "Hawaii Five-0". The Michaels Companies The Michaels Companies, Inc. is an American company that is North America's largest provider of arts, crafts, framing, floral and wall décor, and merchandise for makers and do-it-yourself home decorators.<ref name="SEC 10K 01/28/2017"></ref> The company was founded by Michael J. Dupey in Dallas, Texas in 1973. Marshalls Marshalls is a chain of American off-price department stores owned by TJX Companies. Marshalls has over 1,000 American stores, including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store, covering 42 states and Puerto Rico, and 61 stores in Canada. The company plan to operate approximately 100 stores. Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011. Marshalls is the U.S.'s second-largest off-price family apparel and home fashion retailer, behind its sister company, TJ Maxx. In 2019, Marshalls opened a website for online shopping. Hobby Lobby Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., formerly Hobby Lobby Creative Centers, is a private for-profit corporation which owns a chain of American arts and crafts stores with a volume of over $5 billion in 2018. The store has been criticized over their founder's and owner's anti-homosexuality and extreme religious views. David Green (entrepreneur) David Green (born November 13, 1941) is an American businessman. He is the founder of Hobby Lobby, a chain of arts and crafts stores. He is a major financial supporter of Evangelical organizations in the United States and funded the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C. Museum of the Bible The Museum of the Bible is a museum in Washington D.C. which shows the history, and impact of the Bible. It opened on November 17, 2017, and has 1,150 items in its permanent collection and 2,000 items on loan from other institutions and collections. TJ Maxx TJ Maxx is an American department store chain, selling at prices generally lower than other major similar stores. It has more than 1,000 stores in the United States, making it one of the largest clothing retailers in the country. It sells men's, women's and children's apparel and shoes, toys, bath and beauty, accessories, and home products ranging from furniture to kitchen utensils. George Dayton George Draper Dayton (March 6, 1857 – February 18, 1938) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was famous for being the founder of Dayton's department store, which later became Target Corporation. Clifton Springs, New York Clifton Springs is a village located in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 2,127 at the 2010 census. Canandaigua, New York Canandaigua (Utaʼnaráhkhwaʼ in Tuscarora) is a city in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 10,545 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Ontario County. Hopewell, New York Hopewell is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 3,747 at the 2010 census. Canandaigua (town), New York Canandaigua (pronounced "Kan-in-day-gwuh") is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 10,020 at the 2010 census. Manchester, New York Manchester is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 9,395 at the 2010 census. The town was named after one of its villages, which was named after the original Manchester in England. Manchester (village), New York Manchester is a village located within the Town of Manchester in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 1,709 at the 2010 census. The village was named after Manchester in England. Clifton Park, New York Clifton Park is a suburban town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 2010 population was 36,705. The town is in the south part of the county and is located north of Albany, northeast of Schenectady, and south of Saratoga Springs. Phelps, New York Phelps is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 7,072 at the 2010 census. The Town of Phelps has a village called Phelps. Both are north of Geneva, New York. Phelps (village), New York Phelps is a village in Ontario County, New York, USA. The population was 1,989 at the 2010 census. The village is named after an original proprietor, Oliver Phelps. Hazel grouse The hazel grouse ("Tetrastes bonasia"), is a type of grouse. It is sometimes called the hazel hen. It is found across the Palearctic as far east as Hokkaidō, and as far west as eastern and central Europe. It lives in dense, damp, mixed coniferous woodland. It is a least concern species. Geneva, New York Geneva is a city in Ontario and Seneca counties in the U.S. state of New York. The population was 13,261 at the 2010 census. The city is named after the city and canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Geneva (town), New York Geneva is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 3,291 at the 2010 census. Ovid (village), New York Ovid is a village in and one of the two county seats of Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 602 at the 2010 census. Ovid (town), New York Ovid is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 2,311 at the 2010 census. Romulus, New York Romulus is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 4,316 at the 2010 census. Romulus (CDP), New York Romulus is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the Town of Romulus, Seneca County, New York, United States on the border with the Town of Varick. The population was 409 at the 2010 census. Varick, New York Varick is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 1,857 at the 2010 census. Waterloo (village), New York Waterloo is a village and county seat of Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 5,171 at the 2010 census. Waterloo (town), New York Waterloo is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 7,642 at the 2010 census. DFL-Supercup The DFL-Supercup or "German Super Cup" is a one-off football match in Germany between the winners of the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal. The DFL-Supercup is run by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL). Matches. Below is a list of the Super Cup winners. Since 2010, if one team wins the domestic double, then league runners-up are invited as the second team. Unofficial matches. There have been a few times where the German champions met the cup winners, without the match being officially recognized. Field vole The field vole or short-tailed vole ("Microtus agrestis") is a type of vole. It is about 10 cm long. It has a short tail. It can be found from any coast facing the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Baikal. It lives in moist grassy habitats, such as woodland, marsh or on river banks. It is a least concern species. Shortsville, New York Shortsville is a village in Ontario County, New York. Vijfheerenlanden Vijfheerenlanden is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 55,832 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Vianen (Utrecht), Leerdam and Zederik (both South Holland). Woudenberg Woudenberg is a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. In 2019, 13,166 people lived there. Maarssen Maarssen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Stichtse Vecht. Genderfluid Gender-fluidity describes the experience of changing gender identity over time. They can fluctuate between any gender, such as feeling more feminine or masculine, bigender or agender, maverique or neutrois, and demigender or polygender. Blaricum Blaricum is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 11,202 people lived there. Noorder-Koggenland Noorder-Koggenland is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the municipality of Medemblik. Wognum Wognum is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the municipality of Medemblik. Bloemendaal Bloemendaal is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 23,159 people lived there. Since 2009, Bennebroek is part of the municipality of Bloemendaal. Venhuizen Venhuizen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2006, it has been part of the municipality of Drechterland. Andijk Andijk is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2011, it has been part of the municipality of Medemblik. Wailing frog The wailing frog or crying water-holding frog ("Ranoidea vagitus") is a frog from Australia. It lives in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. This frog lives in grassy places with few trees. Formosa, Argentina Formosa is the capital city of the Formosa Province in Argentina. La Rioja, Argentina La Rioja is the capital city of the La Rioja Province in Argentina. Wervershoof Wervershoof is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2011, it has been part of the municipality of Medemblik. Frontignan Frontignan is a commune in the Hérault department in the southern part of France. Saint-Julien-les-Villas Saint-Julien-les-Villas is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. Saint-Léger-près-Troyes Saint-Léger-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. The Blue Max The Blue Max is a 1966 British Irish World War I drama movie directed by John Guillermin and starring George Peppard, James Mason, Ursula Andrews, Jeremy Kemp, Harry Towb, Karl Michael Vogler, Anton Diffring, Peter Woodthorpe, Loni von Friedl, Derek Newmark, Derren Nesbitt. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Castricum Castricum is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 35,772 people lived there. Diemen Diemen is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 29,196 people lived there. Drechterland Drechterland is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 19,597 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 1979 from the former municipalities of Hoogkarspel, Oosterblokker and Westwoud. Until 1980, it was named Bangert. In 2006, the former municipality of Venhuizen was added to Drechterland. Dana, Illinois Dana is a village in Illinois in the United States. Edam-Volendam Edam-Volendam is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 36,099 people lived there. It consists of the two towns: Edam and Volendam. In 2016, Zeevang is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam. ꞯ ꞯ, a small capital letter Q, may mean: This letter was added to Unicode very recently and will not be supported on most devices. First Battle of El Alamein The First Battle of El Alamein was a battle during the Second World War that took place in El Alamein, Egypt. It was fought between the Allied forces, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy from July 1 to July 27 1942. It was part of the Western Desert Campaign. German Field Marshal Commander Erwin Rommel led the Afrika Korps. British Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck led the Eighth Army, defending El Alamein from Rommel's attacking army. Italian General Ettore Bastico was also part of the battle. The British prevented a second advance by the Axis forces into Egypt, which were 66 miles from Alexandria and dangerously close to the ports and cities of Egypt. Cyle Larin Cyle Christopher Larin (born April 17, 1995) is a Canadian professional soccer player. He plays as a forward for Turkish Beşiktaş and the Canada national team. He started playing college soccer with the Connecticut Huskies. He was the first pick of the 2015 MLS SuperDraft, joining Orlando City. He broke the record for most goals by a rookie in his first MLS season, scoring 17 in 27 games and earning the MLS Rookie of the Year Award. He played 89 games and scored 44 goals for Orlando, before moving to Beşiktaş in January 2018. Larin holds a U.S. green card which qualifies him as a domestic player in MLS rosters. Loona Loona (written as LOOΠΔ, ; ) is a South Korean girl group formed by Blockberry Creative. The group was first shown to the public through a project which began in October 2016, where each of the twelve members were revealed one after another by releasing a single over the next eighteen months. The members have formed three sub-units: Loona 1/3, Loona Odd Eye Circle and Loona yyxy. They started as a full group with the extended play, "[+ +]" (2018), supported by the lead single "favOriTe" and the title track "Hi High." Name. Loona's English name comes from the Hangul letters ㅇㄷㅇㅅㄴ, each an initial consonant in the syllabic blocks that make ("Idarui Sonyeo"). When changed to ㄴㅇㅇㄷㅅ, it looks like LOONA in the Latin alphabet. History. 2016–2018: Project and "Mix Nine". On October 2, 2016, Blockberry Creative announced through Naver that they would be forming their first girl group through an 18-month long project. Between October 2016 and January 2017, four members (HeeJin, HyunJin, HaSeul, and YeoJin) joined the group; each member released a single album usually having a solo track and another track performed with other members, under the group's Korean name "Idarui Sonyeo" (). In March 2017, the group's first sub-unit, Loona 1/3, was introduced, made up of previous members HeeJin, HyunJin, HaSeul and a new member, ViVi. Loona 1/3 released the extended play "Love & Live" with a single of the same name on March 13, 2017, with a television promotion on SBS's "Inkigayo", On April 27, they released a repackaged version of the extended play, titled "Love & Evil", with the single "Sonatine". "Love & Live" and its reissued version reached number 10 and 24 respectively on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart. Between April 2017 and July 2017, members ViVi, Kim Lip, JinSoul, and Choerry released their single albums, continuing the same "Girl of the Month" pattern. In September 2017, three members, HeeJin, HyunJin and HaSeul, auditioned for JTBC's reality show "Mix Nine"; HeeJin and HyunJin passed the audition stage making it onto the show, where HyunJin placed Top 18 and HeeJin placed fourth in the finale. The group's second sub-unit, Loona Odd Eye Circle, consisting of JinSoul, Kim Lip and Choerry, released the extended play "Mix & Match" and its single "Girl Front" on September 21, 2017, and began promotions on Mnet's "M Countdown". The English version of their song "Loonatic" was released on October 23. On October 31, they released a repackaged version of the extended play, titled "Max & Match", with three new songs including the single "Sweet Crazy Love". "Mix & Match" and the repackaged version peaked at number 16 and 7 respectively on the Gaon Album Chart. Between November 2017 and January 2018, they released the solo single albums for new members Yves, Chuu, and Go Won, continuing the monthly pattern along with the digital single "The Carol 2.0" sung by Yves, Vivi, and Choerry. In March 2018, they released the solo single album for final member, Chandler Hye. On May 30, 2018, the group's third sub-unit, Loona yyxy, made their debut with the extended play "Beauty & the Beat". The single "love4eva" featuring Canadian musician Grimes was released the same day with a music video. The extended play reached number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart. On August 7, 2018, Loona released a digital single titled "favOriTe", the group's first song to feature all twelve members, with a music video focusing on the group's dancing. 2018–present: Debut with "[+ +]", "[X X]", "[#]", and "[12:00]". On August 15, Blockberry published the official tracklist for "[+ +]" (read as "plus plus") as their debut extended play as a full group. The extended play included "Favorite" and was released on August 20, 2018 alongside the title track, "Hi High". It started at number 2 on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart, and was the second best-selling debut album by a girl group in 2018. "[+ +]" was repackaged as "[X X]" (read as "multiple multiple") on February 19, 2019, with six more tracks, including a new single, "Butterfly". On August 17, 2019, Loona made their first appearance in the United States, performing at KCON 2019 in Los Angeles. On December 13, 2019, Loona released a single called "365" as an appreciation song for their fans. On January 7, 2020, Blockberry Creative announced that leader HaSeul would not take part in promotions of the next album due to mental health problems. She was said to be diagnosed with “intermittent anxiety symptoms” and would be taking time to take care of her health. On February 5, 2020, Loona released their second EP titled "[#]" (read as "hash"), along with the title track "So What". Although HaSeul did not help with the title track, her vocals are featured on three of the songs on the album, including "365". The EP debuted at number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart, and has become the group's best selling album to date. On March 12, 2020, Loona took their first music show trophy with "So What" on Mnet's "M Countdown". On September 17, Loona was set to be releasing their third EP titled "]" (read as "midnight") on October 19. Blockberry Creative said that Haseul will not be a part of the comeback, out of her own decision to take care of the recovery of her health. Members. Adapted from their Naver profile: Cob Cob or COB may mean: 205 series The 205 series is a type of train operated in Japan. Operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and also KRL Commuterline in Jakarta, Indonesia. 209 series The 209 series is the train operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan. E235 series The E235 series is a train model operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan. The train was made between 2015 and 2017 for the Yamanote Line, and since 2020 for the Yokosuka line. Tokyo Metro 05 series Tokyo Metro 05 series is train operated on Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line. BMO Field BMO Field is an outdoor stadium located at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the home stadium of MLS team Toronto FC and the CFL team Toronto Argonauts. It was built on the site of the former Exhibition Stadium. The stadium was first opened in 2007. BMO Field hosted matches during the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup and 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. The stadium has also hosted rugby union matches. Construction. BMO Field is the fifth stadium to be built at its exact location at Exhibition Place. The most recent was Exhibition Stadium, which was demolished in 1999. On May 11, 2006, Major League Soccer announced that Toronto FC would join the league as its 13th (and first Canada-based) team in 2007, with BMO Field being its own stadium. Recent developments. In August 2017, Toronto FC II, which normally hosted their games at the Ontario Soccer Centre, announced that it would move its home games to BMO Field and Lamport Stadium, starting with the 2018 season. The team moved their home games to BMO Training Ground for the 2019 season, after they dropped to the USL League One. It will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup. History. Soccer. Toronto FC played their first game at BMO Field on April 28, 2007. The grand opening celebration took place on May 12, 2007. The 2008 MLS All-Star Game was held at BMO Field on July 24, 2008 versus Premier League team West Ham United. BMO Field has hosted several MLS Cup matches, and was the first stadium outside of the United States to host the event in 2010, when the Colorado Rapids won 2-1 against FC Dallas. The first MLS home playoff game held at BMO Field saw Toronto FC defeat the Philadelphia Union 3–1 on October 26, 2016. BMO Field hosted the MLS Cup again in 2016, as Toronto FC won the MLS Eastern Championship and hosted the Seattle Sounders in the final. Seattle won the match 5–4 on penalties, after a goalless draw after extra time. On December 9, 2017, BMO Field hosted its second consecutive MLS Cup in 2017. The match was a rematch between Toronto FC and the Seattle Sounders, who played each other in the 2016 MLS Cup. Toronto FC won 2–0, and became the first MLS team to complete a domestic treble, and was the first Canadian team to win the MLS Cup. 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. BMO Field hosted the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, the first major tournament held at the stadium. The stadium saw the Canadian Under-20 squad once. The stadium also saw six knockout stage games including the Final; which was won by Argentina. Due to FIFA sponsorship regulations, the venue was referred to as the "National Soccer Stadium" during the event. 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. BMO Field hosted the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Canada played in Toronto for the first two match days, with Korea DPR, Finland, and Ghana in their group. National Soccer Stadium also hosted a quarterfinal match on August 16. Canadian football. The Argonauts moved to the renovated BMO Field, starting with the 2016 season. On October 1, 2015, BMO Field was awarded the rights to host the 104th Grey Cup, which was played on November 27, 2016. On June 11, 2016, the Argonauts played their first game at the stadium, a preseason (exhibition) game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. The Argos won that game 25–16. On June 23, the Argos played their first regular season game at BMO Field, where they lost 42–20 to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Hockey. On January 1, 2017, BMO Field hosted an NHL outdoor game, the NHL Centennial Classic, in honour of the Toronto Maple Leafs' and the NHL's centennial seasons. The Leafs hosted the Detroit Red Wings, in a rematch of the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, which was held three years before. The venue was referred to as "Exhibition Stadium" for its duration, as Scotiabank (a direct competitor to BMO), was title sponsor of the event. Concerts. As of 6 October 2020, the only music concert at BMO Field was performed by the progressive rock group Genesis on September 7, 2007. Milestones. The first goal at BMO Field was scored by Eddie Johnson for the Kansas City Wizards in a 1–0 Major League Soccer win over home side Toronto FC in the stadium opener on April 28, 2007. The first Toronto FC goal at the stadium was Danny Dichio's first-half strike against Chicago Fire on May 12, 2007 (also his club's first MLS goal). The first goal at BMO Field scored by a Canadian came at the official opening on May 11, 2007, in a U-20 friendly between Canada and Argentina. David Edgar scored a penalty in a 2–1 defeat for Canada, just four minutes after Gómez had scored the first international goal at the stadium. Costa Rica's Víctor Núñez scored the first senior international goal in a 1–1 friendly draw with hosts Canada on September 12, 2007, shortly before Dwayne De Rosario scored Canada's first senior goal at the stadium. The first Toronto FC goal scored by a Canadian at BMO Field was in a June 25, 2007 friendly against Aston Villa of the English Premier League. Andrea Lombardo scored an equalizer at BMO Field's south end to make it 2–2 before Aston Villa ran out 4–2 winners. The first league goal at BMO Field scored by a Canadian came when Miguel Cañizalez scored for Toronto FC in the second minute of their 2–1 defeat to the Columbus Crew on September 22, 2007, snapping an 824-minute MLS goalless streak. The first Toronto FC MLS playoff goal was scored at BMO Field in the 15th minute by Sebastian Giovinco on October 26, 2016 in front of 21,759. In the same game, the first Toronto FC playoff goal scored by a Canadian was by Jonathan Osorio in the 48th minute; the final score was 3–1 over the Philadelphia Union. In Canadian football, the first CFL points scored at BMO Field was a Toronto Argonauts completed touchdown pass caught by Vidal Hazelton, thrown by Logan Kilgore, in a June 11, 2016 exhibition Argos win; final score 25–16. The first CFL regular season points scored at the stadium was a conceded safety touch of 2 points by Canadian Argos kicker/punter Lirim Hajrullahu in a 20–42 loss on June 23. The first regular season points scored by the Argos at BMO Field was a successful field goal kicked by Hajrullahu in the same game. On July 25, the Argonauts won their first regular season game at their new home, defeating the Montreal Alouettes 30–17. Attendance records. The largest attendance for any event at the stadium was on January 1, 2017, when the Toronto Maple Leafs hosted the Detroit Red Wings in the NHL Centennial Classic in front of 40,148 people. The largest attendance for a Major League Soccer game was on December 10, 2016, when Toronto FC hosted the Seattle Sounders FC in the 2016 MLS Cup Final in front of 36,045. The largest attendance for a Canadian Football League game was the 104th Grey Cup played before 33,421 on November 27, 2016. CFL. Notes: 1 104th Grey Cup game between the Ottawa Redblacks and Calgary Stampeders. Rugby. The largest crowd for rugby at BMO Field and in Canada occurred when the Canada national rugby union team hosted the New Zealand Māori All Blacks before 22,566 people on November 3, 2013. The Maori All Blacks won the match 40–15. Tokyo Metro 6000 series The Tokyo Metro 6000 series (東京メトロ6000系, Tōkyō Metoro 6000-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line in Tokyo, Japan from 1971 to 2018. A number of trainsets have been exported to Indonesia for use by Kereta Commuter Indonesia following their withdrawal in Japan. Fleet history. The individual set histories are as shown below. The Secret Life of an American Wife The Secret Life of an American Wife is a 1968 American comedy movie directed by George Axelrod and stars Walter Matthau, Anne Jackson, Patrick O'Neal, Edy Williams, Richard Bull, Paul Napier. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was a box office failure. Brentwood, California Brentwood is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 51,481. Acre, Israel Acre ( or ), known to locals as Akko (, "ʻAkkō") or Akka (, "ʻAkkā"), is a city in the Mediterranean coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel. Its residents include Muslims, Jews and Arabs. <br> Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee The Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate of Tennessee is the presiding officer of the Tennessee Senate and first in line in the succession to the office of Governor of Tennessee in the event of the death, resignation, or removal from office through impeachment and conviction of the Governor of the State of Tennessee. Randy McNally James Rand McNally (born January 30, 1944) is an American politician. He is the 50th and current Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee since 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Tennessee Senate since 1987. John Shelton Wilder John Shelton Wilder (June 3, 1921 – January 1, 2010) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Mason, Tennessee. He was the 48th Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee for 36 years from January 1971 to January 2007. He lost his re-election in 2006. He is the longest serving Lieutenant Governor in the history of the United States. He was a Tennessee state senator from 1959 to 1961 and again from 1967 to 2009. Wilder died on January 1, 2020 in Memphis, Tennessee from a stroke, aged 88. Mason, Tennessee Mason is a town in Tipton County, Tennessee. The population was 1,609 at the 2010 census. Tipton County, Tennessee Tipton County is a county located on the western end of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is in the Mississippi Delta region. As of the 2010 census, the population was 61,081. Its county seat is Covington. Covington, Tennessee Covington is a city in central Tipton County, Tennessee, United States. Covington is the largest city and county seat of Tipton County. The city's population was 9,038 at the time of the 2010 U.S. Census. Rutherfordton, North Carolina Rutherfordton is a town in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,213 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat. Tennessee Senate The Tennessee Senate is the upper house of the U.S. state of Tennessee's state legislature, which is known formally as the Tennessee General Assembly. Tennessee General Assembly The Tennessee General Assembly (TNGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is a part-time bicameral legislature made-up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate is also the Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. Tennessee House of Representatives The Tennessee House of Representatives is the lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. Peter Gutwein Peter Carl Gutwein (; born 21 December 1964) is an Australian politician. He has served as the 46th Premier of Tasmania since January 2020. He is a member of the Liberal Party. He has severed in the Tasmanian House of Assembly since 2002, representing the electorate of Bass. He replaced Will Hodgman as leader of the Tasmanian division of the Liberal Party and Tasmanian Premier on 20 January 2020. Gutwein was born in England. His mother was British and his father was from central Europe. In 1969, his family moved to Tasmania as "Ten Pound Poms". He grew up in the locality of Nunamara, near Launceston. He became an Australian citizen in 1980. He is married and has two children. Tennessee Secretary of State The Tennessee Secretary of State is an office created by the Tennessee State Constitution. The Secretary of State is responsible for many of the administrative aspects of the operation of state government of Tennessee. The current Secretary of State is Tre Hargett. Tony Blue Anthony Arthur Crampton "Tony" Blue (4 February 1936 – 1 October 2020) was an Australian middle-distance runner. He competed in the 800 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics. Blue won a bronze medal in the 880 yards at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Blue died on 1 October 2020 at the age of 84. Edward S. Feldman Edward S. Feldman (September 5, 1929 – October 2, 2020) was an American movie and television producer. He was born in New York City. Feldman was known for his works "Witness", "The Truman Show" and "The Golden Child". Feldman died on October 2, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 91. Anil Devgan Anil Devgan (1969 – 5 October 2020) was an Indian movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was known for directing "Raju Chacha", "Blackmail" and "Haal-e-Dil". He also wrote the screenplays for movies. Devgan died of cardiac arrest on 5 October 2020 in Mumbai at the age of 51. Oļegs Karavajevs Oļegs Karavajevs (13 February 1961 – October 2020) was a Latvian international football goalkeeper. Karavajevs was the goalkeeper who made the most appearances for the national team between 1992 to 1999. Karavajevs died in October 2020, aged 59. Alfons Borrell i Palazón Alfons Borrell i Palazón (3 June 1931 – 6 October 2020) was a Spanish abstract painter. He was born in Barcelona. His art was one of the first seen in the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art. In 1969 he joined the Grup Gallot "(Gallot Group)". Borrell i Palazón died on 6 October 2020 in Sabadell at the age of 89. Nosratollah Vahdat Nosratollah Vahdat (; 7 September 1925 – 6 October 2020) was an Iranian comedian, actor, and director. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. His career began in 1950. His best known works were "Luck and Love and Coincidence" (1959), "The Doll Behind the Window" (1960), "A Passenger from Heaven" (1963) and "Yek Esfahani dar sarzamin-e Hitler" (1968). Vahdat died on 6 October 2020 in Tehran from pneumonia, aged 95. Wladimir Yordanoff Wladimir Yordanoff (; 28 March 1954 – 6 October 2020) was a Monégasque-born French actor. He appeared in more than sixty movies since 1979. He was born in Monaco. His best known roles were in "Vincent & Theo", "Mark of an Angel" and in "An Officer and a Spy". Yordanoff died on 6 October 2020 in Normandy, France, aged 66. Harold G. Chaffee Harold G. Chaffee (1925/1926 – October 6, 2020) was an American football player and coach. He was the head football coach at Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska from 1969 to 1981. Chaffee was a quarterback at Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts—now known as Colorado State University—in the late 1940s. Chaffee died on October 6, 2020 at the age of 94. Suleiman Mahmoud Suleiman Mahmoud al-Obeidi (1949 – 6 October 2020) was a Lebanese senior military officer. He was formerly a commander in Muammar Gaddafi's army. He was commander of the Tobruk Military Region. He supported the opposition during the Libyan Civil War. In 2011, he was Chief of Staff to the National Liberation Army. On 6 October 2020, Mahmoud died of COVID-19 in Tripoli at the age of 71. Pietro Scandelli Pietro Scandelli (16 October 1941 – 5 October 2020) was an Italian racing cyclist. He won stage 21 of the 1966 Giro d'Italia. He was born in Crema, Italy. Scandelli died on 5 October 2020 in Crema at the age of 78. Crema, Lombardy Crema (; Cremasco: ) is a city and "comune" in the province of Cremona, in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Mayors. This is a list of the mayors of Crema since 1993: Nanning Nanning () is the capital and largest city by population of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China. As of 2018, Nanning had a population of 7,241,100. Movers & Shakers Movers & Shakers is a 1985 American comedy movie directed by William Asher and starring Walter Matthau, Charles Grodin (who also worte), Vincent Gardenia, Tyne Daly, Gilda Radner, Steve Martin, Bill Macy. It was distributed by United Artists. E231 series The is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type used for commuter and outer-suburban services operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan since 2000. 203 series The is an Electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated in Japan between 1982 and 2011 by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and later by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), and currently operated by Kereta Commuter Indonesia in Indonesia and Philippine National Railways (PNR) in the Philippines. Flag of Sindh The Flag of Sindh is the flag of the Province of Sindh within Pakistan. The Sindh provincial flag is green and shows the provincial emblem in the centre which includes the major crops of this desert fertile province; cotton, rice, wheat and sugar cane. The inscription below in a crescent scroll reads "Government of Sindh" in both Urdu and Sindhi, respectively. The flag uses the Pakistani national colours, white and dark green, colors that reflect the Islamic heritage of Pakistan. Flag of Balochistan, Pakistan The Flag of Balochistan is the flag of the Province of Balochistan within Pakistan. The Balochistan provincial flag shows stylised mountains of this barren province and the principal mode of transport - the camel, also the "provincial animal". Displaying Pakistani national colours, white and dark Green, with a Crescent and star to represent the Muslim-majority all of which shows its Islamic heritage and strong ties with the Federation of Pakistan respectively. Flag of Punjab, Pakistan The Flag of Punjab is the flag of the Province of Punjab within Pakistan. The Punjab provincial flag is green and shows the provincial emblem in the centre which reflects Punjab's natural resources like its wheat crop, and the five rivers which give the province its name in Persian (from Punj = Five, Aab = Waters). The inscription below in a crescent scroll reads "Government of Punjab" in Shahmukhi alphabets of Punjabi. The flag uses the Pakistani national colours, white and dark green, colors that reflect the Islamic heritage of Pakistan. Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the flag of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within Pakistan. The KPK provincial flag shows Jamrud Fort, the guardian of the Khyber Pass and mountains in the back. Displaying Pakistani national colours, white and dark Green, with a small Crescent and star at the top to represent the Muslim-majority all of which shows its Islamic heritage and strong ties with the Federation of Pakistan, and the Inscription below in a scroll reads the official name of the province in Urdu, respectively. Flag of Gilgit–Baltistan The Flag of Gilgit–Baltistan is the flag of the Autonomous Province of Gilgit Baltistan within "Northern Pakistan". The Gilgit Baltistan provincial flag shows the emblem of Pakistan is reflective of the natural topography of the province - the Markhor, is the "National animal"; Deodar cedar, is the "National tree"; and K2 is the "National mountain" of the country. Displaying Pakistani national colours, white and dark Green, with a Crescent and star to represent the Muslim-majority all of which shows its Islamic heritage and strong ties with the Federation of Pakistan respectively. No Inscription devised below in Urdu, respectively. Hurricane Delta Hurricane Delta was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in October 2020. The hurricane struck the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. It later threatened east central Louisiana and western Mississippi. Delta's winds peaked near 145 miles an hour. The storm also threatened the western Caribbean islands, including the Cayman Islands, Cuba and Jamaica. Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were put up for Mexico, the Cayman Islands and Cuba. Flag of Greater Manchester The Flag of Greater Manchester is the flag of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in England. History. The flag was adopted by Greater Manchester County Council in 1974, and derives from the shield and crest design on the coat of arms of Greater Manchester; the design itself is used by a number of organisations that represent the Greater Manchester area, such as the former Greater Manchester County Council, the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, and the Greater Manchester Army Cadet Force, all of which use ten golden towers on a red background to represent the ten metropolitan boroughs. Description. The flag is composed of ten golden castles (arranged in rows of 3–2–3–2) on a red background, fringed by a golden border in the style of a castle battlement. The blazon is: "Gules, ten Towers three two three two, all within a Bordure embattled Or". The ten golden castles represent both the urban landscape of Greater Manchester, and its division in to its ten metropolitan districts: Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Tameside, Trafford, Salford, Stockport, and Wigan. The red ground represents manpower and the region's red-brick architectural heritage, both legacies of Greater Manchester's industrial past. The embattled border represents the unity and shared future of the region, and its bold, vigilant and forward-looking character. Usage. The flag currently flies in front of the National Rail offices at Manchester Piccadilly railway station, and in front of Rochdale Town Hall. Emmanuelle Charpentier Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (born 11 December 1968) is a French researcher of microbiology, genetics and biochemistry. She is known for her work in CRISPR gene editing. From 2015 she was a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. In 2020, Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing". In 2015, she was one of "Time" magazine's 100 most influential people in 2015, also with Doudna. Charpentier was born in Juvisy-sur-Orge, Île-de-France. Enkhuizen Enkhuizen is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 18,507 people lived there. Binary coded decimal Binary coded decimal is a way to encode numbers. The number is first split into digits, and each digit is then encoded in binary. This will result in a code from 0 0 0 0 (for "0") to "1 0 0 1" (for 9). The other codes (1010 to 1 1 1 1, representing the numbers 10 to 15) are not valid. Flag of Hyderabad State The Flag of Hyderabad state is the flag of the State of hyderabad. The Hyderabad state flag shows Green and Red (fly) with a Star and reversed Crescent (in white) in the centre, used as a state flag. It was annexed by India in 1948, after Winston Churchill had proposed to the United Nations to consider it as an independent state. Flag History. The forebears of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty came to India from Samarkand, in Central Asia, but the family actually originated from Baghdad. In 1724, the Mughal Governor of the Deccan, (Nizam ul-Mulk) Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I, established himself as an independent ruler of Deccan. Hyderabad became the capital and later lent its name to that of the state he had created. The first Nizam's successors became closely allied to the British colonialists, frequently assisting them in subduing their enemies, the Maratha dynasty, Tipu Sultan of Mysore, and the French. In later years, the Nizam's troops invariably took part in all the main campaigns undertaken by the British Indian Army. Large numbers of his troops took part in the First and Second World Wars. These contributions earned for the Nizam unequalled titles and honours from a grateful Emperor. The state was the largest and premier of all princely states within the British Indian Empire. After the Pakistani and Indian Independences, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII decided that the Princely state of Hyderabad will not join the New Dominion of India or Dominion of Pakistan. His decision found favour with Pakistan but not with India, when he formally declared it on the 24th of August in 1947 respectively. The Nizam’s state was a prosperous one and had its own army, railway and airline network, postal system and radio network. On 15th August 1947, India declared itself an independent nation. And so did Hyderabad. At the time of the Independence movement of India, the State of Hyderabad was the largest of all princely states in India. The Nizam ruled over lands extending to cover 82,698 mi² (214,190 km²) of fairly homogenous territory and was bigger than Belarus but was smaller than the Guyana. The Nizam ruled over a cosmopolitan comprised of a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census) of which a majority (83%) was Hindu. These advantages persuaded the Nizam to attempt an Independent existence when the British withdrew from the sub-continent in 1947. He blatantly refused to succumb to be subdued to any pressure whatsoever to reluctantly join either India or Pakistan, preferring to form a separate Kingdom of its own within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Hyderabad State had its own Army, Airline, Telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and Radio broadcasting service. On 6 October 1948, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Zafarullah, requested the President of the United Nations Security Council that Pakistan be permitted to participate in the discussion of the Hyderabad question in accordance with Article 31 of the United Nations' Charter. The Government of Pakistan took the case and raised the question of the State of hyderabad to the United Nations security council Pursuant to Article 31, where it is still pending for resolution Pakistan has been mainly involved in arguments for the rights of Kashmiris. In spite of raising questions that predominantly affect Pakistan, the Pakistan delegation is often able to play a significant role in debates on other issues as well. As a number of states had not attained independence in the 1950s, Pakistan became an effective spokesman of many Asian states and movements, It states: In this distinct entity of State of hyderabad, where no official Referendum was held and where the ruler did not accede, the forced accession to India brought about by Military action, was presumed to have the tacit approval of the predominantly Hindu population. In each case of annexation there was a different rationale, but a similar goal, namely Annexation of territories. The use of military force provided the only consistency in India's policy. The state that was once so well noted for its religious and ethnic toleration, ruled by a highly cultured and intellectually brilliant elite who maintained all that was best in the old Mughal order, was now no more. Although it has not always been satisfied with the effectiveness of the United Nations to act on Kashmir, Pakistan remains a keen and active member. Pakistan would like to see the United Nations strengthened so that it can serve as an effective force to uphold International law and protect weaker states. Obdam Obdam is a village and former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Koggenland. Wester-Koggenland Wester-Koggenland is a former municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Koggenland. Flag of Junagadh State The flag of former Junagadh State is based on the Civil State Ensign of the Flag of Pakistan in the canton. According to traditional official description, The badge is a white disk with Green objects are described in the warrant as 'bezants' and 'mountains' in the centre of the disk, with the name of the state at the top, with the state badge located in the fly respectively. History. Junagadh and Bantva-Manavadar was a Princely "Maritime State" which faced towards the Arabian Sea with Pakistan, in the Kathiawar Peninsula, the capital city was Junagarh. Ruled by Muslim rulers in British Raj till its illegal annexation into the Indian nation in 1948. It had an area of 8,904.6 Sq. Km² (3,438 Sq. Mi²) and was bigger than Puerto Rico but was smaller than the Cyprus. Mohammad Sher khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, founded the state of Junagadh and declaring independence in 1730 after Marathas Gaikwad invasion. Muhammad Sher khan Babi, was the founder of the "Babi Dynasty" of Junagadh State dynasty. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh, conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra and ruled over the state for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of Marathas, and later under the Suzerainty of the British Raj. The Junagadh family shares joint descent with the princely houses of Radhanpur and Balasinor, and the small states of Bantva, Manavadar and Sardargarh. Descendents of the Ghilzai Pathans from Afghanistan, they entered India under Usman Khan Babi, a follower of Emperor Humayun. His son, Sher Khan Babi, arrived in Gujarat in the train of Prince Murad Baksh, the Imperial Viceroy. For many years, the family remained the faithful, though powerful, local fief holders of and exceptional loyalty to the Mughal power. The impending collapse of the Islamic Indian empire during the early years of the eighteenth century, prompted the family household to carve out independent Kingdoms of their own to govern, from various landholdings and governorships they held sway. Sher Khan Babi, the Chief of the family, founded the state by expelling the then Mogul Governor in 1735. Originally a Rajput domain, it fell to the Muslims commanded by Mohammed Bagra of Ahmedabad in 1472. Sher Khan's descendent held the posts and ruled over the state for the next two centuries, for a period as tributaries of Baroda, and later it came under the Suzerainty of the British Raj. In 1807 the Junagadh State became a British protectorate and The East India Company took control of the state by 1818 and the Saurashtra area with other Princely states of Kathiawar peninsula were separately administrated under Kathiawar Agency by British India. In 1947 upon the Independence of Pakistan and the Indian Transfer of Power, the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III merged it into newly formed Dominion of Pakistan. Although surrounded on three sides by the Dominion of India, and on the fourth by open Arabian Sea. On 15th August it acceded to Pakistan and Pakistan Government accepted on 13th September 1947, following the Independence of the new Dominions of the Republic of India and Pakistan, the Khan Sahib Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji acceded his state of Manavadar to Pakistan, even though, being a Vassal state of Junagadh State, the prince had every right to do so. This act was done at the same time as his master, the Nawab of Junagadh who himself had the right not to accede his state to modern India, this was fully in accordance with the agreed principles for accession of Princely states. The accession not agreeable to the Indians, they applied various methods of tactic intimidation. They induced two vassal rulers to accede to their country in return for recognition as independent rulers, but even this did not last very long. Simultaneously, 'People's Committees' and the Indian National Congress party agitators were most encouraged to ferment civil unrest and create disturbances, against the new Dominion of Pakistan aimed at reducing the administration to chaos. The Nawab and his remaining family had fled to the safety fearing for their lives on the 24th October in 1947, and chose to flee to their desired country, followed shortly afterwards by his Prime Minister they all eventually settled in the port city of Karachi (then as the capital of the nation). In response to this Indian armed occupying forces acted very quickly and illegally entered the abandoned state by invading it inhabitants and assumed full control on the poor defenceless people, then arranged a Referendum by the GOI under their own organised auspices and even appointed its own administrator on the 9th November. The largely Hindu population were influenced and inevitably expressed an overwhelming wish to join the India. A mere 91 voters out of 201, 457 souls taking part wanted to remain and voted in favour of Pakistan. A surprising result, given that the state had a 40% Muslim population, which was considered a Dependency to the allied country by safeguarding their rights as a minority now as the claimed Disputed territory of Pakistan. Nawab Mahabat Khan III is much maligned by modern Indian "historians" and popular writers, largely because of his concern for wildlife and domesticated animals, their welfare and conservation. Much is written about a marriage party that he arranged for a favourite pet dog, but the fact of matter is that Saurashtra was blessed with its only tracts of forests land because of him, was never mentioned. He took major steps and dedication to protect the dwindling Gir forests, final abode of the remaining population of the Asiatic Lions. His interests in animal husbandry improved the breeding stock of Kathiwadi horses and Gir cattle, greatly improving the milk yields of the latter. His reign saw the opening of the massive Willingdon Dam, built the Bahadur Khanji Library and opened the Mahabat Khan free college. Upon his death in 1959 the Government of Pakistan installed and recognised the Junagadh House in Karachi, 9th October 1991. The Nawab of Junagadh Foundation Trust is also located there. Volendam Volendam is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam. In 2017, it had about 22,000 inhabitants. Volendam is a very musical place, many groups and singers come from this town, like BZN, The Cats, Nick & Simon, and Jan Smit. The kind of music they perform has a name of itself, called the Palingsound (paling means eel). Koggenland Koggenland is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 22,738 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2007 from the former municipalities of Obdam and Wester-Koggenland. Former flag of East Bengal, Pakistan The former Flag of East Bengal or East Pakistan flag was the flag of the former Province of East Bengal within a united then East Pakistan. The Bengali east provincial flag showed a Crescent and star within a Red disc on top of a dark green field, offset slightly left towards the hoist so that it appeared centred when the sub-national flag was flying in the erstwhile lost territory. The traditional crescent moon and star was to represent its association with a Federal Pakistan and its commitments to Islam and the wider "Muslim Ummah", the Red disc represented the bloodshed and Partition they fought so hard for a Muslim Indian homeland during the dark days of misrule and occupation by foreign powers, and the new sun rising over Bengal as a new dawn for the celebration of the 1947 Islamic Independence, and also the Muslim blood of those who died for their Muslim League political agenda from the Hindus and the British imperial colonialism. The dark green field stood for the Muslims of the eastern sector land of the former province that united them briefly against the dominant hostile majority non-Muslim of volatile Republic of India. It has been since 1972 replaced by the separatist New current regime of an Independentist aspirant Bangladesh Flag. Heemstede Heemstede is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 27,286 people lived there. Haarlemmermeer Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 154,235 people lived there. Since 2019, Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude has been part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. Gooise Meren Gooise Meren is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 57,715 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2016 from the former municipalities of Bussum, Muiden, and Naarden. Heemskerk Heemskerk is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 39,164 people lived there. Merrill, Wisconsin Merrill is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located to the south of and adjacent to the Town of Merrill. The population was 9,661, according to the 2010 census. Merrill (town), Wisconsin Merrill is a town in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,979 at the 2000 census. Tomahawk (town), Wisconsin Tomahawk is a town in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 439 at the 2000 census. Wake Up and Live Wake Up and Live is a 1937 American musical movie directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Walter Wichell, Alice Faye, Ben Bernie, Patsy Kelly, Ned Sparks, Joan Davis. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was based on the novel of the same name by Dorothea Brande. Gordon Astall Gordon Astall (22 September 1927 – 21 October 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as an outside right, and represented the Football League, the England B team and the full England side. In later life, he was diagnosed with dementia. He died in October 2020 at the age of 93. Giorgio Bernini Giorgio Bernini (9 November 1928 – 21 October 2020) was an Italian jurist, academic and politician. He was the father of Anna Maria Bernini. Bernini was born in Bologna, Italy. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1994 to 1996. Bernini died on 21 October 2020 in Bologna at the age of 91. Mo'Nique Monique Angela Hicks (née Imes; born December 11, 1967), known professionally as Mo'Nique, is an American comedian and actress. She was born in Glen Burnie, Maryland. She is known for her role as Nicole "Nikki" Parker in the UPN series "The Parkers" from 1999 to 2004 and as Mary Lee Johnston in "Precious," for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2002, she won a Grammy Award. Precious (movie) Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire, or simply Precious, is a 2009 American drama movie directed and co-produced by Lee Daniels. The script was written by Geoffrey S. Fletcher. It is based from the 1996 novel "Push" by Sapphire. The movie stars Gabourey Sidibe, Mo'Nique, Paula Patton, and Mariah Carey. The movie had strong reviews when it was released on November 6, 2009. Sapphire (author) Ramona Lofton (born August 4, 1950), better known by her pen name Sapphire, is an American author and performance poet. She is known for her 1996 novel "Push", which later became an Academy Award-nominated movie titled "Precious" (2009). David Barnes (sailor) David John Barnes (27 April 1958 – 23 October 2020) was a New Zealand America's Cup sailor. He was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He skippered the KZ1 yacht which lost to the United States in the 1988 America's Cup race. Barnes was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 2010. He died on 23 October 2020 in Wilmington from the disease, aged 62. Allan Migi Allan Rirme Migi (1960 – 22 October 2020) was a Papua New Guinean bishop. He was archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea from 3 September 2017 to 11 May 2020. He was Bishop of the New Guinea Islands between 2000 and 2017. Migi resigned on 11 May 2020 due to ill health. He died on 22 October 2020 at his home village, Gasmata, in the Western Province. Viola Smith Viola Smith (née Schmitz; November 29, 1912 – October 21, 2020) was an American drummer. She was best known for her work in orchestras, swing bands, and popular music from the 1920s until 1975. She was one of the first professional female drummers. She was born in Mount Calvary, Wisconsin. Smith died on October 21, 2020 in Costa Mesa, California at the age of 107. The cause of death was problems caused by Alzheimer's disease. Mount Calvary, Wisconsin Mount Calvary is a village in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 762 at the 2010 census. Constantin Frosin Constantin Frosin (12 October 1952 – 10 October 2020) was a Romanian-French writer and translator. He was born in Herăstrău, Romanian People's Republic. Frosin was a member of the Writers' Union of Romania, the Romanian Haiku Society, the Association des Épidémiologistes de Langue Française, and PEN International. Frosin died on 10 October 2020 in Galați, Romania, just two days before his 68th birthday. Gerald Gardner (scriptwriter) Gerald Clifford Gardner (July 22, 1929 – October 11, 2020) was an American author, scriptwriter, screenwriter, comics writer, story editor and producer. He was active in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. He was known for writing the screenplay for the Disney movie "The World's Greatest Athlete" and the television series "Get Smart". Gardner died October 11, 2020 of lung cancer in Woodland Hills, California, aged 91. Filament (astronomy) A filament is hierarchical clustering of very many galaxies due to quantum mechanical fluctuations The Redhead and the Cowboy The Redhead and the Cowboy is a 1951 American western movie directed by Leslie Fenton and starring Glenn Ford, Rhonda Fleming, Edmond O'Brien, Alan Reed, Morris Ankrum, Edith Evanson, Jeff York. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. Mimlu Sen Mimlu Sen (born 1949) is an Indian author, translator, musician, composer and producer. Life and career. Sen was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. During the 1960s and 1970s she studying in Kolkata and participating in street protests demanding an end of Vietnam War. She has been jailed for Naxalite movement. Sen was published her first book "Baulsphere" in 2009. The following year it was published as "The Honey Gatherers". Piers Moore Ede stated that "The Honey Gatherers" recounts Sen's adventures in rural Bengal. As the life partner of Bengali baul musician Paban Das Baul, Sen collaborates with Paban on all his recordings, performing with and managing his group on their concert tours around the world. In 2002 she collaborates in a Bengali song album titled "Le Chant Des Bauls - Manuche O Rautan" with Paban Das Baul, Gour Khyapa and Nimai Goswami which was released by Brussels based Belgian record company Fonti Musicali. Scylla serrata Scylla serrata is a type of crab. It is often called a mud crab or mangrove crab or black crab. It is found in Africa, Australasia and Asia. It lives in estuaries and mangroves. Distribution. "Scylla serrata" is found from South Africa to Sri Lanka to the Southeast Asian Archipelago. It is found from southern Japan to south-eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, and as far east as Fiji and Samoa. The species has also been introduced to Hawaii and Florida. Johnny Doesn't Live Here Any More Johnny Doesn't Live Here Any More is a 1944 American romantic comedy movie directed by Joe May and was based on short stories. It stars Simone Simon, James Ellison, Minna Gombell, Chick Chandler, Robert Mitchum, Dorothy Granger, Janet Shaw and was distributed by Monogram Pictures. Boxing at the Youth Olympic Games Boxing has featured as a sport at the Youth Olympic Summer Games since its first edition in 2010. The Youth Olympic Games are multi-sport event and the games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. Maude Apatow Maude Annabelle Apatow (; born December 15, 1997) is an American actress. She is the eldest daughter of moviemaker Judd Apatow and actress Leslie Mann. She is currently starring as Lexi Howard in the HBO drama series "Euphoria" (2019–present). Early life and education. Apatow was born on December 15, 1997 in Los Banos, California. Her mother is actress Leslie Mann and her father is director, producer and screenwriter Judd Apatow. Boxing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Boxing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 14 to 18 October at the Oceania Pavilion in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Wrestling at the Youth Olympic Games Wrestling has featured as a sport at the Youth Olympic Summer Games since its first edition in 2010. The Youth Olympic Games are multi-sport event and the games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. Wrestling at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Wrestling at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 12 to 14 October. The events took place at the Asia Pavilion in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Acoustic foam Acoustic foam is a type of foam used for acoustic treatment. It makes sound waves in the air weaker, thereby reducing their amplitude. It is used to reduce or control noise. Acoustic foams are typically softer and more lightweight than their sound blocking foams. The open and flexible cell structure of acoustic foam acts as a natural soundwave absorber and prevents noises from reverberating off hard surfaces like walls, floors and ceilings. It does this by converting existing sound energy to heat and reducing the ability of soundwaves to bounce back into the room. Depending on how it's used, this type of foam can also enhance the acoustics within a room. Sound absorbing foam cut into pyramid or wedge shapes can be used to manipulate vibrations in a way that improves sound quality. Acoustic foam can be attached to walls, ceilings, doors, and other places in a room to control noise levels, vibration, and echoes. Many acoustic foam products are treated with dyes and/or fire retardants. Hypnospace Outlaw Hypnospace Outlaw is a 2018 point-and click adventure game set in an alternate 1999. It was released on several platforms. You play as a admin for a internet service similar to GeoCities. Plot. After you first sign up as an Hypnospace Enforcer, you are given a copyright infringement case to handle. The player character removes the infringing material and is sent to deal with cyberbullying incidents around Teentopia. Then, the player is sent to handle vendors allowing the use of Capa-Cash, an extralegal commerce service. The adware Professor Helper is one of these, and a new age spiritual healer Sherri is the actual rulebreaker. Gameplay. Hypnospace Outlaw is a internet simulation game that is also a point and click adventure game. Players can remove rule breaking material and report users to gain Hypnocoins, which can be used to buy things around Hypnospace. The postgame involves the player archiving Hypnospace similar to the Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine. Updates and Mods. The game was updated to add more webpages and music. They also added mod support. Acoustic plaster Acoustic plaster is plaster which contains fibres so that it absorbs sound. Early acoustic plasters contained asbestos. But nowadays, the new acoustic plasters is made up of a layer of absorptive substrate panels, which are usually mineral wool. Acoustic plaster gives a smooth and seamless appearance. Mineral wool Mineral wool is any fibrous material made by spinning or drawing molten mineral or rock materials such as slag and ceramics. Mineral wool was first made in 1840 in Wales by Edward Parry. Mineral wool has an average diameter of 2 to 6 micrometers. How mineral wool is made. Stone wool which is a type of mineral wool is made by spinning molten rock in very fast spinning heads which is a bit like the way cotton candy is made. Mineral wool may contain a binder, often a terpolymer, and an oil to reduce dusting. Uses. Mineral wool is used as insulators and sound absorbers. It is used in resin bonded panels, as filler in compounds for gaskets, in brake pads, in plastics in the automotive industry, as a filtering medium, and as a growth medium in hydroponics. Úrsula Corberó Úrsula Corberó Delgado (born August 11, 1989) is a Spanish actress. She is mainly known for her roles as Ruth Gómez in "Física o química" (2008–2010), Margarita de Austria in the television series "Isabel" (2014) and Marta in the comedy movie "Cómo Sobrevivir a una Despedida" (2015). She received international popularity after playing the role of Tokyo in the Antena 3 (later, Netflix) series "La Casa de Papel" ("Money Heist"; since 2017). Early life. Úrsula Corberó Delgado was born in Barcelona. Shukra Shukra (Sanskrit: शुक्र, IAST: Śukra) is a Sanskrit word that means "clear" or "bright". It also has other meanings, such as the name of an ancient lineage of sages who counselled Asuras in Vedic mythology. In medieval mythology and Hindu astrology, the term refers to the planet Venus, one of the Navagrahas. Yonaguni language The Yonaguni language (与那国物言, "Dunan-munui") is one of the six Ryukyuan languages. It is spoken by some people on Yonaguni, which is an island next to Taiwan and Ishigaki. Only half of Yonaguni's people speak the language, and most of them are over the age of 50. Yonaguni locals also speak Japanese. It has the most similarities with the Yaeyama language, and both languages form the Macro-Yaeyama language group of the Southern Ryukyuan languages. Amami language The Amami language (島口, "Shimayumuta") is a member of the Ryukyuan languages. It is spoken in the Amami Islands of southern Japan. Amami is in the northern group of the Ryukyuan languages, along with Okinawan and Kunigami. There are many dialect groups of the Amami language: Amami Ōshima, Kikai, Southern Amami Ōshima, Okinoerabu, Yoron and Tokunoshima. The dialects of Yoron and Okinoerabu may actually be a part of the Kunigami language. Most Amami speakers are elderly, and younger Amami locals mainly speak Japanese. Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) Splinter is the mentor figure for the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". He is a rat who raised the four turtles. Portrayals. Splinter has been played by Kevin Clash, Mako Iwamatsu, and Tony Shalhoub in movies based on TMNT. Beesel Beesel is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 13,519 people lived there. Dante (Devil May Cry) Dante is the main character of Devil May Cry. He is a half-demon and son of Sparda. Portrayals. Dante has been played by Reuben Langdon. Vergil (Devil May Cry) Vergil is a main character of Devil May Cry. He is a half-demon, son of Sparda and twin brother of Dante. He is a playable character in , Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition and Devil May Cry 5: Special Edition. Portrayals. Vergil has been played by Daniel Southworth. Drywall Drywall is a panel made of gypsum with or without additives. It is also known as plasterboard, wallboard, sheet rock, gypsum board, buster board, custard board, or gypsum panel. It is usually extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer paper. It is used in the construction of walls and ceilings that are inside a building. Manufacture. Drywall is made up of a layer of gypsum plaster sandwiched between two layers of paper. The plaster is mixed with fibre, plasticizer, foaming agent, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator, EDTA, starch or other chelate as a retarder. Various additives may be added to decrease mildew and increase fire resistance. Brunssum Brunssum is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 28,103 people lived there. Eijsden-Margraten Eijsden-Margraten is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 25,658 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2011 from the former municipalities of Eijsden and Margraten. In My Life "In My Life" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the band's 1965 album "Rubber Soul". It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. They did not agree on which parts they created. George Martin played the piano part of the song, which was sped up to make it sound like a harpsichord. "Mojo" magazine said that the song was the best of all time. "Rolling Stone" said it was the 23rd best song of all time in their list. Personnel. Per Ian MacDonald Electro (Marvel Comics) Electro is a Marvel Comics supervillain created by Stan Lee and an enemy of Spider-Man and Daredevil. He is a supervillain who uses his superpowers, which give him control over electricity, to commit crimes and fight Spider-Man. Portrayals. Jamie Foxx played Electro in 2014's "The Amazing Spider-Man 2". He returned as Electro in (2021). Raiden (Mortal Kombat) Raiden is a fictional thunder god and playable character in the "Mortal Kombat" franchise. Portrayals. Since 2008, Richard Epcar has voiced him in games starting with "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe". He has been played by Christopher Lambert and James Remar in the movie series. Gennep Gennep is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 17,071 people lived there. Eijsden Eijsden is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Eijsden-Margraten. Van Helsing (movie) Van Helsing is a 2004 movie directed by Stephen Sommers and starring Hugh Jackman and Kate Beckinsale. Some movie critics liked it and some did not. It had an animated prequel called "". Margraten Margraten is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Eijsden-Margraten. West Sepik tree frog The West Sepik tree frog ("Litoria leucova") is a small frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it 1600 meters above sea level in West Sepik Province. Tak and the Power of Juju Tak and the Power of Juju is a 2003 3D platform video game made by THQ and Avalanche Software for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy Advance. It had two sequel games in and before it became a Nicktoon in 2007. Plot. Tak of the Pupanunu people was called by the great shaman Jibolba to free Lok from his imprisonment by summoning the Juju. Scylla paramamosain Scylla paramamosain is a mud crab commonly eaten in Southeast Asia. Distribution. Scylla paramamosain is found in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is now produced by aquaculture farms in southern Vietnam. Groot Groot is a Marvel Comics character created by Stan Lee and is well-known for just saying "I am Groot". He is Rocket Raccoon's best friend. Portrayals. Groot has been voiced by Vin Diesel in four movies and has been voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan and Kevin Michael Richardson in cartoons. Agent Smith Agent Smith is the main villain of "The Matrix" franchise. He is portrayed by Hugo Weaving. Biography. Agent Smith and the other Agents take control of the Matrix until Neo freed him. Smith became a virus that duplicates himself onto others. Morpheus (The Matrix) Morpheus is a main character of "The Matrix" franchise. He is portrayed by Laurence Fishburne. Biography. Morpheus of the Resistance wanted to find Neo by phone calls. As Neo finds him in the Matrix, Morpheus offers him to take either a red pill or a blue pill to join him into the real world. Neo took the red pill. Fairy Godmother (Shrek) The Fairy Godmother is the main antagonist of the 2004 animated feature movie "Shrek 2". She is voiced by Jennifer Saunders. She does not appear in William Steig's original picture book. Biography. The Fairy Godmother was picked by King Harold and Queen Lillian to lock away Princess Fiona to the Dragon's Keep until Shrek rescued her. By the time they got married, they visited Far Far Away. After a rough dinner, she was summoned by Fiona for a happy night. She gave Shrek a business card for her potion factory. Borat Subsequent Moviefilm Borat Subsequent Moviefilm: Delivery of Prodigious Bribe to American Regime for Make Benefit Once Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (or known as simply Borat 2) is a 2020 mockumentary comedy movie directed by Jason Woliner and starring Sacha Baron Cohen. Cohen plays the character Kazakh Borat Sagdiyev. The movie is the sequel of the 2006 movie "Borat". The movie also stars Maria Bakalova as Borat's daughter. In the movie, Borat brings his daughter to U.S. Vice President Mike Pence to marry him. The movie was released on October 23, 2020 on Amazon Prime Video. Cast. Mike Pence and Rudy Giuliani appear as themselves. Wrestling at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Wrestling at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 25 to 27 August at the Longjiang Gymnasium in Nanjing, China. Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15–17 August at the International Convention Centre. Lord Allan Velasco Lord Allan Jay Quinto Velasco (born November 9, 1977) is a Filipino politician and lawyer. He has been the Speaker of the House of Representatives since October 12, 2020. He is the Representative of Marinduque's lone district since 2016. He held the same office from 2010 to 2013. Damien Chazelle Damien Sayre Chazelle (born January 19, 1985) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his movies "Whiplash" (2014), "La La Land" (2016), and "First Man" (2018). He is the youngest director to win the Academy Award for Best Director at the age of 32. Ron Stallworth Ron Stallworth (born June 18, 1953) is a retired American police officer. He worked undercover to arrest members of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the late 1970s. He was the first African-American detective in the Colorado Springs Police Department. The 2018 movie "BlacKkKlansman" is based on his experiences. Ismail Merchant Ismail Merchant (born Ismail Noor Muhammad Abdul Rahman; 25 December 1936 – 25 May 2005) was an Indian movie producer and director. He worked for many years with Merchant Ivory Productions. He was the domestic partner of James Ivory. Merchant was born in Bombay, Bombay Presidency. Merchant died in Westminster, England from problems caused by stomach surgery and ulcers, aged 68. Theresa Greenfield Theresa Greenfield is an American politician and real estate developer. She is the Democratic nominee for the 2020 United States Senate election in Iowa. She ran against incumbent Republican Joni Ernst in the November 2020 general election and lost to Ernst. Bricelyn, Minnesota Bricelyn is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census. Windsor, New York Windsor is a town in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 6,247 at the 2010 census. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (sometimes also spelled Khalid Shaikh Mohammed; among at least fifty pseudonyms; born March 1, 1964; or April 14, 1965) is a Pakistani terrorist. He held by the United States at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp under terrorism-related charges. He is seen as the person who planned the 9/11 attacks in the "9/11 Commission Report". Sheikh Mohammed was a member of Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization, leading al-Qaeda's propaganda operations from around 1999 until late 2001. He confessed to FBI agents to a role in many of the most significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years. Mohammed's trial (started again or) restarted on 7 September 2021. 9/11 Commission Report The 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It was prepared by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (informally sometimes known as the "9/11 Commission" or the "Kean/Hamilton Commission") at the request of United States president George W. Bush and Congress. It is available to the public for sale or free download. The commission was created on November 27, 2002 (442 days after the attack) and their final report was issued on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004. After releasing the report, commission chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were "not well served" by the FBI and CIA. 9/11 Commission The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002, "to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 attacks". It also gave tips on how the country can respond to further attacks. Chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, the commission consisted of five Democrats and five Republicans. The commission was created by Congressional legislation, with the bill signed into law by President George W. Bush. After the publication of its final report, the commission closed on August 21, 2004. The commission's website was shut down, but has been archived. Suman Pokhrel Suman Pokhrel (born on September 21, 1967) is a Nepali poet, lyricist, playwright, translator and artist. His poetry is also included in the syllabus of universities. Suman Pokhrel is the sole writer to receive the SAARC Literary Award twice. He received this award in 2013 and 2015. Early life. Suman Pokhrel was born on September 21, 1967 in Mills Area, Biratnagar, to Mukunda Prasad Pokhrel and Bhakta Devi Pokhrel. Little House on the Prairie Little House on the Prairie is a children's novel. It was written by Laura Ingalls Wilder. It was published in 1935. It is the third book in Wilder's Little House series. The book and the series are based on Wilder's memories of her family's time in Kansas in the 19th century, but she changed many things so the story would make sense. In the 20th century, it was made into a television series of the same name. Plot. The Ingalls family decides to leave the Big Woods of Wisconsin because Mr. Ingalls thinks there are too many people in the Big Woods. He wants to live where wild animals are not afraid to be. He arranges to sell their house. The family puts their things in a covered wagon. They bring their dog, Jack, but they leave the cat, Black Susan, behind. They follow a wagon trail west into the part of Kansas that was called "Indian territory" at the time. Mr. Ingalls knows that the land belongs to the American Indians but he thinks the United States federal government is going to change its mind about that. He thinks they will say that white people can settle in Kansas soon. He wants to build a farm before all the good places are taken. He sees a good place near a valley with a river in it, stops the wagon, and starts building a house out of logs from trees from the valley. The book describes traveling west, building a house, daily chores, taking care of farm animals, meeting and interacting with neighbors, catching and getting better from malaria and interacting with American Indians. The Ingalls family spends a year building and improving their house and farm. For example, they dig a well and put glass windows in the house. At the end of the book, the Ingalls family hears out that the government has not changed its mind and that all the white settlers must leave. The Ingalls house is three miles over the boundary into what is at that time American Indian land. The family pack their belongings into the covered wagon again and they leave. Non-white characters in the book. In 2018, the Association for Library Service to Children changed the name of its "Laura Ingalls Wilder Award" to the "Children’s Literature Legacy Award" because people did not like the way Wilder wrote about Native Americans in "Little House on the Prairie". They said the book had "dated cultural attitudes toward Indigenous people and people of color that contradict modern acceptance, celebration, and understanding of diverse communities." For example, in the book, one white character says "the only good Indian is a dead Indian." Some of the words Ingalls use to describe Native Americans makes them sound like non-human animals. Other people disagreed, saying the book showed how complicated things between Native Americans and white settlers were. For example, it shows that the Ingalls family is on Indian land illegally, which means they must leave. It shows Laura asking her parents why they are in Indian territory if they don't want to be near Indians. There is one black character in the book. He is the doctor who cures the family when they catch malaria. Deal or No Deal (U.S. game show) Deal or No Deal is the American version of the international game show of Dutch origin of the same name. Created by Dick de Rijk (2003 – for Endemol International). Deal or No Deal and 1 vs 100 Are 2 Game Shows on NBC/GSN in 2006-2009 Present Chevrolet Chevelle The Chevrolet Chevelle is an American mid-sized car produced by Chevrolet of General Motors from 1964 to 1977. The Chevelle has three generations from 1964-1967, 1968-1972 and 1973-1977. It is considered to be one of the greatest muscle cars. In 1978, the Chevelle was replaced by the Malibu. The Alligator People The Alligator People is a 1959 American science fiction horror movie directed by Roy Del Ruth and starring Beverly Garland, Bruce Bennett, Lou Chaney Jr., George Macready, Richard Crane, Frieda Inescort, Douglas Kennedy. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Chevrolet El Camino The Chevrolet El Camino is a small pickup truck produced by Chevrolet of General Motors from 1959 to 1960 and 1964 to 1987. The 1964-1977 El Camino is based on the Chevelle platform. Tom Maschler Thomas Michael Maschler (16 August 193315 October 2020) was a German-born British publisher and writer. He was known for creating the Booker Prize for British, Irish and Commonwealth literature in 1969. He was involved in publishing the works of many notable authors, including Ernest Hemingway, Joseph Heller, Gabriel García Márquez, John Lennon, Ian McEwan, Bruce Chatwin and Salman Rushdie. He was born in Berlin. His autobiography, "Publisher", was published by Picador in 2005. He died on 15 October 2020 at a hospital in Luberon, aged 87. Bruce Chatwin Charles Bruce Chatwin (13 May 194018 January 1989) was an English travel writer, novelist and journalist. His first book, "In Patagonia" (1977), made him a well known travel writer. He won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel "On the Black Hill" (1982), while his novel "Utz" (1988) was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. In 2008 "The Times" ranked Chatwin as number 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945". He was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. Chatwin died on 18 January 1989 in Nice, France from HIV/AIDS at the age of 48. Carcano The Carcano is an Italian bolt-action rifle introduced in 1891. The Carcano was infamously used by Lee Harvey Oswald to assassinate US president John F. Kennedy in 1963. Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal is an Award ceremony show which held by the network Zee Tamil. It honour the cast and crew of Tamil soap operas and other shows which air on Zee Tamil. This is the second time of the Tamil television industry where awards are given for performances in television serials and shows. Nominations. Jurors select five nominees in each award category from among the shows that air on Zee Tamil. The nominees are interviewed on Zee Tamil and viewers are invited to cast their votes via text message or at the Zee Tamil Awards website. John Powley John Albert Powley (3 August 1936 – 16 October 2020) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Norwich South in the Conservative landslide at the 1983 general election. However, at the 1987 election he lost his seat in a narrow defeat. Powley died on 16 October 2020 at the age of 84. Stephen Gray (writer) Stephen Gray (30 November 1941 – 22 October 2020) was a South African writer and critic. Gray was born in Cape Town, South Africa. Until 1992, he was Professor of English at the Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg. Gray was a poet and published eight novels. He also wrote for the theatre and edited collections of work by Athol Fugard and Herman Charles Bosman. Gray died on 22 October 2020 in Johannesburg at the age of 78. Ambt Montfort Ambt Montfort is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. It was created on 1 January 1991 from the former municipalities of Montfort, Posterholt, Reutje and Sint Odiliënber. The first name of the merged municipality was "Posterholt", but it was changed in "Ambt Montfort" in 1994. Since 2007, it became a part of the municipality of Roerdalen. Herman Charles Bosman Herman Charles Bosman (5 February 1905 – 14 October 1951) was a South Africa's short-story writer. He studied the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain. His English-language works were mainly about Afrikaner characters, some were controversial. He was born in Cape Town. Bosman died on 14 October 1951 from a heart attack in Edenvale, South Africa at the age of 46. Scylla tranquebarica Scylla tranquebarica is a type of mangrove crab in the genus "Scylla". It is lives in mangrove areas. It is found from Pakistan and Taiwan to the Malay Archipelago and other Indo-Pacific regions. Haelen Haelen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal. Richard A. Lupoff Richard Allen Lupoff (February 21, 1935 – October 22, 2020) was an American science fiction and mystery author. He was an expert on the writing of Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. P. Lovecraft. He was born in New York City. Lupoff was known for his works ', "Space War Blues", ' and "Lovecraft's Book". Lupoff died on October 22, 2020 in Berkeley, California at the age of 85. Leudal Leudal is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 35,681 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2007 from the former municipalities of Heythuysen, Haelen, Hunsel, and Roggel en Neer. Heythuysen Heythuysen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal. Hunsel Hunsel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal. Roggel en Neer Roggel en Neer is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal. David Cunningham (ice hockey) Vale David Cunningham (19 October 1928 – 20 October 2020) was an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Winter Olympics. He was born in Brunswick, Victoria. Cunningham died on 20 October 2020, one day after his 92nd birthday. J. Michael Lane John Michael Lane (February 14, 1936October 21, 2020) was an American epidemiologist. He was a director of the Global Smallpox Eradication program between 1973 and 1981. He played a role in the eradication of smallpox in 1977. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Lane died of colon cancer on October 21, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 84. Kerkrade Kerkrade is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 45,642 people lived there. Magpie goose The magpie goose ("Anseranas semipalmata") is the only living species in the family Anseranatidae. It is found in northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Description. Magpie geese are birds with black and white plumage and yellowish legs. The feet are only partially webbed. Magpie geese eat plants in the water, as well as on land. Males are larger than females. Heerlen Heerlen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 86,832 people lived there. Gabriel Guarda Gabriel Guarda (born Fernando Guarda Geywitz; 19 January 1928 – 23 October 2020), was a Chilean historian and architect. He was part of the editorial committee of the journal "Historia" after it was created in 1961. In 1984 he received the Chilean National History Award. Guarda was born in Valdivia, Chile. He studied architecture at the Catholic University of Chile. Guarda died on 23 October 2020 in Santiago de Chile, aged 92. Lenard Lakofka Lenard Lakofka (1944 – 23 October 2020) was an American writer. He wrote material for the fantasy role-playing game "Dungeons & Dragons". Although never a formal TSR staff member, the company that published "Dungeons & Dragons", he was an influential voice in the creation of the game. He was born in Chicago. Lakofka died on 23 October 2020 at the age of 76. Thorn, Netherlands Thorn is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Maasgouw. Heel, Netherlands Heel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Maasgouw. Dv12 Dv12 is the name of a type of locomotive used in Finland. They are operated by VR, the biggest railway company in Finland. In total, 192 locomotives were built between 1963 and 1984. They weigh 68 metric tonnes and their maximum speed limit is 125 kilometers per hour. Today, they are used in freight trains and sometimes in passenger trains. Authoritarian corporatism Authoritarian corporatism is a form of corporatism, where the state forces everyone to join one of a limited number of corporations. The state also defines the goals these corporations try to achieve. In the 1930s, Benito Mussolini took some of the ideas from Getúlio Vargas, who ruled Brazil in an authoritarian style at the time. John Rushing John Rushing (February 26, 1972 – October 23, 2020) was an American college and professional football assistant coach. He was the safeties coach at the University of Arizona. Rushing served for six years as a defensive coach at Utah State University and was the secondary coach for three other college programs. He was born in Merced, California. Rushing played college football at Washington State University in Pullman. He also coached the Green Bay Packers and the Los Angeles Rams. Rushing died on October 23, 2020 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 48. Ebbe Skovdahl Ebbe Skovdahl Hansen (5 July 1945 – 23 October 2020) was a Danish football manager. He was born in Copenhagen. He was known as a manager for Brøndby IF, for whom he had also played in his active years. He won many Danish Superliga and Danish Cup titles. A player, he played for the Vanløse IF between the 1950s to 1970s. Skovdahl died on 23 October 2020 in Karlslunde, Denmark from cancer at the age of 75. Prince Azim of Brunei Prince Haji 'Abdul 'Azim of Brunei (; 29 July 1982 – 24 October 2020) was the second born prince of Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei. He was fourth in line to succeed the throne of Brunei until his death in October 2020. Prince Azim died on 24 October 2020 at the age of 38 following a long illness in Jerudong, Brunei. Rafique Ul Huq Rafique Ul Huq (2 November 1935 – 24 October 2020) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Bangladesh from 1990 to 1991. He was born in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency. Huq died at a Dhaka hospital on 24 October 2020 from problems caused by anemia and a urinary tract infection, aged 84. Liberal corporatism Liberal corporatism is the idea that different groups in a society take part in political decisions, and that these groups also work together, to reach common goals. It is one of the two forms of corporatism. The other form is called authoritarian corporatism. Liberal corporatism is often opposed to pluralism. Pluralism things that interest groups should not have political influence. Jerry Jeff Walker Jerry Jeff Walker (born Ronald Clyde Crosby; March 16, 1942 – October 23, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Oneonta, New York. He was best known for his single "Mr. Bojangles", released in 1968. Walker died on October 23, 2020 from throat cancer-related problems in Austin, Texas at the age of 78. Oneonta, New York Oneonta ( ) is a city in southern Otsego County, New York, United States. It is one of the northernmost cities of the Appalachian Region. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Oneonta had a population of 13,901. Otsego, New York Otsego is a town in the north-central part of Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 3,900 at the 2010 census. The Three Faces of Eve The Three Faces of Eve is a 1957 American mystery drama movie directed by Nunnally Johnson and was based on the novel of the same name by Corbett H. Thigpen and Hervey M. Cleckley. It stars Joanne Woodward (in her Oscar winning performance), David Wayne, Lee J. Cobb, Nancy Kulp, Edwin Jerome and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Pink Panthers Pink Panthers is the name given by Interpol to an international jewel thief network, made up of 200-250 members from Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The organization is responsible for some of the most successful thefts in the history of theft and organized crime. They are responsible for what have been called as some of the most glamorous heists ever. They have operated in many countries and on several continents, and include Japan's most successful robbery amongst their thefts. Yara Shahidi Yara Sayeh Shahidi (born February 10, 2000) is an American actress, model, and activist. She is known for her starring role as the oldest daughter Zoey Johnson on the sitcom "Black-ish" (2014–present) and its spin-off series "Grown-ish" (2018–present). Early life and education. Yara Sayeh Shahidi was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Keri Salter and Afshin Shahidi. Her mother, Keri Salter, is of mixed African American and Native Choctaw heritage, and her father, Afshin, is Iranian. The family moved to California for her father Afshin's work when Yara was 4 years old. She is the older sister of child actor and model Sayeed Shahidi and they have a younger brother, Ehsan. Rapper Nas is their cousin. Keri Shahidi states the name "Yara" means in Persian "Someone who is close to your heart", the name "Sayeed" means "Blessing", and "Ehsan" means "To act as though God is watching". Shahidi graduated in 2017 from Dwight Global Online School. Starting in 2018, Shahidi began college at Harvard University with a plan to major in Interdisciplinary Sociology and African American Studies. Kodi Smit-McPhee Kodi Smit-McPhee (born 13 June 1996) is an Australian actor. He is known for his roles as The Boy in "The Road", Owen in "Let Me In", Norman Babcock in "ParaNorman", Alexander in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" and as Nightcrawler in "" and "Dark Phoenix". In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award for his role in "The Power of the Dog" and is nominated for an Academy Award for the same role. Smit-McPhee was born in Adelaide, South Australia. His older sister is actress and singer Sianoa Smit-McPhee. Subtractive color Subtractive color, or "subtractive color mixing", helps to understand what will be the color of light bounced off paper covered with some layers of inks or dyes. This model is the principle of how dyes and inks are used in color printing and photography printing. When the perceived color is obtained after white light passes through microscopic layers of ink or dye allowing some wavelengths of light to reach the eye, but not others. CMY and CMYK color models and printing processes. In color printing, the usual primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). Cyan is the complement of red. So, the cyan is a filter that does not allow red color through. The amount of cyan ink put on a white sheet of paper controls how much of the red (in white light) will be reflected back from the paper. Magenta is the complement of green (does not pass it), and yellow is the complement of blue (does not pass it). Combinations of different amounts of the three hues can produce a wide range of colors. In inkjet color printing and typical mass production printing processes, a black ink called K (Key) component is also used, called CMYK color model. RYB. RYB (red, yellow, blue) is an older standard set of subtractive primary colors used for mixing pigments. It is used in art, particularly in painting. Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the RYB color "wheel". Their secondary colors are violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG). Horst aan de Maas Horst aan de Maas is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 42,291 people lived there. In 2010, the former municipalities Sevenum and part of Meerlo-Wanssum joined the municipality. Common sandpiper The common sandpiper ("Actitis hypoleucos") is a small bird in the genus "Actitis".It is a migratory bird. During the summer months, it can be found all over Europe, in the winter months, it will spend its time around the Mediterranean and in northern Africa. Landgraaf Landgraaf is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 37,591 people lived there. McConnelsville, Ohio McConnelsville is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Morgan County. Donovan, Illinois Donovan is a village in Illinois in the United States. Aullville, Missouri Aullville is a village in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States. In 2010, 100 people lived there. Meerssen Meerssen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 18,923 people lived there. Tzuyu Chou Tzu-yu (, born June 14, 1999), known mononymously as Tzuyu (, ; ), is a Taiwanese singer based in South Korea. She is known for being the youngest member of K-pop girl group TWICE, as well as being the only Taiwanese member in the group. Stein, Netherlands Stein is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 24,961 people lived there. Nederweert Nederweert is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 17,001 people lived there. Peel en Maas Peel en Maas is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 43,311 people lived there. It was created on 1 January 2010 from the former municipalities of Helden, Kessel, Maasbree and Meijel. Roerdalen Roerdalen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 20,615 people lived there. Simpelveld Simpelveld is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 10,516 people lived there. Since 1982, Bocholtz became a part of the municipality of Simpelveld. The Narrator (Fight Club) The Narrator is the unnamed protagonist and unreliable narrator of the 1996 book Fight Club and it's 1999 movie version. He has DID and is also known as Tyler Durden. Biography. The Narrator is a businessman in his 30's and is bored by his business life and can't sleep. As a result, he created the Tyler Durden persona. He and Tyler Durden came up with the idea of Fight Club and Project Mayhem, a terrorist group made for men who are unhappy with consumerism. As the Narrator slept one day, Tyler vanished. He talked to people of Project Mayhem and they called him Tyler Durden. The Narrator realized that he and Tyler Durden share the same body. Portrayal. The Narrator is portrayed by Edward Norton while Tyler Durden is portrayed by Brad Pitt. Name. In the book and movie, the Narrator's name wasn't mentioned. He uses fake names such as Cornelius, Rupert and Travis. In the movie's script, it is Jack. Joker (The Dark Knight) The Joker is the main villain of the 2008 movie "The Dark Knight" and based on the DC Comics character of the same name. He was played by Heath Ledger in his last complete role. Fictional biography. How he got his scars is left ambiguous due to two conflicting stories. The Joker arrived to Gotham City and wanted to ruin Batman's reputation. Reception. Heath Ledger's portrayal has been well-liked and was given several awards including Best Supporting Actor of the 2008 Academy Awards. His catchphrase "Why so serious" became well-known since the movie's release. Fellow Joker actor Mark Hamill described his take as similar to Hannibal Lecter. Constanța County Constanţa is a county (judeţ) of Romania. It is in the Dobruja region. Its capital city is also named Constanţa. Divisions. Constanţa County has 3 municipalities, 9 towns and 58 communes: Phil Coulson Phil Coulson is a Marvel Comics character that originated from the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Portrayals. Clark Gregg has played Coulson in all his appearances in the MCU and other media. Angela White Angela White (born 4 March 1985) is an Australian pornographic movie actress and director. White has been a member of the AVN Hall of Fame. In 2020, She became AVN's first three-time Female Performer of the Year winner. Wait (Beatles song) "Wait" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but listed as Lennon-McCartney. It was first released on the band's 1965 album "Rubber Soul". Personnel. From Ian MacDonald: Carter Cruise Carter Cruise (born April 24, 1991) is an American DJ, singer, music producer, model, and pornographic actress. Early life. Cruise was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was raised in Cary, North Carolina. She is of Cherokee and Welsh descent. Career. Cruise began working as an erotic model in the summer of 2013. She made her porn debut in August of the same year after contacting Florida-based talent agency East Coast Talents. In March 2014, she moved to Los Angeles and signed with the agency Spiegel Girls in June. In 2015, Cruise became the second performer to win the AVN Awards for Best New Starlet and Best Actress in the same year, after Jenna Jameson in 1996. In October 2015, she signed an exclusive one-year contract with Axel Braun Productions. Thalidomide scandal Thalodomide is a drug that was developed in the 1950s. It was used as as a sedative, to treat sleeping problems, and anxiety. Its use in pregnant women in 46 countries resulted in the "biggest man‐made medical disaster ever": more than 10,000 children were born with severe deformities, as well as thousands of miscarriages. A common condition was that hands or feet were directly attached to the body, with all or part of the arm or leg missing. This condition is known as phocomelia. Thalidomide was introduced in 1956. The German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal marketed it as a medication for anxiety, trouble sleeping, "tension", and morning sickness. When it was introduced, it had not been tested on pregnant women. At the start, people thought it was safe in pregnancy. The first concerns regarding birth defects were noted in 1961, and the drug was removed from the market in Europe that year. Birth defect crisis. Thalidomide was developed and first released by the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grünenthal in 1953. The company had started as a soap maker after World War II to address the urgent market need for antibiotics. Chemist Heinrich Mückter, who was a known Nazi war criminal, was appointed to head the discovery programme based on his experience researching and producing an anti-typhus vaccine for Nazi Germany. It is estimated than more than 10.000 people were affected by their mothers using thalidomide during their pregnancy; about forty percent of the children died at birth or shortly afterwards. Those who survived had limb, eye, urinary tract, and heart defects. Its initial entry into the US market was prevented by Frances Kelsey at the FDA. The birth defects of thalidomide led to the development of greater drug regulation and monitoring in many countries. The severity and location of the deformities depended on how many days into the pregnancy the mother was before beginning treatment; thalidomide taken on the 20th day of pregnancy caused central brain damage, day 21 would damage the eyes, day 22 the ears and face, day 24 the arms, and leg damage would occur if taken up to day 28. Thalidomide did not damage the fetus if taken after 42 days' gestation. The total number of victims worldwide is unknown, estimates range from 10,000 to 20,000. Aftermath of scandal. Because there were many reports of malformations in babies, people were made aware of the side effects of the drug. The drug causes moderate to severe malformations. Most often, limbs are malformed, sometimes they are missing. Some side effects affect the formation of bones, the ear, the heart or other internal organs. The most common form of birth defects from thalidomide is shortened limbs, with the arms being more frequently affected. This syndrome is the presence of deformities of the long bones of the limbs resulting in shortening and other abnormalities. Grünenthal criminal trial. In 1968, a large criminal trial began in Germany, charging several Grünenthal officials with negligent homicide and injury. After Grünenthal settled with the victims in April 1970, the trial ended in December 1970 with no finding of guilt. As part of the settlement, Grünenthal paid 100 million DM into a special foundation; the German government added 320 million DM. The foundation paid victims a one-time sum of 2,500–25,000 DM (depending on severity of disability) and a monthly stipend of 100–450 DM. The monthly stipends have since been raised substantially and are now paid entirely by the government (as the foundation had run out of money). Grünenthal paid another €50 million into the foundation in 2008. On 31 August 2012, Grünenthal chief executive Harald F. Stock apologised for the first time for producing the drug and remaining silent about the birth defects. Stock was the Chief Executive Officer of Grünenthal GmbH from January 2009 to May 28, 2013; he was also a Member of Executive Board until 28 May 2013. At a ceremony, Stock unveiled a statue of a disabled child to symbolise those harmed by thalidomide and apologised for not trying to reach out to victims for over 50 years. At the time of the apology, there were 5,000 to 6,000 sufferers still alive. Victim advocates called the apology "insulting" and "too little, too late", and criticised the company for not compensating victims. They also criticised the company for their claim that no one could have known the harm the drug caused, arguing that there were plenty of red flags at the time. Change in drug regulations. The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs. In the United States, the new regulations strengthened the FDA, among other ways, by requiring applicants to prove efficacy and to disclose all side effects encountered in testing. The FDA subsequently initiated the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation to reclassify drugs already on the market. Wendessi tree frog The Wendessi tree frog ("Litoria longicrus") is a large tree frog from New Guinea. Spotted sandpiper The spotted sandpiper ("Actitis macularius") is a small bird in the genus "Actitis". Description. Spotted sandpipers are 7.1-7.9 in (18-20 cm) long. It weighs 1.2-1.8 oz (34-50 g). It has a wingspan of 14.6-15.8 in (37-40 cm). Adults have short yellowish legs and an orange bill with a dark tip. The body is brown on top and white underneath with black spots. Distribution. They breed near fresh water across most of Canada and the United States. They migrate to the southern United States, the Caribbean, and South America. They are very rare in western Europe. Feeding. They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates. Reproduction. Spotted sandpipers nest on the ground. During the breeding season, females may mate with more than one male, leaving them to incubate the egg. This is called polyandry. Lithium bromide Lithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound. It is made up of lithium and bromine. It is used as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems. Preparation. Lithium bromide is made by treating an aqueous solution of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine. Uses. Lithium bromide is used in air-conditioning systems as desiccant. It is also used as a salt in absorption chilling along with water (see absorption refrigerator). Solid lithium bromide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is also used for deprotonation and dehydration of organic compounds containing acidic protons. It is also used for the purification of steroids and prostaglandins. Lithium carbide Lithium carbide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2C. It is often called dilithium acetylide. It is made up of lithium and carbon. It is an acetylide. It was first produced by Moissan, in 1896 who reacted coal with lithium carbonate. All-time Bundesliga table The All-time Bundesliga table is a ranking of all German football clubs. It is based on their performance in the Bundesliga, the top division of German football. This list is current as of 27 June 2020, at the end of 2019–20 season. Table. Key Years includes current season Number of consecutive seasons in the Bundesliga, counting the current one Number of championships Best result at the end of a season. In the 2003–04 season, 1. FC Kaiserslautern received a three-point penalty. In the 1999–2000 season. Eintracht Frankfurt received a two-point penalty. In the 1971–72 season, Arminia Bielefeld's record was expunged as a penalty. In the 1993–94 season, Dynamo Dresden received a four-point penalty. Lithium chlorate Lithium chlorate is an inorganic compound. Its chemical formula is LiClO3. It can be made by the reaction of hot, concentrated lithium hydroxide with chlorine. Lithium chlorate dissolves very well in water. It is also a six-electron oxidant. Lithium citrate Lithium citrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li3C6H5O7. It is made up of lithium and citrate. It is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. Lithia water contains various lithium salts, including lithium citrate. Trie In computer science, a trie is a type of tree (data structure). A trie is often used to store a set. Common prefixes among items within the trie are stored only once. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire), which effectively ended Russia's involvement in World War I. 1999–2000 Bundesliga The 1999–2000 Bundesliga was the 37th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga. The season started on August 13, 1999 and ended on May 20, 2000. The defending champions were Bayern Munich. Bayern Munich won the league with 73 points. League table. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Positions (Ariana Grande album) Positions (written in lowercase) is the sixth studio album by American entertainer Ariana Grande. It was released on October 30, 2020. A deluxe version of the album was released February 19, 2021, and features five additional tracks. The title track is the album's lead single and was released on October 23, 2020. It entered at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and became Grande's fifth US number-one song. She also became the first artist to debut five songs at number one in the US. The track "34+35" debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and became the album's second single. Its music video was released on November 17, 2020. Combined with sales of the song's remix featuring rappers Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion, the song later climbed to number two on the Hot 100. Track listing. All titles styled in lowercase. RoboCop (character) RoboCop is a fictional character from "RoboCop". He first appeared in the 1987 movie "RoboCop". Portrayals. He has been portrayed in movies by Peter Weller and in Mortal Kombat 11. Juggernaut (comics) The Juggernaut is a Marvel Comics supervillain created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1965. Fictional biography. Cain Marko is Charles Xavier's stepbrother. Portrayals. He has been played by Vinnie Jones in "" and voiced by Ryan Reynolds in "Deadpool 2". Internet parody. In a 2005 parody of X-Men: The Animated Series, the Juggernaut is known for cursing and saying "Don't you know who the fuck I am? I'm the Juggernaut, bitch!" The quote was well-known on YouTube that it was used in X-Men: The Last Stand. The Emperor's New School The Emperor's New School is an animated television series based on the Disney animated movie "The Emperor's New Groove". It focuses on Kuzco studying for school. It ran from 2006 to 2008 on Disney Channel. Bryceland, Louisiana Bryceland is a village in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. In 2010, the population was 108. Faro Island tree frog The Faro Island tree frog or Solomon Islands tree frog ("Litoria lutea") is a frog from the Solomon Islands. Euphoria (American TV series) Euphoria is an American teen drama television series created by Sam Levinson. It is based on the Israeli miniseries of the same name. "Euphoria" tells about a group of high school students about their experiences of sex, drugs, friendship, love, identity, and trauma. The series stars Zendaya. It was premiered on HBO on June 16, 2019. In July 2019, the series was continued for a second season. Submarine Command Submarine Command is a 1951 American war movie directed by John Farrow and William Holden, Nancy Olson, William Bendix, Don Taylor, Arthur Franz, Daryl Hickman, Peggy Webber, Jerry Paris. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was a box office failure. Lithium cobalt oxide Lithium cobalt oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiCoO2. It is sometimes called lithium cobaltate or lithium cobaltite. Lithium cobalt oxide is a dark blue or bluish-gray crystalline solid. It is commonly used in the positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Preparation. Lithium cobalt oxide can be made by heating a stoichiometric mixture of lithium carbonate and cobalt(II,III) oxide or metallic cobalt at 600–800°C, then annealing it at 900°C for many hours, all under an oxygen atmosphere. Grünenthal Grünenthal is a German pharmaceutical company. It was founded in 1946. It was the first German company to sell penicillin in Germany. It became widely known because of the Thalidomide scandal of the 1950s. It had marketed thalidomide as a sedative. Thalidomide can cause birth defects,and miscarriages, if pregnant women take it. Today, over half of its revenue is made by selling sedatives. As of 2020, about 4,700 people worked for Grünenthal. The revenue of the company is about 1.4 billion euro. Lithium cyanide Lithium cyanide is an inorganic compound. Its chemical formula is LiCN. It is a white, hygroscopic, water-soluble salt. Lithium cyanide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide. Mexican free-tailed bat The Mexican free-tailed bat ("Tadarida brasiliensis") is a type of bat. It is also called the Brazilian free-tailed bat. It is native to North and South America. Description. Mexican free-tailed bats are usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. They weigh around 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz). Females tend to be a little bit heavier than males. Their ears are wide, rounded, and large compared to their heads. They use their large ears to help them find prey using echolocation. The wings are long and narrow with pointed tips. The color of their fur ranges from dark brown to gray. Distribution and Habitat. The Mexican free-tailed bat is found from the southern half of the United States through most of Mexico, and through most of Central America into South America. They are also found in the Caribbean. They are native to all of the Greater Antilles and 11 of the Lesser Antilles. The largest known colony is found at Bracken Cave, north of San Antonio, Texas, with nearly 20 million bats. Mexican free-tailed bats mainly live in caves. They also live in buildings as long as they have access to openings and dark recesses in ceilings or walls. Mexican free-tailed bats in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and southeastern California come together to migrate southwest to southern California and Baja California. Bats in southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, western New Mexico, and eastern Arizona travel through the western edge of the Sierra Madre Oriental into Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Sonora. In the summer, some bats in Kansas, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, and Texas migrate southward to South Texas and Mexico. Feeding. Mexican free-tailed bats are mainly insectivores. They hunt their prey using echolocation. The bats eat moths, beetles, dragonflies, flies, true bugs, wasps, and ants. They usually catch flying prey while flying. Predators. Mexican free-tailed bats has many predators. They include red-tailed hawk, American kestrels, great horned owls, barn owls Mississippi kites, Virginia opossums, striped skunks, and raccoons. Snakes such as eastern coachwhips and eastern coral snakes may also prey on them. Behavior. Mexican free-tailed bats are nocturnal animals. They begin feeding after dusk. They travel 50 km to feed. They fly at altitudes of around 3300 m. They most active in late morning and afternoon between June and September. Zapped (2014 movie) Zapped is an American television movie made for Disney Channel. It stars Zendaya, Chanelle Peloso, Emilia McCarthy and Spencer Boldman. Zendaya played the lead role of Zoey Stevens. William Blinn William Frederick Blinn (July 21, 1937 — October 22, 2020) was an American screenwriter and television producer. He was born in Toledo, Ohio. Blinn wrote episodes of "Rawhide", "Here Come the Brides", "Gunsmoke", "The Rookies", and "Fame". He won two Emmy Awards. Blinn died on October 22, 2020 in Burbank, California at the age of 83. Yehuda Barkan Yehuda Barkan (; March 29, 1945 – October 23, 2020) was an Israeli actor, movie producer, movie director, and screenwriter. He appeared in many Israeli comedy movies during the 1970s. He was born in Netanya, Mandatory Palestine. His career began in 1965. He was known for starring in "Escape to the Sun" and "Yellow Peppers". Barkan died on October 23, 2020 in Jerusalem after being hospitalized with COVID-19, aged 75. Last Pair Out Last Pair Out () is a 1956 Swedish drama movie directed by Alf Sjöberg and was written by Ingmar Bergman. It stars Eva Dahlbeck, Harriet Andersson, Bibi Andersson, Björn Bjelfvenstam, Jarl Kulle, Hugo Björne, Jan-Olof Strandberg, Jullan Kindahl. Laleh Bakhtiar Laleh Mehree Bakhtiar (July 29, 1938 – October 18, 2020) was an Iranian-American author, translator and clinical psychologist. He was born in New York City. She translated and wrote a total of 25 books about Islam, many were about Sufism. She also authored or co-authored many biographical works. Her translation of the Qur'an, published in 2007 and called "The Sublime Quran", is the first translation of the Qur'an into English by an American woman. Bakhtiar died on October 18, 2020 in Chicago, Illinois from leukemia at the age of 82. Nick Salazar Nick L. Salazar (April 18, 1929 – October 23, 2020) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, representing the 40th District from 1974 to 2019. He was born in San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico. Salazar died on October 23, 2020 in Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico at the age of 91. Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico Ohkay Owingeh is a census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States and a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people. with 6,690 in the surrounding Census County Division. The 2010 census found that 1,522 people lived in Ohkay Owingeh. Chung So-sung Chung So-Sung (1944 – 24 October 2020) was a South Korean writer. He was born in Bonghwa, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Chung So-Sung published 5 short story collections including "Tteugeo-un gang" (뜨거운 강 The Hot River), and 14 novels including "Yeojaui seong" (여자의 성 The Sex of Women), "Daedongyeojido" (대동여지도 Daedongyeojido, 5 Volumes), "Taeyangin" (태양인 The Sun People, 2 Volumes), "Du anae" (두 아내 Two Wives), and "Seolhyang" (설향). He was awarded the Dongin Literary Award, he also won the Yun Dongju Literature Award. Chung died in Seoul on 24 October 2020 at the age of 76. Mahesh Kumar Kanodia Mahesh Kumar Kanodia (27 January 1937 – 25 October 2020) was an Indian politician. He represented the Patan constituency of Gujarat and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Before becoming a politician, he was a singer. Kanodia was born in Gujarat, India. Kanodia was a member of the Lok Sabha between 1991 to 2009. Kanodia died in Mumbai on 25 October 2020, aged 83. Krisztián Veréb Krisztián Veréb (26 July 1977 – 24 October 2020) was a Hungarian sprint canoer. He competed in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He won a bronze medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Veréb died in a motorcycle accident on 24 October 2020 in Budapest. He was 43. Stephen Owusu Stephen Owusu (26 October 1982 – 24 October 2020) was a Ghanaian footballer. He played for Kenyan Premier League side Tusker as a striker. Owusu was born in Prestea, Ghana. He made one appearance for the national team in 2003. From 2006 to 2010, he played with the Heart of Lions. His career lasted from 2001 to 2017. Owusu died on 24 October 2020 from a long-illness in Accra, aged 37. The Fantastic Four (unreleased movie) The Fantastic Four is an unreleased movie produced by Roger Corman. It is the first movie based on the Marvel Comics team. It was completed in 1994 and can only be found in bootlegs. Joel Molina Ramírez Joel Molina Ramírez (1 November 194224 October 2020) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Senate, representing the state of Tlaxcala from 2019 until his death. He was a member of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) party. Molina was born in Ixtacuixtla, Mexico. Molina Ramírez died of COVID-19 on October 24, 2020 in Tlaxcala, Mexico at the age of 75. Alessandro Mancini Alessandro Mancini (born 4 October 1975) is a Sammarinese politician. From April to October 2007, and in 2020, he was the head of state of San Marino (Capitano Reggente). Scrappy-Doo Scrappy-Doo is a character in the long running series "Scooby-Doo". He is a speaking dog that is Scooby-Doo’s nephew. He wasn’t well-liked. He is also the villain of the 2002 movie. Portrayals. Scrappy was first voiced by Don Messick before being replaced by Scott Innes. Bozo the Clown Bozo the Clown is an American children's character, on the television show: "," that entertained kids throughout the 1950's until 2001. Portrayed by: Lithium diisopropylamide Lithium diisopropylamide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is [(CH3)2CH]2NLi. It is used as a strong base. It is a colorless solid. It was first made by Hamell and Levine in 1950. Devil Fish (1984 movie) Monster Shark or Devil Fish in english titles, is a 1984 Italian science fiction horror-comedy thriller action monster movie directed by Lamberto Bava. this film was final film of Cinema Shares closing in 1986. provided by special effects done by Ovidio Taito and Germano Natali. filming was provided include, Florida, Italy in May 5-10 1984. Plot. in Florida, 1984. then an mysterious thing by an mutated violent Dunkleosteus/Giant octupus hybrid named Devil Fish created by a mercenary experiment to hunt by humans by eating them. Achappam Achappam is a deep-fried cookie made with rice flour. They are made using patterned irons to give any size or shape. The batter is a mixture of wheat flour, eggs, sugar and whole milk. The iron has a handle and a patterned mould at its end. The iron is heated to a very high temperature in oil. It is then dipped into the batter and then dipped in the hot oil again. The iron is lifted from the oil after the cookie separates from the iron. Bessel's correction Bessel's correction has high importance in calculating standard deviation. As per Bessel's correction, we should consider n-1 separation while calculating standard deviation of sampled data. Rafinesque's big-eared bat Rafinesque's big-eared bat ("Corynorhinus rafinesquii") is a type of vesper bat. It is sometimes called the southeastern big-eared bat. It is native to the southeastern United States. Description. Rafinesque's big-eared bat is around 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) long. It has a wingspan of 25–30 cm (10–12 in). They weigh from 6–13 g (0.21–0.46 oz). The bat is gray on the dorsal side and white on the underside. The ears and face are a pinkish-brown color, while the arm and wing are dark brown. Distribution and Habitat. It is found in the southeastern United States. It lives in many habitats from coastal plains and riparian areas to mountainous areas such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Feeding. Rafinesque's big-eared bats are insectivorous. They are nocturnal animals. They find food mainly by echolocation. They eat lots of different kinds of insects. Stella Artois Stella Artois ( ) is a Belgian pilsner beer. It has an alcohol by volume (ABV) of between 4.6 and 5.2 percent. It was first brewed in Leuven, Belgium in 1926. It is also sold in Britain, Ireland, Canada and Australia at 4.8% ABV. Stella Artois is owned by Interbrew International B.V., which is a part of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. 1337x 1337x is a website that provides a directory of torrent files and magnet links. It is used for peer-to-peer file sharing via the BitTorrent protocol. According to the TorrentFreak news blog, 1337x is the second most popular torrent website as of 2020. Reed pen A reed pen (Greek: κάλαμοι kalamoi; singular κάλαμος kalamos) is a writing implement made by cutting and shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo. In Arabic, it is called Qalam. Reed pens were used throughout antiquity. The reed is cut at an angle, the tip is sharpened. Ink is used to write (in antiquity onto papyrus or parchment). It is possible to write in thicker or thinner lines by varying the angle, at which the reed pen is held. A reeed pen made of bronze was found in a grave in Attica, Greece, and dated to the 5th centry BC. Feathers have not been used as a writing tool before the 6th century AD. Game Night (movie) Game Night is a 2018 action comedy movie. It was directed by John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein and written by Mark Perez. It stars Jason Bateman and Rachel McAdams. The supporting actors are Billy Magnussen, Sharon Horgan, Lamorne Morris, Kylie Bunbury, Jesse Plemons, Michael C. Hall, and Kyle Chandler. It was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on February 23, 2018. It is about a group of friends who are playing a game when one of them gets kidnapped. Cast. Also, the film's directors John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein play Carter and Dan. Kenny (listed as "Not Denzel") is played by Malcolm X. Hughes, a part-time Denzel Washington impersonator. Jeffrey Wright plays as an actor playing Agent Ron Henderson, an FBI Agent, but is not listed. I'm Thinking of Ending Things I'm Thinking of Ending Things (written as i'm thinking "of" ending things in lowercase) is a 2020 American psychological horror movie written and directed by Charlie Kaufman. It stars Jesse Plemons, Jessie Buckley, Toni Collette, and David Thewlis. It is based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Iain Reid. It was released on Netflix on September 4, 2020. Thibaut Courtois Thibaut Nicolas Marc Courtois (born 11 May 1992) is a Belgian professional footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Real Madrid and the Belgium national team. Honours. Genk Atlético Madrid Chelsea Real Madrid Belgium Individual Lithium disilicate Lithium disilicate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2Si2O5. It is a glass ceramic. They are used as dental ceramics. Lithium disilicate has a biaxial flexible strength in the range of 360 MPa to 400 MPa. It has high hardness (5.92 +/- 0.18 GPa) and fracture toughness (3.3 +/- 0.14 MPa m1/2). The Predator (movie) The Predator is a 2018 science fiction horror comedy movie and the fourth movie in the "Predator" franchise. It was written and directed by Shane Black. Predators (movie) Predators is a 2010 science fiction action movie and the third movie in the "Predator" franchise. It was produced by Robert Rodriguez. Signs (movie) Signs is a 2002 American science fiction horror movie. It is set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It stars Mel Gibson and Joaquin Phoenix. List of emirs of Qatar The Emir of Qatar is monarch or head of goverment of Qatar. Litoria majikthise Litoria majikthise is a frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it in the Star Mountains. Scientists say this frog is related to "Litoria nigropunctata". Loveless (album) Loveless is the second studio album by Irish band My Bloody Valentine. It was released on November 4, 1991. Most critics said it is the best shoegaze album of all time. In 1999, "Pitchfork" said "Loveless" was the best album of the 1990s. My Bloody Valentine made a concert tour in Europe after the album was released. Being John Malkovich Being John Malkovich is a 1999 American fantasy comedy movie written by Charlie Kaufman and directed by Spike Jonze. The movie stars John Cusack, Cameron Diaz, Catherine Keener, and John Malkovich. Malkovich plays a version of himself. Cusack plays a puppeteer who finds a portal that takes him inside Malkovich's mind. The movie was released on October 29, 1999 in the United States by USA Films. Cast. Source: For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf is Ntozake Shange's first work and most well known theater piece. It premiered in 1976. It is made up of a series of poetic monologues with dance movements and music. This is known as choreopoem. "for colored girls..." tells the stories of seven women who have suffered oppression in a racist and sexist society. Ming Cho Lee Ming Cho Lee (; October 3, 1930 – October 23, 2020) was a Chinese-American theatrical set designer. He was a professor at the Yale School of Drama. He designed over 30 productions for Joseph Papp at The Public Theater, including the original Off-Broadway production of "Hair". He won a Drama Desk Award. In 1983, he won a Tony Award. His best known works were "Mother Courage and Her Children", "King Lear", "The Glass Menagerie", "The Shadow Box," and "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf". Lee died on October 23, 2020 in New York City at the age of 90. Slaven Letica Slaven Letica (28 June 1947 – 25 October 2020) was a Croatian author, economist, commentator and politician. He unsuccessfully ran for president in 2000. Between 2003 to 2008, he was a member of the Croatian Parliament. Letica was born in Podgora, Croatia. Letica died on 25 October 2020 in Zagreb, Croatia at the age of 73. The League of Gentlemen The League of Gentlemen is a Britcom that premiered on BBC Two in 1999. The programme is set in Royston Vasey, a fictional town in northern England, originally based on Alston, Cumbria. It is about the lives of bizarre characters, most of whom are played by three of the show's four writers – Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton, and Reece Shearsmith – who, along with Jeremy Dyson, formed the League of Gentlemen comedy troupe in 1995. The series originally aired for three series from 1999 until 2002 followed by a movie in 2005. A three-part revival mini-series was broadcast in December 2017 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the group's first appearance on BBC Radio 4. The programme was aired on Comedy Central from summer to autumn 2000. Brazzers Brazzers () is a Canadian pornographic production company. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and has legal residence in Limassol, Cyprus. It is an online network that consists of thirty-one hardcore pornography websites. The company's slogan is "World's Best HD Porn Site!". The site contains 9729 videos, which were published by 33 different sites (December 2019). Johnny Leeze Johnny Leeze (born John Glen; 31 December 1941 – 25 October 2020) was a British actor. He was best known for playing Harry Clayton in long running British soap opera "Coronation Street" for a few months in 1985, and as Ned Glover on the British soap opera "Emmerdale" from 1994 to 1999. He was born in York, England. Leeze died on 25 October 2020 from COVID-19 in England at the age of 78. David Karnes David Kemp Karnes (December 12, 1948 – October 25, 2020) was an American Republican politician, businessman, and attorney. He was a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1987 to 1989. He was president and chief executive officer of The Fairmont Group Incorporated. Karnes was born in Omaha, Nebraska. In 2019, Karnes was diagnosed with skin cancer. He died on October 25, 2020 from the disease in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 71. Frank Bough Frank Joseph Bough (; 15 January 1933 – 21 October 2020) was an English television presenter. He was best known as the former host of BBC sports and current affairs shows including "Grandstand", "Nationwide" and "Breakfast Time". Bough died on 21 October 2020 at the age of 87. François-Yves Guillin François-Yves Guillin (7 September 1921 – 18 October 2020) was a French resistance fighter, doctor, and historian. He was born in Orléans, France. In June 1941, Guillin began his medical studies. He left school the following year to join the French Resistance and began working as a secretary under the pseudonym "Mercure" during World War II. After the War, Guillin resumed his studies and pursued a career as a rheumatologist. Towards the end of his career, he pursued a doctorate in history. He defended a thesis on General Delestraint in 1992, and it was published in 1995. He was a Knight of the Legion of Honour. Guillin died on 18 October 2020 in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, France at the age of 99. Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. Lyon Metropolis The Metropolis of Lyon (), also known as (i.e. "Greater Lyon"), is a French territorial collectivity in the east-central region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is a directly elected metropolitan authority that is made-up by the city of Lyon and most of its suburbs. It had a population of 1,385,927 in 2017, 37.2% of whom lived in the city of Lyon. Jean Bonhomme Jean Bonhomme (8 June 1924 – 16 October 2020) was a French politician. He was Mayor of Caussade from 1959 to 1989. He was a member of the French National Assembly from 1968 to 1981 and again from 1986 to 1988. He was born in Puylaroque, France. Bonhomme died on 16 October 2020 in Caussade at the age of 96. Caussade Caussade is a commune in the arrondissement of Montauban, located in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in the south of France. Puylaroque Puylaroque is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. On the Rocks (movie) On the Rocks is a 2020 American comedy-drama movie written and directed by Sofia Coppola. It is about a father and daughter (Bill Murray and Rashida Jones) as they investigate and stalk her suspicious husband (Marlon Wayans), who they believe is cheating on her. The movie had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on September 22, 2020, and was released in a limited theatrical release on October 2, 2020, by A24, followed by digital streaming on October 23, 2020, by Apple TV+. It received positive reviews from critics. Apple TV+ Apple TV+ is an ad-free subscription video on demand streaming television service of Apple Inc. that released on November 1, 2019. It was announced during their March 2019 Apple Special Event held at Steve Jobs Theater, where celebrities involved with Apple TV+ projects appeared on-stage for the announcement, including Jennifer Aniston, Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg and Jason Momoa. A24 A24 is a American independent entertainment company. It was founded on August 20, 2012, by Daniel Katz, David Fenkel, and John Hodges. The company is based in New York City. It deals with independent movies and television programs. Diane di Prima Diane di Prima (August 6, 1934 – October 25, 2020) was an American poet and playwright. She was a social justice activist and criticized people who bullied others because of their weight. Di Prima has authored nearly four dozen books, with her work translated into more than 20 languages. She was born in New York City. She was the co-founder of the New York Poets Theatre. Di Prime died on October 25, 2020 at the age of 86. Alan Abraham Alan Rockwell Abraham, (February 1, 1931 – October 2, 2020) was a Canadian politician. He was the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia between February 1, 1984 to February 20, 1989. Abraham was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1996, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. Abraham died on October 2, 2020 in Halifax at the age of 89. Margaret Osborne duPont Margaret Osborne duPont (born Margaret Evelyn Osborne; March 4, 1918 – October 24, 2012) was a world No. 1 American female tennis player. DuPont won a total of 37 singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles Grand Slam titles. She won 25 of her Grand Slam titles at the U.S. Championships, which is an all-time record. He was born in Joseph, Oregon. DuPont died on October 24, 2012 in El Paso, Texas at the age of 94. Joseph, Oregon Joseph is a city in Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,081 at the 2010 census. Mofos Mofos is a Canadian pornographic production company that focuses on reality pornography. Dave Schultz (wrestler) David Lesley Schultz (June 6, 1959 – January 26, 1996) was an American Olympic and world champion freestyle wrestler, a seven-time World and Olympic Gold medalist. Dave and his brother Mark Schultz, also a wrestler, were known for both winning gold at the same Olympics (1984). He was born in Palo Alto, California. Schultz was murdered by John Eleuthère du Pont, a millionaire philanthropist who sponsored the private Foxcatcher wrestling team in Newtown Township, Pennsylvania at the age of 36. Newtown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania Newtown Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 12,216 as of the 2010 census, and was 19,705 as of 2017. Masatoshi Abe was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Diet of Japan between 1995 to 2007. He was Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs under the government of Junichiro Koizumi from 2001 to 2006. Abe died on October 25, 2020 in Tokyo at the age of 77. Reality Kings Reality Kings is a brand that was started by RK Netmedia. It is an internet-based hardcore pornography production company. It operates from Miami Beach, Florida. Rosanna Carteri Rosanna Carteri (14 December 1930 – 25 October 2020) was an Italian soprano. She was active from the 1950s through the mid-1960s. She was born in Verona, Italy. he made her La Scala debut in 1951. Other debuts were at the Salzburg Festival as Desdemona in "Otello" in 1952 under the direction of Wilhelm Furtwängler, San Francisco as Mimi in "La bohème" in 1954, the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Marguerite in "Faust" in 1955, the Verona Arena as Mimi in 1958, Covent Garden as "Tosca" in 1960, Paris Opera in 1961 as Violetta in "La traviata". Carteri died on 25 October 2020 in Monte Carlo at the age of 89. Thomas Oppermann Thomas Ludwig Albert Oppermann (27 April 1954 – 25 October 2020) was a German politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was born in Freckenhorst, West Germany. From 2005 until his death, he was a member of the Bundestag. He was Vice President of the Bundestag from 2017 until 2020. He was also Leader of the Social Democratic Party between 2013 to 2017. Oppermann died on 25 October 2020 from a heart attack at a hospital in Göttingen, Germany at the age of 66. Warendorf Warendorf is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, and capital of Warendorf District. Stelio Craveirinha Stelio Craveirinha (3 March 1950 – 11 October 2020) was a Mozambican athlete. He competed in the men's long jump at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Craveirinha died on 11 October 2020 at a hospital in Maputo, Mozambique at the age of 70. Louis Carter Louis Edward Carter (February 6, 1953 – October 11, 2020) was an American professional football player. He was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Oakland Raiders and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. His career lasted from 1975 to 1978. He was born in Laurel, Maryland. Carter joined the security team at University of Maryland Global Campus, where he was a security coordinator. Carter died on October 11, 2020 in Laurel from blood cancer, aged 67. W. C. Gorden William C. Gorden (June 30, 1930 – October 23, 2020) was an American college football player and coach. He was the head coach at Jackson State University from 1976 to 1991. Gorden was added into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2008. Gordon was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Gorden died on October 23, 2020 at the age of 90. Ernesto Contreras (cyclist) Ernesto Antonio Contreras Vásquez (19 June 1937 – 25 October 2020) was an Argentine cyclist. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and the 1968 Summer Olympics. He also won the Argentine National Road Race Championships in 1959, 1970 and 1971. He was born in Mendoza, Argentina. Contreras died on 25 October 2020 from a heart attack caused by COVID-19 in Mendoza, aged 83. Dolores Abril Dolores Caballero Abril (9 May 1939 – 25 October 2020) was a Spanish singer and actress. She was born in Hellín, Spain. Her music was generally Copla. She starred in "El emigrante" (1960). From 1981 to 2004, she was married to Juanito Valderrama. Abril died on 25 October 2020 in Seville, Spain at the age of 81. Juanito Valderrama Juan Valderrama Blanca (24 May 1916 – 12 April 2004), better known as Juanito Valderrama, was a Spanish flamenco and folk singer. Although he was known for singing copla. Valderrama was born in Torredelcampo, Spain. In 1960 he appeared in the "El emigrante". Valderrama died on 12 April 2004 in Espartinas, Spain from cardiac arrest at the age of 87. Espartinas Espartinas is a city located in the province of Seville, Spain. According to the 2019 census, the city has a population of 15,791 people. It is twinned with Clackmannanshire in Scotland. Torredelcampo Torredelcampo is a city in the province of Jaén, Spain. The village is located 11 km northwest of Jaén. According to the 2006 census (INE), the city has a population of 14,076 people. Network (1976 movie) Network is a 1976 American satirical black comedy-drama movie written by Paddy Chayefsky and directed by Sidney Lumet. It is about a fictional television network, UBS, and its struggle with poor ratings. The movie stars Faye Dunaway, William Holden, Peter Finch and Robert Duvall with Wesley Addy, Ned Beatty and Beatrice Straight. "Network" had strong positive reviews. It won four Academy Awards, in the categories of Best Actor (Finch), Best Actress (Dunaway), Best Supporting Actress (Straight) and Best Original Screenplay (Chayefsky). Paddy Chayefsky Sidney Aaron "Paddy" Chayefsky (January 29, 1923 – August 1, 1981) was an American playwright, screenwriter and novelist. He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for writing both adapted and original screenplays. He won an Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award. Boxing at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Boxing at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 23 to 27 August 2014 at the Nanjing International Expo Center in Nanjing, China. For the first time three female boxing events took place at the Youth Olympics. PASOK PASOK, the Panhellenic socialist movement, is a social democratic political party in Greece. PASOK stands for Panellinio Sosialistiko Kinima (). Until 2015, it was one of two major political parties, the other was its main political rival, New Democracy (Greece). In 2019, it joined forces with other similar parties, and formed Kinima Allagis. Boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre. Lokma Lokma are pastries made of leavened and deep fried dough, soaked in syrup or honey, sometimes coated with cinnamon or other ingredients. History. Loukoumades where served to the winners of the Ancient Greek olympics. "Luqmat al-Qadi", was first made in the early medieval period and the 13th-century Abbasid Caliphate. It is mentioned in several of the existent cook books of the time. It is also mentioned in the "One Thousand and One Nights", in the story "The Porter and the Three Ladies of Baghdad". Selection bias Selection bias is a kind of bias that is introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved. This means that the sample may no longer represent the population to be analyzed. Sometimes, this is called selection effect. There are different ways a selection bias can be introduced, for example. A statistical method called Heckman correction can correct some of these, in certain circumstances. E.tv e.tv (commonly referred to on-air as e) is television channel in South Africa. It is the first and only privately owned free-to-air channel in the country, The channel is the fifth terrestrial channel in the country. It came after three channels that are operated by the state-owned South African Broadcasting Corporation and the privately owned subscription-funded M-Net. In 1997, the e.tv channel bought the rights to broadcast English Premier League (EPL) matches. Later on, they also bought the rights to broadcast UEFA Champions League matches. It is the second-most watched channel in the country, according to DStv-sourced data. Big brown bat The big brown bat ("Eptesicus fuscus") is a type of vesper bat. It is found in North America, the Caribbean, and the northern part of South America. The big brown bat weighs 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz). It has a wingspan of 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in). Description. It is a large microbat. It weighs 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz). It is 110–130 mm (4.3–5.1 in) long. Its wingspan is 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in). Its dorsal fur is reddish brown. Its ventral fur is lighter brown. Its snout, uropatagium, and wings are black and do not have any hair. Its ears are also black and short. Distribution and Habitat. The big brown bat is found from southern Canada and Alaska to as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It has also been seen in the Caribbean in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Dominica, Barbados, and the Bahamas. The big brown bat has been seen from 300–3,100 m (980–10,170 ft) above sea level. It is able to live in urban, suburban, or rural environments. Feeding. Big brown bats are insectivorous. They eat many kinds of insects like beetles, flies, stone flies, mayflies, true bugs, net-winged insects, scorpionflies, caddisflies, and cockroaches. Behavior. The big brown bat is a nocturnal animal. It roosts in sheltered places during the day. It roosts in mines, caves, tunnels, buildings, bat boxes, tree cavities, storm drains, wood piles, and rock crevices. In the summer, males usually live by themselves though they may form a small group that is only made up of males. Reproduction. Big brown bat mating season is in the fall. After the breeding season, pregnant females separate into maternity colonies around April. Maternity colonies range in size from 5-700 bats. The pups are blind and helpless. It weighs 3 g (0.11 oz). The pup sucks milk from its mother for one month. Pups begin flying, at three to five weeks old. References. Notes Child sexuality When children develop into adults, their body will change. So will the way they see their body, and the way their perceive their sexuality. Child sexuality is also influenced by cultural and social values, and by education. Classical psychoanalysis looks at child sexuality, and develops models how it changes over time. Threshold (1981 movie) Threshold is a 1981 Canadian science fiction drama movie directed by Richard Pearce and starring Donald Sutherland, Jeff Goldblum, Sharon Acker, Mare Winningham, John Marley, Allan Nicholls. Follow-on In cricket, a team with many more runs than another team can make the latter team play multiple innings in a row. This allows the team that is "enforcing the follow-on" to complete fewer innings than the other team and still win in a game where multiple innings were scheduled for each team, so long as the team with fewer runs completes all of its innings. 1998–99 Premier League The 1998–99 Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the seventh season of the Premier League. That season, Manchester United won the league. That year, United also won the treble: the league title, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League. League table. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Eastern red bat The eastern red bat ("Lasiurus borealis") is a type of microbat in the family Vespertilionidae. Eastern red bats are found across eastern North America. It has also been seen in Bermuda. Description. The color of the fur of males is brick or rusty red. The color of the fur of females is a bit more frosted shade of red. It weighs 7–13 g (0.25–0.46 oz). It is 109 mm (4.3 in) long. Its ears are short and rounded. Its wings are long and pointed. Its tail is 52.7 mm (2.07 in) long. Distribution. The eastern red bat is found throughout eastern North America and Bermuda. It is found east of the Continental Divide, including southern Canada and northeastern Mexico. In the winter, it is found in the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico, and mainly lives in coastal areas. In the spring and summer, it can be found in the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains region. Feeding. Eastern red bats are insectivorous. They mainly eat moths. But, they also eat other insects. They eat many pests, like spongy moths, tent caterpillar moths, "Cydia" moths, "Acrobasis" moths, cutworm moths, and coneworm moths. Reproduction. Eastern red bat breeding season starts in the autumn. Many males can mate with one female. Pups are born in the summer. Eastern red bats usually give birth to three pups. Eastern red bat pups learn to fly when they are a month old. After learning how to fly they are weaned. Even after the pups have learned how to fly, they stay with their mother for a short time before staying by themselves. Next German federal election The next German federal election will be held on or before 26 October 2025 to elect the members of the 21st Bundestag. The date will be selected by the President of Germany. Scam 1992 Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story is an Indian Hindi-language drama web-series directed by Hansal Mehta. It is based on the 1992 Indian stock market scam that was committed by stockbroker Harshad Mehta. The series is based on the book "The Scam: Who Won, who Lost, who Got Away" which was written by journalist Sucheta Dalal and Debashish Basu. It stars Pratik Gandhi, Sharib Hashmi, Shreya Dhanwanthary, Hemant Kher and Nikhil Dwivedi. The series premiered on SonyLIV on 9 October 2020. The series is currently the highest rated Hindi-language Indian web series on IMDb with a rating of 9.6 out of 10. Vice President of Iraq Iraq has had three vice presidents or deputy presidents serving concurrently. Ayad Allawi Ayad Allawi ( ; born May 31, 1944) is an Iraqi politician. He was Vice President of Iraq from 2014 to 2015 and from 2016 to 2018. He was interim Prime Minister of Iraq from 2004 to 2005 and the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (38th Prime Minister of Iraq) in 2003. Mustafa Al-Kadhimi Mustafa Al-Kadhimi (; born 5 July 1967 as Mustafa Abdul-Latif Mishatat ), alternatively spelt Mustafa Al-Kadhimiy, is an Iraqi politician. He became the Prime Minister of Iraq on 6 May 2020. Kadhimi is also the 43rd Prime Minister since the country's independence in 1932 and the fourth overall under the 2005 constitution. He is also a former director of the Iraqi National Intelligence Service, originally appointed in June 2016. He worked as journalist, documentalist and human rights and democracy activist in the 2000s after fall of Saddam in 2003. In the early hours of 7 November 2021, he survived an assassination attempt when an explosive drone targeted his home in Baghdad. ANZ The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, commonly called ANZ, is the third largest bank by market capitalisation in Australia, after the Commonwealth Bank and Westpac Banking Corporation. Australian operations make up the largest part of ANZ's business, with commercial and retail banking dominating. ANZ is also the largest bank in New Zealand, where the legal entity became known as ANZ National Bank Limited in 2003 and changed to ANZ Bank New Zealand Limited in 2012. From 2003 to 2012, it operated two brands in New Zealand, ANZ and the National Bank of New Zealand. The National Bank brand was retired in 2012, with a number of branches closing and others converting to ANZ branches. In addition to operations throughout Australia and New Zealand, ANZ also operates in 34 other nations. ANZ was named the most sustainable bank globally in the 2008 Dow Jones Sustainability Index making it the 2nd year in a row ANZ has been granted the title. In 2007 the title was shared with another Australian bank, Westpac, which had held the title for the previous five years. ANZ was established on 1 October 1951, when the Bank of Australia merged with the Union Bank of Australia Limited. Commonwealth Bank The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), or CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides a variety of financial services including retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is the largest Australian listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange as of August 2015 with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments, ASB Bank (New Zealand), Commonwealth Securities (CommSec) and Commonwealth Insurance (CommInsure). Commonwealth Bank is also the largest bank in the Southern Hemisphere. Founded in 1911 by the Australian Government and fully privatised in 1996, the Commonwealth Bank is one of the "big four" Australian banks, with the National Australia Bank (NAB), ANZ and Westpac. The bank was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1991. The former global headquarters of Commonwealth Bank were the Commonwealth Trading Bank Building on the corner of Pitt Street and Martin Place, Sydney, which was refurbished from 2012 for retail and commercial uses, and (from 1984 to 2012) the State Savings Bank Building on Martin Place, which was sold in 2012 to Macquarie Bank. The headquarters were moved to Tower 1, 201 Sussex Street and two new nine-storey buildings which were built at the site of the former Sega World Sydney, in Darling Harbour on the western side of Sydney's city centre. In 2018, findings from the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry have indicated a negative culture within the Bank, amid allegations of fraud, deception, and money laundering, among various other crimes. Westpac Westpac Banking Corporation, known simply as Westpac, is an Australian bank and financial services provider headquartered in Sydney. Founded in 1817 as the Bank of New South Wales, it acquired the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1982 before being renamed shortly afterwards. It is one of Australia's "big four" banks and is Australia's first and oldest banking institution. Its name is a portmanteau of "Western" and "Pacific". As of March 2018, Westpac has 14 million customers, and employs almost 40,000 people. National Australia Bank National Australia Bank (abbreviated NAB, branded nab) is one of the four largest financial institutions in Australia in terms of market capitalisation, earnings and customers. NAB was ranked 21st largest bank in the world measured by market capitalisation and 52nd largest bank in the world as measured by total assets in 2019. NAB operated 1,590 branches and service centres; and 4,412 ATMs across Australia, New Zealand and Asia serving 12.7 million customers. NAB has a "AA-" long term issuer rating by Standard & Poor's Daiwa Daiwa Securities Group is a Japanese investment bank that is the second largest securities brokerage after Nomura Securities. Major subsidiaries include "Daiwa Securities", which offers retail services such as online trading to individual investors and investment banking services in Japan as well as "Daiwa Capital Markets", the firm's international investment banking arm (with a presence across Asia, Europe and North America) that provides M&A advisory, sales and trading services in a variety of financial products to corporate and institutional clients. Other group companies provide asset management, research and private equity fund services. The company is the fourth largest shareholder in SL Green. Surakshya Panta Surakshya Panta () is a Nepalese actress and model. She made her acting debut as an actress in Alok Nembang's "Ajhai Pani" in a supporting role. Panta received popularity after her role in "Dhanapati". Australian Securities Exchange Australian Securities Exchange Ltd, or ASX Limited (ASX), is an Australian public company that operates Australia's primary securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange (sometimes referred to outside of Australia as the Sydney Stock Exchange). It was formed on 1 April 1987, through incorporation under legislation of the Australian Parliament as an amalgamation of the six state securities exchanges, and merged with the Sydney Futures Exchange in 2006. Today, ASX has an average daily turnover of 4.685 billion and a market capitalisation of around A$1.6 trillion, making it one of the world's top 15 listed exchange groups. ASX Clear is the clearing house for all shares, structured products, warrants and ASX Equity Derivatives. Conservation-dependent species A conservation-dependent species is any plant, animal, or other living thing that would become endangered or die out if human beings did not help it. It is a conservation status. The IUCN Red List is one group that decides which species are conservation dependent and which are not. Some conservation-dependent species live in zoos or aquariums. Others live in places that park rangers and other people protect from illegal hunters. So some conservation-dependent species are extinct in the wild and others are not. Solar year The solar year (also called tropical year) is a calendar system based on the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The Gregorian Calendar is an example of a solar calendar. Each year is slightly more then 365 days in a solar calendar; which is why there are leap days every 4 years. Bank of Hong Kong Bank of Hong Kong Limited, BOHK, is a smaller part of Bank of Hong Kong Holdings. It is the second-largest commercial banking group in Hong Kong in terms of how much money and property it has and how much money its customers have in the bank. It had around 197 branches in Hong Kong as of end 2016. It is also one of the three commercial banks licensed by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority to issue banknotes for the Hong Kong dollar. BOHK is also the biggest member and a founder of the JETCO ATM and payment system. It is the official clearing bank in Hong Kong for exchanges of money or property involving the Renminbi (RMB / CNH). BOHK was established on October 1, 2001 from a merger of 12 smaller and associate banks in Hong Kong, including the Bank of Communications, China & South Sea Bank, China State Bank Limited, Hua Chiao Commercial Bank, Kincheng Banking Corporation, Kwangtung Provincial Ban, National Commercial Bank Limited, National Industrial Bank of China, Sin Hua Bank Limited, Wo Sang Bank, Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, and Young Brothers Banking Corporation, and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in October 2002. As of the end of 2016, the bank had HK$2,327 billion in assets and operating profit of HK$29 billion. Its head office is in the Bank of Hong Kong Tower in Central, Hong Kong. The head office, completed in 1988, and was the first building outside of North America to be more than 1,000 feet (300 m) high. Karaundi, Ayodhya Karaundi (Hindi: करौंदी) is a village in Bikapur tehsil in Faizabad district (now Ayodhya district) in the indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Haiderganj is nearest town from Karaundi, Ayodhya. District headquarters Ayodhya city is 43 km far from Karaundi. Karaundi village is situated on the border of Ayodhya and Ambedkar Nagar district. Ruud Krol Rudolf Jozef Krol (born 24 March 1949) is a retired Dutch footballer who was capped 83 times for the Netherlands national team. Most of his career he played for his home town club, Ajax, and he became a coach after retirement. Regarded as one of the best defenders of all time, Krol mainly played as a sweeper or left-back, however he could play anywhere across the back line, or in midfield as a defensive midfielder, due to his range of passing with both feet, temperament, tactical intelligence, and ability to start attacking plays after winning back the ball. Club career. He began his career at Ajax under manager Rinus Michels. In his first season at the club he did not play much. After the departure of left-back Theo van Duivenbode in the summer of 1969 to Feyenoord, Krol became a regular player. When Ajax reached the UEFA European Cup in 1971, and won, Krol did not play because of a broken leg. Krol did play in the European Cup finals of 1972 and 1973. While others such as Johan Cruijff and Johan Neeskens left for new pastures, Krol, captain since the departure of Piet Keizer in October 1974, stayed at Ajax until June 1980. He moved to the North American Soccer League to play for the Vancouver Whitecaps for one season. He then joined S.S.C. Napoli where he played for the next four seasons. His last club before he retired in 1986 was the French club AS Cannes, at the time in Ligue 2 (the French 2nd division). International career. Internationally, Krol made his debut for the Netherlands in 1969 against England, retiring from international football in 1983. He was a crucial component in the "Total Football" side of the 1970s. A versatile defender, he could play in any position along the back four or midfield. In the 1974 FIFA World Cup, in which the Netherlands reached the final, Krol primarily played at left-back. He created Cruijff's goal against Brazil and scored a 25-yard screamer against Argentina. By the time the 1978 FIFA World Cup came about, Krol had switched to playing as a sweeper and had earned the captain's armband after the retirement of Cruijff. Krol played for the Netherlands as captain at the 1980 European Championship. He played for part of the qualifying for Euro 84, and played his last international in 1983. Managerial career. In his managerial career, he has been head coach of Egypt, and has been assistant manager of the Netherlands (under Frank Rijkaard and Louis van Gaal) and Ajax (under Ronald Koeman). He became interim manager of Ajax after the resignation of Koeman. He was manager of AC Ajaccio in France Ligue 2 from 2006 to 2007. He returned as manager of Egyptian giants Zamalek in August 2007. He had previously managed them from 1994 to 1999, winning the Egyptian Cup in 1999, the African Cup of Champions Clubs in 1996 and the Afro-Asian Club Championship 1997, the last two being the biggest club level prizes available to CAF clubs. Krol's return to Zamalek was meant to be a stabilizing presence, the club having gone through several managers in the preceding two seasons. His stay however would be a short one. He ended his sole season by winning one Egyptian Cup with Zamalek, within one season he would leave and sign a three-year contract with the South African giants Orlando Pirates. In the three years with the Orlando Pirates he won two South African cups (and a finalist once) and won the national league, all in his last year in charge of the team. Those cups include MTN8 and Nedbank Cup. Despite that success his contract was not renewed. He won the Tunisian championship with CS Sfaxien in 2012–2013, after a fierce battle with the other 3 of the Tunisian big 4. After that success, he was contacted to lead the Tunisian national team in the play off qualifying to the 2014 world cup against Cameroon. He accepted that role and simultaneously became manager of CS Sfaxien and Tunisia in September 2013. He won the 2013 CAF Confederation Cup with Sfaxien. He resigned from his duties as Sfaxien coach after the second leg of the final against TP Mazembe on 30 November 2013. He quit as the national team interim coach following Tunisia's loss in the World Cup play-off. In January 2014, he was appointed new head coach of Tunisian side ES Tunis. Personal life. On 6 July 1972, Krol married Yvonne van Ingen. The couple have a daughter. On 26 September 1974, together with teammate Arie Haan, he opened a snack bar on Reguliersbreestraat in Amsterdam. Honours. Player. Ajax Netherlands Individual Coach. Ajaccio Zamalek Orlando Pirates CS Sfaxien Esperance Raja Casablanca Egyptian Olympic Team (U23) Egypt Netherlands (ass. Coach under Frank Rijkard) Individual Resident Evil (2002 movie) Resident Evil is a 2002 science fiction action horror movie directed by Paul W.S. Anderson and based on the "Resident Evil" video game franchise. It starred Milla Jovovich and Michelle Rodriguez. Resident Evil (1996 video game) Resident Evil, known in Japan as , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom. It is the first game in the "Resident Evil" series. It inspired a wave of zombie movies since it's release and a long-lasting franchise including several sequels, a prequel and a remake. Gameplay. The game can let players play as either Jill Valentine or Chris Redfield of S.T.A.R.S. Reception. The game is known for its cheesy dialogue, particularly the "Jill sandwich" line from Barry. Resident Evil (2002 video game) Resident Evil, known in Japan as , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom and a remake of the 1996 game of the same name. It has improved graphics, dialogue and gameplay. It was first released as a Nintendo GameCube exclusive game alongside the original game's prequel, "Resident Evil Zero". Gameplay. The game can let players play as either Jill Valentine or Chris Redfield of S.T.A.R.S. Resident Evil Zero Resident Evil Zero, known in Japan as , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom and a prequel of the Resident Evil game series. Shark Tale (video game) Shark Tale is a 2004 video game based on the animated movie of the same name. It was released by Activision for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox on September 2004. Gameplay. The game lets the player play as Oscar for dancing and racing levels. Sly Cooper (character) Sly Cooper is the titular protagonist of the video game series of the same name. He is voiced by Kevin Miller in all of his appearances. Biography. Sly Cooper was raised by his father, Conner Cooper who taught him about his thieving heritage from the book called the Thievius Raccoonus. On a night he was supposed to keep the book, a group of villains known as the Fiendish Five, lead by Clockwerk killed Conner and kept the book. Sly was sent to an orphanage and met a smart turtle named Bentley and a hippo named Murray. Personality. Sly is suave, hip and likable at the same time. Mortal Kombat (2021 movie) Mortal Kombat is a 2021 movie and a reboot of the "Mortal Kombat" movie series. It was directed by Simon McQuold and produced by James Wan. Hulk (video game) Hulk is a 2003 action video game based on the 2003 Ang Lee movie of the same name. It was developed by Radical Entertainment. It had Eric Bana returning as the voice of Bruce Banner from the movie. It is also a sequel to the events of the movie. Gameplay. The game has levels where the Hulk can destroy the environment and where Bruce Banner can stealthily avoid enemies. Plot. It has been 8 years since Bruce Banner returned from South America. The Incredible Hulk (movie) The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero movie directed by Louis Leterrier and based on the Marvel character Hulk by Stan Lee. It is a reboot to the 2003 movie and the second movie of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Plot. Bruce Banner has been staying at Brazil to find a way to suppress his anger. If I Needed Someone "If I Needed Someone" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written by the band's lead guitarist George Harrison. It was first released outside of North America on the Parlophone version of the band's 1965 album "Rubber Soul". It was released in North America on the 1966 Capitol album "Yesterday and Today". It was played during the band's 1965 UK tour, meaning it was the only song played live by the band that George Harrison wrote.<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> Personnel. According to Ian MacDonald, the line-up on the Beatles' recording was as follows: ArcelorMittal ArcelorMittal is an Indian-Luxembourgish multinational corporation with its headquarters in Luxembourg City. It was formed in 2006 when Arcelor was taken over by Mittal Steel. It produces more steel than any other company in the world, with a yearly steel production of 97 million metric tonnes. In 2009, it was ranked at 120th in the Fortune Global 500 of the world's largest corporations. List of prime ministers of Qatar The prime minister of Qatar is a second head of government of Qatar Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates The prime minister of UAE is a second head of goverment of the United Arab Emirates. Juan R. Torruella Juan Rafael Torruella del Valle Sr. (June 7, 1933 – October 26, 2020) was an American politician, lawyer and Olympic sailor. He was a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit from 1984 until his death. He was chief judge of that court from 1994 to 2001. He was the first and, to date, only Hispanic to serve on the First Circuit. He was, from 1974 to 1984 on the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. He was also a former competitive sailor, competing for the Puerto Rican team at the Summer Olympic Games in 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1976. Torruella was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He died on October 26, 2020 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 87. David Braley David Osborn Braley (May 31, 1941 – October 26, 2020) was a Canadian politician, sports owner and businessman. He was the owner of the BC Lions, the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2010 as a Conservative, but resigned three years later. He was a member of the Order of Canada and the Canadian Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Braley died on October 26, 2020 from diabetes-related problems in Burlington, Ontario at the age of 79. Burlington, Ontario Burlington is a city in the Regional Municipality of Halton at the northwestern end of Lake Ontario in Ontario, Canada. Burlington lies between Lake Ontario's north shore and the Niagara Escarpment. Media. CJXY 107.9 CHKX 94.7 Jan Boerman Jan Boerman (30 June 1923 – 25 October 2020) was a Dutch composer. He worked in electronic music, starting in 1959. He was born in The Hague. He worked for the Delft Polytechnic in Utrecht and at the Institute of Sonology. Boerman received the Matthijs Vermeulen Award Prize for his entire body of work in 1981 and the Willem Pijper Prize for his composition "Vocalise 1994" in 1997. Boerman died on 25 October 2020 at the age of 97. Margie Bowes Margie Marie Bowes (March 18, 1941 – October 22, 2020) was an American country music singer. She was popular in the late 1950s. She had a top 10 country hit, "Poor Old Heartsick Me", in 1959. She was born in Roxboro, North Carolina. Her career began in 1958. She was known for competing at the Grand Ole Opry with Kitty Wells, Jean Shepard, Connie Hall and Patsy Cline. Bowes died on October 22, 2020 in Brentwood, Tennessee at the age of 79. Roxboro, North Carolina Roxboro ( ) is a city and the county seat of Person County, North Carolina in the United States. The population was 8,362 at the 2010 census. Jean Shepard Ollie Imogene "Jean" Shepard (November 21, 1933 – September 25, 2016) was an American honky-tonk singer-songwriter. Shepard released a total of 73 singles to the Hot Country Songs chart. She recorded a total of 24 studio albums between 1956 and 1981, and became a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1955. Connie Hall Connie Hall (born June 24, 1929) is an American country music singer. She had brief success as a country music artist in the late 1950s and 1960s. She is also a songwriter. Hall was born in Whitley County, Kentucky. For three more years, Hall remained under Decca Records, making seven more hits, such as "Sleep, Baby Sleep" and "Fool Me Once". Also during this time, she performed on the Grand Ole Opry, Louisiana Hayride, and Midwestern Hayride. In 1964, Hall left Decca Records and switched to Musicor Records, where she remained until 1967. Jesse Arnelle Hugh Jesse Arnelle (December 30, 1933 – October 21, 2020) was an American basketball player and attorney. He was born in New Rochelle, New York. From 1955 to 1956, he played for the Fort Wayne Pistons. Arnelle died on October 21, 2020 from heart disease in San Francisco, aged 86. Pin Point, Georgia Pin Point is an unincorporated community in Chatham County, Georgia, United States; it is located southeast of Savannah. Pin Point is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town is best known as the birthplace of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas on June 23, 1948. Dean Bandiera Dean "Dino" Bandiera (January 1, 1926 – October 13, 2020) was a Canadian football player. He played for the Montreal Alouettes, Saskatchewan Roughriders, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Calgary Stampeders. Bandiera retired from football in 1955 when he was "fired" by the Calgary Stampeders. His career began in 1946. He was born in Timmins, Ontario. Bandiera died on October 13, 2020 in Montreal, Quebec at the age of 94. Mystic River (movie) Mystic River is a 2003 American neo-noir mystery drama movie directed and scored by Clint Eastwood. It stars Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, Laurence Fishburne, Marcia Gay Harden, and Laura Linney. The screenplay, written by Brian Helgeland, was based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane. The movie was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Penn, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress for Harden, and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins. Dennis Lehane Dennis Lehane (born August 4, 1965) is an American author. He has published more than a dozen novels. His best known book is "A Drink Before the War". Some of his books were made into movies: "Mystic River", directed by Clint Eastwood, which won several awards; 2007’s "Gone Baby Gone"; and 2010’s "Shutter Island" directed by Martin Scorsese. Gone Baby Gone Gone Baby Gone is a 2007 American neo-noir mystery thriller crime movie directed by Ben Affleck. It is his first directed movie. Affleck co-wrote the screenplay with Aaron Stockard based on the 1998 novel "Gone, Baby, Gone" by Dennis Lehane. The movie stars Casey Affleck and Michelle Monaghan as two private investigators hunting for a young girl abducted from her single mother's apartment in the Boston neighborhood of Dorchester. The supporting cast includes Morgan Freeman, Ed Harris, and Amy Ryan. Titus Welliver Titus B. Welliver (born March 12, 1962) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles of the Man in Black in "Lost", Silas Adams in "Deadwood", Jimmy O’Phelan in "Sons of Anarchy", and the title role in the television series "Bosch". John Ashton (actor) John David Ashton (born February 22, 1948) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the movies "Beverly Hills Cop", "Beverly Hills Cop II", and "Midnight Run". Prince of the City Prince of the City is a 1981 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and was based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Robert Daley. It stars Treat Williams, Jerry Orbach, Bob Balaban, Lindsay Crouse, Kenny Marino, James Tolkan, Cynthia Nixon and was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1982. Internet Movie Cars Database Internet Movie Cars Database or IMCDb is a online database of cars, bikes, trucks, buses and other motor vehicle appearances in movies. It was founded in 2004. Kevin Dunn Kevin Dunn (born August 24, 1956) is an American actor who has played in many supporting roles. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has been in movies since the 1980s. He has also been in many television roles. Dunn was in the movie "Mississippi Burning", the television show "Forever Knight", and the Netflix show "The Umbrella Academy". Seminole bat The Seminole bat ("Lasiurus seminolus") is a type of bat in the family Vespertilionidae. Description. The Seminole bat is often confused with the red bat. The Seminole bat has a mahogany color with a frosted look because to white tipped dorsal hairs. They weigh around 12 grams. Females are larger than males. Distribution and Habitat. The Seminole bat is found in the Southeastern United States. This includes Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina and parts of Texas, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina. It has also been seen as far as Mexico. It is a migratory species. In the winter, it lives along the Gulf Coast, North and South Carolina, and southern Arkansas. In the summer, they migrate as far north as Missouri and Kentucky. It prefers to live in forested areas. In winter, they are found to use leaf litter and Spanish moss as insulation in their roost sites. Feeding. Seminole bats are insectivores. They eat large amounts of Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths). They have also been shown to eat smaller amounts of Homoptera (cicadas) and Diptera (flies). Hoary bat The hoary bat ("Aeorestes cinereus") is a type of bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found throughout most of North America and much of South America. It is also found in the Galápagos Islands and Hawaii. Description. The hoary bat is 13 to 14.5 cm (5.1 to 5.7 in) long. It has a wingspan of 40 cm (15.5 in). It weighs 26 g (0.92 oz). Its fur is dense and dark brown, with white tips to the hairs. The body is covered in fur except for the undersides of the wings. Males and females are sexually dimorphic in body mass. Behaviour. It normally roosts alone on trees. But sometimes, it has been seen in caves with other bats. It prefers woodland, mainly coniferous forests, but hunts over open areas or lakes. It hunts alone and it mainly eats moths. The bats can travel 39 km (24 mi) while foraging. In the winter, they live in Central America and the southwestern United States. In the spring and summer, they live in the United States and Canada. Reproduction. The reproductive cycle of the hoary bat is not yet fully understood. But, it is thought that they mate in August. It is also thought that they give birth in June of the following year. It is thought that the gestation period is only 40 days. It gives birth to one pup, or sometimes twins. The young ones stay with the mother for a month before leaving. Northern yellow bat The northern yellow bat ("Dasypterus intermedius") is a type of bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is usually awake throughout the year except during extremely cold winter weather. When it is extremely cold they will induce torpor. Description. The northern yellow bat has an average length of 14 cm. It weighs of 14-31 g. It has a wingspan of 35–41 cm. Its fur ranges in color from yellow orange to gray-brown, and is dark tipped. Distribution and Habitat. It is mainly found along the coastal regions of the southeastern United States and eastern Texas, Cuba, Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. It has been seen in Virginia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. It usually lives in wooded areas near permanent bodies of water or coastal habitats with Spanish moss or palm trees. They roost within the Spanish moss itself or under the dead hanging fronds of palm trees. Feeding. They eat true bugs, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, leafhoppers, flying ants, and on the rare occasion, damselflies and dragonflies. Reproduction. The Northern yellow bat mates in autumn and sometimes in winter. They give birth in late May or early June. They usually give birth to two pups. The baby northern yellow bats start flying between June and August. Gao Fengwen Gao Fengwen (; 23 November 1939 – 27 October 2020) was a Chinese football coach and a former international football player. He was born in Kaiyuan, Liaoning. From 1957 to 1973, he played for Liaoning FC. From 1965 to 1973, he played with the national team. He also managed the national team between 1986 to 1990. Gao died on 27 October 2020 in Beijing, aged 80. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like system that was created in South Africa after the end of apartheid. Witnesses who were victims of gross human rights violations during apartheid were invited to give statements about their experiences, and some were selected for public hearings. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from both civil and criminal prosecution. The TRC, the first of the 1003 held internationally to stage public hearings, was seen by many as a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South Africa. It was controversial to some because many people who committed crimes were either acquitted or never prosecuted. The Landlady (short story) "The Landlady" is a short story by Roald Dahl. It was first published in a magazine called The New Yorker, in 1959. It was also included in a collection of short stories, called "Kiss Kiss", published in 1960. It won the Edgar Awards in 1960, in the category "Best Short Story Mystery" in 1960. Collin College Collin College is a public community college in Collin County, Texas. It opened in 1985 and has more than 59,000 students. Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon is a Marvel Comics character. He is Groot's best friend and translator. Portrayals. Rocket has been voiced by Bradley Cooper in four movies and has been voiced by Billy West and Trevor Devall in cartoons. Beast (comics) Hank McCoy (also known as Beast) is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superhero created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in "X-Men" #1 in November 1963. He has been adapted into motion pictures and is played by Kelsey Grammer and Nicholas Hoult. Cyclops (Marvel Comics) Scott Summers (also known as Cyclops) is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superhero created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in "The X-Men" #1 in November 1963. He has been adapted into motion pictures and is played by James Marsden and Tye Sheridan. Fictional History. Origin. Scott Summers is a mutant. He was orphaned as a young boy when his parents died in a plane crash. He survived with his younger brother, Alex Summers. The two brothers were then separated and sent to orphanages. When he was a teenager, Scott was adopted by Charles Xavier, the founder of the X-Men and the headmaster of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters (a school for mutants). Under Xavier, Scott learned to control his powers with special glasses, as Scott cannot control them by himself due to an injury he got in the plane crash. Xavier made Scott the first leader of the X-Men, which was made up of four other teenage mutants. Family. Scott Summers is the son of Christopher Summers, a pilot. He has two brothers, Alex and Gabriel. Scott did not know that he had a second brother for a long time. Scott has multiple children. They are all powerful mutants. His daughter's name is Rachel. She is from an alternate future and can move things with her mind. Scott has a son named Nathan Christopher, and there are multiple versions of him because of time travel. The most well-known version is Cable, a large man with a mechanical arm. The other well-known version is Nate Grey, who is from another alternate timeline. Relationships. Scott Summers has been in many romantic relationships. His most famous is with Jean Grey, a very powerful telepath and telekinetic. Jean is Rachel's mother. Jean and Scott have been married twice. Scott has also been married to a woman named Madelyn Pryor, a clone of Jean Grey. Scott did not know Madelyn was a clone when he married her. Madelyn is Nathan Christopher's mother, but Jean Grey helped raise him after Madelyn's first death. Scott has also been in a relationship with Emma Frost, another powerful mutant. Scott has several close friends among the X-Men. Wolverine (also known as Logan) is one of Scott's best friends, but they tend to fight a lot over their different beliefs. Storm (also known as Ororo Munroe) is also very close with Scott. She has co-lead the X-Men with him many times. Scott considers many X-Men members to be like his family. Scott is not friends with many superheroes outside of the X-Men because he is a mutant. The exception to this is the young team of heroes called the Champions, who befriended a teenage version of Scott who got pulled into his future for a short time. The adult version of Scott still sees the Champions as his friends in his present day. Powers and Abilities. Scott Summers has natural superpowers because he is a mutant. His mutant power is to be able to shoot powerful red beams out of his eyes. His beams can knock down large objects, but do not produce heat like a laser. Scott needs special glasses or a visor to control his beams because of a head injury. With his visor, Scott can change the size and power of his beams, from very wide and strong to very focused. Scott is also able to do complicated math in his head to know the angles he needs to bounce his beams just right. Outside of his mutant powers, Scott is a very good tactical leader and is good with children. The Grinch (movie) The Grinch is a 2018 animated comedy-drama Christmas movie. "The Grinch" is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book, "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" and the 1966 TV Christmas special. SC Fortuna Köln SC Fortuna Köln is a German football club. They play in the Regionalliga West, the 4th division of German football. They are based in the city of Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia. Honours. The club's honours: Ismail Ayob Ismail Ayob (born 1942) is a South African lawyer. During his career, he defended many people in anti-Apartheid cases. Ayob also became prominent because sometimes he disagreed with Nelson Mandela. Litoria mareku Mareku's tree frog ("Litoria mareku") is a frog from Indonesia. Scientists saw it in the Wondiwoi Mountains in Papua Province. Appearance. The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog caught two adult male frogs. These frogs were 25.5 and 26.5 mm long in from nose to rear end with smooth skin. This frog is green and gray in color with a black mark in front of both eyes and a black band across its body. Its belly, chest, and throat are light in color, with yellow color on the sides of its body. The insides of its hind legs are blue. There are spots on the sides of its throat and body. Home. This frog lives in the Wandammen Peninsula in primary rainforest. The scientist team found the two frogs in their paper on small woody plants. The plants were not far from a stream and not far from a swamp. But the scientists did not know whether it was the stream or the swamp that the frogs liked. Taxonomy. Scientists say this frog is related to "Litoria mucro", "Litoria nigromaculata" and "Litoria nigropunctata". Name. Scientists named the frogs after the man who caught them: Genus Mareku. He is from Yeretuar village. He was a guide. He led the scientists through the Wondiwoi Mountains. Moise Kean Bioty Moise Kean (; born 28 February 2000) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Juventus, on loan from club Everton, and the Italy national team. The Village (movie) The Village is a 2004 American horror movie. It was directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard and Joaquin Phoenix. Alien vs. Predator (movie) Alien vs. Predator is a 2004 American science fiction horror science fiction crossover movie directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is the first movie which stars the extraterrestrial antagonists, the Aliens and the Predators in the same plot, and as deadly enemies of each other. Plot. Set in 2004, Alien vs. Predator follows a group of paleontologists, archaeologists and others assembled by billionaire businessman Charles Bishop Weyland for an expedition to Bouvet Island, a remote Norwegian island north of Antarctica, after a mysterious heat signal is discovered under the ice cap. Weyland and the group discover a pyramid buried beneath the ice cap. However, the structure is an ancient hunting ground where Predators stalk and kill Aliens for sport. The humans are caught between them and start getting killed by them and must fight to survive and escape the place. Tonic Trouble Tonic Trouble is a 1999 video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and released for the Nintendo 64, Game Boy Color and Windows. Gameplay. The player plays as a purple alien named Ed who has to stop Grögh from using a magical tonic. Sun Life Financial Sun Life Financial, Inc. is a Canada-based financial services company known primarily as a life insurance company. It is one of the largest life insurance companies in the world, and also one of the oldest with a history spanning back to 1865. Sun Life Financial has a presence in investment management with over CAD$891 billion in assets under management operating in a number of countries. Sun Life ranks number 277 on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2016 as well as on the Fortune 500 list. Sun Life ranks number 235 on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2022. Bank of Montreal The Bank of Montreal is a Canadian multinational investment bank and financial services company. Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1817 as Montreal Bank. Their head office remains in Montreal. They also have operational headquarters and executive offices in Toronto, Ontario, since 1977. One of the Big Five banks in Canada, as well as one of the ten largest banks in North America. It is commonly known by its acronym BMO. BMO is also its stock symbol on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. Establishment and early history. On 23 June 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Montreal Bank in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. The bank officially began conducting business on 3 November 1817. This is the birth of Canada's oldest bank. It underwent a name change to its current in 1822. BMO's Institution Number (or bank number) is 001. In Canada, the bank operates as BMO Bank of Montreal and has more than 900 branches, serving over seven million customers. Operations in the USA. In the United States, it does business as BMO Financial Group, where it has substantial operations in the Chicago area and elsewhere in the country, where it operates "BMO Harris Bank". BMO Capital Markets is BMO's investment and corporate banking division, while the wealth management division is branded as BMO Nesbitt Burns. The company is ranked at number 131 on the Forbes Global 2000 list. On December 12th, 2021 Bank of Montreal announced the strategic acquisition of Bank of the West from BNP Paribas for US$16.3 billion. Achievements. The company has not missed a dividend payment since 1829. They paid dividends consistently through major world crises such as World War I, the Great Depression, World War II, and the 2008 financial crisis; this makes the Bank of Montreal's dividend payment history one of the longest in the world. The Smiths (album) The Smiths is the self-titled first album by English rock band The Smiths. It was released on 20 February 1984 by Rough Trade Records. The album reached number two on the UK Albums Chart. It stayed on the chart for 33 weeks. 1999–2000 UEFA Cup The 1999–2000 UEFA Cup season was the 29th edition of the UEFA Cup. The final was played at Parken Stadium in Copenhagen. It was won by Galatasaray, who beat in the final. The defending champions were they were eliminated by Werder Bremen in the fourth round. It was the first season of the new UEFA Cup format. Domestic cup winners would qualify for the UEFA Cup, after the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was disbanded. This change also added an additional knockout round. This was the first year when the UEFA Cup winners qualified for the UEFA Super Cup. Association team allocation. A total of 142 teams from 49 UEFA associations participated in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup. Associations are allocated places according to their 1999–2000 UEFA league coefficient. Below is the qualification scheme for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup: Teams. The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round: Quarter-finals. Second leg. "Leeds United won 4–2 on aggregate." "Galatasaray won 6–2 on aggregate." "Arsenal won 6–2 on aggregate." "Lens won 2–1 on aggregate." Semi-finals. Second leg. "Arsenal won 3–1 on aggregate." "Galatasaray won 4–2 on aggregate." Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), is one of the "Big Five" banks in Canada. The bank is headquartered at Commerce Court in Toronto, Ontario. CIBC's Institution Number (or bank number) is 010, and its SWIFT code is CIBCCATT. It is also one of the two major banks originally founded in Toronto alongside Toronto-Dominion Bank. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce was formed through the June 1, 1961, merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce (founded 1867) and the Imperial Bank of Canada (founded 1873), the largest merger between chartered banks in Canadian history. The bank has four strategic business units: Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. It has international operations in the United States, the Caribbean, Asia, and United Kingdom; Globally. CIBC serves more than eleven million clients, and has over 40,000 employees. The company ranks at number 172 on the Forbes Global 2000 listing. Scotiabank The Bank of Nova Scotia, or Scotiabank, is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services company. One of Canada's Big Five banks, it is the third largest Canadian bank by deposits and market capitalization. It serves more than 25 million customers around the world and offers a range of products and services including personal and commercial banking, wealth management, corporate and investment banking. With more than 88,000 employees and assets of $998 billion (as of October 31, 2018), Scotiabank trades on the Toronto and New York Exchanges. Founded in 1832 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Scotiabank moved its executive offices to Toronto, Ontario in 1900. Scotiabank has billed itself as "Canada's most international bank" due to its acquisitions primarily in Latin America and the Caribbean, and also in Europe and parts of Asia. Scotiabank is a member of the London Bullion Market Association and one of fifteen accredited institutions which participate in the London gold fixing. From 1997 to 2019, this was conducted through its precious metals division ScotiaMocatta. Hatful of Hollow Hatful of Hollow is a compilation album by English rock band the Smiths, released on 12 November 1984 by Rough Trade Records. "Hatful of Hollow" reached number seven on the UK Albums Chart, and stayed on the chart for 46 weeks. In 2000, "Q" magazine placed the album at number 44 on its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". Meat Is Murder Meat Is Murder is the second album by English rock band The Smiths, released on 11 February 1985 by Rough Trade Records. It became the band's only studio album to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart, and stayed on the chart for thirteen weeks. It also reached number 110 on the US "Billboard" 200, in the United States. Aging in cats Reliable information on the lifespans of house cats is hard to find. However, research has been done to get an estimate (an educated guess) on how long cats usually live. Cats usually live for 13 to 20 years. Sometimes cats can live for 22 to 30 years but there are claims of cats dying at ages of more than 30 years old. The "Guinness World Record" for the oldest cat was for a cat named Creme Puff, who was 38 years old. Female cats seem to live longer than male cats. Neutered cats live longer than cats that have not been neutered. Mixed breed cats also appear to live longer than purebred cats. Researchers have also found that cats that weigh more have shorter lifespans. People sometimes guess how long a cat will live by comparing it to how long a human usually lives. You can estimate a cat's age in "cat years" by multiplying the cat's age in normal years by 7. A better guess for cat years used by veterinarians is: the cat's age times 4, then plus 16. You can use this math for cats who are at least 2 years old. This is an example of both ways of estimating cat years for a 5 year old cat: formula_1 formula_2 The life expectancy of an indoor cat is around 17 years, but the life expectancy of outdoor cats is 5.6 years. Tutu House The Tutu House is a house on Valakati Street in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa that belongs to Desmond Tutu and his family. The house is registered as part of Johannesburg's historical heritage. Midnight (1939 movie) Midnight is a 1939 American romantic comedy movie directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Claudette Colbert, Don Ameche, John Barrymore, Francis Lederer, Mary Astor, Elaine Barrie. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was remade in 1945 as "Masquerade in Mexico". Nodugl tree frog The Nodugl tree frog ("Litoria micromembrana") is a frog from the island New Guinea. Scientists saw it in both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, on the Snow Mountains, Hunstein Mountains, Huon Peninsula, and Mount Obree. Sanna Marin Sanna Mirella Marin (born 16 November 1985) is a Finnish politician. Marin is the Prime Minister of Finland since 10 December 2019. She is a member of the Social Democrat. She has been member of the Parliament of Finland since 2015. She was the Minister of Transport and Communications from 6 June 2019 through December 2019. After Antti Rinne left his position as prime minister, Social Democratic Party of Finland selected Marin as its candidate for new prime minister 8 December 2019. Taking office at age 34, she is the youngest person to hold the office in Finnish history, as well as the world's second-youngest state leader after Gabriel Boric of Chile. Early life. Sanna Mirella Marin was born on 16 November 1985 in Helsinki. Her parents split up when she was very young. The family faced financial problems and Marin's father, Lauri Marin, was an alcoholic. After her biological parents separated, Marin was brought up by her mother and her mother's female partner. Marin graduated from the Pirkkala High School in 2004 at the age of 19. She joined the Social Democratic Youth in 2006 and was its first vice president from 2010 to 2012. She worked in a bakery and as a cashier while studying. She graduated with a bachelor's and master's degree in Administrative Science from the University of Tampere. Early political career. Marin's political career began when she was aged 20. She unsuccessfully ran for election to the City Council of Tampere, but was elected in the 2012 elections. She became chairperson of the City Council within months, from 2013 to 2017. In 2017, she was re-elected to the City Council. Marin was elected second deputy chairperson of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 2014. In 2015, she was elected to the Finnish Parliament as an MP from the electoral district of Pirkanmaa. Four years later, she was re-elected. On 6 June 2019, she became the Minister of Transport and Communications. On 23 August 2020, Marin was elected chair of the SDP, replacing Antti Rinne. Prime Minister (since 2019). In December 2019, Marin was nominated by the Social Democratic Party to replace Antti Rinne as the Prime Minister of Finland, but Rinne stayed as party leader until June 2020. By a small amount of votes, Marin beat Antti Lindtman to become prime minister. A majority of the ministers in her cabinet are women, 12 out of 19 at the time of the cabinet's creation. She is the third female head of government in Finland, after Anneli Jäätteenmäki and Mari Kiviniemi. When she was confirmed by Parliament at the age of 34, she became Finland's youngest-ever prime minister, and was the youngest state leader until Sebastian Kurz became Chancellor of Austria again in January 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Marin's cabinet declared a state of emergency in Finland to stop the epidemic in the country. When Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven could not attend a European Council meeting in October 2020, Marin also represented Sweden in the meeting. Marin later asked Löfven to represent Finland at a Council meeting later that month. In October 2020, Marin took part in a photo shoot for the Finnish magazine "" in which she wore a blazer with nothing underneath, causing controversy while her supporters called the critics sexist. In May 2021, Finnish media reported that Marin and her family were paying about €300 per month for groceries with public funds as a part of the Prime Minister's tax-free housing benefits. This was legally questioned if a prime minister was able to do this. Marin had used around 14.000 euro for her own food, which was over the limit of 2500 euro. Marin claimed that she did not know the limit. In early December 2021, Marin went celebrating in a nightclub in Helsinki hours after being in close contact with Finland's foreign minister who had tested positive for COVID-19, making her exposed to the disease. Two text messages were sent to Marin's government phone saying that she should be quarantined. However, Marin missed the messages because she was not carrying the phone at the time. According to the government instructions, the Prime Minister should always have the governmental phone. She apologized on Facebook and said that she had been told that going out in public was allowed because she was vaccinated. Two complaints about Marin's actions were sent to the Chancellor of Justice. Important members of the coalition party Centre Party said that Marin had lied to them by chaning her reasoning of going out. In early 2022, Marin announced her support of Finland joining NATO, causing a negative reaction from Russia. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Marin strongly wanted Finland to join NATO and called on several NATO countries to support their membership. On 25 February, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they tried to join NATO. On 12 May 2022, ten weeks after the beginning of the invasion, President Sauli Niinistö and Marin both said that "Finland must apply for NATO membership without delay" and that a NATO membership would be good for the country's security. On 15 May, Niinistö and Marin announced that Finland would apply for NATO membership, and on 17 May the Finnish parliament approved the proposal 188-8. She said her country did not want permanent NATO bases or nuclear weapons on its territory. On 31 May, she supported a deal agreed by all European Union leaders to ban more than 90% of Russian oil by the end of the year. In August 2022, another video showed Marin dancing at another party, which caused controversy because people thought Marin was on drugs while dancing at the party. Marin took a drug test on her own to prove she was not on drugs and on 22 August, the results of the test came out negative for drugs in her system. Personal life. In January 2018, Marin and her fiancé, football player Markus Räikkönen, had a daughter, Emma. In August 2020, Marin and Räikkönen were married at the prime minister's official residence, Kesäranta. Marin said she came from a "rainbow family", as she was raised by same-sex parents. She was the first person in her family to go to a university. Marin is a vegetarian. Marin was on the list of the BBC's "100 Women" in 2020. That same year, she was chosen by "Forbes" on the list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. In 2020 she became a "Young Global Leader" of the World Economic Forum. Antti Rinne Antti Juhani Rinne () (born 3 November 1962) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from June to December 2019 and Leader of the Social Democratic Party since 2014. He was Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of Finland between 2014 and 2015 and has been a Member of Parliament since 2015. Inge Lehmann Lehmann overturned the melodic theme that our planet's metallic core is entirely thawing liquid state state . She used maths to analyze the way energy released by earthquakes travels through the Earth. She discovered something eternally concealed from the naked eye thousands of miles below our feet, at its center, the Earth is solid . In fact, it has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. Lehmann is also remarkable in that she is one of the longest-lived scientists in history, living to 104 years of age. Her father, Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann, was a psychologist and her mother, Ida Sophie Torsleff, was a woman of the house . Both parents came from prominent families. Inge was a very shy girl who did not enjoy being in the spot . She continued to be shy throughout her long biography . She was shoal time metered at a buck private coeducational schooling called Faellesskolen which translates as shared school. The school was new: it had been founded when Inge was 5 years old by Hanna Adler, a wealthy woman.. Hanna Adler's new school was unusual in that male child and girls were treated identically, poring over the same topic and taking parting in the same sportsman and activities. The children were not disciplined as rigorously as in other schools of that meter . Inge Lehmann enjoyed her time at the Fællesskolen, but she was sometimes bored because she did not feel challenged enough by the schoolwork. In 1906, at age 18, she passed the entrance examination for Copenhagen University with a first rank mark. University Lehmann started freshman track in mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Copenhagen in 1907. She finally graduated in 1920. She then discovered the Earth’s Speciality with publishing. Rosetta Code Rosetta Code is a wiki-based website that features ways to solve various programming problems in many different programming languages. Website. Rosetta Code was created in 2007 by Michael Mol. The site's content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, though some components may have two licenses under less strict terms. Rosetta Code's collection of code examples shows how the functionality the user desires is achieved differently in various ways, and how "the same" task can be done in different programming languages. , Rosetta Code has: Data and structure. The Rosetta Code site is organized as a browsable cross-section of programming problems and programming languages. A programming problem's page displays solutions contributed by visitors in various programming languages, allowing someone who views the solution to compare the solution to the programming problem. Each programming language has its own page, which contains a list of programming problems that have solutions in that programming language. For example, a task that has a solution in the C programming language will appear in the listing for the C programming language, and if the same task has a solution in the Ruby programming language, the task will also appear in the listing for the Ruby programming language. Languages. Some programming languages that are listed on Rosetta Code are: A list of all programming languages that have solutions to programming problems on Rosetta Code is available. Tasks. Some tasks that are listed on Rosetta Code are: Munchkin cat A Munchkin cat is a type of cat breed that is a medium sized cat weighing 4 to 9 lbs. A Munchkin cat is best known for its short legs and outgoing personality. Cost. A munchkin cat can range from a wide range of prices depending on factors like gender or the cats color, whether they are a purebred seller or a private seller. Female cats can be more money because they can have kittens. Baby cats tend to cost more and the adult cats cost less. The prices for these cats can be $500 (U.S) to $1200 (U.S) . Personality. A Munchkin cat are loving and friendly. These cats want to be around humans. They love hugs and love to be pet. Munchkin cats get along with other cats Munchkins get along with dogs. These cats make great indoor cats and can hunt mice. Munchkin cats live 12 to 14 years and come in all types of colors and patterns. Munchkin cat eyes come in any color. Care. The care for a munchkin cat is important. Care for these cats includes brushing their fur once a week and to have water and food for the cat. These cats need a mix of wet food because it has vitamins and dry food for a healthy diet. Munchkins also need a lot of exercise. Having fake mice and a lot of different toys is good. 101955 Bennu 101955 Bennu (provisional designation ) is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on 11 September 1999. Bennu has a 1 in 2,700 chance of hitting Earth between the year 2175 and 2199. It is named after the Bennu, the ancient Egyptian mythological bird associated with the Sun, creation, and rebirth. Bennu has an average diameter of . Bennu is the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which is intended to return samples to Earth in 2023 for further study. Bennu is the second-highest on the cumulative rating on the Palermo technical impact hazard scale. It is believed that Bennu broke off from another asteroid in the asteroid belt, but the gravitational pull of Saturn dislodged it into the range of Earth. Bennu orbits the Sun every 1.2 years. It comes within 0.002 astronomical units of the earth every 6 years. Some believe that if Bennu enters a specific hole between the earth and the moon its orbit could change in a way that would make it likely to hit Earth. Kenneth Allen Taylor Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954 – December 2, 2019) was an American philosopher and radio personality. He was known for being the co-host (with John Perry) of the radio program "Philosophy Talk". Taylor was born in Sandusky, Ohio. Taylor died on December 2, 2019 of a heart attack in Stanford, California at the age of 65. Sandusky, Ohio Sandusky is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County. According to 2010 census, the city had a population of 25,793. In 2011, Sandusky was ranked No. 1 by "Forbes" as the "Best Place to Live Cheaply" in the United States. John Perry (philosopher) John Richard Perry (born January 16, 1943) is an American philosopher and radio personality. He is a Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside. He is known primarily for his work on situation semantics (together with Jon Barwise), reflexivity, indexicality, personal identity, and self-knowledge. Along with Kenneth Allen Taylor, he hosted "Philosophy Talk". Perry was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He studied at Cornell University. He was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize in 1999. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. George J. Laurer George Joseph Laurer (September 23, 1925 – December 5, 2019) was an American engineer. He developed the Universal Product Code, commonly known as the barcode, in 1973. As an engineer at IBM, he was asked to develop the pattern used for the Universal Product Code. Laurer died at his home in Wendell, North Carolina on December 5, 2019 at the age of 94. Wendell, North Carolina Wendell is a town in Wake County, North Carolina United States. The population was 5,845 at the 2010 census. Piet Huyg Piet Huyg (19 March 1951 – 6 December 2019) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a defender. He played 349 games with HFC Haarlem, mostly in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. Huyg died on 6 December 2019 at the age of 68 of Alzheimer's disease. Irena Laskowska Irena Laskowska (15 March 1925 – 6 December 2019) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1948 and 2003. Laskowska was known for her roles in "The Last Day of Summer" (1958), "Milczące ślady" (1961), "Salto" (1965), "Hunting Flies" (1969), "Everything for Sale" (1969) and in "Pornografia" (2003). Laskowska was born in Kraków. He died on 6 December 2019 in Warsaw at the age of 94. Hirokazu Kanazawa was a Japanese teacher. He taught Shotokan karate. He was the Chief instructor and President of the Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation, an organisation he founded after he left the Japan Karate Association (JKA). Kanazawa was ranked 10th "dan" in karate. Zvonimir Vujin Zvonimir "Zvonko" Vujin (23 July 1943 - 8 December 2019) was a Serbian amateur boxer. He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics for Yugoslavia and won bronze medals on both occasions. In 1967 he won a silver medal at the European championships and a gold at the Mediterranean Games. He was born in Zrenjanin. He died on 8 December 2019 in Zrenjanin, Serbia at the age of 76. Ice Bucket Challenge The Ice Bucket Challenge, sometimes called the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, was a viral challenge in which people would dump a bucket of ice water over a person's head, either by another person or by themselves. This was done to promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as motor neuron disease and in the US as Lou Gehrig's disease) and encourage donations to research. It went viral on social media during July–August 2014. Reinhard Bonnke Reinhard Bonnke (April 19, 1940 – December 7, 2019) was a German-American Pentecostal evangelist. He was known for his gospel missions throughout Africa. Bonnke was an evangelist and missionary in Africa, starting in 1967. Bonnke's autobiography, "Living a Life of Fire", is a collection of stories of his life. Bonnke died on December 7, 2019 in Orlando, Florida at the age of 79. The cause of death was femur surgery-related problems. Bump Elliott Chalmers William "Bump" Elliott (January 30, 1925 – December 7, 2019) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was born in Detroit, Michigan and raised in Bloomington, Illinois. He played halfback at Purdue University (1943–1944) and the University of Michigan (1946–1947). Elliott spent ten years as an assistant football coach at Oregon State, Iowa, and Michigan. He was appointed as Michigan's head football coach in 1959 and held that position until 1968. From 1970 to 1991, he was the athletic director at the University of Iowa. In 1989, Elliott was added into the College Football Hall of Fame. Elliott died on December 7, 2019 in Iowa City, Iowa at the age of 94. Giuseppe Frigo Giuseppe Frigo (30 March 1935 – 7 December 2019) was an Italian judge. He was a judge on the Constitutional Court of Italy from 23 October 2008 to 7 November 2016. He retired on 7 November 2016, citing health reasons. He was born in Brescia, Italy. Frigo died in Brescia on 7 December 2019 at the age of 84. Herbert Joos Herbert Joos (21 March 1940 – 7 December 2019) was a German jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist and graphic designer. He made recordings solo and in groups. He worked with the Vienna Art Orchestra. In 2017, he received the Jazzpreis Baden-Württemberg for his life's work. He played at festivals and in the of the SWF at a flugelhorn workshop with Kenny Wheeler, Ian Carr, Harry Beckett and Ack van Rooyen and made a name for himself with his solo recording, "The Philosophy of the Flugelhorn" in 1973. Joos died on 7 December 2019 after surgery in a Baden-Baden hospital at the age of 79. Ali Mufuruki Ali Mufuruki (1959 – December 7, 2019) was a Tanzanian businessman, author, founder and board member of several organisations. He was the founder of Infotech Investment Group. He was the board chairman of Vodacom Tanzania and Wananchi Group Holdings. He was the co-author of the book "Tanzania's Industrialisation Journey, 2016–2056". He died on 7 December 2019 at the Morningside Hospital in Johannesburg. Zaza Urushadze Zaza Urushadze (; 30 October 1965 — 7 December 2019) was a Georgian movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was born in Tbilisi. His first movie, "Here Comes the Dawn" (1998) was very successful and participated in many international film festivals. His other movie "Tangerines" was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards. He died of a heart attack on 7 December 2019. Paweł Pawlikowski Paweł Aleksander Pawlikowski (; born 15 September 1957) is a Polish filmmaker. His best known movies are "Last Resort" and "My Summer of Love". His movie "Ida" won the 2015 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, Pawlikowski won the Best Director prize for his 2018 movie "Cold War", a movie which also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Foreign Language Film. Ron Saunders Ronald Saunders (6 November 1932 – 7 December 2019) was an English football player and manager. He played for Everton, Gillingham, Portsmouth, Watford and Charlton Athletic. He managed seven clubs in 20 years, and he was the only manager to have taken charge of Aston Villa, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion. He died on 7 December 2019, aged 87. St. Joseph County, Indiana St. Joseph County, commonly called St. Joe County by locals, is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of Census 2010, the population was 266,931. The county seat is South Bend. 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption The volcanic island Whakaari, also called White Island, explosively erupted in New Zealand's northeastern Bay of Plenty region on 9 December 2019 at 2:11 pm NZDT. There were 47 people on or near the island at the time. The amount of people killed is currently 22, including 2 people that went missing and are believed to be dead. 25 people were injured, many critically. Events. White Island is a popular tourist attraction. In the days leading up to the eruption, the volcano on White Island became more unstable, causing an earthquake at one point. Although the volcano's alert level increased, tours of White Island continued. When the volcano erupted, it sent rock, volcanic ash, and super-hot gas into the air. This hot gas burned the people on the island, causing deaths and injuries. The type of eruption was a phreatic eruption, where water heated by magma turns into steam and causes an explosion. After the eruption. WorkSafe New Zealand, New Zealand's primary workplace safety organization, launched an investigation into the disaster alongside New Zealand police. WorkSafe New Zealand later charged 3 people (the owners of White Island) and 10 organizations. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said that "the scale of this tragedy is devastating". Holbrook, Arizona Holbrook () is a city in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city was 5,053. The city is the county seat of Navajo County. Holding Out for a Hero "Holding Out for a Hero" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for the soundtrack to the 1984 movie "Footloose", and later included on her 1986 album "Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire". It was written by Jim Steinman and Dean Pitchford. The song only just reached the Top 100 in the UK Singles Chart, but made it to number 2 the following year, and re-entered the charts again at number 69 in 1991. The song reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 28 September 1985. It reached the top 40 in the United States and Canada. The song later become popular after Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 movie "Shrek 2". Total Eclipse of the Heart "Total Eclipse of the Heart" is a song recorded by Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, "Faster Than the Speed of Night" (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States. Worldwide, the single has created 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. In early 2021, the Marsh family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody version titled "Totally Fixed Where We Are." The lyrics express the feelings of people in the U.K. under a third lockdown during the 2020/2021 Covid-19 pandemic. The video was uploaded to YouTube on February 2, 2021, and in less than a week got over 1.4 million views. UKF UKF is a Label Started in 2007 Offering a wide variety of Genre's in Techno. Sub-Genre's such as Drum & Bass & Dubstep made it a success. most notable artists can be people such as Bare Noize, Macky Gee & Fox Stevenson. UKF TOP TRACKS It's a Heartache "It's a Heartache" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for her second studio album, "Natural Force" (1978). The song was recorded in the same year by Juice Newton as a standalone single. Tyler's version received positive reviews from music critics. The song reached number three in the United States and number four in the United Kingdom. Tyler's version is one of the best-selling singles of all time. Jim Steinman James Richard Steinman (November 1, 1947 – April 19, 2021) was an American composer, singer, lyricist, record producer, and playwright. Steinman died on April 19, 2021 at a hospital in Connecticut from a "sudden medical emergency", aged 73. Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov (; born 31 October 1936) is a Russian politician and economist. He was the Mayor of Moscow from 1990 until he resigned in 1992. Mayor of Moscow The Mayor of the City of Moscow is head of the executive branch of the political system in Moscow, the Government of Moscow. The mayor's office is in charge of all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within Moscow. The budget overseen by the mayor's office is the largest municipal budget in the Russian Federation. Vladimir Resin Vladimir Iosifovich Resin (; ; born 21 February 1936) is a Russian politician. He was the acting mayor of Moscow, appointed by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to replace Yury Luzhkov on 28 September 2010. Resin was the first deputy mayor under Luzhkov. Sergey Sobyanin Sergey Semyonovich Sobyanin (; born 21 June 1958) is a Russian politician. He has been the 3rd and current Mayor of Moscow since 21 October 2010. He has been widely criticized for banning gay pride parades in Moscow. William Joseph McDonough William Joseph McDonough (April 21, 1934 – January 22, 2018) was an American economist. He was a vice chairman and special advisor to the chairman at Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc.. He was the 8th President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1993 through 2003. McDonough was born in Chicago. McDonough died on January 22, 2018 of heart failure at his home in Waccabuc, New York at the age of 83. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (informally the Chicago Fed) is one of twelve regional Reserve Banks that, along with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the nation's central bank. The Chicago Reserve Bank serves the Seventh Federal Reserve District, which encompasses the northern portions of Illinois and Indiana, southern Wisconsin, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the state of Iowa. Charles L. Evans is the president of the Chicago Fed. He took office on September 1, 2007 as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Charles L. Evans Charles L. Evans (born January 15, 1958) is an American economist and banker. He is the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. He is on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Federal Reserve System's monetary policy-making body. Michael H. Moskow Michael H. Moskow (born January 7, 1938) is an American economist. He is the vice chairman and distinguished fellow on the global economy at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. From 1994 to 2007, he was President and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as Marie Fredriksson (; 30 May 1958 – 9 December 2019) was a Swedish pop rock singer-songwriter, pianist and painter. She was born in Össjö, Sweden. Fredriksson was known for forming pop rock duo Roxette in 1986 alongside Per Gessle. They are known for their six top two hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100: "The Look", "Listen to Your Heart", "Dangerous", "It Must Have Been Love", "Joyride" and "Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)". She had a solo career for a short time which included her single "Sparvöga" and two albums "Den ständiga resan" (1992) and "I en tid som vår" (1996) from 1989 through 1997. In 2002, Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour. She died from problems caused by the disease on 9 December 2019 in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden at the age of 61. Kit Kat Kit Kat is a chocolate bar made from wafers created by Rowntree's of York, United Kingdom, and is now is made globally by Nestlé. The standard bars consist of two or four pieces composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. There are many different flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate. It was launched on 29 August 1935. Per Gessle Per Håkan Gessle (; born 12 January 1959) is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter, guitarist, and harmonicist. He is the lead singer of the Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider and formed Roxette with Marie Fredriksson. Techmoan Matthew Julius "Mat" Taylor (born January 1971), better known by his stage name Techmoan, is a YouTuber and blogger who has been active since May 2009, featuring reviews of consumer electronics (or consumer tech) and "RetroTech" documentaries. He lives in Wigan, Greater Manchester. The Daily Telegraph and Gizmodo has quoted his statements. MarketWatch listed the YouTube Channel 6th in its "binge-watching" top ten using ratings on Reddit. Websites such as AVclub, Gizmodo, Hackaday, El Español and Popular Mechanics reference his videos. Career. In 2006, Taylor started a YouTube channel called "Vectrexuk", with videos of similar items of technology, such as installing a home cinema and controlled toasters, to prove people will watch anything on YouTube. The channel "Techmoan" was started on May 31, 2009. The first video uploaded on Techmoan was a tour of a 2009 Piaggio MP3, which was filmed at 480p and had a very basic sound quality. In 2015, he started another channel, called "Youtube Pedant", to host videos not about technology. In 2016, in a video covering the DVHS format, he uncovered 1080p video footage of New York City from 1993. This footage was uploaded separately to his "Youtube Pedant" channel where, as of December 2019, it has gotten 3.8 million views, and it has also been widely shared on websites such as Reddit and The Verge. As of June 2019, the main channel has over 870,000 subscribers and over 180 million views. Some videos on the main channel have had over 3 million views. Later documentary videos. Techmoan has made documentary videos that are about forgotten magnetic tape recording formats, such as the OMNI Entertainment System, which uses 8-track tape storage, and the HiPac, a successor of the PlayTape and related uses of it. Other videos show some of the smallest and largest analog recording tape cartridges ever made, such as the Picocassette for dictation machines or the Cantata 700 background music system. Further videos show other discontinued ¼-inch-tape cartridge formats, such as the Sabamobil, which uses existing 3-inch open reels in a portable format, and the portable Sanyo Micro Pack 35, as well as RCA tape cartridge and the Sony Elcaset with another compromise of playtime and sound quality, oddities and gimmicks on Compact Cassettes as "reinventing the reel", several ways of autoreverse, automatic multiple cassette players, endless loop cassettes, and cassette mass production technology. Other documentary videos Techmoan has made are about formats of vinyl recording, such as the Tefifon endless cartridge, the Seeburg 1000 background music system, vertical turntables, and other audio encodings CX and dbx, which are systems that were designed to reduce noise on vinyl records. Further documentaries show other items, such as the mechanical Curta calculator, devices with Nixie tube displays, wire recording, and the WikiReader. Dan Tillberg Dan Arne Tillberg (born 9 April 1953 in Ystad) is a Swedish artist and producer. He is the son of Arne Tillberg and Ettie Tillberg. Career. Dan Tillberg started his career in 1973 as a singer, guitarist and percussionist in the progg-influenced duo Änglabarn, along with Sven Ingmar Olsson. In 1977, he started his own recording studio in Malmö, Bellatrix, and a record label of the same name in 1978. In 1979, his first LP, Gatstenar, came out, which had Swedish-language cover versions of Rolling Stones songs on it. In 1981, this was followed by the LP "Mors och fars kärlek", which made him successful. The next year, his next LP, Kärlek minus noll, came out, which featured Swedish-language cover versions of Bob Dylan songs. In 1983, his next LP, "Genom tårar", was released, followed by "Erogena zoner" in 1985, which might have become his biggest success. In Melodifestivalen 1985, he came in second place with "Ta min hand", and also took part in Melodifestivalen 1986 with " "ABCD"". In 1987, his LP "Raka vägen till paradiset" was released, which was his last LP released before a long break. In 1986, Tillberg starred in an episode of the TV series "Skånska mord", with Ernst-Hugo Järegård in the lead role. After that, he became less popular, and he went on to run an advertising company, which became bankrupt in 2001. Then he began to devote himself to music again and released some CD singles. These were followed in 2005 by Akten tar gestalt, an album that came out on two CDs and has a collection of his old songs on it, released on Mixed Media Records, a record label he started with Rickard Mattsson, also in 2005. The record label, which borrowed its name from the band Mixed Media, which was previously signed to Tillberg's former record label, Bellatrix, is now bankrupt, and the record label business with the associated recording studio has ended. While Tillberg worked as a producer, he was active in the kitchen industry through the companies Köket i första rummet AB and Skånekök & Måleri AB. Barrie Keeffe Barrie Colin Keeffe (31 October 1945 - 10 December 2019) was an English dramatist and screenwriter. He was best known for his screenplay for the 1980 movie "The Long Good Friday". In 2010, his screenplay for "Sus" was one of his last works. Keeffe died on 10 December 2019 in London after a short-illness, aged 74. Brandi Chastain Brandi Chastain (born July 21, 1968) is an American retired soccer player. Chastain is known for winning the 1999 Women's World Cup against China. The US beat China in a penalty shootout, and Chastain closed the deal by scoring the last penalty kick. For her celebration, she took off her shirt and had both fists in the air signaling the win in joy. Her celebration seemed strange to many people because women rarely took off their shirts during celebrations. Brandi helped start a Bay Area sports initiative where they help teach third-fifth graders health issues. She is in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame, American Freshman Player of the Year in 1986, First Team All Far West in 1989, and First Team All American in 1996. She was also a member of the gold medal Olympic winning soccer team in 1996, a member of the Women’s World Cup All Star team in 1999, and a member of the silver medal winning Olympic soccer team in 2000. Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen is an American philanthropist, which means she gives money to help other people. Early Life. Laura Arillaga-Andreessen always wanted to help other people. She was born around 1970 in Palo Alto, California. She is famous for being generous. In seventh grade, Laura became aware of families that were less fortunate communities and decided to donate her life to philanthropy. Arillaga-Andreessen's mom helped at Children and Family Services in Palo Alto. Watching her mom, she learned that some other people did not have everything they need to live. Later on she was able to volunteer with the Ecumenical Hunger Program. She is the daughter of a real estate billionaire. She did not know her family was wealthy until she reached high school. Education. Arillaga-Andreessen attended Castilleja School for high school. She went to college at Stanford University. Her mom was diagnosed with lung cancer, which stoped Laura from going to Stanford Business School. Work and Awards. Laura has written a best selling book on philanthropy called "Giving 2.0". She also founded the Marc and Laura Andreessen Foundation, which gives money to Bay Area nonprofits. She teaches classes about the idea that “giving away money is easy- doing so effectively is much harder.” Laura has won the Henry Crown Fellow of Aspen Institute and the Jacqueline Kennedy Award for Women Leadership all for her work in philanthropy. Tara Vanderveer Tara Vanderveer (born June 26, 1953) is an American basketball coach. As a kid, Vanderveer taught herself basketball. She first played in Indiana. Soon after Vanderveer set out to be a teacher. She enrolled in a coaching clinic run by Bobby Knight. Out of 500 men, Vanderveer was the only woman. In 1990, Vanderveer coached at Stanford. She has won two NCAA titles, an Olympic Gold Medal, and 11 final fours. Vanderveer only coached to be a teacher; she loved teaching. Vanderveer has been known to give low-key demands also known as “Tar-isms”. “You’re a Ferrari; quit driving like a Volkswagen” “That ‘S’ on your chest stands for ‘Stanford’, not ‘Stupid’, so play like it. ” A former student mentioned she was a brilliant coach. To her, Tara Vanderveer is an Educator. Alice Waters Alice Waters (born April 28, 1944) is an American chef. Accomplishments. Alice Waters later founded the edible food project. Not only did she receive a national humanity reward in 1997, but she also helped over 5,000 schools. Many people appreciate Alice’s hard work and determination to build a more organic and healthy environment in the food industry. Journey. Alice Waters was always inspired by her father. he influenced her throughout her entire career and to this day she remembers how her father had a huge impact on her life. Not only was she inspired by her father, but she also attended U.C Berkley which was the school that her father attended when he was her age. Although she was supported by her family during her career and that later helped her dreams come true. One day she realized that her gender had a couple of bonuses to it. She could use her gender to get what she wanted. One instance is when she asked her meat guy if he could give her a little bit of help, he then realized that he would have to help this damsel in distress. Dominique Crenn Dominique Crenn (born 1965) is a French chef. Crenn is the only woman to have earned 3 Michelin stars at her restaurant. Crenn’s restaurant is called Atelier Crenn, and is located in San Francisco. Dominique Crenn moved from France to the US at around age 20. She already had experience with cooking when she was younger, learning how to bake from her grandmother. One thing she is very famous for is her creative but luxurious food she also likes putting on a show. For example, she likes to cook in front of you, or make the food look really beautiful. Feminism. In the first cookbook she wrote called Atelier Crenn, she writes about her struggles and successes.  When she first started working in a restaurant she noticed that there were very very few women. over the course of her career, she had to deal with male chefs and a lot of discrimination. In an interview with David Green, she says quote “ I will cut them” as a joke. She says that she does not like to fight physically or with violence. She will fight back with words. Another fact about her is that she fully supports the march of dimes. Maha Elgenaidi Maha Elgenaidi is an activist in the United Sates. She fights Islamophobia. Elgenaidi works to normalize the existence of Muslim Americans in communities in the United States. She fights for safety of Muslim Americans. She also fights all hate based on religion, including Antisemitism. Elgenaidi organizes interfaith conversations. She is best known for founding Islamic Networks Group (ING). She is recognized as a "prominent Islamic American writer." Early life. Elgenaidi's family came to the United States from Egypt. Her parents suggested she return to Egypt for college. They wanted her to learn about her background. She decided to study math at the American University in Cairo. She graduated with degrees in economics and political science. She returned to the United States to attend graduate school. Growing up, Elgenaidi worried that Islam was sexist. She did not follow Islam. After returning to the United Sates she started learning about Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity. She then studied Islam. She changed her thinking about her own religion. She decided that Islam was very inclusive to other religions. She decided that the best way to change someone’s views is to educate them. Career. Elgenaidi's first work was in market analysis. Maha’s career started when she noticed that people were thinking badly about Muslims and the religion of Islam. She noticed that many of these unkind thoughts were from lack of education. This led to her career in educating people about Islam. She has worked with the general public, police, businesses and health care workers. Her goal was to help other Americans see Muslim Americans as real people. Islamic Networks Group. Elgenaidi and Ameena Jandali founded Islamic Networks Group in 1993. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. Their original name was " Bay Area Media Watch." They wanted fight against incorrect comments about American Muslims in the media. After six months they decided that getting angry at the media was not helpful. It was better to educate reporters. They started having "conversations" with news companies about new ways to write about Muslim Americans. First they worked with around fifty media companies in the San Francisco Bay Area. Then, Elgenaidi worked with other news companies, like The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time and Newsweek. Elgenaidi and ING started a Speaker's Bureau and trained other Muslim Americans to talk about Muslim people in America and religious pluralism. By 2006, ING had speakers in 20 states, Canada and the United Kingdom. ING was a founding member of the Obama administration's "Know Your Neighbor" campaign to fight islamophobia and antisemitism. The White House selected ING to continue Know Your Neighbor when Donald Trump was elected president in 2016. ING now has three speakers bureaus, including teen and adult speakers: Intercultural Speakers Bureau, the Interfaith Speakers Bureau, and the Islamic Speakers Bureau. They train teachers in all fifty states. ING's main focus is organizing a group of educators who go to different communities and schools to teach people about Islam. She has won many awards for her efforts, including the Civil Rights Leadership Award, Citizen of the Year, and Dorothy Irene Height Community Award. Julia Morgan Julia Morgan (January 26, 1872 - February 2, 1957) was an American architect and engineer. Early life. Julia Hunt Morgan was born in San Francisco, California on January 26, 1872. Her parents were Charles Bill Morgan and Eliza Morgan. She was one of five children. She grew up in Oakland. In high school, Morgan was interested in architecture. She was the first woman to attend an architectural school in Paris. She was also the first woman to graduate from there. When she moved back to California, she received her official architect’s license. Project on the Hearst Castle. Morgan was most famous for her 1919 project in San Simeon, San Francisco for the Hearst family. The project included designing and building a European styled castle. It became known as the Hearst Castle. It was made of architecture from Italy and Spain. It took 25 years to finish building the castle. Morgan’s architectural team also designed many houses, churches, cottages, schools, and many other types of buildings. Her biggest goal was always to satisfy her clients and "design buildings from the inside out." She did this in many styles. They included Byzantine, Italianate, Craftsman, Gothic and Romanesque. Death. Morgan died on February 2, 1957. Mary C. Daly Marcy C. Daly is an American economist. On October 1, 2018, she became the 13th President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (San Francisco Fed). She also works on the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee on a rotating basis. Daly started working for the San Francisco Fed in 1996. She was its Executive Vice President and Director of Research. She later became its President and CEO. Early life. Daly was born in Ballwin, Missouri. Her father was a postal worker and her mother was a homemaker. She was a good student, but she had money problems and quit school at 15. By age 16 she was living alone, working to earn full-time pay. Career and education. Daly went on to earn a high school equivalency diploma (GED). She received a bachelor's degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City in 1985 and a master's degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1987. She went on to earn a Ph.D in economics from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University in 1994. She also completed a post-doctoral fellowship at National Institute of Aging at Northwestern University in 1996. Her research is in macroeconomics and labor economics. She has published work on many economic topics. Daly has also worked to increase diversity and inclusion within the Federal Reserve System and in the field of economics. Elaine Forbes Elaine Forbes is the Director of the Port of San Francisco. In October 2016, the mayor of San Francisco appointed her to that job. In the whole United States there are only twelve female Port Directors. Childhood and Family. Born in San Francisco, Forbes is the great grandchild of a Port worked. Her parents met in high school but divorced when she was three. Forbes lived with her mother. She admired her mother very much because she was a hard worker. She went to public school. Forbes liked singing. She was a member of the San Francisco Girls Chorus. Because it was the 1970s, Forbes experienced hippie culture. She participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lived in a commune in the Haight Ashbury neighborhood of the city. Because she lived in a commune, she looked forward to having her own apartment when she grew up. Her mother died when Forbes was 19. Now Forbes lives in San Francisco’s Castro neighborhood with her partner, Angela Calvillo, and their dogs. Education. Forbes went to Skyline Community College and Mills College. She went to graduate school at University of California, Los Angeles to study Community and Economic Development. Career. Forbes had many jobs in non-profit land use and development. She was a planner for the city of Oakland, CA, USA. She then was an executive manager for the City of San Francisco’s planning department and the San Francisco International Airport. She was a policy advisor for the city of San Francisco’s budget office. In 2010 she started working at the Port of San Francisco as the Deputy Director for Finance and Administration. Jennifer Doudna Jennifer Anne Doudna (born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist. Her work on CRISPR gene editing won her the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Emmanuelle Charpentier. The award was: Doudna earned her PhD at Harvard University in 1994. She worked at Yale University with a group of scientists studying RNA. Career. Doudna is known for co-inventing the CRISPR-Cas9 which genetically modifies DNA. She has won medals such as the Kavi Prize, The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, The Gruber Genetics Prize, and the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize. Doudna currently works as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Doudna teaches chemistry and molecular cell biology. She is also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Tiffany Shlain Tiffany Shlain. Tiffany Shlain, filmmaker and business leader, was born on April 8th, 1970. The Webby Awards. Tiffany Shlain is most well known for making the Webby Awards, the “leading international honors for websites”. The Webby Awards take place every year and give awards to the best websites. Shlain is on the Leadership Board for the Center on Media and Child Health at Harvard’s Children’s Hospital in Boston. Besides being a business leader, Shlain’s films have won many awards, such as “The Future Starts Here”, which has been chosen for an Emmy award. Her signature style of filmmaking includes lots of vibrant action shots and animations. She engages her audience with bright and vivid images, thought-provoking keynotes, and humorous observations. Rewards. Tiffany has received rewards for her films from many organizations, including Steven Spielberg’s Righteous Person’s Foundation. Shlain also gives convincing speeches that encourage people to think about where we are in the world in terms of connection and technology. There were over 11,000 broadcasts in the world of 50/50 thinking the Past, Present, and Future of Women + Power, which were all brought together to an online discussion in which Shlain talked about supporting gender equality. She also has been the closing speaker for TED Women and TED MED. The Webby Awards will continue even after Shlain’s death. Ruth Asawa Ruth Asawa (January 27, 1926 – August 5, 2013) was an American sculptor. Asawa was born in Norwalk, California and was the fourth child out of seven. She attended Rohwer High School in Desha County, Arkansas as she had to evacuate from California due to World War II. Rohwer was a Japanese-American concentration camp at the time. She went to  the University of Wisconsin but could not get a degree because of where she was from. After that, she went to Black Mountain College. Ever since she was a young girl, she showed an interest in art. She even drew in the mud when she was a child. Ruth is famous for making sculptures out of metal wire. “Meandering lines and patterns, explorative variations of the same form or subject, and the most economical way to convey an image and characterize her work.” She helped to found SCRAP, a recycling art program. This quote is saying that trying out different patterns and lines is the best way for her to make her work different from other people’s work. Asawa also created the San Francisco School of Arts. Ruth believed that anybody who wanted to could do art and everyone had a part of them which was artistic. “Art is for everyone. It is not something that you should have to go to the museums in order to see and enjoy.”said Asawa. Alicia Garza Alicia Garza (born January 4, 1981) is an American civil rights activist. She is known for co-founding the Black Lives Matter movement. Ruth Brinker Ruth Brinker (May 1, 1922 – August 8, 2011) was an American AIDS activist. Brinker founded Project Open Hand. She also had a farm that was named Fresh Start Farms. Fresh Start Farms only hired refugees and people that used to be homeless. She received the Jefferson Award in 2005 for what she did. Biography. Brinker was a retired grandma when she founded Project Open Hand. Project Open Hand is a service designed to deliver food to people with HIV/AIDS. Project Open Hand currently supports many other diseases. Brinker is known for helping people with HIV and AIDS through her foundation. She was able to get volunteers and inspire projects like Project Open Hand in other places around the world. She also had a farm called Fresh Start Farms. It grew expensive and fancy vegetables for high-end restaurants. Brinker would only hire refugees and people coming out of homelessness. Even though she died in August 2011, but Project Open Hand still actively serves communities today. Brinker died with two children as well as extended family. She ran her own antique shop before working at Meals on Wheels. She always had a courageous spirit, a focused mindset, and wanted to help. In 1985, the nation-wide HIV and AIDS problem came to light. Brinker knew she had to do something to help when her neighbor died of malnutrition because of HIV. Awards. She received the 2005 Jefferson Award because of her public service. Sylvia McLaughlin Sylvia McLaughlin (December 24, 1916 – January 19, 2016) was an American environmental activist. Sylvia Mclaughlin was best known for beginning and helping the movement to save the San Francisco Bay. Life. Mclaughlin was born in Denver, Colorado. George E. Cranmer and Jean Chappell Cranmer were her parents. She grew up in an area with an interesting environment. She left Denver and went to Vassar College in New York. She returned to Denver and married Donald H. Mclaughlin. Soon enough, the couple moved to Berkeley, California. They started a family in California. When Sylvia saw the environment she lived she got mad. Pollution was ruining the Bay. This inspired Mclaughlin to start Save the Bay with two other women in 1961. Save the Bay gathered together many other passionate activists and stopped 2,000 acres of land in the Berkeley bay from being filled with cement. For almost forty years, Sylvia remained on the Save the Bay board. She also joined many other environment focused boards. Her work helped people learn about the environment of the bay and how to better protect it. Because of Mclaughlin, California is still very careful about maintaining the bay’s healthy habitat and creating laws to further protect it. After many years of hard work, Sylvia Mclaughlin passed at age 99. We thank her for saving our bay and inspiring many younger generations to follow in her footsteps. Accomplishments. Sylvia Mclaughlin was best known for beginning and fueling the movement to save the San Francisco Bay. Ginetta Sagan Ginetta Sagan (June 1, 1925 – August 25, 2000) was an Italian-born American human rights activist. She is best known for her work with Amnesty International for prisoners of conscience. Sagan was born in Milan, Italy. When she was a teenager, her parents died in the Black Brigades of Benito Mussolini. Like her parents, she was active in the Italian resistance movement. She gathered intelligence and supplied Jews during World War II. She was captured and tortured in 1945. Sagan escaped on the night before she was to be executed. After studying in Paris, she attended graduate school in child development in the United States. She married Leonard Sagan, a physician, in 1951 . The couple moved to Atherton, California. In Atherton, Sagan founded the first chapter of Amnesty International in the western United States. She later helped to create more than 75 chapters of the organization. She also organized events to raise money for political prisoners. In 1984, Sagan was elected the honorary chair of Amnesty International USA. US President Bill Clinton gave her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996. Italy later awarded her the rank of "Grand Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" (Grand Official Order of Merit of the Italian Republic). Amnesty International created a yearly Ginetta Sagan Award for activists in her honor. Mary Tape Mary Tape (1857-1934) was a desegregation activist. Tape fought for equal education. She wanted Chinese American students to study at schools with white students. Early life. Mary Tape was born in China. In 1868, Tape came to San Francisco. She was an orphan. The Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society helped her. She named herself "Mary McGladery." The Society taught her the English language and how to live in the United States. She married Joseph Tape. They had four children. Tape taught her children to act like white Americans. Activism. Tape and her family lived in the city of San Francisco, California, USA. She wanted her oldest child to study at the public school. The school said only white children could be students. It would not accept Chinese American students. Tape took the school to court. She fought for equal education. The Tape family lost in court. The children went to special Chinese American schools. Later, the family moved to Berkeley, California where they had more rights. Legacy. Tape was also known for having a middle-class family that acted more stereotypically American than other Chinese-American families at the time. She changed the way that many people thought of Chinese-American families at the time, and opened a gateway for people of her race to be more accepted in their society. She also earned awards for her photography and was a skillful telegrapher. Mary Tape died of old age in 1934, five months before husband. Mother Wright Mary Ann Wright (July 11, 1921 – May 7, 2009), known as Mother Wright, was a humanitarian activist. She started the Mary Ann Wright Foundation. This foundation helped feed hungry people. Her nickname is "Mother" because she reminds people of Mother Teresa. Mother Wright became an activist when she was 63. Early life. Before she started her work, she lived in Louisiana. She was born in New Orleans. She moved at a young age. Her mother died when she was five years old. Wright was raised by her aunts and other relatives. They were devoted Catholics. They walked miles to church from their home. When Wright grew up, she worked many different jobs. She had a husband and 12 children. Unfortunately, her husband was cruel to her. So, Wright left Louisiana and moved to California. Her children came to California with her. Awards. In California, she received a “vision from God” in her sleep. The dream told he to help hungry people. She continued helping the hungry, and eventually got recognition for it. Wright received the Caring Award, an award inspired by Mother Teresa. She is also in the Hall of Fame for Caring Americans. She died at the age of 87. Yoshie Akiba Yoshie Akiba (b. 1942, 秋葉好江) is the founder of an jazz club in Oakland, CA. The music club is famous internationally. She also started Elevate Oakland. Elevate Oakland brings music education to students in Oakland schools. Akiba teaches classes as California State University East Bay. She helps build Japanese cultural centers in California. Early life. Akiba was born in Yokohama, Japan. Her parents both died when she was five years old. Her father died in a Russian World War II prison camp. Her mother died from tuberculosis. It was during World War II. She grew up in an orphanage in Zushi, Japan. She enjoyed music and dance. The orphanage was near a United States military base. The military invited orphans to give music performances. On the military base Akiba first heard jazz music. On the base, Akiba met a man who was an officer in the United States Navy. They got married when she was 19. They moved together to Baltimore, Maryland, United States, in 1963. Her husband promised she coul study dance in the United States. Akiba did not like the culture in Maryland. They divorced in 1968. She moved to Berkeley, California. She began studying dance at University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley Akiba discovered Zen Buddhism. She had not been religious in Japan. Living in the United States she felt the need to stay connected to Japanese culture. She married her Berkeley friend Kaz Kajimura. The started a business toether. They divorced. They still ran their business together. Akiba later married Zen Buddhist priest Reverend Gengo Akiba. Career. Akiba's career has focused on music and dance. She works on both music education and providing music performances. Akiba works to keep Japanese culture alive in California. Yoshi's. Akiba wanted to remember Japanese culture. She worked with Kaz Kajimura and Hiroyuki Hori small sushi restaurant in Berkeley in 1973. Hori was the chef. In 1979 they moved the resturaunt to Oakland. Akiba and Kaz Kajimura liked attending jazz performances. In 1985 they started having jazz performances in the resturuant. Yoshi's moved to Oakland's Jack London Square in 1997. The new resturaunt space had 310 seats in the club, a seperate 250 seat restaurant, and a 60 seat bar. They could have much larger performaces. They could also continue to represent Japanese culture in the resturuant space and represent jazz culture in the club space. Famous performers have included Chick Correa, Wynton Marsalis, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, Carlos Reyes, Pete Escovedo, Arturo Sandoval, Oscar Peterson, Betty Carter, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Pharoah Sanders. The same year, Akiba won the 1997 Global Award for Outstanding Community Leadership. In 2007, Akiba and her partners opened a second Yoshi's location in San Francisco's Filmore District. Despite multiple bailouts from the city of San Francisco, it eventually sold to a large corporation. However, the Oakland location survived, even the COVID-19 lockdown. In 2022, Yoshi's celebrated its 50th anniversary. Teaching. Akiba teaches about the Japanese Tea Ceremony. She teaches at California State University East Bay and in her own home. Her home in Oakland also includes a Zen meditation space, the Oakland Zen Center, that is open to the public once a week. Teaching the traditional ceremony is a way of teaching about Buddhism. Elevate Oakland. In 2012 Akiba and a teacher named Jason Hofmann started 51Oakland. Akiba remembers that music made her feel better when her life was hard. She wants students in Oakland, California, to learn about music also. She wants students to know they can work hard at something they enjoy and have success. 51Oakland brings musicians to school to talk to students about surviving hard lives. The organization also offers music lessons and organizes student performances at Yoshi's. Artists like Stevie Wonder help support the organization. The organization is now called "Elevate Oakland." Shiela E. and Lynn Mabry are also leaders of Elevate Oakland. Edythe Boone Edythe Boone (born 1938), is an African-American artist and activist. Early Life. Edythe Boone came from a working class family. Her mother was a maid for a white, Jewish family. That family was very supportive of Boone. Career. Edythe Boone is a muralist who has painted many murals, or large pieces of art. She painted murals for the city of Berkeley, CA. Berkeley City Council said July 13th is “Edy Boone Day.” The first Edy Boone Day was in 2010. She started out as a sort of “under-cover muralist,” secretly painting murals at night that reflected the struggles of people of color. Now 74 years old, she has painted numerous murals, including several that are now famous landmarks. For example, in San Francisco she helped paint “Maestra Peace,” which roughly means “Woman Teacher of Peace.” Boone also likes working with people who live in a neighborhood to make their own mural, including people who are homeless and lived in People's Park in Berkeley. Recently she has been getting more attention because of a 2013 documentary called “A New Color” by Mo Morris that tells about her notable career. “She builds bridges between people who don’t think they have [any similarities].” Luisa Buada Luisa Buada is a healthcare activist from East Palo Alto, CA, and is the CEO of the Ravenswood Family Health Center. Career. Buada has worked most of her life in health care. She helped start several clinics, specifically ones in Berkeley, CA; Watsonville, CA; and in the Salinas Valley in California. This includes "Clinicas de Salud", Berkeley Primary Access Clinic, and LifeLong Medical Care. She wants to make sure all patients can get help from a doctor. She helped improve the health care services at Ravenswood Family Health Center in East Palo Alto. She made it more affordable. At Ravenswood, over 14,000 people signed up for their services.  Luisa is also a farmer’s rights advocate. She joined the farmworker’s movement in California's Central Valley, and helped organize clothing and food drives. Education. In 1977, Luisa finished college. She studied Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing. In 1990, she received her Master’s degree in Public Health and Administration from the University of California, Berkeley. Awards. She was a finalist for the 2016 Visionary of the Year Award. She also received the Woman of the Year Award from Senator Jerry Hill, and the John W. Gardner Exemplary. Sharon Chatman Sharon Chatman (born December 15, 1947) is an American former college basketball coach, a lawyer, and a judge. Sofia Mendoza Sofia Mendoza (1934-2015) was an activist. She worked towards improving the East San Jose, California community. Accomplishments. Mendoza started a group in East San Jose called “United People Arriba”. United People Arriba watched the police. They watch that people of color were treated equally to white people. She also lead a walk-out. The protest was to stop discrimination in local schools. The government counts the number of students in school to know how much money to give the school. In this walk-out, Sofia Mendoza proved that students had the power to not show up. This action could cause the school to lose money. Death. Mendoza died at the age of 80, in Santa Clara. She was supposed to have surgery before she died. Legacy. Mendoza died in 2015. She left behind the idea that people are always stronger when they work together in groups. Despite the fact that she left behind an important legacy, she did not receive any awards for her actions. K. Megan McArthur Katherine Megan McArthur (born August 30, 1971) is an American oceanographer and a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut. She has served as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) for both the space shuttle and space station. Megan McArthur has flown one space shuttle mission, STS-125, where she served as Mission Specialist in repairing the Hubble Space Telescope. McArthur has served in a number of positions including working in the Shuttle Avionics Laboratory (SAIL). She is currently in space as the Commander of the NASA SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the ISS. She launched on 23 April 2021. Childhood. Megan McArthur was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Don and Kit McArthur. Her father was a career naval aviator, and the McArthur family later relocated to the Moffett Field Naval Air Station, which shares the same base as NASA’s Ames Research Center. This is where her inspiration of become an astronaut grew. McArthur attended St. Francis High School in Mountain View, CA. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of California, San Diego where she performed research activities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Megan enjoys SCUBA diving, backpacking, and cooking. She is married to fellow astronaut Bob Behnken, and together they have one child. Oceanography Career. At the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, McArthur conducted graduate research in nearshore underwater acoustic propagation and digital signal processing. Her research focused on determining geoacoustic models to describe very shallow water waveguides using measured transmission loss data in a genetic algorithm inversion technique. She served as Chief Scientist during at-sea data collection operations, and has planned and led diving operations during sea-floor instrument deployments and sediment-sample collections. While at Scripps, she participated in a range of in-water instrument testing, deployment, maintenance, and recovery, and collection of marine plants, animals, and sediment. During this time, McArthur also volunteered at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps, conducting educational demonstrations for the public from inside a 70,000 gallon exhibit tank of the California Kelp Forest. NASA Career. Selected as a Mission Specialist by NASA in July 2000, McArthur reported for training in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of Astronaut Candidate training and evaluation, she was assigned to the Astronaut Office Shuttle Operations Branch working technical issues on shuttle systems in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). She has also worked in the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Mission Control Centers as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) and has served as a Crew Support Astronaut for Expedition Crews during their six-month missions aboard the International Space Station. McArthur was the Astronaut Office Lead for visiting vehicles during the first commercial cargo missions to the International Space Station. Currently, she provides support to crews in training and aboard the International Space Station, as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office ISS Operations Branch. Megan McArthur was a member of the STS-125 mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope. McArthur was the ascent and entry flight engineer and was the lead STS-125 (May 11 through May 24, 2009). This was the fifth and final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. McArthur worked as the flight engineer during launch, rendezvous with the telescope, and landing. She also carefully retrieved the telescope, using the shuttle’s robotic arm, and placed it in the shuttle’s cargo bay. The 19-year-old telescope then spent six days undergoing an overhaul during 5 days of spacewalks. The spacewalkers were supported by McArthur operating the robotic arm. The team overcame frozen bolts, stripped screws, and stuck handrails. The refurbished Hubble Telescope then had four new or rejuvenated scientific instruments, new batteries, new gyroscopes, and a new computer. The STS-125 mission was accomplished in 12 days, 21 hours, 37 minutes and 9 seconds, traveling 5,276,000 miles in 197 Earth orbits. McArthur is currently assigned as the Commander of the NASA SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the ISS, scheduled to launch in April 2021 and return in the fall 2021. Economy of the United States The economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy and the world's second-largest overall economy, the GDP of the European Union being approximately $2 trillion larger. The nominal GDP of the United States was estimated to be $21.4 trillion in 2019, approximately a quarter of nominal global GDP. Its GDP at purchasing power parity is the second-largest in the world, behind China. It has approximately a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity. Shadnagar Shadnagar is a town and assembly constituency in the Ranga Reddy district in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. As part of the district reorganization of Telangana Government, Shadnagar separated from Mahabubnagar district and merged into Ranga Reddy district headquarters. Shadnagar also has ISRO centre (NRSC) which is very famous centre for data reception from various satellites. Famous people like Bill Gates have visited this place. It is very near to the Hyderabad International Airport (30 km) and 50 km to Hyderabad. Sukhinder Singh Cassidy Sukhinder Singh Cassidy (born Sukhinder Singh in 1970) is an entrepreneur. She founded many technology companies. In the beginning of her career, she worked for Amazon, BskyB, and Merrill Lynch. She founded a business called Yodlee. Education. Cassidy was born in Tanzania. She lived in Canada as a child. She went to college at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She studied Business Administration. Career. By the age of 25, her goal was to start her very own business. Cassidy is known for leading many online businesses such as theBoardlist, Joyus, and StubHub. Cassidy also worked as CEO of Polyvore for some time. It is an online marketplace. Additionally, she worked for more than 5 years as president of one of Google's international businesses. She has led to the growth of many tech businesses. She still works as chairman of many companies including theBoardlist and Joyus. She continues to be a board member of Urban outfitters. Her goal is to assign women in to more leading positions on boards and lead successfully. Brenda Villa Brenda Villa (born April 18, 1980) is an American water polo player and coach. Childhood and family. Brenda Villa is a three time Olympic medalist in Water Polo. She was born in Commerce, California. She started playing Water Polo at age 8 at the Commerce Aquatorium. She was inspired to take up Water Polo by her brother Edgar. Edgar pushed her to become stronger and better. She was always looking for his approval. Another challenge was that she was playing against older kids who were mostly boys. There were not enough girls to make a team. Education. Villa graduated from high school in 1998. She earned a college scholarship to Stanford for her skills in Water Polo. She was named the top collegiate player on the Stanford Women’s Water Polo team. Villa is famous for her accomplishments in Water Polo which have earned her several Olympic medals. Professional life. Brenda started playing for the US National Team in 1998. She helped them qualify for the Olympics. She and her teammates appeared on CNBC, MSNBC, and NBC. In 2003, her team won the World Championship in Water Polo. Villa was also a big part in the Pan Am championships. Right now, she is working as the Water Polo Coach at Castilleja School in Palo Alto, California, USA. Villa is possibly going to be recognized in the Olympic Hall of Fame. Anna Wang Anna Wang is a founder of Friends of Children with Special Needs (FCSN), a co-founder of Autism Parents Task Force, and the founder of Dream Achievers Band. A founder is a person who starts an organization. FCSN opened in Fremont, California, in 2006. Wang is married to Albert Wang. They have three kids. Lawrence Wang is the middle child and was diagnosed with autism at a young age. Wang talks about how in Chinese communities, people don’t talk about their kids with special needs. When Wang figured out her son had autism, she did not know what to do. Over time, she found a therapist for her son. Soon, other families learned how Wang was taking care of her son. This inspired other families with children that had special needs to meet up. Soon, five families met up to talk about their children with autism. These meetings were the start of Friends of Children with Special Needs. Friends of Children with Special Needs officially opened in 2006 making Fremont its headquarters. Dream Achievers Band is a group of kids with autism that play music. Wang was an electrical engineer, and her husband was a doctor. Chengdu J-20 The Chengdu J-20 is an airplane China uses that was designed to fight other airplanes. It has stealth, which means it is very hard for radar to see it. It also has 2 engines, one seat, and can fly good in all weather. It started being used by China in March 2017. It has canards, which are tiny wings in front of the main set of bigger wings that help it stay in the air. It is the world's third working stealth fighter. The first is the F-22 and the second is the F-35. It can fly 1.7 times faster than sound. The Pentagon said that their files on the F-35 were hacked by someone from China. Some people think that this hack helped the Chinese build the J-20 faster. Aimee Allison Aimee Allison (born 1969) is a political activist from the United States. Aimee Allison is working for equality. She is President of "Democracy in Color" and founder of "She the People." Childhood and Life. Growing up, Allison admired her parents. Her mother was a civil rights activist. Her father was a scientist. She was inspired by her parents to get into political activism. When Allison was 17 years old, she joined the army. After being a soldier in the first Gulf War, she realized that she did not agree with fighting wars. Allison became a "conscientious objector," someone who is against war. Allison lives in Oakland, California, USA. Accomplishments. Allison went to college and studied history. She went to graduate school and studied education. She studied at Stanford University. In 2006, Allison was elected to the Oakland city council. By 2016 she had two degrees and had co-authored a book about the military and war. Famous For. Allison is known for founding “She the People,” an organization that promotes women of color to be leaders. “She the People” has a project called “Get in Formation.” It inspires African-American women to vote. Because women of color are voting, different people are elected as leaders. Kimberly Bryant Kimberly Bryant (born January 14 1967) is the founder of Black Girls Code (BGC). Black Girls Code is a nonprofit organization teaching girls to write code for computers. It also teaches girls to be leaders. Childhood and Family. Bryant grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Bryant wanted to work as a lawyer until she discovered computer science. Her brother taught her about computer science. Years later, she noticed her daughter loved to play video games. She enrolled her daughter in a computer science camp at Stanford. Her daughter was very upset from the camp. The camp was all boys, so her daughter felt alone. Bryant wanted to change girls' experience with learning about computers. Accomplishments. Bryant helps women of color to be more involved in STEM. Black Girls Code started in a basement in San Francisco. Now, Black Girls Code teaches 3,000 girls and uses 1,300 volunteers. They have 13 chapters in the U.S., as well as one in South Africa. Bhupathy's purple frog Bhupathy's purple frog ("Nasikabatrachus bhupathi") is a frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. It lives in the Western Ghat mountains in India. It is a purple cave frog that lives underground almost all the time. Bodies. Many species of frog dig underground a little, but Bhupathy's purple frogs live undergound almost all the time. They have front limbs shaped like shovels for digging and long noses so they can stick their tongues aboveground and lick the surface to catch ants to eat. They do not have shoot-and-pull-back tongues like other frogs. Adult frogs have purple skins and a thin blue ring around each eye. The frog has one close relative, the purple frog, "N. sahyadrensis", which was first found in the Western Ghats in 2003. Life cycle. The tadpoles do not swim in ponds or streams. Instead, they grab the stones behind waterfalls, where they spend six months eating algae. Young frogs, called imagos, have brown skin. They turn purple when they are adults. Adult frogs only come aboveground when the rain falls at the beginning of the northeast monsoon season, when they find mates. Discovery. Scientists from Hyderabad's Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology discovered the frog in 2017. They named the frog after scientist Dr. Subramaniam Bhupathy, who died in the Western Ghat Mountains in 2014. They wrote about "N. bhupathi" in "Alytes", the official magazine of the International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians. They found "N. bhupathi" by listening for frog sounds coming up from underground. "This frog lineage is very ancient, and has a very low diversity, so this finding is very special and unusual," said Elizabeth Prendini of the American Museum of Natural History, who helped write the scientific paper about the discovery. The scientists did not to say exactly where they found the sample frogs because it was on private property. This discovery was paid for by the Indian government in a project to sample the DNA of every frog in the country. Other ideas. Some scientists said that because "N. bhupathy", which lives in India, has close relatives in the Seychelles, which are close to Africa, it is likely that the Gondwanaland idea of why the continents are where they are is right. This idea says that Africa and India used to be one large continent, called Gondwanaland. Horsetooth Reservoir Horsetooth Reservoir is a man-made lake just west of Fort Collins, Colorado, in southern Larimer County made for recreation purposes, and is the main water supply for the Poudre Valley. The reservoir was a part of the Colorado-Big Thompson project. This project was made to move water from the west slope to the east slope. The water is used for local farms, hydropower, and drinking water for Northern Colorado. The lake is 6.5 miles long and had 25 miles of shore line with 4 camping areas, 111 campsites total, and 4 boat-launch areas. The primary activities are fishing, power boating, water skiing, hiking, and camping. History. This reservoir was created on top of the town of Stout. Stout was a small town with a population of 47 1/2. This town had a sandstone mine, and had a railroad that went through it. This town turned into a gost town and horsetooth reservoir was build on top of it. To this day when the water is low enough visitors can still see the buildings where Stout used to be. Horsetooth reservoirs damn began being built in 1949. In 1954, the water was used for farms until the 1970 and then only 80 percent of the water was used for farms. In the 1990's just a little over half of the water supply was used for farms and the other half was used for drinking and hydropower. This reservoir was the largest created during the Colorado-Big Thompson project. Building was finished in 1949 and water first entered the reservoir in 1951. Horsetooth was given its name because of an Arapaho legand that on the west side of the reservoir at the top of a mountain. There is a rock that Natives thought looked like a giant's heart and then later decided that it looked more like a horse's tooth. Catahoula Leopard Dog Catahoula Leopard dog is a medium sized hunting dog also known as the Catahoula cur, Catahoula hog dog, and Catahoula hound. The breed lives about 10 to 14 years. "Catahoula" dog has Native American roots and its name means "scared lake". Catahoula are from Louisiana and is the state's mascot. These dogs typically are medium-sized with a short coat varying with patterns and eyes that differ in color. Catahoulas were bred through the Blood hound, Spanish mastiff and Greyhound. The Breed is known to the American Kennel Club (AKC). AKC has grouped the breed as a stock service animal. Temperament. Catahoula is a high energy-level breed that requires a lot of activities such as fetching, walking, running or hiking. Catahoula's need a lot of attention with other dogs and humans. Dog show qualifications. The Catahoula is recognized by many kennel clubs, which allows the dog to be in dog shows. The two most popular kennel clubs is AKC and UKC. If one wishes to show their Catahoula leopard dog, she must be permanently registered and have a licensing number through the kennel club chosen. Not only should the breed be licensed, they are required to be well-kept, and not be a mixed breed. Head requirements. The head of the Catahoula should look strong, the mouth should look nicely even with the head and not deformed. The Leopard dog's head and mouth should be parallel, which sometimes causes wrinkles on the forehead. Teeth. In-order to be show ready, the dog must have full white teeth with nice pink gums. A sharp bite is ideal but teeth that may be worn or broken is okay. Eyes. Eyes should look medium sized, sort of rounded with varying eye colors or mix of colors. Eyes that may be deformed such as being un-centered; sagging of the eyelids; wired movability of eyelids or eyelashes can be a disqualification. Ears. Ears flop to the side with a short to medium triangular shape. The top of the ear should be even to the head. When alert, the tip of the ear lays close to the cheek. No Catahoula for show can have cropped ears. Body requirement. The body should look strong with a broad chest. Catahoula's front legs and back legs should be medium length. When feet are being looked at, the dogs paws should be well groomed and have good webbing between toes. Steven Crowder Steven Blake Crowder (; born July 7, 1987) is a conservative American-Canadian comedian, actor and political commentator. Early life and career. Crowder was born in Michigan in 1987. His mother is a French Canadian. Crowder grew up in Montreal. When Crowder was 12 years old, he was the voice actor a for the character Brain in the children’ animated television show Arthur. Crowder was also in Canadian television commercials. Crowder started doing stand-up comedy at Just for Laughs when he was 18. In 2005, Crowder played a Canadian convenience store manager in the movie 3 Needles. Crowder was also Brain in an animated movie called Arthur’s Missing Pal. Crowder played a character called Party Kid in the horror movie, The Covenant. Crowder played a boy in a classroom in the horror movie The Secret. Crowder played a person playing baseball in the children’s movie the Velveteen Rabbit. Crowder played an important character in the Christian movie, To Save a Life. In 2009, Crowder started working as a right-wing political commentator for Fox News. Crowder filmed comedy videos for conservative websites. In 2013, Fox News fired Crowder. In 2015, Crowder filmed a series of videos of himself and some other people commenting on left-wing politics and telling jokes about it from a conservative point of view and posted the videos on the Internet as a conservative political comedy called Louder with Crowder. In 2018, Crowder started going to colleges across the country sitting at a table with a sign saying that he has a conservative position on a specific controversial topic (male privilege, socialism, guns and abortion have been some of them) and asks people to change his mind. Crowder voted for Donald Trump in 2016. In 2019, YouTube stopped letting Crowder make money from posting Louder with Crowder videos in response to a gay Hispanic journalist named Carlos Maza saying that Crowder was bullying him after Crowder used homophobic language to describe him. Personal life. In 2012, Steven Crowder married a woman named Hilary Korzon. Both before and after the wedding, Crowder argued in favor of sexual abstinence before marriage. James Holzhauer James Holzhauer (born July 23, 1984) is the third-highest winner on the American television game show "Jeopardy!", and the third-highest winner on a game show. Holzhauer won 32 games, earning $2,462,216. His winning streak lasted from April 4, 2019 to June 3, 2019. During his winning streak, he broke several show records. On April 9, 2019, Holzhauer broke the one-day record with $110,914, breaking the previous record of $77,000 set by Roger Craig in 2010. He broke his own record with $131,127 on April 17, 2019. He is the first and only player in the show's history to win $100,000 or more in a single game; and he holds the top sixteen spots for most single-day winnings. On June 3, 2019, Holzhauer lost to a player named Emma Boettcher, who went on to win three games of her own before losing. Holzhauer and Boettcher were both brought back for the Tournament of Champions, which aired November 4-15, 2019. In the tournament, Holzhauer defeated Boettcher in the two-day final, winning the $250,000 prize. In January 2020, Holzhauer faced off against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All-Time, finishing in second place with Jennings winning the $1,000,000 first prize and Holzhauer taking home $250,000 for second place. Activities after Jeopardy! Holzhauer first appeared on the American game show The Chase in 2021, appearing as a "Chaser" alongside Jennings and Rutter. > Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades The Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades was a special tournament held during the 30th season of the American television game show "Jeopardy!" It featured 45 contestants who won or competed in the Tournament of Champions in the past. The field of contestants were broken up into three decades (1984-1993, 1994-2003, and 2004-2013), and contestants from their respective decade competed against one another. There were five matches per decade, deciding who advances to the quarterfinal round of the tournament to compete for $1,000,000. The first decade aired in February 2014. The second one aired in March 2014. And the third aired in April 2014. The rest of the tournament (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) aired May 5-16, 2014. The finals featured Ken Jennings against Brad Rutter and Roger Craig. At the time, Jennings was the biggest money winner on a game show. However, Rutter won the two-day final and the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record. Related pages. Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions John R. Broxson John Ray Broxson (June 10, 1932 – December 9, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Holley, Florida. Broxson was a member of the Florida Senate from 1967 through 1971. He was also the Santa Rosa County sheriff. Broxson died on December 9, 2019 in Milton, Florida at the age of 87. Holley, Florida Holley is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 1,630 as of the 2010 census. Imre Varga Imre Varga (1 November 1923 – 9 December 2019) was a Hungarian sculptor, painter, designer and graphic artist. He was thought of as one of Hungary's most important living artists, and he has been called one of the "most skilled sculptors in Hungary." He was born in Siófok, Hungary. His best known works were the Statue of Raoul Wallenberg in Tel Aviv and the Holocaust memorial at the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest. Varga died in Budapest on 9 December 2019 at the age of 96. Philip McKeon Philip Anthony McKeon (November 11, 1964 – December 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for playing the role of Tommy Hyatt on the sitcom "Alice" from 1976 to 1985. McKeon died in Wimberley, Texas on December 10, 2019 after a long-illness, aged 55. Westbury, New York Westbury is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 15,146 at the 2010 census. Polly Holliday Polly Dean Holliday (born July 2, 1937) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as the sassy waitress Florence Jean "Flo" Castleberry on the 1970s sitcom "Alice", which she replayed in its short-lived spin-off, "Flo". She was born in Jasper, Alabama. In 1978 and 1979, Holliday won two Golden Globe Awards. In 1984, she won a Saturn Award. Alice (TV series) Alice is an American sitcom television series that aired on CBS from August 31, 1976, to March 19, 1985. The series is based on the 1974 movie "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore". The show stars Linda Lavin in the main role, a widow who moves with her young son to start life over again, and finds a job working at a roadside diner in Phoenix, Arizona. The series also stars Vic Tayback, Beth Howland, Philip McKeon, Polly Holliday, Diane Ladd, Celia Weston and Charles Levin with Marvin Kaplan. In 1979, the show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. Jim Smith (footballer, born 1940) James Michael Smith (17 October 1940 – 10 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager. Career. As a player, he made 249 appearances in the Fourth Division of The Football League, representing Aldershot, Halifax Town, Lincoln City and Colchester United, and played for three-and-a-half years for Boston United of the Northern Premier League. He began a long managerial career with Boston United, and went on to take charge of clubs in all divisions of the Football League and in the Conference National. Death. Smith died on 10 December 2019 at the age of 79. Public law Public law is a branch of law about the relations of individuals with the government and the organization and conduct of the government itself. In public law there is: a. Constitutional law: basic law of the state. b. Administrative law: fixes the powers and duties of the state. c. Criminal law: the state says what penalties there are for crimes committed by individuals or businesses. The other kind of law is private law. Boston United F.C. Boston United Football Club is an English football club based in Boston, Lincolnshire. The club participates in the National League North, the sixth tier of English football. Boston's neighbours include Lincoln City, Scunthorpe United and Grimsby Town. Boston United were members of the Football League from 2002 until 2007. Bérénice Marlohe Bérénice Lim Marlohe (born 19 May 1979) is a French actress. She played Bond girl Sévérine in the twenty-third "James Bond" movie "Skyfall". She was born in Paris. Alison Cronin Alison Lorraine Cronin, MBE (born September 1966) is the director of Monkey World in Dorset, England, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, from the United States. She is widely accepted to be an international expert in rescuing and rehabilitating such primates, and enforcing international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation. Alison Cronin and her husband got an MBE in 2006 for Services to Animal Welfare, as well as starting the Endangered Asian Species Trust. Early life and career. Alison Cronin was born in September 1966 as Alison Lorraine Ames in San Diego, California. She studied biological anthropology at Cambridge University. She met Jim Cronin at Monkey World in 1993 while she was living in the UK. They married in 1996. They were joint directors of Monkey World. After her husband died, Cronin continued running the site and working against the illegal transportation of animals. Alison Cronin became known through the television series "Monkey Business", which was made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide, which has recorded the frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations all around Europe and Asia. The show began in 1998 with "Monkey Business", which was then replaced with "Monkey Life" in 2007. It covers the low and high-profile rescues, one of the most dramatic being in January 2008 when Cronin led a huge rescue of 88 Capuchin monkeys from Chile. In 2008, Alison Cronin led the creation of the Dao Tien Endangered Primate Rescue Centre located in Cát Tiên National Park, Southern Vietnam which is a rescue, rehabilitation, and release centre focusing on golden-cheeked gibbons, black-shanked douc langurs, silvered langurs, and pygmy loris. Alison Cronin has written on primates as well as fought to get legislation changed to protect the primates. In 2018, Cronin was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University for her work. Zozibini Tunzi Zozibini Tunzi (born 18 September 1993) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Universe 2019. Tunzi had been crowned Miss South Africa 2019. She is the third woman from South Africa to win the title, and the first black woman since Leila Lopes was crowned Miss Universe 2011. Percival Lowell Percival Lawrence Lowell (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer. He founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He started the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death. His reputation was damaged by his belief in canals on Mars. This idea was counter-attacked by Alfred Russel Wallace. Jim Cronin (zookeeper) James Michael Cronin MBE (15 November 1951 – 17 March 2007) was American the co-founder of Monkey World, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, in Dorset, England, in 1987, from the United States. He was widely acknowledged as an international expert in the rescue and rehabilitation of abused primates, and in the enforcement of international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation. Jim Cronin got an honorary MBE from Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 for services to animal welfare. Early life. Jim Cronin was born on 15 November 1951 in Yonkers, New York, to Italian-Irish parents. He was the son of a union official. He was educated at St Denis School and Lincoln High School. He had a number of jobs after leaving school before becoming a keeper at Bronx Zoo in the 1970s. While he was working there, he realised he wanted to work with animals. He moved to Kent in the UK to work in John Aspinall's zoo in 1980. Working with primates. Jim Cronin started working with primates by working as a zoo keeper in various zoos. He came to the UK, where he got a job as a zoo keeper at John Aspinall's zoo at Howletts, where he perfected his skills of primate rehabilitation and care, in 1980. John Aspinall had set up a breeding programme for gorillas which were an endangered species. Jim Cronin's passion for working with primates made him quite successful in his career and encouraged him to wish to eventually build a safe haven for primates that were treated badly. During his years working at John Aspinall's Zoo, he gave himself the necessary experience of dealing with apes on a daily basis in his career path of working with them as well as small monkeys and their complex life needs. Monkey World. The biggest rescue the centre undertook was that of the 19 retired stump-tailed macaques from a medical research laboratory in the UK; but the rescue mission in 2008, of the 88 capuchin monkeys from a medical research laboratory in Chile, took the record of the largest rescue of primates in the world. In 2006, Cronin was awarded an MBE by Queen Elizabeth II for services to animal welfare he was accompanied by Robert Pitts. Cronin has also received the Jane Goodall Award. The television series "Monkey Business" (made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide) has documented the Cronin's frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations throughout Europe and Asia for the past 10 years. Beginning in 2007, "Monkey Business" was replaced with "Monkey Life", which also documents the goings-on within Monkey World. Death. Following a brief battle with liver cancer, Cronin died on 17 March 2007 at the Cabrini Medical Center, Manhattan, New York. He was survived by his daughter Eleanor, from his first marriage, and his wife Alison Cronin. Since his death, Monkey World has been run by Alison and his close friend Jeremy Keeling. Jim Cronin Memorial Fund. The Jim Cronin Memorial Fund for Primate Welfare and Conservation was set up for the purpose of continuing Cronin's legacy and for the support of primate conservation and welfare all over the world. It is a UK-registered charity, number 1126939, and is sponsored by Monkey World. Eretmophorus kleinenbergi Eretmophorus kleinenbergi is a species of morid cod found in the Mediterranean Sea and possibly into the Atlantic Ocean. This species grows to in length. It is the only known member of its genus. Rose Cousins Rosanne Millicent Cousins (born April 21, 1977) is a Canadian folk and pop music singer-songwriter. She was born in Prince Edward Island. She had two extended play records. In 2006, she released her first full-length studio album "If You Were for Me". Cousins was nominated for the best solo artist at the Canadian Folk Music Awards. She was a winner of the 2007 Mountain Stage Newsong Contest. Next, she won the best folk recording in the Nova Scotia Music Awards and PEI Music Awards. Then she won Female Recording of the Year at the East Coast Music Awards in 2008. Cousins followed her first studio album with "The Send Off" in 2009. For this, she was named contemporary singer at the Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2010. She released "We Have Made a Spark" in 2012. She won a Juno Award in 2013. Her next album, "Bravada", has a February 2020 release date. Danielius Dolskis Danielius Dolskis (April 13, 1891 – December 3, 1931) was a Lithuanian singer in the Russian Empire. Danielius Dolskis sang in Saint Petersburg until 1917. He also sang in Moscow, Odessa, and Kiev. After the October Revolution, he moved to Riga, Latvia. In 1929, Danielius Dolskis moved to Kaunas, Lithuania, where he sang in restaurants. Danielius Dolskis got pneumonia in 1931 after a performance. He died several days later. International Mountain Day International Mountain Day is a day to show the need for sustainable use of mountains. It is held on 11 December of every year. The day was set up by the United Nations in 1992. It was then celebrated for the first time in 2003. Jay Bruce Jay Allen Bruce (born April 3, 1987) is an American professional baseball corner outfielder for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Before he played for the Phillies, he played for the Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets, Cleveland Indians, and Seattle Mariners. The Reds chose Bruce in the first round, 12th overall pick, of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft (where teams chose their players). He started playing in MLB in 2008. Bruce has been named an All-Star three times during his career, and has won the Silver Slugger Award twice. Daisuke Matsuzaka is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Saitama Seibu Lions . He has played for the Boston Red Sox and New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seibu Lions ,Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and Chunichi Dragons of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Matsuzaka was selected the MVP of the inaugural and the second World Baseball Classic, and is an Olympic bronze medalist. He is the first player to have won both a World Series and a World Baseball Classic. The Caine Mutiny The Caine Mutiny is a 1951 Pulitzer Prize winning war novel by American Jewish author Herman Wouk. In 1953, Herman Wouk wrote a play called "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" based on the trial from the book and in which Henry Fonda played Greenwald. In 1954, there was a movie based on the book, in which Humphrey Bogart played Queeg. Synopsis. Willis Seward Keith has graduated Princeton University studying literature. Willie’s mother wants him to continue his studies and get a masters degree. Willie plays piano and wants to go into show business. As a result, Willie meets and starts dating a singer whose stage name is May Wynn. Then the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor and Willie is afraid he’ll have to be sent to the army. So that that doesn’t happen, Willie joins the Navy. Willie is assigned to a ship called the USS Caine. He hates the captain for being too laidback and easygoing and sarcastic and not caring about how things look. The captain is then replaced by a new captain named Queeg. Queeg is mean, gets very angry is almost paranoid and always wants everything to be done his way. Queeg makes everyone on the Caine miserable. Tom Keefer, who is trying to write a novel about how horrible the navy is can’t get any work on his book done so he tries to convince Steve Maryk, who is Queeg’s second in command, that Queeg is insane and cannot command a ship in a time of war. Maryk doesn’t want to believe Keefer but then the ship ends up in the middle of a typhoon. Since there is no written rule about how to get out of a typhoon, Queeg tries to get out by following the rule to avoid getting into a typhoon. Since it doesn’t seem to be working Maryk decides Queeg is insane and takes over as captain with Willie’s help. Queeg has them put on trial for mutiny as soon as they get back to the United States. A Jewish lawyer named Lieutenant Barney Greenwald agrees to defend them because no one else will. When the trial begins, Willie realizes that the reason he helped Maryk wasn’t because he thought Queeg was crazy but because he hated Queeg. He still admits to what he’s done in the trial. Keefer, on the other hand, lies to the jury and says he knew nothing about the mutiny until after it happened. Greenwald still wins the trial by getting Queeg to get angry and act like he is completely crazy. Greenwald then goes to Maryk, Keefer, and Willie and tells them that they are guilty and that if there were anyone else willing to defend them he would have been the one to prosecute them. Greenwald says Queeg was actually a hero because while Willie was at Princeton and Keefer was writing his books and Greenwald was defending the Cherokee, Queeg was risking his own life to protect the country so that Greenwald’s mother didn’t get melted down into a bar of soap by the Nazis. Greenwald calls Keefer a coward for having convinced Maryk to mutiny and then betrayed Maryk during the trial. Greenwald then throws wine at Keefer’s face and says he’ll be waiting in the lobby if Keefer wants revenge and that since they are both drunk it will be a fair fight. Maryk is fired from the Navy and Keefer becomes captain. A Japanese kamikaze crashes his plane into the ship, so Keefer jumps and abandons the crew to save his own life. Willie stays on board and actually risks his own life to save everyone else and actually manages to do that. Willie then starts thinking about what is important and decides that he should marry May Wynn and have kids with her. When he comes back to America, she is using her real name and working for a soon to be divorced man who wants to have sex with her though they have not yet since she is not going to have sex with someone to whom she is not married. Willie then meets the man and he realizes that he reminds him of Keefer. Willie then knows that he can and will win her back. National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is part of the United States National Institutes of Health. It has a database where scientists can put information for other people to read and use, especially information about molecules and the way they affect and create living things. According to its own website, NCBI's goal is to make it easier for people to invent new technology that can be used to study molecules and genes. It also sets up meetings for scientists to talk to each other, trains new scientists, develops computer-based ways of studying information, and conducts scientific research on its own. Beginning. In 1988, United States Senator Claude Pepper proposed the law that would create NCBI, and the rest of the United States Congress passed it. Ultar Sar Ultar Sar is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as Ultar Peak, Ultar II, Bojohagur Duanasir II, and simply as Ultar. Ultar Sar is part of the Batura Muztagh subrange. It is the 69th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Akito Yamazaki and Kiyoshi Matsuoka, in 1996. It is a very difficult and dangerous climb. Floor leader A floor Leader, also known as a caucus leader, is a leader of their political party in a body of a legislature. They are also called Leaders of the House. Dip net Dip netting is a way to wade through the water and catch fish with a net. This activity is a highlight for Alaskan residents for a chance to camp along the shore and catch enough fish for the entire year. History of Fish Nets. Fishing nets are one of the oldest fishing gear used. They are made with all kinds of fabric like nylon, cotton, grass, flax, and tree fibers. Fish nets date back to 8500 BC in . Native Americans made their nets on the Columbia River from grass, cedar, and spruce root fibers. Dip netting started in 1989 in the Copper River, but the Alaskan board finally made it official for residents in the Spring of 1996. Species. Hooligan, king salmon, red salmon, pink salmon, silver salmon, and flounder are fish that are mostly caught while netting. Hooligan, a Chinookan name, is also known to be called a candlefish. This is an important species to eagles, gulls, and bear. This fish is found in the Pacific Northwest of Alaska. The best way to catch them is to dip net them. There is no bag unit limit when catching these fish. Only a valid fishing license will be needed and be an official Alaskan resident. Hundreds and thousands of hooligan spawn every year in rivers. Salmon are usually born in freshwater, but slowly swim to the saltwater. They lay their eggs on the gravel and the eggs hatch after a month. These little fish are called fry because they look like long little fries when they swim in water. After they hatch, they swim to saltwater and live up to four to six years then they come back to the river, usually not the same river as they were spawned, but in a river that's not running fast. This is because hooligans are not strong swimmers. King Salmon, a Chinookan salmon, is a king of all fish species because of how aggressive and large it is. It is 30-40 inches long. They are found in the Southeast of Alaska into Prince William Sound out in the Bristol Bay area. This species is highly fished because they are rich in omega-3 fatty acids which makes a good dinner. Then again they are aggressive because they are strong sport fish. Sockeye salmon, also named a red salmon, are the most popular among the salmon species because of their bright orange flesh. They are found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers. They can grow up to 33 inches long and weigh 4 to 15 pounds. They live to 3–7 years and are eaten by Marine mammals and bears. Pink Salmon, known as humpy fish are found in Southeast of Alaska into Prince William Sound. Males are easily identified by their large hump on their back while females have a slimmer appearance. This area is home to seabirds that feed on them as well as bears, wolves, otters, and bald eagles. Saltwater pinks are smaller than freshwater and have softer flesh. Regular freshwater are 20-25 inches in length. They run with other fish like kings and silvers. These are especially easy to catch because they're easier to trick with the correct angler method. Silver salmon, deep bodied North Pacific salmon with black spots, are found in the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. They grow up to be 30 inches in length and live up to 2–4 years. Ways to dip net. There are two types of basic dip netting: stationary and sweeping. There are two stationary techniques. Kick netting is placing a net at the bottom of the river where all of the rocks are and kicking to get fish. Just be warned that nets are easily damaged this way. The last technique is body rushing, which is using a body to catch fish. When a school of fish rush in the water, swing the body from side to side. This should scare the fish and they should get caught in the net. There are three types of sweeping. Sight dipping seeing fish in the water and trying to catch the fish. Scooping is digging between rocks blindly into bushes of weeds or large bushes. The last technique is dredging. The net rubs against the bottom of the river picking up mud, weeds and other debris that can trap fish. David Bellamy David James Bellamy (18 January 1933 – 11 December 2019) was an English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist. Bellamy wrote, appeared in or presented hundreds of television programmes on botany, ecology, environmentalism and other issues. His television series included "Bellamy on Botany", "Bellamy's Britain", "Bellamy's Europe" and "Bellamy's Backyard Safari". Bellamy died on the morning of 11 December 2019 in Durham, aged 86. Veijo Puhjo Veijo Olavi Puhjo (26 June 1948 – 9 December 2019) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected in 1995 and retired in 2001. He was born in Loimaa, Finland. Puhjo was born in Loimaa, Finland. Puhjo died on 9 December 2019 in Pori, Finland at the age of 71. Sherman Howard (American football) Sherman John Howard (November 28, 1924 – December 5, 2019) was an professional American football player. He played professionally as a halfback for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Yanks and Cleveland Browns. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Howard died in Chicago on December 5, 2019 at the age of 95. Henry Ward Beecher Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American clergyman, social reformer, and speaker. As the pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn he became famous for his work to end slavery. Urethral sphincters In mammals, the Urethal sphincters are two muscles that control the exit of urine from the bladder through the uretha. If either of them contracts, the uretha is sealed shut. In male mammals, one of the muscles is placed around the uretha. In female mammals, it is placed on the side of the vagina. In male mammals, the muscles are also used to transport the sperm, when an erection happens. Chipko movement The Chipko movement was a group action in India with the goal of saving trees. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut. It was also known as Chipko Andolan. Those who were part of it used nonviolent protests. The Chipko movement began in the early 1970s in Uttarakhand. It then spread to Uttar Pradesh. By the 1980s it had spread across most of India. The Chipko movement lead to a change in policies to stop the clear cutting of trees in some regions. (Clear cutting is a type of logging where all trees in an area are cut down). Chipko movement was started by Sunderlal Bahuguna. The name of the Chipko moment originated from the word 'embrace' as the villagers used to hug the trees and protect them from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more to her than her own life. Sadly, the king’s men did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her, and thus lost their lives saving trees. The incident inspired the several other rural women, who launched such similar movements in different parts of India. The Chipko Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life persuading and educating the villagers, to protest against the destruction of the forests and the Himalayan mountains by the government. The chipko protests achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan forests of the state by the order of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. Gollapudi Maruti Rao Gollapudi Maruti Rao (14 April 1939 – 12 December 2019) was an Indian actor and screenwriter. He was born in Vizianagaram, British India (present day Andhra Pradesh). He was known for his roles in "Samsaram Oka Chadarangam", "Yamudiki Mogudu" and "Aditya 369". He also wrote many plays such as: "Rendu Rellu Aaru", "Patita", "Karuninchani Devatalu", "Mahanatudu", "Kaalam Venakku Tirigindi" and in Aasayaalaku Sankellu". Rao died at a private hospital in Chennai, India on 12 December 2019 from an illness, aged 80. Momhil Sar Momhil Sar is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. Momhil Sar is part of the Hispar Muztagh subrange. It is the 63rd highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Hans Schell and his expedition, in 1965. Atlantic cod Atlantic cod is a species of cod which occurs in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The younger fish live near the surface of the ocean, the older ones near the sea floor. Atlantic cod is one of the species of cod that has been consumed by humans. The atlantic cod feeds on other, smaller fish (for example herring), as well as molluscs. Gowling WLG Gowling WLG is a multinational law firm. It was formed by the merger of Canada-based Gowlings and UK-based Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co in February 2016. This was the first multinational law firm merger between British and Canadian firms. As of 2020, it is 16th on The Lawyer UK 200 list of best law firms. Gowling WLG International Limited is an English company limited by guarantee. The two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members of it. The two partnerships provide legal services. They are financially separate. This is a fairly loose association, where each "partner" does the legal work for its own country. Therefore regulators in each country know who is responsible for any particular case. Offices. The firm has 19 offices in Canada, the UK, continental Europe, the Middle East, China and Singapore. Gowling WLG plans to grow in Germany and East Asia in the near future. Mortal Engines Quartet The Mortal Engines Quartet is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Reeve. A prequel series, Fever Crumb, set 600 years before the events of the Quartet, was published between 2009 and 2011. In March 2020 Reeve said "too much time has passed since I wrote the other books, it’s hard to go back to that world" and that he did not intend to publish further books in the series. On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether "Mortal Engines" would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely. Icicle An icicle is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. Various snow spikes are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is sub freezing and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice. Shape. Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length. Snow. Once temperatures reach 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), snow starts to fall. Snow will begin to build on top of each snowflake and sit on whatever surface is present. Snow is white in color and can be from the width of a single strand or hair to even inches long. Although it must be cold in order for snow to fall, it is not frozen rain, but it is a cluster of many crystals falling from the clouds. Accidents. Icicles are beautiful, but they can be very dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700's, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being reported. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by. Rydberg constant In spectroscopy, the Rydberg constant is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. Its symbol is formula_1 for heavy atoms or formula_2 for hydrogen. The constant is named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series. Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. , formula_1 and electron spin "g"-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants. The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as formula_2, or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as formula_1. In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen formula_2 and the Rydberg formula. In atomic physics, Rydberg unit of energy, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom. Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament The "Jeopardy!" Teachers Tournament is an annual tournament on the American television game show "Jeopardy!" It features full-time teachers of students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The tournament debuted during Season 27 (2010-2011) and has been played every season since (except for Season 37), always during any of the three ratings sweeps periods (November, February, or May), with the exception of being held from May 25th to June 5th 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Format. The Teachers Tournament follows the same 10-game format as the Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament. The first five games are the quarterfinals, where all fifteen participants play in groups of three. The winners of the five games advance to the semifinals. The players with the four highest scores among non-winners advance as "wild card" players. The nine semifinalists compete in the next three games. Then the three semifinal winners advance to the two-day finals, in which cumulative scores from the two games are added to determine the championship (contestants' scores start at $0 in each game). Prizes. Cash. The person who wins the tournament receives a $100,000 prize. The first runner up gets $50,000; and the second runner up gets $25,000. Teachers who are eliminated during the semifinals go home with $10,000, and teachers who are eliminated during the quarterfinals go home with $5,000. Tournament of Champions. In addition to the aforementioned cash prize, the winner also earns an automatic spot in the next Tournament of Champions, although one winner (Larry Martin in 2018) died from pancreatic cancer before reaching that tournament. So far, two Teachers Tournaments winners have made it to the finals of the Tournament of Champions (Colby Burnett in 2013 and Francois Barcomb in 2019); only Burnett won the event. 2016 winner Jason Sterlacci is only other winner to advance to the semi-finals of the Tournament of Champions. Burnett was also invited back to the Battle of the Decades in 2014 where he advanced to the semifinals, and was team captain in the All-Star games in 2019, where he drafted 2017 Tournament of Champions finalist Alan Lin and November 2000 College Champion Pam Mueller as his team members. His team finished as the second runner-up in the event. 2015 winner Jennifer Giles also competed in the All-Star games, as a member of Team Buzzy Cohen. John Pearson was the alternate in the All-Star games. List of participants. Catherine Whitten and Justin Hoffstetter in February 2012 are the first pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in January 24, 2015. Maryanne Lewell and Michael Townes in 2013 are the second pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in Canada in August 2017. Mary Parker and Cody Vest are the first two teachers contestants that teach in the same school. The Corsair The Corsair is a book by Lord Byron. It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad. Don Juan (Byron) Don Juan is a satirical poem by Lord Byron. It is based on the legend of Don Juan, who was said to be able to seduce many women. The poem is a satire because in the poem it is Don Juan who is seduced by women. Pineville, Louisiana Pineville is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Abstraction (art) Abstraction in art history is when art depicts something without caring what it actually looks like. Brian Muller Brian Leo "Jazz" Muller (11 June 1942 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Taranaki at a provincial level from 1963 to 1972. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1967 to 1971. He played 35 matches for the All Blacks, including 14 internationals. Muller was born in Eltham. He died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 77. List of Louisiana metropolitan areas The U.S. state of Louisiana has a total of nine Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Thirty (30) of Louisiana's sixty-four (64) parishes are classified as metropolitan. As of the 2010 census, these parishes had a combined population of 3,340,667 (74.8% of the state's population). Based on a July 1, 2009, population estimate, that figure had increased to 3,356,913 (74.7% of the state's population). See also Louisiana statistical areas. The following table lists Louisiana's metropolitan areas, ranked by population as of February 1, 2013. Louisiana parishes classified as part of a Metropolitan Statistical Area from 1950 to 2003 Łęczna Łęczna is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 people (2014), in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. On 31 December 2010, the population of the town was 20,706. Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka. Nosrat Karimi Nosrat Karimi (, 22 December 1924 – 3 December 2019) was an Iranian actor, director, make-up artist, professor, scriptwriter, and sculptor. His career lasted for sixty years from 1965 through 2019. He was best known for his role as Agha Joon in "My Uncle Napoleon" and "The Carriage Driver". Karimi was born in Tehran. Karimi died on 3 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 94. Richard Easton John Richard Easton (March 22, 1933 – December 2, 2019) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Easton was best known for his role as Brian Hammond in the 1970s BBC serial "The Brothers". He also had television guest appearances on "Doctor Who", "L.A. Law", "Frasier", and "Ed". In 2001, he won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in "The Invention of Love". In 2008, Easton was added into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Easton died on December 2, 2019 of congestive heart failure at his home in Manhattan at the age of 86. Charles Koffi Diby Charles Koffi Diby (7 September 1957 – 7 December 2019) was an Ivorian politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ivory Coast from 2012 to 2016. He was born in Bouake, Côte d’Ivoire. Diby died on 7 December 2019 of problems caused by anorexia at his home in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, aged 62. William Luce William Aubert Luce (October 16, 1931 – December 9, 2019) was an American playwright and television writer. He wrote many plays which starred Julie Harris. His best known play works were "The Belle of Amherst" and "Barrymore". He also wrote the television screenplay of "The Last Days of Patton". Luce was born in Portland, Oregon. Luce died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems at his home in Green Valley, Arizona on December 9, 2019 at the age of 88. Green Valley, Arizona Green Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 23,765 at the 2010 census. Ashland, Oregon Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census. Yang di-Pertuan Negara Yang di-Pertuan Negara or simply Yang di-Pertuan is the name of the head of state of Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. 2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK) The 2020 Labour Party leadership election was held between (21 February – 4 April 2020) to elect a leader to replace Jeremy Corbyn. On 13 December 2019, Corbyn announced that he would not lead the Labour Party into the next general election, following the party's poor performance in the December 2019 election. It was won by Keir Starmer who received 56.2 per cent of the vote on the first round. It was held alongside the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election. Background. Jeremy Corbyn was elected Labour Party leader in a 2015 leadership election and re-elected leader in 2016 after a challenge from Owen Smith. While Labour gained seats in the 2017 general election, the party lost 60 seats in the 2019 election, its worst result since the 1935 general election. Corbyn announced that he would resign after a "process of reflection". Timetable. The timetable for the election was set by the party's National Executive Committee on 6 January 2020. Candidates. Declared. The following individuals have been nominated as official candidates by the party: Declined. The following individuals were discussed in the media as potential leadership candidates, but chose not to stand: PLP and EPLP Nominations. Candidates first need to be nominated by at least 10% (twenty-two) of current Labour MPs and MEPs, who make up the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP). The candidates who have passed this threshold need nominations from at least 5% (thirty-three) CLPs, or at least three affiliates including at least two trades unions that together represent at least 5% of affiliated members. The table below shows the current number of nominations achieved by each candidate. 2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK) The 2016 Labour Party leadership election was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union and questions about his leadership of the party. The result was announced on 24 September 2016. Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015. Maxwell Lord Maxwell Lord IV is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in "Justice League" #1 (May 1987) and was created by Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, and Kevin Maguire. He is a powerful businessman. Maxwell Lord was important in the formation of the Justice League International in the DC Universe. He is mainly seen as a villain to Wonder Woman. Maxwell Lord appeared in an episode of "Smallville" played by Gil Bellows. He was also in the first season of the television series "Supergirl" played by Peter Facinelli. The character made his movie debut in "Wonder Woman 1984", played by Pedro Pascal. 2019 Samoa measles outbreak The 2019 Samoa measles outbreak began in September 2019. As of December 13, there were 5,080 confirmed cases of measles and 72 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 201,316. There have also been 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected. A state of emergency was declared on November 17, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory. On December 2, 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families have been ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others. On December 5th and 6th, the government shut down everything other than public utilities to move all civil servants over to the vaccination campaign. Paul Schoeffler Paul Schoeffler (born November 21, 1967) is an Irish stage, film, television and voice actor. Open Mind Productions Open Mind Productions is a British television production company that was founded in 1989 by Roland Tongue and Chris Ellis. Tongue, who left the company at the end of 2011, was previously a film editor at the BBC, while Ellis was previously a teacher and script writer at Children's BBC. The company has made programmes for children and educational TV, such as The Number Crew, Rat-A-Tat-Tat and Maths Mansion for Channel 4 and Numberjacks, and The Shiny Show for the BBC. Giza Plateau Giza Plateau is an ancient plateau in Giza. It has many ancient mysteries about it, and archeologists are still trying find its mystery. The plateau is the site of one of the most impressive ancient monuments around the world, the Pyramids of Giza. It also holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history.The Giza Plateau is also home to many other ancient Egyptian monuments,including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Nynetjer of the Second Dynasty.The Giza Plateau has astonished tourists and travellers over the years. Hemberg Hemberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Kirchberg, St. Gallen Kirchberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Geography. Kirchberg is the most north-western municipality in the "Wahlkreis" and in bordered in the west by canton Thurgau and in the east by the Thur river. It has of the village of Kirchberg on a high plateau in the center of the municipality, the village of Gähwil south of Kirchberg and the village of Bazenheid on a terrace above the Thur. Places in Kirchberg. Bäbikon, Bazenheid, Bräägg, Bruberg, Dietschwil, Gähwil, Husen, Lamperswil, Müetligen, Müselbach, Nuetenwil, St. Iddaburg, Stelz, Oberbazenheid, Oetwil, Rupperswil, Schalkhusen, Underbazenheid and Under. Sennwald Sennwald is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Neckertal Neckertal is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on January 1, 2009, when Brunnadern, St. Peterzell, and Mogelsberg joined together to become Neckertal. St. Peterzell St. Peterzell was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Brunnadern and Mogelsberg to become the municipality called Neckertal. Lichtensteig Lichtensteig is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 when Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus joined together to become one new municipality. Stein, St. Gallen Stein was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau. Bütschwil Bütschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil. Brunnadern Brunnadern was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Mogelsberg and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal. Ottawa County, Michigan Ottawa County is a small county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 263,801 people live here. The county seat is Grand Haven. It's four most populous cities are Grand Haven, Holland, Jenison and Hudsonville. The county was created in 1837, and its quite small. FrogWatch FrogWatch is a name shared by citizen science programs that do the same thing. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other amphibians that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study. Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries. In citizen science, scientists ask ordinary people to help with scientific research or other work. Citizen science is one kind of crowdsourcing. The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it. Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads. FrogWatch USA volunteers listen to and record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down. Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, how many different kinds of frogs live in one place, the way they react to changes in how hot or cold it is, and the way they act during different parts of the year. History. The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002. Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch. They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads. This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries. FrogWatch NT works in northern Australia. It started in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and caused problems there. Conway Springs, Kansas Conway Springs is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,272 people lived there. History. Conway Springs was founded in 1884. Its name is derived from both Conway Township and a mineral spring nearby. Captain Hiram Cranmer built the first home in Conway Springs. Geography. Conway Springs is at (37.389546, -97.644332). According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Conway Springs has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Conway Springs has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the 2010 census says that there were 1,272 people, 450 households, and 313 families living in the city. Ganterschwil Ganterschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil. Hackberry, Texas Hackberry is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. Lyon County Lyon County is the name of five counties in the United States: Adam Jones Adam LaMarque Jones (born August 1, 1985) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Baltimore Orioles and Arizona Diamondbacks. The Mariners selected Jones in the first round of the 2003 MLB draft. He came up in the Mariners' minor league system as a shortstop before changing to the outfield. He made his MLB debut with the Mariners in 2006. He was traded to the Orioles before the 2008 season. Jones is a five-time MLB All-Star, a four-time Gold Glove Award winner, and a Silver Slugger winner. Justin Bour Justin James Bour (born May 28, 1988) is an American professional baseball first baseman who plays for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Bour made his MLB debut in 2014. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Miami Marlins, Philadelphia Phillies, and Los Angeles Angels. Jiří Jirmal Jiří Jirmal (24 April 1925 – 11 December 2019) was a Czech jazz classical guitarist and composer. He was born in Prague. Some of his compositions had elements of Brazilian music. He worked for the musical background for Gene Deitch's 1962 Tom and Jerry cartoon "Tall in the Trap". Jirmal died in Prague on 11 December 2019 at the age of 94. Peter Snell Sir Peter George Snell (17 December 1938 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand middle-distance runner. He won three Olympic gold medals. Snell was voted New Zealand's "Sports Champion of the (20th) Century". He was one of 24 inaugural members of the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall Of Fame named in 2012. Snell died at his home in Dallas, Texas on 12 December 2019 of cardiovascular disease at the age of 80. Ushiomaru Motoyasu Ushiomaru Motoyasu (born Motoyasu Sano; May 11, 1978 – December 12, 2019) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He began his professional career in 1994 and first reached the top division in 2002. His highest rank was "maegashira" 10. He retired in May 2009. Motoyasu died of blood cancer in Tokyo on December 12, 2019 at the age of 41. PHASE 2 PHASE 2 (born Lonny Wood; August 2, 1955 – December 13, 2019) was an American aerosol artist. He was born in New York City. He was known as member of the Zulu Nation. He was active in the 1970s. Phase 2 was known for creating the "bubble letter" style of graffiti writing. He was also influential in the early hip hop scene. Phase 2 died on December 13, 2019 in New York City from Lou Gehrig's disease-related problems, aged 64. Mouse Trouble Mouse Trouble is a "Tom and Jerry" short released in 1944, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with music direction by Scott Bradley. It that year it won an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. Happy Shopper Happy Shopper is a British wholesaler. The brand was first owned by Nurdin and Peacock. Nurdin and Peacock is brought by Booker Group in November 1996. The name was also widely used for a convenience store franchise between 1971 and 1998. As of 2013, very few stores still operate as Happy Shopper. Most Happy Shopper stores names were changed to Premier Stores brand during 2000s. Premier store is another brand by Booker Group. Happy Shopper convenience products are sold to independent convenience stores, discount stores, as well as cash and carry companies. Products include groceries, frozen foods, carbonated drinks, prepackaged/dried foods and confectionery, and are an own brand by Premier. Happy Shopper's first logo was a smiling face with golden hair. In 2000, that logo was changed to a new design by "Partners In Communication", a design consultant company. The new logo caused some controversy. Anthony, Texas Anthony is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. Horizon City, Texas Horizon City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Alvin, Texas Alvin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Clarksville City, Texas Clarksville City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Cisco, Texas Cisco is a city in Eastland County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,899 at the 2010 census. Vega, Texas Vega is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Oldham County. 2038 2038 (MMXXXVIII) will be . Wattwil Wattwil is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, Krinau became a part of Wattwil. Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Maggie and the Ferocious Beast is a Canadian 2000-2006 Nickelodeon Childrens Animated TV series. Produced for Nickelodeon By Nelvana And Frederator Studios And Produced With the Participation of Teletoon and Treehouse TV in Assassction With Nickelodeon and VaicomCBS Domestic Media Networks That Silmar To Pelwsick Super Stadium World Franklin and Donkey Kong Country Cast Nesslau Nesslau is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2013, when the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality. Mogelsberg Mogelsberg was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Brunnadern and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal. Nesslau-Krummenau Nesslau-Krummenau was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. History. Nesslau-Krummenau was created on 1 January 2005. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau. Victor Victor could mean: Victor, California Victor is a census-designated place (CDP) in California in the United States. Victor, Colorado Victor is a city in Colorado in the United States. Victor, Indiana Victor is an unincorporated community in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Victor, Montana Victor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. The population was 745 at the 2010 census. Victor, New York Victor is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, 14,275 people lived in Victor. Victor, South Dakota Victor is an unincorporated community in Roberts County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota. History. Victor was planned out in 1913, and named after Victor Township, in which it is located. A post office called Victor was created in 1913, and remained in operation until 1955. Victor, Utah Victor (also known as Desert Lake) is a ghost town in Emery County, Utah, United States. Xbox Series X and Series S The Xbox Series X (also known as Xbox Scarlett, Project Scarlett or simply Scarlett) is a video game console announced by Microsoft during E3 2019, which launched on November 10, 2020. It is the successor of the Xbox One. Karvinen Karvinen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Luray, Kansas Luray is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 194. Mertens, Texas Mertens is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. Gaiserwald Gaiserwald is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Six (musical) Six is a British musical with book, music and lyrics by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. The musical is about King Henry VIII's six wives. It features the six women singing about their lives with him, and competing to see who had it the worst. In the end, they decide that they should embrace all of their own stories and accomplishments. Bledlow-cum-Saunderton Bledlow-cum-Saunderton is a civil parish in the Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire, England. The villages of Bledlow, Bledlow Ridge and Saunderton and the hamlets of Crownfield, Forty Green, Holly Green, Pitch Green, Rout's Green, Saunderton Lee and Skittle Green are there. The 2011 census reported it had a population of 2,469. Skittle Green Skittle Green is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Skittle Green is northwest to the village of Bledlow, very near the Oxfordshire boundary. Bledlow Ridge Bledlow Ridge is a village in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2004, 940 people lived there. It is in the Chiltern Hills, about 4 miles SSW of Princes Risborough and on the road between the High Wycombe and Chinnor. The hamlet was first in the ecclesiastical parish of Bledlow. It became separate in 1868 when the new chapel, dedicated to St Paul, was constructed. As is common with other similar villages in the Chiltern Hills, properties have become increasingly in demand due to its location and the improvement in rail connections and road connections to London. It has a recently refurbished village shop, "The Country Store" (formerly the "Kedai"), and a local school, Bledlow Ridge School. Bledlow Ridge has a number of clubs, such as 'Bridge', a youth club and a cricket club. As well as the corner shop, there is also an Equestrian Centre, park, tennis courts and a cricket pitch the 'Bledlow Ridge Cricket Club' owns. Yoesden, south of Chinnor Road, is a nature reserve the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust manages. Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; ; , "Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika"), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia, was part of the Soviet Union, and existed from 1918 to 1920, and from 1940 to 1990. James McCarthy James J. McCarthy (January 25, 1944 – December 11, 2019) was an American oceanographer and environmentalist. He was a Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from February 2008 to February 2009. He was on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment. He was born in Sweet Home, Oregon. McCarthy died on December 11, 2019 at the age of 75. Stig Sollander Stig Oskar Sollander (25 June 1926 – 12 December 2019) was a Swedish alpine skier. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics. He had his best results in the slalom. He finished fifth in 1952 and winning Sweden's first Olympic medal in alpine skiing, a bronze in 1956. Stig died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 93. Richard G. Hatcher Richard Gordon Hatcher (July 10, 1933 – December 13, 2019) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the first African-American Mayor of Gary, Indiana for 20 years, from 1968 to 1988. Hatcher also was Vice-Chairman of the Democratic National Committee in the early 1980s. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana. Hatcher died at the Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago on December 13, 2019 at the age of 86. Bernard Lavalette Bernard Lavalette (20 January 1926 – 14 December 2019) was a French actor, singer and comedian. He was born in Paris. Lavalette was best known for his roles in "The Bureaucrats" (1959), "Heaven Sent" (1963), "Thomas the Impostor" (1964), "Le gendarme se marie" (1968) and "The Apprentice Heel" (1977). Lavalette died on 14 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 93. Vladimir Tsyplakov Vladimir Viktorovich Tsyplakov (; April 18, 1969 – December 14, 2019) was a Belarusian professional ice hockey player winger. He was drafted in the third round, 59th overall, by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Tsyplakov was also an assistant coach with the Belarus men's national ice hockey team. Sweet Home, Oregon Sweet Home is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. The population was 8,925 at the 2010 census. Linn County, Oregon Linn County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,672. The county seat is Albany. James P. McCarthy James P. McCarthy (born March 7, 1935) is a retired United States Air Force general. He was Deputy Commander in Chief of the United States European Command. He was the ARDI Professor of National Security at the United States Air Force Academy. Kohei Matsumoto , is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for SC Sagamihara. He was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Career. Matsumoto joined Kokushikan University's football club in 2013, and joined Nagoya Grampus in 2017. Then he was loaned to SC Sagamihara in July 2018. On 10 January 2019, Matsumoto joined FC Maruyasu Okazaki. Club statistics. "Updated to 3 September 2018". Andwil Andwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Häggenschwil Häggenschwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Eggersriet Eggersriet is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Muolen Muolen is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Waldkirch, Switzerland Waldkirch is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Wittenbach Wittenbach is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Berg, St. Gallen Berg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Goldach, St. Gallen Goldach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Mörschwil Mörschwil is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. News Gothic News Gothic is a sans-serif typeface made in 1908 by Morris Fuller Benton. The typeface was used by his company, American Type Founders. News Gothic is like Franklin Gothic, but much lighter. News Gothic, like other typefaces made by Benton, is a grotesque model. It resembles other serif typefaces made in the time period. The letters are compact, and the descenders (like the tails of g and y) do not go down far. It is different from other sans-serif typefaces, because it is light and has more open letters. Leiocarpaea A new name for "Bunias cochlearoides" perennial (rarely biennial) herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Leiocarpaea (Bunias) of the Cabbage family, or Brassicaceae Shajapur district Shajapur District is a district in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The town of Shajapur is the district headquarters. Rorschacherberg Rorschacherberg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Steinach, Switzerland Steinach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is on Lake Constance. Wartau Wartau is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Degersheim Degersheim is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Degersheim is first mentioned in 837 as "Tegarascai." This name contains the Germanic "tegar" (meaning big), and "asca" meaning "ash tree". Degersheim is on the railway line from St. Gallen to Lucerne, and suburban trains connect it to St. Gallen and Wattwil. The through trains to Lucerne no longer stop in Degersheim, they stop in Wattwil (the next stop from Degersheim). Background music Background music is music appearing in the background of videos mostly used to create a mood in the media. Lancaster, Texas Lancaster is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 36,361 at the 2010 census. It is a suburb of Dallas and part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Mississippi County, Missouri Mississippi County is a county in Missouri, United States. It is found in the southeast corner of the state. The county seat is Charleston. In 2010, 14,358 people lived in the county. Pemiscot County, Missouri Pemiscot County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, United States. Its county seat is Caruthersville. In 2010, 18,296 people lived there. Dunklin County, Missouri Dunklin County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, in the United States. Its county seat is Malden. In 2010, 31,935 people lived there. Butler County, Missouri Butler County is a county in southeast Missouri, United States. The county seat is Poplar Bluff. In 2010, 42,794 people lived there. Welsh National War Memorial The Welsh National War Memorial () is in Alexandra Gardens, Cathays Park, Cardiff. The memorial commemorates the servicemen who died during the First World War and has a commemorative plaque for those who died during the Second World War, added in 1949. Mortal Engines Mortal Engines is the first book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2001. Predator's Gold Predator's Gold is the second book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2003. Infernal Devices Infernal Devices may refer to: A Darkling Plain A Darkling Plain is the first book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2006. Philip Reeve Philip Reeve (born Brighton, England, 28 February 1966) is an English writer. On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether "Mortal Engines" would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely. Infernal Devices (Reeve novel) Infernal Devices is the third book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2005. List of Xeon microprocessors The following are lists of Intel Xeon microprocessors. The lists are separated by the size on microarchitecture used to create them. Ben Acton Benjamin Maxwell "Ben" Acton (2 December 1927 – 10 July 2020) was an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics. Acton died on 10 July 2020 in Queensland, aged 92. John Nicholas (ice hockey) John Allen Nicholas (2 May 1930 – 1966) is an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Winter Olympics. Hera Hilmar Hera Hilmar (born 27 December 1988) is an Icelandic movie and television actress. Personal life. Hilmar is the daughter of the film director Hilmar Oddsson and the actress Thorey Sigthorsdottir (Þórey Sigþórsdóttir). Her grandfather was the playwright and theater director Oddur Björnsson. She graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2011. Career. Hilmar was nominated for an Edda as Actress of the Year in a leading role in 2007 for her role in "The Quiet Storm". Later she won the same award, twice, first in 2015 for her role as Eik in "Life in a Fishbowl", and then in 2017 for her role as Anna in "The Oath". She was also chosen as one of Europe's Shooting Stars at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2015, as well as winning a ‘special mention’ at the Zurich Film Festival for her role in "Life in a Fishbowl". She played Lillie Rowe, a 20-year-old nurse from a prominent Philadelphia family, in a period drama film "The Ottoman Lieutenant". In February 2017, Hilmar was cast in the lead role of Hester Shaw in Peter Jackson’s film, based on the novel of the same name by Philip Reeve, "Mortal Engines". Writer Philippa Boyens described Hilmar's audition via Skype was "flawless". She recounted the challenges. That film, as of 2021, is currently her last international film role before the coronavirus pandemic. She starred in the Apple TV+ series "SEE" recently as Maghra, the wife of Baba Voss, a character played by Jason Momoa. She signed on for two projects with the Icelandic Film Centre: a short film called "The Wish" and a film titled "Svar við bréfi Helgu". Die Caufner-Schwestern Die Caufner-Schwestern was a group of three singers founded in East Germany in 1977. The three sisters Juliane Albrecht (née Kaufner), Isa Kaufner and Irina Kaufner were the members of the group. The group mostly played disco music. Band history. Even as children, the four sisters Iris, Juliane, Isa and Irina Kaufner sang at the same time together in Rostock. Juliane and Isa were taught to have better vocals from 1972 to 1973 and were members of the College Formation. The pieces of music "Dein und mein", "Als ich nachher von dir ging" and "Vom Träumen" with Isa Caufner as solo singer were on the compilation LP "Examen in Musik", published in 1973. Juliane Kaufner married the musician and later Amiga music producer Klaus-Peter "Biene" Albrecht. In 1976, the four sisters founded the vocal quartet "Caufner-Collection". They were on the television show "Familien-Disko" in 1977. Iris Kaufner left the group. The band had to name itself "Caufner-Schwestern" instead. By 1978, there was five episodes for the "family disco". In 1978, their first single "Komm doch" was released. The next single, "Laß dieses „he“", was also released in 1978. For their tour program "Drei unterwegs", they were awarded the sponsorship award by the General Director of the Komitee für Unterhaltungskunst. Die Caufner-Schwestern appeared on the television show Ein Kessel Buntes and also performed concerts abroad. In 1980, Isa Kaufner left the group to perform as Isa Caufner. As well as other things, she played for three months in November 1980 in the play "Die Menschenfresserin" by the Bulgarian dramatist Ivan Radojew at the Volksbühne Berlin. In 1982 the musical piece "Man weiß ja nie" by Die Caufner-Schwestern and "Ich bin ich" by Isa Caufner were released on a compilation LP. Juliane Albrecht and Irina Kaufner performed as a duo until 1987. Irina died of cancer in 2010. In 1989, Juliane Albrecht and her husband and other musicians founded the country band "Country Delight", which, as of 2016, they still belong to. Amiga (record label) Amiga is a popular music record label in Germany. It used to be a record label of the East German state-owned music publisher VEB Deutsche Schallplatten before becoming a record label of the Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994. In 1947, actor and singer Ernst Busch became allowed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany to create a music publishing house, which was named Lied der Zeit GmbH ("Song of the Times"). This publishing company included the label Amiga. In the 1950s, Lied der Zeit became VEB Deutsche Schallplatten ("German Records"), a state-owned company that had a monopoly on making records. VEB Deutsche Schallplatten had multiple record labels, each for different genres; Amiga releases included folk, jazz, pop, rock, Schlager music, chanson, and children's music. After East Germany and West Germany became one country, most of the public state enterprises that were from East Germany were taken into pieces or sold to private investors. The Amiga label and catalog were obtained by Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994, which then became part of Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. Amiga's catalog has 2,200 albums and about 5,000 singles, or a total of 30,000 titles. Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend is the debut mini-LP and second extended play (EP) by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released in 2003. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, Mike Pareskuwicz, T.J. Kunasch, Jared Logan. Tracklisting. 1. "Honorable Mention" 2. "Calm Before the Storm" (re-recorded on Take This to Your Grave) 3. "Switchblades and Infidelity" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) 4. "Pretty in Punk" 5. "Growing Up" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) 6. "The World's Not Waiting (For Five Tired Boys in a Broken Down Van)" 7. "Short, Fast, and Loud" 8. "Moving Pictures" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) 9. "Parker Lewis Can't Lose (But I'm Gunna Give It My Best Shot)" Grail (web browser) Grail is a free web browser. It was written in the Python programming language. It was made available for multiple platforms. It is open-source, allowing it to be changed to improve it. Grail started to be made in August 1995. It first came out in November 1995. The last version of Grail was version 0.6, which came out on 1 April 1999. Unlike all web browsers of the time, it can run client-side Python code, mostly like how mainstream web browsers can run client-side JavaScript code. It is thought Grail has that name because Guido van Rossum liked Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a film by Monty Python, a British comedy group. It is known Python was named after Monty Python. Car design Car design is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers. Design process. Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount. Then, the interior design team designs the car's interior, making sure that it fits the needs of the customer. These needs include things like comfort and entertainment systems. High-end cars like luxury cars and supercars have fancy interiors and are designed for an enjoyable driving experience, while utility vehicles like vans have plain, rugged interiors designed to endure various types of cargo. Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly. History. While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies. After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers. After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany. Dance, Dance Dance, Dance may refer to: Ripley County, Missouri Ripley County is a county along the southern border of Missouri, United States. In 2010, 14,100 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Doniphan. Ozark County, Missouri Ozark County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Gainesville. In 2010, 9,723 people lived there. Gisella Donadoni Gisella Donadoni (born 1968) is an Italian television presenter, journalist, and actress. She was born in Bergamo, Italy. She began her career in 1994 as a news presenter on TV Bergamo. Career. Over the years she worked as a presenter and journalist on many shows on the RAI and Mediaset networks. Her first appearance as an actress was as Regina Sartori in the TV soap opera "Vivere" ("To live"). Her first appearance as a movie actress was in 2018 when she played the role of Angela Stefanelli in "Un nemico che ti vuole bene" ("An enemy who loves you”). James F. Byrnes James Francis Byrnes (; May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American judge and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was also the 104th Governor of South Carolina from 1951 through 1955. From 1945 through 1947, he was the United States Secretary of State during the Harry S. Truman presidency. Obazoa Obazoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals that share an ancestor). It is a Unikont. Unikonts are one of the five superkingdoms in the classification of eukaryotes. The Obazoa is made up of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta. It does not include Amoebozoa, because that is a different clade. The connections between opisthokonts, breviates and apusomonads are not well known yet. Probably the Breviatea are the most basic of the three groups. RNA phylogenies (evolution clues) do not give much evidence that Obazoa is a clade. This could still mean Obazoa is from a very old ancestor, and there are not many clues left (because of its age). Holozoa Holozoa is a group of living things that includes animals, and some single-celled relatives of animals. It excludes fungi. "Holozoa" is also an old name for the tunicate genus "Distaplia". Holozoa is a clade: a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor. It has all organisms close to animals." An example of a well-known holozoan is the choanoflagellate, which looks a lot like the cells of a sponge. "Proterospongia" is an example of a choanoflagellate that might give clues as to how sponges evolved. Evolution. The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Holozoa. Jane on her Own Jane on her Own is the fourth book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1999. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings is the third book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1994. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. Catwings Return Catwings Return is the second book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1989. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. Catwings Catwings is the first book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1988. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker (September 27, 1940 – December 13, 2019) and Roy Lewis Norris (February 5, 1948 – February 24, 2020), also known as the Tool Box Killers, were American serial killers and rapists who kidnapped, raped, tortured, and killed five teenage girls in Southern California over a period of five months in 1979. Bittaker was in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Norris was born in Greeley, Colorado. Norris accepted a plea bargain whereby he agreed to testify against Bittaker and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 7, 1980, with possibility of parole after serving 30 years. He was incarcerated at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County, California. He died there on February 24, 2020 at the age of 72. Bittaker was sentenced to death and was imprisoned at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California. He died in prison on December 13, 2019 at the age of 79. Bittaker and Norris became known as the "Tool Box Killers" due to the fact the majority of instruments used to torture and murder their victims, such as pliers, ice picks, and sledgehammers, were items normally stored inside a household toolbox. Yury Belyayev (footballer) Yury Ivanovich Belyayev (; 2 April 1934 – 14 December 2019) was a Soviet football player and coach. He played in 111 matches for CSKA Moscow, scoring 52 goals. He was a member of the national team that won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. From 1974 to 1980, he coached in the Soviet Armed Forces. In 1991, Belyayev was honored as a Merited Master of Sport by the Soviet Union. On 14 December 2019, Belyayev died at the age of 85. Gastrointestinal bleeding Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool. Small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause iron-deficiency anemia resulting in feeling tired or heart-related chest pain. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out. Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present. Puzzle globe A puzzle globe (also called jigsaw globe, globe puzzle, puzzle ball, puzzle sphere or spherical puzzle) is a series of puzzle pieces that are a complete sphere or globe when put together. Puzzle globes usually have a substrate made of one piece that helps the puzzle pieces as they are put in place. In some puzzle globes, the substrate is made of steel and the puzzle pieces are magnetic, the magnetic attraction keeping pieces on the lower part of the sphere from falling off. Like a two-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, a globe puzzle is often made of cardboard and the pieces put together make one layer. Most globe puzzles make things in the shape of a sphere, such as the Earth, the Moon, or historical globes of the Earth. The logo of Wikipedia is a puzzle globe. It has characters from many different writing systems on it. A jigsaw puzzle globe from the 1870s is in the collection of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. It is a copy of an earlier one made in Germany. Chuy Bravo Chuy Bravo (born Jesús Melgoza; December 7, 1956 – December 14, 2019) was a Mexican-American actor and comedian, best known as the sidekick of host Chelsea Handler on the talk show "Chelsea Lately" during its run from 2007 to 2014. He usually provided comedic relief to Handler's show, and was the topic of many of her jokes. He also appeared in some pornographic videos. Bravo was born in Tangancícuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. He had dwarfism and was 4 feet 3 inches (130 cm) tall. Bravo died of a heart attack caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage on December 14, 2019 in a Mexico City hospital at the age of 63. Greeley, Colorado Greeley is the city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. Greeley is in northern Colorado and is north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. According to a July 2018 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the city is 107,348. Bill Simpson Bill Simpson (March 14, 1940 – December 16, 2019) was an American racecar driver and businessman. He was best known as a key figure in the racing safety business with his company Simpson Performance Products. He left Simpson Performance in a controversy surrounding Dale Earnhardt's death. He was added into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003. He was the author of the book "Racing Safely, Living Dangerously", and its sequel, "Through the Fire". Simpson died of stroke-related problems in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 16, 2019 at the age of 79. Joanna Barnes Joanna Barnes (November 15, 1934 – April 29, 2022) was an American actress, novelist and journalist. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her best known roles include Gloria Upson in the movie "Auntie Mame" (1958), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year and as Jane in "Tarzan, the Ape Man" (1959). Barnes died at her home in Sea Ranch, California on April 29, 2022 at the age of 87. Rebecca Long-Bailey Rebecca Roseanne Long-Bailey (born 22 September 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles since the 2015 general election. She was the Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet from February 2017 to April 2020, losing the position when Keir Starmer became the leader of the party. In January 2020, Long-Bailey announced her candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. She came in second place with 135,218 votes, representing 27.6% of the total overall votes. The winner of the election was Keir Starmer. Long-Bailey became Shadow Secretary of State for Education in Keir Starmer's Shadow Cabinet in April 2020. Keir Starmer later sacked her from the Shadow Cabinet in June 2020, saying she shared an article containing an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory. The claim came from an article retweeted by Long-Bailey that was an interview with English actress and Labour supporter Maxine Peake in "The Independent". In one line of the article Peake said "The tactics used by the police in America, kneeling on George Floyd's neck, that was learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services." Long-Bailey said that she shared the article because of Peake's significant achievements "and because the thrust of her argument is to stay in the Labour Party" but she did not endorse "all aspects of it". 2020 Israeli legislative election Legislative elections for the 23rd Knesset was held in Israel on 2 March 2020. According to the relevant , the elections were required to be held no later than the third Tuesday of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan four years after the previous elections, making the latest possible date 31 October 2023. However, due to the failed attempts to form a government by 11 December after the September elections, early elections were called, the third within a year. On 20 April 2020, Benny Gantz and Benjamin Netanyahu announced that an agreement on a unity government had been reached following the election. The deal would involve both parties splitting power and Gantz and Netanyahu taking turns being prime minister. The deal says Gantz will be Vice Prime Minister until October 2021, by then he will become Prime Minister. Blue and White (political alliance) Blue and White ( "Kaḥol Lavan") is a centrist and liberal political alliance in Israel. Participating in the Netanyahu-Gantz Government and the Bennett-Lapid Government. New Right (Israel) The New Right (, "HaYamin HeHadash") is a right-wing political party in Israel, established in December 2018 by justice minister Ayelet Shaked and education minister Naftali Bennett. Participating in the Bennett-Lapid Government. Labor-Gesher Labor-Gesher is a joint list of the Israeli Israeli Labor Party and Gesher parties for elections for the twenty-second Knesset. The list is jointly headed by Amir Peretz of the Israeli Labor Party and Orly Levy of the Gesher party. Jewish Home-National Union The Jewish Home-National Union is a parliamentary faction represented in the Knesset. Democratic Union (Israel) The Democratic Union () is a left-wing political alliance in Israel formed between Meretz, Israel Democratic Party, Labor defector Stav Shaffir, and the Green Movement that ran in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election. Amir Peretz Amir Peretz (; born on 9 March 1952 in Boujad, Morocco) is an Israeli politician and trade unionist. He was the leader of the Labor Party, and as a member of the Knesset for the party. In the 1980s he was mayor of Sderot. A Knesset member almost continuously since 1988, he has also been Minister of Defence and Minister of Environmental Protection, as well as heading the Histadrut trade union federation between 1995 and 2006. Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of economy in the Fifth Netanyahu Government. Nitzan Horowitz Nitzan Horowitz (; born 24 February 1965) is an Israeli politician. He is the head of the Meretz party and the Democratic Union. He previously was the chief U.S. correspondent and commentator for the Israeli News Company, known as Channel 2 News. In 2013, he ran for mayor of Tel Aviv. Before being elected to the Knesset, he was the Foreign Affairs commentator and head of the International desk at Hadashot 10, the news division of Channel 10. In June 2019, he won the Meretz leadership election, and currently serves as leader of the party. Rafi Peretz Rafael "Rafi" Peretz (; born 7 January 1956) is an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and politician. He was born in Jerusalem. Peretz was a brigadier general who was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces. He is currently leader of the Jewish Home party and a member of the Knesset for the The Jewish Home–Tkuma alliance. In 2019, he became Minister of Education in the Fourth Netanyahu Government. Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of Jerusalem affairs in the Fifth Netanyahu Government. From 2019 to 2021 Peretz was leader of The Jewish Home. Elaine Hendrix Katherine Elaine Hendrix (born December 28, 1970) is an American actress, model, producer, singer, dancer, and activist. She is known for her roles in the 1998 remake of "The Parent Trap", "Inspector Gadget 2", and the 2004 documentary movie "What the Bleep Do We Know!?". She was born in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Brian Keith Brian Keith (born Robert Alba Keith, November 14, 1921 – June 24, 1997) was an American actor. His best known movie roles were in the Disney family movie "The Parent Trap" (1961), the comedy "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966), and the adventure saga "The Wind and the Lion" (1975). Pokki Pokki is a free digital distribution platform and Windows Shell extension. It was made by SweetLabs, Inc. It gives computers running Windows a mobile app-like interface. It is available for Windows XP and later; the Windows 8 version takes over the Start screen to imitate a look and feel of the second generation Start menu in earlier versions of Windows. Pokki is adware, according to Malwaretips. Meanwhile, Sophos AV has said Pokki is "viruses and spyware". History. Pokki first launched as a beta version in June 2011. Pokki's framework is built on Chromium, allowing developers to make desktop applications with normal internet languages, such as HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. In April 2012, Pokki launched the Pokki Store, a marketplace and app store for desktop apps for social networking services and social gaming apps. With the Pokki Store, users can browse, search, and download applications in various categories. Developers submit applications using the Pokki Developer Center. In August 2012, Pokki finished being in the beta stage. It said it had 1 million monthly active users. It released the Pokki Menu, an app launcher for access, management, and discovery of its apps, and a notification center for real-time updates. In October 2012, Pokki for Windows 8 was released as a free software download to bring back core things to the Windows Start menu that had been removed from Windows 8. It had about 1.5 million users as of January 2013. The Darkness of the Morning The Darkness of the Morning is a novel by Gordon Parker. It was published in 1975. The novel is about coal miners in 19th-century England. It follows the lives of fictional coal miners and their families through the great strike of 1844, the Crimean War, and the Hartley Colliery disaster of 1862. The book was widely and positively reviewed. In 1978, it was re-published in English with commentary in Russian for school reading. Marcus Rashford Marcus Rashford (born 31 October 1997) is an English footballer. He plays as a forward for Manchester United and the England national team. Rashford has been with Manchester United since he was seven years old. He made his debut for the first team in 2016 in a game against Midtjylland. He scored two goals in that game, and two more in his next game against Arsenal. Rashford also scored in his first game for the England national team in May 2016. Rashford also campaigns on issues of child food poverty and literacy in the UK. Rashford was awarded Member of the Order of the British Empire for his charity work. In addition, he was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester. Club career. Early life and career. Marcus Rashford was born in Wythenshawe, a town in south Manchester. He started playing football at the age of five for Fletcher Moss Rangers. When he was seven, Rashford started at the pre-academy program at Manchester United. Rashford was playing with the Manchester United under-18 team when he got a call to the first-team. Rashford has said that the Brazilian footballer Ronaldo was his idol growing up. Manchester United first team. 2015-16 season: debut. Rashford was on the bench on 21 November 2015 when Manchester United won 2-1 against Watford. His first start was against Midtjylland in the UEFA Europa League. Anthony Martial was injured in the warm-up to that game, and Rashford replaced him in the starting team. Rashford scored two goals in the game and United won 5-1. Three days later, he started in the game vs Arsenal. In that game, he scored two more goals and provided an assist. United won 3-2. In the 2015-16 season, Rashford scored a total 8 goals in 18 appearances, and won the FA Cup. 2016-17 season. Marcus Rashford took number 19 for the new season. Rashford won the EFL Cup with Manchester United in 2017. Rashford scored the crucial winning goal in the Europa League quarter-final. He also started in the Europa League final. Manchester United won 2-0 against Ajax to win the trophy. In total, Rashford scored 11 goals and made 6 assists in the 16/17 season. 2017-18 season. Rashford scored against Basel in his UEFA Champions League debut on 12 September. With that goal, he had scored in his first appearances in six different competitions. He scored 13 goals in 52 appearances in the 2017-18 season. 2018-19 season. Rashford got the number 10 shirt after Zlatan Ibrahimović left Manchester United. Rashford had a successful season, scoring 13 goals and assisting 9. Rashford helped Manchester United reach the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League. United defeated PSG in the process, with Rashford scoring the decisive goal. 2019-20 season. The 2019-20 season was Rashford's best season by stats so far. In total, Rashford scored 22 goals including 17 in the Premier League. During the season, he struggled with a back injury. This limited his total game time. 2020-21 season. Rashford scored 21 club goals in the 2020-21 season and made 15 assists. He enjoyed a particularly good goal-scoring run in the UEFA Champions League. In that competition, he has scored 6 goals in 6 appearances. Rashford was selected for England national team squad in Euro 2021. Style of play. Marcus Rashford plays either as a center forward or a wide forward. Rashford has said that he prefers playing as a left winger. Rashford uses his speed and dribbling to play direct football. These qualities make him more effective on the wings. Personal life. Rashford comes from a working class family; his mother is Melanie Maynard, a single parent who often had to work multiple jobs to feed their family, sometimes skipping meals herself to ensure Rashford and his siblings ate.In 2012, Rashford was invited to an England under-16 training camp, and was later selected to play in the Victory Shield against Northern Ireland under-16s in September, and Wales under-16s in October. Under-16's manager Kenny Swain later revealed that Rashford only played two appearances for the side due to an understanding with coaches at Manchester United regarding him being underdeveloped physically, and also thought the exposure would have been "too much" for him. Three weeks after making his senior début for United in early 2016, Rashford made his first appearance for the England under-20 team, providing an assist for Kasey Palmer in a 2–1 defeat to Canada under-20s. Despite already making his senior début earlier in the year, Rashford was called up to the England under-21 team for the first time in August 2016 for a fixture in September against Norway under-21s. He scored a hat-trick in the 6–1 home victory over Norway in his only appearance for the team, scoring the third with a penalty, his first since turning professional. Under-21 manager Gareth Southgate praised Rashford for his humility in dropping down to under-21 level. Despite having already made his senior tournament début, it was expected Rashford would be available for selection for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with the hopes of gaining more tournament experience. United manager José Mourinho responded to these reports by stating it would make no sense for his development as he was already playing senior football. In April 2017, Mourinho appeared to concede Rashford would attend the tournament, saying he had no right to stop him from participating, but later in the month reiterated his opinion that dropping down wouldn't make sense, with Rashford having gained so much senior experience throughout the season. In May, Rashford made the decision not to go to the tournament, and was instead selected for the senior squad by Southgate, the new manager. Southgate praised the decisions taken by United coaching staff in helping maximise the potential of Rashford by not allowing him exposure at youth level for England, saying his development had been handled well by all parties. Charity and activism. Rashford has teamed up with poverty and food waste charity FareShare to provide meals to poor schoolchildren in the Greater Manchester area. Because of COVID-19 related lockdowns, schoolchildren were not receiving free school meals during this time. Eventually, the charity was able to raise enough money to reach four million children across the country. On 15 June 2020, Rashford wrote an open letter calling for the UK government to end child poverty. Bowing to the building pressure, the government extended free school meals for children during summer holidays. On 1 September, Rashford collaborated with multiple parties to create Child Food Poverty Task Force to help further this cause. In October, Rashford was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire. References. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Volume 40, Number 28 Santa Clara Santa Clara (Portuguese and Spanish for Saint Clare or Saint Clair) may refer to: Floppotron The Floppotron is a musical instrument. It was made by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak. It is made of a set of computer hardware that plays music together. The latest version, the Floppotron 2.0, has 64 floppy drives, eight hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Development. First version. The first version of the Floppotron was made in 2011. It is made of two floppy drives and an ATMega microcontroller. The sound is made by the magnetic head being moved by its stepper motor. The floppy drive's heads have be moved at the correct speed to make the correct sound. The instrument became well known thanks to a video of the instrument on YouTube playing the Imperial March, which has more than 6 million views. 2.0 version. In 2016, Paweł Zadrożniak made a better version of the Floppotron, which has 64 floppy drives, 8 hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Every column of eight floppy drives is controlled by an ATMega16 microcontroller, and the hard drives are controlled by two SMD MOSFETs that push and pull. The flatbed scanner head are controlled by Arduino Uno boards. How it works. Any device that has an electric motor can make sound. Scanners and floppy drives use stepper motors to move the head with sensors that scan an image, or read or write, onto a magnetic disk. The faster the motor, the higher the pitch of the sound the motor makes. Hard disks use a magnet and a coil to tilt the head. When voltage is supplied for long enough, the head speeds up and hits the bound, which makes the "drum hit” sound. The Floppotron makes MIDI music files into commands that tell each device when to buzz, click, or be silent. Song covers. As of April 2019, Paweł Zadrożniak's YouTube page shows more than one hundred songs played with the Floppotron. Some of those songs are Queen's "Bohemian Rapsody", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", White Stripes's "Seven Nation Army", Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Taree Taree is a town on the Mid North Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Taree was colonized in 1831 by William Wynter. The name Taree is derived from "tareebit", a word from the native language Biripi word which means "tree by the river", or more specifically, the Sandpaper Fig ("Ficus coronata"). According to the Australian census, the estimated population in the locality in the year 2016 is 16,197 people. MacOS Sierra macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS (previously from 2001 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2016), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh. It was the first version of the operating system issued under the June 2016 renaming as macOS. Sierra is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California and Nevada. Intellivision Amico The Intellivision Amico is a video game console made by Intellivision Entertainment. The console was revealed in October 2018 and pre-orders started in April 2019. The console will come out on April 15, 2021, delayed from October 10, 2020, along with 40 games being made for then. Concept. Most games will be 2D or 2.5D. Other games will be 3D games the company thinks are easy to play and learn. The company helps studios make games for the console with whatever the studios need. All games will have features they will only have on the console. All games will be rated E (Everyone) or E10+ (Everyone 10+) by the ESRB, or PEGI 3 or PEGI 7 by PEGI. Intellivision Entertainment plan to release new games, motion control games, card games and other tabletop games, educational games, and updated classic video games, such as some Intellivision games, some from Imagic, and Atari and arcade games, of which "Moon Patrol" and "BurgerTime" will come out at about the same time as the console. Some Intellivision compilations will have licenses from third-parties, such as "". Games can be downloaded for $9.99 or less when the console comes out, later a higher amount less than $40, or from an RFID card for US$20 to US$30. All games can be played by one player or, because the goal of the system is to go back to family gaming and co-op with people in the same place because the company thinks modern gaming and web-based multiplayer has gone away from that, up to eight players locally. Online multiplayer is planned for a later date. History. Development. In May 2018, Tommy Tallarico said he planned to make a new Intellivision console, and made a new company, Intellivision Entertainment, becoming the president of it. Intellivision Productions started to name itself Blue Sky Rangers Inc. instead, and Intellivision Entertainment got the video game things they owned instead. At the Portland Retro Gaming Expo in October 2018, the Intellivision Amico was officially revealed, such as its name, and the fact it would come out on October 10, 2020. Developer kits were expected to go out in Summer 2019. In May 2019, Intellivision Entertainment announced its first major game exclusive to the console, a third official Earthworm Jim game, and that it got ten people who helped to work on the original "Earthworm Jim" team to work on it, all for Earthworm Jim's 25th anniversary. In June 2019, the Intellivision Amico could first be used in secret at E3 2019, allowing people with influence in the video game industry to play games in development on consoles, and try using the official mobile app that allowed mobile phones to be controllers for the console. At Gamescom in Cologne, Germany in August 2019, Tommy Tallarico showed a trailer with footage of video games running on the Intellivision Amico to the public for the first time. In October 2019, Tommy Tallarico came to Insomnia Dubai, a gaming convention held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to say they set up an office in Dubai to make the Intellivision Amico come out in the MENA region on October 10, 2020, the same day as in North America and Europe. Hardware. Console. The console has Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, HDMI out, an SD card slot, and three USB ports. Two of those USB ports can be used for charging, and the remaining USB port allows the console to store more data. There is a LED ambient lighting system built into the body that can change pattern and color in response to gameplay. This system is known as Interactive Guidance Lighting. This feature is intended to make playing games on the console "fun and memorable" while also helping guide players in an interactive way. Controller. The Intellivision Amico comes with two controllers. They can charge wirelessly when they are placed into their cradle, which is on top of the console, charge using a wired USB-C connection, or charge in both ways at the same time. They have Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, speakers, a microphone, an accelerometer, force feedback and a gyroscope. They also have a full-color touch screen, four big shoulder buttons, a home button and a 64-way pressure-sensitive directional disc with a ring of LEDs all around it. The controllers come with wrist straps so they do not fly away during game action if they are not held in a secure way. Up to six more controllers can connect to the Intellivision Amico. A smartphone running a free controller smartphone app can be used instead of an Amico controller. Games. Tommy Tallarico, who is the president of Intellivision Entertainment, has said the games that will be available for the Intellivision Amico will be about 20% updated and re-imagined versions of classic video games, 20% original new games, 20% sports and recreation, 20% board games, dice games, card games, word games and puzzle games, and 20% educational games. All games will be both single player and multiplayer, with some games allowing up to eight players to play the game at the same time using controllers and/or mobile phones. Some games will have motion controls, using the accelerometer and gyroscope of the controller. Some games will have the Karma Gaming Engine, a feature that is intended to give players of all skill levels a fair level of competition against each other by always changing the difficulty for players based on how well they are doing in the game. Five games will come with the Intellivision Amico, and it will have about forty more games available when it comes out. Five of the six included games have been announced to be "Skiing", "Astrosmash", "Shark! Shark!", "Cornhole", and "Farkle". These games have been announced to come out for the Intellivision Amico: "[This table is lacking citations for many of its entries]" Operating system. The Intellivision Amico runs an operating system that is based on Android and Linux only made by the company. In an interview with GamesBeat, Tommy Tallarico said the operating system is "very solid", but "very flexible", saying Linux is the "flexible" part and Android is the "solid" part. Gena Turgel Gena Turgel (née Goldfinger; 1 February 1923 – 7 June 2018) was a Jewish Polish author, educator, and Holocaust survivor. Her memoir, "I Light a Candle", was published in 1987. She spent much of her life educating British school pupils about the Holocaust. Taki Theodoracopulos Panagiotis "Taki" Theodoracopulos (; , ; born 11 August 1936) is a Greek journalist and writer. Theodoracopulos's column "High Life" has appeared in "The Spectator" since 1977, where he wrote a series of controversial articles. Some of his articles have been edited by Boris Johnson. In 2002, Theodoracopulos founded "The American Conservative" magazine with Pat Buchanan and Scott McConnell. He was also the publisher of the British magazine "Right Now!". He lives in New York City, London and Gstaad, Switzerland. Anthony Smith (producer) Professor Anthony Smith CBE (14 March 1938 – 28 November 2021) was a British broadcaster, author and academic. He was President of Magdalen College, Oxford, between 1988 and 2005. He worked for the Annan Committee on The Future of Broadcasting, and became engaged in the national debate which led to the foundation of the UK's Channel 4. Smith died on 28 November 2021 in London from renal failure, aged 83. Robert Winston Robert Maurice Lipson Winston, Baron Winston (born 15 July 1940) is a British professor, medical doctor, scientist, television presenter and Labour Party politician. In December 1995, he became Member of the House of Lords. He was born in London. Peregrine Worsthorne Sir Peregrine Gerard Worsthorne (22 December 1923 – 3 October 2020) was a British journalist, writer and broadcaster. Worsthorne spent the largest part of his career at the "Telegraph" newspaper titles, eventually becoming editor of "The Sunday Telegraph" for several years. He left the newspaper in 1997. Worsthorne died on 3 October 2020 at his home in Buckinghamshire, aged 96. Paul Oestreicher Paul Oestreicher (born 29 September 1931) is a German Anglican priest, Quaker, peace and human rights activist. He was born in Meiningen, Germany. He was a member of the General Synod of the Church of England from 1970-81 and 1995-97. From 1981 to 1985 he was Director of the Division of International Affairs of the British Council of Churches. He was a known critic of apartheid and the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. Lewis Wolpert Lewis Wolpert (19 October 1929 – 28 January 2021) was a South African-born British developmental biologist, author, and broadcaster. Wolpert was known for his work on the intracellular positional information that guides cellular development. Wolpert died at a hospital in London on 28 January 2021 from COVID-19, aged 91. 2b2t 2builders2tools (2b2t) is a "Minecraft" multiplayer game server founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as "Hausemaster". 2b2t is one of the oldest servers in Minecraft. 2b2t is also the oldest server in Minecraft where there are no rules, which "Minecraft" players like to call an "anarchy server". The server is running on the same map without a single reset since its creation, with its Spawn area being extremely damaged. The server has no rules, cheating and griefing are common, in addition to violence and racism in the game chat. The server became famous among the players of Minecraft thanks to its chaotic nature. According to the owner of 2b2t, as of March 2021, the server is over 10,300 gigabytes in size, and had over 600,000 players visiting at least once. The server is also a viral topic on YouTube, with videos about it reaching millions of views on that website. History. The "Minecraft" server 2b2t.org was founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as "Hausemaster". It was advertised on 4chan and Reddit. Members from different forums launched raids against each other and their work. YouTuber TheCampingRusher uploaded a YouTube video on June 1, 2016, where he played on 2b2t. This caused a conflict on the server known as "The Rusher War". A queue to enter the server was soon added due to the massive influx of new players caused by the video's popularity. Players can also pay $20 to access a separate priority queue for a month. Since its creation, the server gained attention from the news. Articles were created about 2b2t on "Kotaku, Vice, IGN, Newsweek" and "The Independent". In the book "Master Builder 3.0 Advanced", in April 2015, 2b2t was described as crazy, that it can get "outright wild," and that the server is a "nightmare wasteland." The book also stated that it is known as "online royalty" among "Minecraft" servers. Fay Weldon Fay Weldon CBE FRSL (born 22 September 1931) is an English author, essayist and playwright. She was born in Birmingham, England. Weldon's most known work is her 1983 novel "The Life and Loves of a She-Devil" which she wrote at the age of 52. Jim Haynes James Haynes (10 November 1933 – 6 January 2021) was a British sociologist and writer. He was a former figure in the British "underground" and alternative/counter-culture scene of the 1960s. He was the founder of Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre, the paper "International Times" and the London Arts Lab in Drury Lane. Haynes died on 6 January 2021 at his home in Paris, aged 87. Jerome L. Singer Jerome Laurence Singer (February 6, 1924 – December 14, 2019) was an American psychologist. He was the Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the Yale School of Medicine. He was a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the New York Academy of Sciences. He was known as "the father of daydreaming" due to his works about daydreaming. Singer was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. Singer died on December 14, 2019 at a hospital in New Haven, Connecticut at the age of 95. Tantric yoga Tantric yoga is a religious belief. This ancient practice is actually a powerful combination of asana, mantra, mudra, and bandha (energy lock) and chakra (energy center) work that you can use to build strength, clarity, and bliss in everyday life. By harnessing and embodying the five forces of Shakti, the female deity that represents creativity and change, Tantric Yoga suggests we can move through the world with more confidence and contentment. The simple principle of tantra yoga is: whatever can take you down can also take you up. The ways in which a man usually sinks in his life are through food, alcoholic drink and sexuality. Tantra yoga uses the same three vehicles to rise up. Tantric practices, including Tantra yoga, work on the subtle energies within the body to enhance spiritual growth and physical wellbeing. Through the exploration of these energies and their connection to the universe, the purpose of life and the connection to others can be understood in a new dimension. Jerome Kagan Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 – May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist. He was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology, Emeritus at Harvard University, and co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology. Kagan died on May 10, 2021 in Durham, North Carolina at the age of 92. Mikey Madison Mikey Madison (born March 25, 1999) is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Max Fox on the FX television comedy series "Better Things" (2016–present) and as Manson Family follower Susan Atkins (Sadie) in "Once Upon a Time ... in Hollywood" (2019). She was born in Los Angeles, California. Hallo aus Berlin Hallo aus Berlin (English: Hello from Berlin) is a British educational television miniseries made by the BBC and the Goethe-Institut working together. It is used in German lessons in the United Kingdom, United States, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands and Australia. The 10 episodes in the series were shown on BBC Schools TV from 19 September 1996. It shows things that have happened, people are asked questions about themselves, energetic music, and animated parts, all like how a magazine would do so. The series is designed for people who are anywhere from 11 years old to 14 years old who are beginning to learn German. The main characters are Marko Walther, Jessica König, Daniel Augustin, Esther Walk, Thomas Lindel, and Miriam Casten. They are young people who say what life is like in Berlin for them every day. Every episode has an animated sketch and song the host characters, Rolli und Rita, perform. The episodes can be watched on YouTube or the BBC website. Episodes. Episode 1 - "Wir". The characters of the series talk about themselves for the first time. This includes what they look like, their heights and their ages. Rolli und Rita appear for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows a hall of mirrors in a fairground and talks about colours and parts of the face in German. Thomas talks about his enjoying of cycling, Daniel shows his cartoons, and Jessica goes shopping. Marko talks about his guinea pig, and Miriam talks about her pet dog. Esther is seen doing athletics and talks about what she does. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Hallo aus Berlin'. Episode 2 - "Familie". Daniel and his family come to see his grandparents. The other characters talk about their brothers, sisters and pets for the first time. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Thomas visits the Berlin Zoo and talks about the different animals that are seen there for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita with a snake at Rolli's house that can solve problems using mathematics. The snake becomes confused and wrecks the room after Rolli asks it a question it finds hard to solve. Rolli und Rita then try to put the broken family portraits together again, incorrectly matching pieces with different family members. Nada, a 17-year-old who lives without his parents in a flat with other young people, talks about himself for the first time, and he talks about the chores and jobs he does when he is there. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist meine Familie'. Episode 3 - "Zu Hause". Marko talks about what his house is like. Miriam has breakfast with her family and talks about food that is usually eaten in a meal of breakfast. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Rolli shows the order in which he does things to get ready in the morning and does not remember to finish doing his chores before his mother comes back to his home. Marko talks about his wardrobe and some of his clothes, and leaves his home to go to school. The different types of houses in Berlin are talked about, and Jessica and Daniel talk about their addresses. Some homeless people are seen being given food in a small restaurant in central Berlin. After that, Esther goes to Jessica's house. When they're there, they talk about Take That and listen to CDs. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Wo Wohnst Du?'. Episode 4 - "In der Stadt". Wolfgang, Jessica's cousin, is shown going on an ICE train and going to Jessica's house. He talks with Jessica and her mother on a payphone for a brief amount of time, then goes on the U-Bahn. Thomas meets someone who also enjoys Star Trek at a shop, and they leave the shop together. Wolfgang cannot find the correct way and asks someone who also lives in Berlin for help, only to get a long set of directions. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita trying to talk to Rolli using a mobile phone multiple times and giving him directions that conflict with previous directions, until he accidentally finds out he is on top of a building that's being made. Thomas and his friend buy food, and Daniel, Miriam, Marko and Esther are asked how to find the correct way in Berlin. Wolfgang still cannot find his way and calls Jessica again, and she comes to meet him. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Ist eine Post hier?". Thomas, his friend, Jessica and Wolfgang are seen at the Cup Final match. Episode 5 - "Essen und Trinken". Thomas goes to a grocery shop to buy things for his favourite aunt. At the same time, Miriam and Jessica plan to go to McDonald's. Thomas and his aunt go to a cafe to get an ice cream and cake. Rolli und Rita try to make food at home. This goes wrong when Rita covers the room with whipped cream. A Turkish market and some traditional Turkish food are seen. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Einmal Eis, bitte". Episode 6 - "Schule". Jessica and Marko talk about their schools, and multiple lessons can be seen. Things that are being done when it is lunch break are shown. Arno is found out to be smoking at too early of an age and is sent to the headteacher's office. Because of this, Arno is made to clean for the school as a punishment. At the same time, an English lesson is seen. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rolli not doing his homework. Rita appears on a computer screen that is near to him to help him, but both of them run away after he chooses all of the wrong answers. Some students say to Esther, who is the person who represents the class, say they do not want as much German homework. Esther talks about the issue with their German teacher. Jessica talks about the after-school clubs (Arbeitsgemeinschaften). A montage is seen of multiple after school activities. After that, Rolli und Rita perform 'Was ist dein Lieblingsfach?'. Episode 7 - "Freizeit". Some students talk about their weekend plans. Miriam talks about her horse and how she rides and cares for it. Arno is seen sleeping. At the same time, Daniel, Thomas and Esther meet in a shop that sells music. Jessica is seen doing ballet. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows them making bad things happen in a music shop with musical instruments that cost a lot of money. A traditional Turkish festival is seen, and the main characters dance in a disco. Rolli und Rita perform "Was machst du am Wochenende?". Episode 8 - "Gesundheit". Marko plays volleyball and hurts himself. At the same time, Esther gets ready to play sports by playing sports, and plays sports. Foods and activities that are healthy or not healthy are talked about. Marko sees a doctor because he has been hurt, and the doctor sees what should be done about that. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita choose to go bowling, which goes wrong. Jessica, Marko, and Esther talk about their favourite sports. Karate lessons are seen, and Thomas, Daniel and Miriam talk about their favourite activities. Some children in wheelchairs are seen playing basketball. Rolli und Rita perform 'Ich habe zehn Finger'. The characters are then seen at an indoor water park. Episode 9 - "Ferien und Feste". Daniel's mother reserves hotel rooms at a hotel near the Ostsee, where the family is going on holiday. A Turkish festival is seen, and Jessica has her Confirmation at the church. Miriam celebrates her 14th birthday with her family, Thomas, and Jessica. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita are on holiday, and do not know a storm is coming before being struck by lightning. Daniel is with his family on the Ostseeküste (Baltic Sea Coast), and they ride a boat. Rolli und Rita perform 'Wann hast du Geburtstag?'. Episode 10 - "Unser Berlin". The last episode of the series shows much of the culture in Berlin. Jessica goes around the shops of Berlin and the KaDeWe. Thomas talks about the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, a reminder of World War 2, and Daniel eats in a restaurant that is in Berlin. Esther talks about where she lives, Kreuzberg, and looks around its shops and restaurants. Marko talks about the history of the Berlin Wall, and talks about the plans for Potsdamer Platz to be constructed on that were new at the time. The characters say goodbye in a theme park. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist unser Berlin', which ends the series. Rolli und Rita. Rolli und Rita are two characters who are teenagers and are animated using computers. In every episode of the series, they appear in a sketch and perform a song. The characters were said to be the most advanced ones when the series was first shown in 1996. Baxter Hobbins Slides, which was independent, used 3D motion-capture suits with motion sensors to make animated 3D models so the characters could make the same movements as the actors. These 3D models were wireframe models at first, then skin and clothes were added to them. The lip movements of the characters were done by using the real lip movements of the actors filmed behind a blue screen. The voices in the sketches were later replaced with a version in French for "Quinze Minutes Plus" as "Juju et Juliette", and a version in Spanish for "Revista" as "Julio y Julia". The characters (mostly Rolli) and the music videos for 'Wann Hast Du Geburtstag?' and ‘Was Ist Dein Lieblingsfach?’ later became a small meme, due to Rolli's dance movements being very big. Rolli was voiced by Frido Ruth. Rita was voiced by Nina Hamm, except for the singing parts, which were voiced by Christina Fry, a professional actress, singer, voice-over artist, comedienne, writer, presenter and cabaretist. Singleton, New South Wales Singleton is a town on the banks of the Hunter River, New South Wales, Australia. Singleton is northwest of Sydney and northwest of Newcastle. According to the 2016 Australian census, the estimated population number of the town was 13,214 people in the urban centres and localities. Glide (API) Glide is a 3D graphics API made by 3dfx Interactive for their "Voodoo Graphics" 3D accelerator cards. It was proprietary at first, then 3dfx later made it open source. It was only designed to draw graphics, mostly geometry and texture mapping, in data formats like those used in their cards. It was popular in the late 1990s because 3Dfx 3D accelerator cards were widely used, but became obsolete because Microsoft's Direct3D got better, full OpenGL implementations from other graphics card vendors came out, and 3D hardware became more diverse. API. Glide is based on the basic geometry and "world view" of OpenGL 1.1. That version of OpenGL is an API that has 336 calls, most of which were not of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. Glide was designed to only have the features that were of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. The allowed the API to be small enough to fully run using late-1990s hardware. Use in games. Voodoo cards mostly dominated the video game market during the last half of the 1990s because they ran fast and Glide was easy to use. The name Glide was chosen to reference OpenGL, which it was based on, while being different enough to not make trademark problems happen. Glide wrappers and emulators. Glide emulator development started in the late 1990s. Before 3dfx ended, the company tried very hard to stop these attempts, ending early emulation projects using legal threats. However, a short amount of time before it ended and Nvidia bought its assets, 3dfx made the Glide API, and also the Voodoo 2 and Voodoo 3 specifications, open source, which later became an open source project. No games released after 1999 only support Glide for 3D acceleration (Direct3D and OpenGL are used instead), but Glide emulation is still needed to run older games with hardware acceleration. Because the specifications and code are now open source, multiple emulators and wrappers are available that allow older games that use the Glide API to run on non-Voodoo hardware. Other projects, such as Glidos, allow even older games to use Glide. Kenning A kenning is a phrase that describes a noun in metaphorical terms often in a form of imagery. It is often used in literature. Adam Price Adam Price (born 23 September 1968) is a Welsh politician. He is the leader of Plaid Cymru since 2018. He has sat in the National Assembly for Wales for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Carmarthen East and Dinefwr constituency. Colum Eastwood Colum Eastwood MP MLA (born 30 April 1983) is a Northern Irish politician. He has been the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) since 2015. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2011, and had since been re-elected. He quit in 2019. He was also the SDLP candidate in the 2019 European Parliament election to represent Northern Ireland. In December 2019 he was elected as Member of Parliament for Foyle. Eastwood was also mayor of Derry from 2010 to 2011. Naomi Long Naomi Rachel Long (née Johnston; born 13 December 1971) is a Northern Irish politician. She has been leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland since 2016. She has again been a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Belfast East since 2020. She has also been minister of Justice in the government of Northern Ireland since 2020. From 2010 to 2015 she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Westminster constituency of Belfast East. She was the second elected female Lord Mayor of Belfast from 2009 to 2010. In 2019, she was elected as the Alliance Party candidate for the European Parliament, becoming the first ever Alliance MEP. Karin Balzer Karin Balzer (née Richert, 5 June 1938 – 17 December 2019) was a East German hurdler. She competed in the 80 m hurdles event at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics, and in the 100 m hurdles in 1972. She won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1972. Bronco Horvath Bronco Joseph Horvath (March 12, 1930 – December 17, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 434 games in the NHL between 1955 and 1968. Horvath played for New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Toronto Maple Leafs and Minnesota North Stars. He was born in Port Colborne, Ontario. Horvarth died on December 17, 2019 at the age of 89. Tunç Başaran Tunç Başaran (October 1, 1938 – December 18, 2019) was a Turkish screenwriter, movie director, movie producer and actor. He was born in Istanbul. In 1964 he directed his first feature "Survival". By 1962, he had directed about 40 movies. He directed "Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde", "Don't Let Them Shoot the Kite" and "Piano Piano Kid". Başaran died on December 18, 2019 in Istanbul of soft-tissue sarcoma at the age of 81. Zafar Chaudhry Zafar Ahmad Chaudhry (Urdu: ظفر احمد چودھری; 19 August 1926 – 17 December 2019), , was a Pakistani human rights activist and an airline executive. He was the first Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force, appointed in 1972 until his resignation in 1974. He was born in Sialkot, Punjab in British India. Chaudhry died on 17 December 2019 in Lahore of cardiac arrest at the age of 93. Geulah Cohen Geulah Cohen (, 25 December 1925 – 18 December 2019) was an Israeli politician and activist. She founded the Tehiya party. She won the Israel Prize in 2003. She was born in Tel Aviv. Cohen was a member of Knesset between 1972 and 1992. Cohen died on 18 December 2019 at the age of 93. Kenny Lynch Kenneth Lynch, OBE (18 March 1938 – 18 December 2019) was an English rock singer-songwriter, entertainer and actor. He appeared in many variety shows in the 1960s. His best known single was "You Can Never Stop Me Loving You". An actor, his best known role were in "Carry On Loving" and "The Playbirds". He died in the early hours of 18 December 2019 of cancer, aged 81. Filozoa Filozoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor) that is in the Opisthokonta clade. It includes animals, and their close single-celled relatives. These relatives are more closely related to animals than they are to fungi, and other Opisthokonts. Three groups are in Filozoa: Filasterea, Choanoflagellatea, and Kingdom Animalia. Animalia is the most important one, which has all proper animals in it. Evolution. The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Filozoa. Ibrahim Diarra Ibrahim Diarra (25 May 1983 – 18 December 2019) was a French rugby union footballer. He played as a flanker for Castres. He was born in Paris. He made his international debut for France. Diarra died on 18 December 2019 in Paris of a stroke at the age of 36. Constitution Party Constitution Party, Constitutional Party, or Constitutionalist Party may refer to one of several political parties. Wimberley, Texas Wimberley is a city in Hays County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,626 at the 2010 census. Edward C. Schmults Edward Charles Schmults (born February 6, 1931) is an American lawyer. He was the Deputy Attorney General of the United States from 1981 to 1984 during the Ronald Reagan presidency. He studied at Yale University and Harvard Law School. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey. Ralph E. Erickson Ralph E. Erickson (born October 3, 1928) is an American lawyer. He was the 11th Deputy Attorney General of the United States from 1972 to 1973 during the Richard Nixon presidency. Erickson was born in Jamestown, New York. Philip Heymann Philip B. Heymann (October 30, 1932 – November 30, 2021) was an American lawyer, federal prosecutor, legal scholar and law professor. He was in charge of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General during the Carter administration and was briefly Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton administration. Heymann died on November 30, 2021 in Los Angeles, California from problems caused by a stroke, one month after his 89th birthday. Diophantus Diophantus of Alexandria was an ancient Greek mathematician. He is well known for his series of books called "Arithmetica". He mainly focused on solving algebraic equations. His work was built upon by Pierre de Fermat, a French mathematician, who claimed that a certain equation created by Diophantus was unsolvable. The attempts to prove this claim, now known as Fermat's Last Theorem, led to major advances in number theory. Biography. Not much is known of Diophantus's life. Some information is given by another Greek mathematician, Metroduros, through various problems that he wrote which supposedly contained hints about Diophantus' life. "Arithmetica". Diophantus' main notable work is his series of books called "Arithmetica." It is a collection of problems and solutions to those problems. These problems have come to be known as Diophantine equations. The method in which they are solved is now called Diophantine analysis. John Lewis John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights leader. He was the U.S. Representative for from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Lewis, who as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one of the "Big Six" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. Early Life. John Lewis was born in 1940 in Troy, Alabama to Eddie Lewis and Willie Mae Lewis (née Carter), who were sharecroppers in Pike County, Alabama. Sharecroppers were people who were allowed to rent a part of a piece of land for return of a share of the crops they harvested. He was the third of ten children. He experienced segregation as a young boy in the Southern United States. When he went to visit relatives in the Northern US, he learned that places there were integrated and served Black people and white people equally. Personal Life. Lewis married Lilian Miles in 1968. They had a son, John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012. Death. In December 2019, Lewis was diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died in Atlanta, Georgia on July 17, 2020 from the disease, aged 80. His funeral was held at Martin Luther King Jr.'s Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. Tamisuke Watanuki is a Japanese politician. He was born in Nanto, Toyama, Japan. He was elected to the Diet in 1969 as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives from July 2000 to November 2003. Yoshio Mochizuki was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He served as a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) from 1996 to 2009, and from 2011 until his death in 2019. He was also Minister of the Environment from 2014 to 2015. He was a native of Shimizu, Shizuoka and a graduate of Chuo University. Mochizuki died on 19 December 2019 at a hospital in Shimizu, Shizuoka of liver failure. He was 72. Tadamori Ōshima is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). List of speakers of the House of Representatives (Japan) List of speakers ("gichō") and vice-speakers ("fuku-gichō") of the House of Representatives. House of Representatives (Japan) The is the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors is the upper house. The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term. House of Councillors (Japan) The is the upper house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the lower house. The House of Councillors has 242 members who each serve six-year terms, two years longer than those of the House of Representatives. Councillors must be at least 30 years old, compared with 25 years old in the House of Representatives. List of presidents of the House of Councillors (Japan) List of presidents ("gichō") and vice presidents ("fuku-gichō") of the House of Councillors. Akiko Santō is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). In August 2019, he was elected President of the House of Councillors of Japan. Chūichi Date is a Japanese retired politician of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). He was a former President of the House of Councillors. Chikage Oogi , real name (born 10 May 1933 as , is a Japanese actress and politician. She became the first female President of the House of Councillors in 2004. Azuma Koshiishi is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party. He was a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet, and general secretary of the ruling Democratic Party. He was elected to the House of Representatives of Japan in 1990, where he served for two terms until 1996 when he failed to be re-elected. He was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1998. Masatoshi Wakabayashi is a Japanese politician. He is a member of Liberal Democratic Party. He was the acting Leader of the Opposition in 2009. Leader of the Opposition (Japan) The is the leader of the largest opposing party to the Japanese government. The role is not an official office. Yukio Edano is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet. He was Chief Cabinet Secretary and Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) between 2010 and 2012. He was the head of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan from 2017 until 2021. 2021 Japanese general election The was held on 31 October 2021. It was the first general election in the Reiwa era, ending the nine-year Shinzo Abe era and a controversial Suga Cabinet. The ruling party, the LDP, is projected to win a sole majority, passing the 233 seats needed. Jaye P. Morgan Jaye P. Morgan (known as Mary Margaret Morgan; December 3, 1931 – October 9, 2021) is an American popular music singer, actress, and game show panelist. In 1961, Morgan was cast as Sally Dwight in the episode "Money and the Minister" of the CBS anthology series, "General Electric Theater", hosted by Ronald Reagan. In 1973, Morgan played herself in the episode "The Songwriter" of the sitcom, "The Odd Couple". She appeared as Magda Valentine in the movie "The All-American Boy", and continued to play small roles in movies such as "Loose Shoes" (1980), "Night Patrol" (1984) and "" (1992). Mancos, Colorado The Town of Mancos is a Statutory Town located in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 1,336 at the 2010 United States Census. Cortez, Colorado Cortez is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 8,482 at the 2010 United States Census. Jimmy Dean Jimmy Ray Dean (August 10, 1928 – June 13, 2010) was an American country music singer, television host, actor, and businessman. He was the creator of the Jimmy Dean sausage brand. He became a national television personality starting on CBS in 1957. His best known hit was "Big Bad John" and he was known for his 1963 television series "The Jimmy Dean Show". He died on June 13, 2010, at the age of 81. Plainview, Texas Plainview is a city in and the county seat of Hale County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,194. Henrico County, Virginia Henrico County (formerly Henrico Shire) , officially the County of Henrico, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 306,935. Laurel, Virginia Laurel is a census-designated place (CDP) in Henrico County, Virginia. The population was 16,713 at the 2010 United States Census. It is the county seat of Henrico County. Oskar Lindblom Oskar Lindblom (born 15 August 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward. He plays with the Philadelphia Flyers organization of the National Hockey League (NHL) since 2014. He was born in Gävle, Sweden. On 13 December 2019, Lindblom was diagnosed with a rare form of bone cancer. Greg Kirk Greg M. Kirk (September 24, 1963 – December 22, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Americus, Georgia. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 13th District, representing, from 2014 until his death. He is a member of the Republican Party. In June 2019, Kirk was diagnosed with bile duct cancer. He died under hospice care in Americus from the disease on December 22, 2019 at the age of 56. Jules Deelder Jules Anton Deelder (24 November 1944 – 19 December 2019) was a Dutch poet, spoken word poet and writer. He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. His poems usually focused on life in Rotterdam, drug use, and jazz. He was well known in the Netherlands for his live performances and appearances in Dutch popular media. He was known as the "night mayor of Rotterdam". Deelder died on 19 December 2019 in Rotterdam of a heart attack at the age of 75. Nashville, North Carolina Nashville is a town in Nash County, North Carolina, United States. The town was founded in 1780. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Nashville was 5,352 in 2010. It is the county seat of Nash County. Leandro Despouy Leandro Despouy (April 4, 1947 – December 18, 2019) was an Argentine human rights lawyer and politician. He was born in San Luis, Argentina. He was the United Nations Commission on Human Right's Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers from August 2003 until July 2009. From 2002 through 2016, he was the General Auditor of Argentina. Despouy died of cancer in Buenos Aires on December 18, 2019 at the age of 72. Alain Barrière Alain Barrière (born Alain Bellec; 18 November 1935 – 18 December 2019) was a Breton-French pop singer. He was active from the 1950s until his death and was known for participating in the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest for his hit song "Elle était si jolie". Barrière was born in La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France. Barrière died of cardiac arrest in Carnac, France on 18 December 2019 at the age of 84. Bruno Scipioni Bruno Scipioni (July 29, 1934 – December 5, 2019) was an Italian actor. He was born in Rome. His best known roles were in "Kapo", "The Pizza Triangle" and in "La figliastra". Scipioni died on December 5, 2019 in Rome at the age of 85. Bill Schulz (politician) William R. Schulz (born April 4, 1931) is an American businessman and politician. He was an Independent candidate for Governor of Arizona in the 1986 gubernatorial election, and was the Democratic nominee against Barry Goldwater in the 1980 U.S. Senate election. He was born in Des Moines, Iowa. Saddle River, New Jersey Saddle River is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,152. Lavallette, New Jersey Lavallette is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 1,875. Mount Nebo Mount Nebo (; ) is an elevated ridge of the Abarim in Jordan. It is about above sea level. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the place where Moses was granted a view of the Promised Land. Mount Nebo is claimed to be the death place of Moses. <br> Dwarf Fortress Dwarf Fortress (also known as Slaves to Armok: God of Blood Chapter II: Dwarf Fortress) is an indie game created by Tarn and Zach Adams. It has three modes, each providing a different experience but all sharing a fantasy setting. It is currently in Alpha, and has been in development since 2002. The game has simple text-based graphics inspired by classic roguelikes. There is no way to win, but various ways of losing an in-game fortress or adventurer. A popular meme within the game's fanbase is "Losing is fun!" Gameplay. Before the game can be played, a world must be made. The player can choose the size, number of groups, and various other bits of the world. After this, they are shown a world made to their liking and can use it or ask for another. In "Fortress Mode", the player manages a fortress of dwarves. Among other things, the player is able to construct buildings, build an army, and break holes. Their dwarves must be fed, entertained, and protected from hazards to survive. Hazards include flooding, sieges, magma, and a variety of hostile creatures. In "Adventure Mode", the player explores the world as their own character. Through exploration, they can gather information on characters and places across the map. Quests can be discovered by listening to friendly NPCs. Most quests focus around killing villains or monsters, and reward fame. Some friendly NPCs can be made into companions, who will aid the player in their travels. The player character has the same needs as the dwarves, including hydration and rest. This mode features a deeper combat system where body parts can be targeted. In "Legends Mode", the player can read the generated history of their world. Historical figures, artifacts, and battles are described. A historical map of the world is included. History. In their youth, the Adams brothers were avid fans of sci-fi and fantasy games. They became curious about computer game development and Tarn worked to learn programming. The two programmed various computer games including "Slaves to Armok: God of Blood", a role-playing game focused around killing goblins. Using much of the system created for "Armok" and inspiration from their mining game "Mutant Miner", they began work on "Dwarf Fortress" in 2002. The game has been in development since 2006, with frequent updates on progress and planned features. The game is free to download and its development is funded through PayPal donations. Golden Child (band) Golden Child (; abbreviated as GNCD or GolCha) is a South Korean boy band formed on 2017 by Woollim Entertainment. The group debuted on 28 August 2017 with their extended play, "Gol-Cha!". Originally consist of eleven members, Park Jae-seok later departed from the group in January 2018. Re-boot (Golden Child album) Re-boot is the first studio album by South Korean band, Golden Child. The album was released on 18 November 2019 by recording label, Woollim Entertainment. Consists of 12 songs, the track "WANNABE" was chosen as the title track for the album. Kenshi Yonezu Kenshi Yonezu is a Japanese male musician. He began his music career in Vocaloid as "Hachi", and grows up to one of the most successful singer-writer in Japan. Discography. Singles. As lead artist As music provider As featured artist Wilhelm Helms Wilhelm Helms (19 December 1923 – 8 December 2019) was a German politician. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1972. Helms was known for his 1972 party switch that threatened to collapse the government of Chancellor Willy Brandt. From 1979 through 1984, Helms was a member of the European Parliament. Helms was born in Twistringen, Lower Saxony. Helms died on 8 December 2019 in Vechta, Germany at the age of 95. Hans Kornberg Sir Hans Leo Kornberg, FRS (14 January 1928 – 16 December 2019) was a German-born British-American biochemist. He was Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge from 1975 to 1995, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1982 to 1995. He was born in Herford, Germany. Kornberg died on 16 December 2019 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 91. Matti Ahde Matti Allan Ahde (23 December 1945 – 20 December 2019) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Ahde was born in Oulu, Finland. He was the Minister of the Interior (1982–1983), Minister of the Environment (1983–1987) and Speaker of the Parliament (1987–1989). On 20 December 2019, Ahde died from pancreatic cancer at his home in Helsinki, aged 73. Speaker of the Parliament of Finland The speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish "eduskunnan puhemies", Swedish "riksdagens talman"), along with two deputy speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. Speakers are chosen for a year at a time. Matti Vanhanen Matti Taneli Vanhanen () (born 4 November 1955) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 2003 to 2010. He was also Chairman of the Centre Party, and in the second half of 2006 he was President of the European Council. In June 2019, he became Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. Erkki Pystynen Erkki Topias Pystynen (born 2 November 1929) is a Finnish politician. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. Pystynen was born in Heinola, Finland. Pystynen was a professor in Tampere University. He was elected to the parliament in 1975 and was the Speaker from 1983 to 1986. He left the Parliament in 1991. Ilkka Suominen Ilkka Olavi Suominen (8 April 1939 – 23 May 2022) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He was President of the Nordic Council in 1992. In 1987, he was the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. He was member of the parliament from 1970 to 1975 and from 1983 to 1994. He held the position of minister of trade and industry in Holkeri cabinet 1987-1991. Suominen left parliament to become CEO of state monopoly Alko. He was elected as a member of the European Parliament (MEP) for one term 1999-2004 (EPP). Suominen died on 23 May 2022 in Helsinki, Finland at the age of 83. Francisco Brennand Francisco Brennand, or "Francisco de Paula de Almeida Brennand", (June 11, 1927 – December 19, 2019) was a Brazilian sculptor. He worked in several different media. He was best known for his work in ceramic sculpture. Brennand was born in Recife, Pernambuco. He also used ceramics to create floor and wall tiles for construction. Brennand died on December 19, 2019, in Recife of respiratory tract infection-related problems at the age of 92. George Metallinos Protopresbyter (Archpriest) Fr. George Metallinos (in Greek π. Γεώργιος Μεταλληνός; 11 March 1940 – 19 December 2019) was a Greek theologian, priest, historian, author and professor. Metallinos was born in Corfu, Greece. In 1971, he was ordained a member of the clergy and became Doctor of Theology (University of Athens) and Doctor of Philosophy - History (University of Cologne). In 1984 he became Professor at the School of Theology of the University of Athens, teaching "History of Spirituality during the Post-Byzantine Period", "History and Theology of Worship", and "Byzantine History". Metallinos died in Athens on 19 December 2019 at the age of 79. Shahdon Winchester Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester (8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019) was a Trinidadian professional footballer. He played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team from 2010 through 2017. Winchester was one of four people killed in a car crash on 19 December 2019 in Gasparillo, catching on fire, aged 27. Alba Zaluar Alba Maria Zaluar (2 June 1942 – 19 December 2019) was a Brazilian anthropologist. Her works focused in anthropology of violence. In 1984, she got her PhD in social Anthropology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Zaluar was born in Rio de Janeiro. Zaluar worked as invited professor in the State University of Campinas, and as professor in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where she coordinated the "Núcleo de Pesquisas da Violência" (NUPEVI), located in the Institute of Social Medicine. Zaluar died on 19 December 2019 in Rio de Janeiro of pancreatic cancer, aged 77. William S. McFeely William Shield McFeely (September 25, 1930 – December 11, 2019) was an American historian and educator. In 1982, he won the Pulitzer Prize. He worked at Yale University, the University of Georgia and at Harvard University. McFeely was known for his biographies about Ulysses S. Grant and the Reconstruction era. Life. He was born in New York City. McFeely studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. McFeely taught at Yale until 1970, during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movements. One of his black students in his class was Henry Louis Gates Jr.. McFeely was known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1981 biography of Ulysses S. Grant. His works also focused on the Reconstruction era, and for the field of African-American history. He retired as the Abraham Baldwin Professor of the Humanities emeritus at the University of Georgia in 1997. He began working for Harvard University in 2006. McFeely died of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis on December 11, 2019 at his home in Sleepy Hollow, New York at the age of 89. Black Power Black Power is a political slogan and a name for many ideologies that are pro-African-American identity. It is used mainly in the United States. The Black Power movement was created in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Clive Lewis (politician) Clive Anthony Lewis (born 11 September 1971) is a British Labour politician and journalist. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South since winning the seat at the 2015 general election. Lewis was appointed by Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence in June 2016, and later appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in the October 2016 reshuffle. In December 2019, Lewis announced his candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. He dropped out from the race on 13 January 2020. Lisa Nandy Lisa Eva Nandy (born 9 August 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Wigan since 2010. She was Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change from September 2015 until June 2016. She became the Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs on 5 April 2020. Nandy ran in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election. Out of three candidates she came in third place and received 79,597 votes, representing 16.2% of the total vote. A day after the 2020 Labour Party leadership election on 5 April 2020, the winning candidate, Keir Starmer, appointed Nandy in the shadow cabinet in the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Keir Starmer Sir Keir Rodney Starmer (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician who has served as leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition since 2020. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Holborn and St Pancras since 2015, having been re-elected in both 2017 and 2019. Starmer was the Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet. He was Director of Public Prosecutions and Head of the Crown Prosecution Service from 2008 to 2013. In January 2020, Starmer announced his candidacy for Labour Leader in the 2020 election. On 4 April 2020, Starmer was elected as leader of the Labour Party and thus Leader of the Opposition. He was elected in the first round of voting with 275,780 votes (56.2%). In May 2022, the British police announced the opening of an investigation into an alleged breach of the rules of sanitary confinement in force in 2021 in the United Kingdom. Jonathan Ashworth Jonathan Michael Graham Ashworth (born 14 October 1978) is a British Labour and Co-operative Party politician. He has been a Member of Parliament for Leicester South since 2011, and is the current Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. He worked as an adviser to Gordon Brown and head of party relations for Ed Miliband. Dan Jarvis Daniel Owen Woolgar Jarvis, (born 30 November 1972) is a British Labour Party politician. From 1997 to 2011, he was in the Parachute Regiment, before being elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Barnsley Central in a by-election in 2011. He was elected as Mayor of the Sheffield City Region in 2018. David Lammy David Lindon Lammy (born 19 July 1972) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham since 2000. Jess Phillips Jessica Rose Phillips (; born 9 October 1981) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Yardley since the 2015 general election. In January 2020, Phillips briefly ran for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. Rob Burrow Robert Geoffrey Burrow (born 26 September 1982) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. He spent 16 years playing for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League, before retiring in 2017. He also played for England and Great Britain. Burrow was known for many years as "the smallest player in Super League". He won a total of 8 Super League championships, two Challenge Cups, been named to the Super League Dream Team on three occasions and won the Harry Sunderland Trophy twice. In December 2019, Burrow announced that he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. Jason Becker Jason Eli Becker (born July 22, 1969) is an American musician, songwriter and composer. He is known for his albums "Speed Metal Symphony" in 1987, "Go Off!" in 1988, "Perpetual Burn" in 1988 and "A Little Ain't Enough". In the 1990s, Becker was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ezio Bosso Ezio Bosso (; 13 September 1971 – 15 May 2020) was an Italian composer, classical musician and conductor. He was born in Turin. On October 30, 2015 his first major studio album, "The 12th Room", was released and peaked at number three on the Italian FIMI albums chart. Bosso has won several awards for his compositions, including the Australian Green Room Award, the Syracuse NY Award and two David di Donatello Awards. In September 2019 Bosso announced that he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. He died from the disease on 15 May 2020, aged 48. O. J. Brigance Orenthial James Brigance (born September 29, 1969) is a former football linebacker. He played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the National Football League (NFL). He is the senior advisor to player development for the Baltimore Ravens. In May 2007, Brigance was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Marián Čišovský Marián Čišovský (2 November 1979 – 28 June 2020) was a Slovak football defender. He played for Viktoria Plzeň. On 5 August 2010 he scored the qualification goal in 93rd minute against MyPa in Europa League making it 3–3. Čišovský scored one goal in 2–0 won against Oţelul Galaţi. In 2011, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He died from the disease on 28 June 2020, aged 40. Rickey Dixon Rickey Dixon (December 26, 1966 – August 1, 2020) was an American cornerback and special teams player. He played for the Oklahoma Sooners and later the National Football League’s Cincinnati Bengals and Los Angeles Raiders. Dixon was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2019. Dixon was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2014. He died from the disease on August 1, 2020 in DeSoto, Texas at the age of 53. Vic Gilliam Victor S. Gilliam (July 21, 1953 – June 18, 2020) was an American politician and actor. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was in the Oregon House of Representatives from the 18th District from his appointment in January 2007 until his resignation in January 2017. In November 2015, Gilliam was diagnosed with ALS. He died from the disease in Silverton, Oregon on June 18, 2020 at the age of 66. Silverton, Oregon Silverton is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. Euan MacDonald Euan MacDonald MBE is a Scottish businessman. He studied at the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh. MacDonald created The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research in 2007 in partnership with the University of Edinburgh. MacDonald was diagnosed with Motor Neurone Disease (MND) in October 2003. In 2013, MacDonald co-founded the disabled access review website, Euan's Guide. In November 2014, MacDonald was named as one of the most influential disabled people in the UK. Rob Rensenbrink Rob Rensenbrink (; 3 July 1947 – 24 January 2020) was a Dutch footballer and member of the Netherlands national team that reached two World Cup finals in 1974 and 1978. A creative and prolific left winger or forward, he became a legend in Belgium whilst playing in the great Anderlecht side of the 1970s. He is the UEFA Cup Winners Cup's all-time top scorer, with 25 goals. A talented dribbler as well as a cool finisher and adequate passer, he only ever missed two penalties in his entire career. He was also the first winner of the Onze d'Or. Considered as one of the greatest Dutch players of all time. Rensenbrink was widely regarded to be one of the best left wingers of the 1970s. Club career. Born in Amsterdam, Rensenbrink started his career at DWS, an Amsterdam amateur club, before moving to Belgian side Club Brugge in 1969. Between 1971 and 1980 he played for Anderlecht where he enjoyed his greatest club successes. In total when in Belgium he twice won the Belgian Championships, the Belgian Cup five times and at European club level the European Cup Winners' Cup twice (in 1976 and 1978 as well as being runner-up in 1977). Rensenbrink delivered a notable performance in the 1976 final as Anderlecht ran out 4–2 winners against West Ham United. He scored two goals, one from the penalty spot and set up Francois Van der Elst for the fourth goal. Among his team mates was Dutch internationalist compatriot, Arie Haan. In 1980, he left Anderlecht and wound down his career with a spell at Portland Timbers in the NASL, followed by a brief stay with Toulouse in France in 1981. International career. Rensenbrink made his international debut for the Netherlands national football team against Scotland in 1968, but picked up relatively few caps due to competition for the forward positions with Johan Cruijff and Piet Keizer. However, Rinus Michels included him for the 1974 FIFA World Cup squad that made the short trip to West Germany. The Dutch side that took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup were the pinnacle of Total Football. Most of the 1974 team were made up of players from AFC Ajax and Feyenoord, so Rensenbrink was an outsider and was unfamiliar with playing the system. His preferred position was up front on the left, but that position was already Johan Cruijff's domain, so he played on the left-wing position in midfield, taking over from Ajax player Piet Keizer. He missed one game in the tournament (when Keizer played instead) and was only half-fit for the final after picking up an injury during the semi-final against Brazil. Rinus Michels gambled on Rensenbrink's fitness and played him from start – however he only lasted until half-time and was replaced by René van de Kerkhof. The Netherlands took an early lead through a Johan Neeskens penalty, but goals from Paul Breitner and Gerd Müller gave West Germany a 2–1 victory. Rensenbrink's performances saw him named to the team of the tournament and he was sought by Ajax as a replacement for Keizer. However, contract negotiations fell through and he remained at Anderlecht. Rensenbrink stayed in the Netherlands national team during the qualifiers and finals of the 1976 European Football Championship. However, the Netherlands fell at the semi-final stage to Czechoslovakia. In the 1978 FIFA World Cup tournament in Argentina, the Netherlands again reached the final, but this time without Cruijff (who decided to retire from international football) and under the guidance of Ernst Happel rather than Michels. Out of the shadow of Cruijff, Rensenbrink found more room to showcase his own considerable talent, playing on the left-hand side of a front three alongside Johnny Rep and René van de Kerkhof. He scored a hat-trick in the opening game against Iran, another goal against Scotland which was goal number 1000 in World Cup history and a penalty in the 5–1 win over Austria. In the final against Argentina, the Netherlands yet again met the hosts. In an intense match, the Netherlands fell behind to a first-half Mario Kempes strike. After Dick Nanninga's equalizer 9 minutes from time, a long pass from the Dutch captain Ruud Krol in the last 30 seconds of normal time gave Rensenbrink a half-chance to score but his shot from a very narrow angle was deflected on to the post and bounced clear. Had he scored, it is almost certain that Holland would have won the World Cup with Rensenbrink being top goal scorer. Argentina scored twice in extra-time for a 3–1 victory and the Netherlands again had to settle for the runners-up spot. Rensenbrink played some of the qualifiers for Euro 80, but after earning his 46th cap in 1979 (a 2–0 defeat by Poland in a qualifier for Euro 80), he retired from international football at the age of 32, having scored 14 times for his country. He along with Eusébio are the only players to score the most goals from a penalty spot in a tournament (4 in 1978). He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004. He was also named Anderlecht's greatest ever foreign player in 2008. Personal life. Rensenbrink was married and lived in Oostzaan. In the summer of 2015, he revealed that he had been diagnosed with progressive muscular atrophy three years earlier. He died on 24 January 2020. Belgian news sources reported that he had been diagnosed with a muscular disease in 2012 which led to his death. Honours. Club Brugge Anderlecht Toulouse Netherlands Individual Luton Shelton Luton Shelton (11 November 1985 – 22 January 2021) was a Jamaican footballer. He played as a striker or winger. He made his international debut for Jamaica in 2004. In 2018, it was announced that Shelton has been diagnosed with ALS. He died from problems caused by the disease on 22 January 2021, aged 35. Paul Shrubb Paul Shrubb (1 August 1955 – 28 May 2020) was an English professional footballer, coach and scout. He made 350 appearances as a player in the Football League. He played for Brentford and Aldershot. He later returned to Aldershot as assistant manager and coached at a number of non-league clubs. Shrubb was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in January 2006 and was given two years to live by doctors. He died from the disease on 28 May 2020, aged 64. Archie Yates Archie Yates (born 22 February 2009) is a British actor. He is known for winning a Critics' Choice Movie Award. Baintha Brakk Baintha Brakk is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as The Ogre. Baintha Brakk is part of the Panmah Muztagh subrange. It is the 85th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Chris Bonington and Doug Scott, in 1977. As of 2013, people had reached the top only three times. Harmonic series (mathematics) In mathematics, the harmonic series is the divergent infinite series: Divergent means that as you add more terms the sum never stops getting bigger. It does not go towards a single finite value. Infinite means that you can always add another term. There is no final term to the series. Its name comes from the idea of harmonics in music: the wavelengths of the overtones of a vibrating string are , , , etc., of the string's fundamental wavelength. Apart from the first term, every term of the series is the harmonic mean of the terms either side of it. The phrase "harmonic mean" also comes from music. History. The fact that the harmonic series diverges was first proven in the 14th century by Nicole Oresme, but was forgotten. Proofs were given in the 17th century by Pietro Mengoli, Johann Bernoulli, and Jacob Bernoulli. Harmonic sequences have been used by architects. In the Baroque period architects used them in the proportions of floor plans, elevations, and in the relationships between architectural details of churches and palaces. Divergence. There are several well-known proofs of the divergence of the harmonic series. A few of them are given below. Comparison test. One way to prove divergence is to compare the harmonic series with another divergent series, where each denominator is replaced with the next-largest power of two: Each term of the harmonic series is greater than or equal to the corresponding term of the second series, and therefore the sum of the harmonic series must be greater than or equal to the sum of the second series. However, the sum of the second series is infinite: It follows (by the comparison test) that the sum of the harmonic series must be infinite as well. More precisely, the comparison above proves that for every positive integer . This proof, proposed by Nicole Oresme in around 1350, is considered to be a high point of medieval mathematics. It is still a standard proof taught in mathematics classes today. Integral test. It is possible to prove that the harmonic series diverges by comparing its sum with an improper integral. Consider the arrangement of rectangles shown in the figure to the right. Each rectangle is 1 unit wide and units high, so the total area of the infinite number of rectangles is the sum of the harmonic series: The total area under the curve from 1 to infinity is given by a divergent improper integral: Since this area is entirely contained within the rectangles, the total area of the rectangles must be infinite as well. This proves that The generalization of this argument is known as the integral test. Rate of divergence. The harmonic series diverges very slowly. For example, the sum of the first 1043 terms is less than 100. This is because the partial sums of the series have logarithmic growth. In particular, where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and which approaches 0 as goes to infinity. Leonhard Euler proved both this and also that the sum which includes only the reciprocals of primes also diverges, that is: Partial sums. The finite partial sums of the diverging harmonic series, are called harmonic numbers. The difference between and converges to the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The difference between any two harmonic numbers is never an integer. No harmonic numbers are integers, except for . Related series. Alternating harmonic series. The series is known as the alternating harmonic series. This series converges by the alternating series test. In particular, the sum is equal to the natural logarithm of 2: The alternating harmonic series, while conditionally convergent, is not absolutely convergent: if the terms in the series are systematically rearranged, in general the sum becomes different and, dependent on the rearrangement, possibly even infinite. The alternating harmonic series formula is a special case of the Mercator series, the Taylor series for the natural logarithm. A related series can be derived from the Taylor series for the arctangent: This is known as the Leibniz series. General harmonic series. The general harmonic series is of the form where and are real numbers, and is not zero or a negative integer. By the limit comparison test with the harmonic series, all general harmonic series also diverge. -series. A generalization of the harmonic series is the -series (or hyperharmonic series), defined as for any real number . When , the -series is the harmonic series, which diverges. Either the integral test or the Cauchy condensation test shows that the -series converges for all (in which case it is called the over-harmonic series) and diverges for all . If then the sum of the -series is , i.e., the Riemann zeta function evaluated at . The problem of finding the sum for is called the Basel problem; Leonhard Euler showed it is . The value of the sum for is called Apéry's constant, since Roger Apéry proved that it is an irrational number. ln-series. Related to the -series is the ln-series, defined as for any positive real number . This can be shown by the integral test to diverge for but converge for all . -series. For any convex, real-valued function such that the series is convergent. Random harmonic series. The random harmonic series where the are independent, identically distributed random variables taking the values +1 and −1 with equal probability , is a well-known example in probability theory for a series of random variables that converges with probability 1. The fact of this convergence is an easy consequence of either the Kolmogorov three-series theorem or of the closely related Kolmogorov maximal inequality. Byron Schmuland of the University of Alberta further examined the properties of the random harmonic series, and showed that the convergent series is a random variable with some interesting properties. In particular, the probability density function of this random variable evaluated at +2 or at −2 takes on the value ..., differing from by less than 10−42. Schmuland's paper explains why this probability is so close to, but not exactly, . The exact value of this probability is given by the infinite cosine product integral divided by . Depleted harmonic series. The depleted harmonic series where all of the terms in which the digit 9 appears anywhere in the denominator are removed can be shown to converge and its value is less than 80. In fact, when all the terms containing any particular string of digits (in any base) are removed the series converges. Applications. The harmonic series can be counterintuitive. This is because it is a divergent series even though the terms of the series get smaller and go towards zero. The divergence of the harmonic series is the source of some paradoxes. Because the series gets arbitrarily large as becomes larger, eventually this ratio must exceed 1, which implies that the worm reaches the end of the rubber band. However, the value of at which this occurs must be extremely large: approximately , a number exceeding 1043 minutes (1037 years). Although the harmonic series does diverge, it does so very slowly. Calculating the sum shows that the time required to get to the speed of light is only 97 seconds. Au, St. Gallen Au is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Balgach Balgach is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Oberriet Oberriet is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Diepoldsau Diepoldsau is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Dublin, Texas Dublin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Lott, Texas Lott is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Rüthi Rüthi is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. New England (New South Wales) New England or New England North West is the name given to a generally undefined region in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about inland, that includes the Northern Tablelands (or New England Tablelands) and the North West Slopes regions. Ronda, North Carolina Ronda is a town in Wilkes County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 417 at the 2010 census. Wilkes County, North Carolina Wilkes County is a county located in the US state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 69,340. Its county seat is Wilkesboro. Wilkesboro, North Carolina Wilkesboro is a town in and the county seat of Wilkes County, North Carolina. The population was 3,413 at the 2010 census. Dmitri Chesnokov Dmitri Yuryevich Chesnokov (; 26 April 1973 – December 2019) was a Russian professional footballer. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Saturn Ramenskoye. Chesnokov died in December 2019 at the age of 49. Ward Just Ward Swift Just (September 5, 1935 – December 19, 2019) was an American writer. He was a war correspondent and the author of 17 novels and many short stories. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana. Benjamin Bradlee hired Just at "The Washington Post" as a war correspondent for the Vietnam war. His novel "An Unfinished Season" was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2005. His novel "Echo House" was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1997. Just died on December 19, 2019 in Plymouth, Massachusetts of problems caused by Lewy body dementia, aged 84. Fazle Hasan Abed Sir Fazle Hasan Abed KCMG (27 April 1936 – 20 December 2019) was a Bangladeshi businessman. He was the founder and Chair Emeritus of BRAC. This was one of the world's largest non-governmental organizations. Abed died on 20 December 2019 at a Dhaka hospital from respiratory failure caused by glioblastoma, aged 83. Eduard Krieger Eduard "Eddie" Franz Krieger (16 December 1946 – 20 December 2019) was an international Austrian footballer. Krieger started his professional career at Austria Wien. After a play at Dutch side VVV-Venlo, Krieger returned to Austria to finish his career at LASK Linz. He made his debut for Austria in April 1970 and was a participant at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He earned 25 caps, no goals scored. He played his final international match in 1978. Yuri Pshenichnikov Yuri Pavlovich Pshenichnikov (Russian: Юрий Павлович Пшеничников; 2 June 1940 – 20 December 2019) was an Uzbek-born Soviet-Russian football goalkeeper and coach. He was born in Tashkent. He earned 19 caps for the USSR national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1968. Pshenichnikov died on 20 December 2019 in Moscow at the age of 79. Daniel Selvaraj D. Selvaraj (; 14 January 1938 – 20 December 2019) was a Tamil writer. He was the author of a number of novels, short stories, and plays in Tamil. He received the Tamil Nadu Government's literary award for the best Novel for 2011 for his work on tannery workers of Southern Tamil Nadu titled "Thol". He also won the Sahitya Akademi award for Tamil in 2012. Selvaraj died on 20 December 2019 from an illness at a private hospital in Chennai at the age of 81. Preity Zinta Preity G Zinta (pronounced ; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian actress and businesswoman. Her first movie roles were in "Dil Se.." in 1998, followed by a role in "Soldier" in the same year. She is known for her role as a teenage single mother in "Kya Kehna" (2000). She also got a lot of credit for her roles in films such as "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke" (2001), "Dil Chahta Hai" (2001), "Dil Hai Tumhaara" (2002), and "Armaan" (2003), and she especially won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in the drama "Kal Ho Naa Ho" (2003). She also played leading roles in the science fiction film "Koi... Mil Gaya" (2003) and the romantic drama "Veer-Zaara" (2004), which were the two consecutive top-grossing films in India for her. She also played other roles like a modern Indian woman in both "Salaam Namaste" (2005) and "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna" (2006), which were the highest grossing productions in the overseas markets. Thomas Chandy Thomas Chandy (29 October 1947 – 20 December 2019) was an Indian businessman and politician. He was born in Chennamkary, Kerala, India. Chandy was a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 2006 until his death. In 2017, he was the Minister of Transport of Kerala. Chandy was a member of the Nationalist Congress Party. Chandy died of stomach cancer at a hospital in Ernakulam, Kerala on 20 December 2019 at the age of 72. Chuck Peddle Charles Ingerham “Chuck” Peddle (November 25, 1937 – December 15, 2019) was an American electrical engineer. He was born in Bangor, Maine. He was best known as the main designer of the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, as well as the KIM-1 SBC (single-board computer) and the Commodore PET PC (personal computer). Peddle died at the age of 82 on December 15, 2019 at his Santa Cruz, California home of pancreatic cancer. Verka Serduchka Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko (; ; born 2 October 1973), better known for his drag stage name Verka Serduchka (; ), is a Ukrainian comedian, actor and pop and dance singer. Danylko represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 and finished in second place. Carlos Rosenkrantz Carlos Fernando Rosenkrantz (born 27 October 1958) is an Argentine lawyer. He is a member of the Supreme Court of Argentina since August 2016, nominated by president Mauricio Macri's. He served as president of the court from October 2018 to 2021, currently serves as vice president of the court. Biography. Rosenkrantz was born in Buenos Aires. His father was a Jewish-Polish immigrant and his mother a teacher from Corrientes Province. He studied law at the University of Buenos Aires and later in the United States thanks a Fulbright Scholarship. Sergio Massa Sergio Tomás Massa (born 28 April 1972) is an Argentine politician. currently serving as the country's Minister of Economy since 2 August, 2022. He was the president of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies since 2019 to 2022, He was also a national deputy for Buenos Aires Province. Massa is the founder and current leader of the peronist Renewal Front. He was Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers from 2008 to 2009 under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Winamac, Indiana Winamac is a town in the Monroe Township in Pulaski County in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the county seat of Pulaski County. As of the 2010 census, 2,490 people lived in Winamac. The Karate Kid Part III The Karate Kid Part III is a 1989 American martial arts drama movie and the second sequel to "The Karate Kid" (1984). The movie stars Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita, Robyn Lively, and Thomas Ian Griffith in his movie debut. As was the case with the first two movies in the series, it was directed by John G. Avildsen and written by Robert Mark Kamen, with stunts choreographed by Pat E. Johnson and the music composed by Bill Conti. In the movie, the returning John Kreese, with the help of his best friend Terry Silver, tries to get revenge on Daniel LaRusso and Mr. Miyagi which involves hiring a ruthless martial artist and harming their relationship. Versailles, Indiana Versailles is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Nashville, Indiana Nashville is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Rebstein Rebstein is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Berneck, St. Gallen Berneck is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Eichberg, St. Gallen Eichberg is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Tübach Tübach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Rockville, Indiana Rockville is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Fort Branch, Indiana Fort Branch is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Hazleton, Indiana Hazleton is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. Gurnard, Isle of Wight Gurnard is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight, two miles to the west of Cowes. Gurnard sits on the edge of Gurnard Bay, used by the Gurnard Sailing Club. Gurnard's main street features a pub (Portland Inn), Doughty Newnham Chartered Surveyors office (a company of measurers and mapmakers), a few shops, and a few houses. The west end of the beach is called Gurnard Marsh and there is a stream called "The Luck" flows into the Solent. A fort known as Gurnard Fort was built on a coastal high point west of Gurnard Marsh about 1600. The land washed away into the ocean, however, and the remains of the fort were lost and forgotten until a nearby Roman home was dug up in 1864, when the fort was found. Transport is provided by the former Wightbus route 32 to and from Cowes, now run by Southern Vectis. There is no longer a direct service to Newport, Isle of Wight. Streetman, Texas Streetman is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube, usually known as Fluminense de Feira, or just Fluminense are a Brazilian football team from Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, founded on January 1, 1941. Games are played in the Joia da Princesa stadium, capacity 16,274. The team plays in white, red and green striped shirts, white shorts and white socks. History. On January 1, 1941, Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube was founded. Fluminense de Feira became a professional team in 1954. Two years later, the club was runner-up in Campeonato Baiano. In 1963, the club won Campeonato Baiano, its first professional title. In 1968, the club was again Campeonato Baiano runner-up. In the following year, the club won again the state championship. In 1992, Fluminense de Feira was runner-up of Brazilian Third Division, after losing the final to Tuna Luso. But, no promotion was given to Fluminense de Feira or Tuna Luso, because neither the second division, nor the third division were disputed in 1993. In 1998, after a very poor campaign, ending in 10th of 12 teams, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Baiano Second Division. In 1999, Fluminense de Feira competed in the Campeonato Baiano Second Division, ending the competition as runner-up, after a 1–1 home match draw, and a 0–0 away match draw against Colo-Colo of Ilhéus. The team gained promotion to the following year's Campeonato Baiano first division. Stadium. Fluminense de Feira's stadium is Estádio Joia da Princesa, built in 1953, with a maximum capacity of 16,274 people. Symbols. The club is named after Fluminense Football Club of Rio de Janeiro city. Fluminense de Feira's kit, as well as the club logo, are very similar to the Rio de Janeiro's Fluminense ones. The club's nickname, Touro do Sertão, means Backland's Bull. Fluminense de Feira's mascot is a bull. Orsinian Tales Orsinian Tales is a collection of eleven short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. Most of them happen in Le Guin's imaginary country called Orsinia. Most of the stories do not share events or characters. All the stories are emotional personal events. Many are romantic. Larger political events such as wars and revolutions are happening in all of the stories. Le Guin writes about each person's right to his or her own thoughts and emotions. In the stories, Le Guin shows that these emotions should not be controlled by society, rules, or the State. Orsinia. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe. Stories happen between 1150-1965. "Orsinia"is in Le Guin's earliest writings, Le Guin invented Orsinia when she was a young adult learning to write. The names Orsinia and Ursula both come from the Latin word "ursus" meaning "bear" ("ursula" = diminutive of "ursa" "female bear"; "ursinus" = "bear-like"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should have her name. Sound Transit Sound Transit (ST), officially the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority, is the public transit system in Seattle, Washington, United States. It covers Seattle and its neighboring cities with light rail trains, commuter trains, and buses. Sound Transit gets its money from sales tax, property tax, and a fee on license plate stickers ("car tabs"). Anri Sakaguchi is a Japanese variety entertainer represented by Avilla. Biography. Sakaguchi was born in Tokyo, She graduated from Shōtō Kindergarten, Seijo Gakuen Primary School, Seijo Gakuen Junior High School and High School, and Horikoshi High School. Sakaguchi's mother is actress Ryoko Sakaguchi, her father was formerly a real estate company executive, her stepfather is the professional golfer Tateo Ozaki. She has a brother that is two years older than her. Her parents divorced on 1994, and she grew up with her mother. Sakaguchi was a fan of Morning Musume and joined the entertainment industry in 2008. Her first leading film role was in "Honey Flappers" in 2014. She became an adult video actress, releasing her first video in October 2016. Sakaguchi began stripping in June 2018, and began working as a hostess. Social conservative A social conservative is someone who supports right-wing politics on social issues. Examples of such issues are abortion, homosexual marriage, religion, capital punishment, euthanasia and similar issues. They may or may not be conservative on other issues, such as taxes. In the United States social conservatives tend to be in the Republican Party and are usually also Christian Conservatives. There are also Americans who are social conservatives for other reasons than religion. In Canada, social conservatives are known as the Blue Tories. Some people, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, George Orwell, and Stephen Leacock, have supported left-wing politics on many issues. However, they were socially conservative on issues like abortion, for Wollstonecraft and Orwell, or feminism, for Leacock. Blue Tory A Blue Tory is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada who is a social conservatives. They are the opposite of the Red Tories. Stephen Harper is sometimes called a Blue Tory. Red Tory Red Tories are members of the Conservative Party of Canada who support left-wing policies on issues like capital punishment, homosexual marriage and abortion but who are still conservative because they want low taxes and small government and have libertarian beliefs. The people in the Conservative Party of Canada who disagree with them are called Blue Tories. John Diefenbaker and Joe Clark were Canadian Prime Ministers who were Red Tories. New Super Mario Bros. (disambiguation) New Super Mario Bros. might refer to: Roland Matthes Roland Matthes (17 November 1950 – 20 December 2019) was a German swimmer. He won four European championships and three world championships. He won Olympic gold medals at the 1968 and 1972 and at the World Aquatics Championships in 1973 and 1975. Matthes died on 20 December 2019 of a heart attack, aged 69. Claudine Auger Claudine Auger (born Claudine Oger; 26 April 1941 – 18 December 2019) was a French actress and model. She was born in Paris. Auger was best known for her role as Bond girl, Dominique "Domino" Derval, in the James Bond movie "Thunderball" (1965). She won the title of Miss France Monde and was also the first runner-up in the 1958 Miss World contest. Auger died of a long-illness on 18 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 78. Steina and Woody Vasulka Steina Vasulka (born Steinunn Briem Bjarnadottir in 1940) and Woody Vasulka (born Bohuslav Vasulka on 20 January 1937 – 20 December 2019) are early known figures of video art. They are known for producing work since the early 1960s. The couple met in the early 1960s and moved to New York City in 1965, where they began showing video art at the Whitney Museum and founded The Kitchen in 1971. Steina and Woody both became Guggenheim fellows: Steina in 1976, and Woody in 1979. Woody died on 20 December 2019 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 82. Ramachandra Babu K. Ramachandra Babu (15 December 1947 – 21 December 2019) was an Indian award-winning cinematographer of over 125 movies. Babu was born in Maduranthakam, Tamil Nadu, India. His best known works were "Dweepu", "Chamaram" and "Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha". Babu died on 21 December 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 72. Gold (British TV channel) Gold is a British pay television channel from the UKTV network, that was launched on 1 November 1992 as UK Gold before it was rebranded UKTV Gold in 2004 apart from Dave, Alibi, and W from 2 August 2019. Lennart Andersson Lennart Andersson could mean: Jonschwil Jonschwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Niederbüren Niederbüren is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Niederhelfenschwil Niederhelfenschwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Geography. Niederhelfenschwil has an area of . The municipality is to the north of the Thur river between Bischofszell and Wil. It includes the villages of Lenggenwil, Niederhelfenschwil and Zuckenriet as well as the hamlets of Dägetschwil, Dietenwil and Enkhüseren. Niederhelfenschwil borders the following municipalities: Niederbüren, Oberbüren and Zuzwil (Canton of St. Gallen); Bischofszell, Kradolf-Schönenberg and Wuppenau (Canton of Thurgau). Bronschhofen Bronschhofen was a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The municipality Bronschhofen became part of Wil on 1 January 2013. Oberbüren Oberbüren is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Zuzwil, St. Gallen Zuzwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Eschenbach, St. Gallen Eschenbach is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. Schänis Schänis is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. St. Gallenkappel St. Gallenkappel was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. Weesen Weesen is a municipality in See-Gaster, in the canton of St. Gallen, in Switzerland. It is on the western shore of Lake Walen on the Linth channel. Goldingen Goldingen was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. Gommiswald Gommiswald is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Ernetschwil and Rieden joined together to become the municipality called Gommiswald. Thal, St. Gallen Thal is a village and municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Besides the village of Thal itself, the municipality also includes the villages Altenrhein, Buechen, Buriet and Staad. St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport is in the municipality. Rapperswil, St. Gallen Rapperswil (Swiss German: or ; short: "Rappi") was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is at the east side of the Lake Zurich (Zürichsee). As of 31 December 2006, 7,601 people lived there. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities Rapperswil and Jona joined together to become the new municipality called Rapperswil-Jona. Uznach Uznach is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Ernetschwil Ernetschwil was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former Ernetschwil and Rieden joined together to become the municipality called Gommiswald. Worms (movie) Worms () is a 2013 Brazilian stop motion animated adventure fantasy family comedy film directed by Paolo Conti and Arthur Nunes. It is the first Brazilian stop-motion animated film. It was released in Brazil on December 20, 2013. Plot. When Junior, a worm who is eleven years old or twelve years old who is protected too much, accidentally goes up to the surface, he has to go back home, which could be dangerous for him. Balloon (2019 movie) Balloon is a 2019 Chinese movie. Pema Tseden directed the movie. It was shown in the Horizons section at the 76th Venice International Film Festival. Dareema Caddo Dareema Caddo was the first capital of the Daraawiish State. It is near the city of Buuhoodle, to the northwest. It used to be settled by the Arale Mahad tribe. But now the Arale Mahad tribe have moved to a town called Dhilaalo. Dhilaalo is a bit further to the north. Emmet County, Michigan Emmet County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,694. The county seat is Petoskey. Alcona County, Michigan Alcona County is a county on the northern point on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The county seat is Harrisville. In 2010, 10,942 people lived in the county. Stewart Copeland Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He was the drummer for the British rock band "The Police". He has written music for movies and video games, and music for ballet, opera and orchestra. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's "distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style have made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset." He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of "The Police" in 2003, the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2005, and the "Classic Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2013. In 2016, Copeland was ranked 10th on "Rolling Stone"s "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time". He is also known for composing soundtracks for the "Spyro" video game series. List of prime ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina This article lists the prime ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (abbreviated FB&H; Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: "Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine" (FBiH) / Федерација Босне и Херцеговине (ФБиХ), ) is one of the two political entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made up of 10 cantons with their own governments. It is sometimes known by the shorter name Federation of B&H. Mustafa Mujezinović Mustafa Mujezinović (27 December 1954 – 23 December 2019) was the Prime Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2009 to 2011. Ahmed Gaid Salah Ahmed Gaid Salah (; 13 January 1940 – 23 December 2019) was a senior leader in the Algerian People's National Army. In 2004, he was appointed by then-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to chief of staff of the army. On 15 September 2013, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense. Salah died at a military hospital in Algiers of a heart attack on 23 December 2019 at the age of 79. Ted Lepcio Thaddeus Stanley "Ted" Lepcio (July 28, 1929 – December 11, 2019), was an American professional baseball utility infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago White Sox, and Minnesota Twins. Lepcio died on December 11, 2019 in Dedham, Massachusetts at the age of 90. Jack B. Farris Jack Brodie Farris (December 5, 1935 – December 14, 2019) was a United States Army Lieutenant General. He commanded the military ground forces during Operation Urgent Fury, the United States invasion of Grenada in 1983; at the time of his retirement in 1991 he was Deputy Commander of the United States Pacific Command in Hawaii. Ricardo de Aparici Ricardo de Aparici (23 June 1940 – 19 December 2019) was an Argentinian politician. He was Governor of the province of Jujuy between 1987 and 1990. He was born in Buenos Aires. Aparici died from a fall in Buenos Aires on 19 December 2019 at the age of 79. Jan de Laval Jan Patrik de Laval (28 March 1948 — 19 December 2019) was a Swedish actor. He was born in Västrum, Sweden. He was known for his roles in "Skilda världar" and "Rederiet". Laval died on 19 December 2019 in Stockholm at the age of 71. Zilda Cardoso Zilda Cardoso (4 January 1936 – 20 December 2019) was a Brazilian actress. She was best known for her many comedic roles in TV shows such as "Praça da Alegria", "A Praça é Nossa" and "Escolinha do Professor Raimundo". She was born in São Paulo. Cardoso died on 20 December 2019 in her São Paulo apartment of emphysema at the age of 83. Lloyd Morrisett Lloyd N. Morrisett Jr. (born November 2, 1929) is an American psychologist, educator and philanthropist. He is one of the founders of the Sesame Workshop and was an important figure for the creation of "Sesame Street" and "The Electric Company". Lizzo Melissa Viviane Jefferson (born April 27, 1988), known professionally as Lizzo, is an American singer, rapper, songwriter, and flutist. Lizzo released two studio albums:"Lizzobangers" (2013), and "Big Grrrl Small World" (2015). In 2014, "Time" named her one of fourteen music artists to watch. Lizzo's first major-label EP, "Coconut Oil", was released in 2016. In 2019, she became popular after her third studio album, "Cuz I Love You", which peaked inside the top five of the "Billboard" 200. The album spawned two singles: "Juice" and "Tempo". Lizzo's 2017 single "Truth Hurts" became a viral hit, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 two years after its release. Lizzo has been nominated for Best New Artist and received eight nominations at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year for the deluxe version of "Cuz I Love You" and Song of the Year and Record of the Year for "Truth Hurts". Ubirajara Penacho dos Reis Ubirajara Penacho dos Reis (5 September 1934 – 22 December 2019), better known as Bira, was a Brazilian musician and bassist. He was best known for being a member of the house band of the talk shows Jô Soares Onze e Meia, broadcast on SBT, and Programa do Jô. Bira died on 22 December 2019 from a stroke, aged 85. Jô Soares José Eugênio "Jô" Soares (January 16, 1938 – August 5, 2022) was a Brazilian comedian, talk show host, author, theatrical producer, director, actor, painter and musician. In 1970, Soares started working at Rede Globo. In 1988, Soares moved to SBT, where he hosted a talk-show, "Jô Soares Onze e Meia" ("Jô Soares Eleven Thirty"), until 1999. In 2000, Soares began hosting "Programa do Jô", and hosted the program until 2016. His first novel "O Xangô de Baker Street" was published in 1995 and has been translated in several languages. Soares died on August 5, 2022 at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil at the age of 84. Thor Bjarne Bore Thor Bjarne Bore (10 January 1938 – 22 December 2019) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician. He was born in Molde, Norway. He was the editor-in-chief of "Romsdals Budstikke" from 1966 to 1970, "Vårt Land" from 1974 to 1983 and "Stavanger Aftenblad" from 1983 to 1999. He also worked in "Vårt Land" from 1964 to 1966 and 1970 to 1974. Bore was the chair of Norwegian Church Aid from 2000 until his death. He was also a member of Stavanger city council for the Liberal Party from 2007 to 2011. Bore died in Stavanger, Norway of pneumonia on 22 December 2019, aged 81. Édison Realpe Édison Gabriel Realpe Solís (13 April 1996 – 22 December 2019) was an Ecuadorian footballer who played for L.D.U. Quito. Realpe began his career with Guayaquil City in 2014. On 31 January 2018, Realpe was loaned out to L.D.U. Quito for the 2018 season. After the loan spell ended, he signed permanently for the club. Realpe was killed in a car accident near Esmeraldas at the age of 23. Esmeraldas, Ecuador Esmeraldas () is a coastal city in northwestern Ecuador. It is the seat of the Esmeraldas Canton and capital of the Esmeraldas Province. Esmeraldas is well known around Latin America given the large number of locals that have historically played in the Ecuadorian national football team. Emanuel Ungaro Emanuel Ungaro (13 February 1933 – 22 December 2019) was a French fashion designer. Ungaro launched his first menswear collection, Ungaro Uomo, in 1973, and his first perfume, "Diva", 10 years later in 1983. Ungaro was a participant in The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show held on November 28, 1973. Later followed the perfumes "Senso" (1987), "Ungaro" (1991) and "Emanuel Ungaro For Men" (1991). Ungaro died in Paris on 22 December 2019 at the age of 86. Manfred Stolpe Manfred Stolpe (16 May 1936 – 29 December 2019) was a German politician. He was Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Housing of the Federal Republic of Germany from 2002 until 2005. From 1990 until 2002, he was Minister President of Brandenburg. Stolpe was born in Stettin (Szczecin). Stolpe was diagnosed with colon and male breast cancer in 2009. He died on 29 December 2019 in Potsdam of liver cancer at the age of 83. Werner Klumpp Werner Klumpp (12 November 1928 – 8 January 2021) was a German politician. He was a German politician of the FDP. After the death of Franz-Josef Röder he was the interim Minister President of the Saarland from 26 June 1979 to 5 July 1979. He was born in Baiersbronn, Baden-Württemberg. Klumpp died on 8 January 2021, aged 92. Erwin Teufel Erwin Teufel (born 4 September 1939) is a German politician. He is a member of the CDU. He was born in Zimmern ob Rottweil, Germany. He was known for his political partnership with Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Teufel was the leader of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg from 1978 to 1991. Teufel was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg and chairman of the CDU state party group from 1991 to 2005, serving as President of the Bundesrat in 1996/97. Berndt Seite Berndt Seite (born 22 April 1940) is a German politician. He was the 2nd minister president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 1992 to 1998 and the 45th president of the German Bundesrat in 1992. Seite has been a member of the Christian Democratic Union since 1990. Harald Ringstorff Harald Ringstorff (born 25 September 1939) is a German politician of the SPD. He was born in Wittenburg, Mecklenburg. He was the 3rd Minister President of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He was the 61st President of the Bundesrat in 2006/07. Wolfgang Clement Wolfgang Clement (7 July 1940 – 27 September 2020) was a German politician. Clement was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was the 7th Minister President of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 27 May 1998 to 22 October 2002 and Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Labour from 2002 to 2005. Clement died of lung cancer in Bonn, Germany on 27 September 2020 at the age of 80. Bernhard Vogel Bernhard Vogel (; born 19 December 1932) is a German politician. He is a member of the CDU. He was the 4th Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate from 1976 to 1988 and the 2nd Minister President of Thuringia from 1992 to 2003. He is the only person to have been head of two different German federal states. He is the longest governing Minister President of Germany. He was the 28th and 40th President of the Bundesrat in 1976/77 and 1987/88. Tino Chrupalla Tino Chrupalla (born 14 April 1975) is a German politician. He is a Member of the Bundestag since 2017 of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) Party. In November 2019 he was nominated by Alexander Gauland to replace him as co-chairman and duly elected to that position. Malu Dreyer Maria Luise Anna "Malu" Dreyer (born 6 February 1961) is a German politician (SPD). Since 13 January 2013, she has been the Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate. She is the first woman to hold this office. She was the President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2016 – 2017, which made her the deputy to the President of Germany while in office. In late 2017, SPD members elected Dreyer to the party’s national leadership for the first time as a vice chair. Norbert Walter-Borjans Norbert Walter-Borjans (born 17 September 1952) is a German economist and politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He has been leader of the SPD since December 2019 and has minister of finance of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 until 2017. Saskia Esken Saskia Esken ("née" Hofer, born 28 August 1961) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has been serving as leader of the party since December 2019. She is a member of the Bundestag since 2013. Gesine Schwan Gesine Schwan (born 22 May 1943) is a German political science professor. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party has nominated her twice as a candidate for the federal presidential elections. On 23 May 2004, she was defeated by the Christian Democrat Horst Köhler. On 23 May 2009, Köhler beat her again to win his second term. Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf (28 January 1930 – 12 August 2021) was a German politician. He was the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony (one of Germany's federal states) from 1990 until 2002. He was the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000. He was born in Ludwigshafen, Germany. Biedenkopf died on 12 August 2021 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 91. Werner Münch Dr. Werner Münch (born 25 September 1940) is a German politician (CDU). He became the first Financial Minister of this state since refounding of same after the reunification under the 1st Minister-President Gerd Gies. After Gies had to resign already in 1991 Münch was elected as 2nd Minister-President of Saxony Anhalt from 4 July 1991 to 28 November 1993. On 25 February 2009 Münch quit membership of the CDU after 37 years and became a critic of Angela Merkel. Wolfgang Böhmer Wolfgang Böhmer (born 27 January 1936) is a German politician (CDU). He was the 5th Minister-President of Saxony-Anhalt from 16 May 2002 to 19 April 2011. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2002/03. He has been a critic of Angela Merkel. Björn Engholm Björn Engholm (born 9 November 1939) is a Lübeck born German SPD politician. He was Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein from 1988 to 1993 and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1991 and 1993.. Josef Duchac Josef Duchac (born February 19, 1938) is a German politician (CDU). He became a member of the East German Christian Democratic Union in 1957. He was elected Thuringia's first post-reunification minister-president on October 14, 1990. He resigned in 1992 following corruption issues. Michael Müller (politician) Michael Müller (born 9 December 1964) is a German politician. He is the Mayor of Berlin since 11 December 2014. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He was President of the Bundesrat from November 2017 until October 2018, which made him deputy to the President of Germany. Walter Momper Walter Momper (born 21 February 1945) is a German politician. He was the Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin 1989–1990, reunited Berlin 1990–1991). He was President of the Bundesrat in 1989/90. He was at the opening of the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 and, on 3 October 1990, became the first mayor of a reunited Berlin. Eberhard Diepgen Eberhard Diepgen (born 13 November 1941) is a German politician of the CDU. He was Governing Mayor of West Berlin from 1984 through 1989 and later Governing Mayor of Berlin from 1991 through 2001. Henning Scherf Henning Scherf (born 31 October 1938) is a German lawyer and politician (SPD). He was the 6th President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 4 July 1995 to 8 November 2005. Hans-Ulrich Klose Hans-Ulrich Klose (born 14 June 1937) is a German politician from the Social Democratic Party. Klose was the First Mayor (German: "Erster Bürgermeister") of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg from 1974 up to 1981 and was President of the Bundesrat in 1979/80. Klaus von Dohnanyi Klaus von Dohnanyi (born 23 June 1928) is a German politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. He was Mayor of Hamburg between 1981 and 1988. Alfons Pawelczyk Alfons Pawelczyk (born 26 February 1933) is a German politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. He was a Hamburg state minister of the Interior and second mayor in Hamburg. Pawelczyk was lieutenant colonel of the German federal armed forces and member of the German federal parliament from 1969 to 1980. Hans-Jürgen Krupp Hans-Jürgen Krupp (born 15 April 1933) is a German politician and economist. He was the President of the University of Frankfurt. He was a representative of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and state minister in Hamburg. In 1988 Krupp became state minister of Finance, and in 1991 state minister for Economic Affairs and second mayor of Hamburg. Shankha Ghosh Shankha Ghosh (5 February 1932 – 21 April 2021) was a Bengali Indian poet and critic. In 2011, he was honored with the Padma Bhushan. He taught at Bangabasi College, City College (all affiliated to the University of Calcutta) and at Jadavpur University, all in Kolkata. He retired from Jadavpur University in 1992. He has won a number of prestigious awards including Jnanpith Award in 2016. His pen name is "kuntak". Ghosh died on 21 April 2021 in Kolkata from COVID-19, aged 89. White Christmas (movie) White Christmas is a 1954 American musical movie starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. It was directed by Michael Curtiz. It was filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor. It has songs by Irving Berlin, including the title song, "White Christmas". This was a new version of the song sung by Crosby in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn". The movie was produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision. This is a widescreen process developed by Paramount. It used twice the surface area of the then standard 35mm film. This large-area negative was used to yield finer-grained standard-sized 35mm prints. The word "film" is sometimes used instead of "movie". They are the same thing. Plot. The movie starts on Christmas Eve, 1944, somewhere in Europe. It is World War II. Crosby and Kaye play two U.S. Army soldiers. Crosby plays Captain Bob Wallace and Kaye plays Private First Class Phil Davis. Bob is a Broadway entertainer, Phil wants to be a professional entertainer. They perform "White Christmas". Their commanding officer, Major General Thomas F. Waverly is being relieved of his command. He arrives for the end of the show and says goodbye. After the performance everyone is forced to take cover from an aerial bombing. A bomb knocks over a Wwall. Bob is too busy shouting orders to notice. Phil pushes him out of the way and injurs his arm. Bob later visits Phil at a field hospital and thanks him for saving his life. Phil shows Bob a duet he wrote and asks to perform with him back in New York City. Feeling obligated by Phil's heroism, Bob agrees. After the war, Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs, radio, and then on Broadway, eventually becoming successful producers. They mount their newest hit musical titled "Playing Around". The same day they receive a letter from "Freckle-Faced Haynes, the dog-faced boy," their mess sergeant from the war, asking them to look at an act that his two sisters are doing. They go to the club to watch the "Sisters" act. Phil notices that Bob likes Betty, played by Rosemary Clooney. Phil likes her sister Judy, played by Vera-Ellen. Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table. Phil dances with Judy. Phil and Judy hit it off. Bob and Betty do not get on. They have a minor argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an "angle" in show business. Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree, Vermont, where they are booked to perform over the holidays. Due to a disagreement with their landlord the girls have to leave. Phil gives the sisters his and Bob's sleeping-room on the train. They delay the sheriff by imitating the girls' and sing their song, "Sisters". Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the club car on their way to NYC. They are joined by Betty and Judy, who thank them profusely for the tickets and convince them to come with them to Pine Tree. When the train arrives in Pine Tree, there isn't any snow. Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their former commanding officer, General Waverly. Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge. It is failing because there's no snow and no guests. To bring business to the inn, Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical "Playing Around". They add in Betty and Judy to the rehearsals. Bob and Betty's relationship blooms and they spend a good deal of time together. Bob discovers the General's request to rejoin the army has been rejected. Bob calls Ed Harrison an old army buddy. Ed is now a successful variety show host. They arrange a televised invitation to all the men formerly under the command of the General to come to the inn on Christmas Eve as a surprise. Harrison suggests they put the show on national television to generate free advertising for Wallace and Davis. Bob insists that it must have nothing to do with their business. Nosy housekeeper Emma Allen has been listening, but she has only heard the part about free advertising, not Bob's rejection of the idea. She thinks that her boss will be seen as a pitiable figure on TV and tells Betty. Betty is shocked. The misunderstanding causes Betty to ignore a baffled Bob. While this is happening, Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married. She pressures a reluctant Phil to announce a phony engagement, but the plan backfires when Betty abruptly departs for New York City to take a job offer. After rehearsals are complete, Phil and Judy reveal to Bob that the engagement was phony. Bob still doesn't know the real reason Betty left. He goes to New York for "The Ed Harrison Show". He tries to convince Betty to come back. Bob sees Betty's new act and tells her the truth about the engagement. He is called away by Ed Harrison before he finds out what is really bothering her. Back at the Inn, Phil fakes an injury to distract the General so he won't see the broadcast of Bob's announcement. In the broadcast, Bob invites veterans of the 151st Division to come to Pine Tree, Vermont, on Christmas Eve. Betty sees it on TV and realizes she was wrong. She returns to Pine Tree in time for the Christmas Eve show, but only tells Judy. The whole division comes into Pine Tree secretly. When the General enters the lodge, he is greeted by his former division, who sing a rousing chorus of "The Old Man". Just as the following song ends, the snow starts to fall. In the finale, Bob and Betty declare their love for one another. So do Phil and Judy. The background of the set is removed to show the snow falling. Bob, Betty, Phil and Judy perform "White Christmas". Everyone raises a glass, and toasts, "May your days be merry and bright; and may all your Christmases be white." Songs. All songs were written by Irving Berlin. The centerpiece of the film is the title song. This was first used in "Holiday Inn" where it won an Oscar for Best Original Song in 1942. "Count Your Blessings" earned an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song. The song "Snow" was originally written for "Call Me Madam" with the title "Free". The melody was kept but the lyrics were changed to be more appropriate for a Christmas movie. The song "What Can You Do with a General?" was originally written for an un-produced project called "Stars on My Shoulders". It was not possible to issue an "original soundtrack album" of the film, because Decca Records controlled the soundtrack rights, but Clooney was under exclusive contract with Columbia Records. Consequently, each company issued a separate "soundtrack recording": Decca issuing "Selections from Irving Berlin's White Christmas," while Columbia issued "Irving Berlin's White Christmas." On the former, the song "Sisters" and all of Clooney's vocal parts were recorded by Peggy Lee. On the latter, the song was sung by Rosemary Clooney and her own sister, Betty. Crosby and Kaye recorded another Berlin song ("Santa Claus") for the opening WWII Christmas Eve show scene, but it was not used in the final film. Their recording of the song survives and can be found on the Bear Family Records 7-CD set called "Come On-A My House". Casting. "White Christmas" was intended to reunite Crosby and Fred Astaire for their third Irving Berlin showcase musical. Crosby and Astaire had previously co-starred in "Holiday Inn" (1942) – where the song "White Christmas" first appeared – and "Blue Skies" (1946). Astaire declined the project after reading the script and asked to be released from his contract with Paramount. Crosby also left the project shortly thereafter, to spend more time with his sons after the death of his wife, Dixie Lee. Near the end of January 1953, Crosby returned to the project, and Donald O'Connor was signed to replace Astaire. Just before shooting was to begin, O'Connor had to drop out due to illness and was replaced by Danny Kaye, who asked for and received a salary of $200,000 and 10% of the gross. Financially, the film was a partnership between Crosby and Irving Berlin, who shared half the profits, and Paramount, which got the other half. A scene from the film featuring Crosby and Kaye was broadcast the year after the film's release, on Christmas Day 1955, in the final episode of the NBC TV show "Colgate Comedy Hour" (1950–1955). Production. Berlin suggested a movie based on his song in 1948. Paramount put up the $2 million budget and only took 30% of the proceeds. Principal photography took place between September and December 1953. The film was the first to be shot using Paramount's new VistaVision process, with color by Technicolor. It was one of the first to feature the Perspecta directional sound system at limited engagements. Release and reception. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" was not impressed: "...the use of VistaVision, which is another process of projecting on a wide, flat screen, has made it possible to endow "White Christmas" with a fine pictorial quality. The colors on the big screen are rich and luminous, the images are clear and sharp, and rapid movements are got without blurring—or very little—such as sometimes is seen on other large screens. Director Michael Curtiz has made his picture look good. It is too bad that it doesn't hit the eardrums and the funnybone with equal force." "Variety" liked it: ""White Christmas" should be a natural at the box office, introducing as it does Paramount's new VistaVision system with such a hot combination as Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye and an Irving Berlin score...Crosby and Kaye, along with VV, keep the entertainment going in this fancifully staged Robert Emmett Dolan production, clicking so well the teaming should call for a repeat...Certainly he "(Crosby)" has never had a more facile partner than Kaye against whom to bounce his misleading nonchalance." "White Christmas" was enormously popular with audiences, earning $12 million in theatrical rentals – equal to $ today – making it the top moneymaker of 1954 by a wide margin and the highest-grossing musical film of all-time. Overall, the film grossed $30 million at the domestic box office. There was a US theatrical re-release by Paramount in 1961. Home video. "White Christmas" was released in the US on VHS in 1986 and again in 1997. The first US DVD release was in 2000. It was re-released in 2009, with a Blu-ray in 2010. There was a US issue 4-disc "Diamond Anniversary Edition" in 2014. This collection contains a Blu-ray with extras, two DVDs with the film and extras, and a fourth disc of Christmas songs on CD. These songs are performed individually by Crosby, Clooney, and Kaye. Stage adaptation. A stage adaptation of the musical, titled "Irving Berlin's White Christmas" premiered in San Francisco in 2004 and has played in various venues in the US, such as Boston, Buffalo, Los Angeles, Detroit and Louisville. The musical played a limited engagement on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre, from November 14, 2008 until January 4, 2009. The musical also toured the United Kingdom in 2006 - 2008. It headed to the Sunderland Empire in Sunderland from November 2010 to January 2011 after a successful earlier run in Manchester and has continued in various cities with a London West End run at the end of 2014. Caution (Mariah Carey album) Caution is the fifteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on November 16, 2018, through Epic Records. Carey collaborated with Ty Dolla Sign, Slick Rick, Blood Orange and Gunna on the album's songs and worked with a variety of producers. It is her first studio album in four years, "Caution" was praised upon release and appeared on several year-end lists and to promote the album Carey went on the Caution World Tour Track listing. Notes Sample credits Personnel. Credits adapted from Tidal. Performance Instrumentation Production Technical K. Michelle Kimberly Michelle Pate (born March 4, 1984), who uses the stage name, K. Michelle, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. K. Michelle is well known for appearing in the first two seasons of "Love & Hip Hop". She became famous through her songs "V.S.O.P.", which managed to peak at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100. Her first album, "Rebellious Soul", was a commercial success, debuting at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. There were three other successful singles from the album: "Can't Raise a Man", "I Don't Like Me" and "A Mother's Prayer". K. Michelle later appeared in a musical film called "Rebellious Soul: The Musical". She was featured on rapper Lil Boosie's remix of his single "Show The World". At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, "Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?", titled "Love 'Em All". At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, "Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?", titled "Love 'Em All". "Maybe I Should Call" was released on November 3, 2014 as the second single from the album. She has also released two other albums, "More Issues Than Vogue" in 2016 and "Kimberly: The People I Used to Know" in 2017. In 2017, she became engaged to dentist Kastan Sims, who appeared in her reality television series "K. Michelle: My Life", after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "Save Me" and announced that she was working on a new album. Masked tree frog The masked tree frog, New Granada cross-banded tree frog, Tarraco treefrog, or Central American smilisca ("Smilisca phaeota") is a frog that lives in Honduras, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Costa Rica and Colombia. Scientists have seen it as high in the hills as 3300 meters above sea level. This frog is called the masked tree frog because it has dark skin around its eyes so it looks like it is wearing a black mask. The black mask covers their eyes, which helps them hide from predators. This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night. The frog sleeps on top of large leaves, in ferns, or inside rolled-up leaves. Scientists think this frog eats insects and other animals without spines. This frog can change color. It can be tan during the day and turn green at night. The male frog sits next to a small pool of rainwater and sings "wrauk" for the females. The females lay 2000 eggs at a time, which float on the surface of the water. The tadpoles grow into frogs quickly before the rainwater dries up. Amden Amden is a municipality in See-Gaster, in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Geography. Amden has an area of . It is on a terrace above the north shore of the Lake Walen. The Seerenbach Falls is in Amden. It is the highest waterfall in Switzerland. Benken, St. Gallen Benken is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Schmerikon Schmerikon (Swiss German: "Schmerike") is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Kaltbrunn Kaltbrunn is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Rieden, Switzerland Rieden was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Rieden and Ernetschwil joined together to become a municipality called Gommiswald. Jona Jona was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities Rapperswil and Jona joined together to become a new municipality called Rapperswil-Jona. Krisztián Zahorecz Krisztián Zahorecz (28 October 1975 – 21 December 2019) was a Hungarian football player. He was born in Szarvas, Hungary. He played for Kaposvári Rákóczi FC, Nagykanizsai SC, Debreceni VSC, Egri FC, Szolnoki MÁV FC, Kecskeméti TE, Kaposvári Rákóczi FC and Bajai LSE. His career lasted from 1998 through 2011. Zahorecz died on 21 December 2019 of an illness at the age of 44. Bentley Kassal Bentley Kassal (February 28, 1917 – December 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and politician. He worked for Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in New York City. He was a New York State Assemblyman from 1957 through 1962. Kassal was born in New York City. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Kassal died on December 16, 2019 in New York City at the age of 102. Jürgen Kühling Jürgen Kühling (April 27, 1934 – December 16, 2019) was a German judge and politician. He was a judge in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany between 1989 and 2001. He was born in Osnabrück, Germany. Kühling died on December 16, 2019 in Hamburg at the age of 85. Cameron Monaghan Cameron Riley Monaghan (born August 16, 1993) is an American actor and model. Monaghan is best known for his role as Ian Gallagher on the Showtime comedy-drama series "Shameless". He has also appeared as the Joker on the Fox crime series "Gotham". Viagra Boys Viagra Boys are a Swedish post-punk band from Stockholm. The band started in 2015. Some members came from other Swedish punk bands, Les Big Byrd, Pig Eyes and Nitad. In 2018, they released their first album called "Street Worms". Nils Hansson, a journalist at the newspaper Dagens Nyheter gave the band a good review. He liked their musical style and sense of humor. He rated the album a five out of five. Wealth inequality in the United States Wealth inequality in the United States, also known as the wealth gap, refers to the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth inequality in the U.S. is worse than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark. Makhnovia Makhnovia existed from 1918 to 1921. It was formed in an attempt to create a stateless anarchist society. This took place during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 to 1921. "Free soviets" and libertarian communes were set up and operated under the protection of Nestor Makhno's Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army. Makhnovia was established when Huliaipole was captured by Makhno's forces on 27 November 1918. Huliapole became the territory's de facto capital. The Ukrainian peasants refused to pay rent to the landowners and "...seized the estates and livestock of the pomeshchiks, kulaks, monasteries and State holdings: in so doing, they always set up local committees to manage these assets, with an eye to sharing them out among the various villages and communes." Russian forces of the White movement under Anton Denikin occupied part of the region and formed a temporary government of Southern Russia in March 1920. In late March 1920, Denikin's forces were pushed back by Makno's forces and the Red Army. Makhnovia was disestablished in 1921 when Makhno and 77 of his men escaped. Remnants of the Black Army would continue to fight until late 1922. Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It planned to reduce greenhouse gases. It also looked at ways countries could change to deal with problems caused by climate change, and have countries promise to spend money to make sure this would happen. The agreement was signed in Paris in 2016, by 197 countries. Mr. Niebla Mr. Niebla (February 22, 1973 – December 23, 2019) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado. He worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). His real name is not known as is traditional in lucha libre for masked wrestlers. "Niebla" is Spanish for "fog". Mr. Niebla worked for CMLL from the early 1990s until 2007, and again from 2008 until his death in 2019. Mr. Niebla died from complications of a blood infection on December 23, 2019 at the age of 46. Diane Watson Diane Edith Watson (born November 12, 1933) is an American politician and psychologist. She was a member of the United States House of Representatives for from 2003 until 2011. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Los Angeles Unified School Board (1975–78). She was a member of the California Senate from 1978 to 1998, and the U.S. Ambassador to Micronesia from 1999 to 2000. William P. Curlin Jr. William Prather Curlin Jr. (born November 30, 1933) was an American politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky from 1971 through 1973. He was in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. He was a member of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1968 to 1971 as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives. Ed Foreman Edgar Franklin "Ed" Foreman, Jr. (December 22, 1933 – February 2, 2022) an American politician and motivational speaker. For one term, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives as the only Republican from Texas's 16th congressional district from 1963 to 1965 and again from 1969 to 1971 in New Mexico's 2nd district. Foreman died on February 2, 2022 at the age of 88. Portales, New Mexico Portales is a city in and the county seat of Roosevelt County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 12,280 at the 2010 census. Roosevelt County, New Mexico Roosevelt County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,846. Its county seat is Portales. No Fun at All No Fun at All is a Swedish punk rock band. The band started in summer 1991 in Skinnskatteberg. The original members were: Mikael Danielsson (guitar), Jimmie Olsson (vocals, drums) and Henrik Sunvisson (bass guitar). The name came from the Sex Pistols' version of The Stooges' song "No Fun" and the name of the band Sick of It All. The group released their albums on the Swedish label Burning Heart Records outside the United States. In the U.S., No Fun at All's albums were released by Theologian Records and later by Epitaph Records. In 1993, Jimmie Olsson left the band to work on his other band Sober. No Fun at All then added three new members: Ingemar Jansson (vocals), Krister Johansson (guitar) and Kjell Ramstedt (drums). In 1999, Sunvisson left No Fun at All. Danielsson switched from guitar to bass guitar and Stefan Neuman, from Tribulation, joined to play guitar. On November 11, 2001, after ten years together, the band quit. But, since 2004, No Fun at All has play some reunion concerts. Jesse & Joy Jesse & Joy () is a Mexican pop duo formed in 2005 by brother and sister Jesse (born December 31, 1982, as Jesse Eduardo Huerta Uecke) and Joy (born June 20, 1986, as Tirzah Joy Huerta Uecke), in Mexico City. The duo have released four studio albums, one live album and one EP on Warner Music Latin. They have won a Best Latin Album Grammy Award and six Latin Grammy Awards in many categories. In 2019, Joy gave birth to her daughter Noah and came out as a lesbian. She is married to her wife Diana Atri. Variety (magazine) Variety is an American magazine that covers entertainment. It was started by Sime Silverman in New York in 1905. It began as a weekly newspaper reporting on theater and vaudeville. In 1933, Daily Variety, based in Los Angeles, was started. It covers the motion-picture industry. The website Variety.com has entertainment news, reviews, box office results, cover stories, and video and photo galleries. There is also a credits database, production charts and calendar. It has archive content dating back to 1905. Jehan Sadat Jehan Sadat (, "Jihān as-Sadāt"; 29 August 1933 – 9 July 2021) was an Egyptian politician, researcher and feminist. She was the First Lady of Egypt from 1970 until her husband's assassination in 1981. Sadat died on 9 July 2021, at the age of 87 from cancer in Egypt. Noor Ali Tabandeh Noor Ali Tabandeh (, 13 October 1927 – 24 December 2019) also known by the title Majzoub Ali Shah, was the spiritual leader or "Qutb" of the Ni'matullahi (Sultan Ali Shahi) Gonabadi Order in Iran, which is the largest Sufi order in Iran. He was born in Beydokht, Gonabad, Iran. He was known for his support of human and social rights of Iranians and was under house arrest because of his activism. Tabandeh died on 24 December 2019 at a Tehran hospital of an illness at the age of 92. David Rice Atchison David Rice Atchison (August 11, 1807January 26, 1886) was an American Democratic politician. He was a United States Senator from Missouri. He was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for six years. He is best known for the claim that for 24 hours—Sunday, March 4, 1849 through noon on Monday—he may have been Acting President of the United States. This, however, has been dismissed by nearly all historians, scholars, and biographers. Gower, Missouri Gower is a city in Buchanan and Clinton counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 1,526 at the 2010 census. Plattsburg, Missouri Plattsburg is a city and county seat of Clinton County, Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,319. Clinton County, Missouri Clinton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the county had a population of 20,743. Its county seat is Plattsburg. The county was organized January 2, 1833 and named for Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York. Buchanan County, Missouri Buchanan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 89,201. Its county seat is St. Joseph. It is named for James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States. Platte County, Missouri Platte County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 89,322. Its county seat is Platte City. Platte City, Missouri Platte City is a city in Platte County, Missouri within the United States. The population was 4,691 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Platte County. The city is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Cass County, Missouri Cass County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 99,478. Its county seat is Harrisonville. Harrisonville, Missouri Harrisonville is a city in Cass County, Missouri, United States. The population was 10,019 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Cass County. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Shirley Douglas Shirley Jean Douglas (April 2, 1934 – April 5, 2020) was a Canadian actress and activist. She was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. Her career began in 1950 and she retired in 2013. She played Mrs. Starch in the 1962 movie "Lolita". Her father was Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas. Douglas was married to Donald Sutherland from 1966 through 1970. They had three children, including Kiefer Sutherland. Douglas died in Toronto of pneumonia-related problems three days after her 86th birthday on April 5, 2020. George Hearn George Clark Hearn Jr. (born June 18, 1934) is an American actor and singer. In 1980, he became the lead in Stephen Sondheim's "Sweeney Todd" opposite Dorothy Loudon. He played Sir Dinidan in a national tour of "Camelot". In 1985, Hearn starred as Long John Silver in an Edmonton production of "Pieces of Eight". In 2004, Hearn returned to Broadway for the first time in four years, starring as the Wizard in the Broadway musical "Wicked", remaining until May 29, 2005. In 1984, he won a Drama Desk Award. In 1985, Hearn won an Emmy Award. He has won two Tony Awards (1984, 1995). Essex, New York Essex is a town in Essex County, New York, United States overlooking Lake Champlain. The population was 671 at the 2010 census. The town is named after locations in England. Kenneth Braithwaite Kenneth John Braithwaite II (born 1960) is an American politician, businessman and military personnel. He was the 77th United States Secretary of the Navy from May 2020 to January 2021. He was the United States Ambassador to Norway from February 8, 2018 to May 29, 2020. President Donald Trump said on November 24, 2019, that he would nominate Braithwaite to serve as the United States Secretary of the Navy. His nomination was confirmed on May 29, 2020. He is a retired rear admiral of the United States Navy Reserve. He is seen as a possible candidate for the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in the 2022 election. Livonia, Michigan Livonia is a city in the northwest part of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 96,942 at the 2010 census, making it Michigan's ninth largest city. Wanda Ventham Wanda Ventham (born 5 August 1935) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Colonel Virginia Lake in the 1970s science-fiction television series "UFO", and for her recurring role as Cassandra Trotter's mother Pamela Parry in the sitcom "Only Fools and Horses" between 1989 and 1992. Timothy Carlton Timothy Carlton Congdon Cumberbatch (born 4 October 1939), known professionally as Timothy Carlton, is an English actor. He is best known for his sitcom roles in "Executive Stress", "Keeping Up Appearances" and "Next of Kin". His best known movie roles are "Baby Love" (1968), "The Breaking of Bumbo" (1970), "That Lucky Touch" (1975), "High Road to China" (1983) and "Parting Shots" (1999). Derren Nesbitt Derren Nesbitt (born Derren Michael Horwitz; 19 June 1935) is an English actor and writer. Nesbitt's movie career began in the late 1950s. He is well-remembered for his role as Major von Hapen in the 1968 movie "Where Eagles Dare". In January 1973, Nesbitt was charged with assault after hitting his first wife, Anne Aubrey, multiple times after discovering she was having an affair. Anne Aubrey Anne Aubrey (born 1 January 1937) is an English actress. She was born in London. She was known for her roles in "Idle on Parade", "Killers of Kilimanjaro", "The Bandit of Zhobe" (1959), "Jazz Boat", "Let's Get Married", and "In the Nick" (1960). Aubrey was married to actor Derren Nesbitt. They divorced in 1973 shortly after he was convicted of assaulting her after she was having an affair. Sylvia Syms Sylvia May Laura Syms, (born 6 January 1934) is an English actress. Syms is best known for her roles in "Woman in a Dressing Gown" (1957), "Ice Cold in Alex" (1958), "No Trees in the Street" (1959), "Victim" (1961), and "The Tamarind Seed" (1974). In 2006 she played The Queen Mother in the Stephen Frears movie "The Queen", about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the few days after that, leading up to the funeral. Dodi Fayed Emad El-Din Mohamed Abdel Mena'em Fayed (; , 15 April 1955 – 31 August 1997), better known as Dodi Fayed ( ), was an Egyptian movie producer. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the son of billionaire Mohamed El Fayed. Fayed was the first cousin of the late "Washington Post" Saudi journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, who was killed in Turkey in 2018. Fayed was the producer of "Chariots of Fire", "Breaking Glass", "F/X", "F/X2", "Hook", and "The Scarlet Letter". On August 31, 1997, Fayed was killed in a car crash in Paris with Diana, Princess of Wales, with whom he was in a romantic relationship. Derek Fowlds Derek Fowlds (2 September 1937 – 17 January 2020) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Bernard Woolley in popular British television comedies "Yes Minister" and "Yes Prime Minister", and Oscar Blaketon in the long-running ITV police drama "Heartbeat". Fowlds died at the hospital in Bath, Somerset on 17 January 2020 at age 82, from heart failure and sepsis caused by pneumonia. William Gaunt William Charles Anthony Gaunt (born 3 April 1937) is an English actor. Between 1983 and 1987 he starred as harassed father Arthur Crabtree in the sitcom "No Place Like Home". From 1995 to 1997 Gaunt starred in the sitcom "Next of Kin". Barry Cryer Barry Charles Cryer, OBE (23 March 1935 – 25 January 2022) was an English writer, comedian and actor. Cryer has written for many performers, including Dave Allen, Stanley Baxter, Jack Benny, Rory Bremner, George Burns, Jasper Carrott, Tommy Cooper, Les Dawson, Dick Emery, Kenny Everett, Bruce Forsyth, David Frost, Bob Hope, Frankie Howerd, Richard Pryor, Spike Milligan, Mike Yarwood, The Two Ronnies and Morecambe and Wise. Cryer also wrote episodes for the television comedy series "Doctor in the House". Cryer died at a London hospital in Harrow on 25 January 2022, at the age of 86. Bibliography. (repackaged as "The Chronicles of Hernia" (2009), ) Wendy Craig Anne Gwendolyn Craig (born 20 June 1934), known professionally as Wendy Craig, is an English actress. She is best known for her roles in the sitcoms "Not in Front of the Children", "...And Mother Makes Three"/"...And Mother Makes Five" and "Butterflies". She played the role of Matron in the TV series "The Royal" (2003–2011). Jess Conrad Jess Conrad (born Gerald Arthur James; 24 February 1936) is an English actor and singer. He was born in Brixton, London. Between the late 1950s and mid-1960s, Conrad appeared in many movies such as "Serious Charge" (uncredited), "The Boys", "Rag Doll", "K.I.L. 1" and "Konga". Lionel Blair Lionel Blair (born Henry Lionel Ogus; 12 December 1928 – 4 November 2021) was a Canadian-born British actor, choreographer, tap dancer and television presenter. He appeared in "The Limping Man" (1953), "The World of Suzie Wong" (1960), "The Cool Mikado" (1963), "The Beauty Jungle" (1964), "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "Maroc 7" (1967) and "Absolute Beginners" (1986). Blair died on the morning of 4 November 2021 in Banstead, England, at the age of 92. Tishomingo County, Mississippi Tishomingo County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,593 people lived there. Its county seat is Iuka. Scott County, Mississippi Scott County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 28,264 people lived there. Its county seat is Forest. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (0.2%) is water. It is an about 45 minute driving distance from Jackson. History. Scott County was created on December 23, 1833. It is named for Abram M. Scott, the Governor of Mississippi from 1832 to 1833. Demographics. As of the 2010 census says that there were 28,264 people, 10,248 households, and 7,264 families living in the county. Stone County, Mississippi Stone County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,786 people lived there. Its county seat is Wiggins. Tallahatchie County, Mississippi Tallahatchie County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 15,378 people lived there. Its county seats are Charleston and Sumner. Walthall County, Mississippi Walthall County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 15,443 people lived there. Its county seat is Tylertown. Tylertown, Mississippi Tylertown is a town in Mississippi, United States. It is the county seat of Walthall County. As of the 2010 census, 1,609 people lived in Tylertown. Tate County, Mississippi Tate County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 28,886 people lived there. Its county seat is Senatobia. Sofia the First Sofia the First is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by Disney Television Animation for Disney Channel and Disney Junior. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. Dodson, Louisiana Dodson is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Calvin, Louisiana Calvin is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Atlanta, Louisiana Atlanta is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Sikes, Louisiana Sikes is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Warren County, Mississippi Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 48,773 people lived there. Its county seat is Vicksburg. Rankin County, Mississippi Rankin County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 141,617 people lived there that makes it the fourth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Brandon. Rankin County is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. History. Rankin County was founded on February 4, 1828. It is named in honor of Christopher Rankin, a Mississippi Congressman from 1819 to 1826. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (3.8%) is water. Demographics. As of the 2010 census says that there were 141, 617 people, 42,089 households, and 31,145 families living in the county. Transportation. Airport. Jackson Evers International Airport is located in unincorporated Rankin County. Da Chen Da Chen (1962 – December 17, 2019) was a Chinese novelist. His works included "Brothers," "China's Son," "Sounds of the River," "Sword," and "Colors of the Mountain." "Brothers" was awarded best book of 2006 by "The Washington Post", "San Francisco Chronicle", "Miami Herald" and "Publishers Weekly". Chen was born in Huangshi, Putian, Fujian, China. Chen died December 17, 2019 at his home in Temecula, California from lung cancer at the age of 57. Poplarville, Mississippi Poplarville is a city in Pearl River County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2010 census, 2,894 people lived there. It is the county seat of Pearl River County. It hosts an annual Blueberry Jubilee, which includes rides, craft vendors and rodeos. Allee Willis Allee Willis (born Alta Sherral Willis, November 10, 1947 – December 24, 2019) was an American songwriter and director. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for "I'll Be There For You", which was used as the theme song for the sitcom "Friends", and won two Grammy Awards for "Beverly Hills Cop" and "The Color Purple". Willis also co-wrote hit songs such as "September" and "Boogie Wonderland" by Earth, Wind & Fire. She was added into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2018. Willis died in Los Angeles, California on December 24, 2019, at the age of 72 of cardiac arrest. I'll Be There For You (The Rembrandts song) "I'll Be There for You" is a song recorded by American duo The Rembrandts. It is best known as the theme song to the American sitcom "Friends", which premiered in September 1994 and ended in May 2004. The song was also released as the first single from the group's third studio album "LP", reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand and Norway, as well as in Ireland and the United Kingdom in both 1995 and 1997. The Rembrandts The Rembrandts are an American pop rock duo, formed by Danny Wilde and Phil Solem in 1989. They had worked together as members of Great Buildings in 1981. The Rembrandts are best known for their song "I'll Be There for You", which was used as the main theme song for the NBC sitcom "Friends". Jacques Bravo Jacques Bravo (29 December 1943 – 18 December 2019) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. From 2001 through 2014, he was the Mayor of the 9th arrondissement of Paris. From 1995 through 2014, he was the Councillor of Paris. Bravo was born in Valognes, France. He died on 18 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 75. Gordon J. Humphrey Gordon John Humphrey (born October 9, 1940) is an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. Senate for New Hampshire as a Republican from 1979 to 1990. He twice ran for Governor of New Hampshire, though both bids were unsuccessful. Humphrey was born in Bristol, Connecticut. Humphrey has become a critic of President Donald Trump and as a result of his presidency, he became an Independent. Cass County, Indiana Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 38,966 people lived there. The county seat is Logansport. Tippah County, Mississippi Tippah County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 22,232 people lived there. Its county seat is Ripley. Lucedale, Mississippi Lucedale is a city in and the county seat of George County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2010 census, 2,923 people lived in Lucedale. Douglass, Kansas Douglass is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,700 people lived there. History. 19th century. The first settlement was founded at Douglass in 1869. Douglass is named after its founder, Joseph W. Douglass, a storeowner who was deadly shot at the town site in 1873 while apprehending a suspected chicken thief. Douglass was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1879. In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a train line from Florence to El Dorado, in 1881 it was extended to Douglass, and later to Arkansas City. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942. The train line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City. 21st century. In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed about 1.8 miles west of Douglass, north to south through Butler County. Geography. Douglass is at (37.516802, -97.011705). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Douglass has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Douglass has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,700 people, 625 households, and 452 families living in Douglass. Education. Douglass is part of Douglass USD 396 public school district. Yummy (Justin Bieber song) "Yummy" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on January 3, 2020, along with a lyric video through Def Jam Recordings as the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. The song is Bieber's first solo single to be released in three years. Upon its release, the song has received mostly mixed reception from critics: many praised its R&B production but most dismissed its lyrics. Its official music video was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. Background and promotion. On December 23, 2019, Bieber teased the release by posting a picture of himself in front of a piano accompanied by two posts with the caption "tomorrow". On the following day, he announced the single through a trailer he uploaded to YouTube that shows him walking through an abandoned gas station. The trailer also serves as an announcement for his upcoming North American tour starting May 14, 2020, as well as a documentary covering "all different stories". About the upcoming music, Bieber stated that he feels like "this is different than the previous albums just because of where I'm at in my life". Composition. "Yummy" is a "straightforward R&B number" that moves along on pop-trap beats. The song contains a "crisp bass line and plinking keyboards". Bieber sings the pre-chorus, while he hits his "signature falsetto" in the bridge. Bryan Rolli of "Forbes" magazine called the chorus "seductive", albeit "meaningless". The song is considered an ode to Bieber's wife Hailey Bieber. Critical reception. "Yummy" received polarizing reviews from music critics, who complimented the "catchy" R&B production. They also criticized the "asinine" lyrical content. Rania Aniftos of "Billboard" said "Yummy" brings back "the flirtatious Bieber we've missed and been waiting for", describing the chorus as "catchy". Bryan Rolli, a writer for "Forbes", said that Bieber "sings his heart out" on the song and noted although "the lyrics may not invite scholarly analysis ... Bieber sure does sound good singing them". Rolli concluded calling the song a "win, an inevitable chart smash" and opined that it is "sure to sound even better when 50,000 fans scream it every night on his upcoming tour". Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" described the song as "a lithe little R&B number that faintly recalls Ginuwine's mid-'90s classic "Pony" and basically three-and-a-half minutes of PG-13 sex talk seemingly directed at Hailey Baldwin". He stated that "though it's very cute, 'Yummy' feels awfully lightweight for a single that has as much hanging on it as this one does" and added that the song "loses much of its flavor after only a few spins". "NME"s Sam Moore complimented the song's R&B production, who dismissed the lyrics. He termed as "failed expectations". He opined that the song's producers opted for "minimalism with their choice of instrumentation, melding airy keys with pop-trap beats with an evident view of creating something as universal as the likes of 'Hotline Bling' and Childish Gambino's 'Feels Like Summer'". Moore further wrote that Bieber's layered vocals and harmonies are "able to glide along rather effortlessly—it's just a shame he doesn't have more to say with them" and that Bieber's embrace of R&B "isn't a complete turn-off". "Pitchfork"s Eric Torres criticized the song for being "shamelessly engineered for the truncated attention span of TikTok" and "a bloodless shell of an R&B song crippled by asinine lyrics and a tired, syncopated backdrop". He further wrote that the song "plateaus as soon as it starts, never inching past the toddler-like repetition of 'yummy-yum' in its chorus". Brad Callas from "Complex" listed "Yummy" among the best new music of the week and said Bieber's "pivot back to R&B is refreshing for those who were fans of his slept-on 2013 project, "Journals"". Callas further remarked that the "silky vocals" is at times reminiscent of Bieber's 2016 collaboration with Post Malone, "Deja Vu". Music video. The music video for "Yummy" was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. In the video, it portrays Bieber with pink hair at a dinner party in a fancy restaurant, eating various colorful food items with the guests. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from Tidal. Washington County, Mississippi Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 51,137 people lived there. Its county seat is Greenville. DIA DIA may refer to: Wittelsheim Wittelsheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Blossom, Texas Blossom is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Del Amitri Del Amitri is a Scottish alternative rock band formed in Glasgow in 1980. Between 1985 and 2002, the band released six studio albums. Their 1995 single "Roll to Me" reached number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Five have reached the Top 10 in the UK. Del Amitri have sold six million albums around the world. History. Band name. Del Amitri's member and songwriter, Justin Currie, said in 2010 that the band's name "was invented to be meaningless – basically a corruption of the Greek name 'Dimitri'." In 2018, he said that 'Del Amitri' was based on the name of the producer of a movie he saw in 1979 – "...probably Dimitri-something, but we couldn't remember..." Many sources have said that the name was chosen because it is Greek for "from the womb", but this is untrue. Members. The current members of the band are: Currie and Harvie are the main songwriters for the band. Former members of the band are: Division of Spence The Division of Spence is an electoral district for the Australian House of Representatives in the outer northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. History. It is named after Catherine Helen Spence, who worked to get women the right to vote. She was the first female political candidate in Australia. It was set up in 2018 after a redistribution to reduce the number of seats in South Australia. It cover most of the former Division of Wakefield. Spence covers the Adelaide Plains between the Little Para River in the south and the Gawler River on the north, and areas around Gawler and Salisbury. It includes the City of Playford and Town of Gawler, Concordia, Kalbeeba, Gawler Belt, Buchfelde, and parts of the City of Salisbury. Frame rate Frame rate is a way of describing video. It refers to the number of images, called frames, that are being shown every second. It is measured in frames per second, or FPS. Early silent movies were shown at a frame rate between 16 and 24 frames per second. This went up to 20 and 26 FPS later. When movies with sound came out 24 FPS became the standard because it was in the middle of the frame rates theaters used. Video games are usually played at a frame rate of 60 frames per second. This is because it is a very common refresh rate (display speed) for computer monitors. They also can run at 30 FPS, or even more, such as 144 FPS or 240 FPS, depending on what the monitor can handle. If the frame rate is higher than the refresh rate, not all of the frames can be shown. If two or more frames are displayed at the same time, it can cause problems like screen tearing. Screen tearing Screen tearing is a type of video error. It can happen when multiple video frames are displayed at a single time on a computer monitor. The frames will each be shown on different parts of the screen, and can leave horizontal lines if the pictures are different at the point. Screen tearing can be stopped by synchronizing the frames that are put on the screen. Vertical synchronization, or VSync, is one popular way. Another way is FreeSync or G-Sync, but these options only work with certain GPUs and monitors. Emsley A. Laney High School Emsley A. Laney High School is a high school in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States. It is known as the high school that was attended to by NBA star Michael Jordan. Sidney, Nebraska Sidney is a city in the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is the county seat of Cheyenne County. The population was 6,757 at the 2010 census. History. The city was founded in 1867 by the Union Pacific railroad company. It grew up around the military base called Fort Sidney (also known as Sidney Barracks). The soldiers there were stationed to guard transcontinental railroad from potential Indian attacks. When the railroad reached Sidney, it was the end of a sub-division of the rail line and played host to a roundhouse, repair facilities, and a railroad hotel for passengers. The city was named after Sidney Dillon. He was president of the Union Pacific Railroad at that time. The town became the southern terminus of the Sidney Black Hills Stage Road in the late 1870s and 1880s. Sidney has one of the Old West's Boot Hill cemeteries; many of those interred there were soldiers from the fort. In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, the largest employer in the city was Cabela's, a company that makes items for outdoor recreation. In 2016, it was sold to Bass Pro Shops. Then it moved out of Sidney. Many jobs were lost. Geography. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Sidney is near the western edge of the midwestern wheat-growing region. West of the city, the land is increasingly used for cattle ranching. Sidney is located along Lodgepole Creek, which is along present-day Interstate 80. Commerce. Near the city is the junction of two major highways: US 385 and I-80. This junction is about halfway between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and North Platte, Nebraska. This location has encouraged the growth of Sidney as a major transportation service area on the Interstate highway. Because the I-80/US 385 interchange is many miles southeast of the town center, a new commercial area has developed. This are includes truck stops, convenience stores, shopping centers, motels, restaurants, and other commercial enterprises. Companies in Sidney include: Adams Industries, 21st Century Water Technologies, KISST Organics-Health & Wellness Store/Firearms Division, Nexgen Outfitters, Highby Outdoors, Lukjan Great Plains, Agri-Plastics, 308 Ag LLC and Sidney Foundry. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the 2010 census, there were 6,757 people, 2,893 households, and 1,764 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,184 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 0.2% African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population. There were 2,893 households of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. Education. The Sidney public schools educate 1,200 children from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Western Nebraska Community College has a campus in Sidney. Services. Library. Sidney has a public library. It is at 1112 12th Avenue. The library has almost 50,000 volumes. its services include a bookmobile serving all of Cheyenne County, a genealogy room, and reading programs. Medical care. The Sidney Regional Medical Center provides various medical care at a number of sites in Chappell and Sidney. Activities. The Cheyenne County Community Center, 627 Toledo St, provides sports facilities, daycare, and other activites. Tunica County, Mississippi Tunica County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 10,778 people lived there. Its county seat is Tunica. Wilkinson County, Mississippi Wilkinson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,878 people lived there. Its county seat is Woodville. Winston County, Mississippi Winston County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,198 people lived there. Its county seat is Louisville. Martin J. Schreiber Martin James "Marty" Schreiber (born April 8, 1939) is an American politician, publisher, author, and lobbyist. He was the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin and the 39th Governor of Wisconsin from 1977 to 1979. Yazoo County, Mississippi Yazoo County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 28,065 people lived there. Its county seat is Yazoo City. Bob Wade (artist) Bob "Daddy-O" Wade (January 6, 1943 – December 23, 2019) was an artist. He was born in Austin, Texas. He helped shape the 1970s Texas Cosmic Cowboy counterculture. His work was exhibited at the South Austin Museum of Popular Culture in the fall of 2009. He was best known for his creating large sculptures of Texas symbols and for experimenting with hand-tinting black-and-white vintage photographs transferred to large photo canvases. His giant iguana, knowns as "Iggy", sat on top of the Lone Star Cafe in New York City from 1978 to 1989. Wade died on December 23, 2019 in Austin of cardiac arrest at the age of 76. Táňa Fischerová Taťana Fischerová (better known as Táňa Fischerová) (6 June 1947 – 25 December 2019) was a Czech actress, writer, television host, politician and civic activist. From 2002 to 2006, she was a member of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. She was a candidate for president in the 2013 Czech presidential election. She was born in Prague. Fischerová died on 25 December 2019 in Prague of cancer at the age of 72. Karel Schwarzenberg Prince Karel Schwarzenberg (, born 10 December 1937) is a Czech politician. He was the leader of the TOP 09 party. He was the party's candidate for President of the Czech Republic in the 2013 election. He is a Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP). Vladimir Bushin Vladimir Sergeyevich Bushin (; January 24, 1924 – December 25, 2019) was a Soviet-Russian writer, essayist, literary critic, columnist and social activist. He was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and Communist. He was born in Moscow. He was a critic of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin. His works were about Joseph Stalin and how he was a positive figure of the Soviet Union. Bushin died in Moscow on December 25, 2019 of cardiopulmonary arrest, aged 95. David Lee Roth David Lee Roth (born October 10, 1954) is an American rock singer-songwriter, musician, author, and radio personality. He was the lead singer of hard rock band Van Halen across two stints from 1974 to 1985 and again since 2006. Ari Behn Ari Mikael Behn (né Bjørshol, 30 September 1972 – 25 December 2019) was a Danish-born Norwegian writer. He wrote three novels, two collections of short stories and a book about his wedding. His 1999 short stories collection "Trist som faen" ("Sad as hell") sold about 100,000 copies. His books have been translated into Swedish, Danish, German, Hungarian, and Icelandic as well as French. In the spring of 2011, Behn made his debut as a playwright with "Treningstimen". He was married to Princess Märtha Louise from 2002 to 2017. They had three children. In December 2017, Behn alleged that he was sexually assaulted by Kevin Spacey. He accused Spacey of groping his genitals in 2007, at a nightclub during the afterparty for the Nobel Peace Prize concert. Behn died killing himself at his home in Lommedalen on 25 December 2019, aged 47. He had struggled with alcoholism and mental health issues. In a 2009 interview he said he was chronically depressed and lonely. Princess Märtha Louise of Norway Princess Märtha Louise of Norway (born 22 September 1971) is a Norwegian princess. She is the only daughter and elder child of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. She is fourth in the line of succession to the Norwegian throne, after her brother Haakon, and his children. Queen Sonja of Norway Queen Sonja of Norway (born Sonja Haraldsen on 4 July 1937) is the Queen consort of Norway as the wife of King Harald V. She became Queen consort on 17 January 1991, when her husband became king. Lommedalen Lommedalen is a rural community in a small valley in Bærum municipality in the county of Akershus, Norway. The population is about 11,000 people. George Eastham George Edward Eastham, OBE (born 23 September 1936) is an English former footballer. He is known for playing for Newcastle United, Arsenal and Stoke City, as well as a non-playing member of England's 1966 World Cup-winning squad. Roger Hunt Roger Hunt, (20 July 1938 – 27 September 2021) was an English footballer. He played as a forward. He spent eleven years at Liverpool. Hunt was a member of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup. He played in all six England games in the tournament, scoring three times. Hunt was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Hunt died on 27 September 2021 at the age of 83. Terry Paine Terence Lionel Paine MBE (born 23 March 1939) is an English retired footballer. Paine is best known for his career with Southampton. He later played for Hereford United, and briefly worked at Cheltenham Town as a player-manager. He played primarily as a winger. Norman Hunter Norman Hunter (29 October 1943 – 17 April 2020) was an English former footballer. He played for Leeds United, Bristol City, Barnsley and England. Hunter was hospitalised for COVID-19 in Leeds on 10 April 2020. He died on 17 April from the infection, aged 76. Ron Flowers Ronald Flowers (28 July 1934 – 12 November 2021) was an English former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder, and is most known for his time at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was a member of England's victorious 1966 World Cup squad. On 12 November 2021, it was announced that Flowers had died aged 87. George Cohen George Reginald Cohen (born 22 October 1939) is an English former professional association football right-back. He won the 1966 World Cup with England. He has been added into the English Football Hall of Fame. Maurice Norman Maurice Norman (8 May 1934 – 27 November 2022) is an English former footballer. He played nearly 400 times in the Football League as a centre half for Norwich City and Tottenham Hotspur. At international level, Norman won 23 caps for the England national team. Maurice died on 27 November 2022, at the age of 88. Alan Peacock Alan Peacock (born 29 October 1937) is an English former footballer. He spent the majority of his career at Middlesbrough, also playing for Leeds United and Plymouth Argyle. He joined Middlesbrough in 1954. Peacock's high scoring rate earned him a place in the 1962 World Cup England squad. Bryan Douglas Bryan Douglas (born 27 May 1934) is an English former footballer. He also earned 36 caps and scored 11 goals for England. He appeared in two World Cups, in 1958 and 1962, appearing in all of England's matches in the two tournaments. In February 2019 he was one of the first seven players to be added into the club's Hall of Fame. Peter Swan Peter Swan (8 October 1936 – 20 January 2021) wan English former professional footballer. His career lasted from 1952 until 1974. Swan made 299 appearances for Sheffield Wednesday. Swan died on 20 January 2021, aged 84. Maurice Setters Maurice Edgar Setters (16 December 1936 – 22 November 2020) was an English football player and manager. As player, he made more than 400 appearances in the Football League representing Exeter City, West Bromwich Albion, Manchester United, Stoke City, Coventry City and Charlton Athletic. Setters died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on 22 November 2020, aged 83. Colin McDonald Colin Agnew McDonald (born 15 October 1930) is an English former football goalkeeper. He played for Burnley from 1953 to 1959. He also played eight matches for the England national football team, including all four matches in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Tommy Banks Thomas Banks (born 10 November 1929) is a retired English footballer. He played for Bolton Wanderers from 1947 to 1961, and six matches for the England national football team in 1958, including all four matches in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Freehold Borough, New Jersey Freehold is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Monmouth County. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 12,052. Clark County, Indiana Clark County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, 110,232 people lived there. The county seat is Jeffersonville. Clinton County, Indiana Clinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 33,224 people lived there. The county seat is Frankfort. Crawford County, Indiana Crawford County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 10,713 people lived there. The county seat is English. Daviess County, Indiana Daviess County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 31,648 people lived there. The county seat is Washington. Gray County Gray County is the name of two counties in the United States: Anneli Jäätteenmäki Anneli Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki (born 11 February 1955) is a Finnish politician. She was the first female Prime Minister of Finland from 17 April 2003 to 24 June 2003. From 2004 to 2019, she was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Finland. She was the chairwoman of the Centre Party of Finland from 18 June 2000 to 5 October 2003. In 2003, Jäätteenmäki was the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. Daviess County Daviess County is the name of three counties in the United States (all named for Joseph Hamilton Daveiss): Franklin County, Indiana Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. It has 13 townships. As of 2010, 23,087 people lived there. The county seat is Brookville. History. Franklin County was created in 1811. It was named for Benjamin Franklin. Bowie, Texas Bowie is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Nocona, Texas Nocona is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Saint Jo, Texas Saint Jo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Alamo Heights, Texas Alamo Heights is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is surrounded by the city of San Antonio. Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas Fair Oaks Ranch is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Schertz, Texas Schertz is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Elmendorf, Texas Elmendorf is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Leon Valley, Texas Leon Valley is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Fallout 76 Fallout 76 is a video game in the "Fallout" series released in 2018. It was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. Although it came out after "Fallout 4", "Fallout 76" is not a sequel. It takes place earlier than all of the other "Fallout" games, more like a prequel. "Fallout 76" was made using the Creation Engine, just like "Fallout 4". It is also the first "Fallout" game made by Bethesda Game Studios that includes multiplayer. It needs an Internet connection to play, because it is all online. Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms was a council of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. The council was held because of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It lasted for five months in early 1521. The Emperor, Charles V led the council. Other councils (called Imperial Diets) were held in Worms in the years 829, 926, 1076, 1122, 1495, and 1545, but the most important Diet of Worms was in 1521. Background. In June 1520, Pope Leo X wrote the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), in which he talked about 41 problems he saw in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and his other works. Because of this, the Holy Roman Emperor told Martin Luther to come to the diet. He promised that he would give Luther safe passage to and from it. The Diet started on 23 January 1521. Martin Luther was told that he had to either take back what he had said or defend it. Events of the Diet. Most of the important things in the Diet happened between 16-18 April. On 16 April, Martin Luther got to the city of Worms. He was told to come to the Diet at 4 p.m. on the 17th, and given a lawyer. After a day of arguing about his works, he was told that he was acting like a heretic. On the 18th of April, he went home. But Frederick III, Elector of Saxony thought that someone might kill him, so he faked a highway ambush and used this as a reason to hide Luther in one of his castles. The Edict of Worms. By 23 May 1521, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon), King of Germany, King of Italy, Lord of the Netherlands, and Titular Duke of Burgundy had had enough of all of this Martin Luther business, so he wrote: After that, he ended the Diet of Worms. However, because Luther was hidden in Wartburg Castle, nothing ever happened to him. Dual in-line package A dual in-line package is one way of making microchips and other integrated circuits. The circuit is put inside of a container made out of materials such as plastic or ceramic. All the wires of the circuit are connected to metal pins, and they stick out of the package on two sides. This way the circuit is able to be used from inside the package. Things can also be put in a dual in-line package that are not integrated circuits. A DIP switch is one example of this, where there are switches on top of the package instead of a circuit inside. Adrian Zandberg Adrian Tadeusz Zandberg (born 4 December 1979) is a Polish politician, historian, programmer. He is the co-founder of the left-wing political party "Razem". Political career. On 14 November 2001, he published an article in the "Gazeta Wyborcza" daily newspaper written together with civil rights activist Jacek Kuroń on the topic of social justice in Poland. He was elected chairman of the youth wing ("Forum Młodych") of the Labour United party ("Unia Pracy"), was a member of the executive of this party and founded the Federation of Young Socialists ("Młodzi Socjaliści"). He has been a Member of the Sejm since 2019. Todd Howard Todd Howard (born ) is an American video game designer. He has been a designer, producer, and game director for games. The most well known of these are the "Fallout" and "The Elder Scrolls" series with Bethesda Game Studios. Clarksdale, Mississippi Clarksdale is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the county seat of Coahoma County. 2039 2039 (MMXXXIX) will be . Sergei Karimov Sergei Karimov (German:"Sergej Karimow", Russian: "Сергей Каримов") (21 December 1986 – 24 December 2019) was a Kazakh footballer. He last played for Lupo Martini Wolfsburg. In 2010, he played for the Kazakhstan national football team. Dario Antoniozzi Dario Antoniozzi (11 December 1923 – 25 December 2019) was an Italian Christian Democrat politician. He was in the Chamber of Deputies of Italy (1953–1983). He worked in the Government of Italy in the cabinet of Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti (1976–1979). He was a recipient of the Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art. He was in the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989. Peter Schreier Peter Schreier (29 July 1935 – 25 December 2019) was a German tenor and conductor. He was born in Meissen, Germany. Schreier made his professional debut in August 1959, playing the role of the First Prisoner in "Fidelio" by Beethoven. In 1963, he was employed by the Berlin State Opera at "Unter den Linden". In 1969, he starred as The Witch in Engelbert Humperdinck's "Hansel and Gretel". Schreier died on 25 December 2019 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 84. Sleepy LaBeef Thomas Paulsley "Sleepy" LaBeef ("né" LaBeff; July 20, 1935 – December 26, 2019) was an American rockabilly singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor. He was born in Smackover, Arkansas. His first hit was 1968's "Every Day", which peaked at No. 73 on the U.S. Billboard Country charts. After moving to Plantation Records in 1969, he scored a second hit in 1971 with "Blackland Farmer", which charted at No. 67. LaBeef also starred in the horror movie "The Exotic Ones". He was more popular in Europe. LaBeef died on December 26, 2019 in Siloam Springs, Arkansas at the age of 84. Galina Volchek Galina Borisovna Volchek (; December 19, 1933 – December 26, 2019) was a Soviet and Russian theater and movie director, actress, politician and teacher. She was born in Moscow. Volchek was known for her roles in "Don Quixote" (1957), "Children of Don Quixote" (1966), "Beware of the Car" (1966), "King Lear" (1971), "The Little Mermaid" (1976), "About the Little Red Riding Hood" (1977), "Autumn Marathon" (1979) and in "Tevye the Dairyman" (1985). Volchek was elected a deputy into the State Duma in 1995. She left parliament in 1999. Volchek died in Moscow of pneumonia on December 26, 2019 at the age of 86. Graham T. Allison Graham Tillett Allison Jr. (born March 23, 1940) is an American political scientist and educator. He is a professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. His book "Remaking Foreign Policy: The Organizational Connection" was published in 1976. He had some influence on the foreign policy of the administration of President Jimmy Carter who took office in early 1977. Since the 1970s, Allison has also been a leading analyst of U.S. national security and defense policy, with a special interest in nuclear weapons and terrorism. Robert D. Putnam Robert David Putnam (born January 9, 1941) is an American political scientist. He is the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Putnam developed the two-level game theory that says international agreements will only be successfully if they also have domestic benefits. Port Clinton, Ohio Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census. Robert Banas Robert "Bobby" Banas (born September 22, 1933) is an American dancer and actor. He is known for his work on movies such as "West Side Story" (1961), "Always" (1989) and "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" (1986). He also did a televised performance of the dance (which he also choreographed) for the 1963 Shirley Ellis song, "Nitty Gritty". Richard Beymer George Richard Beymer, Jr. (born February 20, 1938) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist. He is best known for playing the roles of Tony in the movie version of "West Side Story" (1961), Peter in "The Diary of Anne Frank" (1959) and Ben Horne on the television series "Twin Peaks" (1990–1991, 2017). Jimmy Bryant (singer) James Howard Bryant (born June 2, 1929) is an American singer, arranger and composer. He is most well known for being the singing voice of Tony (played onscreen by Richard Beymer) in the 1961 movie musical "West Side Story". He also sang for James Fox in the 1967 musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie" and sang in "The Telephone Hour" number in "Bye Bye Birdie". He also sang in the group that performed the theme song of the TV series "Batman". Bryant was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Arthur Laurents Arthur Laurents (July 14, 1917 – May 5, 2011) was an American playwright, stage director and screenwriter. His best known works were "West Side Story" (1957), "" (1959), and "Hallelujah, Baby!" (1967), and directing some of his own shows and other Broadway productions. His early movie scripts include "Rope" (1948) for Alfred Hitchcock, followed by "Anastasia" (1956), "Bonjour Tristesse" (1958), "The Way We Were" (1973), and "The Turning Point" (1977). Quogue, New York Quogue () is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, in the Town of Southampton, near Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 967. Phil Ruffin Phillip Gene "Phil" Ruffin (born March 14, 1935) is an American businessman. He owns the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. He is also a business partner of Donald Trump, with whom he co-owns the Trump International Hotel in Las Vegas. On the "Forbes" 2018 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 877 with a net worth of US $2.7 billion. Aureus Aureus (plural: aurei) was a type of gold coin in ancient Rome. It had the same value as 25 denarii silver coins. An aureus was the same size as a denarius, but it weighed more because gold is more dense. The aureus coin was first used in 1st century BC. It stopped being used in the 4th century AD. It was replaced by the solidus. Jerry Herman Gerald Sheldon Herman (July 10, 1931 – December 26, 2019) was an American composer and lyricist. He was known for his work in Broadway musical theater. He composed the scores for the hit Broadway musicals "Hello, Dolly!", "Mame", and "La Cage aux Folles". He was nominated for the Tony Award five times, and won twice, for "Hello, Dolly!" and "La Cage aux Folles". He won a Grammy Award in 1965. In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He was a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors. Herman, who was openly gay, was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1985. Herman died on December 26, 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from lung disease at the age of 88. Adam DeVine Adam Patrick DeVine (born November 7, 1983) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and singer. He is one of the stars and co-creators of the Comedy Central series "Workaholics". He plays the role of Bumper in the musical movies "Pitch Perfect" and "Pitch Perfect 2" and Andy in the sitcom "Modern Family" and Adam Demamp in the sitcom "Workaholics". His other roles include "Neighbors", "The Intern", "The Final Girls", "Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates", "Game Over, Man!" and "When We First Met". He has voiced characters in movies including "" and "The Lego Batman Movie". DeVine has voiced characters on animated series "Uncle Grandpa", "", "Vampirina", and "Green Eggs and Ham". DeVine married actress Chloe Bridges in 2021. Hack and slash Hack and slash or hack and slay (H&S or HnS; also hack-and-slash or hack 'n' slay) is a type of gameplay that emphasizes combat. The term "hack and slash" was used to describe a play style in tabletop role-playing games, from there to MUDs, MMORPGs, and role-playing video games. In arcade- and console-style action video games, it has a different usage, it focuses on real-time combat with hand-to-hand weapons against guns or fists.<ref name="Wells/Mohan"></ref> Sachse, Texas Sachse is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Lowry Crossing, Texas Lowry Crossing is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Celina, Texas Celina is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Allen, Texas Allen is a city in Collin County, Texas, United States, a northern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 84,246. The Colony, Texas The Colony is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is a suburb of Dallas. Ennis, Texas Ennis is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Hurst, Texas Hurst is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Dalworthington Gardens, Texas Dalworthington Gardens is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is a suburb of Arlington. The population was 2,259 at the 2010 census. Azle, Texas Azle is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Hudson Oaks, Texas Hudson Oaks is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Bovina, Texas Bovina is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Mirasi Mirasi refers to a caste of people living in North India, Pakistan especially punjab area who earn their living by singing, dancing, entertaining as jokers. These people are considerd inferior caste in social system. Friona, Texas Friona is a city in Parmer County, Texas, United States. In 2010, 4,123 people lived in Friona. Appleby, Texas Appleby is a city of Nacogdoches County, in the U.S. state of Texas. Chireno, Texas Chireno is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, United States. The population was 386 at the 2010 census. American actress, singer, and dancer Ann Miller (1923-2004) was born in Chireno. Cushing, Texas Cushing is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Garrison, Texas Garrison is a city of Nacogdoches County, in the U.S. state of Texas. Haslet, Texas Haslet is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Justin, Texas Justin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Roanoke, Texas Roanoke is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Dearborn County, Indiana Dearborn County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 50,047 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg. Ball, Louisiana Ball is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Boyce, Louisiana Boyce is a small town in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Decatur County, Indiana Decatur County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 25,740 people lived there. The county seat is Greensburg. Warren Park, Indiana Warren Park is a town in Warren Township, Marion County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,480 at the 2010 census. Austwell, Texas Austwell is a city in Refugio County, Texas, United States. Italy, Texas Italy is a town in Ellis County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,863 people lived there. Brazos Bend, Texas Brazos Bend is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Perryton, Texas Perryton is a city in Ochiltree County, Texas, United States. The population was 8,802 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Ochiltree County. La Chaux La Chaux is the name or part of the name of several places: Moiry Moiry may refer to: Shaheed Shaheed is the translation of Martyr in English to Punjabi. Shaheed is given to the name of martyrs in Sikh history e.g Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Ji, Shaheed Baba Jujhar Singh Ji, Shaheed Baba Zorawar Singh Ji, Baba Fateh Singh Ji etc. In Sikh history using the word Shaheed is commonly used for sacrifice for a good cause similar to martyr for example the 9th Guru, Guru Tahegbahadur Ji gave his head for the Kashmiri Pundits after the Islam rulers forced the Pundits to convert to Islam. So Sikhs often notice this and call him Shaheed too. Shaheed can also be Shaheedi in correlation to Shaheedi Gurpurab (Gurpurab is like anniversary but more honoured.) Fallout 2 Fallout 2: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game (usually just called Fallout 2) was a video game released in 1998. It was made by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay. It was a sequel to "Fallout", and the second game in the "Fallout" series. It had very similar graphics and gameplay to the first "Fallout", but a larger world and longer story. The sequel to "Fallout 2" was not made by Black Isle Studios because Bethesda Softworks bought the "Fallout" series. Eventually Bethesda Game Studios made "Fallout 3" in 2008. Tim Cain Tim Cain is an American video game designer. He designed the game "Fallout", which came out in 1997. In 2009 he was chosen by IGN as one of the top 100 game creators of all time. Richmond, British Columbia Richmond is a city on Lulu Island and in the Metro Vancouver area of British Columbia. The Canada Line and Vancouver International Airport are also located inside Richmond. Richmond had 196,660 people in it in 2006. Malls. Many shopping malls are located in Richmond, these include: The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. It was published in 1973. The story happens in a utopian city called Omelas. The city can only be wealthy and happy as long as a single child suffers. "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974 and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974. The Wind's Twelve Quarters The Wind's Twelve Quarters is a collection of short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. The title is from A. E. Housman's "A Shropshire Lad" Harper & Row published the book in 1975. Le Guin called it a look back at her start as a writer. The book has 17 stories that had already been published. Four of the stories were the first ideas for novels she wrote later: "The Word of Unbinding" and "The Rule of Names" was the beginning of Earthsea. "Semley's Necklace" was first titles "Dowry of the Angyar" in 1964. Then it was the start of the novel "Rocannon's World" in 1966; "Winter's King" is about people living on the planet Winter, as is Le Guin's later novel "The Left Hand of Darkness". Most of the other stories are also connected to Le Guin's novels. The story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" won the Hugo Award in 1974. "The Day Before the Revolution" won the Locus and Nebula Awards in 1975. Kulubá Kulubá is an ancient Maya civilization city and archaeological site in the Tizimín Municipality, Yucatán, Mexico. The archaeological zone was originally discovered in 1941. Excavation of the site is still in its initial stages even though research in the area has been going on for over a decade. So far, a large palace has been partially uncovered. It is 55 meters by 15 meters and stand six meters tall. Other remains include a residential and cooking area. A burial site has also been identified. The governor of Yucatan announced in 2019 that a significant amount of money was to be invested in development of the site as a tourist destination. Kim (Korean surname) Kim or Gim () is the most common surname, or family name, in Korea. In 2015 more than 10 million people in South Korea had this name. That is over 20% of all people in the country. The Kim family is the current ruling family in North Korea. Angela Rayner Angela Rayner ("née" Bowen; born 28 March 1980) is a British politician serving as Shadow First Secretary of State and Deputy Leader of the Opposition since 2020. A member of the Labour Party, she currently serves as its Deputy leader. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015. She has served in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn as Shadow Secretary of State for Education since 2016. In January 2020, Rayner announced her candidacy for Labour Deputy Leader in the 2020 deputy leadership election, which she won. Ronald Melzack Ronald Melzack, (July 19, 1929 – December 22, 2019) was a Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at McGill University. He was known for his pain research by introducing the gate control theory of pain. He was a founding member of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also became the founding editor of "Wall & Melzack's Textbook of Pain" Melzack had many honors including Prix du Québec (1994), the Order of Canada (1995), and the National Order of Quebec (2000). In 2010, he won the Grawemeyer Award for his research on the science of pain. Lee Mendelson Richard Dawson Harry "Lee" Mendelson (March 24, 1933 – December 25, 2019) was an American television producer, known for his cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Walt Disney Company, Hanna-Barbera Productions, The Peanuts animated Specials and Nickelodeon Movies. "Travels with Charley", based upon the book by John Steinbeck. Mendelson Productions has produced over 100 television and movie productions, winning 12 Emmys and 4 Peabodys, as well as many Grammy, Emmy, and Oscar nominations. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Disney, HB Nickelodeon Movies and animation. Mendleson joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1961. He worked on some Tom and Jerry films. He produced A Charlie Brown Christmas. In 1966, he joined Disney. Movies like for example, The lion King. (1994). Afew years later He joined the Hanna-Barbera. Characters like Scooby-doo. Later hE joined Nickelodeon Movies, Like producing Spongebob Squarepants. Death. Mendelson died on December 25, 2019 from lung cancer in Hillsborough, California at the age of 86. Hillsborough, California Hillsborough is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is located south of San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula. The population was 10,825 as of 2010. Don Imus John Donald Imus Jr. (July 23, 1940 – December 27, 2019) was an American radio personality, television show host, recording artist, and author. He was known for his radio show "Imus in the Morning" which aired on many stations until 2018. His first radio job in 1968 at KUTY in Palmdale, California. Three years later, he landed the morning spot at WNBC in New York City; he was fired in 1977. In 1979, Imus returned to WNBC and stayed at the station until 1988 when the show moved to WFAN. He became popular when the show entered national syndication in 1993. He was called a "shock jock" radio host throughout his later career. He retired from broadcasting in March 2018. In March 2009, Imus was diagnosed with stage 2 prostate cancer. He refused to have chemotherapy. Imus was hospitalized in College Station, Texas, on December 24, 2019 for problems caused by lung disease. He died three days later, on December 27, at the age of 79. LeRoy Zimmerman LeRoy S. Zimmerman (born December 22, 1934) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania from 1981 through 1989. He was the first person to be elected as state attorney general. In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of politically influential individuals. He was named again in 2003 and called a, "power broker in Central Pennsylvania." J. Charles Jones Joseph Charles Jones (August 23, 1937 – December 27, 2019) was an American civil rights leader and lawyer. He was the co-founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and chairperson of the SNCC's direct action committee. Jones was born in Chester, South Carolina. He led and participated in several sit-in movements during the 1960s. He was chair of SNCC's direct action committee. In 1961 Jones joined the Freedom Riders driving from Atlanta, Georgia, to Birmingham, Alabama. He was later arrested in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1966, Jones organized an activist organization called the Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in the Suburbs or ACCESS. Chester, South Carolina Chester is a small city in Chester County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 5,607 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Chester County. Chester County is part of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia Metropolitan Statistical Area (formerly Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area until 1987) Allison Feaster Allison Sharlene Feaster-Strong (born February 11, 1976) is a retired American professional basketball player. Feaster-Strong played in the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 through 2008, for the Los Angeles Sparks, Charlotte Sting, and Indiana Fever. She played professionally in Europe from 1998 through 2016 for teams in Portugal, France, Spain, and Italy. She retired from professional basketball in August 2016. She was born in Chester, South Carolina. Freedom Riders Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions "Morgan v. Virginia" (1946) and "Boynton v. Virginia" (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal and arrested them in some locations. In some places, such as Birmingham, Alabama, the police worked with the Ku Klux Klan and other white people against the actions of the riders, and allowed mobs to attack the riders. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, often pronounced ) was the main channel of student activity to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. They were a group of students who wanted to show segregation was wrong. They would sit in white only shops and cafes and refuse to move even if they were attacked. It was created in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee. The group was mainly founded and headed by Ella Baker. Sterling Marlin Sterling Burton Marlin (born June 30, 1957) is an American former stock car racing driver. He formerly competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He won the Daytona 500 in 1994 and 1995. He is the son of late NASCAR driver Coo Coo Marlin. In October 2012, Marlin was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Columbia, Tennessee Columbia is a city in and the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 34,681 at the 2010 census. Maury County, Tennessee Maury County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Middle Tennessee region. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,956. Its county seat is Columbia. Fred Lorenzen Frederick "Fred" Lorenzen, Jr. (born December 30, 1934), nicknamed The Golden Boy, Fast Freddie, The Elmhurst Express and Fearless Freddy, is an American NASCAR driver. He was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. His career lasted from 1958 to 1972. He won the 1965 Daytona 500. Rona Ambrose Ronalee Chapchuk "Rona" Ambrose (; born March 15, 1969) is a Canadian politician. She was interim Leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Opposition between 2015 and 2017. She was the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland between 2015 and 2017, and had represented Edmonton—Spruce Grove from 2004 to 2015. Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada) The Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition () is the leader of Canada's Official Opposition. It is the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition. The former interim Leader of the Opposition was Candice Bergen, M.P. since Erin O'Toole's resignation in February 2022. Pierre Poilievre is the current Leader of the Opposition. Bill Graham (Canadian politician) William Carvel "Bill" Graham (March 17, 1939 – August 7, 2022) was a Canadian lawyer, law professor, politician, and Chancellor of Trinity College. Graham was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Leader of the Opposition and interim Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada. Graham died on August 7, 2022 in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 83. Guccio Gucci Guccio Gucci (26 March 1881 – 2 January 1953) was an Italian-British businessman and fashion designer. He is most known for being the founder of the fashion house of Gucci. Hugo Boss Hugo Boss AG, often styled as BOSS, is a German luxury fashion house headquartered in Metzingen. It was founded in 1924 by Hugo Boss. With the rise of the Nazi Party in the 1930s, Boss began to produce and sell Nazi uniforms. After World War II and the founder's death in 1948, Hugo Boss started to turn its focus from uniforms to men's suits. The company went public in 1988. it owned more than 1,113 retail stores worldwide. Hugo Boss along with the Guggenheim Museum administers the Hugo Boss Prize which is given annually to artists from around the world. Hugo Boss (fashion designer) Hugo Ferdinand Boss (8 July 1885 – 9 August 1948) was a German fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the clothing company Hugo Boss AG. He was an active member of the Nazi Party from 1931 to 1945. Metzingen Metzingen is a Swabian city with about 22,000 people in it, in Reutlingen county, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, south of Stuttgart. Roy Raymond Roy Larson Raymond (April 15, 1947 – August 26, 1993) was an American businessman. He founded the Victoria's Secret lingerie retail store in 1977. On August 26, 1993, Raymond committed suicide by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge. Louis Vuitton (designer) Louis Vuitton (; 4 August 1821 – 27 February 1892) was a French fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the Louis Vuitton brand of leather goods now owned by LVMH. LVMH LVMH Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton SE (), also known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate headquartered in Paris (France). The company was formed in 1987 under the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton with Moët Hennessy, a company formed after the 1971. Charles Lewis Tiffany Charles Lewis Tiffany (February 15, 1812 – February 18, 1902) was an American jewelry designer. He was a leader in the nineteenth century American jewelry trade. He founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. He helped introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851. Sankt Augustin Sankt Augustin is a town in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is named after the patron saint of the Divine Word Missionaries, Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Sankt Augustin is twinned with: Mevaseret Zion Mevaseret Zion () is a suburb of Jerusalem with the administrative status of a local council. Mevaseret Zion is made up of two distinct older townships, Maoz Zion and Mevaseret Yerushalayim. Mevaseret Zion is located on a mountain ridge 750 meters above sea level, on the outskirts of Jerusalem. Szentes Szentes is a city in south-eastern Hungary, Csongrád county. Quentin Burdick Quentin Northrup Burdick (June 19, 1908 – September 8, 1992) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. He represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives (1959–1960) and the U.S. Senate (1960–1992). At the time of his death, he was the third longest-serving senator (after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd) among current members of the Senate. Burdick died of heart failure at a Fargo, North Dakota hospital at the age of 84. Erzsébet Szőnyi Erzsébet Szőnyi, also Erzsébet Szilágyi, (25 April 1924 – 28 December 2019) was a Hungarian composer and music teacher. Her works were about symphonic compositions, chamber music works, art songs, and oratorios. She also wrote many stage works including eight operas. She was born in Budapest. In 1964, Erzsébet became a member directing the International Society for Music Education (ISME). She was vice-president of ISME from 1970 to 1974. Szőnyi died on 28 December 2019 in Budapest at the age of 95. Takehiko Endo was a Japanese politician. He was a member of Liberal Democratic Party. He was in the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. On September 3, 2007, due to the financial scandal, he resigned as Minister of Agriculture just eight days after he was appointed to the post. Endo died of pneumonia on December 27, 2019 in Yonezawa, Yamagata at the age of 81. Bek Air Flight 2100 Bek Air Flight 2100 was a domestic passenger flight from Almaty to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, onboard a Fokker 100. It crashed on 27 December 2019 while taking off from Almaty International Airport. Initial reports said fourteen people had been killed and 66 were critically injured, with one of the first survivors dying later in hospital, bringing total fatalities to fifteen; however, the death toll was later fixed to 12, without any explanation. The local government has started investigations and more reports are pending. The exact number of people on board was not immediately determined. Wilson Livingood Wilson "Bill" Livingood (born October 1, 1936) was elected Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives on January 4, 1995. Livingood was the 35th person to hold the post. Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives The Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives is an officer of the House with law enforcement, protocol, and administrative responsibilities. The Sergeant at Arms is elected at the beginning of each Congress by the membership of the House. They are known for announcing "Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States" during the beginning of the State of the Union Address as the President enters the United States Capitol. Paul D. Irving Paul D. Irving (born August 1957) is an American law enforcement officer. In January 2012, he became the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives. He replaced Wilson Livingood. He also worked for the United States Secret Service. Romà Cuyàs i Sol Romà Cuyàs i Sol (24 November 1938 – 27 December 2019), was a Spanish lawyer and sports and cultural executive. He was the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee between 1983 and 1984 and comissioner of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Kushal Punjabi Kushal Punjabi (23 April 1977 – 26 December 2019) was an Indian actor. He won the TV reality game show, "", the Indian version of the American game show "Wipeout" in February 2011. Punjabi had been in movies such as "Lakshya", "Kaal" and in "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai." He had also appeared in television shows such as "Ishq Mei Marjawan". Punjabi hung himself at his Mumbai home on 26 December 2019 at the age of 42. William Greider William Harold Greider (August 6, 1936 – December 25, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He wrote mainly about economics. He was national affairs correspondent for "The Nation". He also wrote for the "Rolling Stone" magazine during the 1980s and 1990s, and worked as an on-air correspondent for "Frontline" on PBS. Greider died at his home in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure-related problems, aged 83, on December 25, 2019. Joseph Segel Joseph Myron Segel (January 9, 1931 – December 21, 2019) was an American entrepreneur. He was the founder of over 20 American companies, most notably QVC, an American television network, and the Franklin Mint. He was seen as the inventor of television shopping channels. Segel died on December 21, 2019 at the age of 88 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure. Gladwyne, Pennsylvania Gladwyne is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. In 2018, Gladwyne was ranked the 6th richest ZIP code (using 2015 IRS data) in the country in a study by Bloomberg BusinessWeek. The population was 4,071 at the 2010 US census. Elizabeth Spencer (writer) Elizabeth Spencer (July 19, 1921 – December 22, 2019) was an American writer. She was born in Carrollton, Mississippi. Spencer's first novel, "Fire in the Morning", was published in 1948. She wrote a total of nine novels, seven collections of short stories, a memoir ("Landscapes of the Heart", 1998), and a play ("For Lease or Sale", 1989). Her novella "The Light in the Piazza" (1960) was made into a movie in 1962 and made into a Broadway musical of the same name in 2005. She was a five-time recipient of the O. Henry Award for short fiction. Spencer's mother was the great-aunt of U.S. Senator John McCain. Spencer died on December 22, 2019 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 98. Orange County, North Carolina Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 133,801 people lived there. Its county seat is Hillsborough. Siler City, North Carolina Siler City is a town in western Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town's population was 7,887. Pittsboro, North Carolina Pittsboro is a town in Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,743 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Chatham County. Carrollton, Mississippi Carrollton is a town in and the second county seat of Carroll County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 190 at the 2010 census. Vaiden, Mississippi Vaiden is a town in Carroll County, Mississippi, United States and its first county seat. The population was 734 at the 2010 census. Gaston County, North Carolina Gaston County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 206,086. The county seat is Gastonia. Monroe, North Carolina Monroe is a city in and the county seat of Union County, North Carolina, United States. The population increased from 26,228 in 2000 to 32,797 in 2010. It is within the rapidly growing Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC Metropolitan area. Union County, North Carolina Union County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 201,292. Its county seat is Monroe. Robeson County, North Carolina Robeson County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,168. Its county seat is Lumberton. Lumberton, North Carolina Lumberton is a city in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Robeson County, which is the largest county in the state by land area. Elizabethtown, North Carolina Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,583 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Bladen County. Dallas, North Carolina Dallas is a small town in Gaston County, North Carolina, and a suburb of Charlotte, located north of Gastonia. The population was 4,488 at the 2010 census. It was named for George M. Dallas, Vice President of the United States under James K. Polk. Silver City, North Carolina Silver City is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Hoke County, North Carolina in the United States. The population was 882 at the 2010 census. Raeford, North Carolina Raeford is a city in Hoke County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,611 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Hoke County. Hoke County, North Carolina Hoke County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,952. Its county seat is Raeford. Fly Me to the Moon "Fly Me to the Moon", originally titled "In Other Words", is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard. Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song the year it was written. Frank Sinatra's 1964 version was mainly about the Apollo missions to the Moon. Patti Page also sang this song and made a hit. Juan Antonio Briceño, commonly known as Johnny Briceño (born 17 July 1960), is a Belizean politician. He has been the Prime Minister of Belize since 12 November 2020. He is the leader of the People's United Party (PUP) since 2016. He was Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020. From 1998 to 2007, he was Deputy Prime Minister under Prime Minister Said Musa. Jeet Gannguli Jeet Gannguli (born Chandrajeet Ganguly, Bengali: চন্দ্রজিৎ গাঙ্গুলী on 24 May 1977), popularly known as Jeet, is a score composer of Bengali and Hindi movies. Ganguly is a music director in Bollywood, scoring music for films. Early life and education. Ganguly was initiated into the world of music at the age of three. He was a student of Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School from where he completed his schooling. Later he graduated from the University of Calcutta. He is trained in Indian classical music under the guidance of his father Kali Ganguly and his pisima (father's sister) Shibani Roychowdhury. He studied western classical music, jazz and rock with jazz guitarist Carlton Kitto. Personal life. Ganguly is married to Chandrani Ganguly. Lost Lake (Santiam Pass, Linn County, Oregon) Lost Lake is a lake in the Willamette National Forest, in Oregon, in the United States. It is known for the way that the water level changes during the year. There are lava tubes in the bottom of the lake. During the summer, the water drains out of the lake through these tubes. In some years, this leaves the lake with very little water, turning it mostly into a meadow. Starting in the autumn the lake begins to fill again. This happens as the amount of water coming in to the lake from streams and melting snow is higher than that flowing out. By spring, it has its highest water level. The water that drains through the tubes is thought to go to nearby Clear Lake. Bebearia ashantina Bebearia ashantina is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is also known as Ashanti forester. It is found in Ivory Coast and Ghana. The habitat consists of forests. Adults are attracted to fallen fruit. Numberjacks Numberjacks is a children's television series aimed at young children and is shown regularly on BBC2 and CBeebies in the UK. It is produced by Open Mind Productions for the BBC and features a mixture of computer-generated animation and live action. Synopsis. The Numberjacks are animated characters - the numbers zero to nine - who live in a sofa and solve problems outside. Each episode has the same structure. At the beginning of the episode, some of the Numberjacks will be engaged in an activity that will have relevance to the problem that is later discovered. Then an "agent" (a live-action child) will call in and describe the problem that is occurring. One or two of the Numberjacks will go out into the real world to solve the problem, while the remaining Numberjacks stay in their base and watch their progress on a screen. As soon as the problem is understood, 5 will worry about all the things that can happen. In the second series she does not worry about the dancing cow quite so much. Once outside, the Numberjacks are shown in a live-action setting (although still animated themselves). They diagnose the problem by examination and with help from additional ideas from the agents, who call into the base. The problems are usually solved by creating and sending "brain gain", a magic force that can correct the problems once the solution is understood. Once solved, the Numberjacks return to their base, replay what happened on a screen and then ask a question for the viewers. The problems encountered are all based around simple mathematical concepts and the programme is intended to stimulate young children's interest in mathematics. Characters. Heroes. The Numberjacks are the heroes. Each of the numbers 0-9 is an individual character and each is broadly the age of his or her number. 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 are male, while 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 are female. However, the gender of the individual Numberjacks is never explicitly stated. Villains. There are five "Meanies" who often cause trouble for people. The Problem Blob, the Puzzler and the Numbertaker are male, while the Shape Japer and Spooky Spoon are female. Episodes. The series is comprised of 45 15-minute episodes, which are listed here: UK DVD Releases. Numberjacks are on their way! (Volume 1) Calling All Agents! (Volume 2) Standing By To Zoom! (Volume 3) Brain Gain! (Volume 4) Counting Down To Christmas! (Volume 5) Seaside Adventure (Volume 6) Numberjacks are Back! (Volume 7) Day and Night (Volume 8) Lawrence Journal-World The Lawrence Journal-World is a newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas, United States, by Ogden Newspapers. They publish every day. History. The "Journal-World" name started in 1911. The paper says it goes back to 1858. In 1891, Wilford Collins Simons moved to Lawrence. He took over the "Lawrence Record" newspaper in a three-month lease. The "Lawrence World" was first issued by Simons on March 2, 1892. In 1905, the "World" bought the "Lawrence Journal". They merged the "Journal" and "World" in 1911 after a fire destroyed the offices of the "Journal". The name "Lawrence Daily Journal" dates back to 1880. However, that name just continued the name "Republican Daily Journal". The name "Republican Daily Journal" dates back to at least 1869. The "Republican Daily Journal" seems to have been the successor through a sale and/or consolidation of earlier Lawrence newspapers. One of those papers dated to 1858. For years, the "Journal-World" said it started in 1858. Wilford Collins Simons was editor from 1891 until his death in 1952. In October 2010, the World Company, which owns the Lawrence Journal-World, sold some of its news media business. They sold it to Knology for $165 million. Knology is an Internet and cable company. On May 1, 2019, the Journal-World's offices moved from the historic post office building on 7th and New Hampshire streets building to an office in North Lawrence. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas moved into the old building. Sankt Gallenkirch Sankt Gallenkirch is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Bürs Bürs is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Stüsslingen Stüsslingen is a municipality of the district of Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Kammersrohr Kammersrohr is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Selzach Selzach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Holderbank, Solothurn Holderbank is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Welschenrohr Welschenrohr () is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Zullwil Zullwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Street newspaper Street newspapers (or street papers) are newspapers or magazines sold by homeless or poor people. They are created mostly to help these people. Most of these types of newspapers have information and news about homelessness and poverty-related issues. They also want to help homeless communities make friends. Street papers want to give these people job opportunities and a voice in their community. Many of these papers are sometimes produced and written by homeless people. Change of Heart (street paper) Change of Heart is a street newspaper produced and sold in Lawrence, Kansas. It is published every 3 months. It was created by Craig Sweets in late 1996. who says the idea of starting a street newspaper was given to him by Michael Stoops. Stoops is the director of the National Coalition for the Homeless. The paper is a member of the North American Street Newspaper Association (NASNA), and it is the only street newspaper in Kansas. The paper says 1200 people read it every 3 months. In 1999, the NASNA said the paper was the "Best New Street Newspaper in North America". In 1999, the paper was a single page printed on both sides and published using local churches' photocopiers. Since then, the paper is 10 pages long, and it has its own staff and computers. Heinrichswil-Winistorf Heinrichswil-Winistorf was a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. History. The municipality was created in 1993 by the former municipalities Heinrichswil and Winistorf became the municipality of Heinrichswil-Winistorf. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Heinrichswil-Winistorf and Hersiwil merged to form the new municipality of Drei Höfe. Haskell-Baker Wetlands The Haskell-Baker Wetlands is a nature preserve and wetlands. It is big, and it is south of Lawrence, Kansas, United States. It is grouped with the Wakarusa River. It is maintained by levees and flood controls built in the 1990s. Baker University owns 573 acres, which is most of the wetlands; Haskell Indian Nations University owns 27 acres; the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks owns 20 acres; the University of Kansas owns 20 acres. In 1969, the National Park Service said the wetlands is a National Natural Landmark. The wetlands has 413 species of plants, 265 species of birds, and 61 other vertebrate species. Horriwil Horriwil is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Baker University Baker University is a private Christian university in Baldwin City, Kansas. It was created in 1858. Tt was the first university officially created in Kansas. It is grouped with the United Methodist Church. About 3,000 students go to Baker University every year. Hüniken Hüniken is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Steinhof Steinhof was a municipality of the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It is an enclave in the canton of Bern. The municipality of Steinhof merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Aeschi. Subingen Subingen is a municipality of the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Niedererlinsbach Niedererlinsbach is a former municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Niedererlinsbach and Obererlinsbach became the municipality of Erlinsbach. Obererlinsbach Obererlinsbach is a former municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Niedererlinsbach and Obererlinsbach became the municipality of Erlinsbach. Norman Geisler Norman Leo Geisler (July 21, 1932 – July 1, 2019) was an American Christian systematic theologian and philosopher. He was the co-founder of two evangelical seminaries (Veritas Evangelical Seminary and Southern Evangelical Seminary). He was a co-creator of Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy. Geisler was born in Warren, Michigan. Geisler died of cerebral thrombosis at a hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina on July 1, 2019 at the age of 86. Warren, Michigan Warren is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2010 census places the city's population at 134,056. It is the third largest city in Michigan. Malva Landa Malva Noyevna Landa (; 4 August 1918 – 3 July 2019) was a Ukrainian-born Russian geologist and human rights activist. She wrote many books about the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. She was a member of the Moscow Helsinki Group from 1976 until her death. She was awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis (Lithuania, January 8, 2003). Landa was born in Odessa, Ukrainian State. Landa died on 3 July 2019 in Haifa, Israel at the age of 100. Pierre Lhomme Pierre Lhomme (5 April 1930 – 4 July 2019) was a French cinematographer. He was known for his works were "Cyrano de Bergerac", "Lovers Like Us" and "Deadly Circuit". Lhomme was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. He retired in 2003. Lhomme died on 4 July 2019 in Arles, France at the age of 89. Ugo Gregoretti Ugo Gregoretti (28 September 1930 – 5 July 2019) was an Italian movie, television and stage director, actor, screenwriter, author and television host. He directed 20 movies from 1956 until 1990. He was born in Rome. Gregoretti was known for his works "Ro.Go.Pa.G.", "Omicron" and "Beautiful Families". Gregoretti died on 5 July 2019 in Rome at the age of 88. Paolo Vinaccia Paolo Vinaccia (27 March 1954 – 5 July 2019) was an Italian-Norwegian composer, jazz drummer, and percussionist. He became a Norwegian citizen in 1979. Vinaccia was born in Rome. Vinaccia worked with Terje Rypdal, Bendik Hofseth, Jan Eggum, Knut Reiersrud (in Four Roosters), Gisle Torvik, Ole Amund Gjersvik and Jonas Fjeld. He has toured and recorded with Palle Mikkelborg, Mike Mainieri, Jon Christensen and David Darling. With Arild Andersen, he performed at the London Jazz Festival in 2008. Vinaccia died on 5 July 2019 from pancreatic cancer in Oslo at the age of 65. Kazuhiro Kiyohara is a former Japanese professional baseball player, having played in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball league for 23 seasons. He retired following the 2008 season. Kiyohara is often referred as "The Uncrowned King" because he never won a major batting title, even though he was one of NPB's greatest hitters. He surpassed 2,000 hits, 500 home runs, and 1,500 RBIs. Midco Midco (until 2016, was called Midcontinent Communications) is a regional cable provider. They give a triple play service of Cable television, Internet and telephone service. They give this service for North Dakota, South Dakota, some of Minnesota, and some cities in Kansas and Wisconsin. Lawrence station (Kansas) Lawrence (also called the Santa Fe Depot or the Santa Fe Station) is a train station in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Amtrak's "Southwest Chief" train uses it. The Lawrence station was built in 1956 by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to replace the Atchison Topeka Santa Fe Station built in 1883. That station was damaged by the 1951 flood. It was dedicated on February 7, 1956. The Mid-century modern station is on the National Register of Historic Places. The station was added to the Register of Kansas Historic Places on November 18, 2017. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 2018. It was designed by Warren Jones and Warren Comen. Rail freight transport Rail freight transport is using railroads and trains to transport cargo. They don't transport human passengers. Trains may transport bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or special freight in cars designed for a specific reason. Rail freight practices and economics are different by country and region. BNSF Railway The BNSF Railway Company is the biggest freight railroad network in North America. BNSF has 44,000 employees. They are one of ten Class I railroads. They have of track in 28 states. They have more than 8,000 locomotives. It has three transcontinental routes that have rail connections between the western and eastern United States. Railyards. Large freight car hump yards are located throughout the BNSF system. Location of major intermodal yards: Union Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad (or legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and simply Union Pacific) is a freight-hauling railroad that has 8,500 locomotives. They have over 32,100 route-miles in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans. The Union Pacific Railroad system is the biggest in the United States. They are one of the world's biggest transportation companies. Lawrence Transit The Lawrence Transit System is the city public transportation agency in Lawrence, Kansas. It works together with the City of Lawrence and the University of Kansas. They have services from Monday through Saturday from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. on most routes. On election days, rides are free of charge. Kevin McAleenan Kevin K. McAleenan (born September 5, 1971) is an American attorney and former government official who served as the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security from April 2019 through November 2019. McAleenan resigned on October 11, 2019, with Trump stating that McAleenan wanted to "spend more time with his family and go to the private sector." Hewing In woodworking, hewing is the use of an axe to make a log into lumber. It is a very old way of making lumber, and was used in ancient times. Before the industrial era it was the normal way to make wood beams. Today it has mostly been replaced by sawmills, but is in some use. Definitions. "Hew" is a word that means to strike, blow, chop, or gash with a tool such as an axe or sword. It is used in warfare, stone and wood cutting, and coal and salt mining. This is the root word for hewing. "Hewing" wood is to shape a log with a sharp item such as an axe with the goal to flatten one or more sides. Methods. As "hewing" has been used since ancient times, more than one way has been made to do each step. But in general, there are four steps in the process. Prepare log. The first step is to prepare the log (or tree trunk). After a tree is selected and cut down, hewing can be done at the place where the log landed. Or the log can be moved out of the woods to a work site. The log is then usually placed across two smaller logs. It is kept steady by notching the support logs or by a long bar of iron with a tooth on either end. Then the person doing the hewing measures where to cut and marks lines along the log. These are usually done with a chalk line. Scoring. The next step is to make notches every foot or two of the log. These are made almost as deep as the marked line. This is called scoring. There are at least three methods that can be used in scoring. Joggling or juggling. The next step is know as either joggling or juggling. In this step the pieces of wood between the notches are knocked off with an axe. The result is a rough surface cut down almost to the marked line. The steps to this point remove a much wood and make the last step hewing easier. Hewing. The last step is called hewing. (The entire process is called hewing as well). This step is done on the sides of the log using a broadaxe. Hewing is started from the bottom of the trem stem upwards toward what was the top of the tree. This reduces the risk of broken fibers that may move inwards toward the beam. It is also possible to use an adze to hew the top surface of a log. In the past, shipbuilders often used adzes to shape ship timbers. The choice of tool (either axe or adze) was made based on the position of the log to hew. The sides are best hewn with an axe and the top best hewn with an adze. After the hewing is done, other tools are used to make the surface smooth. This can be done with a hand plane, drawknife, or yariganna. Modern uses. Some people still used hand-hewn beams in modern building, but it is very rare. A more common use is the re-use of old hand-hewn beams taken from old buildings. They are also popular as decor in some buildings. Zach Neal Zachary Sheridan Neal (born November 9, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics and the Los Angeles Dodgers. Saitama Seibu Lions. Neal signed with the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2019 season. Dynamics Dynamics is the study of forces and their effects on motion over time. It is a branch of classical mechanics. Isaac Newton developed three laws of motion that are fundamental to dynamics. Some people consider dynamics to be made up of kinematics and kinetics. Others consider dynamics and kinematics to be separate, and do not use the word kinetics. Under the second view, kinematics is about describing how a system is at the moment, and dynamics is about how and why the system changes with time. Mitsuo Itoh was a Japanese motorcycle road racer. He started his Grand Prix career in 1961, and was active until 1967. He competed for Suzuki. He was a starter in 29 races, winning two and having a podium finish 13 times. He won the 1963 Isle of Man 50cc ultra-lightweight TT and the 1967 50cc Japanese Grand Prix (his final race). Itoh died on 3 July 2019, at the age of 82. Vivian Perlis Vivian L. Perlis (April 26, 1928 – July 4, 2019) was an American musicologist. She was the founder and director of Yale University's Oral History of American Music. She founded the oral history project in 1969. She also notably wrote "Charles Ives Remembered". She first started working at Yale University as a reference librarian in 1959. She retired in 2010. Perlis was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Long Island. She was married to Stanford James Perlis, and had three children. Perlis died in Weston, Connecticut on July 4, 2019 after an illness. She was 91. Shiboprosad Mukherjee Shiboprosad Mukherjee (born 20 May 1974) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker, writer and actor. Early life and Education. Shiboprosad Mukherjee was born on 20 May 1974 at Baranagar in the northern fringes Kolkata, West Bengal, India. He was a student of Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School and later completed his high school from Hindu School. He pursued his graduation in Political Science Honours from Jadavpur University. List of Salman Khan's awards and nominations Salman Khan is an Indian film actor and producer. In 1999, Khan won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended guest appearance in "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" (1998). In 2011, he won the Screen Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Dabangg" and in 2012, he won the Best Actor Popular Choice for his performances in "Ek Tha Tiger" and "Dabangg 2". Eight of the films he has acted in, have accumulated gross earnings of over worldwide. He played leading roles in five consecutive blockbusters including "Dabangg", "Ready", "Bodyguard", "Ek Tha Tiger", and "Dabangg 2". He has starred in more than 80 Hindi films and thus far has established himself as a leading actor of Hindi cinema. Marguerite Pindling The Most Honourable Dame Marguerite, Lady Pindling, (née McKenzie; born June 26, 1932) is a Bahamian politician. She was the Governor-General of the Bahamas from 8 July 2014 to 28 June 2019 She is the second female Governor-General of The Bahamas after Dame Ivy Dumont. Cornelius A. Smith Cornelius Alvin Smith (born 7 April 1937) is a Bahamian politician. He is the 10th and current Governor-General of the Bahamas since 28 June 2019. Smith was the Ambassador to the United States starting in 2008. He was also Minister of Transport, and Aviation of the Bahamas. In 2018, he was sworn in as the deputy Governor General. Abhishek Chatterjee Abhishek Chatterjee () (born 30 April 1964) is an Indian actor who is known for his work in Bengali cinema. Early life and education. After finishing his secondary schooling at the Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School, he graduated from the Seth Anandram Jaipuria College of the University of Calcutta. Other websites. Center for Immigration Studies The Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) is an American research organization and think tank that supports ending illegal immigration and lowering the amount of immigration in the United States. It was founded in 1985 by a professor named Otis Graham Jr. The Center describes itself as a group that is "providing immigration policymakers, the academic community, news media, and concerned citizens with reliable information about the social, economic, environmental, security, and fiscal consequences of legal and illegal immigration into the United States." The Center is led by Mark Krikorian. Krikorian believes that America should have a stronger border to stop illegal immigration. Tathagata Mukherjee Tathagata Mukherjee (born 15 May 1985) is an Indian film and television actor and an independent filmmaker based in Kolkata. He played the main lead in many Bengali soap operas. Early life and education. Tathagata Mukherjee studied at the Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School, and thereafter studied drama at Rabindra Bharati University. He has done professional theater since 2005, during his childhood. He did three years "yatra" with Chapal Bhaduri. List of presidents of Rwanda This article lists the presidents of Rwanda since the creation of the office in 1961 (during the Rwandan Revolution), to the present day. As specified in the constitution, the President functions as the head of state of Rwanda, and possesses broad executive powers. The officeholder is elected by popular vote every seven years, and appoints the Prime Minister and all other members of Cabinet. A total of four people have served as President of Rwanda (not counting two Acting Presidents). The current President is Paul Kagame, since 24 March 2000. Centron Corporation Centron Corporation was a big industrial and educational movie production company. They specialized in classroom and corporate 16mm movies and VHS videocassettes. History. It was created in 1947 in Lawrence, Kansas by Arthur H. Wolf and Russell A. Mosser. Harold "Herk" Harvey was a big director at Centron. His 1962 movie "Carnival of Souls" was created with some people from Centron. John Clifford, a Centron screenwriter wrote the script for "Carnival of Souls". Centron won many awards for its movies. It is most famous for the Oscar nominated "Leo Beuerman". Herk Harvey Harold Arnold "Herk" Harvey (June 3, 1924 – April 3, 1996) was an American movie director, screenwriter, actor and movie producer. Early life. Harvey was born in Windsor, Colorado. He grew up in Waverly, Illinois and in Fort Collins. Harvey came to Lawrence, Kansas in 1945 to study at the University of Kansas. He majored in theater. He acted in many college stage productions. Centron Films. While teaching and directing at the University of Kansas, Harvey got into the film business as an actor. He acted in some of the movies being made by Centron Corporation of Lawrence. Centron was an independent industrial and educational movie production company. Harvey joined it in 1952. He was a film director, writer, and producer for over 30 years. They made many kinds of short industrial, educational, documentary, and government films. Harvey wrote an article in the March 1956 issue of "American Cinematographer". It was about special effects and techniques that Centron had created. He retired in 1985. "Carnival of Souls". Harvey is best known for his only feature movie, "Carnival of Souls". It was a low budget 1962 horror film that had Candace Hilligoss. It was created and directed by Harvey for about $33,000. "Carnival of Souls" never got much public attention when was first released. However, it has since become a cult classic. The Academy Film Archive preserved "Carnival of Souls" in 2012. Carnival of Souls Carnival of Souls is a 1962 American independent horror movie. It was written, produced, and directed by Herk Harvey, and starring Candace Hilligoss. The story is about Mary Henry, a young woman who had a car accident. She moves to a new city, but she can't fit in. She becomes curious about the pavilion of an abandoned carnival. The director Harvey is also in the movie as a creepy stranger who follows her a lot. It was filmed in Lawrence, Kansas and Salt Lake City. "Carnival of Souls" was filmed on a budget of $33,000. Release. "Carnival of Souls" was shown at the Main Street Theatre in Lawrence, Kansas, in September 1962. The US release of "Carnival of Souls" did not include a copyright on the prints, so the movie was automatically in the public domain. Reception. "Complex Magazine" said "Carnival of Souls" was number 39 on its list of the 50 scariest movies ever made. Leonard Maltin gave "Carnival of Souls" two-and-a-half out of four stars. He said the movie was an "eerie" and "imaginative low budget effort." Cult following A cult following is a group of fans who are very devoted to a work of culture. It is often called a cult classic. A movie, book, musical artist, television series or video game, among other things, has a cult following when it has a small but very passionate fanbase. A common thing of cult followings is the emotional attachment the fans it. They often say they are part of a community. Many cult fans express their devotion with a level of irony when describing entertainment that falls under this realm, in that something is so bad, it's good. Sometimes, these cult followings are actually camp followings. Fans may become involved in a subculture of fandom. They may do this either through conventions, online communities or through activities such as writing series-related fiction. They may also make costumes, replica prop and model building, or creating their own audio or video creations from the formats and characters. Cult movie A cult film or cult movie, also called a cult classic, is a movie that has a cult following. Cult movies are known for their devoted, passionate fanbase. It may have an elaborate subculture that may do repeated viewings, quoting dialogue, and audience participation. Takeover In business, a takeover or acquisition happens when one company buys another company. The company that is the one buying is called the "acquirer" or the "bidder" and the one that is being bought is called the "target". There are four types of takeovers: friendly, hostile, reverse, or back-flip takeovers. Friendly takeovers happen when the people in charge of the company agree with being taken over. Hostile takeovers happen when they don't agree. Reverse takeovers are when a private company takes over a .. Back-flip takeovers happen when the acquiring company becomes a part of the target company. Extracurricular activity An extracurricular activity or extra academic activity (EAA) is an activity, performed by students, that is not part of the normal curriculum of school, college or university education. These activities are often voluntary (as opposed to mandatory), social, philanthropic, and often involve other people of the same age. Students and staff run these activities under faculty sponsorship. Activities created by students, such as independent newspapers, are also very common. Student publication A student publication is a type of media such as a newspaper, magazine, television show, or radio station that is created by students at a school. They often have news about their city and school, but they may also have news on national or international events too. Most student publications are either part of a curricular class or run as an extracurricular activity. Ovillers-la-Boisselle Ovillers-la-Boisselle is a commune. It is in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Nenzing Nenzing is a market town in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. João Gilberto João Gilberto Prado Pereira de Oliveira (10 June 1931 – 6 July 2019) was a Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is known for developing the music genre of bossa nova in the late 1950s. He wrote the first bossa nova song, titled "Bim-Bom". Gilberto and Antônio Carlos Jobim were helpful in making bossa nova popular. In 1964, Gilberto and American saxophonist Stan Getz released the album "Getz/Gilberto". The album won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Gilberto was born in Juazeiro, Bahia. On 6 July 2019, he died after an illness at his apartment in Rio de Janeiro. He was 88. Arman Kirakossian Arman Kirakossian (; 10 September 1956 – 6 July 2019) was an Armenian diplomat and historian. At the time of his death in July 2019, he was Ambassador of Armenia to the United Kingdom since November 2018. He was also Ambassador of Armenia to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), as well as Greece (1994–1999), the United States (1999–2005) and Austria (2011–2018). He was acting Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1993. Kirakossian was born in Yerevan. He died on 6 July 2019 in London, at the age of 62. Parviz Jalayer Parviz Jalayer (‎; 6 October 1939 – 6 July 2019) was an Iranian weightlifter. He was born in Tehran. He competed at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics, winning silver medal in 1968. In 1966, he won a gold medal at the Asian Games and a bronze at the World Championships. After retiring from competitions, he worked as a weightlifting coach. Jalayer died on 6 July 2019, at the age of 79. Shukrayaan-1 Shukrayaan-1 (शुक्रयान-१ or Venus craft) is a orbiter to Venus by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus. It is not known whether it will actually happen, this is just an idea. In 2017 there was enough money to do research about doing this mission. If all of the costs are paid for, then this mission will launch in the early 2020s. The Government of India, in 2017–18 gave the Department of Space a 23% increase in money. Under the space sciences section, the money is for "for Mars Orbiter Mission II and Mission to Venus". From 2016 to 2017, ISRO worked together with JAXA to study the atmosphere of Venus using signals from the Akatsuki Venus orbiter. ISRO and France (CNES) are talking about working together on this mission and jointly develop aerobraking technologies. Tribune Publishing Tribune Publishing Company (formerly Tronc, Inc.) is an American newspaper print and online media publishing company based in Chicago, Illinois. The company's portfolio includes the "Chicago Tribune", the "New York Daily News", "The Baltimore Sun", the "Orlando Sentinel", South Florida's "Sun-Sentinel", the "Hartford Courant", more newspapers in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and websites. Federal Highway Administration The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a part of the United States Department of Transportation. It focuses on highway transportation. The Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads, and the Bureau of Public Roads used to do its duties. Pearson plc Pearson plc is a British multinational publishing and education company. They are headquartered in London. It was created as a construction business in the 1840s, but they changed to publishing in the 1920s. It is the biggest education company, and it was once the largest book publisher in the world. General Dynamics General Dynamics Corporation (GD) is an American aerospace and defense multinational corporation. They were created by mergers and divestitures. As of 2019, it was the fifth-largest defense contractor in the United States, and the sixth-largest in the world, by sales. The company is number 92 in the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the biggest United States corporations by total revenue. It is headquartered in West Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia. Dominique Mbonyumutwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa (January 1921 – 26 July 1986) was a Rwandan politician who served on an interim basis as the first President of Rwanda, from 1 January to 1960 to 26 October 1961, following the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy. He took over by overthrowing the monarchy under King Kigali V Ndahindurwa and declaring Rwanda a republic, resulting in the 1961 referendum. Mbonyumutwa was of Hutu ethnicity and was respected by the population both before and after his presidency. On 1 November 1959, while serving as a "sous-chef" (equivalent to a district mayor today), he was assaulted by a group of Tutsi youth in Byimana in Southern Province. This incident triggered the "social revolution" of November 1959, which eventually brought down the monarchy while driving hundreds of thousands of Rwandan Tutsi into decades-long exile. Mbonyumutwa was succeeded as president by Grégoire Kayibanda a few months before Rwanda's independence. After his presidency, he maintained a position in Rwandan politics by serving as the Vice President of Rwandan and holds an honorary position as Chancellor of National Orders in service of later president Juvenal Habyarimana. He died in July 1986 in Belgium and was buried in Gitarama Stadium, the site where the Republic was proclaimed in 1961, as a recognition to the country. In 2010 his remains were exhumed and reburied in a public cemetery due to the plans to redevelop the stadium. Osawatomie, Kansas Osawatomie is a city in Miami County, Kansas, United States. it is southwest of Kansas City. In 2010, 4,447 people lived there. Its name is a portmanteau from two streams nearby, the Osage and Potawatomie. Geography. Osawatomie is at (38.501650, -94.950799), along the Marais des Cygnes River. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The census of 2010 says there were 4,447 people, 1,644 households, and 1,075 families living in the city. Government. The Osawatomie government has a mayor and eight council members. The council meets the 2nd and 4th Thursday of each month at 6:30PM. Kansas City Public Library The Kansas City Public Library is a public library system in the Central Library in Kansas City, Missouri. It was created on December 5, 1873. The Cat Returns The Cat Returns is a 2002 Japanese fantasy adventure movie. It was directed by Hiroyuki Morita and produced by Studio Ghibli. Rocco Siffredi Rocco Siffredi (born Rocco Antonio Tano; 4 May 1964) is an Italian pornographic actor, director and producer of pornographic movies. Career. Siffredi met porn actor Leonardo Codazzo in a French sex club in 1985 and was introduced to producer Marco and director Michela, who cast him in his first pornographic role, "Attention fillettes..." ("Watch Out, Little Girls...") in 1987, in which he performed anal sex. Siffredi then stepped away from porn and worked as a fashion model, but returned to the business after two years with the help of porn actress Teresa Orlowski. Siffredi went on to perform in both plot-based and gonzo-style pornography, with styles of sex ranging from ordinary to extreme. However, it was Siffredi's performances involving anal sex and anilingus, as well as rough sex and his psychological intensity and athleticism, which earned him recognition and ultimately a cult following. Through collaboration with John Stagliano's Evil Angel studio and then his own Budapest-based Rocco Siffredi Produzioni as both a performer and director, Siffredi became one of the most powerful and recognizable personalities in pornography. "Rocco has far more power in this industry than any actress," Stagliano commented in 2001. Siffredi has credited Stagliano with being his mentor through all 30 years of his career.. With 31 years he got a circumcision. List of awards and nominations received by Rocco Siffredi The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Italian pornographic actor, director and producer Rocco Siffredi throughout his pornographic career. Ashurst LLP Ashurst LLP is a multinational law firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Ashurst is the UK's 11th largest law firm by revenue, according to the latest Legal 100 table by Legal Business. It has 25 offices in 15 countries across Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East and North America and employs around 1,600 legal advisers. Its principal business focus is mergers and acquisitions, corporate and structured finance. The firm also practices in other areas including investment funds, antitrust, energy, transport and infrastructure, intellectual property, IT, dispute resolution, financial services, tax, real estate, regulatory, telecommunication and employment. List of monarchs of Lesotho This is a list of monarchs of Lesotho. Cameron Boyce Cameron Mica Boyce (May 28, 1999 – July 6, 2019) was an American actor, who appeared in a number of films and television shows through his career. He was known for his roles in the feature films "Mirrors", "Eagle Eye", "Grown Ups", and "Grown Ups 2", and for playing the character Carlos in the "Descendants" television films, as well as for his starring roles as Luke Ross on the Disney Channel comedy series "Jessie" and as Conor on the Disney XD series "Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything". Early life and career. Boyce was born on May 28, 1999, in Los Angeles, California. In a span of 40 days in 2017, Boyce helped raise over $27,000 for the Thirst Project, which helps bring clean water to underdeveloped countries. Death. According to a statement by Boyce's family, on July 6, 2019, Boyce died in his sleep at his home in Los Angeles "due to a seizure which was a result of an ongoing medical condition for which he was being treated". The ongoing condition was later determined to be epilepsy. List of prime ministers of Lesotho This is a list of prime ministers of Lesotho since the creation of the post of Prime Minister of Lesotho in 1965, to the present day. Antonio Alonso Martinez Antonio Alonso Martinez (born 29 April, 1963) is a Portuguese-Spanish painter and multidisciplinary artist based in Lisbon, Portugal. Martinez argues that humanity will find their own spiritual reality which has been the theme of his work since the mid-80s. Early life. Martinez was born in Oeiras, Portugal, in 1963, to Spanish parents. He opted for Spanish nationality in 1978. In Lisbon, he attended (Ar.Co) where he graduated in Fine arts in 1985. During his years at the Ar.Co, Martinez co-authored the "Manifest of the Multi-instrumentalist Painting" which was published in the Portuguese national newspaper, "Jornal de Letras, Artes e Ideias" on 26 June 1984. This manifest was accompanied by an exhibition at the , creating enthusiasm among the new artists and critic. Career. Martinez started his professional career as a painter in his early 20s. His paintings are inspired by his belief that humanity will find their spiritual reality on their own. Martinez's painting were exhibited at Galician Cultural Centre in Lisbon, in 1988, during his first solo show. In 1989, his paintings were exhibited at National Society of Fine Arts, Lisbon in a solo as well as in a group exhibition.”. Martinez was awarded with "Paul VI Centre Art Prize" by the Sanctuary of Fátima in 1990 where his works are the part of the permanent collections for public display. Later in 1990 and 1991, his works were exhibited in the solo exhibitions entitled "Altarpieces" at Galeria Monumental, Lisbon and Módulo Centro Difusor de Arte, Porto respectively. Between 1992 and 1998, Martinez's paintings were exhibited in various solo and group exhibitions around Europe including at Guimaraes, Lisbon, Rouen, Sintra, Haute-Vienne and Saint-Malo. In January 2011, one of his work - "Portrait of Kurt Cobain (Retrato de Kurt Cobain)" - reached the second highest value in the sale of contemporary art at the Austrian auction house, Dorotheum. In September 2012, another portrait of Kurt Cobain by Martinez was sold at Christie's in London. In January 2013, in Warsaw one of his works - "Diana" - reached the highest value on the auction at Forbes Millionaires Club. Ryan Driller Ryan Driller (born Adam Cuculich August 17, 1982) is an American pornographic actor, director, and model that has appeared in both straight and gay pornography. Career. Driller entered the adult film industry after reaching out to agents about performing and receiving replies. He has performed in straight pornography under the name "Ryan Driller" and in gay pornography under the name "Jeremy Bilding". He appeared in an episode of "The Burn with Jeff Ross", in which Ross did a comedy skit during one of Driller's porn shoots. Donetsk Donetsk is an important city in the eastern part of Ukraine, in the center of Donbas. Before the War in Donbas, which started 2014, about 1.1 million people lived in the city and its surroundings. Donetsk is important for the industry in Ukraine. Before the war, it was the fifth-biggest city of the country. From 1924 to 1961, the city was called Stalino, before 1924 its name was Jusowka, named after its founder, John Hughes. Hughes founded a metallurgic factory in 1869. The factory soon developed into the city of modern-day Donetsk. Most people in Donetsk use Russian in everyday life. According to a census, about 48 were Ukrainians, and about 46 percent Rusians. Ora Namir Ora Namir (‎; 1 September 1930 – 7 July 2019) was an Israeli politician and diplomat. She was born in Hadera. During her political career, she was a member of the Alignment, the Israeli Labor Party and One Nation. She served as a member of the Knesset from 1974 to 1996. She held the positions of Minister of the Environment and Minister of Labour and Social Welfare during the 1990s. She was also the country's ambassador to China and Mongolia from 1996 to 2000. Namir died in Tel Aviv on 7 July 2019, at the age of 88. List of awards and nominations received by Ryan Driller Ryan Driller (born Adam Cuculich August 17, 1982) is an American pornographic actor, director, and model that has appeared in both straight and gay pornography. 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake The 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake occurred on the 27th of February 2008. This earthquake was measured on the Richter scale at 3.9. People near the epicentre could feel this quake. Only one person was injured and there were no deaths due to the earthquake. This affected the United Kingdom. The depth of the earthquake was 18,600m. It is said to have happened at 23:14 on a Saturday and is estimated to have lasted for 10 seconds. It was mainly felt in Lincolnshire and Hull. Tom Thabane Thomas Motsoahae "Tom" Thabane (born 28 May 1939) is a Mosotho politician who was Prime Minister of Lesotho from June 2017 until May 2020. Previously he was Prime Minister from June 2012 to March 2015. He is leader of the All Basotho Convention (ABC) political party. In 2020, Thabane came under pressure to step down due to his alleged involvement in his ex-wife's murder. Thabane resigned on 20 May 2020. Finance minister Moeketsi Majoro succeeded him. Bartholomäberg Bartholomäberg is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Sutopo Purwo Nugroho Sutopo Purwo Nugroho (7 October 1969 – 7 July 2019) was an Indonesian civil servant and academic. He was born in Boyolali, Central Java. He served as the head of public relations for the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB). He began working for the government in 1994, and became a full member of the BNPB in 2010. He also taught at the University of Indonesia, Bogor Agricultural Institute and Indonesia Defence University. Nugroho died of lung cancer on 7 July 2019 in Guangzhou, China. He was 49. Sardis Sardis was one of the most important cities of the Persian Empire. It is in the modern-day Sart, near Salihli, in Turkey's Manisa Province. Randy Bass Randy William Bass (born March 13, 1954) is an American former baseball player. He is less notable for his career in Major League Baseball than for his success in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hanshin Tigers. Bass came up with the Minnesota Twins as a first baseman in 1977. In his six seasons in the Major Leagues he was never a day-to-day player, usually coming off the bench just to pinch hit. After his contract expired following the 1982 season, Bass signed with the Hanshin Tigers who made him their starting first baseman. Bass is often credited with single-handedly turning around the fortunes of the Tigers, which ultimately resulted in the team's pennant run and Japan Series title in 1985. Bass adapted quickly to Japanese pitching, hitting 35 home runs in his first season in 1983, and became the Tigers' star slugger for several seasons. He won four consecutive league batting titles; in 1986, he nearly became the first player in Japan to bat .400, finishing the season with a .389 average. Bass won consecutive batting Triple Crowns (1985 and 1986). Consumer In economics, a consumer is a person or organization that uses services, goods, or commodities. Economics and marketing. A consumer is a person that buys a good for consumption. They don't buy goods to sell them again. The consumer is a person who pays money needed to buy goods and services produced. Consumers are important in the economic system of a country. Without consumer demand, producers don't have a reason to produce. A producer's main reason to produce is to sell things to consumers. The consumer is also part of the chain of distribution. U.S. Route 24 U.S. Route 24 (US 24) is a United States highway. It was one of the first United States highways of 1926. It originally ran from Pontiac, Michigan, in the east to Kansas City, Missouri, in the west. Today, the highway's northern end is in Independence Township, Michigan. It is at an intersection with I-75. The western end is near Minturn, Colorado. It is at an intersection with I-70. The highway goes from north–south to east–west in Toledo, Ohio. Wilco Wilco is an American alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The band was created in 1994 by the last members of alternative country group Uncle Tupelo after singer Jay Farrar quit the band. Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism The Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism (KDWPT) is a state cabinet-level agency. It is led by a Secretary of Wildlife and Parks appointed by the Governor of Kansas. The Office of the Secretary is in Topeka. A seven-member, bipartisan commission, also appointed by the Governor, advises the Secretary and approves regulations about outdoor recreation and fish and wildlife in Kansas. KDWPT has about 420 full-time employees in five divisions: Executive Services, Administrative Services, Fisheries and Wildlife, Law Enforcement, and Parks. At full staffing, KDWPT Law Enforcement Division (Kansas Game Wardens) has 83 positions. History. Fish and game laws were started in the state of Kansas in the form of the Kansas Fish and Game Department in 1905. On July 1, 2011, the Division of Travel and Tourism was given from the Kansas Department of Commerce to the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. The agency is known as the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks, and Tourism. Kansas State Cabinet The Kansas State Cabinet is part of the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Kansas. It has the appointed leaders of the Kansas state executive departments. Current cabinet departments. The Kansas State Cabinet, under current Governor Laura Kelly, consists of the Lieutenant Governor of Kansas, the Adjutant General, the Superintendent of Highway Patrol, and eleven departments each headed by a Secretary. Current cabinet members. The current Kansas State Cabinet, serving under Governor of Kansas Laura Kelly, is: King of Cambodia This is a complete list of Kings, Heads of State and Presidents of Cambodia Kings of Cambodia (6th century-1960). The Angkor Wat was built. From 1177 to 1181, Cham invasion and period of anarchy. The throne was vacant from 1353 to 1362. From 1369 to 1375, Siam ruled. From 1369 to 1371, the throne was vacant. In the 14th century, ownership of Cambodia passed to Siam, until 1389. In 1431, Siam defeated and crushed the Angkorean Empire. Nonetheless, The monarchy is not harmed, and Siam withdrawed. The capital (and the royal family) moved from Angkor to Phnom Penh. In 1594, the Siamese captured Phnom Penh, yet the monarchy continued to rule. List of unincorporated communities in Kansas List of unincorporated communities in the U.S. state of Kansas, sorted by county. On the right is a clickable map of the counties in Kansas. Frederick, Kansas Frederick is a city in Rice County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 18 people lived there. In 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated only 18 people lived there, though a newspaper estimated that 9 people lived there. History. Frederick became a city in 1909. It was a shipping point at the junction of the Missouri Patfic and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads. A post office was opened in Frederick (also spelled historically Frederic) in 1887. It stayed until 1954. In July 2015, government officials said they were considering un-incorporating the city. As of August 2015, for the first time in nearly 130 years, the city doesn't have a city council. There was also no one who ran for mayor in April 2015. The future of Frederick is unknown because Rice County isn't able to un-incorporate the city. State law says that residents must bring a petition to the city council. Then a special election will be called for a vote. Since there isn't a city council, it can't happen. In November 2016, the community voted on whether to un-incorporate Frederick. Election workers at the Eureka Township voting location made a mistake. They accidentally gave the wrong ballots to township residents who didn't actually live in Frederick. 20 people voted. 13 voted to keep the city, but only 9 people live in Frederick. The mistake was noticed more than a week after the vote was certified. There is only a 5 day window to contest a vote. Because of this, Kansas Law kept the results. Frederick is still a city. In November 2017, another ballot issue was voted on whether to un-incorporate the city. The vote was 2-2. Geography. Frederick is at (38.513108, -98.267756). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Demographics. 2010 census. The census of 2010 says there were 18 people, 8 households, and 6 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 10 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White. There were 8 households of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, and 25.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.67. The median age in the city was 48.5 years. 22.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 50.1% were from 45 to 64; and 5.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. 2000 census. The census of 2000 says there were 11 people, 7 households, and 3 families living in the city. The population density was 57.1 people per square mile (22.4/km²). There were 7 housing units at an average density of 36.3 per square mile (14.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. There were 7 households out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, and 42.9% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.57 and the average family size was 2.00. In the city, the population was spread out with 54.5% from 45 to 64, and 45.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $46,250, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $19,375 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,845. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line. New Democrats New Democrats are a group with moderate political beliefs within the Democratic Party of the United States. They are sometimes called the "Third Way" group in the party. They often support both social liberalism and economic liberalism. New Democrats controlled the party from the late-1980s through the mid-2010s. They are also called centrist Democrats, Clinton Democrats, or moderate Democrats, Patricia Gallerneau Patricia Gallerneau ("née" Sérézat; 9 September 1954 – 7 July 2019) was a French politician. She was a member of the Democratic Movement. She was elected to the National Assembly in June 2017, serving until two days before her death in July 2019. She represented the department of Vendée. She was born in the 20th arrondissement of Paris. Gallerneau died of cancer on 7 July 2019, at the age of 64. Kyriakos Mitsotakis Kyriakos Mitsotakis (; born 4 March 1968) is a Greek politician. He became Prime Minister of Greece on 8 July 2019. Mitsotakis is the President of the New Democracy party. He is the son of former Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis. Mitsotakis has been a member of the Hellenic Parliament since 2004. He served as Minister of Administrative Reform from 2013 to 2015. List of prime ministers of Guinea The following is a list of prime ministers of Guinea, since the establishment of the office of Prime Minister in 1972. List of heads of state of Afghanistan This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709. List of heads of state. Monarchs. Hotak Empire (1709–1738) Durrani Empire (1747–1823) Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926) Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1929) Saqqawist Emirate and the 1928–1929 civil war Kingdom of Afghanistan (restored; 1929–1973) Local monarchs. Some rulers tried to take advantage of internal conflicts in Afghanistan to claim the throne. However, their rule was limited only to certain areas. Herman Boone Herman Ike Boone (October 28, 1935 – December 18, 2019) was an American high school football coach. In 1971, he coached the T. C. Williams High School in Alexandria, Virginia to a successful season. The team went 13–0 during the season, achieved the state championship and were the national championship runners-up. The 2000 movie "Remember the Titans" is loosely based off the school's 1971 football season. Boone was played by Denzel Washington in the movie. Boone was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He was married to Carol Boone and had three daughters. Boone died on December 18, 2019 in Alexandria, Virginia at the age of 84. The cause was lung cancer. R.I.P.D. R.I.P.D. or Rest in Peace Department is a 2013 American science fiction action comedy movie starring Jeff Bridges and Ryan Reynolds. Robert Schwentke directed the movie based on a screenplay adapted from the comic book "R.I.P.D" by Peter M. Lenkov. The movie also stars Kevin Bacon, Mary-Louise Parker, Stéphanie Szostak, and Marisa Miller. 2018–19 NHL season The 2018–19 NHL season was the 102nd season of operation (101st season of play) of the National Hockey League. 31 teams competed in an 82-game regular season. The regular season began on October 3, 2018, and ended on April 6, 2019. The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 10, 2019, and the Stanley Cup Finals concluded on June 12, 2019, with the St. Louis Blues winning their first Stanley Cup in the Finals over the Boston Bruins in seven games. Standings. Tie Breakers:<br> 1. Fewer number of games played<br> 2. Greater Regulation + OT Wins (ROW)<br> 3. Greatest number of points earned in head-to-head play (If teams played an uneven number of head-to-head games, the result of the first game on the home ice of the team with the extra home game is discarded.)<br> 4. Greater Goal differential Statistics. Scoring leaders. The following players led the league in regular season points at the conclusion of games played on April 6, 2019. Leading goaltenders. The following goaltenders led the league in regular season goals against average at the conclusion of games played on April 6, 2019, while playing at least 1,800 minutes. NHL awards. The league's awards will be presented at the NHL Awards ceremony, to be held following the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs at a site to be determined. Finalists for voted awards are announced during the playoffs and winners are presented at the award ceremony. Voting will conclude immediately after the end of the regular season. The Presidents' Trophy, the Prince of Wales Trophy and Clarence S. Campbell Bowl are not presented at the awards ceremony. The Lester Patrick Trophy is announced during the summer and presented in the fall. Milestones. First games. The following is a list of notable players who played their first NHL game during the 2018–19 season, listed with their first team. List of Old World monkey species Old World monkeys are all simian primates. They are more closely related to the apes than they are to New World monkeys. Taxon Classification. "To learn what a Taxon Classification is, see Taxonomy (biology)" List of New World monkey species New World monkeys are all simian primates. They are endemic to South and Central America. Taxon classification. "To learn what a Taxon Classification is, see Taxonomy (biology)". List of heads of state of Niger This is a list of heads of state of Niger since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day. A total of nine people have served as head of state of Niger. The current head of state of Niger is the President of the Republic Mahamadou Issoufou, since 7 April 2011. List of presidents of Burundi This article lists the presidents of Burundi since the formation of the post of President of Burundi in 1966 (following the November coup d'état), to the present day. A total of eight people have served as President of Burundi (not counting one Acting President and one head of state in rebellion). Additionally, one person, Pierre Buyoya, has served on two non-consecutive occasions. Pierre Nkurunziza was president, elected in 2005, however he died in office in 2020. List of presidents of Guinea The following is a list of presidents of Guinea, since the country gained independence from France in 1958 (after rejecting to join the French Community in a constitutional referendum). List of colonial governors of Ruanda-Urundi This is a list of European colonial administrators responsible for the territory of Ruanda-Urundi, an area equivalent to modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. Ruanda-Urundi formed part of German East Africa until it was captured by Belgian forces during World War I. After that, the territory became a League of Nations mandate, and later a United Nations trust territory, under Belgian control, until 1962 when the constituent parts of the territory became independent. For residents of the subregion of Ruanda, see List of colonial residents of Rwanda. For residents of the subregion of Urundi, see List of colonial residents of Burundi. Belgian rule. Ruanda-Urundi Mandate / Trust Territory. For continuation after independence, see: Kings of Burundi and Presidents of Rwanda Drimys winteri Drimys winteri (Winter's bark or canelo) is a Chilean tree from (Winteraceae). "Drimys" has six species, including D.andina, D.confertifolia, D.winteri, D fernandeziana and D. granatensis (Brazil) Pseudowintera is closed to them. "Foikeulia razowskii", a species of Tortricidae, feeds on leaves of "D.winteri" President of the United Arab Emirates The President of the United Arab Emirates is the head of state of the United Arab Emirates. Officially, he is elected every five years by the Federal Supreme Council, but because the ruler of Abu Dhabi customarily also holds the presidency of the UAE, the office is "de facto" hereditary. The President is also Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces and Chairman of the Supreme Council and Supreme Petroleum Council. Port Arthur Marrs The Port Arthur Marrs were a junior ice hockey team that played in Port Arthur, Ontario (now part of the city of Thunder Bay). They were named for trucking company and sponsor W.H. Marr, Ltd., and contested the 1967 Memorial Cup, which they lost to the Toronto Marlboros. History. The Marrs played out of the Thunder Bay Junior Hockey League of Hockey Northwestern Ontario. They became the "Thunder Bay Marrs" in 1970 and then the "Thunder Bay Case Eagles" in 1971. The North Stars folded on July 6, 1980, when the TBAHA left them with no league to play in. Championships. TBJHL Champions: Abbott Cup Champions: Abbott Cup Finalists: Memorial Cup Finalists: Notable alumni. Juniors Flyers North Stars PA Marrs TB Marrs Gary Duncan Gary Duncan (born Gary Ray Grubb, September 4, 1946 – June 29, 2019), also known as Gary Cole, was an American guitarist and singer. He is best remembered as a member of San Francisco psychedelic rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. He was also a member of the Ratz and the Brogues. Duncan was born in San Diego, California and grew up in Woodland. In June 2019, Duncan had a seizure after he had a "severe fall and hit his head." He died on June 29, 2019 in Woodland, California. He was 72. Baldwin City, Kansas Baldwin City is a city in Douglas County, Kansas, United States. It is about south of Lawrence. It is about west of Gardner. In 2010, 4,515 people lived there. The city has Baker University. It is Kansas's oldest four-year university. History. Early history. Baldwin City started as a trail stop on the Santa Fe Trail. It was called Palmyra. It had a harness shop, blacksmith, hotel, lawyer, drug store, two doctors and a tavern. In 1858, a group of Methodist ministers came together at Kibbee Cabin and created Baker University. Palmyra bought land to the south for the university and the city. The first post office was built in June 1857. An important person for Baldwin City was John Baldwin. They named the town "Baldwin City" to honor him. Baldwin built a saw mill. It was at present-day Fifth Street and Indiana Street. Baldwin City was incorporated on September 22, 1870. Baldwin City was affected by the events that led up to the American Civil War. Three miles east of Baldwin was the town of Black Jack. The Battle of Black Jack happened there on June 2, 1856. The night before that battle, John Brown stayed in Prairie City. In 1863, Quantrill's raiders passed within three miles (5 km) of Baldwin after the burning Lawrence. Geography. Baldwin City is at (38.777597, -95.187418). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of . of that is land and is water. Climate. Baldwin City's climate has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Baldwin City has a humid subtropical climate. It is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Baldwin City is part of the Lawrence Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. In 2010, there were 4,515 people, 1,501 households, and 1,011 families living in Lawrence. The people were 93.4% White, 2.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 3.0% of people were Hispanic or Latino. There were 1,501 households. 37.5% of them had children under 18 years old; 52.6% of them had married people; 10.2% had only a woman as the main person (with no man); 4.5% had only a man as the main person (with no woman); 32.6% were not families. 26.8% were people living alone, and 12.1% were people over 65 years old living alone. The average number of people living in a household was 2.54. The average number of people in a family was 3.08. 24.3% of the people were under 18 years old; 20.9% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 22.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 20.1% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 11.9% were 65 years old or older. 51.5% of the people were women, and 48.5% of the people were men. 2000 census. In 2000, there were 3,400 people, 1,077 households, and 774 families living in Lawrence. The people were 93.62% White, 1.12% African American, 0.74% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 3.47% from two or more races. 1.62% of people were Hispanic or Latino. There were 1,077 households. 39.6% of them had children under 18 years old; 57.8% of them had married people; 10.4% had only a woman as the main person (with no man); 28.1% were not families. 24.8% were people living alone, and 10.0% were people over 65 years old living alone. The average number of people living in a household was 2.59. The average number of people in a family was 3.10. 25.3% of the people were under 18 years old; 21.8% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.2% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 17.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 11.2% were 65 years old or older. 51.5% of the people were women, and 48.5% of the people were men. The median age was 28 years old. 51.2% of the people were women, and 48.8% of the people were men. The median income for a household was $43,269. The median income for a family was $51,667. Men had a median income of $37,111. Women had a median income of $25,850. The per capita income was $16,698. About 5.6% of families and 7.6% of all people in Baldwin City lived below the poverty line. This included 11.0% of children under 18 years old and 5.7% of people over 65 years old. Government. The Baldwin City government has a mayor and five council members. The council meets the first and third Mondays of each month at 7:00pm. Education. Primary and secondary education. The USD 348 School District is in Baldwin City. They have most students in southern Douglas County. It has four schools in Baldwin City (Baldwin Elementary, Baldwin Intermediate, Baldwin Junior High, and Baldwin High School). On December 13, 2010, the Board of Education voted to close the schools in Vinland and Worden at the end of the 2010-2011 school year. College. Baldwin City has Baker University. It is a liberal arts university created in 1858 by United Methodist ministers. It is the oldest four-year university in Kansas. It has been coed since it was created. Media. Baldwin City had a newspaper, the "Baldwin City Sign". It stopped publishing in 2015. It was moved to the "Lawrence Journal-World". Namesake A namesake is a person named after another person. In general, a thing (such as a company, place, ship, building, or idea) named after a person or thing that first had the name. Family. Naming a child after a relative, friend, or well-known person is common in the English-speaking world. When a son is named for his father, they add "Jr."/"II", "III'", or another suffix to the name of the son. Concepts. Buildings, such as the Trump Tower (named after Donald Trump, and companies, like the Ford Motor Company (named after Henry Ford, are often named for their founders or owners. A city may be named after someone. For example, Lawrence, Kansas is named after Amos Adams Lawrence. Jefferson, North Carolina Jefferson is a town in Ashe County, North Carolina, United States. In 2010, 1,611 people lived there. It is the county seat of Ashe County. Geography. Jefferson is at . The United States Census Bureau says that the town has a total area of . Of that, , or 0.20%, is water. The New River, which is part of the Ohio River. It is one of the oldest in the eastern United States, and it goes through the town. Gretna, Louisiana Gretna is the second-largest city in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States. Gretna is on the west bank of the Mississippi River. It is just east and across the river from uptown New Orleans. It is part of the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, 17,736 people lived there. History. Gretna was created in 1836. It was called Mechanicsham. Geography. Gretna is at (29.916459, -90.054260) and has an elevation of behind the levee along the Mississippi River. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and (9.33%) is water. Collier's Encyclopedia Collier's Encyclopedia (full title: Collier's Encyclopedia with Bibliography and Index) was a United States-based general encyclopedia. It was published by Crowell, Collier and Macmillan. It said it was "a scholarly, systematic, continuously revised summary of the knowledge that is most significant to mankind". Many people believed it was one of the three major contemporary English-language general encyclopedias, together with "Encyclopedia Americana" and "Encyclopædia Britannica". They three were sometimes collectively called "the ABCs". Tongue-in-cheek The idiom tongue-in-cheek is used about a statement that is funny or sarcastic. It is not meant to be taken seriously. History. The phrase first meant contempt. By 1842, it got its modern meaning. Early users of the phrase include Sir Walter Scott in his 1828 "The Fair Maid of Perth". Political party strength in Kansas The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Kansas: The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: For years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes. The parties are as follows: (D), (Farm. All./P), (R), and . Republican In Name Only Republican In Name Only or RINO is a word for people who are in the Republican Party of the United States but believe things and want to pass laws that are different from most Republicans. RINO is a pejorative term, meaning it is an insult that other Republicans or conservatives use for people whom they think should not count as Republican. In the 1800s and 1900s people said "republican in name only" when talking about governments of countries that said they let people elect their own leaders, like in a real republic, but really ruled regardless of what the people wanted. When Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft both wanted to become the Republican candidate for President of the United States in the early 1900s, they accused each other of being "Republican in Name Only." When he was President, Franklin Roosevelt called Republicans who supported the New Deal "Me Too Republicans" and claimed they were just promising to do what he was already doing. Today, people call the Me Too Republicans Republican in Name Only. In 1964, Senator Barry Goldwater refused to run for President as a moderate because "Extremism in the pursuit of justice is no vice and moderation in the service of conscience is no virtue." In 1976, Ronald Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the nomination of the Republican Party to run for President and insisted on a conservative platform instead of Ford's moderate position. In 1993, an article in a newspaper claimed that President Bill Clinton should be pleased that the United States Congress was being won by Democrats and RINOs. Arthur Ryan Arthur Ryan (1935 – 8 July 2019) was an Irish businessman. He was known as the founder of Primark. In 2009, Ryan gave up his day-to-day control of the firm as chief executive but became chairman instead. Ryan was born in Dublin. Ryan died at the age of 83 following from a short illness in Dublin. CSX CSX is a United States-based holding company and is the primary freight and rail company in North America. The company formed as a merger of many smaller rail companies over the years. It became known as CSX in 1980. Creuse (disambiguation) Creuse can mean: Vendée (disambiguation) Vendée can mean: Var Var or VAR can mean: Emory, Texas Emory is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Rains County. Sanderson, Texas Sanderson is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Terrell County, Texas, United States. The population was 837 at the 2010 census. Sanderson was created in 1882 as a part of neighboring Pecos County. It became the seat of Terrell County in 1905. Farwell, Texas Farwell is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Parmer County. Yusei Kikuchi is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). Kikuchi formerly played for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball's Pacific League. He is the first Japanese-born player to make his major league debut in Japan. Professional career. Saitama Seibu Lions. On November 20, 2009, Kikuchi signed a pro deal with the Saitama Seibu Lions; the deal included a 100 million yen (about $1 million) signing bonus, a 15 million yen ($150,000) first year salary, and 50 million yen ($500,000) in performance bonuses. After the 2011 season, Seibu announced that Kikuchi would join the Melbourne Aces of the Australian Baseball League (ABL). In 2018, Kikuchi was selected for the 2018 NPB All-Star game. On December 3, 2018, Seibu announced it was allowing Kikuchi to enter the posting system to play in Major League Baseball (MLB), with the 30-day period starting a month later. Seattle Mariners. On January 2, 2019, Kikuchi signed a four-year contract with the Seattle Mariners. Kikuchi made his MLB debut on March 21, 2019, going 4.2 innings while allowing 2 runs (1 earned) and striking out 3. Allan Octavian Hume Allan Octavian Hume, CB ICS (4 June 1829 – 31 July 1912) was a member of the Imperial Civil Service (later the Indian Civil Service), a political reformer,Collector Madurai & Administrator South Bombay Harbour Ports. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. A notable ornithologist, Hume has been called "the Father of Indian Ornithology" and, by those who found him dogmatic, "the Pope of Indian ornithology". As an administrator of Etawah, he saw the Indian Rebellion of 1857 as a result of misgovernance and made great efforts to improve the lives of the common people. The district of Etawah was among the first to be returned to normality and over the next few years Hume's reforms led to the district being considered a model of development. Hume rose in the ranks of the Indian Civil Service and, in 1871 to the position of secretary to the Department of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce under Governor-General Lord Mayo. He left India in 1894 to live in London from where he continued to take an interest in the Indian National Congress. After retiring from the civil services and towards the end of Lord Lytton's rule, Hume observed that the people of India had a sense of hopelessness and wanted to do something, noting "a sudden violent outbreak of sporadic crime, murders of obnoxious persons, robbery of bankers and looting of bazaars, acts really of lawlessness which by a due coalescence of forces might any day develop into a National Revolt." Concerning the British government, he stated that a studied and invariable disregard, if not actually contempt for the opinions and feelings of our subjects, is at the present day the leading characteristic of our government in every branch of the administration. The idea of the Indian Union took shape and Hume initially had some support from Lord Dufferin for this, although the latter wished to have no official link to it. It has been suggested that the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885, when the first notice was issued convening the first Indian National Union to meet at Poona the following December. He attempted to increase the Congress base by bringing in more farmers, townspeople and Muslims between 1886 and 1887 and this created a backlash from the British, leading to backtracking by the Congress. Hume was disappointed when Congress opposed moves to raise the age of marriage for Indian girls and failed to focus on issues of poverty. Some Indian princes did not like the idea of democracy. In 1892, he tried to get them to act by warning of a violent agrarian revolution but this only outraged the British establishment and frightened the Congress leaders. Disappointed by the continued lack of Indian leaders willing to work for the cause of national emancipation, Hume left India in 1894. Many Anglo-Indians were against the idea of the Indian National Congress. The press in India tended to look upon it negatively, so much so that Hume is said to have held a very low opinion of journalists even later in life. A satirical work published in 1888 included a character called "A. O. Humebogue". The organizers of the 27th session of the Indian National Congress at Bankipur (26–28 December 1912) recorded their "profound sorrow at the death of Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., father and founder of the Congress, to whose lifelong services, rendered at rare self-sacrifice, India feels deep and lasting gratitude, and in whose death the cause of Indian progress and reform sustained an irreparable loss." Jeet Gannguli discography These are the discography of Jeet Gannguli. List of monarchs of Eswatini This article lists the monarchs ("Ngwenyamas") of Eswatini (known as Swaziland for most of its history). The King of Eswatini (also known as "Ingwenyama") rules alongside the Queen Mother (also known as "Ndlovukati"). The role of the king has historically been as the head or father of the nation while the Queen Mother is the spiritual leader of the nation. Steve Perry Stephen Ray Perry (born January 22, 1949) Prato's colleague John Franck praised Perry's as a soaring "whale of a voice". is an American singer and songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer of the rock band Journey. He was with Journey during their most commercially successful periods from 1977 to 1987, and again from 1995 to 1998. Perry also had a successful solo career between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. Survivor (Israeli TV series) Survivor (, "Hisardut"), formerly known as Survivor 10, is an Israeli reality competition game show. It is based on the popular international "Survivor" television franchise. The series began in December 2007. It aired on Israel's Channel 10 for six seasons. After legal issues between Channel 10 and Castaway Television, the series went on a three-year hiatus. In 2015 the series returned for a seventh season on Channel 2 and Reshet. The show is hosted by actor and singer Guy Zu-Aretz. Following the basic premise of other international versions of the franchise, it features a group of contestants who are marooned in an isolated location, where they must provide food, water, fire, and shelter for themselves. The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination. The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants, until only one remains and is given the title of "The Last Survivor" and is awarded the grand prize of 1 million NIS. Kidney bean The kidney bean is a variety of the common bean ("Phaseolus vulgaris"). The kidney bean is commonly found in central america and ("mexico") The kidney bean is a staple of central and latin american ("food") Tai languages Tai languages are a branch of the Kra-Dai language family mostly spoken in Southeast Asia. Major languages of this language family include Thai and Lao. Tai-Kadai languages are tonal and analytic languages. Kra–Dai languages The Kra-Dai languages make up a language family spoken mostly in Southeast Asia. Major languages of this language family include Thai and Lao. Clint Black Clint Patrick Black (born February 4, 1962) is an American country music singer, songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor. Black's debut album "Killin' Time"" produced four straight number one singles on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks music chart. As late as 2015 he had an album on Billboard's Top Country Albums music chart. Career. Black got signed to RCA Records in 1989. Although his momentum gradually slowed throughout the 1990s, Black consistently charted hit songs into the 2000s. He has had more than 30 singles on the US "Billboard" country charts, twenty-two of which have reached number one, in addition to having released twelve studio albums and several compilation albums. In 2003, Black founded his own record label, Equity Music Group. Black has also ventured into acting, having made a cameo appearance in the 1994 film "Maverick", as well as a starring role in 1998's "Still Holding On: The Legend of Cadillac Jack". Tom Steyer 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Tom Steyer began on July 9, 2019, when Steyer stated that he would be running in the Democratic primaries in an online campaign video. Steyer has been seen as a potential presidential candidate in the 2020 election. In January 2019, Steyer traveled to Iowa to announce that he was not running for president. He dropped out of the race after losing the South Carolina primary on February 29, 2020. Steyer spent $250 million of his own money on his campaign. This was more than any other candidate in history, except Mike Bloomberg's campaign. Mary E. Barkworth Mary Elizabeth Barkworth (born 1941 Marlborough UK) is a Canadian who has worked most of her life as a botanist. She has spent most of her working life as a faculty member at Utah State University. During that time, she worked primarily on grasses, particularly members of the Stipeae and Triticeae, but she also had primary responsibility for production of the two grass [=Poaceae, Gramineae] volumes (volumes 24 & 25) in the Flora of North America series. These two volumes served as the basis for three other resources: The Manual of Grasses for North America, Grasses of the Intermountain Region, and the Manual of Grasses on the web. This last was taken down for security concerns. Most of its resources, some updated, are available through OpenHerbarium.org (descriptions and illustrations) and Keybase. Barkworth retired from Utah State University in 2012. Since retiring, she has focused on two areas, expanding digitization of herbarium collections using OpenHerbarium.org and developing access to biodiversity education in Somaliland through the Somaliland Biodiversity Foundation. Her name is usually abbreviated as «Barkworth» when citing a botanical name. Taxa by Barkworth. "Aloe sanguinalis" Awale & Barkworth "Nassella duriuscula" (Phil.)Barkworth "Piptochaetium fuscum" (Ness ex Steud.) Barkworth, Cialdella et Gandhi. Kansas City International Airport Kansas City International Airport (originally Mid-Continent International Airport) is a public airport. It is 15 miles (24 km) northwest of downtown Kansas City in Platte County, Missouri. In 2018, 11,850,825 people used the airport. 2018 was the second busiest year in its history. Its largest carriers are Southwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines. Both of them have many flights every day in Terminal B. Transportation. Road. The airport is near major highways Interstate 29 and Interstate 435. Jeffrey Epstein Jeffrey Edward Epstein (January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American financier and a registered sex offender. He started his career in an investment bank called Bear Stearns. A few years later, made his own investment bank, "J. Epstein & Co." He was born in New York City to Jewish parents. In 2008, he was arrested for paying an underage girl for prostitution. He spent 13 months in "custody with work release", which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day. Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019. He was arrested because he did sex trafficking of minors in the states of Florida and New York. Epstein has been a registered sex offender since 2008. On August 10, 2019, he killed himself by hanging. The medical examiner told court that Epstein committed suicide, but Epstein's lawyers disagreed. On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein. Career. Epstein was teaching calculus and physics at the Dalton School in Manhattan between 1973 and 1975. In 1976, Epstein started work as an options trader (a job where stock brokers can buy or sell shares at an agreed price at a later date) at Bear Stearns, where he advised very rich people on financial strategies relating to taxes. As he was shown to be a successful worker during his financial career, Epstein became promoted to a limited partner (a job that manages money within a company) at Bear Stearns in 1980. Jeffrey Edward Epstein had founded his investment bank, "J. Epstein & Co." in 1982. His investment bank had managed the assets of every person who had invested at his investments bank. Currently, his investment bank is worth more than US $1 billion. Criminal history. First signs of criminal activity (2005–06). In March 2005, a woman called Florida's Palm Beach Police Department because she was concerned about what happened to her 14-year-old stepdaughter. She said to them that her 14-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's mansion by an older girl. In the mansion, the woman claimed that her stepdaughter been paid $300 to strip and massage Epstein. The stepdaughter was claimed to be undressed. When she left Epstein's mansion, she wearing still wearing her underwear. Police spent 11 months investigating Epstein and his home. The Federal Bureau of Investigation were also investigating Epstein and his home. It was discovered that Epstein was confirmed to have paid girls under 18 years old to perform sexual acts on him. Both the police and the FBI interviewed five claimed victims and 17 witnesses about this incident. Based on what they were discussing in the interviews, it was discovered that there are photos of abused underaged girls found in Epstein's trash. In fact, some of the trashed photos were confirmed to match the interviewed victims. In 2006, it was discovered that Epstein would often secretly install cameras everywhere around his property. Often he installs secret cameras everywhere around his property so that he can record sexual activity with underage girls by famous people. It was also discovered that Epstein used blackmail to threaten those famous people deceptively through his secret recordings. These criminal claims were obtained from information relating to a previous lawsuit made by those famous people in 2006. Epstein was claimed to have used underaged girls to spy on those famous people, which allowed him to blackmail those famous people. In 2015, it was revealed that Prince Andrew, Duke of York was one of the victims who were abused by Epstein's blackmailing. One of the former employees who worked for Jeffrey Epstein had stated that Epstein would receive three massages per day by the underaged girls. Eventually the FBI received proof that indeed Epstein was blackmailing famous people by spying on famous people. In May 2006, the Palm Beach police had concluded that Jeffrey Epstein will be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of molestation (forcing sexual abuse). However, the court disagreed. Epstein had a team of defense lawyers. His team of defense lawyers included Roy Black, Russell Crowe, Gerald Lefcourt, Harvard Law Professor Alan Dershowitz. In 2007, Ken Starr, the Special Prosecutor of Bill Clinton, joined in to protect Epstein. The police chief of Palm Beach, Michael Reiter, blamed the court for being too flexible when it comes to Epstein's criminal case. Additionally, the police chief was not satisfied that court did not pass on the information clearly enough to the FBI. In the end, the grand jury said only that Epstein had a single charge of unfair payment of prostitution. In 2006, they concluded that Epstein had pleaded not guilty. Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008). On February 6, 2008, an anonymous woman from Virginia filed a lawsuit worth $50 million against Epstein. She claims that when she was 16 years old between 2004 and 2005, she was sexually assaulted by Epstein. Initially, she was "recruited to give Epstein a massage", but later on Epstein went naked and had sexual intercourse with her. He paid her $200 immediately afterwards. In March 2008, a similar $50 million lawsuit was filed against Epstein by another woman who was sexually abused. However, these lawsuits alongside similar lawsuits were dismissed (all of these lawsuits were cancelled and ignored). Epstein deals with these types of lawsuits outside of court by paying the victims with compensation money. In 2008, he had a secret non-prosecution agreement with court that allowed him to have a lower court penalty while at the same time still keeping his luxury private locations. Instead of having a life sentence, he was only jailed for 18 months (but served 13 months in jail) and only had to settle the victims with payments of money. However, he still had to register as a sex offender. Arrest and registration as a sex offender (2008–2011). In 2008, he had a secret agreement with court that he would receive a lower court penalty. Along with a shorter jail sentence, he was allowed "custody with work release", which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day. Epstein spent 13months inside jail. After he was released from jail, he received one year of house arrest with probation until August 2010. While he was on probation, he was allowed to travel in his plane to his private homes in Manhattan and in the U.S. Virgin Islands. He was allowed long shopping trips and to walk around Palm Beach "for exercise". After a difficult court hearing was made in January 2011, Epstein stayed registered in New York State as a "level three" (high risk of repeat offense) sex offender for the rest of his life. At that court hearing, the Manhattan District Attorney tried to argue that Epstein should be reduced to a low-risk "level one", but he was refused by the judge. Epstein told the judge that his "main" home was in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The judge told him that he had to check in with the New York Police Department every 90days. Even though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, despite the fact that not following these rules is considered against the law. Trafficking of young girls (2019). On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at Teterboro Airport in New Jersey because he was doing sex trafficking. According to witnesses and sources, it is believed that the FBI broke into Epstein's Manhattan townhouse, the Herbert N. Straus House, to investigate Epstein's criminal behavior further. Two days later, the Public Corruption Unit of the Southern District of New York charged Epstein for attempted sex trafficking of minors. Court documents show that Epstein was attempting to bring at least 40 underaged girls to his mansion to sexually abuse them. It was discovered that Epstein owned a private Boeing 727 jet that he had used to invite underaged guests to his mansion. He traveled in his private jet frequently, logging "600 flying hours a year (...) usually with guests on board." Personal life. Jeffrey Epstein had long history of meeting with famous people because he was a successful businessman. He was friends with Prince Andrew and Tom Barrack, and had met with many famous people, including Bill Clinton, George Stephanopoulos, Donald Trump, Katie Couric, and Woody Allen. Epstein was also interested in funding science research and education. In 2000, he established the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation, which funds science research and education. Before 2003, the foundation funded Martin Nowak's research at the Institute for Advanced Study in the city of Princeton, New Jersey. In May 2003, Epstein created the "Program for Evolutionary Dynamics" at Harvard University, a program aimed to research evolution, with a $30 million gift. Death. On July 23, 2019, Epstein was found unconscious in his jail cell with injuries to his neck. His cellmate, former police officer Nicholas Tartaglione, was asked by police if he had tried to murder Epstein at 1:30am, as he had history of murdering people. He told them that he didn't do anything violent to Epstein. When police asked Epstein about the incident, Epstein refused to reply to them. After that incident, he was placed on suicide watch. Six days later on July 29, Epstein was taken off suicide watch. He had been moved into a special housing unit with another inmate. Epstein's close friends believed that he was still happy while in jail. The jail told the Justice Department to regularly check Epstein's jail cell. They made sure that Epstein always had a cellmate nearby. Additionally, a guard would check his cell every 30 minutes for any suspicious activity. The Justice Department followed these rules everyday until they accidentally didn't on the night before his death. On August 9, Epstein's former cellmate was transferred out of Epstein's cell, but no replacement cellmate was brought in. Later in the evening, Epstein had not been checked every 30 minutes. The two guards that were supposed to supervise Epstein fell asleep for three hours and made false records of Epstein's activity. Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also stopped working that night. Epstein killed himself by hanging on August 10, 2019, while at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York City. His body was found in his cell at 6:30 a.m. U.S Attorney General William Barr ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the FBI investigation. Epstein was 66 years old. On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein, because it was no longer possible to investigate Epstein's criminal activity further due to his death. Ever since his death, Internet memes have appeared in many forms, stating that "Epstein didn't kill himself". Many of these memes come from the dispute over whether Epstein actually committed suicide or was murdered. J. T. Realmuto Jacob Tyler Realmuto (born March 18, 1991) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Florida Marlins selected Realmuto in the third round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft. He made his MLB debut in 2014 with the Miami Marlins. In 2018, Realmuto was an All-Star and won the Silver Slugger Award at catcher. The Marlins traded him to the Phillies in February 2019. Philadelphia Phillies. On February 7, 2019, Realmuto was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Jorge Alfaro, Sixto Sánchez, Will Stewart, and $250,000 in international bonus slot money. Thomas Olmstead Thomas James Olmsted (born January 21, 1947) is a person with a title in an American Church called the Roman Catholic Church. The title is called Bishop and means he is on of the leaders of the church. He is the fourth and current Bishop of Phoenix. Before he was the Bishop of Phoenix, he was the Bishop of Wichita from 2001 to 2003. Early life. Thomas James Olmsted was born in Oketo, Kansas and his parents names were Pat Olmstead and Helen Olmsted. He also has two brothers and three sisters. He was raised on a farm in a city called Beattie, and attended school high school in a town called Summerfield. He then studied religion at a school called St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary in a city called Denver, in a state called Colorado, where he obtained a college degree called a "Bachelor of Arts." The degree he earned was in the subject of Philosophy in 1969. Priesthood. Olmsted became a priest on July 2, 1973. The church made him work for the Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska, which means the church in the city of Lincoln, Nebraska He then served as an associate pastor or "helping priest" at the Cathedral of the Risen Christ. After that he went to Rome where the Church made him study to become a doctor of Religion. Olmsted earned a doctor degree in Rome, and returned to United States in 1989. Episcopal career. Bishop of Wichita. On February 16, 1999 he was made the Bishop of Wichita, Kansas, by Pope John Paul II. The Bishop before that time was named Eugene Gerber. Bishop of Phoenix. Olmsted was later named the fourth Bishop of Phoenix on November 25, 2003. He replaced another Bishop who was named Thomas O'Brien. Excommunication of Margaret McBride. In May 2010, Olmsted said that a woman who was a member of his church could not be a member of his church anymore. This is called being excommunicated. This woman was named Sister Margaret McBride. He did this because Sister Margaret McBride had given permission at a hospital for a woman to have an abortion, or have her fetus removed from her body before it is ready to come out and survive. She gave this permission because the doctors thought the woman would die if the baby was not removed., After this happened Olmsted said that the hospital this happened at could not be called a Catholic Hospital anymore. This hospital was St. Joseph's Hospital in mid-town Phoenix., Pacinko Pacinko or Pasukan Cina Kota (literally "China Town Army") is an outlaw motorcycle club triad in Indonesia that active around 1970s until 1980s and led by Johny Indo. This club is famous for their brutal crime activities. Their rival is another outlaw motorcycle club named Y-Gen. But in the end, Y-Gen splits into multiple new outlaw motorcycle clubs, like Hanoman, Aligator, and Night Sons Racing. Dejan Lovren Dejan Lovren (born 5 July 1989) is a Croatian football player. He plays as a defender for Zenit Saint Petersburg and Croatia national team. International career statistics. !Total||53||2 Scream Queens Scream Queens is an American black comedy-horror television series that aired on Fox from 2015 to 2016. Valangaiman taluk Valagaiman is a one of the great taluk of thiruvarur.. Once upon a Time this valagaiman taluk is in thanjavur district.. Then it is in Thiruvarur district... And the present that valagaiman taluk is to move of a new district of kumbakonam... Valagaiman taluk is have a beautiful & great cities & villages... Avoor is the great example of that villages... Zoolander 2 Zoolander 2 is a 2016 American action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and written by John Hamburg, Justin Theroux, Stiller and Nicholas Stoller. It is the sequel to the 2001 film "Zoolander" and stars Stiller, Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Penélope Cruz and Kristen Wiig. Filming took place from April to July 2015, in Rome, Italy. Release. Zoolander 2 was released in theaters on February 12, 2016. Lakeville, Connecticut Lakeville is a village and census-designated place in Litchfield County, Connecticut. It is within the area of the Town of Salisbury. It is southwest of Salisbury Village on U.S. Route 44. In 2010, the population was 928. New England's oldest Methodist congregation is in Lakeville. Robert F. Marx Robert F. Marx (December 8, 1936 – July 4, 2019) was an American scuba diver. He was best known for his work with shipwrecks and sunken treasure. Although he was criticized for his treasure hunting, he was known as the "true father of underwater archaeology". He was born in Indialantic, Florida. Marx became a diving specialist in the United States Marine Corps in 1953. Marx died on July 4, 2019 in Indialantic at the age of 85. Indialantic, Florida Indialantic is a town in Brevard County, Florida. The town's population was 2,720 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Philip Freelon Philip Freelon (March 26, 1953 – July 9, 2019), was an American architect. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Freelon was best known for leading the design team (with J. Max Bond, Jr. of Davis Brody Bond, and David Adjaye) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture. He was also known for his designs for National Center for Civil and Human Rights and Museum of the African Diaspora. Freelon died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Durham, North Carolina from problems caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 67. Megan Rapinoe Megan Anna Rapinoe (; born July 5, 1985) is an American professional soccer player. She plays for and captains Reign FC in the National Women's Soccer League, as a midfielder and winger. Rapinoe is a member of the United States women's national soccer team, she helped the U.S. win the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, and the gold at the 2012 London Olympics. She is openly a lesbian. Steve Cannon (writer) Steve Cannon (April 10, 1935 – July 7, 2019) was an American writer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was known as the founder of the cultural organization A Gathering of the Tribes. Cannon went completely blind in 1989 from glaucoma. Cannon died on July 7, 2019 from septic shock caused by a ruptured cyst at a hospital in New York City at the age of 84. Ekaterina Koroleva Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Koroleva (; 8 October 1998 – 7 July 2019) was a Russian handball player. She played for Stavropol SKFU and for the women's national team. She was born in Krymsk, Russia. In 2017 she won at the U-19 European Championships in Slovenia the Silver medal after losing the finale against France. Later the Russian team has lost the medal due to a positive doping test by a team member of Koroleva. On 7 July 2019, Koroleva drowned in a swimming accident on the closing day of the 2019 European Beach Handball Championship in Stare Jabłonki, Poland, aged 20. 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike On 3 July 2019, an airstrike by General Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA) hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli, Libya, while hundreds of people were inside the facility. The detention center was being used as a holding facility for migrants and refugees trying to reach Europe when a storage hangar that it used as a residential facility was destroyed in an aerial bombing. The United Nations Human Rights Council stated that "It was known that there were 600 people living inside" the facility. At least 53 people were killed and 130 were wounded. One-design dinghy A One-design dinghy is a type of boat which has been built exactly the same as the next so that racing dinghy sailing equal and fair to all. History. In 1887 Thomas Middleton, a Dublin solicitor, thought that yacht racing was too expensive. He then invented the one-design boat. He wanted yacht racing to show just skill at sailing with all boats to be the same. He found some other people who agreed with him and they decided on a design for the new boat. They decided to call the boat 'The Water Wag'. The Water Wag Club is still in Dún Laoghaire harbour (near Dublin, Ireland), and they race every Wednesday evening during the Summer. The idea was quickly taken by sailors in Ireland, England, India and South America. In 1893 the Solent One Design Class was one of the first dinghy classes designed in England. It quickly became popular with some of the best-known yacht owners in the Solent, Portsmouth and Southampton waters including Sir Philip Hunloke, the King's Yachtmaster. The class was sailed by the Royal Yacht Squadron and the Island Sailing Club in 1895. The only boat still afloat is Rosenn, formally Eilun, sail number 6. She is included in the National Register of Historic Vessels of the United Kingdom and is kept in Lymington. Now there are a many classes of sailing dinghies in use in yacht clubs around the world and it is a major Olympic sport. Sailing. There are two ways of competition in sailboat racing: One-Design and Handicap. In one-design racing, the first boat to finish wins the race but with handicap racing, time is added or subtracted from the finishing times to decide the winner. In smaller boats like dinghy classes, the rules are very strict. Sometimes the boats may only be produced by one manufacturer. An example is the Olympic Laser dinghy which is one of the most popular sailing dinghies in the world. But others, like the Optimist dinghy, may be built by anyone and some are home built. The Optimist dinghy is also very popular all over the world. However, the measurements are very strict. A boat like the Olympic 470 dinghy may only be built by certain licenced manufacturers. Handicapping rules. Other sailboats race with handicap rules. Handicap rules include Portsmouth Yardstick, International Offshore Rule (IOR), the International Measurement System (IMS), International Rating Certificate (IRC) and Americap. Eddie Gerard Edward George Gerard (February 22, 1890 – August 7, 1937) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Bible Hill, Nova Scotia Bible Hill is a Canadian village in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Canning, Nova Scotia Canning is a village in northeastern Kings County, Nova Scotia. Chester, Nova Scotia Chester is a village on the Chester Peninsula, Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada. Other websites. Chesterbound - Lots of Local Links I Love New York I Love New York, seen visually as, "I ❤ NY" was a design concept created by Milton Glaser in 1977. The song "I Love New York" also the state song of New York. The logo was created by Milton Glaser. State Song. Lyrics. I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York There isn't another like it no matter where you go. And nobody can compare it. It's greater than place and show. You know... New York is special, You know, New York is different! 'Cause there's no place else on earth quite like New York! I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York! I love New York! I Love New York! I love New York! There isn't another like it no matter where you go. And nobody can compare it. It's greater than place and show. You know... New York is special, You know, New York is different! 'Cause there's no place else on earth quite like New York! I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York I love New York 1952 Indian presidential election The Election Commission of India held the first presidential elections of India on May 2, 1952. Dr. Rajendra Prasad won his first election with 507,400 votes (83.81%) over his nearest rival K. T. Shah who got 92,827 votes (15.3%). Results. Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website Swindle Swindle is a 2013 American television film starring Noah Crawford, Chris O'Neal, Jennette McCurdy, Noah Munck, Ariana Grande, Ciara Bravo, and Fred Ewanuick. Based on Gordon Korman's novel of the same name, the film tells the story of Griffin (Noah Crawford), a boy who retrieves his friend's valuable baseball card from an unscrupulous collectibles dealer with the help of his friends. The film premiered August 24, 2013 to an audience of over 4.2 million viewers. The film was released on DVD on March 19, 2014, and on Blu-ray on December 4, 2015. Reception. Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 stars. Dysalotosaurus Dysalotosaurus was a small plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur that lived in forests around 150 million years ago. Classification. "Dysalotosaurus" is a member of the family, the Dryosauridae, which were precursors (ancestors) of the Iguanodons, and lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. Tokyo Bay is a bay in the southern Kantō region of Japan. It goes on the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. The Uraga Channel connects Tokyo Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Its old name was . The Tokyo Bay region is the place with the most people, and it's the place that is most industrialized in Japan. Eudora, Kansas Eudora is a city in Douglas County, Kansas, United States. The city is along the Kansas River and the Wakarusa River. In 2010, 6,136 people lived there. Geography. Eudora is at (38.938213, −95.097417). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Eudora is part of the Lawrence, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Government. The Eudora government has five city commissioners. They elect the mayor. The City Commission meets on the second and fourth Monday of each month at 7PM. Transportation. Eudora is next to three state highways, three county highways, and a direct route to one national highway and to one interstate highway: Abel Abel is the brother of Cain who, loosely, according to the original texts and scrits of the Catholic Holy Word, was murdered by his brother for misplaced jealousy and envy. Abel, the younger of the two brothers, hearded animals, namely sheep and goats. Cain was a farmer who spent his days sowing and reaping the land that his younger brother's animals would graze from. When Cain presented to God his sacrifice, produce from his crops, God was pleased with Cain. However when the shepherd, Abel presented his blood sacrifice of living animals, God was more pleased with him than Cain. The older brother took great offense to this, leaving his mind vulnerable to The Devil's poisonous reasonings. He slew his brother in cold blood. And so goes the story of Abel's short lived life. KFC Index The KFC Index is an economic index which compares the purchasing power of two currencies in African countries. It is related to the Big Mac Index, but the KFC Index is only about Africa. The Big Mac Index is about many countries in the world, but it can't be used for Africa. This is because there aren't many McDonald's in Africa. KFC is in almost 20 countries in Africa, so it is easier to use. Figures. In February 2016: Most overvalued currencies 72% 30% Most undervalued currencies -48% -34% -32% Formal verification Formal verification is the process used to prove that a piece of software or hardware works according to its . Formal verification uses a mathematical proof. Systems such as those used in robots, or airplanes need to be proved correct, before they can be used. Aaron Rosand Aaron Rosand (March 15, 1927 – July 9, 2019) was an American violinist. In an April 1970 review in "The New York Times", critic Harold C. Schonberg wrote of Rosand that “Romanticism on the violin had a rebirth last night in Carnegie Hall". In the 1960s he performed often at Butler University's Festival of Neglected Romantic Music. Rosand died on July 9, 2019 in New York City, aged 92. Paulo Henrique Amorim Paulo Henrique dos Santos Amorim (22 February 1942 – 10 July 2019) was a Brazilian blogger and journalist. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Amorim worked as a sociologist and political scientist. He worked for Manchete Network, Grupo Abril, Jornal do Brasil, Globo Network, Bandeirantes Network and TV Cultura. From 2003 on, he worked for Record Network. Online-wise, he worked for Zaz, Terra, UOL and Internet Group (iG). He also owned an independent web portal named Conversa Afiada, "located somewhere in the Web 2.0". Amorim died on 10 July 2019 in Rio de Janeiro from a heart attack at the age of 77. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), also known as congophilic angiopathy, is a form of angiopathy in which amyloid comes out of the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system. The term "congophilic" is used because the amyloid appears red when looked under a microscope when "Congo red" dye is used. The amyloid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amyloidosis. Jim Bouton James Alan Bouton (; March 8, 1939 – July 10, 2019) was an American professional baseball player, writer and actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey. Bouton played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a pitcher for the New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Houston Astros, and Atlanta Braves between 1962 and 1978. He was also a best-selling author who wrote "Ball Four". He was also an activist, sportscaster and one of the creators of Big League Chew. An actor, he was known for his role as Terry Lennox in Robert Altman's 1973 movie "The Long Goodbye". Bouton was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention for George McGovern. Bouton died under hospice care in Great Barrington, Massachusetts on July 10, 2019 from cerebral amyloid angiopathy, aged 80. Great Barrington, Massachusetts Great Barrington is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 7,104 at the 2010 census. It is the birthplace of W. E. B. Du Bois. In 2012, "Smithsonian" magazine ranked Great Barrington #1 in its list of "The 20 Best Small Towns in America". Motto McLean Emmanuel Hall Roberts McLean (December 26, 1925 – July 10, 2019) was a Scottish-born Canadian professional hockey player. McLean played for the Omaha Knights and Fort Worth Rangers. He also played for the St. Louis Flyers in the American Hockey League, along with the New Westminster Royals and Vancouver Canucks. He received the Wm. Thayer Tutt Award from USA Hockey in 2002. McLean was born in Dalmeny, Scotland. He died in Omaha, Nebraska on July 10, 2019 at the age of 93. Brendan Grace Brendan Grace (1 April 1951 – 11 July 2019) was an Irish comedian and singer. He was known for his comedy schoolboy character "Bottler", the role of Murphy in the 1995 movie "Moondance", and his 1996 appearance in the Irish TV sitcom "Father Ted" as Father Fintan Stack. Grace was born in Dublin. Grace died on 11 July 2019 in Dublin from lung cancer at the age of 68. Antony Acland Sir Antony Arthur Acland (12 March 1930 – 8 September 2021) was a British diplomat. He was the Provost of Eton College. Acland was the U.K. Ambassador to the United States from 1986 to 1991 during the Margaret Thatcher and John Major ministries. Acland died on 8 September 2021 at the age of 91. Capital districts and territories A capital district, capital region, or capital territory is a district in which the capital of a; state, country or settlement is located. In federal states, the capital district is often a federal district. 2006–07 New York Rangers season The 2006–07 New York Rangers season was the National Hockey League franchise's 80th season of play and their 81st season overall. Playoffs. The New York Rangers ended the 2006–07 regular season as the Eastern Conference's sixth seed. Key: Win Loss Player statistics. †Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. ‡Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. Draft picks. New York's picks at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the General Motors Place. Roster. Goaltenders: • Defensemen • • • • Forwards • • • • • • • • 2018 Memorial Cup The 2018 Memorial Cup (branded as the 2018 Mastercard Memorial Cup for sponsorship reasons) was a four-team, round-robin format tournament that was held at the Brandt Centre in Regina, Saskatchewan from May 18–27, 2018. It was the 100th Memorial Cup championship of junior ice hockey, and determined the champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Golmaal 3 Golmaal 3 (eng: Mayhem 3) is a 2010 Indian Indian Hindi-language action comedy movie that is the third film in the Golmaal franchise. It stars Ajay Devgn, Arshad Warsi, and Kareena Kapoor in lead roles. It was released on 5 November 2010, while Diwali Festival was there in India and is the sequel to and Golmaal Returns. This movie had a great comedy, people laughed while seeing the movie. This was one of the best movies of Rohit Shetty, the great director. The film's storyline was partially inspired from Basu Chatterjee's 1978 film "Khatta Meetha" which itself was based on the 1968 film "Yours, Mine and Ours". A sequel to the film titled Golmaal Again was released in 2017. Plot. The story follows an elderly bus driver, Pritam, whose three good for nothing sons Madhav; The group leader, Laxman; The poetic idiot and Lucky; The innocent mute have took loans from various moneylenders, also from a don named Raghu, and they earn money by corrupt methods like selling fake question papers to students etc. On the other hand, Geeta lives with her two sons, Gopal; The strong but kind man who breaks fingers of those people who show him finger and Laxman; The stammerer. They also live with their business partner Dabbu and a girl named Chintu, along with her dog Facebook. They own a water sports stall in Goa, by taking money from Vasooli Bhai. Gopal has crush on Dabbu, but never shows it. Also, Vasooli is a lover of Chintu. Three Robbers, Pappi, Daga and Teja are in run from the police, as they have stolen the Queen's necklace. They end up in Goa. Pappi, who suffers from short term memory loss, hides the necklace in Pritam's house and forgets about it. Then, after taking money from Pappi, Madhav, Lucky and Laxman also open a water sports stall in just front of Gopal's stall, from where the rivalry between the two groups begins. They destroy each other's water sports business, and also cracker's business, which both of them opened after being destroyed their water sports business. Pritam, goes to Geeta's house to sort out the problem, but is surprised to see Geeta. It is revealed that they were college lovers, who were seperated and met in Goa a long time after that, when they got old. It is also revealed that they are not their sons, but are orphans. However, their sons do not know about this. Dabbu overhears their conversation, and decides to get them both married, by telling lies to their sons that their brothers are very little. On the marriage day, they came to know the truth that their enemies are now brothers, so they get violent on each other, and started chasing Dabbu. Dabbu somehow manages to slip away. Pritam, in fear that Raghu will come once to take his money, so he shifts along with his children to Geeta's house. The five then start living in one house, filled with non-stop laughs and mayhem, as five try many tricks on each other On Dabbu's birthday, when everyone (except Gopal) goes to a mall, Raghu comes along with his goons to take money violently. During the fight that followed, Gopal makes a surprise entry to take revange of hitting her mother during this fight. He hits everyone and at last, Raghu and his goons are defeated. Afterwards, the brother groups get angry towards each other. Suddenly, Lucky overhears Dabbu talking with their parents in anger about their fight, and he comes to know that he is an orphan. He tells everyone, crying, about their fate. Although no one believes him, Dabbu confirms him. Then, they vow that they will be friendly like brothers and will not let their parents know that they know that they are orphans. Together, with Vasooli's and Pappi's money, they open a family toy shop, when during inaugration, Pappi remembers where he had kept the necklace, and starts chasing all of them to their house. In the house, Dabbu fools him by saying that the necklace is with Dhande. Pappi says cuss words to Dhande. Dhande, who was an inspector, comes with his constable Gandhari to arrest Pappi. Then, as per the locarion told by Pappi, Pritam brings the necklace and gives it to the inspector. The necklace was of 3 crore, and they all get 10% in reward. In the end, Pritam and Geeta go for honeymoon, while all the five started fighting again on an argument, with Dabbu and Rohit Shetty stopping them. Auxiliary sciences of history The Auxiliary sciences of history are fields of study based on historical sources and items. Many of these fields of study started between the 16th and 19th centuries. At first, they were started by students of old artifacts. At the time, "History" was thought of only as a literary skill. In the late 18th century the study of history became more empirical. This change was lead by the Göttingen School of History. Then in the mid-19th century, Leopold von Ranke also focused on it. These changes lead to the rise of the trained historian as a skill. The auxiliary sciences of history include, but are not limited to: Sigillography Sigillography is the study of the seals used on documents. It is one of the auxiliary sciences of history. It has links to diplomatics, heraldry, social history, and the history of art. This field of study was started in the 15th century by students of old artifacts. Then it became more well known in the 16th and 17th centuries. At first this field of study was thought of as part of diplomatics. But over time it became known as its own field of study. Ron Estes Ronald Gene Estes (born July 19, 1956) is an American politician. He has been a member of the U.S. Representative for Kansas's 4th congressional district since April 25, 2017. He is a Republican. He was the 39th Kansas State Treasurer from 2011 to 2017 under Governor Sam Brownback. Early life and education. Estes was born in Topeka, Kansas. He is a fifth-generation Kansan. He earned a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and a master's degree in Business Administration from Tennessee Technological University. Kansas State Treasurer The State Treasurer of Kansas is in charge of the safe and efficient operation of state government. The Treasurer does this through effective banking, investment, and managing money. The current Kansas Treasurer is Jacob LaTurner. He has been treasurer since April 25, 2017. Secretary of State of Kansas The Secretary of State of Kansas is one of the constitutional officers of the U.S. state of Kansas. They are in charge of administering elections and voter registration for Kansas. They also get campaign finance reports. They are also able to prosecute people for voter fraud. The current Secretary of State is Scott Schwab. He has been secretary since January 14, 2019. History. The first Secretary of State for Kansas was John Winter Robinson. He was a doctor from Litchfield, Maine, but he moved to Manhattan, Kansas in 1857. Robinson was elected in December 1859. He became secretary in February 1861, after Kansas became a state. Kansas Insurance Commissioner The Kansas Insurance Commissioner (KIC) is in charge of helping the people whose lives are protected by insurance in the state of Kansas. The Insurance Commissioner is elected. The current Insurance Commissioner is Republican Vicki Schmidt. List of Insurance Commissioners. The office used to called the Superintendent of Insurance. In 1927, the name changed to Commissioner of Insurance. The Signpost The Signpost is the online newsletter of the English Wikipedia. It is written by Wikipedia editors and covers news about the English Wikipedia. It includes news about important discussions, new and pictures, Wikipedia technology, and what other newspapers and journals have written about Wikipedia. It also publishes opinion articles by Wikipedia editors and sometimes news about the Wikimedia Foundation and Wikipedias in other languages. History. "The Signpost" was started in January 2005 by Michael Snow. In its first edition he wrote: I hope this will be a worthwhile source of news for people interested in what is happening around the Wikipedia community. Snow was "The Signpost"'s main editor (editor-in-chief) until August 2005. Ryan Lomonaco became the new editor-in-chief, but Snow still wrote articles for the newsletter until February 2008. He stopped when he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. In July 2008 he was elected Chairman of the Board. He was the Chairman for two years. When it started, the newsletter's title was "The Wikipedia Signpost". In 2011, the title became simply "The Signpost". From 2005 to March 2016, "The Signpost" came out every week. Then it changed to coming out every two weeks because it did not have enough editors. In March, April and May of 2016 it did not come out at all. As of 2019, it comes out once a month. On April Fool's Day, "The Signpost" sometimes publishes joke articles and pictures. Examples of joke articles from April Fool's Day 2015 are "Special Report: Pictures of the Year 2015" (with joke pictures) and "Featured Content: Stop Press. Marie Celeste Mystery Solved". Crew Found Hiding In Wardrobe". In other newspapers and magazines. Journalists from other newspapers and magazines have used articles in "The Signpost" to help write their own articles. Keke Palmer Lauren Keyana "Keke" Palmer (born August 26, 1993) is an American actress, singer, and television personality. Jason Bay Jason Raymond Bay (born September 20, 1978) is a Canadian-American former professional baseball left fielder. Bay played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets and Seattle Mariners. Bay was the National League Rookie of the Year in 2004 and he won the Silver Slugger Award in 2009. He is a three-time MLB All-Star and a three-time Tip O'Neill Award winner as the best Canadian baseball player. Career. San Diego Padres (2003). Bay debuted with the Padres on May 23, 2003, getting his first major league hit, a home run, in the ninth inning. Two days later, he suffered a broken right wrist after being hit by a pitch. Pittsburgh Pirates (2003–2008). On August 26, 2003, Bay was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates, along with Óliver Pérez and Cory Stewart in exchange for Brian Giles. He finished the season with a .287 batting average, four home runs, and 14 RBI in 30 games. Boston Red Sox (2008–2009). On July 31, 2008, Bay and a player to be named later (Josh Wilson)[8] were traded to the Boston Red Sox in a three team deal that sent Manny Ramirez to the Los Angeles Dodgers and Andy LaRoche with Bryan Morris to the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Dodgers and Brandon Moss with Craig Hansen to the Pirates from the Red Sox. Giannis Antetokounmpo Giannis Sina Ougko Antetokounmpo (born December 6, 1994) is a Greek professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nearly , Antetokounmpo's combination of size, speed and ball-handling skills led to his nickname the "Greek Freak". He is the 2019 NBA Most Valuable Player. Born in Greece to Nigerian parents, Antetokounmpo began playing basketball for the youth teams of Filathlitikos in Athens. In 2011 he began playing for the club's senior team. He declared himself eligible for the NBA Draft in 2013 and was selected 15th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks. In 2016–17 he led the Bucks in all five major statistical categories and became the first player in NBA history to finish a regular season in the top 20 in total points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks (although totals are not the statistics used to determine league leaders, in which case the stat is not true; and several players have completed seasons with higher average ranks among the five statistics, such as Michael Jordan in 1987-88 and 1988-89). He received the Most Improved Player award in 2017. He has received three All-Star selections, and led the Eastern Conference in voting in 2019. He was named NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) in June 2019. Bechuanaland Bechuanaland was a federation of Tswana lands stretching from the territiry of the Bangwato in present day Botswana to the Batlhaping area around present day Kimberley,South Africa. The area included present day Botswana and large parts of what is now the North West and Northern Cape provinces of modern day South Africa. Bechuanaland was declared of British protectorate, in 1885, and subsequently divided the territory along the Molopo River. The areas to the South of the Molopo became British Bechuanaland and would later be handed over to the Cape Colony, which in 1910 was part of the two British colonies (Cape Colony and Natal) which united with the Boer republic's (Transvaal and Orange Free State to form the Union of South Africa). To the territory of modern-day Botswana, North of Molopo became Bechuanaland Protectorate until independence in 1966. Great Britain offered protection against the Boer Republics after the Boers invaded Bechuanaland in the early 1880s establishing Stellaland and Goshen within Bechuanaland around present day Vryburg, South Africa. The Christian missionary John MacKenzie of the London Missionary Society (LMS) convinced Bangwato ruler Khama III and other Tswana rulers to seek Protectorate status and the Warren Expedition was dispatched from the Cape in 1885 to remove the Boers from Stellaland and Goshen and proclaim Bechuanaland a British Protectorate. It had a territory of approximately . After the British divided Bechuanaland into two, the capital of Bechuanaland Protectorate now fell outside its territory: It was the modern-day city of Mahikeng, then called Mafeking, in South Africa. Great Flood of 1951 In mid-July 1951, heavy rains led to a lot of water in the Kansas River. Flooding happened in the Kansas, Neosho, Marais Des Cygnes, and Verdigris river basins. There was more than $935 million in damage in eastern Kansas and Missouri in June and July 1951. Adjusting for inflation, it would be nearly $8.52 billion in 2016. The flood killed 17 people. It caused 518,000 people to move somewhere else. Flood. The flood in Kansas started in May. It started with the flood of the Big Creek, (a tributary of the Smoky Hill River) in Hays. It flooded after eleven inches of rain in two hours. The creek overflowed. It flooded Hays (where Fort Hays State University is) in four feet of water. It flooded the Fort Hays State University campus. It caused people to move from the barracks (by families of the G.I. Bill) and dorms to the Stadium's third floor. The Stadium's third floor was still dry. Dr. Charles F. Wiest, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and Religion, and his seven-year-old daughter died. They died when their home caved in with the weight of the water. He was saving important documents in his basement. All records at the college were ruined. No graduation was held on the appointed date of May 23. Graduates were mailed their diplomas a month later. There were no warning sirens in Hays. Two police officers drove up and down the streets. They had their sirens on, and they shouted for people to evacuate. They are believed to haven saved many people's lives. The worst starting damage by the flood crest was to Manhattan and Ft. Riley. Barracks at the fort were destroyed. In Manhattan, the downtown business district was under 8 feet (2.4 m) of water and 2 people died. After this, Topeka and Lawrence were also damaged by the same crest. About 24,000 people were evacuated from Topeka. Fort Riley, Kansas Fort Riley is a United States Army installation in North Central Kansas. It is on the Kansas River between Junction City and Manhattan. The Fort Riley Military Reservation covers 101,733 acres (41,170 ha) in Geary and Riley counties. The part of the fort that has housing development is part of the Fort Riley census-designated place. In 2010, 7,761 people lived there. The fort has a daytime population of nearly 25,000. The ZIP Code is 66442. Stationed units. 1st Infantry Division Garrison Partners Larry J. Hopkins Larry Jones Hopkins (October 25, 1933 – November 15, 2021) was an American politician. He represented Kentucky's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1993. He was the Republican nominee for Governor of Kentucky in 1991 and lost to Brereton C. Jones. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. His son was actor Josh Hopkins. Hopkins died on November 15, 2021 in Lexington, Kentucky at the age of 88. Walt Michaels Walter Edward Michaels (October 16, 1929 – July 10, 2019) was a professional American football player and coach. He was best known for his six-year career as head coach of the NFL's New York Jets from 1977 to 1982. As a player, he played for the Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns and the New York Jets. Michaels was born in Swoyersville, Pennsylvania. Michaels died on July 10, 2019 in Plains, Pennsylvania at the age of 89. Swoyersville, Pennsylvania Swoyersville is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,062 at the 2010 census. Luzerne County, Pennsylvania Luzerne County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 320,918, making it the most populous county in the northeastern part of the state. The county seat and largest city is Wilkes-Barre. Other populous communities include Hazleton, Kingston, Nanticoke, and Pittston. Luzerne County is included in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a total population of 555,426 (as of 2017). Naval ship A naval ship is a military ship (or sometimes boat, depending on classification) used by a navy. Size. In weight (largest to smallest), modern naval ships are often put into different groups (called classes). The bigger ships in the list can also be classed as capital ships: Naval base A naval base, navy base, or military port is a military base, where warships and naval ships are. The ships are there when they have no mission at sea or want to restock. Ships may also get some minor repairs. Some naval bases are temporary homes to aircraft. They usually stay on the ships but may have maintenance while the ship is in port. Rex Wood Rex Wood (6 April 1906 – 1970) was a South Australian artist. He lived in Portugal for many years. He was born in Laura, South Australia. Rex Wood studied painting at the South Australian School of Art under Mary Packer Harris (1891–1978). He became an art critic for The News in 1934 and held an exhibition in 1935. He had another exhibition in 1937, the evening before he left for England and the Continent. He studied at the Anglo-French Art Centre at St Johns Wood and the Southampton Row School of Art. He spent much of the war years in Portugal. He visited Australia in the mid-1950s then went back to Portugal.He died in Estoril around 24 January 1970. Big League Chew Big League Chew is a brand of bubble gum. It is shredded and packaged in an aluminum foil pouch. It was created by Portland Mavericks left-handed pitcher Rob Nelson and bat boy Todd Field. It was then pitched to the Wrigley Company by Jim Bouton as a fun imitation of the tobacco-chewing. Over 800 million pouches of Big League Chew have been sold since 1980. Big League Chew was introduced in May 1980, it comes in flashy colors such as neon green (for their sour apple flavor) and bright purple (grape flavor). Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat (8 August 1943 – 11 July 2019) was a Kurdish politician. He was one of the founders of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001. He was a Member of Parliament for the Grand National Assembly from 1999 to 2011 and again from 2015 until his death. He was a member of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). Fırat was born in the district of Kahta in Adyaman. He died on 11 July 2019 from lung cancer in Istanbul at the age of 76. Eastern Ghats Eastern Ghats is a separate category of mountains along the eastern coast of India. Eastern Ghats pass through parts of Karnataka and Wayanad district of Kerala, going south from Odisha to Tamil Nadu via Andhra Pradesh. They are being destroyed by four major rivers of peninsular India. Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. Mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Plateau is located in the west of the border between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats. Coromandel is situated between coastal plains, eastern ghats and the Bay of Bengal along the coast area. Eastern Ghats is not as high as the Western Ghats. She-Hulk She-hulk is a fictional character created by Stan Lee and John Buscema for Marvel Comics in 1980. She is a female version of the Hulk She-Hulk is the alter ego ofJennifer Walters, Walters is the cousin of Bruce Banner (The Incredible Hulk). She was injured in a shooting at her home. Banner found her but she has lost a large amount of blood because of the injury. She needed an emergency blood transfusion. Banner gever her some of his blood to save her life. This also caused her to get a milder form of his condition. This meant she could turn large, green and powerful, but mostly kept her emotional stability and her personality. She-Hulk was played by Tatiana Maslany in the television show . Crayford Crayford is a small town in the London Borough of Bexley south London Jungkook Jeon Jung-kook (born September 1, 1997) is a South Korean singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is also better known mononymously as Jungkook. He is known for being a member and one of the four vocalists of the South Korean boy group BTS. Career. 2013-present: BTS. On June 12, 2013, Jungkook released his first album as a member of BTS. Since their debut, Jungkook has been credited as the main producer for two of their songs: "Love is Not Over" and "Magic Shop". Tongatapu Tongatapu is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is the main island for the Kingdom of Tonga. The capital Nuku'alofa is located on this island. Richard and Mary Parker Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in Marvel Comics. They first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual # 5 in 1968 created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. Richard Parker is the younger brother of Benjamin 'Uncle Ben' Parker, he is married to Mary Parker whose maiden name is Fitzpatrick and the father of Peter Parker. Since the first issue Peter was raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben but it didn't explain where his parents were. In their first appearance in a flashback it is revealed that they were murdered by the supervillain Albert Malik also known as the Red Skull. In comics from the 1990's it is revealed that Richard Parker was recruited into the CIA by Nick Fury, that he was pretending to be a Russian double agent and that he and his wife were killed in a plane crash caused by sabotage. Harry Osborne later creates robots that look just like Richard and Mary to trick Peter Parker into thinking that his parents are still alive and then reveals that they are not to destroy him. In the 2002 movie Spider-Man, Norman Osborne tells Peter Parker "your parents must be proud" and Peter tells him "I live with my aunt and uncle, they are proud." Uncle Ben later tells Peter "I know I'm not your father" and Peter tells him "then stop pretending to be". At the end of the movie the Green Goblin tells Spider-Man that Peter has been like a son to him and that he has been like a father and Peter tells him "I had a father, his name was Ben Parker." In the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider-Man, Dr. Richard Parker is a scientist who disappeared after he and his wife left their son Peter Parker with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. He is also responsible for the creation of the genetically engineered superspider that bites Peter and gives him his powers. Derby, Kansas Derby is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is the biggest suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 22,158 people lived there. Geography. Derby is at (37.552407, -97.261492). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Derby has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Derby has a humid subtropical climate. It is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Derby is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census said that there were 22,158 people, 8,300 households, and 6,226 families living in Derby. Great Bend, Kansas Great Bend is a city in Barton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Barton County. It is named for its location at the place where the Arkansas River bends east then southeast. In 2010, 15,995 people lived there. Geography. Great Bend is at (38.3644567, -98.7648073). It has an elevation of 1,850 feet (564 m). It is in central Kansas, and it is at the intersection of U.S. Route 281 and U.S. Route 56. Great Bend is northwest of Wichita, west-southwest of Kansas City, and east-southeast of Denver. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Education. Primary and secondary education. Great Bend Public Schools (USD 428) has about 3,000 students. It runs eight schools in Great Bend: Colleges and universities. Barton Community College is a two-year community college. It is about three miles northeast of Great Bend. Media. The "Great Bend Tribune" is the city's daily newspaper. It makes over 6,200 copies. Parks and recreation. The city government's Park Department maintains 10 parks in Great Bend. Culture. Sports. Greyhound racing started in the United States in the bottoms in 1886 during a formal coursing event. Red Hills (Kansas) The Red Hills (also called Gypsum Hills) is a physiographic area. It is mostly in Clark, Comanche and Barber counties in southern and central Kansas. This land has a lot of red rock. It does not fit the normal description of the Great Plains land of Kansas. Crime in Kansas This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Kansas. Statistics. In 2008, there were 106,141 crimes reported in Kansas, including 113 murders. Capital punishment laws. Capital punishment is allowed in Kansas. Pittsburg, Kansas Pittsburg is a city in Crawford County, Kansas, United States. It is in Southeast Kansas near the Missouri state border. It is the biggest city in Crawford County and southeast Kansas. In 2010, 20,233 people lived there. Geography. Pittsburg is at . The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Pittsburg is in the Ozark Highlands region. That region is a mix of prairie and forests. It is west of Springfield, Missouri, south of Kansas City, Missouri, and northeast of Tulsa, Oklahoma. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 20,233 people, 8,142 households, and 4,087 families living in Pittsburg. Government. The Pittsburg government has a mayor and four commissioners. The commission meets the 2nd and 4th Tuesday of each month at 5:30 pm. Media. The "Pittsburg Morning Sun" is the main newspaper in Pittsburg. It is published five days per week. In addition, Pittsburg State University publishes a weekly student newspaper, the "Collegio". Falfurrias, Texas Falfurrias ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Brooks County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,981 at the 2010 census. Floresville, Texas Floresville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Wilson County. Gardner, Kansas Gardner is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 19,123 people there. It is in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Geography. Gardner is at (38.812367, -94.918621). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Gardner has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Gardner has a humid subtropical climate. It is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says there were 19,123 people, 6,644 households, and 4,938 families living in Gardner. Winfield, Kansas Winfield is a city and county seat of Cowley County, Kansas, United States. It is on the Walnut River in South Central Kansas. In 2010 12,301 people lived there. It is the second biggest city in Cowley County. History. 19th century. Winfield was created in 1870. It was named after Rev. Winfield Scott. He said he would build a church for the town if the people would name the city after him. The first post office at Winfield was created in May 1870. Geography. Winfield is located north of the Kansas-Oklahoma state border. It is at the junction of U.S. Routes 77 and 160. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says there were 12,301 people, 4,600 households, and 2,848 families living in Winfield. Lansing, Kansas Lansing is a city in Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States. It is on the west side of the Missouri River and Kansas-Missouri state border. In 2010, 11,265 people lived there. It is the second biggest city in Leavenworth County. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The Lansing Correctional Facility (used to be called the Kansas State Penitentiary), which includes the state's main maximum-security prison, is in Lansing. History. Lansing is named for James Lansing. He was a pioneer settler. Geography. Lansing is at (39.248689, -94.891880). The city is on the western bank of the Missouri River. The river also creates the Kansas-Missouri state border. It is bordered by the city of Leavenworth to the north; Kansas City is less than a half-hour to the southeast. U.S. Route 73 goes through the city. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says there were 11,265 people, 3,180 households, and 2,496 families living in Lansing. Education. Lansing Unified School District (USD 469), with four schools, has more than 2,000 students. Haysville, Kansas Haysville is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 10,826 people lived there. Haysville is known as the "Peach Capital of Kansas". Geography. Haysville is at (37.563787, -97.353044). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Haysville is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 10,826 people, 3,857 households, and 2,932 families living in Haysville. Government. The Haysville government has a mayor and eight council members. The council meets the 2nd and 4th Monday of each month at 7PM. Bongkel The Bongkel is a musical instrument from Indonesia. It is made from bamboo in the Banyumasan region. Rif Dimashq Governorate Rif Dimashq Governorate ( "", literally, the "Governorate of the Countryside of Damascus", Damascus Suburb) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and al-Suwayda (comprising the historic Hauran region) in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The Governorate completely surrounds the city-governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census). Districts. The governorate is divided into ten districts ( ; manatiq). There were nine district until February 2009, when Qudsaya District was created from parts of Markaz Rif Dimashq and Al-Zabadani districts. The districts are further divided into 37 sub-districts.There is a small village belonging to the Damascus countryside (Ghouta) called Aqraba, which is characterized by its fields and agricultural orchards. ( ;nawahi). Damascus Governorate Damascus Governorate ( "") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. Completely surrounded by the Rif Dimashq Governorate, it consists only of the city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, and the suburb of Yarmouk Camp. The governorate's area is around 107 km2, encompassing the area of the city of Damascus and the Yarmouk Camp, while the population is around 1,711,000. Geography. Damascus occupies a strategic location on a plateau which rises 680 m (2,230 ft) above sea level and about 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon mountains, supplied with water by the Barada River. The Anti-Lebanon mountains which mark the border between Syria and Lebanon, bock precipitation from the Mediterranean sea, so that the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times this was mitigated by the Barada River, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the Ghouta, an irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals, and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. The governorate occupies an area of 107 km2, 79 km2 of which is urban (77 in Damascus, 2 in Yarmouk Camp) while the rest is occupied by Mount Qasioun which overlooks the city. Climate. Damascus has a cold desert climate ("BWk") in Köppen-Geiger system, due to the rain shadow effect of the Anti-Lebanon mountains and the prevailing ocean currents. Summers are dry and hot with less humidity. Winters are cool and somewhat rainy; snowfall is infrequent. Annual rainfall is around , occurring from October to May. Typhoon Wutip (2019) Typhoon Wutip was a tropical cyclone that formed on February 18, 2019 and disappeared in March 2, 2019. It caused a lot of destruction in Guam and Micronesia. The storm formed in mid-February, its intensity reached its peak on February 25, and had the lowest central pressure of any February tropical cyclone, surpassing Higos in 2015. Storm history. On February 16, a low-pressure area formed to the south of Marshall Islands. It moved westward, passing just south of the Federated States of Micronesia. On February 18, the system became a tropical depression, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) initiated advisories on the system, with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center giving the storm the identifier 02W. On February 20, Tropical Depression 02W strengthened into a tropical storm and received the name Wutip from the JMA. Typhoon warnings were issued in large parts of Micronesia, including Yap State. On February 23, the storm was packing 1-minute sustained winds of 193 km/h (120 mph), making it a Category typhoon, while also generating wave heights up to 12.5 m (41 ft), with wind gusts reaching 240 km/h (150 mph). Later that day, Wutip reached its initial peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 925 millibars (27.3 inHg), making the storm a high-end Category 4-equivalent super typhoon as it passed to the southwest of Guam. This also allowed Wutip to surpass Typhoon Higos from 2015 as the strongest February typhoon on record. On February 24, Typhoon Wutip finished its eyewall replacement cycle and quickly re-intensified, resuming a trend of rapid intensification. Early on February 25, at 06:00 UTC, Wutip peaked as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), making Wutip the most powerful February typhoon recorded. On February 27, 2019, at 9:00 UTC, the National Weather Service of Tiyan, Guam noted that Typhoon Wutip was located near 16.3°N and 139.4°E, about 410 miles west-northwest of Guam, and about 430 miles west-northwest of Saipan. Wutip's 1-minute sustained winds had also decreased to 145 km/h (90 mph). Wutip made a turn to the west-northwest while rapidly weakening, due to the wrong conditions. On February 28, Wutip weakened into a tropical depression. On the same day, Wutip was given the name Betty by the PAGASA, as the storm entered that agency's area of responsibility in the Philippine Sea. On March 1, Wutip made a clockwise loop to the west, before dissipating on the next day. Impact. Damages in Guam and Micronesia were at $3.3 million. On Guam, Civil defense officials warned that the island was expected to experience tropical storm force winds between 64–72 km/h (40–45 mph) and rainfall totals of up to 6 inches (15.24 centimeters), and they advised the residents of Guam residents to stay indoors until the storm had passed. Wutip caused power outages across the island when it passed through the area on February 23. Back on Federated States of Micronesia, it passed over Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Yap states in the Federated States of Micronesia from February 19–22 as a Category 2 typhoon with sustained wind speeds of more than 160 km/h (100 mph). Wutip left at least 165 people homeless and leaving approximately 160 houses damaged or destroyed in both Chuuk and Yap. 2019 Atlantic hurricane season The 2019 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth consecutive season of above-average and damaging seasons dating back to 2016. This hurricane season has 20 tropical cyclones and 18 named storms in total in which tropical cyclones were formed in the Northern Hemisphere at the Atlantic basin. The season officially began on June 1, 2019, and ended on November 30, 2019. Subtropical Storm Andrea formed on May 20, making 2019 the fifth consecutive season in which storms formed before the official start of the hurricane season; this breaks the record of four consecutive years set in 1951-1954. Barry became the first hurricane of the season in early July. Hurricane Dorian became a first major hurricane of the season in late August, and later became a Category 5 hurricane on September 1, making 2019 the fourth consecutive season to feature at least one Category 5 hurricane (Matthew in 2016; Irma and Maria in 2017; Michael in 2018). Tropical Storm Imelda formed on September 17 and caused catastrophic flooding over Southeast Texas, making Imelda one of the wettest tropical cyclones in U.S. history. Hurricane Lorenzo became a second Category 5 hurricane of the season on September 29, making 2019 one of the Atlantic hurricane seasons to feature more than one Category 5 hurricane; and also, this made Lorenzo the easternmost Category 5 hurricane on record, surpassing Hurricane Hugo in 1989. The season ended with Tropical Storm Sebastian on November 25. Storms. For a record fifth consecutive year, activity began before the official start of the season when Subtropical Storm Andrea formed on May 20. No storms formed in the month of June, but activity resumed in July when Hurricane Barry formed. Tropical Depression Three formed soon afterwards. After the dissipation of Three less than 24 hours later, the activity again suppressed. However, nearly a month later, on August 21, Tropical Storm Chantal formed, making the 2019 hurricane season the second latest starting season of the 21st century. Early on August 24, Chantal dissipated. Later that day, Dorian formed. On August 26, a tropical depression formed off the coast of North Carolina Carolina. Des Coleman Desune Franklin "Des" Coleman (born 14 March 1975) is a British actor, singer and weather presenter. He is known for his role of Lenny Wallace in BBC's "EastEnders". In 2007 and a standby weather presenter for Laura Tobin on the ITV breakfast programme "Good Morning Britain". He became the weatherman for BBC's "East Midlands Today" but was fired in 2011. In 2016, he joined ITV Central's "ITV News Central" as the weather presenter. Coleman spent time in prison in his twenties. While at acting school, Coleman was diagnosed with a form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. He is in remission. In November 2018, Coleman was rushed to hospital after a collapse due to hemorrhage in the bowels. He underwent surgery to remove tumors in his bowel and spent two days on life-support. He made a recovery three months later in February 2019. 2003 Cricket World Cup The 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup was the eighth edition of the tournament. It was the first World Cup held in Africa, co-hosted by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya. Australia won the tournament for the third time, defeating India in the final. Dieter Enders Dieter Enders (17 March 1946 – 29 June 2019) was a German organic chemist. He was known for his work creating asymmetric synthesis, such as using modified prolines as asymmetric auxiliaries. He was born in Butzbach, Hesse. Enders worked at RWTH Aachen University in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia. Enders died on 29 June 2019 in Aachen at the age of 73. Astrid North Astrid North (born Astrid Karina North Radmann; 24 August 1973 – 25 June 2019) was a German soul singer and songwriter. She was the singer of the German band . She released five albums with them. She was also a guest singer of the band for which she published three albums. North was born in Berlin. North died on 25 June 2019 from pancreatic cancer in Berlin, aged 45. M. J. Radhakrishnan M. J. Radhakrishnan (1957/1958 – 12 July 2019) was an Indian cinematographer. He worked in Malayalam movies. He was born in Punalur, Kollam. His best known works included "Deshadanam", "Karunam" and "Naalu Pennungal". Radhakrishnan died on 12 July 2019 from cardiac arrest at a hospital in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala at the age of 61. Claudio Naranjo Claudio Benjamín Naranjo Cohen (24 November 1932 – 12 July 2019) was a Chilean-born American psychiatrist and writer. He was known as an important person in integrating psychotherapy and the spiritual traditions. He was known as the co-creator of the Enneagram of Personality theories and a founder of the Seekers After Truth Institute. Naranjo died on 12 July 2019 at his home in Berkeley, California at the age of 86. Thousand Palms, California Thousand Palms is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Coachella Valley of Riverside County, California, United States. The population was 7,715 at the 2010 census, up from 5,120 at the 2000 census. Thousand Palms is located at . Rumen Surdzhiyski Rumen Ivanov Surdzhiyski (Bulgarian: "Ру́мен Ивано́в Сурджийски"; 24 September 1943 – 11 July 2019) was a Bulgarian movie director and screenwriter. His career began in 1968. He was born in Glozhene, Vratsa Province, Bulgaria. Surdzhiyski was known for his movies "Swan" (1976), "Snapshots as Souvenirs" (1979) and "Place Under the Sun" (1986). Surdzhiyski died on 11 July 2019 in Sofia at the age of 75. Asasey hotel attack On 12 July 2019, al-Shabaab militants launched an attack on the Asasey hotel in Kismayo, Somalia. Two notable journalists were killed in the attack including a Somali Canadian, Hodan Nalayeh. Three Kenyans, three Tanzanians, two Americans and a Briton were also killed in the attack. Hodan Nalayeh Hodan Nalayeh (; ; 1976 – July 12, 2019) was a Somali-Canadian media executive, marketing consultant, social activist and businesswoman. She was the President of the Cultural Integration Agency and the Vice President of Sales & Programming Development of Cameraworks Productions International. She was also a television producer who worked on "American Idol" and "So You Think You Can Dance". She was born in Las Anod, Somalia. She lived in Toronto, Ontario. Nalayeh and her husband Farid were killed during a terrorist attack at Hotel Asasey in Kismayo, Somalia, on July 12, 2019. Plains, Pennsylvania Plains is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plains Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population of the CDP was 4,335 at the 2010 census, out of 9,961 in the entire township. Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania Lackawanna County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 214,437. Its county seat and largest city is Scranton. Joseph Edward Kurtz Joseph Edward Kurtz (born August 18, 1946) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the fourth and current Archbishop of Louisville, Kentucky since 2007. He was the Bishop of Knoxville, Tennessee from 1999 to 2007. Kurtz also was the President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops between 2013 and 2016. Kurtz was born in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Scranton, Pennsylvania. In July 2019, Kurtz was diagnosed with a form of bladder cancer. Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania Mahanoy City (pronounced MAHA-noy) is a borough located southwest of Wilkes-Barre and 13 miles southwest of Hazleton. It is located entirely within but is not part of Mahanoy Township. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,162. Social gadfly A social gadfly is a term for people who like to upset the status quo by asking upsetting or original questions. A gadfly tries to stimulate innovation by annoying others. This word was coined by Socrates Georgian Bay Islands National Park Georgian Bay Islands National Park () is a national park in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. The park is made up of 63 different small islands and parts of islands in Georgian Bay near Port Severn, Ontario. The largest island in the park is Beausoleil Island. Orlando Pride Orlando Pride are are a soccer team founded in 2015. Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2, meaning Lunar Craft or Moon Craft, ( ) is India's second moon mission after Chandrayaan-1. Made by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2:43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). A proper landing on the lunar south pole would make India the 4th country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USA, USSR, and China. The mission landing was expected on 7 September 2019 at 01:55 AM IST (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) but crashed when it lost communication at a 2100 metre altitude. History. On 12 November 2007, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO agreed to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project. ISRO would be in charge of the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to build the lander. The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review. Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was moved to 2016 because Russia was unable to build the lander on time. When Russia decided it would not be able to build a lander by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission on its own. The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed. Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019, making the launch date even later. Goals. The main goals of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Studies of lunar topography,mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice are the scientific goals. The orbiter will survey the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also survey the surface while studying the water ice in the lunar south pole and thickness of the Lunar soil on the surface. Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi (born 1948) is a botanist and curator. This author is usually abbreviated «Gandhi» when citing a botanical name. Taxa named by Gandhi. Piptochaetium fuscum Barworth, Cialdella et Gandhi Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate headquartered in San Jose, California, in the center of Silicon Valley. Cisco develops, manufactures and sells networking hardware, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, WebEx, Jabber and Jasper, Cisco specializes into specific tech markets, such as Internet of Things (IoT), domain security and energy management. Cisco stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner, two Stanford University computer scientists. They pioneered the concept of a local area network (LAN) being used to connect geographically disparate computers over a multiprotocol router system. By the time the company went public in 1990, Cisco had a market capitalization of $224 million. By the end of the dot-com bubble in the year 2000, Cisco had a more than $500 billion market capitalization. Ratchaburi province Ratchaburi Province (, ) or Rat Buri () is one of the western provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. Geography. Ratchaburi Province is a medium-sized province with an area of about . The eastern part of the province contains the flat river plains of the Mae Klong, crisscrossed by many khlongs. The most famous tourist spot in this area is the Damnoen Saduak Floating Market. The west of the province is more mountainous, and includes the Tenasserim Hills. As the mountains are made mostly of limestone, there are several caves containing stalactites. Some caves are inhabited by large colonies of bats, and it is an impressive sight when they swarm out in the evening to feed. Other caves like the Khao Bin are accessible for visitors. The main river of the western part is the Phachi River. On the left bank of the Phachi is the Chaloem Phrakiat Thai Prachan National Park. The area of Ratchaburi Province is divided into three parts. First, the border in the west which is shared with Myanmar and is about long. The second contains the Tenasserim mountains and forests with an elevation of about 200–300 meters. The central area of the province is rich in wetlands due to river flow. Ratchaburi has important natural resources are forest which it have area about 38 percent of the province. Moreover, it has minerals such as tin, tantalum, feldspar, quartz, limestone, and marlstone. History. The history of the city of Ratchaburi dates back to the Dvaravati period, when it was an important city of the Mon Kingdom. Of the city of Khu Bua nearby only ruins remains. According to legend it dates back to the mythical Suvannabhumi Kingdom predating Dvaravati. "Ratchaburi" means 'the land of the king'. Ratchaburi dates back to ancient times and was important during the Dvaravati period. The city of Ratchburi is on the banks of the Mae Klong River and was a town of the Suvarnabhumi Kingdom. Demographics. Hill tribes, mostly Karen living near the Myanmar border, make up about one percent of the population. Some Mon, Lawa, Lao, Chinese and Khmer minorities live in the province. Ratchaburi is 98.3 percent Buddhist. Tourism. Sights. Damnoen Saduak floating market Damnoen Saduak Floating Market is in Damnoen Saduak District. It shows the people's lifestyle and the importance of the river as a mean of commerce. Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahathat An ancient temple, locally called Wat Na Phra That, is on the west bank of the Mae Klong River in town. Its elegant prangs or pagoda remains in good condition and was probably copied from Cambodia's Angkor Wat. Murals of Wat Khongkharam At a Mon monastery over 200 years old and originally called "Wat Klang" or "Phia To". King Mongkut gave it a new name as "Wat Khongkharam". It is Photharam, some 22 kilometres from Ratchaburi. Bo Khloung Hot Stream - Five kilometers beyond Suan Phung. The stream is full of mineral water. The water flows all year round from the Tanaosi Range. Its temperature ranges between 50-68 degrees Celsius. Kaew Chan Waterfall or Nine-Level waterfall - is one kilometer from Bo Khlung hot stream. Pong Yub, Ban Tha Kheay. The subsidence of the ground has created a steep cliff similar to the one in Pae Muang Phi in Phrae Province. Khao Bin Cave About 22 kilometres from Ratchaburi city centre is the mountain range of "Khao Bin", or "Flying Mount" which is home to the cave of the same name. Khao Wang A hill that is about 44 metres high and was originally called "Khao Sattanat". It is two kilometers west of the town. Sunninghill Park Sunninghill Park was a country house and estate of about directly north of Cheapside. The early 19th century house burned down in 1947 and a replacement was built in the grounds during the final years of the 1980s to be the official residence of the Duke of York from 1990 until 2004; it was sold in 2007. The house fell into disrepair and was demolished in 2016. First house. Sunninghill Park was originally part of Windsor Forest until 1630, when King Charles I granted it to Thomas Carey. The first significant house was built on the estate in the late Georgian period in the early 19th century, being a stucco building of two stories with later additions. It served as the headquarters of the American Ninth Air Force from November 1943 to September 1944. The Crown Estate Commissioners purchased the property from Philip Hill in 1945. The main house was to be occupied by Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and her future husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, after their wedding in November 1947. However, the house burned down on 30 August 1947 before their wedding, so they rented Windlesham Moor instead. In the mid-1960s, the site was considered for a new home for Princess Margaret. Second house. In 1986, the walled garden of was purchased from the Crown Estate Commissioners on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II. Construction commenced on a two-storey red brick house the following year, for it to be the home of the Duke and Duchess of York and was completed in 1990. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2002, it was announced that the Duke of York was to be designated her former home Royal Lodge, Windsor instead. The Duke of York and his former wife shared the family's home until 2004, when he moved to the Royal Lodge, the refurbishment of which was funded by taking out a mortgage on Sunninghill Park. The Duchess of York moved out in 2006. The house fell into an increasing state of disrepair. By 2009, it had "doors hanging open, weeds sprouting through the terrace paving, windows broken, grass growing through the cover over the empty swimming pool, peeling paintwork and a general air of dereliction." In July 2009, Bracknell Forest Borough Council were said to be considering seizing the property under the Housing Act 2004 and using it as a homeless shelter, following several reported break-ins. In 2013 the owner was granted planning permission to demolish it and replace it with a larger house, and in 2014, photos showed the former royal home appeared to be seriously dilapidated. Demolition was temporarily halted when more than 100 bats were found roosting under its roof, before its actual demolition. SkyTeam Cargo SkyTeam Cargo is a global cargo alliance in which all members are also members of the SkyTeam airline alliance. SkyTeam Cargo is the largest cargo alliance, it competes with the WOW Alliance. Following the founding of the SkyTeam on 22 June 2000, the creation of its cargo division, "SkyTeam Cargo", was announced in September that year. The alliance's inaugural members were Aeroméxico Cargo, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics, and Korean Air Cargo, whose passenger airline operations are members of SkyTeam. Maraging Steel Maraging steels are iron-nickel alloys with cobalt, molybdenum, titanium and aluminium added. They do not have carbon. The term maraging comes from the strengthening mechanism, which is transforming the alloy to martensite with subsequent age hardening. 2019 Audi Cup The 2019 Audi Cup (the sixth edition of the Audi Cup) will be a two-day football tournament in Munich, Germany. The participating teams are Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, Tottenham Hotspur, and Fenerbahçe. Aranyaka The Aranyakas (; Sanskrit: "" ) is the philosophy behind sacrifice of the ancient Hindu sacred texts, the Vedas. They are usually part of the later parts of Vedas, and are one of many layers of the Vedic text. The other parts of Vedas are the Samhitas (benedictions, hymns), Brahmanas (commentary), and the Upanishads (spirituality and abstract philosophy). Time in India The Republic of India uses one time zone, which is Indian Standard Time (IST). This is 5:30 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. India does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST). Eurovision Song Contest 2020 The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 is a singing competition that was to be held in The Netherlands, after Duncan Laurence won the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 with the song ”Arcade”. On 18 March 2020, it was announced that the contest would be cancelled due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in Europe. It's the first in the history of the contest to be cancelled. After the show was cancelled, the European Broadcasting Union organised a replacement show called , to show the selected entries in place of the Grand Final on 16 May. Rotterdam has remained as the host city of the next year's contest. Brian Giles Brian Stephen Giles (JAYH-ulz; born January 20, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. During his career he played for the Cleveland Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates and San Diego Padres. The left-handed Giles was a two-time All-Star and had a career line of .291/.400/.502 with 287 home runs, 411 doubles, 1,078 runs batted in (RBI), and 1,183 walks in 1,847 games. Although a bit suspect with the glove, Giles was a do-it-all batter at the plate, posting one of the highest OPS of all-time. During his prime, Giles carried a stagnant Pittsburgh Pirates offense as the main batting prowess outside of Aramis Ramírez in the lineup and posted an OPS over 1. He received MVP votes every year during this time. Giles was known for his unique, low-crouched batting stance at the plate, similar to Jeff Bagwell. His younger brother, Marcus Giles, is a former Major League infielder who was most notable for playing with the Atlanta Braves organization. Benito Santiago Benito Santiago Rivera (born March 9, 1965) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball catcher, who played for twenty seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Santiago was considered the premier catcher in the National League (NL). Santiago was not a great batter and showed little pop at the plate, but he is considered one of the greatest defensive catchers of all time. As a veteran catcher, he was known for his patience with helping rookie pitchers adapt to the new challenges posed by the major leagues. Jason Kendall Jason Daniel Kendall (born June 26, 1974) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1996 through 2010 for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers, and Kansas City Royals. He is the son of former catcher Fred Kendall, who played in the majors from 1969–1980. Not known for his batting abilities and lacking in power, Kendall was a great defensive catcher. Mike Matheny Michael Scott Matheny (born September 22, 1970) is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He is currently a special adviser for player development for the Kansas City Royals. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 13 seasons as a catcher for the Milwaukee Brewers, Toronto Blue Jays, St. Louis Cardinals and San Francisco Giants. Matheny's best years were spent with the Cardinals. He won four Rawlings Gold Glove Awards. Matheny holds the National League record for most consecutive games caught without making an error as a catcher. He is considered one of the greatest defensive catchers of all time. Matheny later managed the St. Louis Cardinals. As manager, Matheny's teams won one National League (NL) pennant and three NL Central division titles. He bats and throws right-handed, stands 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall, and weighs 205 pounds (93 kg). Torii Hunter Torii Kedar Hunter (/ˈtɔːriː/; born July 18, 1975) is an American former professional baseball center fielder and right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Detroit Tigers from 1997 through 2015. Hunter was a five-time All-Star, won a major league record nine consecutive Gold Glove Awards as a center fielder, and was a two-time Silver Slugger Award winner. Hunter was known for his trademark ability to rob batters of home runs at the outfield wall, particularly as the center fielder for the Twins. Hunter is regarded as arguably the greatest defensive outfielder of all time. Escort agency An escort agency is a company that provides escorts for clients, usually for sexual services. Individual girls who provide this kind of service are known as call girls. The practice is close to being prostitution. There are escort agencies which provide escorts for occasions or for a visit to an event. This is a more legitimate service. Such agencies provide security, especially for females attending an event. Tracy Edwards Tracy Edwards is a sailboat racer. In 1989 she organized an 12-woman crew to participate in the "Whitbread Round the World Race". It was rare for women to sail in those days. The duration of this race was nine months. A documentary called "Maiden" was made about the race. Oak Hill Cemetery (Lawrence, Kansas) The Oak Hill Cemetery is a cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas. It was first created as a way for the people of Lawrence to remember those who were killed in Quantrill's Raid. Some famous people from Kansas are buried there. They include Charles L. Robinson, John P. Usher, and James H. Lane. It was built in 1866. Adriano Andreani Adriano Andreani (14 September 1879 – 20 October 1960) was an Italian gymnast. He competed in the men's team event at the 1908 Summer Olympics. William Bonin William George Bonin (8 January 1947-23 February, 1996) also known as The Freeway Killer was an American serial killer. He raped, tortured, and killed of at least 21 children and young people in 1979 and 1980 in Southern California. Bonin is also suspected of 15 more murders. Described by the prosecutor in his first trial as "the most diabolical person that ever existed," Bonin was convicted of 14 murders in two separate trials in 1982 and 1983. He was executed by lethal injection in San Quentin State Prison on February 23, 1996. Manu Ginóbili Emanuel David Ginóbili (born 28 July 1977) is an Argentine retired professional basketball player. Over a 23-season professional career, he became one of only two players to have won a EuroLeague title, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal. A four-time NBA champion, Ginóbili was a member of the San Antonio Spurs for his entire NBA career. Along with Spurs teammates Tim Duncan and Tony Parker, he was known as one of the "Big Three". Ginóbili comes from a family of professional basketball players. He spent the early part of his career in Argentina and Italy, where he holds dual citizenship, and won several individual and team honors. His stint with Italian club Kinder Bologna was particularly successful; he won two Italian League MVP awards, the EuroLeague Finals MVP and the 2001 EuroLeague championship and Triple Crown. Selected as the 57th overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft, Ginóbili joined the Spurs in 2002, and soon became a key player for the team. In addition to his four NBA championships, Ginóbili was named an All-Star in 2005 and 2011, and has been selected twice for the All-NBA Team. In 2007–08, he was named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year. Ginóbili announced his retirement on 27 August 2018. Sonic Team often abbreviated as Sega CS2 R&D and known as is a video game development division of the Japanese company Sega. Sonic Team is best known for the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series. They are also known for making games such as "Nights into Dreams" and "Phantasy Star Online". Jason Richardson Jason Anthoney Richardson (born January 20, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Richardson was taken by the Golden State Warriors as the fifth overall pick in the 2001 NBA draft after playing college basketball for Michigan State University. He won the NBA Dunk Contest in both 2002 and 2003, becoming the second player, after Michael Jordan, to win the competition back-to-back. Richardson has also played for the Charlotte Bobcats, Phoenix Suns, Orlando Magic, and the Philadelphia 76ers. Kemba Walker Kemba Hudley Walker (born May 8, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Walker was drafted ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats. Walker grew up in The Bronx, New York, and graduated from Rice High School in 2008. He played college basketball for the Connecticut Huskies. In the 2010–11 season, Walker was a consensus first-team All-American. He was the second-leading college basketball scorer in the nation and led the Huskies to the 2011 NCAA championship and was named the tournament's most outstanding player. He is a three-time NBA All-Star. Chauncey Billups Chauncey Ray Billups (born September 25, 1976) is retired American professional basketball player. He played 17 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A star at the University of Colorado Boulder, he was selected third overall in the 1997 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics. A five-time NBA All-Star and a three-time All-NBA selection, Billups played for the Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons, New York Knicks, and Los Angeles Clippers during his NBA career. He won the NBA Finals MVP in 2004 after helping the Pistons beat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals, and was given the nickname "Mr. Big Shot" for making late-game shots with Detroit. The Pistons retired his #1 jersey in 2016. In 2004, Billups was honored by the University of Colorado by being the fifth player to have his jersey (number 4) retired. Fausto Sozzini Fausto Paolo Sozzini, also known as "Faustus Socinus" or "Faust Socyn", was an Italian theologian and founder of the school of Christian thought known as "Socinianism" and the main theologian of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland. Glen Davis Ronald Glen "Big Baby" Davis (born January 1, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for the St. John's Edge of the National Basketball League of Canada. He played for the Boston Celtics, Orlando Magic and Los Angeles Clippers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). After playing college basketball with LSU, Davis was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 35th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft. Shortly thereafter, he was traded to the Boston Celtics, with whom he won the 2008 NBA Finals. Emeka Okafor Chukwuemeka Ndubuisi "Emeka" Okafor (born September 28, 1982) is an American professional basketball player. Okafor attended Bellaire High School in Bellaire, Texas and the University of Connecticut, where in 2004 he won a national championship. Okafor played for the University of Connecticut from 2001 to 2004 where he was teammates with Charlie Villanueva, Marcus Williams, Ben Gordon, Hilton Armstrong and Josh Boone, who all went on to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He majored in finance during his time at Connecticut, and he graduated with honors after three years in May 2004 with a 3.8 GPA. Okafor was named the Academic All-American of the Year in 2004 for his work on and off the court. On February 5, 2007, he was inducted to the Husky Ring Of Honor at Gampel Pavilion on the University of Connecticut campus in Storrs during halftime of the men's basketball game against the Syracuse Orange as part of a ceremony which recognized personal accomplishments of 13 former players and 3 coaches. Boris Diaw Boris Babacar Diaw-Riffiod, better known as Boris Diaw (born April 16, 1982), is a French retired professional basketball player. Diaw, who began his professional career in Pro A, returned to that league after 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays mostly at power forward. In 2006, Diaw was named the NBA's Most Improved Player as a member of the Phoenix Suns. He won an NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014. He is the current president of Metropolitans 92. Diaw represents the senior French national basketball team internationally. He won a FIBA World Cup bronze medal in 2014, a EuroBasket title in 2013, a silver medal in EuroBasket 2011, and two bronze in EuroBasket 2005 and EuroBasket 2015. He earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2005. Amar'e Stoudemire Amar'e Carsares Stoudemire (born November 16, 1982) is an American-Israeli professional basketball coach and former player. He serves as player development assistant for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns, who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft. He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times, including one first-team selection in 2007. Career. Stoudemire played high school basketball for three different schools, ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player. He won several prep honors, including being selected as Florida's Mr. Basketball. Stoudemire suffered from chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees. He played for the Suns, the New York Knicks, the Dallas Mavericks, and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016. Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games. His off-court ventures include a record label, a clothing line, acting and a series of children's books for Scholastic Press. In addition, Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem, the team he won a championship with in 2017. He was the 2020 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP. Shawn Marion Shawn Dwayne Marion (born May 7, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player who played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Marion finished his career as a four-time NBA All-Star and a one-time NBA champion, helping the Dallas Mavericks win their maiden title in 2011. Nicknamed "The Matrix" by former NBA player Kenny Smith during the preseason of his rookie year, he was widely regarded as one of the most versatile players in the league because of his athleticism and ability to play and defend many positions. He was also known for his unorthodox shooting form. Leandro Barbosa Leandro Mateus Barbosa (born November 28, 1982), also known as Leandrinho Barbosa, is a Brazilian professional basketball player for Minas of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB). He also represented the senior Brazilian national basketball team. He previously won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, with the Suns in 2007, and an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors, in 2015. In Brazil, he is also commonly known by his nickname "Leandrinho" ("Little Leandro") Barbosa, and in the USA he is nicknamed "The Brazilian Blur", referring to his playing speed. At a height of 1.92 m (6' 33⁄4") tall, he plays at the shooting guard position. Robert Horry Robert Keith Horry (born August 25, 1970) is an American retired basketball player and current sports commentator. He played 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning seven championships, the most of any player not to have played on the 1960s Boston Celtics. He is one of only two players (the other is John Salley) to have won NBA championships with three teams: two with the Houston Rockets, three with the Los Angeles Lakers and two with the San Antonio Spurs. He earned the nickname Big Shot Bob[1][2] because of his clutch shooting in important games; he is widely considered to be one of the greatest clutch performers and winners in NBA history. Horry now works as a commentator on Spectrum SportsNet. Brent Barry Brent Robert Barry (born December 31, 1971), commonly known by the nickname Bones, is an American basketball executive, broadcaster and former player. He is the current vice president of basketball operations for the San Antonio Spurs. The 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m), 210 lb (95 kg; 15 st) shooting guard played professionally in the National Basketball Association, winning two championships with the Spurs, and also won the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He is the son of former NBA player Rick Barry. After retiring, Barry worked as a sports commentator for the "NBA on TNT" and was a studio host for the NBA TV show "NBA Gametime". In 2018, he returned to the Spurs as an executive. Charles Levin (actor) Charles Levin (March 12, 1949 – July 8, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for the role of Elliot Novak on the series "Alice" and as Eddie Gregg on "Hill Street Blues" from 1982 to 1986. Levin has guest roles on "The Golden Girls", "Seinfeld", "Punky Brewster", "Law & Order" and "Designing Women". On July 8, 2019, it was revealed that Levin has been missing for several days. His car was found on July 12 near Selma, Oregon. On July 14, at the age of 70. Selma, Oregon Selma is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Josephine County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 695. It is located in the ZIP code of 97538. Gerald Weissmann Gerald Weissmann (August 7, 1930 – July 10, 2019) was an Austrian-born American physician, editor, and essayist. He was Professor Emeritus and Research Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology) at New York University School of Medicine. He was Editor-in-Chief (2006–16) of "The FASEB Journal". In 1965, Weissmann was one of the discoverers of Liposomes. He was born in Vienna, Austria. Weissmann died on July 10, 2019 in Cambridge, Massachusetts at the age of 88. Jean-Pierre Worms Jean-Pierre Worms (16 July 1934 – 12 July 2019) was a French sociologist and politician. He was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine. Worms was a Deputy from 1981 to 1993. Worms died on 12 July 2019 at the age of 84. Augusto Fantozzi Augusto Fantozzi (24 June 1940 – 13 July 2019) was an Italian lawyer, tax expert, academic, businessman and politician. He was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1995 to 1996. He was also Minister of Foreign Trade from 1996 to 1998. Fantozzi was born in Rome. He was a member of The Olive Tree. Fantozzi died on 13 July 2019 in Rome at the age of 79. Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (31 May 1933 – 13 July 2019) was an Indian writer, art critic, museologist and a director of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya. He was known for his restoration of "Lakshmibai Pitre Kalasangrahalaya", a museum in Devrukh, Maharashtra to its present state. Gorakshkar was honoured by the Government of India in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award. Gorakshkar died on 13 July 2019 in Maharashtra at the age 86. Rod Richards Roderick Richards (12 March 1947 – 13 July 2019) was a British politician. He was a Conservative before joining UK Independence Party in 2013. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Clwyd North West, in Wales, from 1992 to 1997. Richards was also the Conservative leader in the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, after being elected as an Assembly Member for North Wales. He was born in Llanelli, Wales. Richards died on 13 July 2019 in Penarth, Wales of cancer, aged 72. Terry Hodgkinson Terry Hodgkinson (30 March 1949 – 13 July 2019) was a British businessman. He was the Chairman of Yorkshire Forward, the Regional Development Agency for Yorkshire and the Humber. He was appointed on 14 December 2003 and stepped down in December 2010. Hodgkinson died on 13 July 2019 at the age of 70. Nereo Laroni Nereo Laroni (2 September 1942 – 14 July 2019) was an Italian politician. Laroni was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and close ally of Bettino Craxi and Gianni De Michelis. He was the mayor of Venice from 1985 to 1987 and a member of the European Parliament from 1987 to 1994. Laroni died on 14 July 2019 in Mestre, at age 76, of problems from heart surgery. Richard Carter (actor) Richard Carter (11 December 1953 – 13 July 2019) was an Australian actor. He was born in Sydney. His best known roles were in "Rabbit-Proof Fence", "Hating Alison Ashley", ', "Happy Feet Two", "Our Lips Are Sealed", "The Great Gatsby" and '. Carter died in the early hours of 13 July 2019 after a brief-illness at the age of 65. Greg Daniels Gregory Martin Daniels (born June 13, 1963) is an American television comedy writer, producer, and director. He is known for his work on many television series, including "Saturday Night Live", "The Simpsons", "Parks and Recreation", "King of the Hill" and "The Office". Daniels was born in New York City. He studied at Harvard University. His brother-in-law is Paul Lieberstein. Daniels won two Emmy Awards for his writing. Bahasa Jawa Indramayu Bahasa Jawa Indramayu is a Javanese dialect used in the district of Indramayu, west Java province, Indonesia. The number of speakers reaches 2 million users.. Communications Act Communications Act may refer to: Bennett's tree-kangaroo Bennett's tree-kangaroo ("Dendrolagus bennettianus") is a large tree-kangaroo. Males can weigh from 11.5 kg up to almost 14 kg (25 to 31 lbs), and female about 8 to 10.6 kg (17.6 to 23 lbs). They are very agile and are able to leap 9 metres (30 ft) down to another branch. They have been known to drop as far as 18 metres (59 ft) to the ground without injury. Habitat. This very elusive (cryptic) tree-kangaroo is found in both mountain and lowland tropical rain forests south of Cooktown, Queensland to just north of the Daintree River. It is occasionally found in sclerophyll woodlands. It lives on the leaves of rainforest trees, notably "Schefflera actinophylla" (the umbrella tree), vines, ferns and various wild fruits. Diet. The Bennett's tree-kangaroo is a herbivore. It eats leaves from 33 different plant species. Now that it is rarely hunted by Aborigines, its main predators are pythons and the dingo. It is thought to be the closest tree-kangaroo to the ancestral form. Physical description. Like other tree-kangaroos it has longer forelimbs and shorter hindlimbs than terrestrial kangaroos and a long bushy tail. It is mostly dark brown above and lighter fawn on chin, throat and lower abdomen. The forehead and muzzle are greyish. The feet and hands are black. The tail has a black patch at the base and a light patch on the upper part. The ears are short and rounded. Kameda College of Health Sciences is a private university in Japan. The campus is located in Kamogawa, Chiba, Chiba. It opened in April 2012. M-185 (Michigan highway) M-185 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. It circles Mackinac Island. Mackinac Island is a popular tourist place on the Lake Huron side of the Straits of Mackinac. The highway is along the island's coast. The highway is a thin paved road that is long. There are scenic views of the straits that divide the Upper and the Lower peninsulas of Michigan. It also has views of Lakes Huron and Michigan. It doesn't connect to any other Michigan state highways. This is because it is on an island. People can only get to it by passenger ferry. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) says that the M-185 is "the only state highway in the nation where motor vehicles are banned". Traffic on it is by foot, on horse, by horse-drawn vehicle, or by bicycle. Cars have been banned on the island since the 1890s. Only a few vehicles have been allowed on the island other than the city's emergency vehicles. The highway was built during the first decade of the 20th century by the state. It was designated as a state highway in 1933. The highway was paved in the 1950s. Parts were rebuilt to deal with coastal erosion in the 1980s. Until an accident in 2005, it was the only state highway without any car accidents. Major intersections. The highway is on Mackinac Island. That island is in Mackinac County. Milemarkers are posted in a counterclockwise way. Monowi, Nebraska Monowi ( ) is an incorporated village in Boyd County, Nebraska, United States. In 2010, only one person lived there. It is the only city in the United States with only one person living there. The name "Monowi" means "flower" in an unknown Native American language. Monowi was named after the many wildflowers growing at the original place of the village. History. Monowi was platted in 1902. This was when the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad was extended to that point. A post office was created in Monowi in 1902. It was used until 1967. Monowi's peak years were in the 1930s, when it had 150 people living there. Like many other small communities in the Great Plains, its younger residents moved to cities that were growing and had better jobs. During the 2000 census, the village had only two people; only one married couple, Rudy and Elsie Eiler, lived there. Rudy died in 2004. This made his wife the only remaining resident. She acts as mayor, giving herself a liquor license and paying taxes to herself. She is required to make a municipal road plan every year in order to get state funding for the village's four streetlights. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the village has a total area of . All land of it is land. The village is in the far eastern part of Boyd County, in the northeastern part of Nebraska. It is between the Niobrara River and the bigger Missouri River. The closest community to Monowi is Lynch, which is about away. The village is about from Omaha. People. Census data for Monowi is unique. In 2010: People-watching People-watching or crowd watching is the act of observing people and their interactions. Usually, the person being watched is not aware of the watcher. For some people, it is considered a hobby; other people think it is a subconscious activity, meaning it is something others do everyday without knowing it. Cherokee Strip (Kansas) The Cherokee Strip of Kansas, in the United States, was a disputed strip of land on the southern border of Kansas. History. In 1825 the Osage Nation was given a reservation in eastern Indian territory in what is now Kansas. In the Treaty of New Echota, May 23, 1836, the northern border of the Cherokee Nation's land was set as the southern border of the Osage lands. When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854, it set the southern border of the Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel north. It was thought at the time that the Osage northern border was also the 37th parallel. The Cherokees disagreed. They said that it was not the true boundary. They said that the border of Kansas should be moved north to make room for the actual border of the Cherokee land. The situation happened during the troubles in Kansas leading up to the Civil War. Under terms of Article 17 of the Treaty of 1866, the land was to be sold "at not less than $1.25 an acre [$309/km2]" for the first year. Then, it would be offered for sale at local land offices. In the first year, 156,848.47 acres (635 km2) were sold. 277,830.89 acres (1,124 km2) were given to land offices during the summer of 1879. Southeast Kansas Southeast Kansas is a region of the U.S. state of Kansas. It can be generally defined by Woodson County in the northwest, Bourbon County in the northeast, Cherokee County in the southeast, and Montgomery County in the southwest. Geographically it mostly has broad rolling landscape located between the Flint Hills to the west and includes the Ozarks to the southeast. Some notable towns there include Pittsburg, Parsons, Coffeyville, Independence, Chanute, Fort Scott, and Iola. The first people to live there were some Native American tribes. Others included frontier towns that relied on cattle ranching and mining. They were hurt by violence over the issue of slavery. This happened both before and during the American Civil War (see Bleeding Kansas). The most common type of mining in Southeast Kansas was coal mining. This contributed to the amount of coal found. It also contributed to the quality and thickness of coal in Southeast Kansas. Southeast Kansas has one of the well-made recreations of early life in the United States Army at Fort Scott National Historic Site. East-Central Kansas East-Central Kansas is a region of Kansas. It is between the Kansas City metropolitan area and Southeast Kansas, and it is on the border with Missouri. The region goes west to the Flint Hills to Lyon County. East-Central Kansas geographically has rolling hills and deep forested river valleys. The main crop of this very agricultural region is corn. The area is more forested and more moist compared to the rest of the state. East-Central Kansas has a lot of history. This is because many places in this region saw battles in Bleeding Kansas. It is also because the abolitionist John Brown and his men fought in Osawatomie. Much of the area is powered by Wolf Creek Nuclear Generating Station. It is near Burlington. The most populous cities of the region include Emporia, Ottawa, Paola, Osawatomie, Garnett, Osage City, Burlington, and Louisburg. The region includes the following seven counties: North Central Kansas North Central Kansas is a tourism and geographical region of the state of Kansas. It has 15 counties. Over 150,000 people live there. The Salina micropolitan area is part of North Central Kansas. The region goes from the Nebraska border in the north to Russell, Ellsworth, Saline, and Dickinson Counties in the south. Its western border includes Smith, Osborne, and Russell Counties, and its eastern border Dickinson, Clay, Washington, and Marshall Counties. The 15 counties included in the region are: Double agent A double agent is someone sent to work as a spy against another country but is secretly spying on the country that he or she works for on behalf of the country he or she is supposed to be spying on. Jacksboro, Texas Jacksboro is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Jack County. Morton, Texas Morton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Cochran County. Moderate Moderates are people who support some conservative positions and some liberal ones. Education in Kansas Education in Kansas is controlled at the primary and secondary school level by the Kansas State Board of Education. Kansas's public colleges and universities are controlled by the Kansas Board of Regents. Colleges and universities. The Kansas Board of Regents controls thirty-seven public schools. It also allows some private and out-of-state schools to be in Kansas. In Fall 2009, the Kansas's six public universities said they had a total of 93,307 students enrolled. History. The first colleges in Kansas were created by the Kansas Territorial legislature. They were signed by Territorial Governor James W. Denver, on February 9–12, 1858. Milhouse Van Houten Milhouse Van Houten is a fictional character on the animated television series the Simpsons. Milhouse has blue hair and very large eyebrows. Milhouse is Bart Simpson's best friend and sidekick. Milhouse is allergic to many things. Milhouse is constantly savagely bullied particularly by Nelson Muntz. Milhouse has a crush on Lisa Simpson who does not feel the same way about him. Even though Milhouse is described by Lisa as "the class nerd" Milhouse tells Bart that "I'm not a nerd! Nerds are smart." Milhouse' parents Kirk and Luan get divorced. Milhouse is extremely insecure. Milhouse is routinely humiliated by the bullies. On one occasion, Bart tells Milhouse that he is surprised to see him since he thought he had a " three-o-clock wedgie with Nelson and Milhouse says "I had to reschedule." Milhouse is easily reduced to crying even though he is allergic to his own tears. Milhouse has very large round glasses. Bart has on more than one occasion let Milhouse take the fall for something Bart did. Though in the episode "Little Orphan Millie" Bart admits that he actually cares about Milhouse by saying "I love him. I love him so much." Nerd Nerd is a noun often used as an insult, to describe people who are seen as being weird, obsessive or antisocial. The first ever usage of the word "nerd" is in the year 1950 in the children's book If I Ran the Zoo by Dr. Seuss where it is one of the fictional animals the narrator would put in the zoo if he were running it. An article of Newsweek Magazine published in 1951 said that the word "nerd" was used as a synonym for the slang word "square" which was at the time a popular pejorative. By the 1960's the phrase "nerd" started meaning someone who was intelligent but strange and antisocial especially if this person were interested in science-fiction was used throughout the United States and even in Scotland. In the 1970's it became extremely common to use the phrase "nerd" because it was routinely used in the television sitcom Happy Days. People labeled as nerds tend to be bullied in school more often than others are. In 1984, there was a movie called Revenge of the Nerds as a social commentary. A number of fictional characters such as Dilton Doiley, Peter Parker, Milhouse Van Houten and Hermione Granger are sometimes described as nerds. Parsons, Kansas Parsons is a city in Labette County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 10,500 people lived there. It is the biggest city in Labette County. It is the second biggest city in the southeastern region of Kansas. Geography. Parsons is at (37.339070, -95.269747). The city is at the junction of U.S. Route 59 and U.S. Route 400. Along US-59, the city of Erie (the county seat of Neosho County) is to the north and Oswego (the county seat of Labette County) is south and east. Big Hill Lake is several miles to the west of the city, and Lake Parsons is northwest of Parsons. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 10,500 people, 4,351 households, and 2,586 families living in Parson. Education. Library. The first public library building in Parsons was the Carnegie Library. It was created in 1909. The Parsons Public Library moved to a modern building in 1977. Coffeyville, Kansas Coffeyville is a city in southeastern Montgomery County, Kansas, United States, located along the Verdigris River in the state's southeastern region. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 10,295. It is the most populous city of Montgomery County and with its southeast Kansas location is in the Tulsa, Oklahoma media market. The town of South Coffeyville, Oklahoma is located approximately 1 mile south of the city, existing as a separate political entity immediately south of the state line. History. The city was first incorporated in 1872, but the charter was voided as illegal. The city was re-incorporated in March 1873. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 10,295 people, 4,226 households, and 2,456 families living in Coffeyville. Media. The "Coffeyville Journal" is the local newspaper. They publish twice per week. Mission, Kansas Mission is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. In 2010, 9,323 lived there. Geography. Mission is at (39.025572, -94.656056). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Population. 2010 census. The 2010 census says there were 9,323 people, 5,000 households, and 2,130 families living in Mission. Takenoshin Nakai Takenoshin Nakai (ja:中井猛之進, November 27, 1882 – December 6, 1952) was a Japanese botanist. He published papers on the plants of Japan and Korea. Work as a Taxonomist. Nakai was the author or co-author of the taxonomy of 4,733 plants. Harry Osborn Harry Osborn is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko for the Amazing Spider-Man #31 in 1965. He is the son of Norman Osborn and his mother died in childbirth. His father blames him for her death and as such is dismissive and impatient with him. Harry constantly tries and fails to win his father's approval. Harry meets Peter Parker at University and at first can't stand him. He later gets to know him better and becomes his best friend. Harry's father Norman then becomes the supervillain the Green Goblin and Harry starts to use drugs. Green Goblin then kills Spider-Man's girlfriend Gwen Stacy and accidentally kills himself during a battle with Spider-Man. Harry blames Spider-Man for his father's death and wants to get revenge by becoming a supervillain the second Green Goblin. Harry Osborn in film. Harry Osborn is played by James Franco in the 2002 Spider-Man movie. In it Harry Osborne goes to high school with Peter Parker and is the only person aside from Mary-Jane Watson who is nice to him. Harry is Peter's best friend and does not get along well with his father. Harry dates Mary-Jane Watson even though Peter loves her. Harry's father tells him that she is no different from Harry's mother and that all she cares about is his money. Harry defends her. She tells Harry that his father is a creep and Harry defends him. Mary-Jane then breaks up with him. Harry later goes to win her back and realizes she is in love with Peter. Harry's father who is secretly the Green Goblin finds out from Harry that Peter loves Mary-Jane Watson. After he died Norman makes Peter swear not to tell Harry that he is the Green Goblin. Harry swears to kill Spider-Man for revenge. In "Spider-Man 2" Harry is willing to work with Doctor Octopus to kill Spider-Man. At the end of the movie he is horrified to discover that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. In "Spider-Man 3", Harry becomes a supervillain so that he can kill Spider-Man and avenge his father's death. In the end of the movie he agrees to work with Spider-Man to rescue Mary-Jane Watson from the supervillains the Venom and the Sandman and Harry dies so that Peter can kill the Venom and rescue Mary-Jane. Harry Osborn is played by Dane DeHaan in "The Amazing Spider-Man 2". Tasty Tasty may refer to: Ousmane Tanor Dieng Ousmane Tanor Dieng (January 2, 1947 – July 15, 2019) was a Senegalese politician. He was the First Secretary of the Socialist Party of Senegal. He was vice-president of the Socialist International from 1996 until his death. Dieng was born in Nguéniène, Senegal. He was a candidate for President in the February 2007 election. Dieng died on July 15, 2019 from a short-illness in France at the age of 72. Paul Albert Zipfel Paul Albert Zipfel (September 22, 1935 – July 14, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the sixth Bishop of Bismarck, North Dakota. Zipfel was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Zipfel died on July 14, 2019 in Normandy, Missouri from dementia at the age of 83. Normandy, Missouri Normandy is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 5,008 at the 2010 census. Pernell Whitaker Pernell Whitaker (January 2, 1964 – July 14, 2019) was an American professional boxer. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Whitaker was a four-weight world champion, having won titles at lightweight, light welterweight, welterweight, and light middleweight; the undisputed lightweight title; and the lineal lightweight and welterweight titles. He holds the longest unified lightweight championship reign in boxing history at 6 title defenses. Whitaker was seen as one of the greatest defensive boxers of all-time. Whitaker won a silver medal in the lightweight division at the 1982 World Championships, followed by gold at the 1983 Pan American Games and 1984 Olympics. He retired in 2001. Whitaker was killed after being hit by a car in Virginia Beach, Virginia on July 14, 2019 at the age of 55. Paul F. Markham Paul F. Markham (May 22, 1930 – July 13, 2019) was an American attorney. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1966 to 1969. Markham was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Markham was a key figure in the Chappaquiddick incident as he was with Senator Ted Kennedy during the incident. He played a key defense in Kennedy's favor. Markham died on July 13, 2019 in Peabody, Massachusetts at the age of 89. Janet Gaynor Janet Gaynor (born Laura Augusta Gainor; October 6, 1906 – September 14, 1984) was an American actress and painter. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1929, she was the first winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress for her roles in the movies "7th Heaven" (1927), "" (1927), and "Street Angel" (1928). By 1927, Gaynor was one of Hollywood's leading ladies. Janet Gaynor has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6284 Hollywood Blvd. Gaynor was known for her role as Esther Blodgett/Vicki Lester in the 1937 movie "A Star Is Born". In September 1982, Gaynor and her husband were seriously injured in a car crash after a drunk driver crashed their car. She died two years after the crash on September 14, 1984 in Palm Springs, California from problems caused by her injuries at the age of 77. Gaynor is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery next to her second husband, Adrian. Simone Signoret Simone Signoret (; 25 March 192130 September 1985) was a French actress. She became the second French person to win an Academy Award, for her role in "Room at the Top" (1959). Signoret won two Césars, three BAFTAs, an Emmy, a Cannes Film Festival Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress awards, an NBR Award and a Golden Globe nomination. Roberto Benigni Roberto Remigio Benigni (; born 27 October 1952) is an Italian actor, comedian, screenwriter and director. He is known for writing, directing and starring in "Life Is Beautiful", for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Paul Lukas Paul Lukas (born Pál Lukács; May 26, 1894 – August 15, 1971) was a Hungarian actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in "Watch on the Rhine" (1943). Robert Donat Friedrich Robert Donat (18 March 1905 – 9 June 1958) was an English actor. He is best known for his roles in Alfred Hitchcock's "The 39 Steps" (1935) and "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1939). He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1939. Paul Muni Paul Muni (born Frederich Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund; September 22, 1895 – August 25, 1967) was an American actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1936 movie "The Story of Louis Pasteur". Victor McLaglen Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen (10 December 1886 – 7 November 1959) was a British-American actor and activist. He was known for winning the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1935 for his role in "The Informer". Wallace Beery Wallace Fitzgerald Beery (April 1, 1885 – April 15, 1949) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles of Bill in "Min and Bill" (1930), as Long John Silver in "Treasure Island" (1934), as Pancho Villa in "Viva Villa!" (1934), and as Andy Purcell in "The Champ" (1931), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. George Arliss George Arliss (born Augustus George Andrews, 10 April 1868 – 5 February 1946) was an English actor, author, playwright and filmmaker. He was known for his role as British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in "Disraeli" (1929), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor. Warner Baxter Warner Leroy Baxter (March 29, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was an American movie actor. Baxter became known for his role as The Cisco Kid in the 1928 movie "In Old Arizona", for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 2nd Academy Awards. Emil Jannings Emil Jannings (born Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz, 23 July 1884 – 2 January 1950) was a German actor. He won the first Academy Award for Best Actor at the 1st Academy Awards for his roles as Duke Sergius Alexander in "The Last Command" and as August Schilling in "The Way of All Flesh". During World War II, he starred in many Nazi propaganda movies. After the fall for the Third Reich, he was unemployed and retired. Jorge Aguado Jorge Rubén Aguado (6 November 1925 – 12 July 2019) was an Argentine politician. He was born in Buenos Aires. Aguado was the "de facto" Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 1982 through 1983 and Minister of Agriculture and Livestock in 1981. Aguado died on 12 July 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 93. Werner Müller (politician) Wilhelm Werner Müller (1 June 1946 – 15 July 2019) was a German politician and businessman. He was Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy from 1998 to 2002. Müller was born in Essen, Germany. Müller died on 15 July 2019 in Essen from cancer at the age of 73. Flip book A flipbook is a paper book with drawings that when flipped back quickly, look like they move. They are normally children drawings. Rommel Roberts Rommel Roberts was born on December 2, 1949, in Durban, South Africa. He is an expert in the study of religion, human rights activist, Director of the Hilltop Empowerment Centre, consultant, lecturer and author. Life. Rommel Roberts grew up in Mafeking (today: Mahikeng, North-West Province, South Africa), where he was confronted with the effects of apartheid as a child. His father was white, and his mother Maureen Roberts, a qualified nurse and the only medical specialist for the surrounding townships, was of Indian descent and thus classified as non-white according to the categories of apartheid, and so the family was exposed to diverse discrimination. Rommel grew up with seven siblings. Rommel Roberts graduated from High School in Cape Town and then studied theology and philosophy at St. Joseph's Theological Institute near Pietermaritzburg. After his studies he went back to Cape Town, and in the following years committed himself against apartheid working in various human rights groups and organising non-violent actions. Many years he worked alongside . Rommel Roberts was married to Celeste Santos, also a human rights activist, and they had a son and a daughter. They were divorced later. In the years after Nelson Mandela's release, Roberts was involved in various projects to build up democratic and economic structures as well as taking care of returning exiles. In 1994 he was called to Mafeking to prepare and monitor the first general free elections, also to resolve conflicts in the then ‘Homeland’ Since 1995 Roberts has been director of the Hilltop Empowerment Centre in the Eastern Cape. He lives there with his wife Robin, with whom he has been married since 2002. They organize numerous projects aimed at education issues and improving the living conditions of people in rural areas. He is involved in consultancy work with South African municipalities and government departments as well as occasionally guest lecturing at universities, his topics being community development including IT literacy, communication and conflict resolution. Rommel Roberts is still politically active today and criticises corruption and lack of services as well as the unequal living conditions in today's South Africa. Anti-apartheid and political views. When Rommel Roberts came back to Cape Town after his studies in 1974 he was especially interested in working with children and young people. He came in contact with the Early Learning Centre (today Early Learning Resource Unit, ELRU, in Kewtown that was involved in caring for children and general community work.  Kewtown was a township near Cape Town where mainly coloured people lived. So Rommel Roberts learned about the townships and informal settlements which emerged as a result of the apartheid government’s policy to evict and resettle black and coloured people. Roberts got deeply involved in supporting those people who often lived in poor housing conditions, sometimes only in shacks or provisional shelters. And even these dwellings were not secure as the government often destroyed whole townships, e.g. the township Modderdam in 1977. Through his association with the South African Council of Churches, Rommel Roberts worked together with Bishop Desmond Tutu as his national development officer. Rommel Roberts´ tasks also included building up national and international support networks. Roberts worked  in human rights groups organising campaigns against government oppression and cruel treatment. In the case of Modderdam, after legal interventions had failed, they organised the evacuation of about 10.000 people when their homes were demolished and people were threatened to be deported to the so-called ‘homelands’. The Apartheid policy was that Blacks were no real citizens of South Africa and had to live in remote so-called ‘homelands’ where there were no job opportunities. They could only live in South Africa temporarily, and in order to live in South Africa they had to have a ‘Pass’. The protest against these ‘Pass Laws’ was one of the key issues in the struggle against apartheid and has a long history. Together with others Roberts organised lots of campaigns, boycotts and protest marches. One of the famous actions was the Cathedral fast in the St. George’s Cathedral in Cape Town where people fasted for more than 20 days before Easter in 1982 and which resulted in the suspension of the Pass Laws. Because of his activities against apartheid Roberts was in prison several times. Roberts has always believed that real changes could only be brought about with non-violent means and so did not agree with the attitudes of ANC (African National Congress) and PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) in this point. During the 1980s, when the country became more and more insecure and violence increased, including the infamous practice of “necklacing” , Roberts organised several peace conferences together with Bishop Tutu where they tried to bring  together the various hostile factions  and find a solution to end the violence. The Quaker Peace Centre. In 1974 Rommel Roberts joined the Quakers and has worked with Quakers since then. Mainly on his initiative the first Peace Centre in South Africa was founded in Cape Town in 1985, the Quaker Peace Centre in whose administration he is still active today. They then felt that a great deal of work was required in terms of reconciliation and general peacemaking. Rommel Roberts is now involved in a special Quaker Peace Centre initiative speaking truth to power through the exposure of leadership corruption in the promotion of arms deals. Wikipedia Arbitration Committee The Wikipedia Arbitration Committee (ARBCOM) is the highest decision-making body on the English Wikipedia. It has the final say on all disagreements between editors of the encyclopedia. It settles important disputes between Wikipedia’s editors and administrators. It has 15 members who are elected and who come from different countries. Temperance movement The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the temperance movement became very big in many countries. It led to Prohibition in the United States, which lasted from 1920 to 1933. Role of Women. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) started from a movement against saloons and liquor stores. It began in Ohio. It spread throughout the Midwestern United States during the winter of 1873-1874. The movement had over 32,000 women who went into saloons and liquor stores. They did this to disrupt business and stop the sales of alcohol. The WCTU was officially started in late November 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio. Woman's Christian Temperance Union The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is an active international temperance organization. It was one of the first organizations of women who wanted social reform. They did this with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity." It was influential in the temperance movement, and supported the 18th Amendment. It was also influential in social reform issues that became big in the progressive era. The WCTU started on December 23, 1873, in Hillsboro, Ohio. It officially had a national convention in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874. Hot Springs County, Wyoming Hot Springs County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, 4,812 people lived there. Its county seat is Thermopolis. The county is named for the hot springs located in Hot Springs State Park. Hot Springs County was created on February 21, 1911. Hempstead, Texas Hempstead is a city in Waller County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,770 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Waller County. Independence, Kansas Independence is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, the 9,483 people lived there. It was named after the Declaration of Independence. Geography. Independence is along the Verdigris River. It is just south of its confluence with the Elk River. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Independence has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa"). It has hot and humid summers, and it has cold winters. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 9,483 people, 3,950 households, and 2,430 families living in Independence. Education. Community college. The Independence Community College (ICC) main campus is two miles south of Independence. ICC West Campus is one mile west of downtown. Each semester, over 1000 students go to ICC. Ghiyas ud din Balban Ghiyas-ud-din Balban was a famous and one of the most powerful sultans of the Delhi Sultanate of India. The real name of Ghiyas-ud-din Balban was Ulugh Khan. His famous titles were Nabāb-e-Khudā ("Acolyte of God"), Jhil-e-Ellāhi ("Shadow of God"), Khudā-e-Vandgār ("Devotee of God"). Ghiyas-ud-din was the 2nd sultan of the Mamluk dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate. He ruled Delhi from 1266AD to 1286AD. During his reign, he appointed a spying agency called "Barid". Amir Khusrau (poet) came to India during the reign of Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. Later Amir Khusrau become a famous court poet of Ala-ud-din Khalji. Some poems of Amir Khusrau are Kiran-ush-Sadin, Tughlaq Nama etc. Amir Khusrau was also known as the Parrot of India. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban enforced some laws like "Sizada" (penalization), "Paibas" (kissing the throne). Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Balban created the first military department of the Delhi Sultanate which was called "Dewan-e-Arz". After the death of Sultan Iltutmish, Rukn-ud-din Firoz had been the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and after that in the year 1236AD Razia Sultana had become the Sultana of the Delhi Sultanate until she was killed by Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. Dilton Doiley Dilton Doiley is a fictional character in Archie Comics. Dilton is short and wears glasses. He is a genius and loves science. Dilton creates many scientific experiments that usually go wrong. Dilton is also good at solving the problems that his experiments create. An unnamed character similar to Dilton appeared in an issue of Archie Comics in 1942. During the 1940's, there were many characters that look like Dilton. His current image was established with an appearance in an Archie Comics newspaper comic strip. He has been named Dilton since 1950. Since then his name has been given as Dilton Doiley. He is the smartest student at Riverdale High School and is a good friend of Moose Mason. Riverdale. On the television series "Riverdale, he is played by American actor Major Cruda. Augusta, Kansas Augusta is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 9,274 people lived there. Geography. Augusta is at (37.692425, -96.979886), at the confluence of the Walnut and Whitewater Rivers. It is along the western edge of Butler County. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Augusta has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Augusta has a humid subtropical climate. it is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 9,274 people, 3,669 households, and 2,448 families living in Augusta. Education. Augusta is part of the Augusta USD 402 public school district. Media. Augusta has the "Butler County Times-Gazette" newspaper. They publish once every 3 weeks. It covers Augusta and neighboring towns. Chanute, Kansas Chanute () is a city in Neosho County, Kansas, United States. It was created on January 1, 1873. It was named after railroad engineer and aviation pioneer Octave Chanute. In 2010, 9,119 people lived there. The Neosho County Community College is in Chanute. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 9,119 people, 3,720 households, and 2,322 families living in Chanute. Transportation. Bus. Bus service goes north towards Kansas City, Missouri. It also goes south towards Tulsa, Oklahoma. Buses are by Jefferson Lines (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines). Wellington, Kansas Wellington is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat. In 2010, 8,172 people lived there. History. 19th century. The first post office in Wellington was created in July 1871. Geography. Wellington is at (37.267289, -97.400061). at an elevation of 1230 feet. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Wellington has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Wellington has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 United States Census says that there were 8,172 people, 3,246 households, and 2,105 families living in Wellington. Craig Fallon Craig Andrew Fallon (18 December 1982 – 15 July 2019) was a British judoka. He was born in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. In September 2005, Fallon won the -60 kg weight class at the World Judo Championships in Cairo. He became only the third British male to win a world title. Fallon died on 15 July 2019 at the age of 36. Park City, Kansas Park City is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 7,297 people lived there. Geography. Park City is at (37.799119, -97.322110). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Park City is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 7,297 people, 2,659 households, and 2,039 families living in Park City. Jem and the Holograms Jem and the Holograms is a 2015 American musical fantasy film produced and directed by Jon M. Chu, written by Ryan Landels, and starring Aubrey Peeples (as the title character), Stefanie Scott, Hayley Kiyoko, Aurora Perrineau, Ryan Guzman, Molly Ringwald, and Juliette Lewis. Borrowing elements from the 1980s animated television series "Jem" by Christy Marx, the film was produced by Hasbro Studios and Blumhouse Productions. Chu's interest in developing a film adaptation of "Jem" is based on having grown up watching the original animated series with his sisters. He had attempted to make the film 11 years earlier, but was rejected by Universal due to the cost. Reception. "Jem and the Holograms" was theatrically released on October 23, 2015, by Universal Pictures and was a box office bomb, grossing $2 million worldwide on a $5 million budget and receiving negative reviews from critics and audiences alike. A Ghost Story A Ghost Story is a 2017 American supernatural drama movie written and directed by David Lowery. It stars Casey Affleck, Rooney Mara, Will Oldham, Sonia Acevedo, Rob Zabrecky, and Liz Franke. Affleck plays a man who becomes a ghost and remains in the house he shares with his wife (Mara). Release. The movie had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. It was released by A24 on July 7, 2017. Jane the Virgin Jane the Virgin is an American romantic dramedy and satirical telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman. The series premiered on October 13, 2014 on The CW. It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela "Juana la Virgen" created by Perla Farías. The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva, a devout 23-year-old Latina virgin, who becomes pregnant after an accidental artificial insemination by her gynecologist. The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas. At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, "Jane the Virgin" was nominated for the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, received the Peabody Award, and Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. It was also selected as one of the top 10 Television Programs of 2014 by the American Film Institute. Beginning with the fourth episode of season three, the series's on-screen title card was modified, with "The Virgin" crossed out in favor of a substitution corresponding to each episode. This mirrored the storyline, in which Jane is no longer a virgin. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season, which premiered on March 27, 2019. Molly of Denali Molly of Denali is an American-Canadian animated television show. "Molly of Denali" premiered on July 15, 2019 by Atomic Cartoons and WGBH Kids for PBS Kids and CBC Television. Cast. Voice direction by Nicole Oliver Version. The is also in dub International broadcast. The show is also broadcast in: Death Eater Death Eaters are fictional characters in the Harry Potter series of books by J.K. Rowling. They are characterized as evil wizards and witches who have allied themselves with Lord Voldemort in his efforts to take over the world, kill all witches and wizards born to non-magical parents for being "mudbloods" and enslave all non-magical beings as well as seeking to opress non-human magical creatures such as goblins and elves. They believe that people of pure magical ancestry known as Pure-Bloods are superior to those of only partial magical ancestry, whom they call Half-Bloods. Nonetheless not all Death Eaters are Pure-Blood. Their leader Lord Voldemort originally known as Tom Riddle is Half-Blood because his father was not a wizard. The Death Eater spy turned double agent Severus Snape is Half-Blood because even though his mother was a witch his father was not a wizard. Fenrir Greyback is allowed to be a Death Eater even though he is a werewolf. Hermione Granger observes that a lot of Death Eaters must be Half-Blood because there are too many for them all to be Pure-Blood. Declension In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word. This shows its function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. The inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation. Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and articles to indicate number (e.g. singular, dual, plural), case (e.g. nominative case, accusative case, genitive case, dative case), gender (e.g. masculine, neuter, feminine), and a number of other grammatical categories. For example, in English, if there is more than one "boy", the word must become "boys." For example, "My family has two girls and one "boy", but my wife's family has two girls and three "boys"". The form "boy" is singular, meaning there is only one of the noun, and the form "boys" is plural, meaning there is more than one of the noun. You must know the noun's singular form if you want to find it in an English dictionary. Also in English, a noun can change if it owns something. For example, if a toy belongs to one boy, the toy is the "boy's" toy, but if it belongs to two or more boys, it becomes the "boys"' toy. Both numbers of the noun have this word case, which is called the genitive case. Word case is when a word form changes depending on what part of the sentence it is. Grammatical gender Grammatical gender is a way of organizing words in a language. It is a way of deciding the inflection, or change in form, that a word has. Some languages have grammatical gender, like Spanish and Arabic, but others do not, like Chinese, Japanese, and Estonian. Indo-European languages. Proto-Indo-European, the supposed ancestor language of Indo-European languages, had three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. A word's gender decides how to say a word. For example, the German word for "man" is masculine ("der Mann"), the word for "woman" is feminine ("die Frau"), and the word for "girl" is neuter ("das Mädchen"). The gender of a word may not have connection with its biological sex in certain languages; it is instead a way to organize words grammatically. Many Indo-European languages, like Russian, German, and Latin, still have all three genders. Some Indo-European languages have lost the neuter gender and either replaced it or completely got rid of it. In French, all singular nouns are either masculine ("the boy" "le garçon") or feminine ("the girl" "la fille"), but all plural nouns use the same articles ("the boys" "les garçons" and "the girls" "les filles"). In Spanish, there are only masculine and feminine nouns, but they are usually marked by a vowel at or near the end. Most masculine nouns end with the vowel "-o", and most feminine nouns end with the vowel "-a". For animate (living) nouns, the gender of the noun is always connected to its biological gender. For example, a male dog is "perro", and a female dog is "perra". If the gender is unknown, the noun is automatically masculine. In plural forms, if at least one of the nouns is male, the plural noun must be masculine, even if most of the members are feminine, like in "the friends" "los amigos". However, if all of the members of a plural noun are female, the plural noun is feminine, as in "las amigas". English has three genders, but most nouns are not marked by gender. However, the genders of pronouns must match the biological sex of animate nouns. Males must be masculine, and females must be feminine. All plural and inanimate (non-living) nouns must be neuter. Some linguists call English's gender system to represent "natural gender". Other languages. In Chinese, words have no grammatical gender, but there are still three gendered pronouns. The masculine pronoun is written as 他, the feminine is 她, and the neuter is 它. Even though all three are written in a different Chinese character, they are all still pronounced exactly the same: "tā" in Mandarin. That is why many Chinese learners of English do not use English pronouns correctly. In some contexts, if the gender is unknown, the pronoun will be written in pinyin as "ta" even if the rest of the document is written in Chinese characters. In Japanese, grammatical gender is not used since people are usually referred to by name and/or title, rather than a pronoun. However, men and women are expected to use different pronouns. For example, women are supposed to say "watakushi", "watashi", or "atashi" to speak in the first person, but men usually say "watashi" to speak politely and "boku" or "ore" to speak plainly. Edith Irby Jones Edith Irby Jones (December 23, 1927 – July 15, 2019) was an American physician. She was born in Conway, Arkansas. Jones was the first African American to be accepted as a non-segregated student at the University of Arkansas Medical School. She was also the first black student to attend racially mixed classes in the American South. Jones was the first woman president of the National Medical Association. She was added into the Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame. Jones died at age 91 on July 15, 2019, in Houston, Texas. Raja Dhale Raja Dhale (30 September 1940 – 16 July 2019) was an Indian writer, poet, Ambedkarite thinker, social activist, and political activist. He was one of the founding members of the Dalit Panther. He was a member of the Republican Party of India and led the Raja Dhale faction, after it split. Dhale was a candidate in the 1999 parliament election for the Mumbai North Central constituency and 2004 parliament elections from Mumbai North East constituency, again on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha ticket. Dhale was born in Maharashtra. He died at a Mumbai hospital after falling at his home on 16 July 2019 at the age of 78. Andrea Camilleri Andrea Calogero Camilleri (; 6 September 1925 – 17 July 2019) was an Italian novelist and television writer. He was born in Porto Empedocle, Italy. He was known for writing the Inspector Montalbano crime novel series. He also wrote the television series "Le inchieste del commissario Maigret". Camilleri suffered a heart attack in June 2019 and was placed under critical condition. He died a month later on 17 July 2019 at a Rome hospital, aged 93. Centreboard A centreboard or centerboard (US) is a boat hull appendage which can be put up and down in the water. It is used in dinghies and by other sailing boats in shallow water but in deep water it gives the boat stability. History. The centerboard was invented by Lt. John Schank (c. 1740 – 6 February 1823). He was an officer of the British Royal Navy. Design. A centerboard can be made from wood, plastic or metal. On small boats today they are usually made from a type of plastic or fibreglass. On bigger boats, they can be made from metal and are also very heavy to help the boat to sail. Some centerboards are on a type of hinge and they swing up and down. Other centerboards just push straight down and are called daggerboards. On bigger boats, they are used to allow them to cruise in shallow water in bays or rivers. Obituary An Obituary is a notice of a death. An Obituary is published by the family of the person who died to let more distant family members and friends know about the death. Funeral homes commonly publish obituaries. A description of the person who died is usually included in the obituary. Funeral arrangements are usually part of an obituary. An obituary is distributed via a publication in a newspaper, or via manual handing out or posting of pamphlets. Some newpapers offer a service of writing a biography for the person who died. Old obituaries are a source of information for people writing biographies. Cadillac Records Cadillac Records is a 2008 American biographical drama movie. It was written and directed by Darnell Martin. It explores the musical era from the early 1940s to the late 1960s. It is about the influential Chicago-based record-company executive Leonard Chess, and a few of the musicians who recorded for Chess Records. The movie stars Adrien Brody as Leonard Chess, Cedric the Entertainer as Willie Dixon, Mos Def as Chuck Berry, Columbus Short as Little Walter, Jeffrey Wright as Muddy Waters, Eamonn Walker as Howlin' Wolf, and Beyoncé as Etta James. Release. The movie was released in North America on December 5, 2008 by TriStar Pictures. Hustlers (movie) Hustlers is a 2019 American comedy-drama movie written and directed by Lorene Scafaria, based on the "New York" magazine article "The Hustlers at Scores" by Jessica Pressler. The movie stars Constance Wu, Jennifer Lopez, Cardi B, Keke Palmer, Julia Stiles, Lili Reinhart, and Lizzo. Release. The movie was released on September 13, 2019, by STX Entertainment. Being Mary Jane Being Mary Jane was an American drama television series created by Mara Brock Akil and starring Gabrielle Union, that debuted January 7, 2014 on BET. The 90-minute-pilot for the series aired on July 2, 2013. The series follows professional and personal life of successful TV news anchor Mary Jane Paul, who lives in Atlanta, Georgia. The series ended on April 23, 2019. Reception. "Being Mary Jane" has received positive reviews from critics. The series premiere drew more than 4 million viewers, debuting as BET's highest rated show. On January 6, 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 10, 2017. It was announced on October 11, 2017 that the series would conclude. A two-hour movie finale was planned to air in 2018, but never came to fruition. On December 7, 2018, BET announced that the movie finale date has been pushed back to air on April 16, 2019. On April 1, 2019, it was announced that the movie finale date was pushed back a week later to April 23, 2019. Yas Island Yas Island () is an island in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Development started in 2006, to transform it into a tourist attraction, mainly focussed on motorsport. The Yas Marina Circuit is a large part of Yas Island, which has hosted the Formula One Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009, as the last race in the calendar. In 2010 Ferrari World was opened next to the circuit, which contains Formula Rossa, the worlds fastest roller coaster which has a top speed of 240kph (149mph). Other popular attractions on the island are Yas Waterworld, Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi, and SeaWorld Abu Dhabi. John Graves Simcoe John Graves Simcoe was a British General and politician. Family. Simcoe's father John Simcoe died of pneumonia shortly after the Battle of Quebec during the Seven Years War while serving in the Royal Navy. To honour his late father, John Graves Simcoe enlisted as an Ensign in the British Army. Military service. John Graves Simcoe was then sent to Boston in the 1770s on the eve of the American Revolution. Simcoe fought for the British Empire against the Rebels during the Siege of Boston. Simcoe was then promoted to captain. Captain John Graves Simcoe then fought for the Empire against the Rebels in Pennsylvania in the Battle of Brandywine. Rumour has it that at Brandywine Simcoe commanded his men not to shoot at a number of fleeing rebels one of whom was George Washington. Simcoe wanted to raise a Black Loyalist regiment made entirely of freed slaves. Instead, Simcoe was asked to replace Robert Rogers as the commander of the Queen's Rangers. Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Simcoe, Commander of the Queen's Rangers participated in several important battles of the Revolutionary War. Simcoe was at one point captured by the French and later freed by the Rangers. Simcoe also tried to expose Washington's Culper spy ring. Simcoe was shot in the Battle of Yorktown and sent back to England where he wrote a history of the revolutionary war from a British perspective. Politics. Simcoe got married to Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim and he was elected to the House of Commons as a supporter of Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. Simcoe supported banning the slave trade and having Warren Hastings removed from his position as Governor of India. Simcoe also voted in favour of the Constitutional Act of 1791 which split Quebec into two provinces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Simcoe offered to lead the British in their war with Spain but instead he was named Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Simcoe was opposed to slavery and wanted to get rid of it. Because Simcoe wanted to abolish slavery a group of Upper Canadians sold a woman named Chloe Cooley to Americans and forcibly dragged her onto a boat to the United States of America. Simcoe was horrified by the Chloe Cooley Incident and used it to justify abolishing slavery. Simcoe said " The principles of the British Constitution are fundamentally at odds to that vile practice of slavery which Christianity condemns, when I assume the governorship of Upper Canada I shall never allow discrimination by dishonest practice against those of African, Indian or American descent." Because a number of people in the Legislative Assembly were slaveowners Simcoe wasn't able to ban Slavery outright. Instead Simcoe issued An Act to Prevent the Further Introduction of Slaves also known as the Act to Limit Slavery which said that from now on one who was born in Upper Canada could not be born a slave and it became illegal to buy or sell slaves. Since there were not that many slaves in Upper Canada Simcoe's law abolished slavery within his own lifetime. After that a lot of slaves fled the United States to Upper Canada where they would be free to escape giving rise to what became known as the Underground Railroad. Robert L. Johnson Robert Louis Johnson (born April 8, 1946 is American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor.He is the co-founder of BET, which was acquired by Viacom in 2001 . He is also the founder of RLJ Companies which is a holding company that invests in various business sectors .Johnson is the former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats.His company is listed d among the most prominent African-American businesses in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries Early Life and Education. Johnson was born in 1946 in French Camp, California. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father was a farmer . Johnson graduated from the University of Illinois in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in social studies . At the University of Illinois, Johnson became a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . He received a master's degree in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University in 1972 . Personal life. He married Shelia Johnson in 1969 and have 2 children .They divorced in 2001 .Johnson dated Lauren Wooden, who is 33 years his junior, in 2010. As . They married in May 2016 Greg Mathis officiated. Stewart Butterfield Daniel Stewart Butterfield (born Dharma Jeremy Butterfield; March 21, 1973) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He helped create Flickr, which allows you to share photos online. He also helped create Slack, which is a messaging app with more advanced features. William Allen White William Allen White (February 10, 1868 – January 29, 1944) was an American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death, White became a spokesman for middle America. Early life. White was born in Emporia, Kansas. White moved to El Dorado, Kansas with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White. He spent most of his childhood in El Dorado. He loved animals, and he loved reading various books. Politics. White became a leader of the Progressive movement in Kansas. He created the Kansas Republican League in 1912. He did this to oppose railroads. White helped Theodore Roosevelt form the Progressive (Bull-Moose) Party in 1912. He did this to oppose the conservatives helping Republican president William Howard Taft. Family. White married Sallie Lindsay in 1893. They had two children, William Lindsay, born in 1900, and Mary Katherine, born in 1904. Mary died in a 1921 horse-riding accident. This led to her father to writing a famous eulogy, "Mary White," on August 17, 1921. Bonner Springs, Kansas Bonner Springs is a city in Wyandotte, Leavenworth, and Johnson counties, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. In 2010, 7,314 people lived there. In 2016, the estimated amount of people was 7,665. Bonner Springs became a city on November 10, 1898. Geography. Bonner Springs is at (39.0597260, −94.8835754), mostly north of the Kansas River. It is mainly in southwestern Wyandotte County. There are small parts of the city going west into Leavenworth County and south across the Kansas River into Johnson County. It is bordered to the north by Kansas City, Kansas, to the east by Edwardsville, and to the south across the Kansas River by Shawnee. Interstate 70, goes through the northern part of the city. I-70 goes east to Kansas City, Missouri, and west to Lawrence. US-73 goes north to Leavenworth, and K-7 goes south to Olathe. K-32 goes through the center of Bonner Springs close to the Kansas River. It goes east into Edwardsville and west to Linwood. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, are land and , or 2.26%, are water. Climate. Bonner Springs has a humid continental climate. They have hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 7,314 people, 2,810 households, and 1,917 families living in Bonner Springs. Valley Center, Kansas Valley Center is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 6,822 people lived there. History. Valley Center was incorporated on September 29, 1885. It was named for its place in the valley of the Arkansas River. Geography. Valley Center is at (37.829719, -97.369341). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it land. Valley Center is two miles west of combined Interstate 135, U.S. Route 81, and K-15. People. Valley Center is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 6,822 people, 2,484 households, and 1,862 families living in Valley Center. Pratt, Kansas Pratt is a city in Pratt County, Kansas, United States. It is the county seat of Pratt County. In 2010, 6,835 people lived there. Pratt has the Pratt Community College. History. 19th century. Pratt was created in 1884. It was named after Caleb S. Pratt. He was a young Civil War officer from the Kansas Infantry. He was killed in the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield, Missouri. The first post office in Pratt was created in June 1884. In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington to Pratt. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Pratt is about eighty miles west of Wichita. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 6,835 people, 2,837 households, and 1,713 families living in Pratt. Media. Newspaper. Pratt has the "Pratt Tribune". Education. Public schools. Pratt is served by Unified School District 382 and Unified School District 438. Transportation. There are daily buses. They go east towards Wichita, Kansas and west towards Pueblo, Colorado. The buses are by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines). Bel Aire, Kansas Bel Aire is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 6,769 people lived there. History. Bel Aire was created in January 1955 when a group of local residents asked the county government to create it. They wanted this place to be an improvement district for water. On November 26, 1980, Bel Aire officially incorporated as a city. This was after a two-year legal dispute with the Wichita city government. The dispute was about whether or not Pratt had the right to become its own city. The case went to the Kansas Supreme Court, and the Court ruled in Bel Aire's favor. Geography. Bel Aire is at (37.763758, −97.266177). It has an elevation of 1,394 feet (425 m). It is on the north side of the East Fork of Chisholm Creek. It is about northeast of the Arkansas River in the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains. It is on the south side of K-254 in south-central Kansas. Bel Aire is within the Wichita metropolitan area, bordered by Wichita to the south and west and bordered by Kechi to the north. The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Bel Aire is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 6,769 people, 2,465 households, and 1,854 families living in Bel Aire. Roeland Park, Kansas Roeland Park is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, 6,731 people lived there. Geography. Roeland Park is at (39.034705, −94.639211). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 6,731 people, 3,065 households, and 1,732 families living in Roeland Park. Education. The city is part of the Shawnee Mission School District. Roesland Elementary School, St. Agnes Elementary School and Bishop Miege High School are in Roeland Park. Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site is an excavation in Siberia. It has ancient human remains and artifacts. These remains are 31,000 years old. Human teeth from the site have been used to analyze DNA. The results show that the people were "Homo sapiens" . These people were different from already known people. The archaeologists have named them Ancient North Siberians. They are more like modern Europeans than like modern Asians. Siberia was very cold when these people lived. They hunted large animals like woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and bison. Laramie County, Wyoming Laramie County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, 91,738 people lived there. The county seat is Cheyenne, the state capital. The county lies west of the Nebraska state line and north of the Colorado state line. The city of Laramie, Wyoming, is in neighboring Albany County. History. Laramie County was created on January 9, 1867. Geography. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.06%) is water. Lincoln County, Wyoming Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 18,106 people lived there. Its county seat is Kemmerer. Its western border abuts the east border of the state of Utah. History. Lincoln County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. Geography. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water. Kemmerer, Wyoming Kemmerer is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Lincoln County. The population was 2,656 at the 2010 census. Alpine, Wyoming Alpine is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 828 at the 2010 census. Karnes City, Texas Karnes City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Karnes County. Kaufman, Texas Kaufman is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Kaufman County. History. Kaufman was founded in 1840. Geography. Kaufman has a total area of 9 square miles. Franklin, Texas Franklin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Robertson County. Bremond, Texas Bremond is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Battle of Aqaba The Battle of Aqaba was a major battle during World War I. It was fought on July 6, 1917 between the Ottoman Empire and Arab Revolt, who part of the Central Powers and Allied Powers in the same order. The city of Aqaba, Jordan was an important coastal city and port controlled by the Ottomans. Even though the city was heavily defended on the coast, there was little defense inland. This was because the Ottomans thought the Arabian Desert outside the city was impossible to cross. Led by Arab chief Auda Abu Tayi and British officer T. E. Laurence, the Arab Revolt marched across the Arabian Desert to Aqaba. This surprised the Ottomans and the Arab Revolt captured the city. Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt was a revolt of various Arab tribes who came together and fought against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Up until before the First World War the Arabs had been subjects to the Ottomans. The revolt was launched by the Shairf of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, after he had made a deal with the British Empire, who wanted to defeat the Ottomans. In this deal the British Empire promised Sharif Hussein and the leader of the Arabs an independent Arab state in exchange for their attack against the Ottoman empire. This agreement is known as the Hussein-McMahon correspondance. On June 10th, 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Mecca and was led by Sharif Hussein's son Emir Faysal and T.E. Lawrence, also known as "Lawrence of Arabia". On 1st October 1918, Faysal and the Arabs reached Damascus, installing an Arab government under British supervision. However, although the Ottomans were defeated, the British did not keep their promise, and the Arab world would be instead come under indirect and direct influence of the British and the French powers. Background. The Arab Revolt concluded four centuries of Ottoman control of Arab lands. The Arab lands included areas from Syria and Mesopotamia, to Yemen and North Africa, with the exception of Morocco. In Arab historiography, the revolt was the arrival of an ‘Arab Awakening’ which had progressed for some time. The relationship between the Arabs and the Turks can be seen as amicable from the Ottoman conquest in 1517 until the late stages of Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s reign. In an example of their good relationship, the Arabs regarded the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph as the defender of their faith, Islam. Beginnings of Arab Nationalism. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Ottomans began a series of reforms to re-stabilise and modernise their regime, however, these were only implemented with effect in the middle of the nineteenth century. The impact of the Arab reforms differed throughout the Empire. For example, the reform movement was heavily applied in places such as Syria, Beirut and Aleppo whereas the reforms in Baghdad and Basra were more discrete, ultimately in Yemen and al-Hijāz there were little administrative changes. In the regions where the reforms were more heavily applied, a stronger sense of the origins of the Arab national movement against the Ottomans emerged in response to these changes. Alongside the period of reforms the Ottomans began to centralise their government, inspired by the French system of government. In doing so, the Ottomans adhered to a rigid regime which was very detrimental to the Arab territories. This disagreement over the Ottoman regime did factor into the Arab Revolt and the consequential break from the Ottoman Empire in 1916. After the 1908 Turkish revolution, the tension between the Ottomans and the Arabs became politicised during the first election under the new constitution. . The constituencies had been established to favour the Turks over the other nationalities in the Empire, noting that the actual population ratio of Turks to Arabs in the Empire was 2:3. . Once the Committee of Union and Progress had been elected, with a Turkish majority, it became clear that they were not interested in dismissing the previous centralisation policies of which the Arabs suffered from. . British Interest in Arab Territories. During World War One, the British fought off the Ottoman fourth army at the Suez Canal for the second time, in 1916, they planned a series of offensives to take place in the Arab provinces to weaken the Ottoman’s resource supply. . As an alternative to these offences, the British stationed in the Middle East understood that a revolt from within the Ottoman Empire would also be beneficial to their war effort. If they were to foment an Arab revolt, the Ottoman troops would be diverted away from the British front lines and it would restrict access between the Ottomans in the Middle East and the Germans in North Africa. Historical Events of the Arab Revolt. Preface The British are trying to beat the Ottomans but struggle strategically because the Ottoman empire is spread through various areas of Arab Lands. They are planning to organise an Arab revolt to try to get Arab countries involved in the battlefield as well. To start the revolt they are searching for an Arab leader who can take the lead. They end up focusing on Sharif Hussein and his family. His family have been loyal and part of the Ottoman government for years. They are descendents of Muhammed and part of the Hashemites. Hussein has been named the protect of Mecca and Medina. However, since the centralisation initiatives of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamit II's Hussein feels his power has been threatened. He sees the WOI as a great opportunity to start rebelling against the Ottoman empire to gain more power again. Because he is the protector of Mecca and Medina he is a good candidate for claiming to be the leader of Arab muslims. In the end of 1915 negotiations started between Hussein and Sir Henry Mcmahon, a high commissioner in Cairo, about starting an Arab Revolt. This was called the Hussein-Mcmohan correspondence. Hussein claimed to act in the best interest of the Arab people. He want Britain to acknowledge that he will become the independent leader of the new formed Arab state after the Arab revolt. The new formed Arab state consists of the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and Iraq. In this way he could get more power again. In return he would help the British to defeat the Ottoman Empire. McMahon claimed he fought for what was best for Britain, he wanted certain regions in Iraq and Syria to remain under British and French power. In return they gave Hussein resources such as weaponry, food, gold which were provided by Britain were essential in launching the attack. 1916 Start of the Arab Revolt On the 10th of June the Arab Revolt began, the leaders involved here were Emir Faysal, the son of Hussein and T.E. Lawrence, a British official. The army conquered many towns of the Ottomans and also attacked the Hijazi Railway. They also succeeded in stopping Ottoman troops becoming closer to the German troops in Africa. In total they stopped about 30.000 troops. They defeated the forces of Djemal Pasha. T.E. Lawrence his nickname was 'Lawrence of Arabia', he was seen as a succesful military player in the conquerings of Ottoman areas, especially in the eyes of Europeans. He started working on mapping the whole area of Arab land and also helped plan the Arab Revolt. He had a huge advantage due to his maps because of this he knew the area well. He helped map out the military strategy of Britain. 1917 Conquering of seaport of Aqaba The seaport of Aqaba was the best place for German troops to land.In June 1917 the Arab Revolt conquered this and afterwards they moved up North. Faysal struggled with explaining the various tribes here why it was a good idea to rebel against the Ottoman empire. He did this in the name of his father, who called it a Jihad (holy war). He succeeded in some tribes joining the force and others just let him pass. 1918 Victory of Damascus On the first of October the Arab revolt conquered Damascus. A big help with this was Faysal changing his strategy to persuade to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. He stated that he did this because of Arab nationalism. In this way he won over Arabian activists that were in Damascus. In 1918 the Arab revolt established an Arab government in Damascus with Faysal as their leader. This was under supervision of the British. It was an Arab government financed by the British government. They ruled over what is nowadays Syria and Jordan. Arab revolt and Arab nationalism. It turns out that the Arab revolt was an important event to solidify Arab nationalism. Even though Husseins ideology did not meet with the emergence of Arabism he used it as a strategy to win various Arabic tribes on his side. Arab nationalism was thus a helpful source for many parties in WOI. Such as the Arab tribes and the British who used the revolt to their advantages and a key motivator for the conflict that happened in the Hijaz area. Aftermath. After World War I ended in 1918, the Arabs had done their bit to support the Allied forces in their win against the Ottoman Empire. In the Paris Peace Talks 1919-1920, the British and French did not endorse their previous support of the Arab state as they had made a secret treaty, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which solidified their influence in the Middle East after World War I. Pahumara The Pahumara River is a river in the Barpeta district of Assam in India. It is located at latitude 26° 17'0" and longitude 26°17'0". It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. It flows through the areas of Puthimari, Medhikuchi, Pathsala, Dhumarkur, Bhawanipur, Kayakuchi and the Barpeta district. Frequent rains in monsoon season often make the Pahumara river flood in many places, such as paddy fields (underwater fields for growing rice) and roads in the Bahari sub-division of the Barpeta district. During this time the river is quite dangerous. Sometimes the river floods when the Kurichhu hydroelectric plant in Bhutan opens its dam. According to local people, a type of boat race on the Pahumara river has been a tradition of the area for more than 100 years. Allied Powers of World War I The Allied Powers of World War I were the countries who fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Major countries included the British Empire, France, the Russian Empire, the United States, Italy, and Japan. Most of these countries would fight alongside each other again in World War II, except that Italy and Japan would fight alongside Germany instead. The Allied Powers in Europe were already allies before the war began. Serbia was an ally of Russia, and Russia was an ally of Britain and France. The war started because the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia in 1914, which led to a chain reaction of countries declaring war on each other. At first, the United States was neutral, it was not part of either side. However, after several acts made by Germany against the US, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and would fight for the Allied Powers. Russia's campaign against the Central Powers went very poorly. Many Russian soldiers were poorly equipped and trained, many Russians were killed, and poverty and starvation became worse problems than before. Many Russians blamed Czar Nicholas II's poor leadership for Russia's problems, so he was overthrown and sent to exile. The Russian Provisional Government who replaced him also made many Russians upset because they promised that Russia would continue fighting the war. After the March Revolution that overthrew the Czar, communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin made a deal with Germany. The deal was that he would stop the fighting between Russia and Germany if they sent him to Russia to overthrow the government. Lenin's slogan for his communist government was "peace, land, and bread". This meant that the communist government promised no more fighting in the war, land redistribution so that everyone in Russia could have an equal amount of property, and that food would be plentiful. After the Communist Party took over Russia in the October Revolution, they fulfilled their promise to Germany and ended Russia's fighting in the war. In World War II, Italy would join Germany in the Axis Powers because its leader, Benito Mussolini, had a similar ideology to Nazism. Japan was disappointed with the end of World War I because it did not gain as much as it wanted. Japan would also join the Axis Powers because it thought it would help the Japanese Empire grow faster than if it did with the Allies. Calvert, Texas Calvert is a city in Texas. Hearne, Texas Hearne is a city of Robertson County in the state of Texas in the United States. Hondo, Texas Hondo is a city in and the county seat of Medina County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,803. Floydada, Texas Floydada is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Floyd County. Dodd City, Texas Dodd City is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. Ottawa Dragon Boat festival The Ottawa Dragon Boat festival is held every year in Ottawa, the National capital of Canada. The festival was founded in 1993. In 2019 the festival had 200 teams competing. The festival lasts for four days and offers free admission to concerts, amusement attractions, sports demonstrations, artisans, exhibitors, culinary treats, children’s area and non-stop dragon boat racing. The Festival is made possible through Celebrate Ontario and the City of Ottawa "Partnership Program". Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel (, "Migdal Bavel") story in Genesis 11:1–9 is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages. According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating westward, comes to the land of Shinar (). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, felt insulted and confused the humans so that they could no longer understand each other. He then scatters them around the world. Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk in Babylon. A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta". Standard German Standard German, High German, or Standard High German, (, , or in Swiss Standard German ), is the standardized variety of the German language used in formal occasions, and for communication between different dialect areas. It has three specific regional variants: German Standard German, Austrian Standard German, and Swiss Standard German. Standard German phonology The phonology of Standard German is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects. Consonants. German has 25 phonemes, which is average among other languages. One of its more unique sounds is the unusual affricate . "Ich-Laut" and "ach-Laut". " is the voiceless palatal fricative (found in the word 'I'), and is the voiceless velar fricative (as in the interjection 'oh', 'alas'). is the German word for 'sound, phone'. In German, these two sounds are allophones occurring in complementary distribution. The allophone occurs after back vowels and (for instance in 'book'), the allophone after front vowels (for instance in 'me/myself') and consonants (for instance in 'fear', 'sometimes'). (This happens most regularly: if the in is pronounced as a consonant, represents ; however if, as often happens, it is vocalized as , resembling the vowel , then may represent , yielding .) Abyssinia Crisis The Abyssinia Crisis happened in 1935. It started with the Walwal incident, a conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia"). The League of Nations said Italy could not intervene and voted to punish Italy's economy. But the League did not follow through, and Italy quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and invaded Abyssinia. The crisis made the League look bad, and made Fascist Italy closer friends with Nazi Germany. Both Italy and Ethiopia did not like each other. The League of Nations said:At places where there is not a single Italian national, a consul establishes himself in an area known as consular territory with a guard of about ninety men, for whom he claims jurisdictional immunity. This is an obvious abuse of consular privileges. The abuse is all the greater that the consul's duties, apart from the supplying of information of a military character, take the form of assembling stocks of arms, which constitute a threat to the peace of the country, whether from the internal or the international point of view. Yehud Medinata Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for the State of Judah), or simply Yehud, was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was within the satrapy of Eber-Nari. It was roughly like the older kingdom of Judah but had less land. The area of Yehud Medinata is roughly the same as the previous Babylonian province of Yehud, which was created after the kingdom of Judah was invaded by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 597). Yehud Medinata continued to exist for two centuries, until Alexander the Great conquered it and made it part of his empire. History. Exact times for Babylonian and Persian rule do not have complete agreement. Other dates are plausible. Culper spy ring During the American Revolution, a man by the name of Abraham Woodhull ran a ring of civilian spies on behalf of General George Washington against the British using the pseudonym Samuel Culper. It was known as the Culper spy ring. Upper Canada Upper Canada is an old British name for the Canadian province of Ontario. Constitutional Act 1791 The Contitution Act of 1791 is a law issued by the British Parliament under King George III in response to the demands of the United Empire Loyalists asking for elected representation. It split a British colony called the Province of Quebec into two separate provinces. The province of Upper Canada since renamed Ontario and the province of Lower Canada since renamed Quebec. Each was given elected representatives to let the government know what they wanted but who didn't have any actual power. Lower Canada The Province of Lower Canada was a British colony in Canada. It included Labrador and the southern part of Quebec. It was created in 1791 when Britain split Quebec into two provinces. It was merged in 1841 with the rest of Quebec to form the Province of Canada. Evergy Evergy is an electric utility in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. The company was created from a merger of Westar Energy of Topeka and Great Plains Energy of Kansas City, Missouri. Evergy is the largest electric company in Kansas. They serve 690,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the eastern third of Kansas. David Peck David Peck is an American business executive, consultant, writer and public speaker, who is active at the intersection of cannabis and E-commerce sectors. He attained a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology from Brown University, Rhode Island in 2003. He is the co-founder of Ivy Film Festival, hosted annually on the campus of Brown University. He went on to help start the Ask a Ninja YouTube show. In 2013, he founded Sock Panda, a company which donates socks to those in need with every purchase. As of December 2017 the company has donated nearly 100,000 socks to homeless shelters, low income senior centers, hospitals, and under-privileged classrooms throughout the United States. He attained the Master of Business Administration from USC Marshall School of Business, California in 2014. On April 2017, he joined High Times to serve as Vice President of Business Development Jimi system The Jimi system () is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered. It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the "Tusi system" (). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system. Origin of term. The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of "Shiji" quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse. Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people. It is also known as Jimi fuzhou () or the loose-control administrative units, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou () or the regular administrative units. What is it? China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians"). China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi. The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons. Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military. There were three levels: the command (, like the central government), prefecture (, like a state) and county (). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou. Examples. The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments ("duhufu" 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China. Arab Winter During the Arab Winter there was a resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and Islamic extremism. The Arab Winter started in 2014 and happened four years after after the Arab Spring. It includes civil wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of Arab countries, and ethno-religious wars. By the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees. Perhaps the most significant event was the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from 2014 to the present. What happened? Chinese professor Zhang Weiwei first predicted an "Arab Winter" in his June 2011 debate with Francis Fukuyama. "My understanding of the Middle East leads me to conclude that the west should not be too happy. It will bring enormous problems to American interest. It is called "Arab Spring" for now, and I guess it will soon turn to be the winter for the Middle East." In early 2016, "The Economist" said the Winter was ongoing and "worse than ever". Consequences. According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the Arab Winter cost the Arab League $800 billion USD. In 2014, sixteen million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were expected to need help. According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of the summer of 2014, a quarter of a million died, and millions are refugees. Political columnist and commentator George Will said that as of early 2017, over 30,000 died in Libya, 220,000–320,000 were killed in Syria, and 4 million refugees had fled the Syrian Civil War alone. There is chaos and violence. So many people fled the Middle East and North Africa to Europe, it has resulted in the European migrant crisis. As a result, "boat-people", which was once commonly referred to Vietnamese boat people, became frequently used. These include refugees from Libya or Tunisia, escaping to the European Union across the Mediterranean Sea. Some European politicians fear the migrants might "flood" their shores. So many Europeans are working on laws to help manage the arrivals along their nations' borders. Julian year In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a) is a unit to measure time. It has exactly 365 days of 86,400 seconds each. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year (for which, "see Year"). It is also not connected to the Julian day used in astronomy. Isekai is a genre of Japanese manga, anime, light novel, video game, etc. It has character(s) who go into a different world. The types of Isekai. There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world. One is . In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up. The other is . The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god. Examples. Anime that are regarded as Isekai include "", "That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon," etc. There is some debate as to whether some anime such as "Sword Art Online." In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out. Greek government-debt crisis The Greek government-debt crisis happened after the financial crisis of 2007–08. In Greece it is known as The Crisis (). It started with sudden reforms and austerity measures. But this made people poor and lose money and land. The Greek economy is in the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date. It is even longer than the US Great Depression. Many well-educated Greeks left the country. A trade deficit means that a country is buying more than it produces, so it has to borrow from others. Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods. Greece was perceived as a higher credit risk alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone. Thus investors felt the EU would help out Greece. Reports in 2009 of Greek government disorganization increased borrowing costs. Greece could no longer borrow to finance its trade and budget deficits at an affordable cost. The Great Recession. The Greek crisis was triggered by the Great Recession, which led the budget deficits of several Western nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP. Greece had high budget deficit (10.2% and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively). But at the same time it had high public debt to GDP ratio. Greece appeared to lose control of this ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2009. Being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility. Internal factors. In January 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance published the "Stability and Growth Program 2010". The report listed five main causes: poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion. Austerity Austerity measures (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways. Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending. In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP. For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output. Swadeshi movement The Swadeshi movement was part of the Indian independence movement. It aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India. It was begun on 7 August 1905 in Calcutta. Lawrence University Lawrence University is a four-year college in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1847. It is a private school not affiliated with any church. In addition to the men's and women's liberal arts colleges, Lawrence has a Conservatory of Music. In 2018 there were 1,472 students in the university. Of these, 13% were foreign students from over 45 countries. There were 405 faculty members (76% were full time). Degrees granted. Lawrence University grants two four-year degrees: B.A. and B.Mus. It also grants a five-year combined B.A./B.Mus. degree. Affiliation. The university is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), which has off-campus programs in the United States and many other countries. Students from Lawrence and the other member schools may take part in these programs. Lawrence has been a member of the Midwest Conference sports league since it began in 1921. Costs. One year's tuition and fees are $47,475. Room and board are $10,341. Accreditation. The University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Conservatory of Music is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music. Gadfly Gadfly is used for term for horse-fly or botfly. They are ectoparasites of mammals which drive the animals almost crazy with irritation. Botfly Botflies, also known as warble flies or gadflies, are a family of flies: the Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut. Extraterrestrial sky In astronomy, an extraterrestrial sky is a view of outer space from the surface of a planet (or related body in space) other than Earth. The only extraterrestrial sky that has been directly observed and photographed by astronauts is that of the Moon. The skies of Venus, Mars and Titan have been observed by space probes designed to land on the surface and send images back to Earth. Extraterrestrial skies seem to vary because of a number of reasons. An extraterrestrial atmosphere, if present, has a large bearing on visible characteristics. The atmosphere's density and chemical composition can contribute to differences in color, opacity (including haze) and the presence of clouds. Astronomical objects may also be visible and can include natural satellites, rings, star systems and nebulas and other planetary system bodies. For skies that have not been directly or indirectly observed, their appearance can be simulated based on known factors, such as the position of astronomical objects relative to the surface and atmospheric composition. Mercury. Because Mercury has little or no atmosphere, a view of the planet's skies would be no different from viewing space from orbit. Mercury has a southern pole star, Alpha Pictoris. It is fainter than Earth's Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor. The Sun from Mercury. On average, the visible diameter of the Sun on Mercury is 2.5 times as large as it appears from Earth, and its total brightness is more than 6 times as great. Because of the planet's orbit, the Sun's apparent diameter in the sky would vary from 2.2 times that from Earth to 3.2 times. The sun would be over ten-times brighter. Due to its slow rotation, a day on Mercury lasts around 176 Earth days. Other planets seen from Mercury. After the Sun, the second-brightest object in the Mercurian sky is Venus, which is much brighter there than for observers on Earth. The Earth and the Moon are also very prominent in the sky of Mercury. and −1.2, respectively. All other planets are visible just as they are on Earth, but somewhat less bright at opposition. Venus. The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun cannot be easily seen in the daytime sky, and the stars are not visible at night. Color images taken by the space probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next would be about 117 Earth days. Because of the rotation of Venus, the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east. An observer above the clouds of Venus would circle the planet in about four Earth days, and see a sky in which the Earth and the Moon shine brightly. Mercury would also be easy to spot, because it is closer and brighter, and because its maximum elongation from the Sun is considerably larger than when observed from Earth. The Moon. The Moon's atmosphere is very thin so its sky is always black, as in the case of Mercury. However, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the daytime, unless the observer is well shielded from sunlight. The Sun from the Moon. The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth's orbit, somewhat brighter than it does from the Earth's surface, and colored pure white, due to the lack of scattering and absorption in its very thin atmosphere. Due to the position and orbit of the moon, the Sun nearly always takes the same path through the Moon's sky over the course of a year. As a result, there are craters and valleys near the Moon's poles that never receive direct sunlight, and there may exist mountains and hilltops that are never in shadow. The Earth from the Moon. Among the most prominent features of the Moon's sky is Earth. Earth shows phases, just like the Moon does for observers on Earth. The phases, however, are opposite; when the observer on Earth sees the full Moon, the lunar observer sees a "new Earth", and vice versa. The full Earth glows over 50 times brighter than the full Moon at its brightest for the observer on Earth. Earth light reflected on the Moon's darker half is bright enough to be visible from Earth, and is known as known as earthshine. As a result of the Moon's rotation, one side of the Moon (the "near side") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can be seen only from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side. Eclipses from the Moon. Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring. Solar eclipse shadows, when the Moon blocks sunlight to the Earth, on the other hand, would not be as spectacular for observers on the Moon viewing the Earth: the Moon's umbra nearly tapers out at the Earth's surface. A blurry dark patch would be barely visible. The effect would be comparable to the shadow of a golf ball cast by sunlight on an object away. Observers on the Moon with telescopes might be able to discern the umbral shadow as a black spot at the center of a less dark region (penumbra) traveling across the full Earth's disk. It would look essentially the same as it does to the Deep Space Climate Observatory, which orbits Earth at the L1 Lagrangian point in the Sun-Earth system, from Earth. In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon. Eclipses occur for observers on both Earth and the Moon whenever the two bodies and the Sun align in a straight line. Mars. Mars has only a thin atmosphere; however, it is extremely dusty, and there is much light that is scattered about. The sky is thus rather bright during the daytime and stars are not visible. The color of the Martian sky. Capturing accurate color images from Mars's surface is difficult. For many years, the sky on Mars was thought to be more pinkish than it is now believed to be. It is now known that during the Martian day, the sky is a butterscotch color. Around sunset and sunrise, the sky is rose in color, but in the vicinity of the setting Sun it is blue. This is the opposite of the situation on Earth. Twilight lasts a long time after the Sun has set and before it rises because of the dust high up in the atmosphere of Mars. On Mars, the red color of the sky is caused by the presence of iron(III) oxide in the airborne dust particles. These particles are larger in size than gas molecules, so most of the light is scattered. Dust absorbs blue light and scatters longer wavelengths (red, orange, yellow). The Sun from Mars. The Sun as seen from Mars is about as large as seen from Earth, and shines 40% of the light, approximately the brightness of a slightly cloudy afternoon on Earth. Mars's moons as seen from Mars. Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. From the Martian surface, Phobos is one-third to one-half the size of the Sun, while Deimos is barely more than a dot. Due to its orbit, Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east. Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west, like a "normal" moon, although its appearance to the naked eye would be star-like. Phobos and Deimos can both eclipse the Sun as seen from Mars, although neither can completely cover its disk and so the event is in fact a transit, rather than an eclipse. Earth from Mars. The Earth is visible from Mars as a double star; the Moon would be visible alongside it as a fainter companion. Venus from Mars. Venus as seen from Mars would have an apparent magnitude of about −3.2. The outer planets. Compared with their view from Earth, the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) would appear slightly brighter during opposition, but slightly dimmer during conjunction. The skies of Mars's moons. From Phobos, Mars appears 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth. From Deimos, Mars appears 1,000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth. The Asteroid Belt. The asteroid belt is sparsely populated and most asteroids are very small, so that an observer situated on one asteroid would be unlikely to be able to see another without the aid of a telescope. Some asteroids that cross the orbits of planets may occasionally get close enough to a planet or asteroid so that an observer from that asteroid can make out the disc of the nearby object without the aid of binoculars or a telescope. Jupiter. Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, though dimmer than Earth's, because the sunlight there is on average 27 times fainter, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The planet's narrow rings might be faintly visible from latitudes above the equator. Further down into the atmosphere, the Sun would be obscured by clouds and haze of various colors, most commonly blue, brown, and red. Although theories abound on the cause of the colors, there is currently no clear answer. From Jupiter, the Sun appears to be less than a quarter of its size as seen from Earth. Jupiter's moons as seen from Jupiter. Aside from the Sun, the most prominent objects in Jupiter's sky are the four Galilean moons. Io, the nearest to the planet, would be slightly larger than the full moon in Earth's sky, though less bright, and would be the largest moon in the Solar System as seen from Jupiter. The higher brightness of Europa would not overcome its greater distance from Jupiter, so it would not outshine Io. Ganymede, the largest moon and third from Jupiter, is almost as bright as Io and Europa, but appears only half the size of Io. Callisto, further out, would appear only a quarter the size of Io. None of the surface features on Jupiter's moons would appear as prominent as the lunar maria do when the Moon is viewed from Earth. Dark and light patches would be visible on Io's surface due to the coloration of sulfur that covers Io, and the largest volcanoes would be designated by dark points, but the lack of large, contrasting features results in a poor view of it. Europa, however, would appear as a completely featureless white disc. Even when viewed from nearby, most spacecraft images use contrast enhancements to clearly show the cracks in the Europan ice. Vague dark and light patches would be visible on Ganymede, whereas Callisto is much too distant for any features to be made out. All four Galilean moons stand out because of the swiftness of their motion, compared to the Moon. They are all also large enough to fully eclipse the Sun. Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as star-like points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star. The outer moons would be invisible except for Himalia, which would appear as a dim, star-like point to the naked eye only under favorable circumstances. The skies of Jupiter's moons. None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter. Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance. From the moons of Jupiter, solar eclipses caused by the Galilean satellites would be spectacular, because an observer would see the circular shadow of the eclipsing moon travel across Jupiter's face. Saturn. The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. The rings of Saturn are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere. Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's large moons due to its great distance and dimness; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, star-like points (with the exception of Janus), although most would shine brighter than any star. None of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe which would be very dim. The skies of Saturn's moons. Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn. In the skies of Saturn's inner moons, Saturn is an enormous object. The rings from Saturn's moons. Saturn's rings would not be prominent from most of the moons. This is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick. The rings are edge-on and practically invisible from the inner moons. From the outer moons, starting with Iapetus, a more oblique view of the rings would be available, although the greater distance would make Saturn appear smaller in the sky; from Phoebe, the largest of Saturn's irregular moons, Saturn would appear only as big as the full Moon does from Earth. The best view of the rings may be from the inner moon Mimas, which is fairly near the rings. The co-orbitals Epimetheus and Janus would also get a good view. Tethys gets the next best view; Iapetus gets a good view of the rings and is more than any of the outer moons can claim. The sky of Titan. Titan is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick atmosphere. The Titanean sky is a light tangerine color. However, an astronaut standing on the surface of Titan would see a hazy brownish/dark orange color. As a consequence of its greater distance from the Sun and the thickness of its atmosphere, the surface of Titan receives only about of the sunlight Earth does – daytime on Titan is thus only as bright as twilight on the Earth. It seems likely that Saturn is permanently invisible behind orange smog, and even the Sun would be only a lighter patch in the haze, barely illuminating the surface of ice and methane lakes. However, in the upper atmosphere, the sky would have a blue color and Saturn would be visible. With its thick atmosphere and methane rain, Titan is the only celestial body other than Earth upon which rainbows on the surface could form. However, given the extreme thickness of the atmosphere in visible light, the vast majority of the rainbow would be in the infrared. The sky of Enceladus. Seen from Enceladus, Saturn would have a visible diameter sixty times more than the Moon visible from Earth. Moreover, since Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period and therefore keeps one face pointed toward Saturn, the planet never moves in the sky of Enceladus and cannot be seen from the far side of the satellite. Saturn's rings would be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular phases. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth. An observer located on Enceladus could also observe Mimas (the biggest satellite located inside Enceladus's orbit) transit in front of Saturn every 72 hours, on average. Its apparent size would be about the same size as the Moon seen from Earth. Pallene and Methone would appear nearly star-like. Tethys, visible from Enceladus's anti-Saturnian side, would reach a maximum apparent size, about twice that of the Moon as seen from the Earth. Uranus. Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is probably a light blue. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark. None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of Uranus, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloud tops. Unlike on Jupiter and Saturn, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than star-like points; the moons Portia and Juliet can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye. The low light levels at such a great distance from the sun ensure that the moons appear very dim; the brightest, Ariel, would shine more than 100 times dimmer than the moon as seen from Earth. Meanwhile, the outer large moon Oberon would be only as bright as Venus despite its proximity. Neptune. Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is probably an azure or sky blue, similar to Uranus'. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark. Aside from the Sun, the most notable object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon. The smaller moon Proteus would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite, Nereid, is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye. As with Uranus, the low light levels cause the major moons to appear very dim. The sky of Triton. Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has an atmosphere, but it is so thin that its sky is still black, possibly with some pale haze at the horizon. Because Triton orbits with synchronous rotation, Neptune always appears in the same position in its sky. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun for 82 years at a stretch, resulting in radical seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight. Neptune itself with a maximum brightness would be about that of the full moon on Earth. Due to its eccentric orbit, Nereid would vary considerably in brightness; its disk would be far too small to see with the naked eye. Proteus would also be difficult to resolve but, at its closest, would rival Canopus. Trans-Neptunian Objects. A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune. Pluto and Charon. Pluto, accompanied by its largest moon Charon, orbits the Sun at a distance usually outside the orbit of Neptune except for a twenty-year period in each orbit. From Pluto, the Sun is point-like to human eyes, but still very bright, giving roughly 150 to 450 times the light of the full Moon from Earth. Nonetheless, human observers on Pluto would notice a large decrease in available light. Pluto's atmosphere consists of a thin envelope of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide gases, all of which are derived from the ices of these substances on its surface. When Pluto is close to the Sun, the temperature of Pluto's solid surface increases, causing these ices to sublimate into gasses. This atmosphere also produces a noticeable blue haze that is visible at sunset and possibly other times of the Plutonian day. Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other. This means that Charon always presents the same face to Pluto, and Pluto also always presents the same face to Charon. Observers on the far side of Charon from Pluto would never see the dwarf planet; observers on the far side of Pluto from Charon would never see the moon. Charon, as seen from Pluto's surface would be a very large object in the night sky. Comets. The sky of a comet changes dramatically as it nears the Sun. During closest distance, a comet's ices begin to sublime from its surface, forming tails of gas and dust, and a coma. An observer on a comet nearing the Sun might see the stars slightly obscured by a milky haze, which could create halo effects around the Sun and other bright objects. Extrasolar planets. For observers on extrasolar planets, the constellations would differ depending on the distances involved. A consequence of observing the universe from other stars is that stars that may appear bright in our own sky may appear dimmer in other skies and vice versa. A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary. From a planet orbiting Aldebaran, 65 light years away, our Sun would be seen as an insignificant star between Ophiuchus and Scorpius. Constellations made of bright, distant stars would look somewhat similar (such as Orion and Scorpius) but much of the night sky would seem unfamiliar to someone from Earth. Even Orion would appear somewhat different; viewed from this position, Alnilam and Mintaka would appear to be on top of each other, thus reducing the belt to two stars. Also, Bellatrix would be much closer to the belt, making the "chest" of Orion somewhat smaller. Stars. If the Sun were to be observed from the Alpha Centauri system, the nearest star system to ours, it would appear to be as a star in the constellation Cassiopeia. Due to the proximity of the Alpha Centauri system, the constellations would, for the most part, appear similar. From further away, the Sun would be an average looking star in the constellation Serpens Caput. At this distance, most of the stars nearest to us would be in different locations to those in our sky, including Alpha Centauri, Sirius, and Procyon. Warble fly A warble fly is a large fly of the genus "Hypoderma". It is an ectoparasite on horses, sheep, goats and humans. They lay their eggs on the front legs of large animals. They bore their way in, causing damage and distress. They have been eliminated from European countries, but reinfestations occur regularly. Ford County, Kansas Ford County (county code FO) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 33,848 people lived there. Its county seat is Dodge City. Dodge City is also the biggest city in Ford County. The county is named after Colonel James Hobart Ford. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.07%) is water. People. The Dodge City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Ford County. The 2010 census says that there were 33,848 people, 10,852 households, and 7,856 families living in Ford County. 75.3% of the people were White, 2.1% were Black or African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 17.8% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51.2% of the population. Government. Presidential elections. Ford County has been strongly Republican for most of its history, especially in recent elections. Only eight Democratic presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have won the county. The most recent winner being Jimmy Carter in 1976. Laws. Ford County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was changed in 1986. The changed allowed liquor to be sold. Riley County, Kansas Riley County (standard abbreviation: RL) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 71,115 people lived there. The biggest city is Manhattan. Manhattan is also the county seat. Two of Kansas' biggest employers are in Riley County: Fort Riley and Kansas State University. History. On May 30, 1879, the "Irving, Kansas Tornado" started in Riley County. This tornado was believed to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale. The damage path of it was wide and long. Eighteen people were killed. Sixty people were injured. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (2.0%) is water. The county is in the Flint Hills region of Kansas. People. Riley County is part of the Manhattan, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Millennials make up 53.6% of the population of Riley County. It is one of the highest rates in the United States. Government. Presidential elections. Riley County is the only county in Kansas without an elected sheriff. The county police department handles all the Sheriff’s responsibilities. Places. Fort Riley. Fort Riley Military Reservation covers in Geary and Riley counties. It is north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers in Geary County. 25,000 people are in the fort during the day. It includes a census-designated place: 1957 Indian presidential election The Election Commission of India held indirect 2nd presidential elections of India on May 6, 1957. Dr. Rajendra Prasad won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his rivals Chowdhry Hari Ramwho got 2,672 votes and Nagendra Narayan Das who got 2,000 votes. Rajendra Prasad, has been the only person, to have won and served two terms, as President of India. Geary County, Kansas Geary County (county code GE) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 34,362 people lived there. Its county seat and most populous city is Junction City. The county is named after Governor John W. Geary. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (4.9%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Kansas by land area. It is the third-smallest by total area. People. Geary County is in the Junction City, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is included in the Manhattan-Junction City, KS Combined Statistical Area. Government. Laws. Geary County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement. The food sales requirement was removed with voter approval in 1990. Communities. Fort Riley. Located north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, the Fort Riley Military Reservation covers in Geary and Riley counties. The fort has a daytime population of nearly 25,000 and includes one census-designated place: Townships. Geary County is divided into eight townships. The city of Junction City is considered "governmentally independent" and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size. Kara Swisher Kara Swisher is an Opinion writer at the NY Times. Niobrara County, Wyoming Niobrara County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, 2,484 people lived there. Its county seat is Lusk. Its eastern boundary abuts the west lines of the states of Nebraska and South Dakota. History. Niobrara County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for the Niobrara River, which rises near Lusk. Geography. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.07%) is water. Platte County, Wyoming Platte County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 8,667 people lived there. Its county seat is Wheatland. History. Platte County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for the North Platte River, which flows through the northeastern part of the county. Geography. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.3%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Wyoming by area. Sheridan County, Wyoming Sheridan County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 29,116 people lived there. Its county seat is Sheridan. Atchison County, Kansas Atchison County (county code AT) is a county in northeastern Kansas, in the Central United States. In 2010, 16,924 people lived there. Its county seat is Atchison. Atchison is also the biggest city in the count. The county is named after David Rice Atchison, a United States Senator from Missouri. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county by area in Kansas. On July 4, 1804, to mark Independence Day, the Lewis and Clark Expedition named Independence Creek near the city of Atchison (see Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition). Major highways. Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau People. Atchison County is in the Atchison, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area. Government. Presidential elections. Atchison County has been a swing county for most of its history. It has had multiple extended streaks of being a bellwether county, the first running from 1896 to 1936. After voting more Republican than the nation in the 1940s & voting for losing candidate Richard Nixon in 1960, another bellwether streak ran from 1964 to 2004. Since then, the county has become significantly more Republican, with Barack Obama failing to win the county in both of his victories & Hillary Clinton losing it by over 30 percent to Donald Trump in 2016. Sublette County, Wyoming Sublette County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 10,247 people lived there. Its county seat is Pinedale. The county was created on February 15, 1921. Sheridan, Wyoming Sheridan is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Sheridan County. Sweetwater County, Wyoming Sweetwater County is a county in southwestern Wyoming, United States. As of the 2010 census, 43,806 people lived there. Its county seat is Green River. Its southern boundary line abuts the north lines of the states of Colorado and Utah. History. Sweetwater County was created on December 17, 1867. Geography. According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.6%) is water. It is the largest county in Wyoming by area. Uinta County, Wyoming Uinta County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 21,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Evanston. Washakie County, Wyoming Washakie County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 8,533 people lived there. Its county seat is Worland. The county was created on February 21, 1911. Cherokee County, Kansas Cherokee County (county code CK) is a U.S. county in Southeast Kansas. In 2010 census, 21,603 people lived there. Its county seat is Columbus. The biggest city in Cherokee County is Baxter Springs. Baxter Springs became the first "cow town" in Kansas during the 1870s and the period of cattle drives. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water. Major highways. Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau Government. Presidential elections. For most of its history, Cherokee County had more of a Democratic lean in presidential elections than the rest of the state, particularly before 1968. Since then, its only voted for Democratic candidates twice in 1976 & 1992, when it was their second & fourth best county in the state, respectively. From 1996 on, the county has swung powerfully Republican similar to the rest of Southeast Kansas, with Hillary Clinton posted the worst percentage for a Democratic candidate ever at only 23.3%. Weston County, Wyoming Weston County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 7,208 people lived there. Its county seat is Newcastle. Its east boundary line abuts the west line of the state of South Dakota. History. Weston County was created on March 12, 1890. Henrietta, Texas Henrietta is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Clay County. History. Henrietta was created in 1874. Geography. Henrietta has a total area of 5.2 square miles. People. Henrietta has 3,141 people living there. Pottawatomie County, Kansas Pottawatomie County (standard abbreviation: PT) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 21,604 people lived there. The county seat is Westmoreland. The county is named after the Potawatomi group of Native Americans. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (2.4%) is water. People. Pottawatomie County is part of the Manhattan Metropolitan Statistical Area. Government. Presidential elections. Pottawatomie County is very Republican. The only Democratic Presidential candidate to get a majority in Pottawatomie County was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Since 1940 only Lyndon Johnson in 1964 has gotten as much as forty percent of the county’s vote. Education. Unified school districts. The Unified School Districts that serve Pottawatomie County include: 1962 Indian presidential election Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected as the Indian president in 1962. Schedule. The election schedule was announced by the Election Commission of India on 6 April 1962. Results. Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website Edward Shotter Edward Frank Shotter (29 June 1933 – 3 July 2019) was an Anglican priest and author. From 1966 to 1989 he was Director of Studies at the London Medical Group when he was appointed Dean of Rochester, a post he held until retirement in 2003. Shotter died on 3 July 2019, four days after his 86th birthday. Lisa Lu Lisa Lu Yan (; born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer. She won the Golden Horse Awards three times in the 1970s. She was born in Beijing and raised in California. Lu is known for her roles in "The Mountain Road", "Demon Seed", Peter Bogdanovich's "Saint Jack", "The Last Emperor", "The Joy Luck Club" and "Crazy Rich Asians". Bruce Laingen Lowell Bruce Laingen (August 6, 1922 – July 15, 2019) was an American diplomat. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979. He worked under the Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter presidencies. He was a World War II veteran. Laingen was best known for having been the most senior American official held hostage during the Iran hostage crisis. He was the chargé d'affaires (head of diplomatic mission) at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran at the time of the crisis. He was born in Butterfield, Minnesota. Laingen died on July 15, 2019 at a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland of problems caused from Parkinson's disease, aged 96. Butterfield, Minnesota Butterfield is a city in Watonwan County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 586 at the 2010 census. John Tanton John H. Tanton (February 23, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, white nationalist and anti-immigration activist. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. Tanton was the founder and first chairman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an anti-immigration organization. He was the co-founder of the Center for Immigration Studies, an anti-immigration think tank; and NumbersUSA, an anti-immigration lobbying group. He was chairman of U.S. English and ProEnglish. He was the founder of The Social Contract Press. He founded the pro-eugenics organization Society for Genetic Education. Tanton died in Petoskey, Michigan on July 16, 2019 from Parkinson's disease at the age of 85. Petoskey, Michigan Petoskey is a city and coastal resort community in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was about 5,670 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Emmet County. Ernie Broglio Ernest Gilbert Broglio (; August 27, 1935 – July 16, 2019) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball from 1959 to 1966. He was born in Berkeley, California. Broglio was best known as the "other player" in the controversial trade that sent future Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs to the Cardinals in June 1964. Broglio died on July 16, 2019 from cancer in San Jose, California at the age of 83. Howard Engel Howard Engel CM (April 2, 1931 – July 17, 2019) was a Canadian mystery writer and CBC producer. He was well known for his novel series of Benny Cooperman detective novels. Engel was a founder of Crime Writers of Canada. He was born in St. Catharines, Ontario. Engel died of pneumonia on July 17, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 88. Pumpsie Green Elijah Jerry "Pumpsie" Green (October 27, 1933 – July 17, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder. He played with the Boston Red Sox from 1959 to 1962) and for the New York Mets in 1963. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. He was listed as tall and . Green was born in Boley, Oklahoma. Green died at a hospital in San Leandro, California on July 17, 2019 at the age of 85. Boley, Oklahoma Boley is a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,184 at the 2010 census. Boley was made a town in 1903 as a Black pioneer town with a few Native Americans among its citizens. Ian Chappell Ian Michael Chappell (born 26 September 1943) is a retired Australian cricketer and commentator. He played for South Australia and Australia. He captained Australia between 1971 and 1975. He was born in Unley, South Australia. Chappell was known as "Chappelli". He is thought to be one of the greatest captains of cricket. He retired in 1980. He became a cricket commentator, working for Channel Nine. Chappell was added into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986, the FICA Cricket Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2003. In July 2009, Chappell was added into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. In July 2019, Chappell announced that he had skin cancer. Wesley Pruden James Wesley Pruden Jr., known as Wesley Pruden (December 18, 1935 – July 17, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He was the editor-in-chief of "The Washington Times" from 1992 until his retirement in 2008. Husaini Abdullahi Vice-Admiral Husaini Abdullahi (3 March 1939 – 9 July 2019) was a Nigerian military admiral and politician. He was the military governor of Bendel State, Nigeria from March 1976 to July 1978 during the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo. Abdullahi died on 9 July 2019 at the age of 80. Nikola Hajdin Nikola Hajdin (Serbian Cyrillic Никола Хајдин); 4 April 1923 – 17 July 2019) was a Serbian construction engineer and professor. He was the president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 2003 to 2015 as a member of the Department of Technical Sciences. He was born in Vrbovsko, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Hajdin died on 17 July 2019 in Belgrade at the age of 96. Charles Ceccaldi-Raynaud Charles Ceccaldi-Raynaud (25 June 1925 – 18 July 2019) was a French lawyer and politician. A member of The Republicans, he was a member of the National Assembly from 1993 to 1995, and the Senate from 1995 to 2004, representing Hauts-de-Seine. He was Mayor of Puteaux from 1969 to 2004. He was the author of a book about the Algerian War. He was born in Bastia, France. Ceccaldi-Raynaud died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 94. Algerian War The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian War of Independence or the Algerian Revolution ( '; '; or "") was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (. FLN) from 1954 to 1962. The war led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. It was known for its use of guerrilla warfare and for the massive use of torture on both sides. The war took place mainly in Algeria. It brought France to the verge of military "coup d'état;" which caused the fall of the Fourth Republic (1946-58), and transformed the French constitution. Background and causes. Conquest of Algeria. Until the early nineteenth century, Algeria or the Regency of Algiers was part of the Ottoman Empire. The area was governed by local governors called dey. The population was made up largely of Arabs and Berbers, but there were other tribal communities spread throughout the provinces and the Sahara. After the French Revolution and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the French Republic had bought 8 million francs worth of grain from the Algerians. That was to be refunded later, which did not happen. In 1827, the dey invited a French ambassador to pay some of the debt. The encounter resulted into a conflict in which the Algerian dey hit the French consul in the face with a fly-whisk. The French were furious and decided to blockade the Algerian city of Algiers. However, historians agree that the fly-whisk incident, as serious as it was, was only a pretext. The initial French conquest of Algeria was relatively easy. French troops left Toulon on May 25 1830, landed in Algeria on June 14, and by July 5, Algiers had capitulated. The French troops slaughtered civilians, looted, and destroyed mosques and cemeteries. In 1834, the dey was overthrown, and Algeria became a colony of France. In 1848, France added the region to its own empire and divided it into three departments: Alger, Oran and Constantine. The French thought that they would conquer the rest of the country in a matter of time, but they faced a strong resistance from Algerians that could not be put down until 1857 with the bloody Campaign of Kabylie and the Battle of Icheridden. Moreover, French became the official language. Many French people and other Europeans migrated to Algeria. Known as "" (literally "black feet"), they were Algerian-born French and often often cruel against indigenous populations. They killed and expelled many local inhabitants. According to the American historian Jennifer Sessions, the local population shrank from more than 4 million to 2.3 million during the first 25years of French colonisation (1830-1855). Algerian Nationalism. The first expressions of Algerian nationalism started with the revolt of an Algerian chief, Emir Abdelkader, against French colonial rule in the 1830s. It was only a stubborn and unsuccessful opposition, Abdelkader's defence of his country can be seen as the first step to an eventual nationalist identity. It was, however, by no means the end of the resistance to the French presence in Algeria since outbreaks of armed rebellion continued throughout the 19th century. The Kabyles in the mountains east of Algiers, for example, fought in the Battle of Icheridden in 1857 and rose again in 1871, when France had lost a war against Prussia. Anti-French revolts came up in the southern towns of Touggourt and Ouargla about the same time. In the early 20th century, Algerians again sought for equality of rights and the removal of special administrative powers over Muslims. Algerian nationalism arose out of the efforts of four different groups. The National Liberation Front ("Front de libération nationale"; FLN), founded in 1954, succeeded Hadj's Algerian People's Party (PPA). It soon established a military wing, the National Liberation Army ("Armée de libération nationale"; ALN), and called on all Algerians to rise and fight for their freedom. By 1957, the ALN reached 40,000 well-disciplined men, some from the country and others stationed in Morocco and Tunisia. The revolution had begun. Sétif and Guelma Massacre. On May 8 1945, shortly after the end of the World War II, Algerian civilians organised a demonstration in which they demanded independence. The demonstrations turned into a bloodbath. The protesters killed more than 100 European settlers. The French army killed at least 6,000 and 50,000 Algerian civilians (estimates vary widely). John P. Entelis estimated the number of Algerians civilians killed by the suppression of the riots as 15,000. Effects of French colonialism on Algeria. French colonialism had a devastating effect on lives of Algerians. By World War I, the number of settlers from France and other European countries, mostly from Italy, Spain, and Malta, reached 800,000 in a native population of 4.5-5 million. About half of the European settlers were working-class wageearners. Their standard of living was in general lower than that of their equivalents in Metropolitan France but much higher than that of Algerians. French settlers took possession of 6 millions acres, which represented 40% of all agricultural and 98% of the country's most productive land. The Europeans also controlled almost all the country's infrastructure, industry, and commerce and dominated its government and the judicial and educational systems. In sum, the French government created a feudal system in which a few thousand Europeans ruled over millions of Algerians. Only the European settlers and a tiny minority of privileged Algerians enjoyed full French citizenship; most Algerians were French subjects but not French citizens and had little voice on how their country was run. The "Code de L'Indigénat" (Native status code), which was established at the end of the conquest in 1881 and in effect until 1944, forced Algerians to pay special taxes. The harm done to Algerians was not only economic but also educational and cultural. The government took over religious institutions, distributed them a budget and appointed the imams. Moreover, the French destroyed the Algerian educational system; before the French conquest, the literacy rate in Algeria was higher than in France, but by 1954 only 25% of Algerian children attended school. Course of the war (1954-1962). Beginning of hostilities. On November 1 1954, the FLN started the struggle for national independence in Algeria and declared war on France. Algerian armed troops revolted in several places and were supported by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970), who promoted Arab nationalism and decolonisation throughout Africa. In the beginning, it was mainly a guerrilla war in which Algerian "maquisards" (guerrillas) attacked French settlers. The FLN called on Muslims in Algeria to unite and join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state, sovereign, democratic, and social, of the principles of Islam" since it considered that independence was not enough. French Interior Minister François Mitterrand, responded that "the only possible negotiation is war'". Initially, the higher-ranking French military was targeted, but in August 1955, the FLN targeted the civilian population as well. That began with the slaughter of 123 French-Algerian civilians, the murders of women and children, and the mutilation of corpses in Philippeville by the FLN on August 20 1955 and the death of some 50 Muslims. The FLN was also engaged in civil wars with the Algerian National Movement ("Mouvement national algérien; MNA"), founded by Messali Hadj. The MNA had a similar policy of violent revolution and total independence, but the FLN largely wiped out the MNA in Algeria. The MNA's remaining support was among Algerians within France. Their fighting during the war also took place in France itself and is called the "café wars" in which supporters of the FLN and the MNA supporters one another in French cafés and restaurants; 5,000 people were killed. French troops took revenge after the Battle of Philippeville and killed 1,270 (accodring to France) to 12,000 (according to Algeria) local Algerian Muslims. Moreover, after the attack, the French increased their troops to 250,000. Moreover, as soon as Tunisia and Morocco became independent from France in March 1956, both countries supported Algerian rebels in their fight against the French so that Algeria could become independent as well. They issued passports to FLN representatives to enable them to travel abroad and to make necessary arrangements for the purchase of arms. Egypt and the other Arab states of the Middle East also supported the Algerian rebels. One of the purposes for the formation of the League of Arab States in 1945 had been to allow independent Arab countries to help other Arab peoples achieve independence. Battle of Algiers. Meanwhile, as a way to draw attention to its struggle, the FLN began to target urban areas and larger cities. On September 30 1956, the Battle of Algiers had begun by three women allied with the FLN simultaneously placing bombs in public places in Algiers, including an Air France terminus and a popular bar for "pieds-noirs". Both sides fought against each other: Algerian nationalists bombed and waged guerrilla warfare, and in turn,the French repeatedly tortured and murdered Algerian prisoners. From 1957 to 1960, the French tried to deal with the guerrillas by attacking villages and by bombing or burning them if suspected guerrillas were suspected to be present. Over 800 villages, especially in the mountains, were completely destroyed. The inhabitants were moved from their villages and regrouped in camps on flat areas, where it was difficult to rebuild their previous economic and social systems. The "regroupement" program was a French strategy to fight against the guerrillas of the FLN. It led to the displacement of more than 2,5 million Algerians and to the weakening of peasant communities and populations already weakened in the colonial context. The so-called "", from the Algerian-Arabic dialect word "harki" (soldier), were indigenous Muslim Algerians who fought alongside the French during the colonial period. The term also came to include civilian indigenous Algerians who supported a French Algeria, such as Spahis, Tirailleurs, and Moghaznis. According to French archives, there were around 200,000 Algerian Muslims who fought alongside the French Army during the Algerian War and, by extension, their families. The French recruited and trained "harkis" by using guerrilla tactics similar to those of the FLN. They were an ideal instrument of counterinsurgency warfare for the French. An important turning point in the war, was the election of Charles de Gaulle as president of the Fifth Republic in 1958. De Gaulle wanted to end the war through negotiations. From May 1961, the first negotiations between the French Army and the FLN started in Évian. Initially, they went smoothly. In the Évian Accords of 18 March 1962, the negotiating parties (France, the Algerian Republic and the FLN) reached agreement on a ceasefire, the release of prisoners, and the recognition of Algeria's sovereignty and independence. However, that did not mean that the war was immediately over. From March to June 1962, French "pieds-noirs" of the Secret Armed Organisation ("Organisation armée secrète"; OAS) carried out numerous terrorist attacks, both in Algeria and metropolitan France. The OAS terrorists bombed and blew up schools, burned libraries, set fire to oil wells and pipelines, and killed. Finally, in June , the FLN and the OAS concluded a ceasefire. In April , a referendum was held in France in which more than 90 percent voted for Algeria's independence. Finally, increasing pressure from the United Nations made France, led by de Gaulle, declare Algerian independence on 3 July 1962. On July 5, Algeria became independent. Consequences of the Algerian War. Immediately after Algerian independence, a massive outflow started. About 650,000 people left Algeria, most of them withdrawing to France. Over the time span of four months, the total refugee population equalled five years of former migration waves during French colonisation. The sudden migration occurred during the period between the Évian Agreements and the first months following Algeria’s independence. The migration was understandable because after the war, the FLN took revenge on former opponents and collaborators. The "harkis" were particularly hard hit. The peace agreements did not save them from the wrath of their countrymen, who considered them nothing but traitors. Out of the quarter of a million who had worked for the French less than 15,000 succeeded to escape from Algeria. Estimates on the numbers of Algerians killed vary between 30,000 and 150,000. Luciano De Crescenzo Luciano De Crescenzo (; 20 August 1928 – 18 July 2019) was an Italian writer, actor, director and engineer. He was mainly known as an author and screenwriter. His best known screenplay was for the 1980 comedy "Il pap'occhio". Death. De Crescenzo was hospitalized in Rome for pneumonia in July 2019. He died several days later on 18 July 2019 from the disease at the age of 90. Yao Lee Yao Lee (), also credited as Yao Li, Yiu Lei and Hue Lee (19 July 1922 – 19 July 2019) was a Chinese singer. She was born in Shanghai. Yao was active from the 1930s to the 1970s. She was the sister of Yao Min. She was thought to be one of the Seven great singing stars of Shanghai in the 1940s. Her best known song was "Rose, Rose, I Love You" (1940). Yao died on 19 July 2019 in Hong Kong at the age of 96. Bob Beckwith Bob Beckwith (born September 21, 1933) is an American firefighter. He is a former member of the New York City Fire Department. Beckwith became well known to the United States' after he stood next to President George W. Bush as the president gave a speech at the ruins of the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Photos of Beckwith and the president appeared on the front page of the "New York Daily News" and the cover of "Time" magazine. Beckwith has met several times with President Bush since then, spoken many times in public, and acted as a fundraiser for charities. Danding Cojuangco Eduardo "Danding" Murphy Cojuangco Jr. (10 June 1935 – 16 June 2020) was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman of San Miguel Corporation. It is the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He was the Governor of Tarlac from 1967 to 1969 and member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1969 to 1972. In 2016, his personal wealth was around US$1.1 billion. He was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. He founded the Nationalist People's Coalition in 1992. He ran for President of the Philippines in 1992, but came in third place losing to Fidel V. Ramos. Cojuangco Jr. died in Manila on 16 June 2020 from heart failure and pneumonia caused by cancer, aged 85. Peping Cojuangco José Sumulong Cojuangco Jr. (born José Cojuangco y Sumulong on September 19, 1934), more popularly known as Peping Cojuangco, is a Filipino politician. He was a Philippine Congressman and the 9th president of the Philippine Olympic Committee from 2004 to 2018. He is the younger brother Corazon Aquino and uncle of Benigno Aquino III, both were Philippine presidents. Marly Sarney Marly de Pádua Macieira Sarney (born December 4, 1932) is a Brazilian socialite and philanthropist. She is the wife of the former President José Sarney. She was First Lady of Brazil during the presidency of her husband, between 1985 and 1990. Sarney married José Sarney on July 12, 1952. She was born in São Luís, Brazil. Anacrusis In music and poetry, an anacrusis (plural "anacruses") is a very short introduction. The word comes from the (anákrousis), which means literally, "pushing up". It is a set of notes or syllables, perhaps just a single one. It comes before the first beat of a musical phrase, or a line of poetry. It is not part of any musical phrase, or line of poetry which might have come before it. The word is sometimes used in publishing. It is very short, and not the literary or musical introduction, foreword, or with a preface). In music it is often called a "pick up" note. Steve Smith Steve Smith may refer to: Pramod Kharel Pramod Kharel (; born 6 November 1979) is a Nepalese singer. He is also judge of The Voice Of Nepal. Pontotoc County, Mississippi Pontotoc County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,957 people lived there. Its county seat is Pontotoc. Amite County, Mississippi Amite County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi on the southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, 13,131 people lived there. Its county seat is Liberty. The county is named after the Amite River which runs through the county. It was founded in 1809. Fort Stockton, Texas Fort Stockton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Pecos County. Giddings, Texas Giddings is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Lee County. Kerrville, Texas Kerrville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Kerr County. Adams County, Mississippi Adams County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 32,297 people lived there. The county seat is Natchez. The county was created on April 2, 1799. It is named for John Adams, the second President of the United States. Alcorn County, Mississippi Alcorn County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 37,057 people lived there. Its county seat is Corinth. The county was founded in 1870. It is named in honor of Governor James L. Alcorn. Springerville, Arizona Springerville is a town of Apache County in the state of Arizona in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,961 people lived there. Leavenworth County, Kansas Leavenworth County (county code LV) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 76,227 people lived there. Its county seat is Leavenworth. Leavenworth is also the biggest city in Leavenworth County. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.3%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas. People. The county is a part of the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Crowding out (economics) In economics, crowding out happens when the government starts buying or selling more stuff in the market. This affects other people and businesses--usually in a bad way. For example, if the government buys more stuff, it may have to borrow more. By borrowing more there will be a higher interest rate (see supply and demand). This will make it harder for other companies and people to borrow. The government is said to "crowd out" the market. Butler County, Kansas Butler County (county code BU) is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 65,880 people lived there. Its county seat is El Dorado. El Dorado is also the biggest city in Butler County. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that, is land and (1.2%) is water. It is the biggest county by size in Kansas. Major highways. Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau People. Butler County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson County, Kansas Jefferson County (county code JF) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 19,126 people lived there. Its county seat is Oskaloosa. Its biggest city is Valley Falls. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (4.3%) is water. People. Jefferson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Slack (software) Slack is an online messaging app with fancier features. Stewart Butterfield helped create it. It was originally for a video game. But then they just made it a simple messaging app and dropped the video game idea. "Slack" stands for "Searchable Log of All Conversation and Knowledge." Peter Thiel Peter Andreas Thiel (teel; born October 11, 1967) is an American entrepreneur. He helped create PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund. In 2018, he supposedly had $2.5 billion. Thiel was born in Frankfurt. As a baby, he moved with his family to the United States. He spent some time in Southern Africa. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1989. He then went on to the Stanford Law School and received his J.D. in 1992. He worked as a lawyer, speechwriter, and trader. He founded Thiel Capital in 1996. He co-founded PayPal in 1999. He was chief executive officer until he sold the company to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion. He founded Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company, in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. He helped create Founders Fund, a venture capital firm. Thiel became Facebook's first outside investor by buying 10.2% for $500,000 in August 2004. He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010, co-founded Mithril Capital. Jackson County, Kansas Jackson County (county code JA) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 13,462 people lived there. Its county seat is Holton. Holton is also the biggest city in Jackson County. The county was first named Calhoun County. This was named after pro-slavery South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. The county was renamed in 1859 for President Andrew Jackson. The Prairie Band Potawatomi Indian Reservation is in the county, and it makes up about 18.5% of the county's area. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that, is land and (0.3%) is water. People. Jackson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Government. Presidential elections. Jackson County has supported the Republican Party candidate in every presidential election from 1936 onward. Democratic Party candidates for president have only won the county twice since 1888, in 1912 & 1932. Crawford County, Kansas Crawford County (county code CR) is a county in Southeast Kansas. In 2010 census, 39,134 people lived there. Its county seat is Girard. Its biggest city is Pittsburg. The county was named after Samuel J. Crawford, Governor of Kansas. It is in the Osage Cuestas and Cherokee Lowlands. It is halfway between Kansas City, Missouri and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pittsburg State University is located in Crawford County. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.9%) is water. People. The Pittsburg Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Crawford County. Neomercantilism Neomercantilism is a government policy that supports more exports, less imports, and more control over investment (capital movement). Also, the government has the power to make decisions involving money (currency). The goal is to increase foreign reserves, which gives the government more power over money. Origin. The idea comes from Keynesian economics. According to UNESCO, mercantilism is the belief that the state's wealth must be protected by the government. This makes the state's money a nationalistic concern. Middle income trap In economics the middle income trap happens when a country's GDP is stuck at some level and cannot increase. The World Bank says that South Africa and Brazil have fell into the trap. Economists think this happens because as a country sells more and gets richer, it pays higher wages. This increases the cost of selling stuff. So the countries lose their competitive advantage and get stuck, unable to sell more and get richer. The World Bank says a country is in the 'middle-income range' if its gross national product per person stays between $1,000 to $12,000 (in 2011 prices). I don't want to fall into the trap. To avoid the trap, a country could find better ways to make goods and reduce the cost of making them. They could also find new people or countries to sell their goods to. An increasing middle class could also use their money to buy fancy stuff that helps further promote growth: this includes better education, better technology and infrastructure, studying science and technology to create more innovations. Cowley County, Kansas Cowley County (county code CL) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 36,311 people lived there. Its county seat is Winfield. Its biggest city is Arkansas City. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water. People. Cowley County comprises the Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Wichita-Arkansas City-Winfield, KS Combined Statistical Area. Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area The Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area is an area that has five counties in south central Kansas. Its main place is the city of Wichita. In 2013, the area had 637,989 people living there. It is the biggest metropolitan area in the state of Kansas. Communities. Populations are from the 2010 census. Finney County, Kansas Finney County (county code FI) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 36,776 people lived there. Its county seat is Garden City. Its biggest city is also Garden City. History. Finney County was created around 1880. It was called Buffalo County and Sequoyah County. They were named after Sequoyah, the Cherokee Indian responsible for the creation of the Cherokee alphabet. The two counties were renamed Finney County. It was named after Lieutenant Governor David Wesley Finney. Charles "Buffalo" Jones was the first member of the Kansas House of Representatives from Finney County. He tried to stop the buffalo from extinction. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.05%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Kansas by area. Demographics. Finney County is included in the Garden City, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 Census. The 2010 census says that there were 36,776 people, 12,359 households and 8,903 families living in Finney County. Government. Presidential election results. Finney County has often supported Republican presidential candidates. The last time it supported a Democrat was in 1976. This was when Jimmy Carter won the county by only 102 votes. Zion Zion is one of the seventy names of Jerusalem, and in the Bible is the second name for Jerusalem after the name "Jerusalem". The name "Zion" originally revolves around a certain area in the city. It is customary to delineate the site in the eastern and southern part of Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, including the City of David, the Ophel and Mount Moriah. Levite A Levite or Levi (Hebrew language: לֵוִי) is a Jewish male descended from the Tribe of Levi on the father's side. The Levites of the Book of Leviticus were priests. In that book and the Book of Numbers they help Moses make prayers to God in the tabernacle (a holy tent). Promised Land The Promised Land (, translit.: "ha'aretz hamuvtakhat"; , translit.: "ard al-mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey"") is very important in the Hebrew Bible. It is the land that God promised to Abraham and his descendants. Nowadays, it refers to the restored homeland for the Jewish people, a path to salvation and liberation, or both. Greater Israel Greater Israel (; "Eretz Yisrael Hashlema") refers to the historic or desired borders of Israel. It is a form of irredentism. It usually refers to the State of Israel together with the Palestinian territories. It is used in the Bible, sometimes called the Land of Israel. See , , , or . Beitar Illit Beitar Illit (; officially Betar Illit; "Illit" is pronounced "ee-leet"; ) is an Israeli settlement organized as a city council, south of Jerusalem, in the Judaean Mountains of the West Bank. Beitar Illit, part of the Gush Etzion "settlement bloc", is one of Israel's largest and most rapidly growing settlements, and in had a population of . Fiery flying serpent The fiery flying serpent is a snake creature mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Isaiah, the Book of Numbers, etc.). In biology it is the "Echis coloratus" (saw-scale viper). Name. "Fiery flying serpent" is an English translation of the Hebrew words , "shārāp" (a "fiery serpent") "me‘ōpêp" ("flying"). Nehushtan The Nehushtan (Hebrew: "Nəḥuštān" [nə.ħuʃ.taːn]) is the bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers. God told Moses to make it. This was to cure the Israelites. Those who saw the nehushtan would be cured from the deathly bites of the "fiery serpents". God initially sent the fiery serpents to punish them for speaking against Him and Moses (). In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), King Hezekiah leads an iconoclastic reform. This requires the destruction of "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". The term means "a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass". McPherson County, Kansas McPherson County (standard abbreviation: MP) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 29,180 people lived there. The biggest city is McPherson. It is also the county seat. The county is named after Civil War General James B. McPherson. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (0.3%) is water. People. The McPherson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of McPherson County. Government. Presidential elections. McPherson county is often carried by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has carried this county was in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson. Wendelin Werner Wendelin Werner (born 23 September 1968) is a German-born French mathematician. He works on random processes such as self-avoiding random walks, Brownian motion, Schramm–Loewner evolution, and probability theory and mathematical physics. In 2006, he won the Fields Medal "for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory". He is professor at ETH Zürich. Harvey County, Kansas Harvey County (county code HV) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 34,684 people lived there. Its county seat is Newton. Newton is also the biggest city in Harvey County. History. 19th century. In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Emporia to Newton. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.2%) is water. The Little Arkansas River goes through the county. People. Harvey County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Greeley County, Kansas Greeley County (county code GL) is a county in western Kansas. It is in the Central United States. In 2010, 1,247 people lived there. It is the county with the fewest number of people living in it in Kansas. Its county seat is Tribune. Tribune is also the biggest city in the county. The county is named after Horace Greeley of Chappaqua, New York, editor of the "New York Tribune". Greeley helped western settlement with the motto "Go West, young man". Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . All of it is land. It is the largest of five United States counties and twelve (Virginia) independent cities that officially have no water area. Government. County. Since January 1, 2009, Greeley County and Tribune have been a unified government. Presidential elections. This county is often chooses Republican candidates. The last time a Democratic candidate won the county was in 1976. A Democratic candidate has only won the county three times in its history: 1932 (Franklin D. Roosevelt), 1964 (Lyndon B. Johnson), and most recently in 1976 by Jimmy Carter. Allen County, Kansas Allen County (county code AL) is a county located in southeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 13,371 people lived there. Its county seat is Iola. Iola is also the biggest city in Allen County. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.0%) is water. Allen County is located in the southeastern part of Kansas. People. Census 2010. The 2010 United States Census says that there were 13,371 people living in Allen County. Barton County, Kansas Barton County (standard abbreviation: BT) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 27,674 people lived there. Its county seat is Great Bend. Great Bend is also the biggest city in Barton County. The county is named after Clara Barton. She was responsible for the creating the American Red Cross. History. In 1867, Barton County was created. It was named after Clara Barton. It is the only Kansas county named after a woman. Geography. Barton County was drawn in the shape of a square. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water. The geographic center of Kansas is in Barton County. Major highways. Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau People. The Great Bend Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Barton County. Government. Presidential elections. Prior to 1940, Barton County was a Democratic-leaning swing county in presidential elections, being a national bellwether from 1912 to 1936. From 1940 on, it has become a Republican Party stronghold, with the solitary Democratic Party presidential candidate to carry it since then being Lyndon B. Johnson in his national landslide of 1964. Education. Unified school districts. The five school districts are part of the special education area of Barton County called Barton County Special Services. Franklin County, Kansas Franklin County (county code FR) is a county in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 25,992 people lived there. Its county seat is Ottawa. Ottawa is also the biggest city in Franklin County. The county is mostly rural. It was Kansas City metropolitan area, but it no longer is since 2013. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.9%) is water. People. Franklin County is in the Ottawa, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It was included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area. Government. Presidential elections. Franklin County is often carried by Republican Candidates. The last time a democratic candidate has carried Franklin County was in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson. Dickinson County, Kansas Dickinson County (county code DK) is a county in Central Kansas. In 2010, 19,754 people lived there. Its county seat is Abilene. Abilene is also the biggest city in Dickinson County. The county was named after Daniel S. Dickinson. History. 19th century. In 1857, Dickinson County was created. The first railroad in Dickinson County was built through it in 1866. In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Topeka to Herington. This main line connected Topeka, Valencia, Willard, Maple Hill, Vera, Paxico, McFarland, Alma, Volland, Alta Vista, Dwight, White City, Latimer, Herington. 21st century. In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built through Dickinson County. There was a lot of controversy about tax exemption and environmental concerns. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that, is land and (0.6%) is water. Famous people. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He moved to Abilene when he was 2 years old. Prior to that he was a five-star general in the United States Army. He was Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe World War II. He planned the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. The Eisenhower Library is in Abilene. Joe Engle is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut. Chief Ahan Chief Ahan was a First Nations leader who was executed in 1865. He was exonerated by Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, in 2018. Józefa Joteyko Józefa Franciszka Joteyko (29 January 1866 – 24 April 1928) was a Polish medical doctor, physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist, and co-organizer of special education in Warsaw. She was born on January, 29, 1866, in Poczujki and died on April, 24, 1928, in Warsaw. Industrial society In an industrial society, people use technology to produce a lot of things (mass production). This leads to a large population with an organized division of labour. This happened to the Western world during the Industrial Revolution. This replaced farming or agrarian societies of the pre-modern age. The US and many European nations are examples of industrial societies. China and India are also somewhat industrial but large parts of their populations still farm. CBRE CBRE can refer to: Savills Savills plc is a global real estate services provider listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. History. The business was established by Alfred Savill (1829 - 1905) in 1855 in London. By the time of Alfred Savill's death in 1905 his sons Alfred, Edwin and Norman were established in partnership. In the 1920s the firm moved to Lincoln's Inn Fields. During the Second World War Norman Savill went to Wimborne in Dorset, taking vital records with him. The remaining partners stayed at Lincoln’s Inn Field. By the 1970s, the firm was re-branded as Savills. The firm was incorporated as a limited company in 1987 and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1988. In 1997 Savills merged with "First Pacific Davies" () in Asia. In 1998 it bought majority stakes in the German, French and Spanish arms of "Weatherall, Green & Smith". In June 2015 it completed the acquisition of Smiths Gore, provider of rural and residential property services in the UK. In June 2016, Savills plc announced its proprietary investment subsidiary, Grosvenor Hill Ventures, had acquired a minority stake in YOPA Property Ltd, a UK-based online hybrid estate agent. Savills announced in August 2016 that it had acquired GBR Phoenix Beard, a Midlands-based commercial property consultancy, strengthening its UK real estate services. Expansion continued in July 2017, with the acquisition of Larry Smith Italia, a leading commercial management and leasing business in Italy. The company's European operations grew further in December 2017 when Savills acquired Aguirre Newman S.A., the leading independent Spanish and Portuguese real estate advisory; the newly combined business was rebranded as Savills Aguirre Newman in January 2018. Operations. The company provides consulting services and advice (such as valuation, building consultancy, project management, environmental consultancy, landlord and tenant, planning, strategic projects and research) in connection with commercial, residential and agricultural properties, property-related financial services and investment management, which includes investment management for institutional or professional investors. Savills operates from over 600 owned and associate offices, employing more than 35,000 people in over 60 countries throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, Africa and the Middle East. Australia. In 2016 Australia rose to second place after Japan for cross border capital inflow in the Asia Pacific region, largely due to an increase in China's investment in Sydney's CBD, up 44 per cent from $4.5 billion the year before to $6.46 billion. In May 2013 Savills set the record for the highest price for a development site in Brisbane with the sale of the Supreme Court site at 300 George Street for $63M to the Taiwanese developer Shayher Group, to become a mixed-use precinct including a five-star hotel. Shayher Group was required to build a 65,000sqm residential, serviced apartment tower and a 45,000sqm commercial office tower. Indonesia. In May 2014, Savills announced it has established a presence in Jakarta, Indonesia, working in partnership with local experts, Property Connection Indonesia. In 2015 Savills established an Office Services and Occupier Representation capability, expanding its Jakarta based business, when staff joined Savills Indonesia from property consultancy JLL. United States. In June 2014, Savills announced it had acquired 100% of Studley, Inc. a leading US independent commercial real estate services firm specialising in tenant representation with twenty five offices across the United States. Within the US, the new business was branded as Savills Studley. Studley was acquired in a $260 million deal including cash, Savills stock and promissory notes. Studley was founded in 1954 by Julien Studley, and in 2002 was bought by its 139 partners. The Savills deal brought more than 400 brokers and 175 support workers from Studley to the new firm. Malaysia. In February 2015, Savills announced it had acquired a substantial shareholding in a Malaysian real estate business, previously trading as CBRE in Malaysia. The business has close to 300 staff, and offices in Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor. Savills Malaysia managing director is Allan Soo. Middle East. In June 2018, Savills announced it had acquired Cluttons Middle East business. Providing Agency, Management and Consultancy advice in both the Commercial and Residential sectors, the business employs 190 staff in offices across the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt, Oman and Saudi Arabia. The acquisition, which was completed on 31 May 2018, saw Savills take full ownership of Cluttons Middle East, which had been established in the region for more than 40 years. Cluttons Middle East is due to be re-branded as Savills during 2018. Vietnam. Savills Vietnam is the largest and most experienced real estate practice in Vietnam, with offices in Hanoi, Danang and Ho Chi Minh City. In addition to residential real estate and investment brokerage, Savills Vietnam is also active in the hotel and leisure sector. In addition to providing advisory and industrial services, Savills Vietnam is also active in property management. Surpassing other leading property professionals including CBRE and JLL, Savills Vietnam was recognized as Vietnam’s Best Property Consultancy and Best Real Estate Agency at the prestigious Asia Pacific Property Awards. The official announcement was made at the iPAX Asia Pacific Awards Ceremony on the third and fourth of May, 2018 in Thailand. These awards mark Savills Vietnam success for the 8th consecutive and last year with the programme. Hurricane Barry (2019) Hurricane Barry was the fourth recorded storm to make landfall at hurricane strength on the state of Louisiana in the month of July, the others being Bob in 1979, Danny in 1997, and Cindy in 2005. The second named storm and first hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Barry originated as a mesoscale convective vortex over the Midwestern United States on July 4. The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on July 10 and was classified as a potential tropical cyclone later that day. The system developed into a tropical storm on the next day, becoming the second named storm of the season. On July 13, Barry attained maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), with a minimum central pressure of 991 millibars (29.3 inHg), becoming the first hurricane of the season. Later that day, Barry made landfall on Marsh Island and Intracoastal City, Louisiana both times as a Category 1 hurricane, subsequently weakening to tropical storm status. Late on July 15, Barry degenerated into a remnant low over northern Arkansas, before dissipating on July 19. Storm history. The storm originated from a low pressure area inside the Midwestern USA. It tracked south, and became a broad area of low pressure which the National Hurricane Center assessed a high chance that the low could become a tropical cyclone. A day later, on July 10, the broad low-pressure system emerged from the Florida Panhandle into Apalachee Bay in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, attended by widespread showers and thunderstorms; concurrently, the NHC forecasted a high likelihood of tropical cyclone development within two days, noting a favorable environment and widespread convection, or thunderstorms, associated with the low. By the morning of July 13, the thunderstorms moved closer to the center of circulation, as upper-level outflow expanded in all directions. The NHC estimated that Barry attained Category 1 hurricane status by 12:00 UTC that day, concluding that Barry was producing a small area of hurricane-force winds based on observations from the Hurricane Hunters, Doppler radar wind estimates of 75 mph (121 km/h), and recorded sustained winds of 72 mph (116 km/h) at Eugene Island oil field. Simultaneously, the storm reached its peak intensity, with a minimum central pressure of 991 millibars (29.3 inHg). At 18:00 UTC that day, Barry made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane on Intracoastal City, Louisiana, before weakening to tropical storm status. This made Barry the fourth tropical cyclone recorded making landfall as a hurricane on Louisiana in the month of July. On July 15, the system became a low-pressure area, eventually becoming an extratropical system that brought heavy rain the Southern Ontario. Impact. On Florida, multiple beaches were closed prior to the formation of Barry. However, some swimmers ignored the warnings and a 67 year-old man was reported to be dead. In addition, there were strong winds and thunderstorms from the disturbance that would later become Barry in the Gulf of Mexico. Tropical Storm Barry dropped locally heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at 23.43 in (595 mm) near Ragley, Louisiana. Waterspouts were reported on Lake Pontchartrain. One tornado struck the Gentilly neighborhood in New Orleans, damaging two homes. A tide station in Amereda Pass recorded a storm surge of nearly 7 ft (2.1 m). On the southern shore of Lake Pontchartrain, storm surge exceeded 3 ft (0.91 m), while its northern shores expected tides 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) above normal. Flooding also occurred on the banks of the Atchafalaya River in Morgan City, Louisiana. The Lower Dularge East Levee in Terrebonne Parish was overtopped, prompting a mandatory evacuation for nearby areas. On the afternoon of July 12, Louisiana Highway 1 south of Golden Meadow—the only thoroughfare leading out of Grand Isle and Port Fourchon—was closed after seawater began to inundate portions of the road. As Barry moved ashore the Louisiana coast on July 13, Entergy and Cleco, the two major electricity companies in southern Louisiana, reported the loss of power to over 114,000 customers. Power lines knocked down by fallen trees in the Metairie area cut power to 5,140 electricity customers in the New Orleans metropolitan area. The most widespread power outages occurred where wind speeds were highest in Lafourche Parish and Terrebonne Parish, as well as eastern Baton Rouge; over 39,000 lost power in these areas. All electricity customers in Grand Isle lost power, and a total of 4,300 customers were affected by power outages as Barry's initial rainbands swept across coastal Louisiana. In Southern Ontario, many highways were blocked and several cars were submerged. Unusually, the storm produced a funnel cloud in Oro-Medonte, Southern Ontario. In Arkansas, the highest rainfall total of was recorded. A police station was flooded and a highway was closed. Also, 20 people and more than 70 animals were rescued from floodwaters. No one died in the state. The total damage caused by Barry is about $600 million. Holland's schema theorem Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is a theorem regarding genetic algorithms. It says that individuals with a fitness that is higher than average are more likely to prevail. John Holland proposed the theorem in the 1970s. At the start, it was used as the foundation for explanations of the power of genetic algorithms. This interpreation has been criticized in several publications, where the Schema Theorem is shown to be a special case of the Price equation with the schema indicator function as the macroscopic measurement. A schema is a template that identifies a subset of strings with similarities at certain string positions. Schemata are a special case of cylinder sets, and hence form a topological space. Description. Consider binary strings of length 6. The schema codice_1 describes the set of all strings of length 6 with 1's at positions 1, 3 and 6 and a 0 at position 4. The * is a wildcard symbol, which means that positions 2 and 5 can have a value of either 1 or 0. The "order of a schema" formula_1 is defined as the number of fixed positions in the template, while the "defining length" formula_2 is the distance between the first and last specific positions. The order of codice_1 is 4 and its defining length is 5. The "fitness of a schema" is the average fitness of all strings matching the schema. The fitness of a string is a measure of the value of the encoded problem solution, as computed by a problem-specific evaluation function. Using the established methods and genetic operators of genetic algorithms, the schema theorem states that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in successive generations. Expressed as an equation: Here formula_4 is the number of strings belonging to schema formula_5 at generation formula_6, formula_7 is the "observed" average fitness of schema formula_5 and formula_9 is the "observed" average fitness at generation formula_6. The probability of disruption formula_11 is the probability that crossover or mutation will destroy the schema formula_5. It can be expressed as: where formula_1 is the order of the schema, formula_15 is the length of the code, formula_16 is the probability of mutation and formula_17 is the probability of crossover. So a schema with a shorter defining length formula_2 is less likely to be disrupted.An often misunderstood point is why the Schema Theorem is an "inequality" rather than an equality. The answer is in fact simple: the Theorem neglects the small, yet non-zero, probability that a string belonging to the schema formula_5 will be created "from scratch" by mutation of a single string (or recombination of two strings) that did "not" belong to formula_5 in the previous generation. Limitation. The schema theorem holds under the assumption of a genetic algorithm that maintains an infinitely large population, but does not always carry over to (finite) practice: due to sampling error in the initial population, genetic algorithms may converge on schemata that have no selective advantage. This happens in particular in multimodal optimization, where a function can have multiple peaks: the population may drift to prefer one of the peaks, ignoring the others. The reason that the Schema Theorem cannot explain the power of genetic algorithms is that it holds for all problem instances, and cannot distinguish between problems in which genetic algorithms perform poorly, and problems for which genetic algorithms perform well. Ashurst Ashurst may refer to: Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics". Why reform? Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War. How did they reform? The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978. Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government. Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained. What happened next? The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year. After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy. Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power. Round-bottom flask Round-bottom flasks (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware. They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the "neck" with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes. Roelof Nelissen Roelof Johannes Nelissen (4 April 1931 – 18 July 2019) was a Dutch politician and businessman. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) (now the Christian Democratic Appeal). He was born in Hoofdplaat, Netherlands. Nelissen was the Deputy Prime Minister from 1971 to 1973 and Minister of Finance at the same time during the Barend Biesheuvel ministry. He was the CEO of the AMRO Bank from 1983 to 1991. Nelissen died on 18 July 2019 in Hilversum, Netherlands at the age of 88. Jan Terlouw Jan Cornelis Terlouw (born 15 November 1931) is a Dutch politician, physicist and writer. He is a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. Terlouw was born in Kamperveen, Netherlands. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and at the same time the Minister of Economic Affairs from 1981 to 1982 during the Dries van Agt ministry. A children's writer, his best known work is "Winter in Wartime" ("Oorlogswinter", 1972). Ágnes Heller Ágnes Heller (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and educator. She was a member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s. She later taught political theory for 25 years at the New School for Social Research in New York City. She was born in Budapest. Heller drowned while swimming at Lake Balaton in Balatonalmádi, Hungary on 19 July 2019, aged 90. Masha Gessen Masha Gessen (born Maria Alexandrovna Gessen () 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the Russian President Vladimir Putin and American President Donald Trump. She was born in Moscow. Gessen is openly a lesbian. She lives in New York City. Gessen has written columns for "The New York Times", "The New York Review of Books", "The Washington Post", the "Los Angeles Times", "The New Republic", "New Statesman", "Granta", "Slate", "Vanity Fair", "Harper's Magazine", "The New Yorker", and "U.S. News & World Report". Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for "The New Yorker". Sheila Dikshit Sheila Dikshit (née Kapoor; (31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. She was born in Kapurthala, Punjab. Dikshit was a member of the Indian National Congress. She was a member of Lok Sabha (1984–1989), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013) and Governor of Kerala (2014). Dikshit died at a hospital in New Delhi on 20 July 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 81. R. L. Bhatia Raghunandan Lal Bhatia (3 July 1921 – 14 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Kerala from 23 June 2004 to 10 July 2008 and was the Governor of Bihar from 10 July 2008 to 28 June 2009. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab. Bhatia was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1972. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Bhatia retired in 2009. Bhatia died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Amritsar on 14 May 2021, less than two months before he turned 100. Rama Jois Justice Mandagadde Rama Jois (27 July 1931 – 16 February 2021) was an Indian politician, activist and writer. He was a member of Rajya Sabha for the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the governor of the Jharkhand and Bihar states. He was Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1992. He was born in Araga, Shivamogga District. Jois died of cardiac arrest on 16 February 2021 in Bangalore, India at the age of 89. S. M. Krishna Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna (born 1 May 1932) is an Indian politician. He was Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. He was a member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. Krishna was the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004 and the 19th Governor of Maharashtra from 2004 to 2008. S. C. Jamir Senayangba Chubatoshi Jamir (born 17 October 1931) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Odisha from 2013 to 2018. He was the Chief Minister of Nagaland, Governor of Maharashtra, Governor of Gujarat, Governor of Goa and Governor of Odisha. Jamir is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Ungma, Nagaland. K. Sankaranarayanan Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (15 October 1932 – 24 April 2022) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. He also was the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Palakkad, India. Sankaranarayanan died on 24 April 2022 at his home in Palakkad from problems caused by a stroke, aged 89. R. D. Pradhan Ram D. Pradhan (27 June 1928 – 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years. Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92. Jagannath Pahadia Jagannath Pahadia (15 January 1932 – 19 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was known for being the former leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Governor of Haryana from 2009 to 2014, Governor of Bihar from 1989 to 1990 and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Rajasthan. Pahadia died of COVID-19 at a hospital in New Delhi, India on 19 May 2021 at the age of 89. Axial Age Axial Age (also Axis Age, from ) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from the 8th and the 3rd century BCE. He says that this time was a turning point in human history. New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. This all happened in places across Eurasia, without obvious contact between the people of these areas. Attala County, Mississippi Attala County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,564 people lived there. Its county seat is Kosciusko. Franklin County, Mississippi Franklin County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Meadville. The county was founded on December 21, 1809 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Jefferson County, Mississippi Jefferson County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, 7,726 people lived there. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was founded in 1799. It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. Luminous intensity In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per solid angle unit, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit. Benton County, Mississippi Benton County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,729 people lived there. Its county seat is Ashland. Bolivar County, Mississippi Bolivar County is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 34,145 people lived there. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county was founded in 1836. It is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of many South American colonies from Spain. Pontotoc County Pontotoc County is the name of two counties in the United States: Barton County Barton County is the name of two counties in the United States: Robie Creek, Idaho Robie Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Smiths Ferry, Idaho Smiths Ferry is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valley County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2010 census, there were 75 people living there. Yellow Pine, Idaho Yellow Pine is an unincorporated census-designated place of Valley County in the state of Idaho in the United States. Garfield, Washington Garfield is a city in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 597 at the 2010 census, down from 641 in 2000. Leakey, Texas Leakey is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Real County. Chickasaw County, Mississippi Chickasaw County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,392 people lived there. Its county seats are Houston and Okolona. Japonic languages The Japonic languages are a language family made up of languages native to the Japanese islands. Known members of the language family are Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Kunigami, Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni). All Japonic languages are agglutinative languages with a simple syllable structure and SOV word order. They have many similar features, but they are not mutually intelligible, which means native speakers of one language will not understand the other language without already knowing it. While Japanese is the ninth most spoken language in the world, the Ryukyuan languages are critically endangered, which means there are very few speakers left. This was largely because of the Japanese government's assimilation of Ryukyu into the mainland Japanese culture. During the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Ryukyuan languages “dialects of Japanese”. This was used to forbid Ryukyuans from speaking the Ryukyuan languages and to force them to speak Japanese. In fact, Okinawan soldiers and civilians were put to death for speaking Okinawan during World War II. The Japanese military would accuse them of being spies so they could have an excuse to put them to death. All of the languages write using a combination of Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese, and kana, a Japanese-made syllabic writing system made for writing phonetically. This was true even before the Japanese takeover of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Hakuna matata Hakuna matata means "no worries" in Swahili, a language of East Africa. The phrase was used in the Disney movie "The Lion King" in a song of the same name. In 2003 Disney trademarked the phrase in the US. In 2018, some people accused Disney or "colonialism" and "robbery" for stealing the phrase from East Africa. The phrase is popular in Kenya, one of the countries where it came from. But because of the trademark, Kenyans are not allowed to sell stuff to the US that use that phrase. Baltimore oriole The Baltimore oriole ("Icterus galbula") is a small icterid blackbird. It is common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird. The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland. It is also the inspiration for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team. Cosmogony Cosmogony is any theory of the origin of the universe. Examples. Physics. In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of things like the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system. The popular cosmological model for the birth of the universe is the Big Bang theory. It is generally accepted that the universe began as a singularity, and when the singularity of the universe started to expand, the Big Bang occurred, which began the universe. People disagree on the origins of the singularity. It may be like a black hole, which is a singularity sincegravity in a black hole becomes boundless. Others like Stephen Hawking say "time" did not exist and was only born with the universe. Hence the universe does not have an origin story. Time did not exist before the creation of the universe. There is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck time). This is because we lack a testable theory of quantum gravity. Still, some researchers in string theory, M theory, and loop quantum cosmology have some ideas. Mythology. There are certain myths that also propose how the universe was created: for example creation myths in the Bible, the Dào Dé Jīng, and other genesis stories. These usually involve The Eridu Genesis, written on Sumerian tablets, is one of the oldest creation myths. The universe was created from a sea (Abzu). In Greek mythology, Zeus created the universe from chaos. It is not the same as cosmology. Cosmology studies the universe in general. You can still study the universe without thinking about its origin, which is what cosmonogy studies specifically. History of Russia The history of Russia begins with the East Slavs, Turkic, and the Finno-Ugric peoples. Parts of Southern Russia around the Black sea were settled by Greeks and Romans until about the 3rd century. Huns and Turkic tribes invaded the regions around the Black sea until the 10th century. Eastern Slavs then immigrated to the region. Vikings created the Kievan Rus. In the 13th century, Mongols conquered the region and created the Golden Horde. The Mongols ruled until the 15th century. The tsardom of Russia and Russian empire were then created. Poland-Lithuania invaded Moscow, but Russia eventually drove them out. Russia expanded more west and east into Siberia. Napoleon tried to invade Russia during the winter but failed. Russia fought against Germany in WW1. In 1917, the October Revolution happened, and the communists led by Lenin created the Soviet Union. In WW2, Hitler also failed to invade Russia. Russia occupied East Germany, Poland, and most of East Europe during the Cold War. It became a big rival of the United States. In the 1990s, the Union ended, with things like the Yugoslavia revolution, and became modern Russia. In 2014 Russia annexed Crimea from the Ukraine and faced sanctions from US and others because of it. Greece and Rome (before 3 c). In the 8th century BCE, Greek merchants migrated to Tanais and Phanagoria. The Bosporan Kingdom (a Greek kingdom) became part of the Roman Empire. In the 2nd century AD Germanic Goths migrated to the Black Sea. In the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, the Gothic Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was conquered by Huns. Hun and Turkic colonization (3 c - 10 c). Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom was also invaded by Eastern nomads like the Huns and Turkish Avars. A Turkic people, the Khazars, conquered the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas up to the 8th century. They were known for their laws, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism. The Khazars traded with the Baltic and the Muslim Abbasid empire centered in Baghdad. They were important allies of the Byzantine Empire, and helped win wars against Arab Caliphates. In the 8th century, the Khazars became Jewish. Eastern Slavs (7 c - 13 c). Some of the ancestors of the modern Russians were the Slavic tribes. They came from the forests of the Pripet Marshes. The Early East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia by moving from Kyiv towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and then from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, East Slavs were the majority of Western Russia. They mixed slowly and peacefully with the native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as the Merya, the Muromians, and the Meshchera. The Cyrillic alphabet, invented in modern Bulgaria in the 9th century, also spread during this period. Kievan Rus' (882–1283). Vikings or Varangians did piracy and trade throughout Northern Europe. In the mid-9th century, they conquered the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. A Varangian named Rurik became ruler of Novgorod in about 860, before they moved south and conquered Kyiv, which had been previously belonged to the Turkic Khazars. Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav then conquered the East Slavic tribes, destroyed the Khazar khaganate, and fought wars against Byzantium and Persia. Thus, Rus' was born in the 9th century along the Dnieper River valley. The Kievan Rus' controlled the trade for furs, wax, and slaves between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire along the Volkhov and Dnieper Rivers. Near the 11th century, the Norse ruling class mixed with the Eastern Slavs. The Slavs absorbed Greek Christian influences when trying to loot Constantinople. Svyatoslav I claimed victory in one such campaign; he also defeated the Khazars on the Volga. The Byzantine Empire was declining but would influence Russia culturally. For example through the Byzantine, the Kievan Rus' introduced the Slavic variant of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. They became Christian in 988. Then Yaroslav the Wise wrote some laws. It had name “The Russian true”. By the 11th century, Yaroslav the Wise helped improve the economy and literature. The Russian language was not that influenced by Greek and Latin. Church Slavonic was used directly in liturgy instead. A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks (or Cumans), replaced earlier Pechenegs in the south steppe at the end of the 11th century. They founded a nomadic state along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). The Kipchaks and Kyivans fought. Mongol colonization (13 c - 15 c). The Rus were conquered by the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century. Kyiv was destroyed. Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independent Novgorod Republic became the basis for modern Russia. In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated. In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir (4 February 1238) and other major cities of northeast Russia, defeated the Russians at the Sit' River, and then moved west to conquer Poland and Hungary. By then they had conquered most of Russia. The Mongols destroyed the cities. Some, like Kyiv and Vladimir, never recovered. The new cities of Moscow, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod began to compete for hegemony in the Mongol-dominated Russia. The Golden Horde was established in the 14th century. Mongol domination of the Russia, along with demands of tribute from Russian princes, continued until about 1480. Russo-Tatar relations. After the fall of the Turkic Khazars in the 10th century, the Volga were conquered by the Volga Bulgaria, part of Greater Bulgaria. In the 10th century the Turks converted to Islam and traded with the Middle East and Central Asia. After the Mongol invasions of the 1230s, Volga Bulgaria was annexed by the Golden Horde. Its population evolved into the modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars. The Mongols controlled Russia and Volga Bulgaria from their western capital at Sarai, one of the largest cities of the medieval world. Russian princes had to pay tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde, commonly called Tatars. The Russian Orthodox Church even experienced a revival under the Metropolitan Alexis and Sergius of Radonezh. The Mongols influenced Russian military tactics and transportation. Under Mongol occupation, Russia developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization. Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547). Daniil Aleksandrovich founded Moscow (Muscovy). They were first a vassal to the Mongols and Tatars. The Mongol rulers gave them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them collect tribute from the Russian principalities. Moscow became the center of the Russian Orthodox Church. Ivan III, the Great. In the 15th century, the princes of Moscow continued to consolidate Russian land to increase their population and wealth. The most successful one was Ivan III, who laid the foundations for the Russian nation. Ivan competed with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for control over the upper Dnieper and Oka River basins. Ivan III was able to annex Novgorod and Tver. As a result, the Grand Duchy of Moscow tripled in size. Ivan then overthrew the ruling Tatars and Golden Horde, now divided into several Khanates and hordes. Ivan wanted to protect the southern borders from the Crimean Tatars and other Turko-Mongol armies. He built Great Abatis Belt, gave land to nobles in exchange for military service. This expanded the army. Eventually Ivan IV became the first Russian ruler to call theirself tsar. Ivan III tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus', revived the Moscow Kremlin. But he was also anti-Catholic and isolated Russia from western civilization. Timurid empire (14 c). In the 14th century, Timur conquered parts of Southern Russia and occupied Moscow for some time. Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). Ivan IV the Terrible. "Ivan the Terrible" increased the powers of the tsar. He got rid of many people he did not like for the smallest things. But he helped develop Russia and adapt new laws and decreased the influence of the church. Ivan annexed the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia. Russia now had Muslim Tatar populations and became a multiethnic and multiconfessional state. The Stroganov family also controlled the Urals and hired Russian Cossacks to colonize Siberia. Ivan divided Russia and created the "oprichnina." There Ivan killed nobles in the Massacre of Novgorod in 1570. Military losses, disease, and lack of food weakened Russia. The Crimean Tatars were able to loot central Russian and burn down Moscow in 1571. In 1572 Ivan stopped. At the end of Ivan IV's rule the Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish armies invaded northwestern Russia. Time of Troubles. There then were many civil wars and foreign invasions known as the "Time of Troubles" (1606–13). Extremely cold summers (1601–1603) destroyed crops, which led to the Russian famine of 1601–1603 and increased the chaos. During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618), Polish–Lithuanian forces invaded Moscow and appointed puppet rulers. But Russia finally took back Moscow on . Romanov dynasty. In February 1613, Michael Romanov was elected as ruler. The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia until 1917. Russian Empire (1721–1917). Russia expanded a lot during the 17th century, including the first Russian colonization of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654–67), and the Russian conquest of Siberia. Russia gained most of its territory from Siberia. Russian revolution, the intervention and the Civil war (1917–1922). The Tsarist system was completely overthrown in February 1917 in the February Revolution. State Duma deputy took the power and organized Provisional government. First prince Lvov was its head. He lost popularity and Alexander Kerensky became it. Glauber dynamics In statistical physics, Glauber dynamics is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer. It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The algorithm. In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes: This tries to approximate how the spins change over time. The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics. History. The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber, Nobel Prize winner and a Harvard physicist who worked at Los Alamos. Tropical Storm Danas (2019) Tropical Storm Danas (International Code: 1905, Joint Typhoon Warning Center: WP062019, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration: Falcon) is the 5th named tropical cyclone in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Storm history. On July 11, a low-pressure zone was formed near the Mariana Islands, and the US Naval Research Laboratory gave it a tropical disturbance number of 98W. At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 14, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical depression. At this point the system moves to the approximate west. At 8 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center gave its development rating "low". At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 15, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a gale warning, and the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan upgraded it to a tropical depression, given the number TD10 . At 3 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "Medium". At 10 pm, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical depression. At 6:30 am on July 16, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "High" and issued a tropical cyclone warning. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center raised the system to a tropical depression at 2:40 pm, giving the number 06W. At 3 pm on the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving the international number 1905 and named it "Danas", followed by the China National Meteorological Center, the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan, and PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical storm. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center was upgraded to a tropical storm late that night. On July 19, the JMA reported that Danas has reached its peak wind speeds with continuous winds of 85 km/h (50 mph). Later that day, Danas began to weaken. On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Korea as a minimal tropical storm, before weakening into a tropical depression soon afterward. The weakening trend also accelerated on July 20 due to the drop in sea temperature to 23 degrees Celsius near landfall. The Republic of Korea Meteorological Administration downgraded Danas to a tropical depression at 11 am and stopped issuing announcements. At 12:45 UTC on July 21, Danas transitioned into an extratropical low in the Sea of Japan, and the JMA issued their final advisory on the storm. Impact. Philippines. On July 15, the system was enhanced to a tropical depression. At 11 pm, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued the No. 1 storm signal to the northern part of Isabela Province, Cagayan Province and the Bataan Islands. As Denas continued to approach Luzon, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued a second storm signal to the northern part of Cagayan Province at 5 pm on the 16th. PAGASA cancelled all storm signals for the Philippines on July 18th. Japan. Danas brought heavy rainfall to many western parts of Japan including nearly all of Kyushu. In addition, the amount of rain that fell in the last 24 hours exceeded 350 mm in various places in Goto, and reaches the rainfall for July 1 month in normal years, and it has become the largest since July. Korea. On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Jeolla Province, South Korea as a minimal tropical storm. It caused heavy rain across the country but damages were unknown. Locally heavy rainfall will continue across much of South Korea and southwest Japan through Sunday night, with additional rainfall of 50-100 mm (2-4 inches) in many locations. Fort William, India Fort William was the fort that was granted(britishers were allowed to construct it on the grounds of Bengal) to the britishers by the Nawab of Bengal for their short termed loyalty and sincerity they showed towards the Nawab. Tuvan People's Republic Tuvan People's Republic was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944. After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union. Until 1926, it was also known as People's Republic Tannu-Tuva. Only two states recognized the it: the Soviet Union and Mongolia. Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the Soviet Union. Its economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle. The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia. The capital was the city of Kyzyl. Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic. It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state. Grizzy and the Lemmings Grizzy and the Lemmings is an French animation series, produced by Studio Hari for France Télévisions and Boomerang. The Heart TV series has 156 episodes in 3 seasons. Season 1 was realised for Netflix on July 20, 2019. Premise. In a forest there is a Forest Ranger's house. When the ranger goes on weekends into vacations or leaves his cabin, a grizzly bear, named Grizzy comes in house. But he isn't alone - a group of blue Lemmings also want a comfortable and luxury live. Mark Sanford Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr. (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican. He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001. Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011. He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019. He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid. Sanford is a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics. In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination. He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019. He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12. Word (computer architecture) A word is the number of bits a particular computer's CPU can deal with in one go. Modern processors, including those in embedded systems, usually have a word size of 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits. Raffaele La Capria Raffaele La Capria (3 October 1922 – 26 June 2022) was an Italian novelist and screenwriter. He was known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as "Tre romanzi di una giornata". La Capria was born in Naples. He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019. He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including "Le mani sulla città" (1963), "Uomini contro" (1970) and "Cristo si è fermato a Eboli" (1979). In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 "L'estro quotidiano" was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction. La Capria died on 26 June 2022 in Rome, Italy at the age of 99. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician. He was the 2nd President of Turkmenistan from 2007 until 2022. Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health. He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government. In February 2022, Berdimuhamedow announced his plans not to run for re-election in 2022. President of Turkmenistan President of Turkmenistan (Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň prezidenti) is the head of state, head of government and the chief executive of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedow is the current President of Turkmenistan, only the third in the history of the country since it gained independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan and the Chairman of the country's Cabinet of Ministers. Term limits. The country passed reforms in 2016 eliminating term limits for the presidency and removing the age requirement of below 70, as well as extending the term from five to seven years. Requirements for presidents and removal from office. Requirements for candidates for President of Turkmenistan include the following: Raşit Meredow Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration. Eberhard Kummer Eberhard Kummer (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer. He was an expert of medieval music. Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria. He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong. Kummer died on 12 July 2019 in Vienna at the age of 78. Rosa María Britton Rosa María Britton (July 28, 1936 – July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist. She was born in Panama City. Her best known novels were: "El ataúd de uso" (1983), "El señor de las lluvias y el viento" (1984), "No pertenezco a este siglo" (1991), "Laberintos de orgullo" (2002) and "Suspiros de fantasmas" (2005). Britton died on July 16, 2019 in Panama City at the age of 82. Daniel Callahan Daniel Callahan (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher. He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics. He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute. He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019. He was the author or editor of 47 books. He was born in Washington, D.C.. Callahan died on July 16, 2019 in Dobbs Ferry, New York at the age of 88. John Elya John Adel Elya (16 September 1928 – 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States. He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon. Elya died on 19 July 2019 at the age of 90. Bert Rechichar Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker. He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960. He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961. He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania. Rechichar died on July 19, 2019 in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania from an illness, aged 89. Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania Belle Vernon is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2010 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,093. Ilaria Occhini Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were "Doctor and the Healer", "Welcome to Home Gori" and "Loose Cannons". Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria. Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85. José Manuel Estepa Llaurens José Manuel Estepa Llaurens (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003. He was born in Andújar, Spain. He was created Cardinal-Priest of "S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa" by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010. Because he had already reached age 80, he was not eligible to participate in a conclave. Estepa Llaurens died on 21 July 2019 in Madrid at the age of 93. Louis Lansana Beavogui Louis Lansana Beavogui (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984. Beavogui was born on 28 December 1923 in Macenta, French Guinea (now Guinea) and died of diabetes while hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea on 19 August 1984, aged 60. Choctaw County, Mississippi Choctaw County is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,547 people lived there. The county seat is Ackerman. Claiborne County, Mississippi Claiborne County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,604 people lived there. Its county seat is Port Gibson. Clarke County, Mississippi Clarke County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 16,732 people lived there. Its county seat is Quitman. Neshoba County, Mississippi Neshoba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,676 people lived there. Its county seat is Philadelphia. Copiah County, Mississippi Copiah County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,449 people lived there. Its county seat is Hazlehurst. Covington County, Mississippi Covington County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,568 people lived there. Its county seat is Collins. Forrest County, Mississippi Forrest County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 74,934 people lived there. Its county seat and largest city is Hattiesburg. DeSoto County, Mississippi DeSoto County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 161,252 people lived there which makes it the third-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Hernando. George County, Mississippi George County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 22,578 people lived there. Its county seat is Lucedale. Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa. Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language. Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture. The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, "Liuqiu" (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters). Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan. Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom. The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri. Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha. Shurijo Shurijo or Shuri Castle was the palace where the Ryukyu kings lived before Okinawa became part of Japan. Since it was built when Okinawa was independent, the castle structure is very different from other castles in Japan. Shuri Castle is located in Shuri. Shuri was once the Ryukyu capital, but it is now part of the present-day city of Naha. Throughout its history, it had been destroyed and rebuilt four times, including during the Battle of Okinawa. This is why the courtyard is a little asymmetrical, or lop-sided. It was a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out at the main hall of the castle. "Seiden", "Hokuden", "Nanden" and "Bandokoro" were completely destroyed. According to news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square meters in total were [destroyed]." The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m. Grenada County, Mississippi Grenada County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 21,906 people lived there. Its county seat is Grenada. Sweetwater, Texas Sweetwater is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Nolan County. Shuri Shuri was the capital of the former countries of Chuzan and later of the Ryukyu Kingdom, which were in present-day Okinawa. The Ryukyu kings would rule the kingdom from Shuri Castle. Today, it is a district of the present-day city of Naha. Shuri and Naha used to be different cities, but since Okinawa became part of Japan, Shuri would no longer be the capital. The Japanese government made Naha, which was a nearby port city, to be Okinawa's capital instead. Today, Shuri Station it is the last stop on the Okinawa Urban Monorail. Mamady Youla Mamady Youla (born 1961) is a Guinean businessman and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 29 December 2015 to 24 May 2018. Okinawa Urban Monorail The Okinawa Urban Monorail, or the Yui Rail, is a monorail train line in Naha, the capital of Okinawa, Japan. It is the only public train line in the entire prefecture, and right now the entire line is only in Naha. It has 15 stops, beginning from Naha Airport and ending in Shuri Station. There are plans to extend the line to Urasoe City. There are also plans to allow passengers to pay using Suica by the spring of 2020. Social commentary Social commentary is indirectly expressing an opinion on how society should change. Martin Luther, Jonathan Swift and Charles Dickens are among many people who wrote social commentaries. Low comedy Low comedy is a form of comedy that is meant only to make people laugh without any satire or social commentary. Low comedy can have people getting drunk, getting hit in the face with pies, tripping over banana peels and getting wedgies. The name "Low Comedy" was created by John Dryden. It is often seen as the opposite of High Comedy. High comedy High comedy is a form of comedy based on wit, satire or clever dialogue. The phrase was created by George Meredith in his 1877 "Essay on Comedy" in which he says that it is the opposite of low comedy. Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings occurred on 20 July 1982. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London. In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded. It killed four soldiers and seven horses. In Regent's Park, a bomb underneath a bandstand killed seven military bandsmen. Mainland Japan Mainland Japan is the name used to describe all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa. Until the end of World War II, the name included Hokkaido and Okinawa, but it excluded all the colonies of the Japanese Empire, including Korea and Taiwan. However, since the colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places have no reason to call Japan "the mainland." However, they are still used by residents of Okinawa and Hokkaido because their cultures and native people are different from the other parts of Japan. In Hokkiado, the word "Dogai" is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido. Japanese knotweed Japanese knotweed ("Persicaria japonica") is a perennial herbaceous plant. It lives in Asian countries including Taiwan, Japan and southern China. Mongolian Revolution of 1911 The Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911 happened when Outer Mongolia did not want to be part of the Qing dynasty anymore. They wanted to govern themselves. It happened at the same time as the Xinhai Revolution. Outer Mongolia is now the modern country of Mongolia. It is different from Inner Mongolia, which is in China. Why did it happen? Mongolia used to be part of the Qing dynasty. But by the 20th century Mongolia was poor. Because of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) many other people were poor. The Qing was running out of money. The Qing also moved many of the Mongols' animals to the rest of China to feed others. This made Mongols upset. Manchus people created the Qing dynasty. They were not Han Chinese. But they eventually became Chinese themselves. They failed to keep the Manchus "pure". Still they tried to separate Han from Manchus and Mongols. For example, Han could not enter Mongolia, and Mongols could not leave Mongolia. Mongols were not allowed to speak Chinese. In 1895, the Qing lost the First Sino-Japanese War. The Qing was declining. The Boxer Rebellion and Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 made the Chinese hopeful that they could make things better. So they created new reforms called the Xinzheng or "New Policies" (新政). One of the goals of Xinzheng was to move more Han Chinese into Outer Mongolia (cultural assimilation). This was to tell Russians to stay away from Mongolia as it still belonged to China. The Qing thought of this as a "shield". Between 1901 and 1910, the Qing passed laws allowing: Han Chinese to settle Chinese Mongolia, intermarriage between Han and Mongol Chinese, Mongols to speak Chinese. In 1910 the Qing government made Sando the ruler of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar. Plans were made to send Han farmers to Mongolia. In January 1911 the army was organized. Half of the army was Mongol. The Mongolians did not like this. They did not like the tax. They were "penniless". They did not want farmers and still wanted to be nomads and horseback riders. First revolt. Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren convinced the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to support independence. He and another leader Qin Wang (Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj) then asked Russia to help. St. Petersburg heard the message. Russia wanted some distance from Japan and wanted Outer Mongolia to be a buffer state. So Russia sent some troops. In 1911, the Qing government was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. While the rest of China was busy with this problem, the Mongols saw this as the perfect opportunity to secede from the union. In 30 Novmber 1911 Mongol and Russian soldiers surrounded Kulun (Ulanbatar). On December 5, Khanddorj declared independence. In January 1912 the Governor of Uliastai in western Mongolia escaped protected by Russian Cossack troops. But the governor of Khovd decided to resist, hoping for support from Xinjiang. However they were defeated. In August 1912, Khovd left the country protected by the Coassacks. Outer Mongolia then wanted Inner Mongolia (Pan-Mongolism). Some riots did happen in Inner Mongolia. And for some time, Outer Mongolia had parts of western Inner Mongolia. But then the new Beijing government also began to fight in Inner Mongolia. Outer Mongolia began to lose supplies. And Russia did not want to support the Outer Mongols or fight another war. So China kept Inner Mongolia. The year-long war was not good for Inner Mongolia. It is known as Year of the Ox rebellion ("牛年之乱" Үхэр жилийн үймээн). On 1912 November 3, Russia signed a deal 《俄蒙协约》with Mongolia to mine in Mongolia in exchange for saying Mongolia is autonomous. China was not happy. So in 1913 September 18, Sun Baoqi () signed a new agreement between China and Russia《中俄声明文件》. China agrees not to put troops in Mongolia and recognize the Russian-Mongol deal 《俄蒙协约》. In return, Russia recognizes that China has suzerainty over Mongolia. So China's power over Mongolia changed from sovereignty to suzerainty. Korean Empire The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk"," ) lasted between 1897 and 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea. Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. Then after the Korean War it split. Japanese annexation of Korea The Japanese annexation of Korea happened in 1910. The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire. In Japanese it is also called 日韓併合、朝鮮併合、日韓合邦 which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea. Then Japanese ruled Korea until 1945, after the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II. Ellsworth County, Kansas Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,497 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River. Hot pot Hot pot is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called shabu-shabu. Death Parade is a 2015 Japanese anime television series. It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse. The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015. Story. When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman. Birmingham pub bombings The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people. The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people. The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people. A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode. The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack. List of heads of state of India This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President. Monarch (1947–1950). The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne. Governor-General. The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government. President of India. Under the Constitution, of the Republic of India, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President is elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President serves as Acting President. Living former heads of state. There are two living former Indian heads of state: Gravitino A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity. There is no confirmation of the particle's existence. Bepanah Pyaar Bepanah Pyaar (English: " Endless Love") is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani. Synopsis. The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life. Louisiana Territory The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805. It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory. Creation. On March 3, 1805, Congress passed legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, starting July 4, 1805. The Territory was governed like how the Indiana Territory was governed. Government. The capitol of government was in St. Louis. The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson. He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson. He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor. Guo Shoujing Guo Shoujing (, 1231–1316), or Ruosi (若思), was a Chinese astronomer, engineer, and mathematician. He lived during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). He is considered one of the greatest scientists in Chinese history. Guo was a major influence in the development of science. He improved the Grand Canal, built a human-made lake (Kunming lake), created one of the most accurate calendars in history, invented some of the most accurate clocks during his time, and made many other contributions to math, astronomy, and hydraulics (water engineering). As a kid. He was born in 1231 in Xingtai, Hebei province. His family was poor. He grandfather, Guo Yong, was famous for his study of the Five Classics to astronomy, mathematics, and hydraulics. Guo Shoujing was a child prodigy. As a teenager, he learned how to build a water clock. He then improved it. His new invention was called the lotus clepsydra (a bowl shaped like a lotus flower that water dripped into). At 16 he began to study math and from there hydraulics and astronomy. Hydraulics. At 20, Guo became a hydraulic engineer and government official. He helped fix a bridge over the Dahuoquan River. Improving the Grand Canal. In the late 1250s, Kublai Khan (of the Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty) thought hydraulic engineering, irrigation, and water transport would help the country and people. He sent Liu Bingzhong and his student Guo to improve irrigation systems between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. Guo helped build a 30 km canal from Baifu spring in the Shenshan Mountain to Dadu, The Grand Canal linked the Yangzi river, the Huai, and Yellow river since the early 7th century. Guo helped extend it to Dadu 1292–93. It worked. Kublai Khan was happy, and Guo did similar things for the rest of the empire. He was promoted to chief advisor of hydraulics, mathematics, and astronomy. Human-made Kunming lake. He created a human-made Kunming Lake in Beijing. This was one of his most memorable engineering feats. The lake provided water for all areas surrounding Beijing and led to the best grain transport system in the world. He built other reservoirs, thereby allowing people in inner China to access to fresh water for planting, drinking, and trading. For irrigation, he provided hydraulics systems which distributed water equally and quickly, which allowed communities to trade more effectively, and therefore prosper. In 1292, he became the head of the Water Works Bureau. Inventions: clocks. Guo invented many astronomy devices: the gnomon, the square table, the armilla, and a water powered armillary sphere called the Ling Long Yi. Astronomy: calendar. Even when young Guo was revolutionizing old inventions. His clocks, watches, irrigation, reservoirs, and equilibrium stations were the most accurate of his time, allowing for an extremely accurate recording of time. Kublai Khan noticed Guo was a genius in astronomy. So he asked Guo, Zhang, and Wang Xun to build a very accurate calendar. It would be the most accurate of its time. They built 27 observatories in the empire to collect data for calculations. In 1280, Guo finished the calendar, calculating a year to be 365.2425 days, just 26 seconds off modern measurements. He invented many tools in the process. The calendar revolutionized China and the world. It allowed more accurate recording of history, gave a sense of unification, and helped later emperors rule over China. His calendar would be used for the next 363 years, the longest a Chinese calendar has been used in history. Guo was also able to more accurately establish the location of celestial bodies and the angles of the Sun relative to Earth. He invented a new type of compass, helping people find north using the stars instead of magnets. In 1283, Guo was promoted to director of the Observatory in Beijing. Math. Guo’s work in mathematics was regarded as the most knowledgeable for 400 years. Throughout his life he worked a lot on spherical trigonometry, using a system of approximation to find arc lengths and angles. He approximated pi was equal to 3. But this allowed him to solve some equations much faster and more accurately than if he said pi was 3.14... He also used mathematical functions for spherical trigonometry, building upon the knowledge of Shen Kuo's (1031–1095). The next important work in trigonometry would only be printed 300 years later by Xu Guangqi in 1607, during the Ming Dynasty. Influence. Tang Shunzhi 唐順之 (1507-1560) said Guo's work was an example of "practical scholarship" (applying advanced knowledge to solve practical problems). Guo influenced the Changzhou School of Thought and spread of "evidential learning" (learning through experience). A number of things are named after Guo, including the Asteroid 2012 Guo Shou-Jing and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope near Beijing. Grand Canal (China) The Grand Canal or Dayunhe or Jing–Hang Grand Canal () is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world. It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou. It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and the Yangzi. The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC. The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. The total length is . Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains. Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal. The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610). Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Slavery in the United States Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human slavery in the United States. Slaves were mostly Africans and African Americans. Slavery existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery existed in British America from early colonial days. Slavery was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted in about half the states until 1865. This was when it was banned in the entire country by the Thirteenth Amendment. By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), slaves had been institutionalized as a racial caste. The caste associated with African ancestry. When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1789, a small number of free people of color were able to vote. This was because they were men who owned property. During and shortly after the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, and there was a movement created to end slavery. Slave states tried to extend slavery into new Western territories. They wanted to do this to keep their share of political power in the country. Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory. The United States became split over the issue of slavery. It was split into slave and free states. The Mason–Dixon line divided the country. The line divided (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland. While Jefferson was president, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808. Although smuggling (illegal importing) through Spanish Florida was common. Slave trading within the United States, however, continued at a fast pace. This was because there was a need for labor due to the creation of cotton plantations in the Deep South. New communities of African-American culture were created in the Deep South. There were 4 million slaves in the Deep South before they were set free. Colonial America. The first Africans came to the New World with Christopher Columbus in 1492. An African crew member named Juan Las Canaries was on Columbus's ship. Shortly after, the first enslavement happened in what would later be the United States. In 1508, Ponce de Leon created the first settlement near present-day San Juan. He started enslaving the indigenous Tainos. In 1513, to supplement the decreasing number of Tainos people, the first African slaves were imported to Puerto Rico. The first African slaves in the continental United States came via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina). It was created by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526. The colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership. During the fight, the slaves revolted, and they ran away from the colony to hide among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly after from a sickness. The colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who didn't run away went back to Haiti, from where they came. On August 28, 1565, St. Augustine, Florida was created by the Spanish conquistador Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. He brought three African slaves with him. During the 16th and 17th centuries, St. Augustine was the where a lot of the slave trade in Spanish colonial Florida happened. It was the first permanent settlement in the continental United States to have African slaves. 60 years later, in the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to convince people to come and work for them. This was because the weather and environment of the settlements was very harsh. There was a very high chance that people would die. Most people came from Great Britain as indentured laborers. They signed contracts that said they would pay with work for their transportation, their upkeep, and their training, usually on a farm. The colonies had agricultural economies. These people were often young people who wanted to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were sent to the colonies as indentured laborers, rather than being sent to prison. These people were not slaves, but they were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay for the cost of their transportation and maintenance. Many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south. The first 19 or so Africans to reach the English colonies arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. They were brought by English privateers who had seized them from a captured Portuguese slave ship. Slaves were usually baptized in Africa before sending them. As English custom then considered baptized Christians exempt from slavery, colonists treated these Africans as indentured servants. The African indentured servants joined about 1,000 English indentured servants already in the colony. The Africans were freed after a period of time. They were also given the use of land and supplies by their former masters. There were no laws about slavery in Virginia's early history. However, in 1640, a Virginia court sentenced John Punch, an African, to slavery. This was because he tried to run away from his service. He ran away with two white people. The two white people were sentenced only to one more year of their indenture, and three years' service to the colony. This is the first legal sanctioning of slavery in the English colonies. It was one of the first legal distinctions made between Europeans and Africans. In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to allow slavery through law. Massachusetts passed the Body of Liberties. It banned slavery in many cases, but it allowed slaves to be held if they were prisoners of war, if they sold themselves into slavery or were bought somewhere else, or if they were sentenced to slavery as punishment by the government. The Body of Liberties used the word "strangers" to refer to people bought and sold as slaves; they were generally not English subjects. Colonists believed this term referred to Native Americans and Africans. During most of the British colonial period, slavery existed in all the colonies. Slaves in the North usually worked as house servants, artisans, laborers, and craftsmen. Most were in cities. Many men worked on the docks and in shipping. In 1703, more than 42 percent of New York City households had slaves. New York City had the second-highest proportion of slaves of any city in the colonies after Charleston, South Carolina. Slaves were also used as agricultural workers in farming communities. This included areas of upstate New York and Long Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. By 1770 there were 397,924 Blacks in a population of 2,170 million. They were not spread out evenly. There were 14,867 in New England where they were 2.7% of the population; 34,679 in the mid-Atlantic colonies where they were 6% of the population (19,000 were in New York or 11%); and 347,378 in the five southern colonies where they were 31% of the population. The South developed an agricultural economy. It relied on commodity crops. Its planters quickly got more slaves. This was because its commodity crops were labor-intensive. Revolutionary Era. While there were some African slaves that were kept and sold in England, slavery in Great Britain had not been allowed by statute there. In 1772, it was made unenforceable at common law in England and Wales by a legal decision. The big British role in the international slave trade continued until 1807. Slavery continued in most of Britain's colonies. Many rich slave owners lived in England and had a lot of power. In early 1775 Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, wrote to Lord Dartmouth. He wrote he was going to free slaves owned by Patriots in case they rebelled. On November 7, 1775, Lord Dunmore issued Lord Dunmore's Proclamation which declared martial law. He promised freedom for any slaves of American patriots who would leave their masters and join the royal forces. Slaves owned by Loyalist masters, however, were not going to be freed by Dunmore's Proclamation. About 1500 slaves owned by Patriots ran away and joined Dunmore's forces. Most died of disease before they could do any fighting. Three hundred of these freed slaves made it to freedom in Britain. Many slaves used the war to run away from their plantations. They would run into cities or woods. In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (30% of the total enslaved population) ran away, migrated, or died during the war. In the South, many slaves died, with many due to escapes. Slaves also escaped throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic, joining the British who had occupied New York. Slaves and free blacks also fought with the rebels during the Revolutionary War. Washington allowed slaves to be freed who fought with the American Continental Army. Rhode Island started enlisting slaves in 1778. Rhode Island promised money to owners whose slaves enlisted and lived to gain freedom. During the course of the war, about one fifth of the northern army was black. In 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment at the Battle of Yorktown, estimated the American army to be about one-quarter black. These men included both former slaves and free blacks. In the 18th century, Britain became the world's biggest slave trader. Starting in 1777, the Patriots made importing slaves illegal state by state. They all acted to end the international trade. However, it was later reopened in South Carolina and Georgia. In 1807 Congress acted on President Jefferson's advice and made importing slaves from other countries a federal crime, as the Constitution permitted, starting January 1, 1808. 1790 to 1860. "Fancy ladies". In the United States in the early nineteenth century, owners of female slaves could freely and legally use them as sexual objects. This is similar to the free use of female slaves on slave ships by the crews. "Fancy" was a code word that meant the girl or young woman was able to be used for or trained for sexual use. Sometimes, children were also abused like this. The sale of a 13-year-old "nearly a fancy" is documented. Furthermore, females who were able to become pregnant were supposed to be kept pregnant, so they could make more slaves to sell. The differences in skin color found in the United States make it obvious how often black women were impregnated by whites. For example, in the 1850 Census, 75.4% of "free negros" in Florida were described as mulattos, of mixed race. Nevertheless, it is only very recently, with DNA studies, that any sort of reliable number can be provided, and the research has only begun. Light-skinned girls, who contrasted with the darker field workers, were preferred. Blacks who owned slaves. Some slave owners were black. An African former indentured servant who settled in Virginia in 1621, Anthony Johnson, became one of the earliest documented slave owners in the American colonies. This was documented when he won a civil lawsuit to own a man named John Casor. In 1830, there were 3,775 black slave owners in the South. They owned a total of 12,760 slaves. 80% of the black slave owners lived in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Nebraska Territory The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the part of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capitol was Omaha. The territory included areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana. Hancock County, Mississippi Hancock County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 43,929 people lived there. Its county seat is Bay St. Louis. The county was created in 1812. It is named for Founding Father John Hancock. The county is along the Gulf of Mexico and the state line with Louisiana. Holmes County, Mississippi Holmes County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,198 people lived there. Its county seat is Lexington. Humphreys County, Mississippi Humphreys County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,375 people lived there. Its county seat is Belzoni. Issaquena County, Mississippi Issaquena County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 1,406 people lived there. Its county seat is Mayersville. Itawamba County, Mississippi Itawamba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 23,401 people lived there. Its county seat is Fulton. Geography. The county has a total area of . Jackson County, Mississippi Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 139,668 people lived there which makes it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Pascagoula. History. The county was founded in 1812 and named for Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (31%) is water. It is the largest county in Mississippi by total area. Jasper County, Mississippi Jasper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,062 people lived there. Its county seats are Bay Springs and Paulding. Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi Jefferson Davis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 12,487 people lived there. Its county seat is Prentiss. The county was founded on March 31, 1906. It is named in honor of Mississippi Senator and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Kemper County, Mississippi Kemper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 10,456 people lived there. Its county seat is De Kalb. Lafayette County, Mississippi Lafayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 47,351 people lived there. Its county seat is Oxford. Union County, Mississippi Union County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 27,134 people lived there. Its county seat is New Albany. Geography. The county has a total area of . Lamar County, Mississippi Lamar County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 55,658 people lived there. Its county seat is Purvis. Smith County, Mississippi Smith County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 16,491 people lived there. Its county seat is Raleigh. Raleigh, Mississippi Raleigh is a town in, and the county seat of, Smith County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,462 at the 2010 census, making it the largest town in Smith County. Gainesville, Texas Gainesville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Cooke County. Lauderdale County, Mississippi Lauderdale County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 80,261 people lived there. Its county seat is Meridian. The county was founded in 1833. It is named for Colonel James Lauderdale, who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812. Songtsen Gampo Songtsen Gampo (Tibetan: སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ, "srong btsan sgam po;" 569–649) or Songzan Ganbu (), was the 33rd Tibetan king and founder of the Tibetan Empire. He helped introduce Buddhism to Tibet. He had a Nepali wife named Bhrikuti and a Tang wife named Princess Wencheng. Both of them were Buddhists. He also helped invent the Tibetan alphabet and made Classical Tibetan the official language of Tibet at the time. He may have been born in 569 or 605. Tibet used their own calendar so we are still trying to figure it out. As a kid. Songtsen Gampo was born at Gyama in Meldro, northeast of modern Lhasa. His dad was the Yarlung king Namri Songtsen. The book "The Holder of the White Lotus" says Gampo was the human form (incarnation) of the Avalokiteśvara. Dalai Lamas are also thought to be human forms of the Avalokitesvara. In the 11th century, Buddhists started calling him a cakravartin and incarnation of Avalokiteśvara. Family. Some Dunhuang documents say Gampo had a sister Sad-mar-kar and a younger brother. His younger brother was betrayed and died in a fire after 641. There may have been fighting between his sister and brother. Songtsen Gampo's mother was part of the Tsépong clan ("Tibetan Annals"). She helped unify Tibet. Her name is Driza Tökarma ("the Bri Wife [named] White Skull Woman", "Tibetan Annals"). According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo became king when 13 after his father was poisoned around 618. He was the 33rd king of the Yarlung Dynasty. He was born in the Ox year. Yarlung kings usually took throne at 13. This accords with the tradition that the Yarlung kings took the throne when they were 13, when they were old enough to ride a horse. If this is true, then Gampo may have been born in the Ox year 605 CE. The "Old Book of Tang" confirms that he "was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne." Gampo's wives and children. Gampo had six wives. Five are listed: In Tibetan tradition, these last two wives helped bring Buddhism to Tibet. The two great influences on Tibetan Buddhism are Indo-Nepali and Han Buddhism. Gampo's son, Gungsong Gungtsen, died before his father. So Gampo's son, Mangsong Mangtsen, took the throne. His mother may have been Wencheng or Mangmoje Trikar. Trikar is mentioned in "Genealogy," in a hidden library in the caves in Dunhuang, and the "Tibetan Annals", which list the names of the Tibetan emperors, their mothers, and their clans. Some sources tell a different story. When Gungsong Gungtsen turned 13 (nowadays 12 as Tibet used a different calendar), his dad Gampo retired, so Gungsong ruled for five years. They say Gungsong married 'A-zha Mang-mo-rje when he was thirteen, and they had a son, Mangsong Mangtsen (r. 650-676 CE). Gungsong then died when he was 18. His dad Gampo then took the throne again. Gungsong Gungtsen may be buried at Donkhorda, the site of the royal tombs, to the left of his grandfather Namri Songtsen (gNam-ri Srong-btsan). The dates for these events are very unclear. What did he do for Tibet? He made an Alphabet. Songtsen Gampo sent Thonmi Sambhota to India to create a new alphabet for Classical Tibetan. This led to the first written works, literature, and constitution. He brought new culture. He brought new culture and tech to Tibet. The "Old Book of Tang" ("Jiu Tangshu" 旧唐书) says in 648 a northern Indian army attacked some some Tang Chinese (including Wang Xuanze). So with the Nepali and Tang, Gampo helped defeat the army and protect the Chinese. In 649, the Tang Emperor Gaozong, a fellow Buddhist, gave him the title "Binwang", "Guest King" or "Zongwang", "Cloth-tribute King" and 3,000 rolls of colorful silk. Gaozong also gave Gampo "silkworms' eggs, mortars and presses for making wine, and workmen to manufacture paper and ink." Tools and astrology was imported from Tang and the Western Xia; the dharma and the art of writing came from India; treasures from the Nepalis and the Mongols; laws from the Uyghurs of the Turkic Khaganate to the North. He introduced Buddhism. Gampo brought Buddhism to the Tibetan people. He built many Buddhist temples During his reign, people began translating Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Tibetan. He created a big empire. He defeated the Sumpa in northeastern Tibet around 627 ("Tibetan Annals" ["OTA"] l. 2). He may have conquered the Zhangzhung (around northern India, western Tibet), or that may have happened after he died. The "Old Book of Tang" say that in 634, the Yangtong (the Zhangzhung) and various Qiang peoples "altogether submitted to him." He then unified Yangtong, defeated the 'Azha (Tuyuhun), and then conquered two more Qiang tribes before threatening Songzhou with an army of more than 200,000 men. He conquered the Tangut people (who later formed the Western Xia in 942), the Bailang, and Qiang tribes. The Bailang people were west of the Tanguts and east of the Domi. The Tang previously ruled them since 624. Nepali princess Bhrikuti. The "Old Book of Tang" says: Naling Deva's father was king of 泥婆羅 Nepal (Licchavi kingdom) died. The king died, and then Naling Deva's uncle took over. "The Tibetans gave [Naling Deva] refuge and reestablished him on his throne [in 641]; that is how he became subject to Tibet." The Tibetans traveled to Nepal, and the Naling Deva was happy. Then the Tibetans were attacked by the northern Indian king Harsha. So Naling Deva helped Tibet defeat Harsha's army. Gampo then married Princess Bhrikuti, daughter of Naling Deva. Tang princess Wencheng. The "Jiu Tangshu" records that Gampo sent the first embassy from Tibet to the Tang in 634 CE. It was a "tribute mission" with Tibet giving gifts to the Tang. He gave gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor and asked for a Tang princess in marriage in return (heqin). Tang said no. So he attacked Songzhou (part of Tang) in 637 and 638. But he then gave up and said sorry. He asked for a wife again, and this time the Tang said yes. And so he married Wencheng, niece of Emperor Taizong of Tang. So there was peace between the Tang and Tibetan empires of China. Both wives Wencheng and Bhrikuti are considered to be Tara, the Goddess of Compassion and female Chenrezig: Gampo built a city for Wencheng and a palace just for her. Defended Xuanze for China. Chinese monk Xuanzang visited Harsha. Harsha then sent some people to China. China then sent Wang Xuanze and some others back. They traveled through Tibet. Their journey is written in stuff at northern India (Rajgir and Bodhgaya). Harsha was then overthrown by Arjuna. In 648 Wang Xuanze made a second journey, but Arjuna treated him badly. So the Tibetans and Nepalese defeated Arjuna. So in 649, Chinese emperor Tang Gaozong rewarded Gampo with the title of King of Xinhai Jun (Himalayan plateau, China). Gampo died in 649. In 650, the Tang emperor sent an envoy with a "letter of mourning and condolences". Gampo's tomb is in the Chongyas Valley near Yalung, 13 m high and 130 m long. 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with two peaks in activity in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record. The season currently contains 3 depressions, 3 deep depressions, 3 cyclonic storms and 2 very severe cyclonic storms. Season summary. Due to the presence of an weak El Niño to continue through the season, the season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record, tying with 2014 season. The second Cyclonic Storm of the season was formed, Fani on April 26. Fani became an extremely severe cyclonic storm on April 30, reaching an Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, then made landfall in India killing 89 people between Odisha and Bangladesh; Fani caused $1.812 billion in damages. In early June, a strong pulse of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), led to the development of the third cyclonic storm, Vayu, which formed June 10 in the Arabian Sea, near the Maldives. The storm subsequently intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm on June 12, after moving northwestward towards northwestern India and Pakistan. Deal barracks bombing The Deal barracks bombing was an attack on the Royal Marine Depot in Deal, Kent, England on 22 September 1989. The Provisional Irish Republican Army used a time bomb to kill 11 military bandsmen. Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019) Tropical Storm Pabuk, also referred to as Cyclonic Storm Pabuk, was a weak storm that hit the Malay Peninsula in January 2019. It was also the earliest storm in both the Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean basins on record. Forming on the last day of 2018, Pabuk went into 2019 and crossed into the North Indian Ocean basin several days later. The first storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon and North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons, Pabuk first appeared as a tropical disturbance in the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, which organized into a tropical depression on December 31. Storm history. A tropical disturbance formed over the southern portion of the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, absorbing the remnants of on December 30. Under high vertical wind shear, the low-pressure area remained messy until December 31 when it was upgraded to a tropical depression by both the JMA and the JTWC. Under good conditions, including warm sea surface temperatures, good outflow but strong vertical wind shear, Pabuk did not manage to intensify further for another two days until it started to move west-northwestward and entered the Gulf of Thailand on January 3, where vertical wind shear was slightly weaker. Soon after Pabuk crossed over into the basin, the IMD started to make warnings on the storm, making Pabuk the earliest-forming cyclonic storm for this basin, as well as the first cyclonic storm with a name originally assigned by RSMC Tokyo. Over the few days days, Pabuk continued moved west-northwestward, before weakening into a well-marked low on January 7. The system's remnant low then turned to the northeast. Finally, it disappeared on January 8. Impact. The storm caused 10 deaths in total, and total damages were estimated to be ~$157.2 million (2019 USD). On Thailand, 8 of the 10 people were killed with many trees downed. Elsewhere, many people were forced to evacuate coastal areas of Thailand. In Bangkok, rain and storm surge flooded roads in the large city. Pabuk killed 8 people in Thailand, including one Russian tourist. United States Naval Research Laboratory The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. It conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping. Mobility as a service Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is transportation that you can buy but do not have to own. For example, you can pay an Uber car to pick you up, but you do not own that car. Or you can pay for a city bike to travel around the city, but you do not own the bike. In each case, you pay for the transportation. Public buses, taxis, subways, high-speed rail, and airplanes are already forms of MaaS. MaaS is already becoming popular around the world from the US, Europe, Japan, Korea, to China. Examples. Examples include Short-term impact. MaaS may decrease how many people own cars. This is already the case in China, where more than half of the population do not have cars--they just do not need it. Benefits. MaaS can decrease traffic. Self driving cars (AV). Uber, Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors are building self-driving vehicles (or autonomous vehicles, AVs). Self-driving cars could take people where they wanted to go at a lower cost than a taxi or ridesharer. It could help benefit the environment, make transportation faster, and even improve healthcare. Khazars The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people. They formed an empire called Khazaria in Russia from the 6th to 10th century CE. They came from the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Eurasian steppe, after it was conquered by Tang China. Khazaria was an international trading center. It was an important place on the Silk Road that linked China, the Middle East, and the Kievan Rus'. For three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars conquered the area from the Volga-Don steppes to Crimea and the Caucasus. Khazaria was between the Byzantine Empire, the steppe nomads, and the Umayyad Caliphate. It helped Byzantine defend itself from the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance ended around 900. Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus replaced Khazaria. Tengrism may have been the main religion, as it was for the Huns and Turkic peoples. Abrahamic religions were also popular. The ruling class may have converted to Judaism in the 8th century. Some people think that the Cossacks, Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, and some Jews, like the Ashkenazi Jews, descended from the Khazars. Some disagree. Name. Khazar or "Xazar" may have come from *Qasar. The Turkic root "qaz-" means "to ramble, to roam" (used in Qazaqsa or Kazakh). It is similar to the Common Turkic "kez-". Others say it is from "qas-" ("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") because it is similar to the Uyghur name Qasar. Others think it is a person or tribe's name. For example the Chinese name Kesa for "Khazars" may be one of the tribal names of the Uyğur Toquz Oğuz (of the Gokturks), namely the "Gésà". But others say Kesa was not a tribal name but the name of the chief of the 思结 "Sijie" tribe of the Toquz Oğuz. Also in Middle Chinese the name "Khazars" always comes before the word "Tūjué" ("Tūjué Kěsà bù": 突厥可薩部; "Tūjué Hésà": 突厥曷薩). Khazar language is extinct. But modern Turkic languages still refer to the Caspian Sea as the "Khazar Sea". Language. No known records of the Khazar language survive. The state was polyglot (spoke multiple languages) and polyethnic. The ruling elite probably spoke an eastern dialect of Shaz Turkic. The ordinary people may have spoken Lir Turkic, such as Oğuric, Bulğaric, Chuvash, and Hunnish. The Persian historian al-Iṣṭakhrī said that the Khazar language was different from any other known language. After the Khazars became Jewish they may have written in the Hebrew alphabet. Though they spoke a Türkic language, they may have also spoke Hebrew. History. Where are they from? They appear to have came from Mongolia or northern China after the Xiōngnú (Huns) were defeated by Han dynasty of China (Han–Xiongnu war). The tribes probably had Iranian, proto-Mongolic, Uralic, and Palaeo-Siberian people. The Turkic tribes may have conquered the Western Eurasian steppe as early as 463. In 552, they conquered the Rouran Khaganate and moved westwards, taking more people from Sogdia. The ruling family may have came from the Āshǐnà (阿史那) clan of the West Türkic tribes. The Chinese and Arabic records are almost identical, indicating strong support for this theory. The leader may have been Yǐpíshèkuì (乙毗射匱). He died around 651. Moving west, the Khazars reached Akatziroi, one of the important friends of Byzantium fighting Attila's army. How did it begin? Khazaria began after 630. It came from the Göktürk Qağanate, after it was crushed by Tang China between 630–650. Göktürk armies conquered Volga by 549. The Āshǐnà clan whose tribal name was 'Türk' ("the strong one") arrived in 552. They overthrew the Rourans and created the Göktürk Qağanate. The Chinese Tang Dynasty defeated the Turkic Qağanate and established the Anxi protectorate (Tang dynasty in Inner Asia). The Khaganate split into many tribes. Some tribes went west to the Sea of Azov area. Ashina and the Khazars went further west. In 657, General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇定方) dominated the Turks and Central Asia. They imposed Chinese overlordship to the east of those Turkic tribes. In 659 the Chinese defeated the remaining tribes. The Khazars did not dare return. Instead the Khazars defeated the Bulgars further west. And so the Khazars Qaganate was born, from the ruins of a nomadic empire destroyed by the Tang armies to the east. It became the westernmost successor state of the Gokturks. The Khazars conquered the lower Volga region and the area between the Danube and the Dniepr. In 670, they also conquered the Onoğur-Bulğar union and made the Onogur-Bulgar language the official language of the empire (lingua franca). The empire is sometimes called a 'steppe Atlantis' ("stepnaja Atlantida," Степная Атлантида). Historians often call this period the Pax Khazarica. The state became an international center of trade. Ibn al-Balḫî wrote in "Fârsnâma" (c. 1100) that the Sasanian Shah (ruler), Ḫusraw 1, Anûsîrvân, said there were three kings who had as much power as he did: the King of China, the King of Byzantium, and the king of the Khazars. Eminem singles discography This is the singles discography page of American rapper Eminem. This list has his 78 singles, he had made in his music career. To date, Eminem has sold over 42 million track downloads in the United States alone. Batam Batam (also called Batam City) is an industrial city in the province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. Over 1 million people live in it. It is the biggest city in Riau Islands, and the third biggest city in Sumatra. It is part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand and Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore free-trade zone. The city administrative covers an area of 3 big islands with some small islands surround them. The 3 big islands are Batam, Rempang, and Galang. The islands are conected by bridges called Barelang Bridges () that is a short name for Batam-Rempang-Galang Bridges. Republic of Upper Volta Republic of Upper Volta is an old name for the country in Africa which is known as Burkina Faso today. It was a French colony, which became independent in 1960. Upper Volta existed as a French colony from 1918 to 1932. In 1932, it was disbanded, and its territory was shared between the neighboring countries, French Sudan, Niger and Ivory Coast. In 1947, Upper Volta was restored, with its former borders. Spaceship Earth Spaceship Earth (or Spacecraft Earth or Spaceship Planet Earth) is a world view encouraging everyone on Earth to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. History. The earliest known use is a passage in Henry George's best known work, "Progress and Poverty" (1879). From book IV, chapter 2: It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we sail through space. If the bread and beef above decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a hatch and there is a new supply, of which before we never dreamed. And very great command over the services of others comes to those who as the hatches are opened are permitted to say, "This is mine!" George Orwell later paraphrases Henry George in "The Road to Wigan Pier": The world is a raft sailing through space with, potentially, plenty of provisions for everybody; the idea that we must all cooperate and see to it that everyone does his fair share of the work and gets his fair share of the provisions seems so blatantly obvious that one would say that no one could possibly fail to accept it unless he had some corrupt motive for clinging to the present system. In 1965 Adlai Stevenson made a famous speech to the UN in which he said: We travel together, passengers on a little space ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil; all committed for our safety to its security and peace; preserved from annihilation only by the care, the work, and, I will say, the love we give our fragile craft. We cannot maintain it half fortunate, half miserable, half confident, half despairing, half slave—to the ancient enemies of man—half free in a liberation of resources undreamed of until this day. No craft, no crew can travel safely with such vast contradictions. On their resolution depends the survival of us all. The following year, "Spaceship Earth" became the title of a book by a friend of Stevenson's, the internationally influential economist Barbara Ward. Also in 1966, Kenneth E. Boulding, who was influenced by reading Henry George, used the phrase in the title of an essay, "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth". Boulding described the past open economy of apparently illimitable resources, which he said he was tempted to call the "cowboy economy", and continued: "The closed economy of the future might similarly be called the 'spaceman' economy, in which the earth has become a single spaceship, without unlimited reservoirs of anything, either for extraction or for pollution, and in which, therefore, man must find his place in a cyclical ecological system". The phrase was also popularized by Buckminster Fuller, who published a book in 1968 under the title of "Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth". This quotation, referring to fossil fuels, reflects his approach: …we can make all of humanity successful through science's world-engulfing industrial evolution provided that we are not so foolish as to continue to exhaust in a split second of astronomical history the orderly energy savings of billions of years' energy conservation aboard our Spaceship Earth. These energy savings have been put into our Spaceship's life-regeneration-guaranteeing bank account for use only in self-starter functions. United Nations Secretary-General U Thant spoke of Spaceship Earth on Earth Day March 21, 1971 at the ceremony of the ringing of the Japanese Peace Bell: "May there only be peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life." Spaceship Earth is the name given to the diameter geodesic sphere that greets visitors at the entrance of Walt Disney World's Epcot theme park. Housed within the sphere is a dark ride that serves to explore the history of communications and promote Epcot's founding principles, "[a] belief and pride in man's ability to shape a world that offers hope to people everywhere." A previous incarnation of the ride, narrated by actor Jeremy Irons and revised in 2008, was explicit in its message: Like a grand and miraculous spaceship, our planet has sailed through the universe of time, and for a brief moment, we have been among its many passengers….We now have the ability and the responsibility to build new bridges of acceptance and co-operation between us, to create a better world for ourselves and our children as we continue our amazing journey aboard Spaceship Earth. David Deutsch has pointed out that the picture of Earth as a friendly "spaceship" habitat is difficult to defend even in a metaphorical sense. The Earth environment is harsh and survival is a constant struggle for life, including for whole species trying to avoid extinction. Humans wouldn't be able to live in most of the areas where they are living now without the knowledge necessary to build life-support systems such as houses, heating, water supply, etc. The term "Spaceship Earth" is frequently used on the labels of Emanuel Bronner's products to refer to the Earth. Mutesa II of Buganda Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Muteesa II (19 November 1924 – 21 November 1969) was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 22 November 1939 until his death. He was the thirty-fifth Kabaka of Buganda and the first President of Uganda. The foreign press often referred to him as King Freddie, a name rarely used in Uganda Er Wang San Ke Erwang Sanke (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects" is something Chinese emperors did to honor the previous dynasty. For example the Sui dynasty came directly before the Tang. So the Tang may honor descendants of the Sui royal family. The Tang would do this by giving these Sui descendants land to rule over. The Tang said you can control these lands and use laws of the previous Sui dynasty if you wish. There may also be a sacrifice at a religious place. This was done to show respect to previous dynasties. This was also to make a peaceful transition of power. It has been done in every major Chinese dynasty from the Xia to the Qing. Sometimes people would pretend to be the descendants of the previous dynasty just to get this benefit. Name. Er wang 二王 means two rulers. This refers to the current ruler and the previous ruler. San ke 三恪 means three respects. This could refer to how this was done for the first three generation descendants of the previous ruler (their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren). NEC is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology (IT) services and products. It is headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It provides IT and network solutions to businesses, communications services providers and to government agencies. It has also been the biggest PC seller in Japan since the 1980s. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC. NEC was the world's fourth biggest PC manufacturer by 1990. Its NEC Semiconductors business unit was the global semiconductor sales leader between 1985 and 1990, the second largest in 1995, one of the top three in 2000, and one of the top 10 in 2006. It was still one of the top 20 semiconductor sales leaders before merging with Renesas Electronics. NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group. NEC was #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list. Neoconservatism Neoconservatism refers to things that are pro-American nationalist interest in international affairs. This includes bigger military, pro-democracy, nationalism, anti-communism. It started in the United States during the 1960s. Neocons supported the Vietnam war, but disliked the Democratic party, Great Society, and the New Left. Neoconservative sometimes refers to people who started as anti-Stalinists and then became American conservatives during the 1960s and 1970s. Examples. Some neocons are Republicans, like the presidents between from the 1970s to the 2000s. For example, George W. Bush started the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His neocon friends include Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld also listened to these neocons. Together they supported the defense of Israel and the American invasion of the Middle East. Where did it come from? Neocon started in the 60s with Jewish magazine "Commentary", edited by Norman Podhoretz and published by the American Jewish Committee. They opposed the New Left and thus started the neocon movement. Han Buddhism Han Buddhism () or Chinese buddhism refers to Buddhism written in Chinese characters (hanzi) or that of the East Asian cultural sphere. It is one of the three main existing schools of Buddhism: the other two are Tibetan Buddhism and Theravada. It is mainly practiced in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It has had a great impact on East Asian culture. Like Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism comes from Mahayana, the branch of Buddhism written mainly in Sanskrit and from northern India. Han Buddhism has a lot of interaction between the Indian religions and Chinese religions (like Taoism). History. There are legends that Laozi was the Buddha himself, or that the Buddha came from the Tibetan kingdom of Zhangzhung. There are other legends that Buddhism had existed in China since ancient times (before the Qin dynasty). Qin dynasty (221–206 bc). The Shiji 《》has a section called「禁不得祠」(jin bude ci). It says: “徙謫，實之初縣。禁不得祠。明星出西方。” In the 20th century, Japanese scholar Fujita Toyohachi () said Buddhism entered China during the Qin dynasty. The word 不得 (pinyin: "bude"; rough pronunciation: boo-duh) is pronounced nearly exactly like the Sanskrit word "Buddha". It was used to write down Buddha in the Chinese language. Others (like ) disagreed. Moreover it is unlikely 得 would be used to transliterate. And based on the evolution of Chinese tones, 不得 would sound something like putug ( says “不得” is [pɯtɯːɡ]). Han Dynasty (206 bc–220 ce). It is generally believed Buddhism was introduced during the (Western, before 1 BC) Han dynasty. It came from the western regions and Silk Road. According to the Weilüe《‧西戎傳》、《‧釋老志》and other records, Emperor Ai of Han's men gave the people the Pagoda Sutra《浮屠经》。 In 67, Emperor Ming of Han dreamed of the "Golden People". He sent people to meet monks in the western regions. These monks brought back more Buddhist texts. He built the White horse temple () and translated 42 chapters of the scripture 《》。 There is one account that Emperor Ming of Han (28–75 CE) helped introduce Buddhism into China. The (3rd - 5th century) "Mouzi Lihuolun" says:Ming then sent people to Tianzhu (Southern India) to learn more. Buddhist scriptures returned to China on the backs of white horses, after which White Horse Temple was named. Two Indian monks also returned with them, named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga. Whether Emperor Ming actually dreamed of Golden people is debated. However scholars agree that around his time Buddhism arrived from the xiyu. A Parthian prince named An Shigao traveled to China annd helped translate some Indian texts into Chinese. In 167 some Yuezhi (tribes of Central Asia) also helped translate some stuff. During this time, Mahayana Buddhism became popular in China. The Han would then "sinicize" it to turn it into Han Buddhism. In Chongqing an ancient Yao Qian Shu (money tree artifact) was dug up. A Buddha was sitting on it. It said it was made in the fourth year of Yan guang (125 CE). This is the earliest known bronze Buddha found in China. There is another early Buddha sculpture in Sichuan above a grave. Early Buddhist schools. The Sarvastivadinns, Dharmaguptakas, and other schools were important for Han Buddhism. Six Dynasties (220–589). Some Chinese thought Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the government, that Buddhists did help improve the economy, that Buddhism was barbaric and did not deserve to be part of Chinese culture. However, others mixed Buddhism with Taoism. The two went well together. Both encourage meditation. And so Buddhist ideas were used in Taoism and vice versa. Around this time, Han Buddhism began spreading to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. It was already popular in South China. Kumārajīva (334–413). China controlled Kucha, a Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang. They imprisoned Kumarajiva but released him in 401 because he was good at Buddhism. He became influential in Han Buddhism. Emperor Yao Xing of the state of Later Qin liked him. He made a number of good translations (from AD 402–413). This includes the "Diamond Sutra", the "Amitabha Sutra", the "Lotus Sutra", the "Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra", the "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā", and the "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra". Chán Buddhism. In the 5th century, the Chán (Zen) teachings began in China. Bodhidharma, a legend, started it. The school follows the "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra" and "Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) ." It was also called the "One Vehicle School." They were famous for their "encounter stories" and koans and their teaching methods. Nan Huai-Chin says: Tang Dynasty (618–907). Xuanzang's journey to the west. During the Tang dynasty and 629 - 645, the monk Xuanzang went to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms. He and wrote about his journey to the west. His writing is important for studying India during this period of time. He visited many spiritual sites, many spiritual people, and learned a lot of spiritual things. He met Buddhist celebrities. He returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts, gifts, statues, and Buddhist souvenirs, all on twenty-two horses. Xuanzang created a translation center in Chang'an (now Xi'an). It attracted people from all over East Asia. Xuanzang translated 1,330 books into Chinese. His favorite part of Buddhism was Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only". During this time, Han Chan Buddhism became popular in Japan. Song Dynasty (960–1279). During the Song dynasty, Chán (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country. Chán became the most popular type of Chinese Buddhism. Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368). During the Yuan dynasty, the Mongol emperors liked Tibetan Buddhism so they hired Tibetan monks as government officials. This caused corruption. Later the Ming dynasty overthrew the Yuan, and Tibetan lamas no longer influenced the court. Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chan school was so popular that all monks belonged to it. Male and female Chinese buddhists wrote nice poetry during this time. Qing dynasty (1644–1911). The Qing supported Tibetan Buddhism. Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries became interested in Chinese Buddhism. Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893. He and other Indians tried to get Chinese to help revive Buddhism in India. Japanese Buddhists also visited China. By this point (and perhaps earlier) China had the most Buddhists in the world. Teachings. Han Buddhism uses concepts from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. They worship the Buddha and Bodhisattvas by giving food, flowers, etc. They are vegans. They believe in god and hell, life after death and karma. Yuji Naka is a Japanese video game programmer, designer, and producer. He is best known as the former head of Sonic Team, where he was the lead programmer of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" series of games on the Sega Genesis. In 2006, he created Prope, an independent game company. In January 2018, he joined Square Enix. Career. Naka learned how to program by copying and debugging video game code printed in magazines. The experience made him want to study assemblers and practice writing code during his school classes. After graduating high school, Naka decided to skip university and stay in his home town. Around 1983, Naka saw that Sega was looking for programming assistants. He decided to apply. After a short interview, he started working for Sega in April 1984. His first task was designing maps and checking floppy disks for a game called "Road Runner" for the SF-7000. Naka can't remember if the game was ever released. His first major project was a game called "Girl's Garden". He and Hiroshi Kawaguchi created it together as part of their training process. American exceptionalism American exceptionalism is the belief that Unique nation. The US started from the American Revolutionary War. Martin Lipset calls it the "first new nation". It developed an American set of ideas (Americanism) based on republicanism, democracy, laissez-faire (no government interference in economy), liberty, equality, individualism (importance of individual). Unique mission. Abraham Lincoln said in the Gettysburg address (1863), that Americans have a responsibility to make sure that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Cartigny, Switzerland Cartigny is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Neoconservatism (Japan) Neoconservatism in Japan refers to the new generation of Japanese conservatives. They are nationalistic and think Japan is unique and special. They think they are not responsible for Japan's conquests and wartime history, Japanese war crimes, the Nanjing Massacre, and the Japanese colonization of Korea. They want to change the Japanese constitution and remove Article 9. After losing WW2, Japan wrote into its constitution that it is not allowed to wage war. This is Article 9. The USA helped write it because he wanted to prevent Japan from ever attacking the US or any other country like when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. However Japanese neoconservatives want to restore the military in that they want to use the Japanese "Self-Defense" Forces to for more than just "self-defense". But this is against Article 9. Some like Shinzō Abe have visited the Yasukuni Shrine to honor Japanese soldiers who murdered and raped Koreans, Chinese, and other Asians. They do not like China and refuse to apologize for Imperial Japan's war crimes. They do not like Korea either, North or South. They do not think their relationship with Korea is special. Some like Shintaro Ishihara want fewer immigrants. Some want to ban foreigners from voting, and only "Japanese nationals" should have the right. Gy, Switzerland Gy is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland, near the border with France. Su Dingfang Su Dingfang (, 591–667) was a leading general of the Tang Dynasty. He won many battles. In 657 he destroyed the Western Turkic Khaganate. This expanded the Tang's western borders to their farthest extent (deep into Central Asia, close to modern Iran). In 660, he also conquered Baekje. He was born in Wuyi (武邑, modern Hengshui, Hebei). Western Turks. In spring 657, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to attack the Western Turks. He had the following friends to help him: The Tang took went north. Su defeated Chumukun first. Su had fewer than 20,000 men. Ashina Helu's army had nearly 100,000 men. Ashina Helu thought he could defeat Su easily. His army ran at Su but could not break through Su's defense: the front line pointed long spears. Su then counterattacked with cavalry, defeating Helu's army and killing and capturing several tens of thousands of men. Helu ran away. Su kept going. Many tribes of the Western Turks surrendered to Su, including the general Huluwu (胡祿屋), surrendered, and Ashina Helu fled along with his general Qulü (屈律). The rest surrendered to Ashina Buzhen. Su kept chasing Helu but ran into snow storms. Su's men said maybe they should wait for weather to get better. But Su said that Helu would be surprised if they attacked him. So Su and his army kept going. They joined Mishe and Buzhen, made a surprise attack on Helu, and captured or killed tens of thousands. But Helu fled to Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), a vassal of the Western Turks. But Shi did not want to be attacked and defeated by the Tang as well. So they just captured and handed Helu to the Tang. And so the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and brought Central Asia under Chinese control. Some Turks escaped west and became the Khazars in Russia. They did not come back. Su presented Helu to Emperor Gaozong. Gaozong spared Helu and promoted Su to major general. He also made Su the Duke of Xing and made his son Su Qingjie (蘇慶節) the Duke of Wuyi. Izgil. Duman (都曼) was a commander of the Izgil tribe (Old Turkic: , Chinese: Sijie 思結), under Tang rule. The Shule (疏勒), Zhujubo (朱俱波), and Yebantuo (謁般陀) were also Turkic kingdoms under Tang rule. They were around Kashgar, Xinjiang. In 659 they rebelled against the Tang. Duman got Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang). In winter 659, Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to Xinjiang. Once Su arrived he gathered 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horsesoldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman. Duman was surprised, and after Su defeated Duman, Duman retreated into Yutian. Su seiged the city, and Duman surrendered. In spring 660, Su took Duman to the eastern capital Luoyang. Su presented Duman to Gaozong. Some wanted Duman to be executed. But Su said Duman should be spared. Gaozong said that by law, Duman should die, but he would respect Su's promise and thus spared Duman. Tibet. The "Old Tibetan Annals", written in Classical Tibetan, was discovered at Dunhuang in the early 20th century. It says Su Dingfang fought the Tibetans in 659: "Da Rgyal Mang Po Rjes (Dayan Mangbuzhi) fought a battle with Su Dingfang of the Tang at the Dongdai 東岱 (a Tibetan regional administrative unit) of Wuhai 烏海 (southwest of Lake Qinghai). Da Rgyal was killed and his army of 80,000 men was defeated by 1,000 Tang troops." Baekje. In spring 660, Tang was allies with Silla, in the Korean Peninsula. Silla was being attacked by Baekje so Silla asked the Tang for help. The Tang sent help. Emperor Gaozong put Su in charge of the Silla-Tang combined army and navy. He, alongside Silla's King Muyeol, sent 100,000 soldiers to attack Baekje. In summer 660, Su left Chengshan (成山, in modern Weihai, Shandong) and crossed the Yellow Sea to Baekje. Baekje forces tried to prevent Tang forces from landing, but could not. The Tang directly attacked the Baekje capital Sabi and seiged it. Baekje surrendered, and the Tang annexed Baekje. In winter 660, Su brought prisoners to Emperor Gaozong in Luoyang. Emperor Gaozong released King Uija and the rest of the captives. Goguryeo. In winter 660, Su Dingfang, Qibi Heli (契苾何力), Liu Boying (劉伯英), Cheng Minzhen, and Silla allies attacked Baekje's ally Goguryeo. By fall 661, Su seiged Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang. By spring 662, general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) was killed. The Tang withdrew. But the Tang later came back with more troops and defeated Goguryeo in 668. Final years. Su died in 667. Liu Xu, the lead editor of the "Old Book of Tang", said of Su: Justyna Steczkowska Justyna Maria Steczkowska, also as Justyna (born 2 August 1972) is a Polish singer-songwriter, actress and violinist. Biography. She is a daughter of Danuta and Stanisław Steczkowski's. In 1990 she graduate music high school in the violin class. She gave up her studies to run her vocal career. At that time Steczkowska sang vocalises in rock groups. The breakthrough occurred in 1994 when 22 years old singer took part in tv music talent show "Szansa na sukces" (Chance for success) and won. She sang "Boskie Buenos" a song of a band Maanam, which leader was Kora Jackowska. In the same year she recorded her first song "Moja intymność" (My Intimacy). In 1995 she represented Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest. She sang her own song "Sama" (Alone) and she took the 18th place. Next she met Grzegorz Ciechowski - singer, music producer and leader of rock band Republika. One year later they released Justyna's debut album "Dziewczyna Szamana" (Shaman's Girl) with the same title single. In 90s she released also 2 albumes: "Naga" (Naked) and "Na koniec świata" (At the End of The World). In 1999 she played in the movie "At the End of The World". Since 2000 she released 14 albumes: "Dzień i noc" (Day and Night) with electronic sounds; "Mów do mnie jeszcze" (Talk To Me More) feat. actor Paweł Deląg - songs are poems by e.g. William Shakespeare; "Alkimja" with traditional jewish song in polish language; "Złota kolekcja: Moja intymność" (Gold Collection: My Intimacy), medley her the most famous songs; "Femme Fatale" with covers songs of Ewa Demarczyk, Dalida, Marilyn Monroe, Edith Piaf etc.; "Daj mi chwilę" (Give me a Moment) with her premiere repertoire; "Puchowe kołysanki" (Lullabies of Fluff) with lullabies wrote for her children; "To mój czas" (This is My Time) with pop music; "Mezalianse" (Misalliances) feat. Maciej Maleńczuk - songs from known in 50s and 60s XX century in Poland cabaret Kabaret starszych panów; "XV" with remastered cover her own songs; "Puchowe kołysanki 2" (Lullabies of Fluff 2) - continuation "Puchowe kołysanki"; "Anima" with spiritual and mistic trip hop ballads; "I na co mi to było?" (And What Was It For?) feat. Boban Marković - songs with balkan rhythms; "Maria Magdalena. All is love" - her first english language album, compilation of symphonic and electronic sounds. She is married with ex-model and architect Maciej Myszkowski (m. 2000) and they have 3 children: Leon (b. 2000), Stanisław (b. 2005) and Helena (b. 2013). Dogana Dogana is a town and a civil parish (curazia), whose name means 'Customs House'; it is found in the north-eastern corner of San Marino in the Serravalle municipality ('castello'). The town is the most populated settlement in the republic. Geography. The town is found at the northernmost point of San Marino after Falciano, close to the border with Italy, in the province of Rimini. History. It has a population of roughly 7,000. Because of its size, in 2006 it asked to split away from Serravalle and become its own "castello", but in 2007 the proposal was refused. Partial autonomy is seen in Dogana's having its own postal code (47891), while the rest of Serravalle carries 47899. Economy. Dogana is the main entry point for travellers arriving into San Marino from Italy (by freeway no. 72 from Rimini). Although "Dogana" means "customs house" in Italian, there are no border formalities anywhere on the border between Italy and San Marino. Sport. The local football team is the Juvenes. North Nicosia North Nicosia (Turkish: Kuzey "Lefkoşa)" is the capital and largest city of Northern Cyprus. North Nicosia is in the Turkish Cypriot side of the city, which contains half of the Old City. North Nicosia is governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. North Nicosia has a rich cultural heritage with the walled city boasting many historical sites and attractions. North Nicosia has a population of 61,378 and a metropolitan area with a population of 82,539. Social Democrats (Slovenia) The Social Democrats (, Slovene abbreviation: SD) is a centre-left political party in Slovenia, currently led by Dejan Židan. From 1993 until 2005, the party was known as the United List of Social Democrats (, Slovene abbreviation: ZLSD, ). Since 13 September 2018, the Social Democrats have been a coalition partner in the Šarec government. Nova Gorica Nova Gorica (; population: 13,852 ("town"); 21,082 ("incl. suburbs"); 31,000 ("municipality")) is a town and a municipality in western Slovenia, on the border with Italy. University of Nova Gorica University of Nova Gorica - UNG (), is the fourth university in Nova Gorica, Slovenia. Western Grove, Arkansas Western Grove is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Norman, Arkansas Norman is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Oak Grove Heights, Arkansas Oak Grove Heights is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Oak Grove, Carroll County, Arkansas Oak Grove is a town in the US state of Arkansas. The population was 369 at the 2010 census. Oakhaven, Arkansas Oakhaven is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Oden, Arkansas Oden is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Ogden, Arkansas Ogden is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Ozan, Arkansas Ozan is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Blevins, Arkansas Blevins is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Pineville, Arkansas Pineville is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Reed, Arkansas Reed is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Roe, Arkansas Roe is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Rose Bud, Arkansas Rose Bud is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Higginson, Arkansas Higginson is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Russell, Arkansas Russell is a city in the US state of Arkansas. West Point, Arkansas West Point is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Tupelo, Arkansas Tupelo is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Tucuruí Dam The Tucurui Dam is a dam for a hydroelectric power plant in Brazil. It is located in Tucurui province . It has a gravity wall constructed in the 1980s, and is one of the biggest hydroelectric dams in the world. Its constructiion started in the 1980s. It is located on Tocantins River. Weldon, Arkansas Weldon is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Campbell Station, Arkansas Campbell Station is a city in Arkansas in the United States. Rosston, Arkansas Rosston is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Willisville, Arkansas Willisville is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Jasper County, South Carolina Jasper County is the county in the state of South Carolina, United States As of the 2010 census, 24,777 people lived there. Its county seat is Ridgeland. Alfred Freddy Krupa Alfred Freddy Krupa (Krūppa) (born 14 June 1971, Karlovac, Yugoslavia) is a Croatian contemporary painter. Multidisciplinary artist Alfred Freddy Krupa is considered a pioneering force in the New Ink Art movement, for which he has gained international recognition. As of October 2020 with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Historical Popularity Index (HPI) of 47.05, Alfred Freddy Krupa is the 80th most famous living painter, the 5th most famous Croatian Painter, and the most famous living Croatian Painter. Krupa graduated in 1995 at the Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb. Krupa also studied Art History (non-degree research) at the University of Zagreb (1997,1998) and in 1998/99 as the postgraduate research student at the Tokyo Gakugei University (東京学芸大学) or Gakudai (学大). Krupas work has attracted public and professional attention from the beginning. For the first time his name was introduced to the general public in 1990 at the then mega-popular Yugoslav weekly "Vikend/Weekend". In the same year his first solo exhibition was held. Since early 1990's A.F. Krupa exhibited frequently and his works are part of a number of important collections worldwide. Artfacts.net Global Artists Historical Ranking (all media) positioned A. F. Krupa around the 1300th place in 1997 based on the international exhibition history, with the similar rank for around 2 decades and in the TOP 10 Modern Ink painters (the list published on 22/02/2019). His works (notably contemporary watercolors, inks and portraits) has been presented at 6 continents in over 20 countries winning a number of awards. In 2018 Krupa has become the first living Croatian artist to be included on Ranker’s list of famous painters. Ranker is popular Los Angeles based digital media company. Alfred Freddy Krupa is also known for his theoretical works related to the contemporary practice of the Modern Ink painting. As interesting fact mention Krupa wears an Omega Seamaster Automatic Compressor 1970 since 1986. It is in his family for nearly 50 years, previously owned by his grandfather famous artist and inventor Alfred Krupa Sr. Kevin Roche Eamonn Kevin Roche (June 14, 1922 – March 1, 2019) was an Irish-born American architect. He was born in Dublin. His career was based in New Haven, Connecticut. He designed over 200 built projects in both the U.S. and abroad. His projects include eight museums, 38 corporate headquarters, seven research facilities, performing arts centers, theaters, and campus buildings for six universities. In 1967 he created the master plan for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Islamic wings. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1982. Roche died on March 1, 2019 at his home in Guilford, Connecticut, aged 96. Guilford, Connecticut Guilford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 22,375 at the 2010 census. In 2015 the population stands at 22,413 people. It was named one of the top 100 places to live in the United States by "Money" magazine in 2005. Arnulf Baring Arnulf Baring (8 May 1932 – 2 March 2019) was a German lawyer, journalist, political scientist, contemporary historian and author. He was a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers. He was born in Dresden. Baring worked at the Bundespräsidialamt (Office of the German President) from 1976 to 1979. He received the Commander Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ("Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland") in 1998. Baring died on 2 March 2019 in Berlin, aged 86. Fred Hill (coach) Fred Hill Sr. (July 15, 1934 – March 2, 2019) was an American football coach. He was the head baseball coach at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey from 1984 through 2013. He earned 13 NCAA Baseball Tournament bids at the school. Hill was also a head baseball and football coach for the Montclair State University Red Hawks in Upper Montclair, New Jersey. He compiled an overall college baseball coaching record of 1,089–749–9. He was born in East Orange, New Jersey. Hill died on March 2, 2019 in Piscataway, New Jersey at the age of 84. Ivar Nilsson Ivar Bengt Nilsson (12 June 1933 – 26 February 2019) was a Swedish speed skater. He was born in Göteborg, Sweden. He won a bronze all-round medal at the 1962 world championships. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Winter Olympics in 1,500 m, 5,000 m and 10,000 m events with his best achievement having been a fourth place finish in the 10,000 m event in 1960. Nilsson died on 26 February 2019 at the age of 85. Channel catfish The channel catfish (scientific name:"Ictalurus punctatus"), also called the channel cat, is a species of catfish. It is the official fish of several States of the United States (US). They are Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee. In the US, it is the most fished catfish species. Xabier Arzalluz Javier Arzalluz Antia (24 August 1932 – 28 February 2019) was a Spanish politician. He was leader of the Basque Nationalist Party from 1979 until 2004. He was a nationalist and a Christian Democrat. He was born in Azcoitia, Basque Country. Besides his political role, he had also been a professor of Constitutional Law (in the Basque language) at the University of Deusto in Bilbao until 1999. Roger Carel Roger Carel (born Roger Bancharel; 14 August 1927 – 11 September 2020) was a French actor. He was known for his role as Asterix, the French voice of "Star Wars"' C-3PO, and the French voice of Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, and Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh. He also voiced Wally Gator, Mickey Mouse, Yogi Bear, Kermit the Frog, Heathcliff, Foghorn Leghorn, ALF and many other famous characters in French. He was born in Paris, France. Carel died at his home in Aigre, France on 11 September 2020, aged 93. Francisco Macri Francesco "Franco" Macri (15 April 1930 – 2 March 2019) was an Italian-Argentine businessman. He was the father of Argentine president Mauricio Macri. He was born in Rome, Italy. He co-founded a nationalist party, "L'Uomo Qualunque" ("The Common Man"). Macri, along with his son, were involved in the Panama Papers scandal. He worked in real estate in Buenos Aires and New York City. Macri died on 2 March 2019 in Buenos Aires, aged 88. María Ignacia Benítez María Ignacia Benítez (1 August 1958 – 28 February 2019) was a Chilean politician. She was Minister of the Environment between 2010 and 2014. She was born in Viña del Mar in Chile. Benítez was married and had three children. She died of pancreatic cancer in Santiago de Chile on 28 February 2019, aged 60. Norma Paulus Norma Jean Paulus (née Petersen; March 13, 1933 – February 28, 2019) was an American lawyer and politician. She was born in Belgrade, Nebraska. She was a member of the Republican Party. Paulus was the Oregon Secretary of State from 1977 to 1985. Paulus ran in the Republican primary for the United States Senate in 1995 after Bob Packwood resigned. She lost the primary to Gordon H. Smith. Paulus died on February 28, 2019 at her home in Portland, Oregon of complications from vascular dementia, aged 85. Bombus lapidarius Bombus lapidarius is the red-tailed bumblebee. They are solitary bees usually found in holes in walls and the ground. The "Bombus lapidarius" usually emerges in early spring and hibernates from around august to march. A male or drone has a yellow head and a squared off tail whereas the female has a rounder tail and a black head. The bee lives nearly all over the globe and is most commonly found in Europe. They have a reasonably mild temprament and do not sting unless they feel threatened. They collect nectar from wildflowers such as heather and daisies. "Bombus lapidarius" lay their eggs in tubes and holes and cover the entrance with soil and leaf litter to hinder predators. The larvae chew through this layer and emerge as small bees. The "Bombus lapidarius" can live for up to 3 years depending on weather conditions. Wolff–Kishner reduction The Wolff–Kishner reduction is an organic process of reducing carbonyl groups; usually ketones and aldehydes to alkanes. It is carried out in presence of solvent to speed up reaction. It is carried out in basic medium. Thus, it can not be used for base sensitive reagents. It is named after by Nikolai Kischner and Ludwig Wolff. Ambroise-Paré Hospital The Hôpital Ambroise-Paré is a hospital in the Boulogne-Billancourt, close to Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1923. He is partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Vice President of Turkey The Vice President of Turkey, is the second highest office holder in Turkey. Turkeys new Vice Presidential office and Executive system was created when approved by vote it June 2018 and it abolished the office of the Prime Minister of Turkey. The current Vice President is Fuat Oktay who took office on 10 July 2018. Rudy, Arkansas Rudy is a town in the US state of Arkansas. St. Paul, Arkansas St. Paul is a town in the US state of Arkansas. It has a population of 113 according to the 2010 census data. The town is located at the edge of Northwest Arkansas region. Sherrill, Arkansas Sherrill is a town in the US state of Arkansas. South Lead Hill, Arkansas South Lead Hill is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Springtown, Arkansas Springtown is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Success, Arkansas Success is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Widener, Arkansas Widener is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Tillar, Arkansas Tillar is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Tull, Arkansas Tull is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Valley Springs, Arkansas Valley Springs is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Vandervoort, Arkansas Vandervoort is a town of Polk County in the state of Arkansas in the United States. Wheatley, Arkansas Wheatley is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Williford, Arkansas Williford is a town in the US state of Arkansas. Altus, Arkansas Altus is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Austin, Arkansas Austin is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Bay, Arkansas Bay is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Belleville, Arkansas Belleville is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Hundwil Hundwil is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Dungan people The Dungan people are ethnic Muslims that came from from China who live in regions of the former Soviet Union and Xinjiang. Their ancestors are the Hui people in China. Russians and Turkic-speaking peoples call them Dungan, but the Dungan call themselves Hui because that is what their ancestors called themselves. The Dungan language came from Mandarin Chinese, and it is most like the dialects in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China. The Dungan call their language the Hui language. Like Chinese, it is a tonal language. However, it is different from Chinese because it uses some words that are no longer used in Chinese dialects today. There are also many Arabic and Persian loanwords. Unlike Chinese, it is written using Cyrillic instead of Chinese characters. Cyclopropane Cyclopropane is the cycloalkane molecule with the formula , with three carbon atoms connected to each other in a ring structure, and each carbon atom being connected to two hydrogen atoms. The ring is very small, and ring strain can take place because of this. Cyclopropane is an anesthetic, meaning inhaling large quantities of the gas form that evaporates can send somebody to sleep, however today, other chemicals are used by medical professionals. It is also very reactive, and can explode when mixed with oxygen. Cyclohexane Cyclohexane is the cycloalkane molecule with the formula , with 6 carbon atoms connected to each other in a ring shape, and each connected to two hydrogen atoms. It is used when making adipic acid and caprolactam, which can them be used to make nylon. It has no color and is flammable. Dungan language The Dungan language is the native language of the Dungan people, a ethnic group living in regions of the former Soviet Union and Xinjiang who are descendants of Hui people. The Dungan call their own language the Hui language. It is a daughter language of Mandarin Chinese based on Gansu and Shaanxi dialects, and speakers of both dialects can largely understand each other. This is called mutual intelligibilty. Like Chinese, it is both tonal and analytic. However, differences between Dungan and Chinese are that Dungan is written in Cyrillic instead of Chinese characters and there are differences in vocabulary. Dungan has more Arabic and Persian loanwords and several terms are no longer used in Standard Chinese. Analytic language An analytic language is a language that organizes words and grammar by a strict word order instead of inflections, or word endings that show grammar. Examples of analytic languages include Chinese, English, Vietnamese, Thai, Khmer, and Lao. In Chinese, sentences are mostly in the SVO (subject-verb-object) word order. So the sentence must be "I eat noodles", not "I noodles eat" or "eat I noodles". In Chinese this is written as 我吃面条. The verb 吃 (pronounced "chī," meaning: "eat") does not change based on the subject "I" or the object "noodles", and likewise the subject 我 (pronounced "wǒ," meaning: "I") and object 面条 (pronounced "miàntiáo," meaning: "noodle/noodles") do not have any special word endings based on its role or number. What is important is that all the words are in the correct order. Modern English does have some inflections based on the subject (the verb "eat" becomes "eats" when the subject is a third person "he/she/it") and number ("noodle" is singular while "noodles" is plural), but aside from that, there are almost none. Therefore, Modern English is mostly an analytic language. Modern English has far fewer inflections that almost all other Indo-European languages, such as Spanish, German, and Russian. Old English was an inflectional language and content words could have several different word endings, much like German today. However, England was taken over by speakers of other languages, especially French, Danish, and Latin, and since the new rulers became second language speakers of English, the grammar simplified to what it is today. Keith Flint Keith Charles Flint (17 September 1969 – 4 March 2019) was a British singer in the group The Prodigy. He was the lead singer of the group for several years and sang on the hit songs "Firestarter" , "Breathe" and "Smack My Bitch Up". He was born in Redbridge, London and grew up in Springfield, Essex, England. Keith was found dead at his home in Great Dunmow, Essex on 4 March 2019, at the age of 49. The cause of death was ruled as death by hanging. On 8 May 2019, the coroner’s officer, Linda Calder, ruled that there was not enough evidence for a suicide verdict. Dehradun Dehradun () is the capital city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. The city is in the foothills of the Himalayas and known for its beautiful landscape. Sprachbund A sprachbund is a group of languages spoken in the same area. They become similar because the speakers live close to each other. They constantly communicate with each other. Because similarities in the languages develop, they sometimes seem to be in the same language family. For example, in India, where there are hundreds or thousands of languages and dialects spoken, the languages often adopt similar grammar structures, vocabulary, and sounds. Indians often communicate with people who have a different first language from themselves. In East Asia, since China introduced writing to nearby countries, especially Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. This area is called the sinosphere, or the Chinese sphere of influence. Not only did speakers of East Asian languages learn to by write using Chinese characters, but they also borrowed many loanwords from Chinese as well. Linguists used to believe that languages like Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish, and Finnish were part of the Altaic language family. This was because of similar features like SVO (subject-verb-object) word order and agglutinating grammar. However, most linguists no longer believe that the Altaic language family ever existed. The languages became more similar over time, whereas most related languages become more different over time. It is possible that these languages are part of a sprachbund. East Asian cultural sphere The East Asian cultural sphere, Sinosphere, or Chinese sphere of influence, is a region in Asia that has many influences from Chinese culture. These including the use of Chinese characters, clothing, art, food, inventions, social structures, government structures, religious ideas, and many other influences. The area is made of the Greater China region (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Singapore, and sometimes Mongolia and Vietnam (depending on who you ask). Since China had a very large trade network, it was able to easily share its goods and ideas across Eurasia, and especially its neighboring countries in East Asia. At one point, all the countries wrote only using Chinese characters, but nowadays, only Chinese and Japanese speakers write using Chinese characters in everyday life. All the other countries either created a new writing system (Korea and Mongolia), or replaced Chinese characters with a different, already existing writing system (Mongolia, again, and Vietnam). Nonetheless, the languages of each country still have many Chinese loanwords. Greater China Greater China is the name of all the regions that both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) claim (though may not not completely control). This includes mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The PRC controls mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, while the ROC controls Taiwan. Each of these regions have their own passport, currency, travel rules, labor laws, and constitutions. General Secretary Xi Jinping added Xi Jinping Thought into the Communist Party's constitution during the Communist Party of China's 19th Congress (the 19th time it held elections), and one part of it says that all of China must reunite as one country. Waccabuc, New York Waccabuc is a hamlet and lake in the town of Lewisboro, Westchester County, New York. Waccabuc is known as "New York's Secret Suburb". Waccabuc is known by many outside of the town for its Castle Rock. Chinese loanwords Chinese loanwords are loanwords borrowed into non-Chinese languages, especially East Asian languages. Since China introduced writing to the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, each language had also borrowed many Chinese loanwords. Since all the languages have very different sound systems from each other, they all have different systems for pronouncing Chinese loanwords (though there are many words that sound similar to each other). These are called Sino-Xenic pronunciations. These are similar to how loanwords from Latin and French sound differently when spoken in English. At one point, all these languages only wrote in Chinese characters. Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that writes in Chinese characters in everyday life. Chinese characters, or "kanji" in Japanese, can be used to write both native Japanese words and Chinese loanwords. Today, Korean uses Chinese characters, or "hanja" in Korean, only for Chinese loanwords (when writing only in hangul is too ambiguous) and writing out one's own name. Today, Vietnamese does not use Chinese characters at all, but only uses the Latin alphabet, or "chữ Quốc ngữ" in Vietnamese. Chinese characters are only used as a decoration in Vietnam today, and they are studied by only a few Vietnamese. Sino-Xenic pronunciations in different East Asian languages. This chart will compare the pronunciations of Chinese vocabulary terms in Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. John Hickenlooper 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of John Hickenlooper officially began on March 4, 2019, in a campaign video titled “Standing Tall” was released announcing the campaign. Before announcing his campaign, Hickenlooper was widely speculated to run for president in 2020. Hickenlooper formally launched his campaign on March 7, 2019, in Denver, Colorado. He ended his campaign on August 15, 2019 in order to focus on a senate run against Senator Cory Gardner. Governor of Colorado The Governor of Colorado is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Colorado. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Colorado's state government. The governor is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Colorado General Assembly and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason or impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current governor is Democrat Jared Polis, who took office on January 8, 2019. Bradford, Arkansas Bradford is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Briarcliff, Arkansas Briarcliff is a city in the US state of Arkansas. List of governors of Montana The Governor of Montana is the head of the executive branch of Montana's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Montana State Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons and reprieves. Governors of Montana. Dem Democratic (15) Rep Republican (10) Caldwell, Arkansas Caldwell is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Calion, Arkansas Calion is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Caraway, Arkansas Caraway is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Havana, Arkansas Havana is a city in Arkansas in the United States. Peter van Gestel Peter van Gestel (3 August 1937 – 1 March 2019) was a Dutch writer. He was born in Amsterdam. In 1976 he published the book "Ver van huis" under the pseudonym Sander Joosten. He made his debut in children's literature with "Schuilen onder je schooltas" in 1979. He received the Vlag en Wimpel award for this book. Carthage, Arkansas Carthage is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Cherry Valley, Arkansas Cherry Valley is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Keith Davis Keith Davis (21 May 1930 – 2 March 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played for both New Zealand and New Zealand Māori. He played for Auckland, and won the Ranfurly Shield in his first ever provincial game. He retired in 1959. His time with the team included matches against both South Africa and the British Lions. Davis was awarded the Tom French Cup for Māori player of the year in 1952, 1953 and 1954. Davis died on 2 March 2019, aged 88. Chidester, Arkansas Chidester is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Colt, Arkansas Colt is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Clarkedale, Arkansas Clarkedale is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Werner Schneyder Werner Schneyder (25 January 1937 – 2 March 2019) was an Austrian cabaret performer, journalist, writer, actor, stage director, television presenter and sports reporter. He performed cabaret in duo with Dieter Hildebrandt from 1974 to 1982. He presented "Das aktuelle Sportstudio" of the ZDF from 1975, and a series about boxing for RTL from 1992 to 1992. Schneyder was found dead at his home in Vienna on 2 March 2019, aged 82. East Camden, Arkansas East Camden is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Ed Bickert Edward Isaac Bickert, (November 29, 1932 – February 28, 2019) was a Canadian jazz guitarist. He was born in Hochfeld, Manitoba, Canada. He was a sideman for Ron Collier, Moe Koffman, Phil Nimmons, and Rob McConnell. He worked with American musicians when they toured in Toronto such as Ruby Braff, Paul Desmond, and Frank Rosolino. Bickert won a Juno Award for Best Jazz Recording, "Sackville 4005" with Don Thompson in 1980. He was honored with the Order of Canada in 1996. Bickert died in Toronto, Ontario on February 28, 2019 from lung cancer at the age of 86. Juan Corona Juan Vallejo Corona (February 7, 1934 – March 4, 2019) was a Mexican-born American serial killer who was convicted of the murders of 25 migrant farm workers. They were found buried in shallow graves in peach orchards along the Feather River in Sutter County, California, in 1971. At the time, the crimes were characterized as among the most notorious in U.S. history. The exact victim total remains unknown and may be higher, according to local authorities. He was born in Autlán, Jalisco. Corona was convicted of 25 counts of first-degree murder in 1973. In 1982, he was again found guilty of all 25 homicides. He served a life sentence in Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California. Corona suffered from dementia in his later years. He died on March 4, 2019 near Corcoran, California from complications of the disease, aged 85. Corcoran, California Corcoran is a city in Kings County, California, United States. Corcoran is south-southeast of Hanford. It is part of the Hanford–Corcoran Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 24,813 (2010 census). Rafael Torija de la Fuente Rafael Torija de la Fuente (18 March 1927 – 2 March 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Noez, Spain. Torija de la Fuente was ordained to the priesthood in 1952. He was titular bishop of ""Ursona" and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santander, Spain, from 1969 to 1976. He then was the terriorial prelate of the Ciudad Real and auxiliary bishop of "Dora" from 1976 to 1980. In his later years, he was the first bishop of the Diocese of Ciudad Real from 1980 to 2003. He resigned and retired in 2003. Torija de la Fuente died on 2 March 2019 in Real Madrid, aged 91. Urnäsch Urnäsch is a municipality in Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Teufen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Teufen is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Anderson County, South Carolina Anderson County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 187,126 people lived there. Its county seat is Anderson. Anderson, South Carolina Anderson is a city in and the county seat of Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 26,686 at the 2010 census. Speicher Speicher is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, in Switzerland. Schwellbrunn Schwellbrunn is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Sam Mayo Sam Mayo (1881-1938) was an English entertainer, who worked in the music hall business. Life. Born in London on 31 July 1881, Mayo first worked in his father's shop while also getting sporting bets and singing in local pubs and clubs with his brothers. Mayo married Zillah Flash (performing name: Stella Stanley) in Brighton on 13 August 1904. His life-long addiction of gambling made him bankrupt three times. Mayo died in London on 31 March 1938. Career. Mayo developed a unique comic style as a music hall singer. Dressed in a dressing gown, or housecoat, he sang emotionless at the piano with nonsensical humour. He became known as "The Immobile One". Mayo mostly wrote his own songs and gave other entertainers, such as Ernie Mayne, with material. He held the record for appearing at the biggest number of concerts in a single evening: nine performances at nine London venues on the evening of 21 January 1905. Trivia. The noted writer Katherine Mansfield quoted Mayo's lyrics in a letter from 1 November 1920. Johnny Romano John Anthony Romano Jr. (August 23, 1934 – February 24, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Chicago White Sox (1958–59, 1965–66), Cleveland Indians (1960–1964) and St. Louis Cardinals (1967). He threw and batted right-handed. Romano was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. Romano died on February 24, 2019 in Naples, Florida at the age of 84. Oakland Charter Township, Michigan The Charter Township of Oakland is a charter township on the north Oakland County outskirts of Metro Detroit, in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 16,779 at the 2010 census. Peter Hurford Peter Hurford OBE (22 November 1930 – 3 March 2019) was a British organist and composer. He was born in Minehead, Somerset. He was best known for his interpretations of Bach. He worked for Decca and BBC Radio 3. Hurford was appointed organist of Holy Trinity Church, Leamington Spa from 1956 to 1957. Hurford died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on 3 March 2019, aged 83. World Trade Center World Trade Center may mean: Rosaly Lopes Rosaly M. C. Lopes (born January 8, 1957 in Rio de Janeiro) is a geologist and a volcanologist. She is involved in the research of planets. She has authored many scientific papers as well as several books. She also supports education. Her key scientific research areas are Planets and Earth science focusing on volcanoes. Media. Selected documentaries and TV shows of Lopes include: Raisen district Raisen District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state of India. The town of Raisen is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bhopal Division. Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies is the first international university located at Sanchi Town. Barnwell County, South Carolina Barnwell County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,621. Its county seat is Barnwell. Barnwell County is part of the Augusta Metropolitan Area. Laurens County, South Carolina Laurens County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 66,537 people lived there. Its county seat is Laurens. The county was formed in 1785 and named after Henry Laurens, the fifth president of the Continental Congress. Damascus, Arkansas Damascus is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Broken Arrow. Broken Arrow was an accident where a Titan missile exploded but no one was hurt. Dyer, Arkansas Dyer is a city in the US state of Arkansas. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> Channing, Texas Channing is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Hartley County. Gais Gais () is a village and a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. The main sights are: the Protestant church of 1782, the former spa hotel "Neuer Ochsen" of 1796 and the "Krone" inn of 1781. In 1977, Gais received the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage. Villages. Gais, Rotenwies, Rietli, Zwislen, Schachen, Stoss, Strahlholz, Steinleuten, Gäbris, Kürstein, Schwäbrig, Sommersberg and Hirschberg. Grub, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Grub is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Heiden, Switzerland Heiden is a village and a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Lutzenberg Lutzenberg is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Rehetobel Rehetobel is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Walzenhausen Walzenhausen is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Greenland, Arkansas Greenland is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Elkins, Arkansas Elkins is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Elm Springs, Arkansas Elm Springs is a city of Benton and Washington counties in the state of Arkansas in the United States. Hughes, Arkansas Hughes is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Commerce Township, Michigan Commerce Township, officially the Charter Township of Commerce, is a charter township of Oakland County, and suburb of Detroit, located in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 40,186 at the 2010 census. Jim Whittaker James W. Whittaker (born February 10, 1929), also known as Jim Whittaker, is an American mountaineer, autobiographer and mountain guide. On May 1, 1963 he became the first American to reach the summit of Mount Everest as a member of the American Mount Everest Expedition led by Norman Dyhrenfurth. They ran out of oxygen but managed to reach the summit. Once there, Whittaker planted a U.S. flag at the top. Tim Green Timothy John Green (born December 16, 1963) is a retired professional American football player, lawyer, a radio and television personality, and a best-selling author. He was a linebacker and defensive end with the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League 1986 to 1993. He was a commentator for National Public Radio and the former host of the 2005 revival of "A Current Affair" on Fox. Green also wrote children's books. Green's book "Football Genius" made "The New York Times" best-seller list of children's chapter books. Green was born in Liverpool, New York. He studied at Syracuse University. In November 2018, Green was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oblique type Oblique type is a form of type that slants slightly to the right. It is used for the same purposes as italic type. But unlike italic type, it does not use different glyph shapes. It uses the same glyphs as Roman type, except slanted. Type designers have called oblique as less organic and calligraphic than italics. That may be preferred in some situations. Many sans serif typefaces use oblique designs instead of italic ones. This is especially true with grotesque designs like Helvetica. Soyuz 11 Soyuz 11 was a manned space mission. It was the only mission to live on Salyut 1, the first space station. It was a backup mission of Soyuz 10, which was failed to dock. The mission killed three men in space when it lost air pressure during re-entry of the atmosphere. They were Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev. Crew. Crew notes. An X-ray testing of the original crew found that Kubasov might have tuberculosis. According to the mission rules, the backup crew replaced the original crew. Dobrovolski and Patsayev never flew to space before. Kubasov and Leonov became the crew to Soyuz 19 for the Apollo-Soyuz in 1975. Death of crew. On 30 June 1971, after returing to the Earth of the capsule, the recovery team knocked on the side. There was no . Opening the hatch, they found all three men in their couches, no motion. There had dark-blue patches on their faces and trails of blood from their noses and ears. They brought them out from the capsule. Dobrovolsky was still warm. According to their reports, the reason of death was suffocation. The cosmonauts were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow near the remains of Yuri Gagarin. US astronaut Tom Stafford was one of the pallbearers. They were also each awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal. Duke of Cambridge Duke of Cambridge is one of eight current dukedoms in the United Kingdom. Since 2011, it has been held by Prince William, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King Charles III and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. Prince George is the heir to this dukedom. House of Oldenburg The House of Oldenburg belongs to the royal family of Greece, Denmark and the United Kingdom. King Constantine II and his descendants and Queen of Denmark and her descendants, The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Prince of Greece, Denmark and the United Kingdom and his descendants belongs to this house. Absolute space and time Absolute space and time are concepts used by Aristotle and by Newton. They are still used in classical mechanics. Even in Newtonian mechanics, the notion of inertial frame of reference is used. The concepts of space and time were separate before special relativity theory, which connected the two. It showed both to be dependent upon the reference frame's motion. In Einstein's theories, the ideas of absolute time and space were replaced by the idea of spacetime in special relativity, and curved spacetime in general relativity. János Koós János Koós (born Kupsa; 20 November 1937 – 2 March 2019) was a Hungarian pop singer. He became successful in the 1960s after participation in the talent show "Táncdalfesztivál". Koós was born in Bucharest, Romania. He played for the Wind Band of the National Tax and Customs Administration between 1957 and 1960. He started his solo singer career in 1960, performing the schlagers of Vico Torriani. He adopted the Koós stage name by that time. Koós died on 2 March 2019 in Budapest, aged 81. José Pedro Pérez-Llorca José Pedro Pérez-Llorca Rodrigo (30 November 1940 – 6 March 2019), was a Spanish lawyer and politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1980 to 1982. He was also one of the Fathers of the Constitution of 1978 and had a key role during his nation's transition to democracy. He was born in Cadiz, Spain. Pérez-Llorca died on 6 March 2019 in Madrid, aged 78. Robert DeProspero Robert Lee "Bob" DeProspero (December 31, 1938 – March 4, 2019) was an American civil servant. He was born in Morgantown, West Virginia. He was the United States Secret Service agent from 1965 to 1986. In 1981 after the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, he took charge of Reagan's security detail. The following year, DeProspero was appointed to head the Presidential Protective Division. DeProspero died on March 4, 2019 at the age of 81 in Scottsdale, Arizona from amyloidosis, aged 80. Jean Starobinski Jean Starobinski (17 November 1920 – 4 March 2019) was a Swiss literary critic. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland. His works on medicine and psychiatry brought him to study the history of melancholia (notably in the "Trois Fureurs", 1974). He was the first scholar to publish work (in 1964) on Ferdinand de Saussure's study of anagrams. Starobinski was a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. Starobinski died on 4 March 2019 in Morges, Switzerland, aged 98. Chu Shijian Chu Shijian (; 17 January 1928 – 5 March 2019) was a Chinese business executive and entrepreneur. He was known as the "king of tobacco" and the "king of oranges". He turned the near-bankrupt Yuxi Cigarette Factory into one of China's most richest state-owned companies and developed the Hongtashan cigarette into one of the country's most valuable brands. He was convicted of embezzlement in 1997 and sentenced to life imprisonment. After being released on medical parole in 2002, he started his second company at age 75, an orange plantation with the brand name "Chu Orange". It was again highly successful and he became known as the "orange king". He was born in Yuxi, Yunnan, Republic of China. On 5 March 2019, Chu died from complications from diabetes at a Yuxih ospital, aged 91. Jacques Loussier Jacques Loussier (26 October 1934 – 5 March 2019) was a French pianist and composer. He was well known for his jazz works in trio formation of many of Johann Sebastian Bach's works, such as in the "Goldberg Variations". He was born in Angers, France. Loussier worked in movies and television such as "Heaven on One's Head" (1965), "Living It Up" (1966), "The Killing Game" (1967), "Dark of the Sun" (1968), "Monique" (1970) and "The Man Who Went Up in Smoke" (1980). He was known for creating the theme tune for the popular 1960s French TV series "Thierry La Fronde". In March 2002, Loussier filed a $10 million lawsuit against rapper Eminem and "The Marshall Mathers LP" executive producer Dr. Dre, claiming that the beat for the track "Kill You" was stolen from his composition "Pulsion". The case was settled out of court. Loussier died on 5 March 2019 at the age of 84. Carmen Yulín Cruz Carmen Yulín Cruz Soto (born February 25, 1963) is a Puerto Rican politician. She was the mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2020. From 2009 through 2013, Cruz served in the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico. Cruz ran for Resident Commissioner in the 2020 elections. After Héctor Ferrer died in November 2018, Cruz became the leading candidate to run for Governor of Puerto Rico. Cruz became known for her dealings in San Juan during Hurricane Maria and how she and President Donald Trump engaged in a Twitter feud. As a result, she was nominated as a candidate for "Time"s Person of the Year. On February 21, 2019, Cruz endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders' second presidential bid and joined as one of its four national co-chairs. Foreman, Arkansas Foreman is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Gillett, Arkansas Gillett is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Gilmore, Arkansas Gilmore is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Gould, Arkansas Gould is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Grady, Arkansas Grady is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Erica Jong Erica Jong (née Mann; born March 26, 1942) is an American novelist, satirist, and poet. She is known for her 1973 novel "Fear of Flying". The book became controversial for its claims towards female sexuality. According to "Washington Post", it has sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Jong was born in New York City. She studied at Barnard College and at Columbia University. Grannis, Arkansas Grannis is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Greenbrier, Arkansas Greenbrier is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Greenway, Arkansas Greenway is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Greers Ferry, Arkansas Greers Ferry is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Grubbs, Arkansas Grubbs is a city in Jackson County, Arkansas. Richard B. Spencer Richard Bertrand Spencer (born May 11, 1978) is an American white supremacist. He is president of the National Policy Institute (NPI), a white supremacist think tank, as well as Washington Summit Publishers. Spencer does not believe that he is a white supremacist and calls himself a white nationalist. He has been called a neo-Nazi. Spencer created the term "alt-right", which he thinks is a movement about "white identity". Spencer was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Dallas, Texas and in Whitefish, Montana. Spencer studied at the University of Virginia and at the University of Chicago. Like many white supremacists, he supported Donald Trump when he ran for president in 2016. However, by 2020 he felt it was a bad choice. He decided to support Joe Biden in the 2020 elections, but Biden's team said he didn't want his support. Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (5 March 1968 – 13 December 2020) was a Swazi business executive and politician. He was the tenth Prime Minister of Eswatini from October 2018 until his death in December 2020. He was the CEO of Swazi MTN. On October 27, 2018, King Mswati III announced in a gathering at the royal kraal at Lobamba that Dlamini would be the country’s next Prime Minister. Dlamini tested positive for COVID-19 on 15 November 2020 and was hospitalized eight days later after developing mild symptoms. He died at a hospital in South Africa on 13 December at the age of 52. According to the Constitution of Eswatini, Masuku will serve as acting prime minister for a maximum period of three months. Mswati III Mswati III (born as Prince Makhosetive on 19 April 1968) is the King of Eswatini and head of the Swazi Royal Family. He was born in Manzini, Eswatini, to King Sobhuza II. Mswati was supported by apartheid South Africa early on during his rule. In the 21st century, he has been criticized by many activists for how he runs Eswatini. He is a polygamist who forced Swazi women to marry him and has put people in prison for being critical of his government in newspapers. Benny Gantz Benjamin "Benny" Gantz (; born 9 June 1959) is an Israeli politician and general. In March 2020, Gantz was elected Speaker of the Knesset. He was the 20th Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces from 14 February 2011 to 16 February 2015. In May 2020, he became the Alternate Prime Minister of Israel. Gantz was set to become Prime Minister on 17 November 2021, however after a coalition government was formed in June 2021, Naftali Bennett became prime minister with Yair Lapid as the alternate. Since 13 June 2021, Gantz has been both justice minister and deputy prime minister in the Bennett-Lapid Government. Early life. Gantz was born in Kfar Ahim, Israel, in 1959. His mother Malka was a Holocaust survivor. His father was arrested by the British authorities for trying to enter Palestine illegally. His parents were among the founders of Moshav Kfar Ahim, a cooperative agricultural community in south-central Israel. He has a bachelor's degree in history from Tel Aviv University, a master's degree in political science from the University of Haifa, and an additional master's degree in National Resources Management from the National Defense University in the United States. Chief of the General Staff. On 13 February 2011, the Israeli government unanimously approved Gantz to be the next IDF chief of staff. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated in the weekly Cabinet meeting in Jerusalem that Gantz was an "excellent officer and experienced commander, and had rich operational and logistical experience, with all the attributes needed to be a successful army commander". In his first year as Chief of the General Staff, Gantz appointed the IDF's first-ever female major-general, Orna Barbivai. In July 2011, Gantz appointed a special committee to talk about a controversy that had started after a concerning mention of the word "Elohim", "God", in the military Yizkor prayer. The committee determined that a passage should read "Yizkor 'Am Yisrael", "May the Nation of Israel remember", and not "Yizkor Elohim", "May God remember". Gantz supported the committee's ruling. Gantz commanded the IDF when it fought against Palestinian factions in Gaza and Operation Protective Edge. Business career. Gantz was the chairman of the Fifth Dimension which specialized in tracking via smartphone spyware. The company closed due to financial reasons. Party founder. In December 2018, he created a new political party named Israel Resilience (Hosen L'Yisrael). The party later merged with Telem and Yesh Atid to form Kachol Lavan. 2020 election. On 20 April 2020, Gantz and Benjamin Netanyahu announced an agreement on a unity government had been reached following the 2020 legislative election. The deal would involve both parties splitting power and Gantz and Netanyahu taking turns being prime minister. The deal says Gantz will be Vice Prime Minister until October 2021, by then he will become Prime Minister. Knesset speaker. On 26 March 2020, Gantz was elected as Knesset speaker, replacing Likud's Yuli-Yoel Edelstein who resigned. He vowed that he would not serve under 'corrupt leader' who faces criminal charges. Netanyahu-Gantz Government. On 17 May 2020, Gantz became Defense Minister and also Vice Prime Minister in the Netanyahu-Gantz Government. Personal life. Gantz is married to Revital, with whom he has four children. He lives in Rosh HaAyin. Brian Cox Brian Cox may refer to: Leaving Neverland Leaving Neverland is a 2019 documentary movie directed and produced by British filmmaker Dan Reed. It focuses on two men, Wade Robson and James Safechuck, who allege they were sexually abused by the singer Michael Jackson as children. It also shows the effects on the alleged victims' families. The movie is a co-production between the UK broadcaster Channel 4 and the US broadcaster Home Box Office (HBO). It premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2019, and was broadcast in two parts in March. In January 2019, the Jackson estate issued a press release condemning the film, saying: "The two accusers testified under oath that these events never occurred. They have provided no independent evidence and absolutely no proof in support of their accusations." Reed is open to producing a sequel. On Rotten Tomatoes, "Leaving Neverland" holds an approval rating of 97% based on 65 reviews, with an average score of 7.76/10. Reute Reute is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Schönengrund Schönengrund is a municipality in Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Stein, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Stein is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Wald, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Wald is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Waldstatt Waldstatt is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Wolfhalden Wolfhalden is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. Beaufort County, South Carolina Beaufort County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 162,233 people lived there. Its county seat is Beaufort. Goethe-Institut The Goethe-Institut (GI, English: "Goethe Institute") is a non-profit German cultural association. It has 159 branches worldwide. Its goal is to promote the study of the German language abroad, and encourage international cultural exchange and relations. The GI was founded in 1951. It is named after German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The institute has developed a series of exams for learners of German as a foreign language ("Deutsch als Fremdsprache", DaF). The series includes all levels: A1 up to C2. In addition there is the Green diploma to acquire and prove German as a foreign language teaching qualifications. Johnson, Arkansas Johnson is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Lake View, Arkansas Lake View is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Glendora, New Jersey Glendora is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Gloucester Township, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP's population was 4,750. The Campaign (movie) The Campaign is a 2012 American political satire comedy movie directed by Jay Roach, written by Shawn Harwell and Chris Henchy. It stars Will Ferrell and Zach Galifianakis as two North Carolinians trying to win a seat in the Congress. The movie was released on August 10, 2012 to mixed reviews. Red (2010 movie) Red is a 2010 American action comedy movie based on the limited comic-book series of the same name created by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner. The movie stars Bruce Willis, Morgan Freeman, John Malkovich, Mary-Louise Parker, Helen Mirren, and Karl Urban, with German The movie was released on October 15, 2010. It grossed $199 million worldwide. In 2011, the movie received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Musical or Comedy Film. A sequel, "Red 2", was released on July 19, 2013. Another sequel, "Red 3", was in development as of 2013. Karl Urban Karl-Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for his roles as Leonard McCoy in the "Star Trek" reboot movie series (2009–), Éomer in the and installments of Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy and Judge Dredd in "Dredd". Since 2019, he has played Billy Butcher in Amazon's superhero streaming television series "The Boys". Red 2 Red 2 is 2013 American action comedy movie and sequel to the 2010 movie "Red". It was based on the limited comic book series of the same name, created by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner, and published by the DC Comics. The movie stars Bruce Willis, John Malkovich, Mary-Louise Parker, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Lee Byung-hun, Anthony Hopkins, and Helen Mirren, with Dean Parisot directing a screenplay by Jon and Erich Hoeber. "Red 2" was released on July 19, 2013. Ryo Narita is a Japanese model and actor. He began working as a model for "Men's Non-no" in 2013. He acted in his first movie in "Flashback", a drama movie in 2014. Azucena Berrutti Azucena Berrutti (born 7 January 1929) is an Uruguayan politician and lawyer. She was the National Defence Minister, appointed by the Uruguayan President Tabaré Vázquez, from March 2005 until March 2008. Berrutti was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. She is a member of the Broad Front. NationStates NationStates is a website and browser based game and online community. It is about creating and managing a nation. It was created on 13 November 2002 by Max Barry. He created the game to advertise his book, "Jennifer Government". The game does not cost money to play, however people can donate money to remove adverts. They can also buy bonuses related to "telegrams", which are the way that players talk to each other directly. Gameplay. Registration is free and users are asked to provide the name of their nation, a national motto, a national animal, and a currency. After playing for a few months, players can also modify their government type and religion, leader, etc. Players can upload or choose a flag for their nation. There is a forum in the game, where players can chat about whatever they like, whether it be politics, recent events, etc. There are three major categories: General, which is for "discussion and debate about anything", Forum 7, where you can "relax, unwind, share a joke, and generally goof off," and NationStates, where users can "come together and discuss matters of varying importance". Players are able to create and manage "regions", which are communities for players. Each region has a "Regional Message Board", which acts as a type of forum. Each region is managed by its "founder" (the player who created the region), but players within the region can also choose a "World Assembly Delegate". The World Assembly (WA) is an organisation and part of the game acting as a stand in for the United Nations. It makes laws that apply to nations that have joined the WA but nations are not required to be a member. It used to be called "The United Nations", however Max Barry was sent an email by the United Nations telling him to not use their trademark in his game. Players are also able to create factbook and dispatches about their country, which they can use to tell other people about their country. Repository (data) A repository is a way of storing information related to a file system. For version control software (VCS), it is used to store information about files, their size, date of creation, and any changes made to them (often called "commits"). Common examples of software that use repositories are Git and Mercurial, but others do exist. A repository can be stored on a person's computer "locally" (not on the internet), but it can also be stored "remotely" (on a network or the internet). One of the most popular websites for hosting repositories is GitHub, however others such as GitLab exist. If a person wants to use a public repository on these kinds of websites, they can "clone" the repository onto their computer. This creates a copy of the repository, and all of the files (usually computer code) related to it. A person can then make changes to the repository, and they can "commit" those changes to their local repository (which means that their changes are recorded in the repository's history). If they wish to update the remote repository (the one stored online) they can "push" their changes to it. This updates the repository on the website or network location. Black sapote The black sapote ("Diospyros nigra"), also known as the chocolate pudding fruit, black soapapple and (in Spanish) zapote prieto, is a species of persimmon. The tropical fruit tree is native to eastern Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and into Colombia. The common name sapote refers to any soft, edible fruit. Black sapote is not related to white sapote nor mamey sapote. Another One Bites the Dust "Another One Bites the Dust" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It is written by John Deacon. The song won an American Music Award for Favorite Rock Single. Haskell, Arkansas Haskell is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Hermitage, Arkansas Hermitage is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Hickory Ridge, Arkansas Hickory Ridge is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Holland, Arkansas Holland is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Holly Grove, Arkansas Holly Grove is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Horseshoe Bend, Arkansas Horseshoe Bend is a city in Arkansas, United States. Humnoke, Arkansas Humnoke is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Humphrey, Arkansas Humphrey is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Junction City, Arkansas Junction City is a city in Union County, Arkansas, United States, and is the twin city of neighboring Junction City, Louisiana. The population was 581 at the 2010 census. Junction City is found at (33.019174, -92.722915). It is the southernmost settlement in the state of Arkansas. Knobel, Arkansas Knobel is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Berkeley County, South Carolina Berkeley County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 177,843 people lived there. Its county seat is Moncks Corner. The county was formed in 1882. Panamanian balboa The balboa (sign: B/.; ISO 4217: PAB) is, along with the United States dollar, the currency of Panama. The balboa is subdivided into 100 "centésimos". It is named in honor of the Spanish explorer/conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa. Berkeley County Berkeley County is the name of two counties in the United States: Beaufort County Beaufort County is the name of two counties in the United States: Choctaw County Choctaw County is the name of three counties in the United States: Chester County, South Carolina Chester County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 33,140 people lived there. Its county seat is Chester. Chester County Chester County is the name of three counties in the United States: Chesterfield County, South Carolina Chesterfield County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, it has 43,273 people living there. Its county seat is Chesterfield. and largest city in the county is Cheraw. It is on the northern border with North Carolina. Chesterfield County is located in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina. Chesterfield, South Carolina Chesterfield is a town in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,472 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Chesterfield County. Düdingen Düdingen (, ) is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Chesterfield County Chesterfield County is the name of two counties in the United States: Escambia County Escambia County is the name of two counties in the United States: Tentlingen Tentlingen () is a municipality in the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The Reverend The Reverend is an honorific style for the names of Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. "The Reverend" is correctly called a "style" but is often and in some dictionaries called a title, form of address or title of respect. The style is also sometimes used by leaders in non-Christian religions such as Judaism and Buddhism. Gempenach Gempenach (former French name: Champagny) is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Lepanto, Arkansas Lepanto is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Hortencio Pereira Hortencio Saluzinho Eduardo Vaz e Pereira, Professionally known as Hortencio Pereira, Hortence Bab or just Hortencio is a Konkani Stage Performer from the small state of Goa, India Hortencio is an exceptionally gifted Lyricist, Writer,Actor, Comedian and Singer, but he is also at ease with Composing Music. Having spent 5 decades in the Tiatr Industry, Hortencio has composed more than 500 Songs, scripted more than 1000 plays, acted in more than 200 Dramas and delivered more than 30000 performances, making him one of the Senior most performers of the 21st Century. Early Life. Hortencio Pereira was born on 11 January 1953 at Curchorem to Custodio Jose Pereira, a Toddy Tapper from Chandor, Goa and Conceicao Vaz, who was a house wife from Dabal, Goa. He did his schooling in Guardian Angel High School,Curchorem and Passed his S.S.C in the year 1971. Thereafter he graduated in B.A (Psychology) through The Parvatibai Chowgule College, Margao, Goa in the Year 1975. while not many in the family were inclined towards Tiatr, his elder brother, Late Chrispino Pereira would sing and act in local village Tiatrs. Career. Acting. At tender age of 12, Hortencio first stepped on the Tiatr stage in a village Tiatr "Sukh ani Dukh" in 1965 on the occasion of the Chapel Feast at Pontemol, Curchorem. The Tiatr was written and directed by Shri. Jose Fernandes, one of the village directors at that time. Hortencio was later picked by Albert Colaco, a writer from Sanvorderm who scripted and presented his Tiatr "Nimnno Ekuch Pelo". His first commercial stint was in the Tiatr "Noxibantlim Khoddpam" by Jess Fernandes from Quepem in the year 1968. Hortencio later performing as a Lead Actor in the Tiatrs of all the topmost writers and directors of his times viz. Late. M. Boyer, Late. Remmie Colaco, Late. C. Alvares, Late. Prem Kumar, Late. Bab Petre , Late. , Late. Airistedes Dias, Late. Alfred Rose, Late. Fr. Planton Faria, Late. Robin Vaz, John Claro, Mike Mehta, Joe Rose , Anil-Fatima , Wilmix-Sharon, C.D'Silva , Tony Dias, Anthony San , Mendes Brothers, Jr. Nelson, Rico Rod , Peter Roshan, Tausif de Navelim, Anil Olga, Late. William de Curtorim, Jenny De Germany etc. Besides this, Hortencio has also performed in the Non-Stop Dramas directed by Late. Rosario Rodrigues, Late. Rosario Dias, Patrick Dourado , John D'silva, Menino De Bandar , Pascoal Rodrigues, Milagres De Chandor, Menino Mario, Jose Rod, C. D'Silva , Christopher-Meena etc. Entry on stage as a Comedian came about first in Prem Kumar's Tiatr "Khotto Poiso", Followed by C Alvares' Tiatr "Tuje Dolle" which later went to Gulf. In Tiatr "Tuje Dolle", the lead actor Remmie Colaco did not turn up. Hortencio landed up and handling the lead and comedy roles simultaneously, showcasing two dialects, namely Bardez and Salcette respectively. Along with Salcette and Bardez, He can also speak fluent Mangalorean Konkani and has performed musical shows in Mangalore. he has also doled out performances in Hindi Orchestras. Scripting & Directing. Hortencio's very first script was penned down at the age of 15 for Village Feast. At age Seventeen, he started scripting one act plays for the inter village one act play competition. He begged the Awards for Best Writer, Best Director and Best Actor for three consecutive years in the inter village one act play competition held from 1970 to 1972 for his play "Guireskai", "Onath" and "Tyag". Every year, during the Feast of St. Anthony, Hortencio would gather local Actors and stage his Tiatr. after staging each of the Tiatr at the chapel, they were presented in surrounding villages like Sanguem, Ugue, Rivona with the help of local youth. Some of his most notable Tiatrs are "Doulot" (1969), "Odruxt" (1970), "Onath" (1974) and "Bhas" (1980). He is known to write his scripts in "Devnagri" as well as "Roman". An article was published by O Herald on 4th March 2019, He shared the story of why he gave up as a Writer & Director. As per Hortencio, When Tiatr Bhas was staged, one of the most noted Artist, Remi Colaco was invited as a chief guest. After the show, Remi Colaco encouraged Hortencio to Stage the show all over Goa with assistance of Profession Cast. In the year 1985, Hortencio booked 7 shows all over Goa along with Professional Artists that included Remmie Colaco, Anthony San, Angela, Telles Moraes, Willie-Luiza, Com. Joanna, but the most notable Artist was M.Boyer who was in his prime. when the first shows was held in Margao, M.Boyer never turned up. Hortencio quickly hired a Pilot (Motorcyclist) and went to M.Boyers residence in Raia. His wife stated that he was ill, but Hortencio spotted him playing Carrom at Neighbors resident. After several pleading, he declined & Hortencio went back to the auditorium completely dissapointed. Left with no other option, Hortencio explained the situation to the audience and requested to watch the show. If they were unsatisfied, they could come back stage and take a refund. The show started and M.Boyers role was played by Hortencios elder brother. Hortencio shares in an interview that the audience returned home satisfied, among whom, was noted Artist, Late. Prem Kumar who was equally happy with show. Due to M.Boyer's Absence, spectators from other places like Sanvordem, Vasco, Panjim returned their tickets, which caused him a loss of 15000 INR (1,70,000 INR as of 2019). Hortencio vowed to never to script and stage a Tiatr again, but continued his career as an Actor and Singer. He later went on to act and sing for Goa's top most directors. After almost a decade, Director & Political Singer, Late. William de Curtorim encouraged Hortencio to take up writing again & he became a ghost writer for the Late Artist by penning down six Tiatrs. During this time, Hortencio also introduced his Nephew, Com. Nato on the stage. Later, Hortencio joined Anthony Sylvester's troupe which led to an enemity between Hortencio & William de Curtorim. but due to him leaving William de Curtorim's troupe, he started receiving offers from other directors as well. In the year, Hortencio penned down a Tiatr, "Hanv Vetam" which was staged during the annual Tiatr competition held by Kala Academy, Goa. The Tiatr was one of its kind for staging an entire cast as well as other units like Musicians, Lighting, Sound etc from one Village i.e. Sanvordem. Hortencio wrote the script, comedy & songs all by himself as well as Acted and Sang in the Tiatr. As of 2019, Hortencio is Writing another Tiatr, "DySp Toney Tavares". Singing & Songwriting. Hortencio has composed over 500 songs which were sung either by himself or someone else. almost all of his lyrics are based on Morals. He composed and sang most of the opening songs for some of the most notable directors, including C. Alvares, Bab Peter, Prem Kumar, Mendes Brothers etc. Melody King of Goa, Late. Alfred Rose sang the song "Khotte Vis", in the audio cassette "Bapaiche Tyag", even though he would only sing his own composition. Hortencio gave the seconds for the same. Hortencio has also performed in Musical Shows of Late. Chris Perry, Late. Alfred Rose, Aniceto, Soccoro de St. Cruz, Anthony San, Wilmix-Sharon, Mil-Mel-Nel, Late. Ulhas Buyao etc. he was also a regular performer for Neves Olieveiro's Orchestra, held in Mumbai, which included Goa's Nightingale, Lorna. Hortencio has produced 10 audio albums namely, "Avoicho Mog", "Sovostkaiechim Lharam", "Rochnar", "Khobrank Lagon", Bapaiche Tyag", "Mondir", "Kantteancho Mukutt", "Alvito D'cunha", "Kumaricho King" & "Avoicho Mog (Re-Release) ". Some of his most famous songs include "Very Good, Very Good" and "Xezari". As per sources close to Hortencio, he was the writer behind Chris Perry's famous song, "Kontrad Sansnacho". Sources claim that the music was composed by Late. Chris Perry and the lyrics were written by Hortencio for which he was paid the required royalty. Hortencio has never confirmed the same, nor he has ever commented on it. In 2018, Hortencio composed the song "Nokre Tuje", which was sung by Shine On band. As of 2019, Hortencio is set to release his 11th Audio album, which will include 12 Tracks in 3 different languages (English, Konkanni and Hindi). All the lyrics will be written by Hortencio. Controversies. Church Conflicts. Hortencio sparked controversy in his village of Curchorem when he openly sang about the conflicts in the church which was one of the most sensitive topics during the time. one night, after a game of Football, Hortencio was followed by two locals on his way home, who wanted to confront him. However, he realized what was happening and quickly drove to his relatives house nearby. Kumaricho King. Hortencio's most controversial album was "Kumaricho King" which was one of his most famous as well as widely sold album. Hortencio received various phone calls from fans in Goa, as well as Goans settled abroad. He was praised by many as well as criticized by some. It all started when Hortencio sang a song about his dear friend Late. Alfred Rose who was also called as Melody King and Man with a golden voice. at the end of the song, Hortencio claimed that there will never be another Melody King on the Tiatr Stage. As per Hortencio, at the time he had no idea that Lawry Travasso also called himself Melody King. Lawry was furious about the song and as a revenge he wrote and released a song titled "Potence" in his album, "Saibinnik Okman Korinka". The song was to demean Hortencio in which he claims that Hortencio is an alcoholic and he would steal money from his Ex-Boss, Irineu Gonsalves and take his friends out for a drink. after the song was released, the very next day, Irineu Gonsalves gave a notice on O Herald in which claimed that all the allegations made against Hortencio were false and that he is not involved in any of it. As Lawry called himself Melody King, Hortencio decided to name his next audio album "Kumaricho King" in which he retaliated by singing about Lawry's relationship which was another controversial topic. Atankvadi Goyant Naka. Hortencio was also a cast memeber of one of Goas most controversial drama, "Atankvadi Goyant Naka" which was written and drirected by Tausif de Navelim. On the day of the first show, Tausif & the rest of the cast, were escorted to the auditorium by police following threat calls by unknown callers. Personal Life. Hortencio has been married to his wife Matilda for more than 30 years and has 3 children. Besides, performing as an Artiste, He is also an L.I.C. Agent for 13 years. Hortencio & his wife Matilda also run a very successful company called "Mathor Chemicals" which is mostly handled by his wife. his company mainly deals in production & supply of Toiletries. Most of his customers are based in south Goa which gives him enough time to supply the orders during his free time. He is a devoted Goan Catholic and visits the church every sunday with his wife Matilda. Hortencio has been sober all his life & claims to have never touched a bottle of alcohol. On his wedding day, he never drank wine which is Traditional in Catholic weddings. when asked by the priest, he joked by stating, "from this day we are one body and one soul, so it does not make a difference who drinks the wine". Hortencio is a Soccer fan. He represented his School, College & was also a The captain of his team. Until 2017, at the age of 64, he was an active veteran Footballer. He also attended the Germany vs Mexico match held at Luzhniki Stadium on 17 June 2018 for the FIFA World Cup 2018. Illness & Health. In 2018, Hortencio unexpectedly took ill and at the request of the doctors, had to take a break from Singing and Acting for 6 months. After being treated for almost 7 Months, he stated in an interview with O Heraldo published on 4th March 2019, that he will not get back into acting immediately as to not cause any kind of embarrassment to the directors. To the Shores of Iwo Jima To the Shores of Iwo Jima is a documentary about the battles of Iwo Jima during World War II. It is a short color war movie. It was produced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The movie documents the Battle of Iwo Jima. It was the first time that American audiences saw in color the footage of the famous flag raising on Iwo Jima. Discord (software) Discord is a free instant messaging software that lets people talk to each other over the internet. It was originally meant for people who play video games, but is now used by others. In addition to text messaging, you may also make audio and video calls through Discord. Discord is free to use, and it runs on Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Linux, and in most web browsers. It is used by 350 million people, 150 million people use it every month. Discord Nitro. Users can pay money to Discord every month to receive extra features, which is called "Discord Nitro". There are two types of Discord Nitro: "Nitro" and "Nitro Classic". Nitro Classic costs $4.99 a month and includes less features, while Nitro costs $9.99 a month and includes more features and access to Discord Nitro's game store. Due to a lack of popularity, however, Discord Nitro's game store was removed on October 15th, 2019. Organization. The most used things on Discord are "servers" and "channels". Text channels. A Discord text channel is simply a group chat. People may send text messages, images, and files in real-time. It may also be compared to an IRC channel. Text channels can be optionally marked as "NSFW", which stands for "Not safe for work". "NSFW" channels require users to verify that they are 18 years or older to view them. Discord blocks access to NSFW channels for people who are under 18. Voice channels. Discord voice channels allow users to transmit audio, video, and share their own screen by using the "Go Live" option. The administrator can customize the voice channel name, set the user limit (1-99 users), and bit rate. Servers. A server is a collection of channels. A server can be managed by one or more people, who also manage the channels within the server. Discord servers may range in size from just one person to hundreds of thousands. User accounts. All Discord usernames have a unique four-digit number. Usernames usually look like this: "Username#3283". This allows multiple users to have the same username and makes it easier to find friends. Discord allows users to connect their Discord account with other platforms, such as Twitch.tv. Discord can determine the game a user is playing by looking at the running processes. Triton (malware) Triton is malware first discovered at a Saudi Arabian petrochemical plant in 2017. It can disable safety programs. That can then cause a plant to have a disaster. It has been called "the world’s most murderous malware." In 2018, FireEye, a company that researches cyber-security, reported that the malware most likely came from the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics (CNIIHM), a research in Russia. Triton Triton commonly refers to: Triton may also refer to: Sea snail Sea snail is a common term for gastropods which live in the sea (marine gastropods). It is not a formal term, just a term in common use. Fine Gael Fine Gael ( ; English: "Family" or "Tribe of the Irish") is a centre-right liberal conservative political party in the Republic of Ireland. Fine Gael is currently part of the Government of Ireland and is and the second largest party in the Dáil Éireann. The party has a membership of 35,000. It is the senior partner governing with several independent politicians. It's party leader is Leo Varadkar, who served as Taoiseach from 2017 until 2020. Varadkar succeeded Enda Kenny as party leader on 2 June 2017 and as Taoiseach on 14 June; Kenny had been leader since 2002, and Taoiseach since 2011. Selma to Montgomery marches The marches from Selma to Montgomery, led President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The first March occurred on March 7, 1965 and became known as Bloody Sunday. Between 500-600 civil rights protesters began the march on March 7 but were stopped by Sheriff Jim Clark. The Sheriff of Dallas County (where Selma is located) ordered that all white men over the age of 21 to report to the court house steps where he made them deputies and equipped them to counter the protesters. They were joined by state troopers and beat protesters so severely that 17 were hospitalized. They beat the protesters with night clubs, fired tear gas into the crowd, and charged them from horseback. After the events were televised, President Johnson issued an order mobilizing the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers on their 54 mile (87 km) journey from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. This second march would start on March 21, 1965 and end on March 25, 1965 at the steps of the state capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Before the second march even began President Johnson went to congress to ask them for a bill that would guarantee voting rights for all citizens and end discrimination at polling places (such as poll taxes and literacy tests). Kensett, Arkansas Kensett is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Kibler, Arkansas Kibler is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Knoxville, Arkansas Knoxville is a city in the US state of Arkansas. There were 731 people living in the area according to the 2010 census. Luxora, Arkansas Luxora is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Mitchellville, Arkansas Mitchellville is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Mayflower, Arkansas Mayflower is a city in the US state of Arkansas. McCrory, Arkansas McCrory is a city in the US state of Arkansas. McNeil, Arkansas McNeil is a city in the US state of Arkansas. McRae, Arkansas McRae is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Monette, Arkansas Monette is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Great crested newt A great crested newt, northern crested newt, or warty newt ("Triturus cristatus") is a newt in the family Salamandridae, found mainly across Europe up to about the Ural Mountains. It is a relatively large species. Females can measure up to 16 cm and are larger than males, which are 14 to 15 cm long. It is a protected species in the UK and Europe. Land development, population growth and agriculture has disturbed the newt, and it is becoming quite rare. The newt breeds in ponds and pools, but usually lives on land. The larvae turn into air-breathing young efts and move onto land. They eat small invertebrates, and hibernate through the winter. Montrose, Arkansas Montrose is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Parkdale, Arkansas Parkdale is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Portland, Arkansas Portland is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Wilmot, Arkansas Wilmot is a city in the US state of Arkansas. North Crossett, Arkansas North Crossett is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. West Crossett, Arkansas West Crossett is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Cherokee City, Arkansas Cherokee City is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Wiederkehr Village, Arkansas Wiederkehr Village is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Newark, Arkansas Newark is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Norphlet, Arkansas Norphlet is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Oxford, Arkansas Oxford is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Joseph H. Boardman Joseph H. Boardman (December 23, 1948 – March 7, 2019) was an American railroad executive. He was the President and CEO of Amtrak from 2008 to 2016. He was born in Taberg, New York. Boardman suffered a stroke while on vacation in Florida on March 5, and died on March 7, 2019. He was aged 70. Vienna, New York Vienna is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 5,440 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Vienna, capital of Austria. It is in the western part of the county. Chesalles-sur-Moudon Chesalles-sur-Moudon is a former municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens. Gimel, Switzerland Gimel is a municipality in the Swiss canton Vaud. It is found in the district of Morges. Dupont Plaza Hotel arson The Dupont Plaza Hotel arson was an act of arson on New Year's Eve 1986. The fire was set by three former employees of the hotel. They were involved in a labor dispute with the owners. Ninety-eight people were killed in the fire and by breathing in smoke. Hotel history. The Dupont Plaza opened in 1963 as the Puerto Rico-Sheraton. It was operated by the Sheraton hotel company until 1980. That was just before Sheraton put up major fire-safety measures in its hotels. Fire. Disaster. The employees' union called a meeting in the hotel's ballroom for the afternoon of December 31, 1986. At the end of the meeting, around 3:00 pm, the 125 members present voted to go on strike starting at midnight. Three union members-Héctor Escudero Aponte, José Rivera López and Arnaldo Jiménez-planned setting several fires. They wanted to scare tourists who stayed at the hotel. At around 3:30 pm that afternoon, they placed opened cans of chafing fuel in a storage room with newly bought furniture. The three men then set the fuel on fire. The fire quickly burned out of control. It grew very large as the building burned. Aftermath. An investigation by the United States' Occupational Safety and Health Administration found 25 safety violations. They included not having emergency exit doors in the casino area. That caused the deaths of 84 trapped guests. In April 1987, Escuerdo Apante, 35, Jiménez Rivera, 29, and José Francisco Rivera López, 40, pleaded guilty to setting the New Year's Eve fire. They were also convicted of murder in the disaster. Two of the men were later released from federal prison. Metal Gear Solid Metal Gear Solid is an 1998 action-adventure stealth game created by Hideo Kojima and produced by Konami. It was originally released for PlayStation on September 3, 1998. It was the third cannon entry in its series. There have been over ten games in the series and spin-offs. Communist Party of Cuba The Communist Party of Cuba is the ruling political party in Cuba. It is a Marxist–Leninist communist party. The Cuban constitution describes the role of the party to be the "leading force of society and of the state". Since April 2021, the First Secretary of the Central Committee has been Miguel Díaz-Canel. The Second Secretary has been José Ramón Machado Ventura. History. Cuba had a number of communist and anarchist organizations from the early period of the Republic. The original "internationalised" Communist Party of Cuba formed in the 1920s. In 1944, it was renamed as the Popular Socialist Party for electoral reasons. In July 1961, two years after the successful overthrow of Fulgencio Batista and the creation of a revolutionary government, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) was formed. It was a merger of: On 26 March 1962, the ORI became the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), which became the Communist Party of Cuba on 3 October 1965. In Article 5 of the Cuban constitution of 1976, the Communist Party is recognized as "the superior guiding force of society and of the State, that organizes and orients common efforts toward the high goals of the construction of socialism and the advancement toward communist society". All parties, including the Communist Party, are prohibited from advertizing their organizations. For the first fifteen years of its existence, the Communist Party was almost completely inactive outside of the Politburo. The 100 person Central Committee rarely met and the first regular party Congress was held ten years after its founding. In 1969, membership of the party was only 55,000 (0.7% of the population), making the PCC the smallest ruling communist party in the world. By the time of the first party Congress in 1975, the party had grown to just over two hundred thousand members. By 1980, the party had grown to over 430,000 members and it grew further to 520,000 by 1985. Central Committee. The leading bodies of the party were the Politburo and the Secretariat until 1991. In 1991 the two bodies were merged into an expanded Politburo with over twenty members. However, the Secretariat was re-introduced in 2002. There is also a Central Committee which meets between party congresses. At the Fifth Congress, the size of the Central Committee was reduced to 150 members from the previous membership of 225. Fidel Castro was the party's First Secretary (or leader) since its creation while Raúl Castro was the Second Secretary. Upon Fidel Castro's 2008 resignation from the party and Cuban government, Raúl Castro became First Secretary. Politburo. The 8th Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba was elected by the Central Committee following the 8mth Congress. Youth. The Communist Party of Cuba has a youth wing, the Young Communist League ("Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas", UJC) which is a member organization of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. It also has a children's group, the José Martí Pioneer Organization. Ideology. Compared with other ruling Communist Parties, the Communist Party of Cuba retains a stricter adherence to the tradition of Marxism–Leninism and the traditional Soviet model. José Ramón Machado Ventura José Ramón Machado Ventura, M.D. (born 26 October 1930) is a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the First Vice President of the Council of State of Cuba from 2008 to 2013. Raúl Castro was elected as the President of Cuba on 24 February 2008. Machado was elected to succeed him as First Vice President. He has been Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba since 2011. Popular Socialist Party (Cuba) The Popular Socialist Party (, PSP) was a communist party in Cuba. It was originally called the Communist Party of Cuba (). It was formed in 1925 by a group including Blas Roca, Anibal Escalante, Fabio Grobart, Alfonso Bernal del Riesgo and Julio Antonio Mella, who was its leader until his assassination in Mexico in 1929. It was later renamed the "Communist Revolutionary Union". After the electoral victory of the Partido Auténtico in the 1944 elections, the party became less popular, and it eventually adopted the name "Popular Socialist Party" for electoral reasons. In 1961 the party merged into the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI). Almendares River The Almendares River is a 45 km river in the western part of Cuba. It originates from the east of Tapaste and flows north-west into the Straits of Florida. The river is a water supply for Havana. The river divides two districts of Havana: the Plaza de la Revolución (Miramar) and Playa (Vedado). Part of the river valley forms the Almendares Park or Metropolitan Park of Havana (PMH), a few kilometers upstream from the ocean. There are several industrial plants along the river banks (paper mills, gas production plants, brewery, food production plants, construction plants). The Havana authorities continue to monitor and control water pollution, reduce and rationalize industrial occupation, maintain the old trees and the vegetation in the park. The area is gradually becoming a green oasis with playground, a few restaurants and footpaths. Oppelo, Arkansas Oppelo is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Pangburn, Arkansas Pangburn is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Parkin, Arkansas Parkin is a city of Cross County in the US state of Arkansas. It is along the St. Francis River. Patterson, Arkansas Patterson is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Plainview, Arkansas Plainview is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Plumerville, Arkansas Plumerville is a city in Conway County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 826 at the 2010 census. Pollard, Arkansas Pollard is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Prattsville, Arkansas Prattsville is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Quitman, Arkansas Quitman is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Winthrop, Arkansas Winthrop is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Raimundo Ongaro Raimundo José Ongaro (13 February 1924 – 1 August 2016) was an Argentine union leader. He was secretary general of the General Confederation of Labour of the Argentines (CGTA) between 1968 and 1974. He was born in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Ongaro died on 1 August 2016 in Los Polvorines, Argentina at the age of 92. Mel Hurtig Mel Hurtig, (June 24, 1932 – August 3, 2016) was a Canadian publisher, author, political activist, and political candidate. He was president of the Edmonton Art Gallery, and a noted political activist who wrote many books critical of the Canadian government and its various policies. Hurtig was an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1980. He was born in Edmonton, Alberta. On 3 August 2016, Hurtig died there at a hospital from complications from pneumonia at the age of 84. Panchu Arunachalam Panchu Arunachalam (18 June 1941 – 9 August 2016) was an Indian screenwriter, movie director, producer and lyricist. He was known for writing the movies "Kazhugu" (1981) and "Paayum Puli" (1983). He was also known for directing the movie "Manamagale Vaa" (1988). He was born in Sirukoodalpatti, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Arunachalam died from cardiac arrest in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India at the age of 76. Sasi Shanker Sasi Shanker (1957 – 10 August 2016) was an Indian movie director. He directed one Tamil movie and ten Malayalam movies. He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his movie "Narayam". Shanker died on 10 August 2016 at the age of 57. Klaus Weber Klaus Weber (5 April 1936 – 8 August 2016) was a German biologist. He was known for his many important works to biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology, and was for many years the director of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany. He was born in Łódź, Poland. Weber died on 8 August 2016 in Göttingen, Germany at the age of 80. Aboud Jumbe Aboud Jumbe Mwinyi (14 June 1920 – 14 August 2016) was a Zanzibari politician. He was the 2nd President of Zanzibar from 7 April 1972 to 30 January 1984. He was born in Juba, Anglo Egyptian Sudan (now South Sudan). Jumbe died at the age of 96 at his home at Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, on 14 August 2016. Center Ridge, Arkansas Center Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Arkansas, United States. Rye, Arkansas Rye is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Stamps, Arkansas Stamps is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Tontitown, Arkansas Tontitown is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Wickes, Arkansas Wickes is a city in the US state of Arkansas. This city is a random city in Czechoslovakia. Wilmar, Arkansas Wilmar is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Springdale, Pennsylvania Springdale is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is about northeast of Pittsburgh, along the Allegheny River. The population was 3,405 at the 2010 census. Heidelberg, Pennsylvania Heidelberg is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. Tamakeri Tamakeri (玉蹴り) (literally ball kicking) or ballbusting is one of many more specific sexual fetishes in the BDSM community. Somebody with this fetish enjoys either hitting a man in the testicles, or being hit in the testicles. The genre is also referred to as ballbusting ("bb" for short). Tamakeri is the Japanese term, but it is used by many non-Japanese people to describe media where Asian women hit men in the testicles. In tamakeri, there are two types of people: the sadist and the masochist. The sadist hits the man in the testicles, and the masochist is hit in the testicles. The fetish is popular among straight and gay men and women. Since the Internet was created, the amount of people watching tamakeri pornography has gone up, with at least 1,269,105 people looking at popular websites. In hentai communities, it can be called either "tamakeri", or "crotch_kick". History. First wave (1990s–2001). The first tamakeri/ballbusting websites to show up on the internet were Velvet Kick, Tamahimeden, Spikey Step, Stardeck9, and Femaledom. Most of their videos had bad quality, didn't make money, had no stories, and had regular people with masks performing. Second wave (2002–2005). After the first websites came ones like British Bitches, Vuneraballs, M-Club-Q, Kinkeri.co.jp, USBBonline, Goddess-Kicks, Ballbusting Universe, and Ballbustingworld. These sites had better quality, more money, more content, stories, and known actors that didn't wear masks. Even though the majority of videos had known porn actors, many still decided to wear masks. Third and current wave (2006–present). The current tamakeri websites have videos made by normal people, paid actors, and videos taken at events. Because these new websites are larger, more people can post their own videos. Also, chatrooms and forums allow people to discuss the fetish with others. Some examples of this latest tamakeri wave include ClubDom, Ballbustingtube, Ballbustingchicks, clips4sale, kickedinthegroin.ning.com, Scaffies.nl, Tamakeri.nl and ProtectUrNuts.com. Cause. People enjoy tamakeri because they either feel good feeling pain or making others feel it. The feeling is like a "runner's high", where feel-good hormones called endorphins are sent out by the body. These endorphins make the people involved feel sexually aroused. But some people say that threats and more painful kicks or knees to the testicles by the female (in straight people) makes people more aroused. Belonging to a dominant boyfriend or girlfriend can also be a "turn-on". Like a lot of BDSM activities, it can be risky, and those involved can get hurt. Fort Scott, Kansas Fort Scott is a city in and the county seat of Bourbon County, Kansas, United States. It is south of Kansas City, on the Marmaton River. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 8,087. It is the home of the Fort Scott National Historic Site and the Fort Scott National Cemetery. Fort Scott is named for Gen. Winfield Scott. McPherson, Kansas McPherson () is a city in and the county seat of McPherson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 13,155. The city is named after Union General James Birdseye McPherson, a Civil War general. Fate, Texas Fate is a city located in the center of Rockwall County, Texas. The population in 2010 was 6,357, up from 602 in 2000; a 1,179.1% increase. Based on building permits and current utility bills, the population was over 17,000 as of February, 2019. Rockwall, Texas Rockwall is a city in Rockwall County, Texas, United States. It is the county seat of Rockwall County. The population was 37,490 at the 2010 census. Jan-Michael Vincent Jan-Michael Vincent (July 15, 1945 – February 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was well known for playing helicopter pilot Stringfellow Hawke on the television series "Airwolf" from 1984 to 1986 and the protagonist, Matt Johnson, in the 1978 movie "Big Wednesday". Vincent died of cardiac arrest at a hospital in Asheville, North Carolina on February 10, 2019, aged 73. Mandya district Mandya District is an administrative district of Karnataka, India. Mandya is the main town in Mandya District. In 2011, there were 1,808,680 people in this District. Mandya District has five important rivers: Kaveri River and four tributaries main Hemavathi, Shimsha, Lokapavani, Veeravaishnavi. Redfield, Arkansas Redfield is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Rockport, Arkansas Rockport is a city on the Ouachita River in Hot Spring County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 755, down from 792 in 2000. Waldo, Arkansas Waldo is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Taylor, Arkansas Taylor is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Salesville, Arkansas Salesville is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Midway, Baxter County, Arkansas Midway is a census-designated place (CDP) in Arkansas, United States. Shannon Hills, Arkansas Shannon Hills is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Traskwood, Arkansas Traskwood is a city in the US state of Arkansas. East End, Arkansas East End is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Hot Springs Village, Arkansas Hot Springs Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Clarendon County, South Carolina Clarendon County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, it had 34,971 people. Its county seat is Manning. Siegbert Horn Siegbert Horn (11 May 1950 – 9 August 2016) was a German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1970s. He won a gold medal in the K-1 event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Horn also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (K-1: 1971, 1975; K-1 team: 1973), two silvers (K-1: 1973; K-1 team: 1971), and a bronze (K-1 team: 1975). Horn was born on 11 May 1950 in Hartmannsdorf, East Germany and died from cancer on 9 August 2016 at the age of 66. Childress, Texas Childress is a city in the US state of Texas. It is the county seat of Childress County. Mikis Theodorakis Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis ( ; 29 July 1925 – 2 September 2021) was a Greek songwriter and composer. He wrote over 1000 songs. He was born in Chios, Greece. His career began in 1943. He was known for composing the movie scores for "Zorba the Greek" (1964), "Z" (1969), and "Serpico" (1973). He is known as Greece's best-known composer. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize. From 1981 until 1993, he was a member of the Hellenic Parliament as a Communist. On February 26, 2019, Theodorakis was hospitalized due to heart problems. On March 8, 2019, Theodorakis had heart surgery to place a pacemaker. Theodorakis died on September 2, 2021, at his home in Athens, Greece from cardiac arrest at the age of 96. Flemings (supermarkets) Flemings is a group of supermarkets in Sydney. The chain is owned by Woolworths Limited. Jannali is the only store operating. Most stores have re-branded as Woolworths Supermarkets since the late 1990s. History. The first Flemings stores were opened in 1930 by Jim Fleming Sr. and George Fleming. They initially traded under the name "E.L. Lakin". The name changed to "Flemings Food Stores" after World War II. There were 55 Flemings stores in Sydney in 1965. The Fleming family continued operating the group through Woolworths for the next 10 years. They created Jewel Food Stores afterwards. Pendle Hill store was renovated and rebranded Woolworths in late 2009. The Umina Beach store closed on 17 June 2010 and was replaced by a Woolworths opposite the old Flemings store. The Bexley North store was closed in 2017. It was transformed and rebadged to a Woolworths Metro store. Solihull Solihull (, or ) is a large town in the West Midlands, England with a population of 123,187 in the 2011 Census. Historically in Warwickshire, it is a part of the West Midlands conurbation. It is the largest town in, and administrative centre of, the larger Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, which has a population of 209,890 people. Solihull is located southeast of Birmingham, northwest of Warwick and northwest of London. Solihull is the most wealthy town of the West Midlands. It is also one of the most wealthy areas in the UK outside London. In November 2013, the uSwitch Quality of Life Index named Solihull the "best place to live" in the United Kingdom. Residents of Solihull and those born in the town are called "Silhillians". The motto of Solihull is "Urbs in Rure" (Town in Country). Plurinational Legislative Assembly The Plurinational Legislative Assembly () is the national legislature of Bolivia. It is found in La Paz, the country's seat of government. The assembly is bicameral, consisting of a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies or "Cámara de Diputados)" and an upper house (the Senate, or "Cámara de Senadores)". The Vice President of Bolivia is also the President of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly. Each house elects its own directorate: a President, first and second Vice Presidents, and three or four Secretaries (for the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, respectively). Fountain pen A fountain pen is a pen which has a nib and a reservoir of ink. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib. The ink travels by a combination of gravity and capillary action. The nib is the part of the pen that writes on the paper. Different shapes and styles of nibs can change the amount of ink distributed and the thickness of your writing line. Most fountain pens have replaceable nibs. They can come in many different materials and styles and are ranked from extra-fine to extra broad. Filling the reservoir with ink may be done manually, by a Pasteur pipette (eyedropper) or syringe. However, usually it is done by an internal filling mechanism which creates suction. A piston mechanism or a vacuum transfers ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens have removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges. Nibs. According to Mathur "the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear-point". Nibs tipped with platinum group alloys such as iridium have been used since the 1830s. Today, the main part of the nib are usually made of stainless steel and/or gold The most popular gold content is 14 carat (58⅓%) and 18 carat (75%). The idea is that the nib should be flexible yet firm, and the tip extremely hard-wearing. Ink reservoir. Until the early 20th century, the ink in a fountain pen was kept directly in the barrel. The slim barrels were made of hard rubber, which came in two colours, black and red. Ink was put in these barrels with an eye-dropper. To do this, the user had to take off the nib section, put the ink in and replace the nib section. This operation required a quiet secluded place, which some people might not have. In 1907, Walter A. Sheaffer patented the lever filler. This used a hinged lever set into the pen barrel which pressed down onto a bar which in turn compressed a rubber sac inside, creating a vacuum which pulled ink into the pen. This could be done without removing the nib section. Introduced in 1912, this innovation was rapidly imitated by the other major pen makers. Parker introduced the button filler, which had a button hidden beneath a blind cap on the end of the barrel. When pressed, it acted on a pressure bar inside to depress the ink sac. Many other firms used a lever set flat along the barrel, which, when pulled, squeezed the rubber sac. It was the rubber sac which made all the difference between the founain pens of the 19th century and those of the 20th century. Other firms used a screw mechanism at the top end of the pen to squeeze the rubber sac. John Habgood John Stapylton Habgood, Baron Habgood, (23 June 1927 – 6 March 2019) was a British Anglican bishop, academic, and life peer. He was Bishop of Durham from 1973 to 1983, and Archbishop of York from 18 November 1983 to 1995. In 1995, he was made a life peer and was in the House of Lords after stepping down as Archbishop. He took a leave of absence in later life, and was one of the first peers to retire from the Lords in 2011. Habgood died on 6 March 2019 at the age of 91. Carolee Schneemann Carolee Schneemann (October 12, 1939 – March 6, 2019) was an American visual experimental artist. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was known for her multi-media works on the body, narrative, sexuality and gender. Schneemann received a B.A. from Bard College and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Illinois. Her work was seen by research into visual traditions, taboos, and the body of the individual in relation to social bodies. Her works have been shown at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the London National Film Theatre, and many other venues. Schneemann died on March 6, 2019 at her home in New Paltz, New York from breast cancer at the age of 79. New Paltz, New York New Paltz () is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 14,003 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Kingston. Llanito Llanito or Yanito (pronounced ) is a form of Spanish heavily mixed with words from English and other languages, such as Ligurian; it is spoken at Gibraltar. Robert Braithwaite (engineer) Robert Braithwaite, CBE, DL (12 May 1943 – 7 March 2019) was a British entrepreneur and marine engineer. He was known as the Founder and President of the luxury powerboat manufacturer, alongside John Macklin, Sunseeker. He was born in Otley, Yorkshire. Braithwaite died in the early hours of 7 March 2019, aged 75. Pino Caruso Giuseppe Caruso (12 October 1934 – 7 March 2019), best known as Pino Caruso, was an Italian actor, author and television personality. He was born in Palermo, Italy. He was known for his roles in "La governante", "The Sunday Woman" and in "Il ficcanaso". Caruso was the president of the Italian Actors Union from 1979 to 1989. Caruso died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Rome on 7 March 2019, aged 84. Guillaume Faye Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 7 March 2019) was a French journalist and writer. He was born in Angoulême, France. In 1987, Guillaume Faye withdrew from politics. In 1990, he took part in Skyrock radio station as 'Skyman'. He also appeared in "Telematin" episodes on the France 2 TV channel from 1991 to 1993. He took part in the "Rivarol". Faye died of complications from lung cancer on 7 March 2019, aged 69. Carmine Persico Carmine John Persico Jr. (August 8, 1933 – March 7, 2019), also known as "Junior", "The Snake" and "Immortal", was an American criminal and convicted racketeer. He was the long-time boss of the Colombo crime family from 1973 until his death. He was serving a sentence of 139 years in federal prison from 1987, until his death. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Persico died on March 7, 2019 in Durham, North Carolina from complications of diabetes, aged 85. William Powers Jr. William Charles Powers Jr. (May 30, 1946 – March 10, 2019) was an American attorney, academic, and university administrator. He was the 28th president of the University of Texas at Austin, becoming the second-longest serving president in the university's history. He held the position from February 1, 2006 to July 2, 2015. Powers Jr. was born in Los Angeles, California. Powers Jr. died from complications of a fall in Austin, Texas on March 10, 2019, aged 72. Kelly Catlin Kelly Catlin (November 3, 1995 – March 7, 2019) was an American professional racing cyclist. She rode for UCI Women's Team. Catlin won gold medals in the women's team pursuit at the 2016, 2017 and 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. She also won a silver medal in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Catlin was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. She was a triplet. Catlin killed herself on March 7, 2019 at Stanford University in Stanford, California. She was 23. Months before her death, she had a concussion. Michael Gielen Michael Andreas Gielen (20 July 19278 March 2019) was an Austrian conductor and composer who promoted contemporary music in opera and concert. He first worked in Vienna and was Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) of the Royal Swedish Opera. He conducted world premieres such as György Ligeti's "Requièm", Karlheinz Stockhausen's "Carré", and Bernd Alois Zimmermann's opera "Die Soldaten" and his "Requiem für einen jungen Dichter". He directed the Frankfurt Opera from 1977 to 1987. During his era, the company became one of the leading operas. Gielen was also principal conductor of the Belgian National Orchestra (1969–1973), the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (1980–1986) and the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (1986–1999). Gielen died on 8 March 2019 in Mondsee, Austria from pneumonia, aged 91. Ian Lawrence Ian William Lawrence (1937 – 8 March 2019) was an Australian-born New Zealand lawyer and politician. He was the Mayor of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand, from 1983 to 1986. Lawrence was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He was a member of the conservative Wellington Citizens' Association. Lawrence was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to local government and the community. Lawrence died in Jerusalem on 8 March 2019 from stomach cancer. He was 82. Alberto Bucci Alberto Bucci (25 May 1948 – 9 March 2019) was an Italian professional basketball coach. He was president of Virtus Bologna from 2016 to 2019. He won three Italian championships and four Italian Cups. Bucci was widely thought of as one of the greatest Italian coaches of all time. He was born in Bologna, Italy. Bucci died in Bologna from pancreatic cancer on 9 March 2019, aged 70. Bernard Binlin Dadié Bernard Binlin Dadié (10 January 1916 – 9 March 2019) was an Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and administrator. He was the Minister of Culture in the government of Ivory Coast from 1977 to 1986. He was born in Assinie, Ivory Coast. He wrote folktales about colonialism. Dadié's works were seen in Steven Spielberg's 1997 movie "Amistad" where the text of Dadié's poem, "Dry Your Tears, Afrika" (“Sèche Tes Pleurs“) was used for a song of the same name. He turned 100 in January 2016 and died in Abidjan on 9 March 2019 at the age of 103. Dadié received several awards in recognition of his literary career, with one of the last being the "Grand Prix des Mécènes" of the GPLA in 2016. Harry Howell Henry Vernon Howell (December 28, 1932 – March 9, 2019) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario. Howell played for the NHL with the teams New York Rangers, Oakland Seals and the Los Angeles Kings. Howell was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979. Howell died at a care facility in Hamilton of complications from Alzheimer's disease on March 9, 2019 at the age of 86. Beverly Byron Beverly Barton Butcher Byron (born July 27, 1932) is an American politician. She was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Byron studied at Hood College in Frederick, Maryland. Byron is a member of the Democratic Party. She was the U.S. Representative representing the 6th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1993. She was replaced by Roscoe Bartlett. World Trade Center (2001–present) The World Trade Center is an almost completed complex of skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S. It is built on the site of the original complex that was destroyed during the September 11 attacks of 2001. There are six skyscrapers in the complex and four of them have been built. There is also a train station and memorial for 9/11. One World Trade Center is part of it, which is the tallest building in North America. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Excessive daytime sleepiness (or EDS) is a medical condition where people often feel sleepy during the day, even though they had enough sleep at night. EDS occurs with many sleep disorders. It is a defining feature of some sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea or Circadian rhythm sleep disorder. EDS is difficult to treat without knowing its causse. There are certain drugs that can help with EDS. In general, many treatments of the underlying disease (which causes the sleepiness) will also take into account EDS. The drugs which can treat EDS are usually stimulants. Swifton, Arkansas Swifton is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Sparkman, Arkansas Sparkman is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Strong, Arkansas Strong is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Na.Muthukumar Nagarajan Muthukumar (12 July 1975 – 14 August 2016) was an Tamil poet, lyricist, and author. He was born in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Muthukumar was best known for his Tamil language movie songs. He received the most number of Filmfare Awards for Best Lyricist in Tamil and was a two-time recipient of the National Film Award for Best Lyrics for his works in "Thanga Meenkal" (2013) and "Saivam" (2014). Muthukumar, who had been suffering from jaundice for long, died on the morning of 14 August 2016, at his Chennai residence due to cardiac arrest. He was aged 41. Marion County, South Carolina Marion County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 33,062 people lived there. Its county seat is Marion. Clarendon, Texas Clarendon is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. İrsen Küçük İrsen Küçük (1940 – 10 March 2019) was a Turkish Cypriot politician. He was the Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus from 2010 to 2013. He was the nephew of Republic of Cyprus's first Vice-President Dr Fazıl Küçük. Küçük died on 10 March 2019 in North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus from heart failure, aged 79. Hal Blaine Hal Blaine (born Harold Simon Belsky; February 5, 1929 – March 11, 2019) was an American rock drummer and session musician. He was one of the most known session drummers. He was known for his works with the Wrecking Crew. He also performed alongside Frank Sinatra. In 2018, Blaine received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Blaine died on March 11, 2019 at the age of 90 in Los Angeles. Martín Chirino Martín Chirino López (1 March 1925 – 11 March 2019) was a Spanish sculptor. He was the co-founder of the group El Paso (The Step) in 1957. Chirino worked mainly with iron and his work was categorized as abstract art. Chirino was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. In 1979 his exhibition "Afrocan" at the Grace Borgenicht Gallery received positive reviews by the New York press. In October 2014, he was appointed as honorary member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Chirino died on 11 March 2019 in Madrid from prostate cancer, aged 94. Daniel Silva dos Santos Daniel Silva dos Santos, also known as Daniel Tijolo (May 30, 1982 – February 10, 2019), was a Brazilian defensive midfielder. He played several years in Japan. He was born in Cabo Frio, Brazil. He played for Ventforet Kofu, Nagoya Grampus and for Oita Trinita. He died of lung cancer in Cabo Frio on February 10, 2019 at the age of 36. Ivan Irwin Ivan Duane Irwin (March 13, 1927 – February 11, 2019) was an American-born Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman. He played 155 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Irwin was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Irwin died in Ajax, Ontario on February 11, 2019 from pneumonia, aged 91. Jeffrey Hart Jeffrey Peter Hart (February 23, 1930 – February 16, 2019) was an American cultural critic, essayist and columnist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Hart was Professor Emeritus of English at Dartmouth College. Hart took a leave of absence from Dartmouth in 1968 to work for the abortive presidential campaign of Governor of California Ronald Reagan. This role led to brief service as a White House speechwriter for Richard Nixon. Hart died on February 16, 2019 in Fairlee, Vermont of complications from dementia, aged 88. Fairlee, Vermont Fairlee is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 977 at the 2010 census. It includes the village of Ely. Fairlee is home to Lake Morey, which claims to have the longest ice skating trail in the United States. Marie-Claire Bancquart Marie-Claire Bancquart (21 July 1932 – 19 February 2019) was a French poet, essayist, professor emerita and literary critic. She was the recipient of the Grand prix de la Critique littéraire of the Académie Française. Her poetry was known for its visceral nature, often exploring the human body as a means of exploring emotion and humanity. Bancquart was born in Aveyron, France. In addition to her many volumes of poetry, Bancquart has also published books and essays on subjects such as surrealism and Anatole France. Bancquart died in Paris from bone cancer on 19 February 2019, aged 86. Dick Boushka Richard James Boushka (July 29, 1934 – February 19, 2019) was an American basketball player. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics winning the gold medal. Boushka was born in Springfield, Illinois. Boushka played at Saint Louis University. Boushka died on February 19, 2019 in Port St. Lucie, Florida from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 84. Fred Gloden Frederick Jean Gloden Jr. (December 21, 1918 – February 25, 2019) was an American football halfback. He played one season with the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. He played college football at Tulane University. He was also a member of the Miami Seahawks of the All-America Football Conference. Gloden served in the United States Navy during World War II. Gloden was the second oldest living former NFL player, after Jack Smith. He was born in Dubuque, Iowa. Gloden died on February 25, 2019 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 100. Jack Smith (end) John Bullas Smith (August 11, 1917 – June 6, 2015) was an American football end in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles and the Washington Redskins. He studied at Stanford University. Smith was born in Los Angeles, California. Stanley Price (writer) Stanley Price (12 August 1931 – 28 February 2019) was a British novelist and playwright. He wrote for the theatre, movie and television. He was born in London. Price was known for writing the screenplays for "Arabesque", "Gold" and "Shout at the Devil". For television, he wrote "A Royal Scandal". Price was born in London. Price died on 28 February 2019 in London at the age of 87. Summer Wars is a 2009 Japanese animated science fiction movie. It was directed by Mamoru Hosoda and produced by Madhouse. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Japan. Production of the movie started in 2006. The first trailer of the movie was released in April 2009. "Summer Wars" premiered in Japan on August 1, 2009. It won the 2010 Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. It also won the 2010 Japan Media Arts Festival's Animation Division Grand Prize and the Anaheim International Film Festival's Audience Award for Best Animated Feature. It was nominated for the 2009 Golden Leopard award at the Locarno International Film Festival. Butanone Butanone, also called methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3. It is a simple ketone with four carbon atoms. It smells sharp and sweet, like butterscotch and acetone mixed. It is soluble in water and is used as a solvent. Pentanone Pentanone can mean any of these ketones that have five carbon atoms: 2-Pentanone 2-pentanone, or methyl propyl ketone (MPK), is an organic compound. It is a ketone and is very similar to butanone, but it is more expensive to make. Because of this, it isn't used as a solvent as often as butanone. Some of it is found in tobacco. 3-Pentanone 3-Pentanone, also called diethyl ketone, is an organic compound. It is a ketone with five carbon atoms. It smells like acetone and is soluble in water. It is used as a solvent in paint and is used to make vitamin E. Ljubomir Popović Ljubomir "Ljuba" Popović (14 October 1934 – 12 August 2016) is a Serbian-born French surrealist painter. He was known for his many erotic and unusual subject matters. He was also known for his short documentary movie "L'amour monstre de tous les temps" (1978) by Walerian Borowczyk. He was born in Tuzla, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia). Popović died on 12 August 2016 in Belgrade, Serbia at the age of 81. W. Carter Merbreier W. Carter Merbreier (August 2, 1926 – August 9, 2016) was an American television personality. He was ordained Lutheran minister and former police chaplain for the Philadelphia Police Department. Merbreier created and co-hosted the long-running syndicated children's television series "Captain Noah and His Magical Ark" from 1967 to 1994. Merbreier was born on August 2, 1926 in Prospect Park, Pennsylvania and died on August 9, 2016 in Audubon, Pennsylvania at the age of 90. Glenn Yarbrough Glenn Robertson Yarbrough (January 12, 1930 – August 11, 2016) was an American folk singer and guitarist. He was the lead singer (tenor) with the Limeliters from 1959 to 1963. He was known for his songs "Baby the Rain Must Fall", "It's Gonna Be Fine", "San Francisco Bay Blues". He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Yarbrough died of problems from dementia in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 86. 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3-methyl-2-butanone, also called methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK), is an organic compound. It is a ketone with 4 carbon atoms on the main chain and a methyl group coming off the third carbon atom. Like butanone it can be used as a solvent. It costs more to make, so is not used very often. Charles Toubé Charles Toubé (22 January 1958 – 4 August 2016) was a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Tonnerre Yaoundé and Cameroon national football team. He was born in Yaoundé. Toubé died at a hospital in Douala on 4 August 2016 at the age of 58. Tyronza, Arkansas Tyronza is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Stephens, Arkansas Stephens is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Century egg A century egg is a cured duck egg. They are made by putting the egg in a mix of clay, salt, quicklime, and ash. A century egg is not really 100 years old. People call it a century egg because it looks different and takes months to make. Century eggs can also be made from quail or chicken eggs. Charlene, Princess of Monaco Charlene, Princess of Monaco (born 25 January 1978) is the wife of Prince Albert II. She was an Olympic swimmer. Archimedes number The Archimedes number is named after the Greek Archimedes. In viscous fluid dynamics, the Archimedes number (Ar) is used when the motion of fluids is affected by density differences. It is a dimensionless number, the ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces. The relationship and has the form: where: Lorna Doone Lorna Doone: A Romance of Exmoor is a novel written by Richard Doddridge Blackmore. The novel was published in 1869. The story begins in late 17th century in the United Kingdom towns of Devon and Somerset. The story shows the romance of a group of people living around the East Lyn Valley area of Exmoor. A 2003 BBC's survey The Big Read selected the novel as one of the Top 200 Books ever published. Eurico Miranda Eurico Ângelo de Oliveira Miranda (7 June 1944 – 12 March 2019) was a Brazilian politician and sports businessman. He was president of Vasco da Gama from 2014 until 17 January 2018. He was president of Vasco da Gama between 2001 and 2008. In politics, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1995 to 2002. Miranda died on 12 March 2019 in Rio de Janeiro from brain cancer, aged 74. Ghazali Jaafar Ghazali Jaafar (6 May 1944 – 13 March 2019) was a Filipino military personnel and politician. He served for the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). He was the Chairman of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC). Briefly from 26 February 2019 until his death, he was the Speaker of the Bangsamoro Parliament. Jaafar died at a hospital in Davao City of kidney failure on 13 March 2019, aged 75. David Garman David Edmund Talbot Garman OBE (9 May 1922 – 4 January 2019) was a British inventor and businessman. He was born in Thakeham, West Sussex, England. Garman invented the first portable powered bath lift in 1981 —a lift to assist people with mobility problems getting in and out of the bath. He was the founder and Chairman of Mangar International Limited, Mangar International (Holdings) Limited and Mangar 2013 Limited. Garman died in Wales on 4 January 2019, aged 96. Sue Povey Susan Povey FMedSci (1942 – 11 January 2019), also known as Sue, was a British geneticist. From 1970 to 2000 she was at the Medical Research Council's Human Biochemical Genetics Unit at the Galton Laboratory. She was a professor at University College London from 2000 to 2007, becoming Emeritus after retirement. She was chair of the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee from 1996 to 2007. Povey was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2000. Povey died on 11 January 2019 at the age of 76. Tom Warner Tom Warner (February 6, 1948 – January 11, 2019) was an American Republican politician. He was born in Rochester, New York. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999. Warner was the first Florida Solicitor General serving from 1999 to 2002. Warner died of prostate cancer in Stuart, Florida on January 11, 2019 at the age of 70. Dale Dodrill Dale Fike Dodrill (February 27, 1926 – January 18, 2019) was an American football defensive tackle. He played nine seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1951 to 1959. He was born in Stockton, Kansas and studied at Colorado State University. In 1961, Dodrill started Dodrill Insurance in Denver, Colorado. After building a successful business, Dodrill sold Dodrill Insurance to his sons in 1991. Dodrill died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on January 18, 2019 in Denver, Colorado, aged 92. Paul Barrett Paul Franklyn "Legs" Barrett (14 December 1940 – 20 January 2019) was a British talent agent and manager. He also was an actor. Barrett was the discoverer, mentor and first manager of Shakin' Stevens during the 1960s and 1970s. He also managed Wee Willie Harris, Bill Haley's original Comets, the Jets, Matchbox, Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers and Linda Gail Lewis. Barrett died on 20 January 2019 at the age of 78. Summit, Arkansas Summit is a city in the US state of Arkansas. St. Francis, Arkansas St. Francis is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Rosemarie Bowe Rosemarie Bowe Stack (born Rose Marie Bowe; September 17, 1932 – January 20, 2019) was an American model and actress. She was best known for her movie roles in the 1950s. She was born in Butte, Montana and raised in Tacoma, Washington. Bowe was married to actor Robert Stack from 1956 until his death in 2003. She was known for her role in "The Adventures of Hajji Baba". She also starred in John Cassavetes' "Big Trouble" (1986). Bowe's great-nephew is SNL comedian Taran Killam. In October 1969, Bowe was in a car accident in Sacramento, California, and had serious internal injuries. She crashed into a concrete culvert. Kathleen Lund, the wife of Art Lund was killed in the accident. Art Lund filed a $750,000 wrongful death suit, saying Stack was driving at an "excessive speed" during the accident. Bowe died on January 20, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. Turrell, Arkansas Turrell is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Ward, Arkansas Ward is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Watson, Arkansas Watson is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Wilson, Arkansas Wilson is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Richard Bodycombe Richard Bodycombe (April 29, 1922 – January 23, 2019) was an American major general in the United States Air Force. He was Commander of the United States Air Force Reserve Command. As chief of Air Force Reserve he served as the principal adviser on Reserve matters to the Air Force Chief of Staff. As commander of AFRES he had full responsibility for the supervision of U.S. Air Force Reserve units around the world. Wooster, Arkansas Wooster is a city in the US state of Arkansas. Hagarville, Arkansas Hagarville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 129 at the 2010 census. John Jeffries Sir John Francis Jeffries (28 March 1929 – 25 January 2019) was a New Zealand politician and judge. He was a judge on the High Court from 1976 until his retirement in 1992. He was the 14th Deputy Mayor of Wellington City from 1971 to 1974. Jeffries was born in Wellington. He was a member of the Labour Party. Jeffries died on 25 January 2019 in Wellington, aged 89. Jan Wahl Jan Boyer Wahl (April 1, 1931 – January 29, 2019) was an American children's author. He was born in Columbus, Ohio. He was an author of over 120 works, and was known primarily for his award-winning children's books, including "Pleasant Fieldmouse", "The Furious Flycycle", and "Humphrey's Bear". Wahl died on January 29, 2019 in Toledo, Ohio from prostate cancer, aged 87. Paul Talalay Paul Talalay (31 March 1923 – 10 March 2019) was a German-born American pharmacologist. He was born in Germany. Talalay was the John Jacob Abel Distinguished Service Professor of Pharmacology and Director of the Laboratory for Molecular Sciences at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He was the founder of The Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory for the study of edible plants that creates protective enzyme activity in the body and may help prevent the development of cancer. Talalay died on 10 March 2019 from congestive heart failure in Baltimore, Maryland, aged 95. Altstätten Altstätten is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. A. Ernest Fitzgerald Arthur Ernest "Ernie" Fitzgerald (July 31, 1926 – January 31, 2019) was an American engineer. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a member of the Senior Executive Service in the United States Air Force. He was well known as a U.S. government whistleblower. In 1968, Fitzgerald reported a $2.3 billion cost overrun in the Lockheed C-5 aircraft program. As a result, he was fired by Secretary Melvin Laird under the orders of President Richard Nixon. Fitzgerald died on January 31, 2019 in Falls Church, Virginia, aged 92. Wayne Messam 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Wayne Messam, the 10th Mayor of Miramar, Florida began on March 28, 2019, when Messam stated that he would be running for President of the United States in 2020 on an online campaign video. In early 2019 many sources said that Messam would run for president to which he responded with "all options will remain on the table." On March 13, 2019, he announced the formation of an exploratory committee for a possible run. He formally announced his candidacy on March 28, 2019. Messam launched his campaign at a rally at Florida Memorial University in Miami Gardens. Messam traveled to South Carolina, one of the early primary states in early March. He soon traveled to New Hampshire in May with further trips included South Carolina, Michigan, Nevada and California. Messam dropped out from the race on November 20, 2019 following low polling numbers, money raised and lack of qualification to any of the debates. Luwian language Luwian was the language of the Luwian people. It is ordered under the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages. It died around 600 BCE. Linguists believe that it had two laryngeal consonants inherited from Indo-European, because their cuneiform writing had two symbols that represent laryngeal sounds. Küssnacht Küssnacht am Rigi (official name since 2004: Küssnacht) is a village, a municipality and a district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It is the capital and municipality of the district of Küssnacht. History. Küssnacht was first mentioned in 830 as "Cossiniacum", defining the estate of the Roman Lord "Cossinius". In 1424, Küssnacht became a "district" of the Canton of Schwyz. According to the legend of Wilhelm Tell, the hero shot the Austrian bailiff Gessler at the "Hohle Gasse" near the "Gesslerburg" with his crossbow. On 29 August 1935, Queen Astrid of the Belgians was killed here in a road accident. A memorial chapel ("Königin-Astrid-Kapelle") was built at the accident scene. A well-known folklore event on December 5 each year is the Klausjagen. Geography. It is at the northern shore of Lake Lucerne and at the southern shore of Lake Zug below mount Rigi (). Villages. The municipality has three villages Küssnacht, Immensee, and Merlischachen, the hamlet "Haltikon", the industrial area "Fänn", and the alp "Seeboden". Željko Kopanja Željko Kopanja (21 October 1954 – 8 August 2016) was a Bosnian Serb newspaper editor. He was the director of the newspaper "Nezavisne Novine". "The Christian Science Monitor" described him as an equal critic of all parties without regard to ethnicity and "probably the most feared journalist in Bosnia and Herzegovina." He was born in Kotor Varoš, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. In October 1999, he lost both legs in a car bomb attack in apparent retaliation for his reporting on war crimes by Bosnian Serbs. He died from cardiac arrest on 8 August 2016 in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina at the age of 61. Ines Mandl Ines Mandl (April 4, 1917 – August 5, 2016) was an Austrian-born American biochemist. He was awarded the Garvan-Olin Medal in 1983 for her work on the enzyme collagenase. She was a professor at Columbia University. He was born in Vienna. Mandl died on August 5, 2016 at the age of 98. Colleton County, South Carolina Colleton County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 38,892 people lived there. Its county seat is Walterboro. The county is named after Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet, one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina and was created in 1800. Dillon County, South Carolina Dillon County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,062. Its county seat is Dillon. Dillon, South Carolina Dillon is a city in South Carolina in the United States. It is the county seat of Dillon County. Edgefield County, South Carolina Edgefield County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 26,985 people lived there. Its county seat is Edgefield. Florence County Florence County is the name of two counties in the United States: Florence County, South Carolina Florence County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 136,885 people lived there. Its county seat is Florence. East–West Schism The East-West Schism, also called the Schism of 1054, separated the Christian church to East and West. The East formed the Eastern Orthodox Church and the west formed the Roman Catholic Church. Dennard, Arkansas Dennard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Hiwasse, Arkansas Hiwasse is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Holiday Island, Arkansas Holiday Island is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Lake Hamilton, Arkansas Lake Hamilton is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Lost Bridge Village, Arkansas Lost Bridge Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Gravel Ridge, Arkansas Gravel Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Schwyz District Schwyz District is a district of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. It is the largest and most populous of the six districts of the canton of Schwyz. As of , it has a population of . The capital is Schwyz which is also the capital of the canton of Schwyz. It contains the following municipalities: Höfe District Höfe District is a district of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. As of , it has a population of . The capital is Wollerau/Pfäffikon. The district has three municipalities: Einsiedeln Einsiedeln is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It is known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, founded in the 10th century. Villages. The municipality has six villages: Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross and Trachslau. The village of Biberbrugg is shared with the municipality of Feusisberg. March District March District is a district in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. As of , it has a population of . The capital is Lachen. It contains the following municipalities: Lachen, Switzerland Lachen is a municipality in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland, the capital in March District. It is the smallest municipality in the canton of Schwyz. Lauerz Lauerz is a municipality in Schwyz District of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It is next to Lake Lauerz ("Lauerzersee"). Fairfield County, South Carolina Fairfield County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 20,948 people live here. Its county seat is Winnsboro. Fairfield County is part of the Columbia, South Carolina metropolitan area Georgetown County, South Carolina Georgetown County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 60,158 people lived there. Its county seat is Georgetown. The county was formed in 1769. It is named for George III of the United Kingdom. Wollerau Wollerau is a municipality in Höfe District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It lies on the upper Lake Zurich. It is the capital in Höfe District. Feusisberg Feusisberg is a municipality in Höfe District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Ingenbohl Ingenbohl is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It is located along the Lake Lucerne. Villages. The municipality consists of the village of Ingenbohl and the hamlets of Brunnen, Wilen, Schränggigen and Unterschönenbuch. Greenwood County, South Carolina Greenwood County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 69,661. Its county seat is Greenwood. Chemical purification Chemical purification or chemical isolation is the process in chemistry where one chemical substance is separated from other substance so that it is pure. Movies banned in China The People's Republic of China (PRC) bans a lot of movies for many reasons. The National Film Administration (国家电影局) decides for mainland China. Hong Kong and Macau have different political systems so the bans below do not apply. Taiwan, which is known as the Republic of China by those countries that recognize her, is not under the control and jurisdiction of the PRC. List of banned movies by subject (partial selection). Company does not even try to sell the film in China. A Hong Kong outdoor cinema planned to play "The Dark Knight" in October 2022. However, the Government told the cinema to not play the movie. It is because the movie, which is violent, is under "category IIB". "Category II" is further subdivided to two more categories, i.e. "A" and "B". The 3-tier system. was punished in July 2021 for using a controversial slogan, may or may not be relevant. "Inside the Red Brick Wall (理大圍城)" was approved by Hong Kong censor - Derek Lee in 2021. Up to April 2022, he is still in office. "Inside the Red Brick Wall" is under "category III". In November 2021, the Hong Kong law on censorship was changed. It is not clear whether "Revolution of Our Times (時代革命)" (by Kiwi Chow) is allowed or banned. Chow's movie's name is the later half of the Tong's slogan (liberate Hong Kong; revolution of our times) without former half, without the words of "liberate Hong Kong". The rules say that Hong Kong "category III" movies cannot be shown to people under 18 years old. Ocean's Eleven Ocean's Eleven is a 2001 American heist movie directed by Steven Soderbergh, and a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack movie of the same name. It features an ensemble cast, including George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Andy García, Bernie Mac and Julia Roberts. The movie was a success at the box office and with critics, and was the fifth highest-grossing movie of 2001 with $450 million. Christchurch mosque shootings The Christchurch mosque shootings were two terrorist mass shootings on 15 March 2019 at the Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand during Friday prayers. At least 51 people were killed and 49 others injured by gunman Brenton Tarrant in the shootings. It was described as a terrorist attack by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. Police have also confirmed that they had found multiple car bombs, which were successfully disarmed. This was the first mass shooting in New Zealand since the 1997 Raurimu massacre. Australian Brenton Tarrant was arrested and charged with murder. Tarrant live streamed one of the attacks on Facebook Live. Tarrant pleaded guilty to the murders in March 2020 and was sentenced to prison with no parole. Attacks. Al Noor Mosque, Riccarton. Tarrant began to shoot worshippers in the Al Noor Mosque at around 13:40. Between 300 and 500 people could have been in the mosque during Friday prayers when the shooting happened. Someone who lived nearby said the shooter ran from the mosque and dropped a gun. They also said that the man was wearing military-style clothes. Tarrant live streamed the first 17 minutes of the attack on Facebook live. The stream showed the whole attack on the Al Noor Mosque, and finished as he was driving to the Linwood Islamic Centre. The first victim of the shooting could be heard greeting the shooter on the stream by saying "Hello, brother", who was killed straight after. The shooter was at the mosque for six minutes before driving away. Police were told about the attack at 1:53 p.m. Linwood Islamic Centre. A second attack happened at around 1:55 p.m. at the Linwood Islamic Centre. It is a mosque away from the Al Noor Mosque. Seven people were killed there. The mosque's imam said that a person called Abdul Aziz stopped the attack before Tarrant could get into the building. He grabbed a credit card machine and threw it at the attacker. Tarrant then shot at Aziz, who picked up an empty shotgun on the floor and threw it through the window of Tarrant's car. Tarrant then drove away. Explosive devices. The police found two improvised explosive devices in a car. They were defused by the New Zealand Defence Force and did not explode. Response. In response to the shootings, Jacinda Ardern announced that the New Zealand government will be introducing stronger firearms regulations. She said that the Christchurch mosque attacks has lead to her to see many major weaknesses in New Zealand's gun law. On 10 April 2019, less than one month after the attack, the New Zealand Parliament passed a law that bans most semiautomatic weapons and assault rifles, parts that convert guns into semiautomatic guns, and higher capacity magazines. On 15 May 2019, Jacinda Ardern and French President Emmanuel Macron co-chaired the Christchurch Call summit. The aim of this summit was to "bring together countries and tech companies in an attempt to bring to an end the ability to use social media to organise and promote terrorism and violent extremism". This means she is trying to tell the world's technology companies to take serious measures to actively prevent the internet's social media from promoting terrorism and violent extremism. Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. On 10 March 2019, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft crashed six minutes after takeoff near the town of Bishoftu, Oromia Region, killing all 157 passengers and crew aboard. The cause of the accident is currently unknown and under investigation. Notable people killed in the crash were Nigerian-Canadian writer Pius Adesanmi and Italian politician Sebastiano Tusa. As of January 2019, 350 aircraft of this model have been produced, and one other has crashed, Lion Air Flight 610 in Indonesia in October 2018. Following the accident, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 model was grounded by various airlines and government regulators worldwide. Under the Bridge "Under the Bridge" is a 1991 rock ballad from Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song is the eleventh track off the group's fifth studio album "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". The song was released on March 10, 1992. The song is about feelings of alienation. The song peaked at #2 on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100. It was right behind Kris Kross' "Jump". The song got a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America. Magnet Cove, Arkansas Magnet Cove is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Maysville, Arkansas Maysville is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Prairie Creek, Arkansas Prairie Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. New Edinburg, Arkansas New Edinburg, also known as New Edinburgh, is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Piney, Arkansas Piney is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Reader, Arkansas Reader is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Rockwell, Arkansas Rockwell is a census-designated place (CDP) in Garland County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 3,780 at the 2010 census. It is found at (34.464348, -93.133816). Staves, Arkansas Staves is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Sulphur Springs, Jefferson County, Arkansas Sulphur Springs, also known as White Sulphur Springs, is a census-designated place (CDP) of Jefferson County in the US state of Arkansas. Tumbling Shoals, Arkansas Tumbling Shoals is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Woodlawn, Arkansas Woodlawn is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas. Yarborough Landing, Arkansas Yarborough Landing is a census-designated place (CDP) in Little River County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 487. Morschach Morschach is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Sattel, Switzerland Sattel is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Alpthal Alpthal is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Illgau Illgau is a municipality in Schwyz District, in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Oberiberg Oberiberg is a village and municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. The municipality consists of the village of Oberiberg and the hamlet and ski area of Hoch-Ybrig. Steinen, Switzerland Steinen is a municipality in Schwyz District, in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Hampton County, South Carolina Hampton County is in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,090. Its county seat is Hampton. Steinerberg Steinerberg is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Rothenthurm Rothenthurm is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. V-Varen Nagasaki is a Japanese J2 League football club based in Nagasaki. The club was founded in 1985 as "Ariake FC" till they merged with "Kunimi FC" in 2005 and adopted the name they still hold today. John Bardo John William Bardo (October 28, 1948 – March 12, 2019) was an American educator. He was the President of Wichita State University from 2012 until his death in 2019. He was a faculty member at Western Carolina University after serving as the 10th Chancellor for 16 years. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Brado died of lung disease in Wichita on March 12, 2019 at the age of 70. Ocean's Twelve Ocean's Twelve is a 2004 American heist movie, the first sequel to 2001's Ocean's Eleven. Like its predecessor, which was a remake of the 1960 heist movie Ocean's 11, the movie was directed by Steven Soderbergh and used an ensemble cast. The movie stars George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Andy García, Julia Roberts, Don Cheadle, and Bernie Mac. It was released in the United States on December 10, 2004. The movie received mixed reviews from critics but was a financial success, grossing $435 million and becoming the tenth highest-grossing movie of 2004. A third movie, Ocean's Thirteen, was released on June 8, 2007, in the United States—thus forming "The Ocean's Trilogy". Frank Cali Francesco Paolo Augusto Calì (; March 26, 1965 – March 13, 2019), known as "Frank" or "Franky Boy", was an American crime boss of the Gambino crime family. Cali was thought to have been the Gambinos' "ambassador to Sicilian mobsters" and had linked him to the Inzerillo Mafia family from Palermo. He was born in New York City. Cali was killed outside his home in Staten Island on March 13, 2019, aged 53. Beril Dedeoğlu Hatice Beril Dedeoğlu (9 December 1961 – 13 March 2019) was a Turkish academic and politician. She was born in Ankara. She was the Minister of European Union Affairs led by Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu between 22 September and 17 November 2015. She worked as a columnist for the newspapers "Star", "Today's Zaman", "Zaman", "Agos" and "Yeni Şafak". Dedeoğlu died on 13 March 2019 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Ankara, aged 57. Alberto Lois Alberto Lois (May 6, 1956 – March 12, 2019) was a Dominican Major League Baseball player. Lois played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1978 and 1979. He was used primarily as a pinch runner, but was also an outfielder. He was born in Hato Mayor del Rey, Dominican Republic. Lois died at his home on March 12, 2019 in Consuelo, Dominican Republic from stomach cancer, aged 62. Andrea Pollack Andrea Pollack (8 May 1961 – 13 March 2019) was a German butterfly swimmer. She was born in Schwerin, East Germany. Pollack won two gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at age fifteen. She won a gold in the 4×100 m medley relay and a silver in the 100 m butterfly at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Pollack died on 13 March 2019 from pancreatic cancer in Berlin, aged 57. Leroy Stanton Leroy Bobby Stanton (April 10, 1946 – March 13, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball outfielder. He played all or part of nine seasons in the majors, from 1970 to 1978. He played for the New York Mets, California Angels, and the Seattle Mariners. He also played one season in Japan for the Hanshin Tigers in 1979. Stanton was born in Latta, South Carolina. Stanton was killed in a car crash on March 13, 2019 near Florence, South Carolina, aged 72. Other websites. , or Pura Pelota Latta, South Carolina Latta is a town in Dillon County, South Carolina, United States. Latta is the second largest town in Dillon County. As of the 2016 census, it had a population of 1,334. Easton, Maryland Easton, Maryland is an town and the county seat of Talbot County, Maryland, United States. The population was 15,945 at the 2010 census. Denton, Maryland Denton is a town in Caroline County, Maryland. The population of Denton was 4,418 as of the 2010 United States Census, and it is the county seat of Caroline County. Walter Kasper Walter Kasper (born 5 March 1933) is a German Roman Catholic Cardinal and theologian. He is President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. He was its president from 2001 to 2010. Kasper was born in Heidenheim an der Brenz, Germany. In 2001, he was made a cardinal by Pope John Paul II. Godfried Danneels Godfried Maria Jules Danneels (4 June 1933 – 14 March 2019) was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and the chairman of the episcopal conference from 1979 to 2010. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. He resigned in 2008 at the age of 75 and was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 January 2010. He was born in Kanegem, Tielt, Kingdom of Belgium. Danneels died on 14 March 2019 in Mechelen, Belgium, aged 85. Drink coaster A coaster, drink coaster or beermat is an item used to rest drinks on. Coasters protect the surface where the glass or mug is put. Coasters put on top of a glass can show a drink is not finished prevent contamination (usually from insects). Restaurants and bars usually will have coasters out on their tables. They are used to protect the surface of the table. If they are made of cardboard, they will absorb liquid that may drip along the glass. Beermats usually have trademarks or alcohol advertising. Bar mats have a similar function. They are rectangular pieces of rubber or absorbent material used to protect the countertop of a bar. House of Glucksburg The House of Glucksburg is a European dynasty. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh belongs to this house. So do his descendants, including Charles, Prince of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Other members of the house have included Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and King Harald V of Norway. In 1980, Christoph, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein became the head of the house. Thirumanam (TV series) Thirumanam (English:Marriage) is an 2018 Indian Tamil language romance drama which is directed by Azhagar and starring Sidhu and Shreya Anchan in lead roles. The series is airing on Colors Tamil from October 8, 2018 on Monday to Saturday at 22:00 (IST) time slot. The story revolves around the marriage of Santhosh and Janani. Story. Santosh is in love with another girl while his parents force him to marry. Unable to stand against his parents...he promises to marry. He thinks of stopping the marriage through various means but he could not. After marriage, the furious Santhosh scolds and asks divorce to janani... How will Janani react? What will be her reaction?.. Will she say to her parents?..or will she give divorce? Cast. Supporting cast. Santhosh Family: Janani Family: Other : Muotathal Muotathal is a village and a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. The eponymous valley, the Muotatal, is formed by the Muota, which joins Lake Lucerne at Brunnen. Geography. The village is in the valley of the river Muota, the Muotatal, with which it shares the name. The municipality is in a series of valleys on the eastern edge of the canton, on the borders with the cantons of Uri and Glarus. It is the 10th largest municipality by area in Switzerland. The municipality includes the entry site of the Hölloch, which at over 200 km is the longest cave in Switzerland, and the second-longest in Europe. Unteriberg Unteriberg is a village and municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Villages. Unteriberg, Studen, Waag, Stöcken and Herti. Biberbrugg Biberbrugg is a village in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Biberbrugg is shared by the municipalities of Einsiedeln in the district of Einsiedeln and Feusisberg in the district of Höfe. Galgenen Galgenen is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Sights. The main sights of Galgenen are: the Catholic church of St. Martin and the chapel of St. Jost. Schübelbach Schübelbach is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Altendorf, Schwyz Altendorf is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Innerthal Innerthal is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. The municipality is on Wägitalersee, a lake in the upper "Wägital". Reichenburg Reichenburg is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Tuggen Tuggen is a village and municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Vorderthal Vorderthal is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Wangen, Schwyz Wangen is a municipality in March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. Turtleneck A turtleneck is a kind of sweater that has a small round piece covering your neck. Depending where you live, it can be called a polo neck, roll-neck, or skivvy. It can be thin or thick, worn tight or loose. There is a similar kind of sweater called the mock neck. Turtlenecks have been popular in the west parts of Europe for a long time. They have been trendy in North America since the mid 1900s. People of any gender can wear a turtleneck. People are more likely to wear them when it is cold . Horry County, South Carolina Horry County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 289,650, making it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. The county is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, about 90 miles north of Charleston, South Carolina and about 130 miles east of the state capital, Columbia. Conway, South Carolina Conway is a city in Horry County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 17,103 at the 2010 census, and had an estimated population of 22,761 in 2016. It is the county seat of Horry County It is the home of Coastal Carolina University. Clarksville, Texas Clarksville is a city in the US state of Texas. Coldspring, Texas Coldspring is a city in the US state of Texas. It is the county seat of San Jacinto County. Nickelodeon Productions Nickelodeon Productions is a television production and distribution company. It produces and distributes television series for the TV network, Nickelodeon that was founded in 1989. It is the production company of live-action programming produced for the network (and occasionally Paramount+). Nickelodeon Animation Studios programming is also credited as being produced by Nickelodeon Productions. It also has its own filming studio, Nickelodeon Movies. It has produced lots of movies for example, "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie", ', ', "The J Team", and many more. Sex (disambiguation) Sex may mean: Katharine Ross Katharine Juliet Ross (born January 29, 1940) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Elaine Robinson in "The Graduate" (1967). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for that role. Ross is also known for her roles as Etta Place in "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969), for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress; and as Joanna Eberhart in "The Stepford Wives" (1975). She won a Golden Globe for "Voyage of the Damned" (1976). Colors Tamil Colors Tamil is an Tamil language pay television channel and satellite television channel. Owned and operated by Viacom 18, a media entertainment company based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu it broadcasts programming in Tamil language. The channel was launched on 19 February 2018, typically broadcasting family drama, comedy shows, reality show and movies. Availability. The channel available across India and other countries through satellite and cable. It also available through digital and mobile entertainment platform, Voot. List of programs broadcast by Colors Tamil The following list is a programming originally broadcast on Colors Tamil, a television channel in Tamil Nadu. Verenahof Verenahof was until 1967 a tiny part of West Germany containing three houses and twenty-four residents, completely surrounded by land belonging to Switzerland. The West German territory was an enclave separated from the rest of the country by a strip of Swiss land about 200 to 300 metres wide. In 1522, Emperor Charles V and his brother Archduke Ferdinand of Austria bought Verenahof at the same time when they bought other small pieces of land in the same region (Tengen, Kommingen, Wiechs am Randen) from Count . In the 17th and 18th centuries there were arguments between Tengen and Schaffhausen about access roads and the exact border of the enclave. In 1964 West Germany and Switzerland agreed that Verenahof would become part of Switzerland. This happened on 4 October 1967. Today Verenahof is part of the village of Büttenhardt. At the Wiechs am Randen town hall there are some remaining border markers that became no longer needed with the land swap in 1967. In Büttenhardt, at the old school house, some old border markers from the 1930s have been used to frame bushes planted around the enclave. Long and short scales The long and short scales are two of several large-number naming systems for integer powers of ten that use the same words with different meanings. The long scale is based on powers of one million (1,000,000), whereas the short scale is based on powers of one thousand (1,000). For whole numbers less than a thousand million (< 109), the two scales are the same. From a thousand million up (≥ 109), the two scales differ ever more, using the same words for different numbers, which can cause misunderstanding. Short scale. Every next short "-illion" word greater than "million" is one thousand times as large as the previous term. Thus, a short: "billion" (109) means "a thousand million", "trillion" (1012) means a "thousand billion", "quadrillion" (1015) means a "thousand trillion", and so on. Thus, a short "n"-illion equals 103"n" + 3. Long scale. Every next long "-illion" word greater than "million" is one million times as large as the previous term. So, the long: "billion" (1012) means a "million million", "trillion" (1018) means a "million billion", "quadrillion" (1024) means a "million trillion" and so on. Thus, a long "n"-illion equals 106"n". Every "-illiard" word is one thousand times as large as the previous "-illion" word. So: "milliard" (109) means a "thousand million", "billiard" (1015) means a "thousand billion", "trilliard" (1021) means a "thousand trillion" and so on. Thus, a long "n"-illiard equals 106"n"+3. Use. Countries where the long scale is currently used include most countries in continental Europe and most that are French-speaking, Spanish-speaking (except Spanish-speakers born into an English-speaking culture, e.g. Puerto Rico, because of its influence from English-speaking United States) and Portuguese-speaking countries, except Brazil. The short scale is now used in most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, in Brazil, in the former Soviet Union and several other countries. Number names are rendered in the language of the country, but are similar everywhere due to shared etymology. Some languages, particularly in East Asia and South Asia, have large-number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales, as for example the Indian numbering system. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United Kingdom largely used the long scale, whereas the United States used the short scale, so that the two systems were often referred to as "British" and "American" in the English language. After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale, in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it, and it is used for all official purposes. With very few exceptions, the British usage and American usage are now the same. The first recorded use of the words "short scale" () and "long scale" () was by the French mathematician Geneviève Guitel in 1975. To lessen the confusion from the use of both short and long terms in any language, the SI recommends using the Metric prefix, which keeps the same meaning regardless of the country and the language. Long and short scales remain in use for counting money. Vandhal Sridevi Vandhal Sridevi (English:Sridevi came in) is an 2018 Indian Tamil language romance drama starring Ananya, Nandhan Loganadhan, Lasya Nagraj, Meera Krishnan and Devi Priya. It is a remake of the Kannada language series "Lakshmi Baramma". The show replaces Enga Veetu Mapillai and airs on Colors Tamil from 18 April, 2018 to 28 June 2019. Plot. Vanthal Sridevi is the story of a small town girl, Sridevi (Ananya), who escapes her cruel family through an inconvenient marriage to a man named Sidharth (Nandhan Loganadhan) and her struggles thereafter. Fox Kids Fox Kids was a programming block on FOX in the 1990s, moving into the 2000s and stopping in 2001. The shows it broadcasted included "Animaniacs", "Goosebumps", and several Marvel cartoons. Feliks Zemdegs Feliks Aleksanders Zemdegs (, ; born 20 December 1995) is an Australian "speed cuber" which means he solves Rubik's Cubes as fast as possible. Zemdegs set a new record in solving the Rubik's Cube with a time of 4.221 seconds. The record was set on May 6, 2018 at a Rubik's Cube contest called "Cube for Cambodia". Zemdegs also set a record time of 4.73 seconds in 2016, but the 2016 record was broken by American Patrick Ponce. Gliese 581 c Gliese 581 c is a exoplanet that orbits the red dwarf star Gliese 581. It is located about 20 light years away in the Libra. It is about six times as massive as Earth, and circles its star about 11 million kilometers from it (the Earth is 150 million kilometers away from the sun). It takes it 13 days to circle the star once. When it was discovered in 2007, it was thought to be Earth-like and habitable. Habitability. Gliese 581 c was thought to be habitable when it was discovered, and it was thought to be in the habitable zone. However, later studies by the von Bloh team said that Gliese 581 c circled too close to the star to be in the habitable zone. Gliese 581 c may also suffer a serve greenhouse effect, making it as hot as Venus. If that is true, it is uninhabitable. Also, red dwarfs like Gliese 581 are not very friendly to life as we know it, since they are very stellar active (meaning they emit strong solar flares and such). Tidal locking. Gliese 581 c may be tidally locked to its star. Just as one side of the Moon always faces Earth, the length of Gliese 581 c's day would then match the length of its year. Tidal locking also means the planet would have no axial tilt and that means the planet would not experience any seasons. Even with a permanent day one one side, and a permanent night on one side, a sliver of land between the two zones may be habitable. Oviya (TV series) Oviya () is an 2018 Indian Tamil language drama airing on Colors Tamil which is directed by Sai Maruthu and starring Surendar Shanmugam, Gomathi Priya and Harshala in lead roles. The plot of the series is the remake of a Hindi language television series Uttaran which aired on COLORS TV. The series is airing on Colors Tamil from November 26, 2018 on Monday to Saturday at 18:30 (IST) time slot. The story is about friends Oviya (Gomathi Priya) and Gayathri (Harshala) and how that friendship is tested by their love interests over Surendar. Cast. Supporting cast. Oviya Family: Gayathri Family: Surya Family: Whitney M. Young Magnet High School Whitney M. Young Magnet High School (commonly known simply as Whitney Young) is a public magnet high school located in the Near West Side neighbourhood in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is operated by the Chicago Public Schools district. Whitney Young opened on September 3, 1975 as the city's first public magnet high school. Utrecht tram shooting On the 18 March 2019, four people were killed and six others injured after a shooting on a tram in Utrecht, Netherlands. Police shared a photo of a 37-year-old Turkish man called Gökmen Tanis who they were searching for. Police think that he got away in a red Renault Clio. Tanis was arrested the same day and was later sentenced to life in prison. Norwood Junction railway station Norwood Junction is a rail and Overground interchange in South Norwood, England. It is in Zone 4. The station is managed by London Overground and is served by Overground, Southern and Thameslink trains. Crash. The Norwood Junction railway crash happened on 1 May 1891, when a cast-iron bridge over Portland Road, 60 yards (55 m) north-east of the old station building, split under the weight of an express train from Brighton to London Bridge. Services. "tph is trains per hour. T means the service is run by Thameslink, S means the service is run by Southern and O means an Overground service. A slash in between two operators means it is run by either." Lev Kamenev Lev Borisovich Kamenev (born Leo Rosenfeld or Lev Borisovich Rozenfeld; – 25 August 1936) was one of the leaders of the Russian Revolution in Russia. He was in office from 6 July 1923 to 16 January 1926. He was against the Tsar. Kepler-186f Kepler-186f is a exoplanet that goes around the red dwarf star Kepler 186. It is over 580 light years away in the Cygnus constellation. Kepler-186f was discovered in 2014 by the Kepler spacecraft. It is in the habitable zone of its star, so liquid water may exist on its surface. It is known for being the first Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone of a star. Description. Mass, size, temprature. Kepler-186f is thought to be 97% and 125% the size of Earth (1.11 ± 0.14 the size of Earth) While its mass is not know it is thought to be up to 1.4 times Earth's. The true mass depends on what the planet is made of. If the planet has no atmosphere, then its temprature would be around 182 Kelvin (-91 Celsius). Earth Similarity Index. Kepler-186f's ESI is thought to be around 0.58. Habitability. Kepler-186f is in the habitable zone of Kepler-186, so liquid water may be on its surface. However, just because a planet is in the habitable zone, dos not mean it is habitable. The find is still thought to be important, however, since it has a size similar to Earth's. It only receives one third of the sunlight Earth gets, hence its temperature is thought to be -91 Celsius. However, a greenhouse effect can help heat the surface up, and make it warmer. A review from 2015 said that Kepler-186f, Kepler-442b, and Kepler-62f, are thought to be the best candidates for habitability. Alan Krueger Alan Bennett Krueger (September 17, 1960 – March 16, 2019) was an American economist. He worked at Princeton University and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Krueger was nominated by President Barack Obama to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy, which he served from May 2009 to October 2010. He was nominated in 2011 by Obama as Chair of the White House Council of Economic Advisers, and served in that office from November 2012 to August 2013. Krueger killed himself in Princeton, New Jersey on March 16, 2019 at the age of 58. Errol Barrow Errol Walton Barrow, PC, Queen's Counsel (21 January 1920 - 1 June 1987) was a Barbadian politician and statesman and was the nations and country’s first Prime Minister of Barbados. He served as the first Prime Minister of Barbados from 30 November 1966 - 8 September 1976 for his first term and again from 29 May 1986 - 1 June 1987 as his second term. He served twice as Head of government of Barbados. He also served as the third Premier of Barbados from 4 December 1961 - 30 November 1966 under British rule until independence on 30 November 1966 and as the nation’s and Country‘s first Prime minister after Independence that same year of 1966. He is considered to have been the principal architect of Barbadian Independence. Today he is referred by many as the ‘’Father of the Barbadian Nation’’ and the ‘’National Hero of Barbados’’. Barrow effectively dominated Barbadian politics from 1961 until his death on 1 June 1987, serving as the nation’s and Country Head of government under various titles for most of that period as Premier of Barbados and then Prime Minister of Barbados. Born into a family of political and civic activists in the parish of Saint Lucy, Barbados. He was also known and nicknamed as “Dipper Barrow” within the country and Nation itself because of the great work that he has done and devoted to the country of Barbados itself. Biography. Born on 21 January 1920 in the Parish of Saint Lucy, Barbados , his parents names are unknown. Errol Walton Barrow was the youngest among his sibling of his Sister Nita Barrow. He had one Sister only. At the age of 7 in 1927, Barrow traveled abroad for his Primary education and Secondary education to the United Kingdom on the advice of his parents because education was weak in Barbados then in the 1920s and his family wanted him to presue his education abroad to become a successful person in the future. So when he and his family reached the United Kingdom In 1927 when Barrow was 7 years old and Nita Barrow was 11 years old. Democratic Labour Party (Barbados) The Democratic Labour Party (DLP) is a political party which was founded in Barbados in 1955 by Errol Barrow. It was the ruling party of Barbados 3 times after Barbados became independent on 30 November 1966. It first ruled the Country and the nation of Barbados from 30 November 1966 to 8 September 1976 under Errol Barrow and then from 29 May 1986 to 7 September 1994 first again under Errol Barrow from 29 May 1986 until his death on 1 June 1987. Barrow’s than Deputy prime minister, Erskine Sandiford succeeded him as Prime Minister of Barbados on 1 June 1987. Erskine Sandiford Served as the 4th Prime Minister of Barbados from 1 June 1987 to 7 September 1994. The Democratic Labour Party rulled the country and the nation of Barbados for a third time form 15 January 2008 to 24 May 2018. It first rulled under David Thompson (Barbadian Politician) from 15 January 2008 to 23 October 2010 and then under Freundel Stuart from 23 October 2010 to 24 May 2018, but faced an electoral wipeout and a crushing, traumatic and unexpecteble defeat in the 2018 Barbadian general election which left it with no Member of Parliament’s. History The Democratic Labour Party (DLP) was founded in 1955 by Errol Barrow and Co-founded by Fredrick Smith. They were once members and candidates of the then ruling-party of Barbados the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) from 1951 to 1955, these people and 29 more people broke away and stepped down as members and candidates of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) to form his more left-winged and leaning Social democratic alternative, the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) to challenge the then-ruling Barbados Labour Party in the 1956 Barbadian general election. The Democratic Labour Party (DLP) was a split form the Democratic domain of the Barbados Labour Party In 1955. However, as a result of this common orgin, the two parties have been and is still remaining until today, ideologically similar and has similar believes about governing the affairs of Barbados. But the only difference between the two Political parties of Barbados the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) and Barbados Labour Party (BLP), is that the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) focuses more on Democracy and on Human rights, while the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) focuses more on Republicanism and Labour. The first leadership election was held in the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) headquarters of St. George Street In 1955, one day after the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) was founded by Errol Barrow. Errol Barrow contested in that leadership election against Co-founder of the Democractic Labour Party (DLP), Fredrick Smith. It was a heated and close leadership election, and Errol Barrow defeated Fredrick Smith by a large margin of votes and Errol Barrow secured and won 49% of the vote, while Fredrick Smith secured and won 32% of the vote. Barrow was sworn in as leader and President of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) and Leader of the Opposition the following day after the 1955 Democratic Labour Party (DLP) leadership election. He appointed his Central Excutive Comitee also. Democratic Labour Party (DLP) Central Executive Commitee 1955: West Croydon station West Croydon is a combined rail, tram and bus interchange in Croydon. It is in Travelcard Zone 5. Notable incidents. In 1912, Samuel Colridge Taylor, himself a resident of Croydon, collapsed at the station due to overwork and pneumonia. He died at home a few days later. Services. "tph is trains per hour." St Albans School St Albans School is a school in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It was founded in 984. Some of the ex-students include Stephen Hawking and Pope Adrian IV. The school has been called "Britain's oldest public school" by the "Daily Mail". In 1818 the school was described as the school as "of very ancient origin, and of great celebrity". The "Good Schools Guide" describes St Albans as a "traditional public school, with a rich history". Sebastian Sebastian is a name. It comes from the Greek name Sebastianos (Σεβαστιανός) or changed into English "from Sebastia". It is given to people a lot because of a saint called Sebastian. Transbrasil Flight 303 Transbrasil Flight 303 was a flight from Congonhas-São Paulo Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, to Hercílio Luz International Airport in Florianópolis, Brazil, on April 12, 1980. It crashed on approach to Hercílio Luz International Airport. Only three of the 58 people on board survived. Aircraft. The aircraft involved was a Boeing 727-27C, registration PT-TYS. It had first flown on August 14, 1966. It was delivered to Braniff Airways, which leased it to Transbrasil in 1975, and sold it to Transbrasil in 1976. Crash. The aircraft was on a night instrument approach to Hercílio Luz International Airport in a severe thunderstorm when it went off course, struck the hill Morro da Virgínia, and exploded. Probable causes were misjudgment of speed and distance, inadequate flight supervision, failure to initiate a go-around, and improper operation of the engines. Radu Lupu Radu Lupu (30 November 1945 – 17 April 2022) was a Romanian pianist. He was known by many to be one of the best pianists at the time of his death. Born in Galați, Romania, Lupu began learning piano when he was six years old. Two of his major piano teachers were Florica Musicescu, who was also the teacher of Dinu Lipatti, and Heinrich Neuhaus, who was also the teacher of Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels. From 1966 to 1969, he won First Prizes of three of the world's most famous piano competitions: the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition (1966), the George Enescu International Piano Competition (1967), and the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition (1969). These victories started Lupu's career all over the world and he has appeared with all of the famous orchestras and at all of the famous festivals and music capitals of the world. From 1970 to 1993, Lupu made over 20 recordings for Decca Records; although he has not released any commercial recordings for the label since, he continues to be an exclusive Decca artist. His solo recordings, which have received a lot of acclaim, include works by Beethoven, Brahms, Grieg, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann, including all of Beethoven's piano concertos as well as five piano sonatas and other solo works; the Grieg and Schumann piano concertos, as well as three major solo works of Schumann; nine piano sonatas and the Impromptus and Moments musicaux of Schubert; various major solo works and the first piano concerto of Brahms; and two piano concertos of Mozart. His chamber music recordings for Decca include all of Mozart's sonatas for violin and piano with Szymon Goldberg; the violin sonatas of Debussy and Franck with Kyung Wha Chung; and various works by Schubert for violin and piano with Goldberg. He additionally recorded works of Mozart and Schubert for piano four-hands and two pianos with Murray Perahia for CBS Masterworks, two albums of Schubert songs with Barbara Hendricks for EMI, and a disc of works by Schubert for piano four-hands with Daniel Barenboim for Teldec. In addition to his performances of the music of Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann, Lupu is also noted for his performances of Bartók, Debussy, Enescu, and Janáček, among other composers. Lupu was nominated for two Grammy Awards, winning one in 1995 for an album of two Schubert piano sonatas. In 1995, Lupu also won an Edison Award for a disc of three major piano works of Schumann. Other awards won by Lupu include the Abbiati prize awarded by the Italian Critics' Association in 1989 and 2006, and the 2006 Premio Internazionale Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli award. Life and career. Early life and education. Lupu was born in Galați, Romania on 30 November 1945, the son of Meyer Lupu, an attorney, and Ana Gabor, a linguist. From his earliest days, Lupu "had always expressed himself by singing", and was given his first piano at the age of 5. He began piano studies in 1951, as a six-year-old, with Lia Busuioceanu. He made his public debut in 1957, at age 12, in a concert featuring his own compositions. He told "The Christian Science Monitor" in 1970 that "from the very beginning I regarded myself as a composer. I was sure, and everybody else was sure, that one day I would become a famous composer". He gave up composing about four years later, saying that he thought he would be "much better as a pianist". After completing high school in Galați, and graduating from the Popular School for the Arts in Brașov, where he studied harmony and counterpoint with Victor Bickerich, Lupu continued his piano studies at the Bucharest Conservatory (1959–1961) with Florica Musicescu (who also taught Dinu Lipatti), and Cella Delavrancea, studying also composition with Dragos Alexandrescu. At the age of 16, in 1961, he was awarded a scholarship to the Moscow P.I. Tchaikovsky State Conservatory, where he studied for seven years. In Moscow, he first studied with Galina Eguiazarova (a pupil of Alexander Goldenweiser) for two years, and then with Heinrich Neuhaus (who also taught Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels) and later with his son, Stanislav Neuhaus. He graduated in 1969. However, in a 1981 interview, when asked about what types of influences his teachers had on him, Lupu answered that he thought of himself as more audodidactic: "My first teacher took me to every orchestral concert, and I am also grateful for what I learned in Moscow, but I think of myself, basically (in music anyway), as somebody who is more autodidactic. I took some from Furtwängler, Toscanini, everywhere...more and more so since I left Moscow." Early career. In 1965, Lupu was placed fifth at the International Beethoven Piano Competition in Vienna. The following year, Lupu won the First Prize in the Second Van Cliburn International Piano Competition; he also won special prizes for the Best Performance of a Commissioned Work (of Willard Straight's "Structure for Piano") and the Best Performance of a movement from the Aaron Copland Piano Sonata. In the finals, his performance of the first movement of Sergei Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 2 (Op. 16), a required piece, was described by Paul Hume of The Washington Post as "the most fiery and thunderous of any of the six finalists". In addition to the Prokofiev, he performed Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 (Op. 73). Alicia de Larrocha, who was on the jury, said that Lupu was a genius. "I did not expect it at all. I am just speechless," Lupu said after his victory. Shortly after the competition, in April 1967, Lupu made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City where he played pieces by Beethoven, Schubert, and Chopin. However, Lupu didn't do many of the other performances that came with the prize, instead choosing to return to Moscow to continue learning. A year after his Cliburn Competition victory, in 1967, Lupu won the first prize in the George Enescu International Piano Competition. Two years later, in October 1969, he won the Leeds International Piano Competition; he performed Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3 (Op. 37) in the Finals. The following month, in November 1969, Lupu played his first solo concert in London; Joan Chissell of "The Times" wrote about his performance of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 7 at the recital: "He brought what seemed like a lifetime's experience to its alternating desolation and pride. Never could music come nearer to speech." In March and April 1970, Lupu made his first recording for Decca Records of Brahms' Rhapsody in B minor (Op. 79 No. 1) and Three Intermezzi (Op. 117), as well as Schubert's Piano Sonata in A minor (D. 784). He has remained an exclusive Decca artist, and continued to record for the label for the following 23 years. In August 1970, the 24-year-old pianist made his debut at The Proms, performing Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 1 (Op. 15) with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Edo de Waart at the Royal Albert Hall. In November 1970, he made his first concerto recording for Decca, of the Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 3 with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster; he also recorded Beethoven's 32 Variations in C minor (WoO 80). Lupu's first major concerts in the United States after his Leeds Competition victory were in February 1972 with the Cleveland Orchestra, in the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 with Daniel Barenboim conducting at Carnegie Hall in New York City, and in October 1972 with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, in the Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 3 with Carlo Maria Giulini conducting. The performance of the Brahms with the Cleveland Orchestra and Barenboim was reviewed by Harold C. Schonberg, a Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic for "The New York Times" who had ten years prior notably lambasted the famous New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962 where the same concerto was played by Glenn Gould with the New York Philharmonic conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Schonberg was also critical of the performance by Lupu and Barenboim, writing that not since the Bernstein-Gould performance "had there been such an interpretation" of the concerto, describing it as "willful, episodic and mannered, self-indulgent, capricious". However, he added that "yet through all the eccentricities came the feeling of two young musicians trying hard to get out of the rut and once in a while actually succeeding", but that "in future years this kind of approach may jell for them. Right now it does not come off." Growing acclaim. Although Schonberg had been critical of Lupu's debut with the Cleveland Orchestra conducted by Barenboim in February 1972, he was far more enthusiastic of Lupu's performance in November 1972 of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster at Carnegie Hall, writing, in "The New York Times", that "his performance did much to redeem the impression he had made last season in the Brahms D minor Concerto. Then he sounded mannered, finicky, artificial. This time he was a different pianist." Schonberg added:The following year, Lupu recorded the piano concertos of Schumann (Op. 54) and Grieg (Op. 16) with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by André Previn, a recording described by "Gramophone" as "grandly commanding". In February 1974, Lupu performed a recital at Hunter College in New York, which was raved by John Rockwell of "The New York Times". Rockwell declared Lupu "no ordinary pianist" and wrote about Lupu's performance of Schubert's Piano Sonata in B-flat major (D. 960):In November 1974, Lupu made his debut with the New York Philharmonic, performing Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21 (K. 467) conducted by James Conlon. In 1975, Lupu debuted with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and gave the premiere of the André Tchaikowsky Piano Concerto, Op. 4 with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Uri Segal at the Royal Festival Hall. In 1976, Lupu recorded Brahms' 6 Klavierstücke (Op. 118) and 4 Klavierstücke (Op. 119), which was described by "Stereo Review" as "a glowing realization of what Brahms set down that leaves one at a loss for words and simply glad to have ears." In 1978, he gave his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan at that year's Salzburg Festival. Reviewing a recital Lupu gave at Avery Fisher Hall in 1980, Andrew Porter of The New Yorker hailed Lupu as "a master of the most satisfying kind". By 1981 he had played with every major orchestra. Remainder of the 20th century. In June 1982, Lupu made a critically acclaimed recording of Schubert's Impromptus (D. 899 & 935). John Rockwell wrote in "The New York Times" that Lupu's "singing tone here must be heard to be believed. Without belittling the other facets of Schubert's musical personality, he captures the composer's songful essence with a rare beauty - and, in so doing, he reaffirms once more the ability of present-day performers to do ample justice to the music of the past." In addition, "Gramophone" said about the recording:In 1989, Lupu was awarded the "Abbiati" prize by the Italian Critics' Association. In 1995, he won an Edison Award for his album of Schumann's "Kinderszenen" (Op. 15), "Kreisleriana" (Op. 16) and "Humoreske" (Op. 20) which was also nominated for a Grammy Award. In the Grammy Awards of 1996, he won a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra) for Schubert's Piano Sonatas in B-flat major (D. 960) and A major (D. 664). 21st century. In 2006, Lupu was awarded the Premio Internazionale Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli and in 2016 was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to music. Musical style. Lupu uses a regular, straight-backed chair at the piano as opposed to a standard piano bench. He told "Clavier" in 1981 that while sitting on a bench he tended to lean forward, raise his shoulders, become impossibly stiff and develop pains all over. He also said that he practiced with a chair at home and found it natural for him. Although Lupu is an admirer of the pianism of Arthur Rubinstein and Vladimir Horowitz, he named Mieczysław Horszowski as having the most influence on his playing, saying that Horszowski "speaks to me like no one else". Lupu's initial approach to new music is to read it away from the piano, saying that he "reads more easily away from the instrument" and that "it is the only way to learn". Lupu says in regards to tone production that "everything in music comes from the head', adding: "If you have any concept of sound, you hear it in your inner ear. All you have to work for is to match that sound on the instrument. The whole balance, the line, the tone, is perceived and controlled by the head." He further describes tone production as a "matching process for which [one] practices", and the physical contact of the keyboard as "a very individual thing determined by the color or timbre you hear and try to get, the piece you are playing, the phrase". Lupu's playing has garnered admiration not only from music critics, but also by fellow major artists. Mitsuko Uchida told Humphrey Burton in a 2002 BBC Radio 3 interview that "there is nobody on earth who can actually get certain range of colour, and also the control - don't underestimate this unbelievable control of his playing." Nikolai Lugansky said in an interview that Lupu "possesses the rare power of letting the music speak for itself", and András Schiff stated that Lupu has the "rare gift to illuminate anything that he plays with rare musical intelligence". Other pianists who have expressed admiration for Lupu or cite him as an inspiration in their music-making include Emanuel Ax, Daniel Barenboim, Seong-Jin Cho (who named Lupu's recording of the Schubert Impromptus as his favorite), Kirill Gerstein, Stephen Hough, Robert Levin, Maria João Pires, and Daniil Trifonov. In addition, the conductor Yannick Nézet-Séguin cites Lupu as an inspiration while he was a piano student, saying that listening to recitals and recordings by Lupu "shaped my conception of sound from a very young age", and the cellist Steven Isserlis called him "one of the greatest artists I have ever heard or known". Repertoire and recordings. In the span of 23 years, Lupu made over 20 recordings for Decca Records, and continues to be an exclusive Decca artist. His first recording was made in the spring of 1970. Lupu's solo recordings, which have received considerable acclaim, include works by Beethoven, Brahms, Grieg, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann. His solo recordings without orchestra include 5 Beethoven piano sonatas (Opp. 13, 27/2, 49, and 53), as well as Beethoven's two rondos for piano (Op. 51) and 32 Variations in C minor; Brahms' Piano Sonata No. 3 in F minor (Op. 5), Two Rhapsodies (Op. 79), Intermezzi (Op. 117), 6 Pieces for Piano (Op. 118) and 4 Pieces for Piano (Op. 119); nine piano sonatas of Schubert (D. 157, 557, 664, 784, 845, 894, 958, 959, 960) as well as the Impromptus (D. 899, 935) and Moments musicaux (D. 780); and Schumann's Humoreske (Op. 20), Kinderszenen (Op. 15) and Kreisleriana (Op. 16). His concerto recordings include the complete cycle of Beethoven piano concertos with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta; the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 (Op. 15) with the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Edo de Waart; the Grieg and Schumann piano concertos with the London Symphony Orchestra and André Previn; and two Mozart piano concertos (K. 414 and 467) with the English Chamber Orchestra conducted by Uri Segal. His chamber music recordings for Decca include all of Mozart's sonatas for violin and piano with Szymon Goldberg; the violin sonatas of Debussy and Franck with Kyung Wha Chung; the quintets for piano and winds of Beethoven (Op. 16) and Mozart (K. 452) with Han de Vries, George Pieterson, Vicente Zarzo, and Brian Pollard; and various works by Schubert for violin and piano with Goldberg. He additionally recorded works of Mozart and Schubert for piano four-hands and two pianos with Murray Perahia for the CBS Masterworks, two albums of Schubert songs with Barbara Hendricks for EMI, and a disc of works by Schubert for piano four-hands with Daniel Barenboim for Teldec. Personal life. Lupu's first wife was the cellist Elizabeth Wilson (born 1947), daughter of diplomat Sir (Archibald) Duncan Wilson, whom he married in 1971. He currently resides in Lausanne, Switzerland with his current wife Delia, a violinist in the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne. For most of his career, Lupu has regularly refused to grant interviews to the press out of "fear of being misunderstood or misquoted". His aversion to the press and publicity has prompted them to label him as "the reclusive Radu Lupu", with "The Independent" referring to him as a "woolly recluse" and "like someone dragged unwillingly into the concert hall but asked to leave his begging-bowl outside." In addition, Lupu usually does not allow radio broadcasts of his performances. In 1994, "Chicago Tribune" noted that Lupu's press kit then contained one single interview he granted to the "Clavier" magazine in 1981. Other published interviews include a "conversation" that Lupu granted to "Clavier" in 1992 and an interview from 1975 that was aired on BBC Radio 3. Lupu died in Lausanne, Switzerland after a long illness, on 17 April 2022, aged 76. Kadungalloor Kadungalloor is a census town in Aluva, in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The famous Narasimha Swamy temple marks the start of East-Kadungalloor and has many devotees visiting every day. There are two parts of the place, East-Kadungalloor and West-Kadungalloor. The temple is also popular for the sweet dish paal payasam that's prepared there. Kadungalloor is home to a few notable people like award-winning Malayalam novelist and writer Sethu. Muppathadam is the main commercial center and it's located in West-Kadungalloor. 2014 Mount Ontake eruption A volcanic eruption of took place on September 27, 2014, killing 63 people. Mount Ontake is a volcano located on the Japanese island of Honshu. Kenneth To Kenneth King-him To (7 July 1992 – 18 March 2019) was a Hong Kong Australian swimmer. He performed the swimming strokes individual medley, freestyle, butterfly and breaststroke. Throughout most of his career he swam for Australia. During this time, he won six medals at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. He also won a gold and silver medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. He later began to represent to Hong Kong in 2016–17. To was born in British Hong Kong. He moved with his family to Australia at the age of two. He grew up in Sydney, New South Wales. To died due to sudden cardiac arrest on 18 March 2019 in Gainesville, Florida, United States. He was 26. Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign Former Senator Mike Gravel entered the 2020 presidential primaries on March 19, 2019, with the formal formation of an exploratory committee. Late that day, Gravel posted on Twitter that he was not entering the campaign to win, and that there would be a formal announcement in the coming days. He also posted attacks on other Democratic Presidential candidates Kamala Harris, Joe Biden and Cory Booker, while praising fellow candidates Bernie Sanders, Tulsi Gabbard and Pete Buttigieg. On April 2, 2019, Gravel filed to officially run for office. He dropped out of the race on July 31, 2019 after failing to qualify for the debates. He endorsed Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard for President on August 5. Donald Kalpokas Donald Masike'Vanua Kalpokas (23 August 1943 – 20 March 2019) was a ni-Vanuatu politician and diplomat. He served as Prime Minister of Vanuatu twice (September 1991 – December 1991; March 1998 – November 1999). He was a member of the democratic socialist party Vanua'aku Pati. Kalpokas was born on the island of Efate. Kalpokas died on 20 March 2019, at the age of 75. Biography. Donald Kalpokas was born on August 23, 1943, on Lelepa Island, New Hebrides. After graduating from Onesua School on Efate Island and King George VI School in Honiara, he entered the Teachers College in Auckland. From 1971 to 1974 he studied at the University of the South Pacific in Suva. From 1968 to 1976, he taught on behalf of the British National Service, and from 1975 to 1976 he taught at a British high school. Kalpokas later became the founder and first president of the Teachers' Association and the New Hebrides Cultural Association. Political activity. In 1975, Kalpokas was first elected to the first House of Representatives. From 1978 to 1979, from 1979 to 1983, he served as Minister of Education in the Government of National Unity and then in the Government of Walter Linnaeus. Together with Walter Lini, he founded the Vanuatu Party, which advocated independence for the Anglo-French condominium New Hebrides, socialist policies, and support for the predominantly English-speaking population of Vanuatu. In 1983, Kalpokas became the country's foreign minister, which became independent in 1980, but resigned a few months later. In 1987, he was re-appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, remaining in office for four years. On September 6, 1991, Kalkokas and several other members of the Vanuatu party won a no-confidence vote against Prime Minister Walter Linnaeus. After that, Kalpokas became the country's prime minister, remaining in office until the new parliamentary elections, which were won by the Union of Moderate Parties. In March 1998, after a successful parliamentary election for the Vanuatu Party and the National United Party, led by Lina, both parties formed a coalition government in which Kalpokas became prime minister and foreign minister on March 30, 1998. Vanuatu. However, in just a few months, the coalition fell apart, and Kalpokas formed a new coalition with the Union of Moderate Parties. Among his government's main achievements were the privatization of airports and the introduction of a 12.5% VAT. In November 1999, before the vote of no confidence, Kalpokas resigned as prime minister. In 2001, he also resigned as leader of the Vanuatu party. In August 2004, he ran for prime minister, receiving 26 votes in the first round, but was unable to gain the necessary support. In November 2007, Kalpokas was appointed Vanuatu's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Ambassador to the United States. Stephen E. Ambrose Stephen Edward Ambrose (January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American historian and author. He wrote the biographies of the U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. He wrote many war books, including bestsellers, such as "Band of Brothers", "Undaunted Courage" and "Citizen Soldiers". "Band of Brothers" was famously made into a 2001 HBO miniseries of the same name. The miniseries was created by Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg. He was also the longtime professor of history at the University of New Orleans until his retirement in 1995. In 2002, it was reported that Ambrose had copied others' work and added them to his own writings (plagiarism). Ambrose denied these claims. Ambrose was born in Lovington, Illinois. He grew up in Whitewater, Wisconsin. He married Judith Dorlester in 1957, and had two children with her. After Dorlester's death in 1965, he married Moira Buckley in 1967. He adopted her three children. Ambrose died of lung cancer on October 13, 2002 in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. He was 66. Naseem Hamed Naseem Hamed (; born 12 February 1974), also known as "Prince" Naseem or "Naz", is an English former professional boxer. He competed from 1992 to 2002. He boxed as a featherweight. He was the featherweight WBO (1995–2000), IBF (1997), WBC (1999–2000) and IBO (2002–2003) world champion. He also held the European bantamweight title from 1994 to 1995. BoxRec.com ranks him as the best British featherweight boxer of all time. He was known for his one-punch knockout power as well as his quirky behaviour, such as somersaulting into the ring before each fight. He won 36 of his 37 pro fights, losing once. Of his 36 wins, 31 are by knockout. Hamed was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. His parents are from Yemen. He is a Muslim. Pringles Pringles is an American brand of stackable potato chips. It was first made by Procter & Gamble in 1967. The brand was sold to Kellogg's in 2012. As of 2011, Pringles are sold in more than 140 countries. Pringles are known for their packaging, which is made up of a cardboard tube with a plastic lid on top. It is also known for the logo, which has a drawing of a man with a large mustache. The shape of the chips themselves are a special shape called a hyperbolic paraboloid, so if you look at it from the side it can look like it curves up, but looking at it from another side makes it curve down! Born Again (The Notorious B.I.G. album) Born Again is the first posthumous album by The Notorious B.I.G., by Bad Boy Records and Arista Records. It was on released on December 7, 1999. It was going to be his third studio album, releasing sometime in 1998, but he died in early 1997. It debuted #1 on The Billboard 200 during it's first week. Then certified Double-platinum on January 14, 2000. Setlist. 1. "Born Again" (intro) - 1:28<br> 2. "Notorious B.I.G." (ft. Lil' Kim and Puff Daddy) - 3:11<br> 3. "Dead Wrong" (ft. Eminem) - 4:57<br> 4. "Hope You Niggas Sleep" (ft. Cash Money Millionares) - 4:10<br> 5. "Dangerous MC's" (ft. Mark Curry, Snoop Dogg and Busta Rhymes) - 5:15<br> 6. "Biggies" (performed by Junior M.A.F.I.A.) - 5:22<br> 7. "Niggas" - 3:48<br> 8. "Big Booty Hoes" (ft. Too $hort) - 3:27<br> 9. "Would You Die For Me" (ft. Lil' Kim and Puff Daddy) - 3:36<br> 10. "Come On" (ft. Sadat X) - 4:37<br> 11. "Rap Phenomenon" (ft. Method Man & Redman) - 4:02<br> 12. "Let Me Get Down" (ft. G-Dep, Craig Mack and Missy Elliott) - 4:33<br> 13. "Tonight" (ft. Mobb Deep and Joe Hooker) - 6:08<br> 14. "If I Should Die Before I Wake" (ft. Black Rob, Ice Cube and Beanie Sigel) - 4:51<br> 15. "Who Shot Ya?" - 3:48<br> 16. "Can I Get Witcha" (ft. Lil' Cease) - 3:36<br> 17. "I Really Want To Show You (ft. Nas and K-Ci & JoJo) - 5:09<br> 18. "Ms. Wallace" (Outro) - 3:18<br> Thessaly Thessaly is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece. It is most of the ancient region of Thessaly. It is in the central part of Greece. Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears so in Homer's Odyssey. Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule. Since 1987 it has been one of the country's 13 regions. It is sub-divided into five regional units and 25 municipalities. The capital of the region is Laris Louis Gossett Jr. Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. (born May 27, 1936) is an American actor and television producer. He is best known for his Academy Award winning role as Emil Foley in the 1982 romantic drama movie "An Officer and a Gentleman". He is also known for his role as Fiddler in the 1977 television series "Roots". He also won an Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. In 1959, Gossett was in the Broadway play "A Raisin In The Sun". He was also in the 1961 movie of the same name. Gossett was born in Brooklyn, New York. In December 2020, Gossett was hospitalized and diagnosed with COVID-19 in Georgia. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Kassym-Jomart Kemelevich Tokayev (born 17 May 1953) is a Kazakh politician and diplomat. He became the President of Kazakhstan on 20 March 2019, after Nursultan Nazarbayev resigned on 19 March 2019. He was Chairman of the Senate of Kazakhstan from 16 October 2013 to 19 March 2019 and from 11 January 2007 to 15 April 2011. Tokayev was Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2002 and as Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva from 12 March 2011 to 16 October 2013. Prime Minister of Kazakhstan The Prime Minister of Kazakhstan is the head of government of Kazakhstan and the second most powerful person in the country after the President of Kazakhstan. The Prime Minister heads the cabinet and advises the President in the every day plans of the functions of the Parliament of Kazakhstan. President of Kazakhstan The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Republic of Kazakhstan. The presidency was created on 24 April 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first and, until March 2019, the only President of Kazakhstan was Nursultan Nazarbayev. None of the presidential elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers with issues noted including ballot tampering, multiple voting, harassment of opposition candidates and press censorship. Dinmukhamed Kunaev Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly "Dimash" Kunaev (; ; – 22 August 1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. Tim Peake Timothy Nigel Peake (born 7 April 1972) is a British astronaut and former Army Air Corps officer. He is the first British astronaut for the European Space Agency (ESA). He is a former crew member of the International Space Station (ISS). He is also the second astronaut to bear the flag of the United Kingdom. He is the seventh British-born astronaut in space. He served in the British Army from 1992 to 2009. He was made a Major in 2004. Peake was born in Chichester, West Sussex. He is a degree holder of the University of Portsmouth. He is married to Rebecca. The couple have two sons. Maria (given name) Maria is a female given name in many languages. It is the Latin form of the female name Miriam. The name was used for Atlantic tropical cyclones. In September 2017, Hurricane Maria hit Dominica, the United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Rest energy The rest energy based on relativity theory, it is concluded that an equivalence relation exists between mass and energy. The energy is equal to the product of mass and the square of light velocity: E = mc2. The rest energy E0 is also the energy equivalent of a resting, i.e. immobile particle. Therefore, the rest energy of a proton for example is 938.257 MeV. The rest energy of 1 g mass is about 2.5·107 kWh. Prison Break Prison Break is an American television serial crime drama series. Created by Paul Scheuring, the series is shown on Fox. The first run of the show had four seasons, with 81 episodes from August 29, 2005 to May 15, 2009. A fifth season which aired nine episodes from April 4 to May 30, 2017. As of March 2019, a sixth season is being made, but was not shown. The series is about two brothers, Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller). Burrows has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, and Scofield creates a detailed plan to help his brother escape prison and clear his name. Robin Tunney, Robert Knepper, Amaury Nolasco, Sarah Wayne Callies, Peter Stormare, Marshall Allman, Wade Williams, Paul Adelstein and Rockmond Dunbar also star, along with many others. Sarwar Danish Muhammad Sarwar Danish (), (born 1961) is a politician from Afghanistan. He was Vice President of Afghanistan from 2014 to 2021. Before, he was Acting Minister of Justice from 2004 to 2010 and Acting Minister of Higher Education from 2010 to 2014. Danish became its first Governor of Daykundi province in 2004, when it became seperate from Urozgan province. Danish was born in 1961 in the Ishtarlay District of Daykundi province in central Afghanistan. He belongs to the Hazara group and his father's name is Muhammad Ali. Danish completed his higher education in Iraq, Syria and Iran. He has degrees in law, journalism and Islamic studies. He received a Masters in Fiqh. From 1982 to 2001, he made various publications. Danish has written 15 books and 700 academic essays. He is fluent in Dari, Pashto and Arabic language. Karzai administration. After the Taliban regime ended and the Karzai administration started, Danish was part of the 2002 loya jirga. He was a member of the Constitutional Drafting Commission through a decree by President Hamid Karzai. He was also a participant in the Constitutional Loya Jirga. His responsibilities were: Dominic Purcell Dominic Haakon Myrtved Purcell (born 17 February 1970) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his roles as Lincoln Burrows in the Fox drama series "Prison Break" (2005–2009, 2017–present), and Mick Rory / Heat Wave in The CW's "The Flash" and "Legends of Tomorrow". For his role as Burrows, he won an AACTA Award for Best Actor in 2007. Purcell was born in Wallasey, Cheshire, England. His mother is of Irish ancestry and his father is Norwegian. He grew up in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He was married to Rebecca Williamson from 1998 until their divorce in 2008. The couple have four children. He has also dated American actress AnnaLynne McCord. Oswaldo Segura Oswaldo Segura (August 4, 1959 in Lascano, Manabí , Ecuador) is a theater actor, histrion and Ecuadorian television presenter, known for playing Felipe Vera in the television series costumbrista, Mis Adorables Entenados at the end of the eighties. Biography. He was born on August 4, 1959 in the town of Lascano, Manabí, Ecuador, and from 2 years of age resides in Guayaquil. He was not a good student and since he was a child he was inclined towards acting, making inroads in it before turning 17, after seeing an advertisement about some courses at the Casa de la Cultura Núcleo del Guayas at the end of the 70's. There he had his first appearance on stage with the play "La Farsa del Corregidor", where he played a static guard. With the passage of time he managed to have more important roles due to his development. Theatrical career. The minstrel. In 1977 he is part of the theater group "El Juglar", where he stayed for 7 years, formed by Ernesto 'El Flaco' Suárez and Tati Interllige, a couple of Argentines who came to the country to take courses. With "El Juglar", Segura was part of the successful theater play "Guayaquil Superstar" (1980). The grin. In 1983, he formed his own theater group called "La Mueca", with which he has presented works such as "Sombras y sueños", "A guayaco in Hollywood", "El Andamio", "Furia de chiros", "Maestra vida", among others, establishing himself since the 90s in the theater "El Angel", located in the Urdesa citadel. During the 80s, after impersonating a public bus driver who said "I won it" for a National Lottery commercial, Tati Interlli decided to put on a play called "¡Me la gané por Diosito Santo!" about a womanizing man who has 4 children, who entrusts them to his wife. Television career. My Adopted Adorers. At the end of the 80s, Segura forms part of the costumbrista series "Mis Adorables Entenados", by Ecuavisa, based on the theatrical work "¡Me la gané por Diosito Santo!" , where he played Felipe Vera (Felipito), a young man of lower middle class with an attitude of superiority, who lives with his half brothers and his stepmother, a character with whom he became known nationally. TC Television. During the 90s he had, along with his group La Mueca, a comic program on TC Televisión, called "El Show de Felipe", playing the character with whom he made himself known to present the program. Telesystem / RTS. At the end of the decade it was part of Telesistema - now RTS -, in a series called "Mis Adorables Entenados con Billet", this being a new version of "Mis Adorables Entenados". In the late 90's, was part of the series "Get My Taxi". In 2004 he returned to the channel and is part of the national show program, "Vamos Con Todo" , as a presenter, a space in which he stayed for more than 10 years until the end of the program in 2018. The same year he joins as main presenter of the program "Intrusos" along with Marián Sabaté. Ecuavisa. During the 2000s he starred in the Canal del Cerro series, such as: "De la Vida Real" and "Visa for a Dream" of Ecuavisa. Gamavisión. During 2002 he starred in the series "Los Entenados" de Gamavisión. Theater. And a lot of works but. Wenche Kvamme Wenche Kvamme (19 June 1950 – 9 March 2019) was a Norwegian singer and actress. She was born in Bergen, Norway. She began her stage career at Nationaltheatret in 1977. She was appointed at the Bergen theatre Den Nationale Scene in 1978. She was best known for her roles in television shows include ' (1991), ' (1996–2000), and "" (2002–2003). Kvamme died in Bergen on 9 March 2019 from breast cancer, aged 68. Ilona Novák Ilona Novák (May 16, 1925 – March 14, 2019) was a Hungarian swimmer and Olympic champion. She competed at the 1948 Olympic Games in London, where she finished 4th in 100 m backstroke and 5th in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. At the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki she received a gold medal in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay as captain of the Hungarian team. She was added into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1973. She was born in Budapest and died on March 14, 2019 in Budapest, aged 93. Jason David Frank Jason David Frank (September 4, 1973 – November 19, 2022) was an American actor and martial artist. He is best known for his role as Tommy Oliver in the "Power Rangers" franchise. Okwui Enwezor Okwui Enwezor (23 October 1963 – 15 March 2019) was a Nigerian curator, art critic, writer, poet, and educator. He lived in New York City and Munich. In 2014, he was ranked 24 in the "ArtReview" list of the 100 most powerful people of the art world. His writings have appeared in many journals, catalogs, books, and magazines including: "Third Text", "Documents", "Texte zur Kunst", "Grand Street", "Parkett", "Artforum", "Frieze", "Art Journal", "Research in African Literatures", "Index on Censorship", Engage, "Glendora", and "Atlantica". In June 2018, Enwezor was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. He died on 15 March 2019 in Munich from the disease at the age of 55. Dave Hood Jr. Charles David Hood Jr. (April 24, 1954 – March 15, 2019) was a Republican politician. He was a Judge on the Seventh Judicial Circuit of Florida. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives representing the 25th District from 2012 to 2014. Hood Jr. was born near Leesville, Louisiana. Hood Jr. died on March 15, 2019 in Ormond Beach, Florida from brain cancer, aged 64. Wiesław Kilian Wiesław Kilian (25 July 1952 – 15 March 2019) was a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on 25 September 2005 getting 7,524 votes in Wrocław. He was a member of the Law and Justice. He joined Poland Comes First when that party split from Law and Justice in 2010. He was re-elected to the Sejm in 2010 and served until his death. Kilian died on 15 March 2019 in Warsaw from cardiac arrest, aged 66. Jorge Insunza Becker Jorge Insunza Becker (21 April 1936 – 17 March 2019) was a Chilean communist politician. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile between 1969 until 1973. He went into exile. He was responsible for the propaganda of the Salvador Allende Command. Insunza Becker died on 17 March 2019 from a stroke in Santiago de Chile, aged 82. Andre Williams Zephire Andre Williams (November 1, 1936 – March 17, 2019) was an American R&B musician. He started his career in the 1950s at Fortune Records in Detroit. His most famous songs include the hits "Jail Bait," "Greasy Chicken," "Bacon Fat" (1957) and "Cadillac Jack" (1966). He was known for his R&B hit "Shake a Tail Feather". He was born in Bessemer, Alabama. In 2012, Williams was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. Williams died from colorectal cancer in Chicago, Illinois on March 17, 2019 at the age of 82. Chuck Harmon Charles Byron Harmon (April 23, 1924 – March 19, 2019) was an American professional baseball utility player in Major League Baseball. He was born in Washington, Indiana. Harmon played for the Cincinnati Redlegs (1954–1956), St. Louis Cardinals (1956–1957) and Philadelphia Phillies (1957). He batted and threw right-handed. Harmon died on March 19, 2019 in Golf Manor, Ohio at the age of 94. Golf Manor, Ohio Golf Manor is a village in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,611 at the 2010 census. Golf Manor is located at (39.187109, -84.446365). Marlen Khutsiev Marlen Martynovich Khutsiev (; 4 October 1925 – 19 March 2019) was a Georgian-born Soviet and Russian movie director. He was best known for his cult movies from the 1960s, which include "I Am Twenty" and "July Rain". He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1986. Randy Jackson (baseball) Ransom Joseph "Randy" Jackson (February 10, 1926 – March 20, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) player. He played for the Chicago Cubs (1950–1955), Los Angeles Dodgers (1956–1958; two seasons in Brooklyn, one in Los Angeles), Cleveland Indians (1958–1959), and ended his career back with the Cubs (1959). Jackson died at his home in Athens, Georgia on March 20, 2019, aged 93. Terje Nilsen Terje Nilsen (26 November 1951 – 20 March 2019) was a Norwegian singer-songwriter. Nilsen's greatest hit is the song "Mjelle", written in 1974, which appeared on the album "Æ" released in 1977. Nilsen died on 20 March 2019 in Bergen from lung cancer, aged 67. In 2002 he received the Gammleng Award from the "The Fund for Performing Artists" in Norway. Teuscher Teuscher is a chocolatier located in Zurich, Switzerland. Teuscher's main store is on a famous large street in Zurich's called Bahnhofstrasse. The main store is nearby in Zurich's old city centre (Storchengasse 9). This shop was built in 1647. Teuscher was founded in 1932 by Dolf Teuscher, Sr.. Dolf Teuscher, Jr. now runs the company. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is Rafael Rubio. He is Dolf Jr.'s nephew. The company also has smaller stores around the world. These are in Geneva, Berlin, New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, Chicago, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco, Palo Alto, Beverly Hills, Newport Beach (California), Tokyo, Singapore, Seoul, Hong Kong, Doha, Shanghai, Baku (Azerbaijan), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Abu Dhabi and Bangkok (Thailand). The Swiss confectioner (someone who makes sweets) makes more than 200 types of confections and pastries. These are all made by hand. The most famous Teuscher confections are Champagne Truffles. Teuscher was the first company to make such truffles. They are made with Dom Perignon champagne, butter cream, and dark cream ganache. They use a 66% dark base chocolate. Each is coated in milk chocolate and covered with confectioner's sugar. Sometimes they are covered in dark chocolate with unsweetened cocoa powder. Teuscher brand also makes many types of pastries and cookies. It also makes dark chocolate from 55% to 99%. Noto (font) Noto is a font group from Google. They are made to be used in as many different languages as possible. The font has a SIL Open Font License, which means that anyone is free to use the font. Noto fonts in total have more than 60,000 characters. It also has emojis in this font group. These emojis are used by a lot of Google services. Dentures Dentures (also known as false teeth) are meant to solve dental problems of humans. They should not be worn overnight. Famous people who wore them for years include George Washington. The history goes back as early as 7th century BC. Production. Dentures can be made of different materials, such as acrylic, nylon or metal. Depending on the teeth they replace there are different designs. How they work. Properly fitted dentures help with speech, eating. They may also boost self-confidence. They can also help to prevent the face from sagging over time and may offer protection to the remaining teeth. Types. There are many types of false teeth available. They include partial dentures and full dentures. All need fitting so that they match your teeth’s shape, size, and color. The fitting can be done by a specialist called a prosthodontist or by a general dentist, many of whom also fit dentures. Francis Quinn Francis Anthony Quinn (September 11, 1921 – March 21, 2019) was an American Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1946. He served as the Bishop of the Diocese of Sacramento, California from 1980 to 1993. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Quinn died on March 21, 2019, at the age of 97. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living bishop in the United States. Noel Hush Noel Sydney Hush (15 December 1924 – 20 March 2019) was an Australian chemist. He was known for his work at the University of Sydney where he was Head of Theoretical Chemistry. His main focuses were theoretical chemistry, chemical physics and quantum chemistry. Early life and education. Hush moved to Britain in 1950, and worked at the University of Manchester and the University of Bristol. He returned to Australia in 1971, and began working at the University of Sydney. He retired in 1989. Hush was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He died on 20 March 2019, at the age of 94. Deo, Bihar Deo is a town in the Aurangabad district of Indian state of Bihar. It is the district's third-largest town in population, and the third-largest town in area. Geography. Deo is located at It has an average elevation of 89 metres (291 feet). Demographics. India census, Deo had a population of 171620. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Deo has an average literacy rate of 89%, more than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 61%. In Deo, 29% of the population is under 6 years of age. Transportation. Local Transport. City buses, auto-rickhaws, taxis, and cycle rickshaws the usual local transport. Roadways. Regular bus service is from Deo to Aurangabad, Patna, TATA, Ranchi, Kolkata, Dhanbad and Goh. Economy. Deo has a big market for the local area. Tourism. Deo Sun Temple is a Hindu temple nearby main road and Deo Market Road. Near the Deo Fort, a fort of Deo King And Deo Fort Near Of Deo Sun Temple Main Road is a Religion place and tourist destination for the All over India. Chris Eubank Christopher Livingstone Eubank Sr. (born 8 August 1966) is a British former professional boxer. He competed from 1985 to 1998. He held the WBO middleweight and super-middleweight titles. He is ranked by BoxRec as the third best British super-middleweight boxer of all time. He was known for his skills in being able to take powerful punches. Of his 52 fights, he won 45 (23 by knockout), lost five and drew twice. Eubank was born in Dulwich, London. He is of Jamaican ancestry. He has been married twice. He has five children. One of his sons, Chris Eubank Jr., is also a professional boxer. Chris Eubank Jr. Christopher Livingstone Eubank Jr. (born 18 September 1989) is a British professional boxer. He boxes as a super-middleweight and formerly as a middleweight. He has held the IBO super-middleweight title since February 2019, having also held it from 2017 to 2018. He also held the WBA interim and British middleweight titles between 2015 and 2016. He has had 30 pro fights, winning 28 (21 by knockout) and losing twice. Eubank was born in Hove, East Sussex. He is the son of former two-weight world boxing champion Chris Eubank. Canelo Álvarez Santos Saúl Álvarez Barragán (born 18 July 1990), better known as Saúl "Canelo" Álvarez, is a Mexican professional boxer. Since December 2018, he has been the middleweight world champion of the IBO, WBA and WBC. He is ranked the world's best active boxer, pound for pound, by BoxRec. He is the former WBC and WBA light middleweight champion, former WBC middleweight world champion and former WBO light middleweight champion. He has had 54 pro fights, winning 51 (35 by knockout), losing once and drawing twice. His only loss was to Floyd Mayweather Jr. in 2013. Álvarez was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco. "Canelo" means cinnamon in Spanish, a common nickname for people with red hair. He has a daughter. The Ship of the Dead The Ship of The Dead is the third novel in Rick Riordan's trilogy series "Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard", based on Norse mythology. Empusa Empousa or Empusa was a female spirit in Greek mythology. The origin of the figure is unclear. Her mother was probably Hectate. Empousa seems to have been a spirit used to frighten people. In appearance, she probably resembled Mormo and Lamia. She seems to have had the ability to change her appearance or shape (known as shapeshifting). One of the first to describe her was the Ancient Greek poet Aristophanes, in his comedy The Frogs: When the Greek god Dionisus is on the way to the underworld with his slave Xanthias, Empusa appears in different forms (animals: cow, donkey, dog), and finally as a woman. One of her legs is made of iron, the other is made of cow dung. Catwoman (movie) Catwoman is a 2004 superhero-action movie. It was based loosely on the DC Comics character of the same name. Plot. Artist and graphics designer Patience Phillips is a people-pleaser. Her main support is her best friend Sally. She works for a cosmetics company called Hedare Beauty. They're ready to ship a new skin cream, Beau-line. It reverses the effects of aging. However, Patience overhears the scientist Dr. Ivan Slavicky and Laurel Hedare, the wife of company owner George Hedare, talking of the dangerous side effects from continued use of the skin cream. Laurel's guards discover Patience. They are ordered to get rid of her. Patience is then killed by drowning. Patience later washes up on shore. She's brought back to life by a cat, the Egyptian Mau. The cat appeared at her apartment earlier. From that point on, she develops cat-like abilities. From Mau's owner, researcher Ophelia Powers, Patience learns that Egyptian Mau cats are messengers of the goddess Bast. She then realizes she is now a "catwoman". She is reborn with abilities that are a blessing "and" a curse. She is disguised as Catwoman to hide her identity. Under cover of darkness, Patience looks for answers as to who killed her and why. Her search leads her to Laurel Hedare. Patience asks Laurel to keep an eye on George. Laurel agrees to do so. When Patience meets George in anger, however, he says that he knows nothing about the side effects. The police, led by Patience's love partner, Detective Tom Lone, come. Catwoman escapes. Later, Laurel kills her husband for his infidelity. She had Dr Slavicky killed because he wanted to end the release of Beau-line. She calls Catwoman and blames the murder on "her". Tom arrests Catwoman and takes her into custody. Patience, or Catwoman, slips from her cell and angrily meets Laurel in her office. Patience rescues Tom. Tom questioned Laurel about Patience's guilt in the process. It then becomes obvious that Laurel was the one who killed Patience. During a fight, Patience scratches Laurel's face several times. That causes Laurel to fall out a window, then grab a pipe. Laurel falls to her own death. Patience is cleared of any charges about the deaths of the Hedares and Dr Slavicky. She ends things with Tom. She enjoys her newfound freedom as the mysterious Catwoman. Reception. Box office. "Catwoman" took in $40,202,379 in North America. It made $41,900,000 in other countries. The budget was $100 million. Reviews. "Catwoman" was hated by critics. Under Rotten Tomatoes, it had a score of 9%. It appeared on the list of Roger Ebert's most hated movies. Ebert and his co-host Richard Roeper both gave the movie "thumbs down". Awards. The movie got seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations in 2005. It won Worst Picture, Worst Actress, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay. Night-watchman state A night-watchman state is part of libertarian philosophy. Those who believe in a night-watchman state are called "minarchists" and they believe in minarchism. This view believes a government's only function is to protect the rights of its citizens. Overview. The military, police, and court system are provided to protect citizens, while the free markets handle everything else. Minarchists believe that the most efficient way of providing products and services is through the use of free markets. This is the belief of free market capitalism or laissez-faire capitalism. Citizens should be protected from aggression, theft, broken contracts and fraud. Also property laws, specifically private property laws need to be enforced. Ayn Rand, Robert Nozick, and Austin Petersen, Ron Paul, Rand Paul, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig Von Mises, and Frederic Bastiat are well known for adopting minarchism as a part of their beliefs. This idea of a night-watchman state is related to libertarianism. It is especially relevant to the USA, and rarely used in other contexts. However, it has its origin in the social history of 19th century Great Britain. The Way of Walking Alone The Way of Walking Alone("Dokkōdō"), also translated as "The Path of Aloneness" or "The Way to Go Forth Alone", is a short book by the swordsman and philosopher Miyamoto Musashi in 1645. Colin Thiele Colin Milton Thiele (16 November 1920 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian author and educator. He had over 100 published works. He was known for his children's books. His most famous works were "Storm Boy", "Blue Fin", the "Sun on the Stubble" series and "February Dragon". "Storm Boy" was made into movie twice, the first in 1976 and the second in 2019. In 1976, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia for his work in writing and teaching. Thiele was born in Eudunda, South Australia. At the start of his life, he only spoke German as part of the German community in the Barossa Valley. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during the Second World War. He was married to Rhonda. The couple had two daughters. Thiele died of heart failure on 4 September 2006 in Brisbane, Queensland. He was 85. There was not many news reports of his death. This was because it happened on the same day as fellow Australian, zookeeper and conservationist, Steve Irwin. Hyponymy and hypernymy In linguistics, a hyponym is a word that can be changed with a different and less precise word without changing the overall meaning of the phrase. The different word is its hyperonym, hypernym or superordinate term. Hyponymy is a relation to a more generic word. A hyponym can be part of a group of words on a similar level that can all be replaced by the same hypernym. For example, "pigeon", "crow", "eagle" and "seagull" are all hyponyms (co-hyponyms) of "bird" (their hypernym). In turn, bird is a hyponym of "animal". In a sentence such as 'The pigeon is flying over the church.', it is possible to change the word pigeon to "bird" or "animal" without changing the overall meaning of the sentence. This is because "pigeon" is a hyponym of both "bird" and "animal". A hypernym is sometimes also called an umbrella term or a blanket term. The word Hyponym comes from the Greek "hupó", "under" and "ónoma", "name". Hypernym comes from the Greek "hupér", "over" and "ónoma", "name". A hyponym can also sometimes be a phrase. A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym. Usage. In Computer science this relationship is often called an "is-a" relationship. For example, the phrase 'Red is-a colour' describes the hyponymic relationship between "red" and "colour". The idea of hyponymy is very important in language translation. This is because hyponyms are very common across languages. For example, in Japanese the word for 'older brother' is , and the word for 'younger brother' is . An English-to-Japanese translator needs to choose which Japanese word to use to translate the English word "brother". This can be difficult during machine translation because this information is often not available. Bunia Bunia is a city in the Ituri Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the capital of Ituri province. It was part of the Orientale Province until that province was split up into smaller provinces in 2015. As of 2012 it had an estimated population of 366,126. It lies at an elevation of 1275 m on a plateau about 30 km west of Lake Albert in the Albertine Rift, and about 25 km east of the Ituri Forest. The city is at the center of the Ituri conflict between the Lendu and Hema. In the Second Congo War the city and district were the scene of much fighting and many civilian deaths from this conflict, and related clashes between militias and Uganda-based forces. Consequently, the city is the base of one of the largest United Nations peace-keeping forces in Africa, and its headquarters in northeastern DRC. The area's natural resources include gold mines over which militias and foreign forces have been fighting. Retroactive continuity Retroactive continuity, or retcon, is when some detail in a fictional story, such as a movie, TV, or book series, is added, changed, or ignored in a later part of the series. It can happen for several different reasons, like fixing a plot hole or getting rid of a detail that was disliked by many people. There are a few main types of retcons. The first is addition. This is a new detail added to give the reader or viewer a new understanding of the story. This detail would not have been planned when a series was first being made. For example, many people who watched complained that the Death Star had an easily spotted and poorly placed weak point. This made it easier to be destroyed. George Lucas, the writer of Star Wars, did not have an explanation why. However, the writers of its prequel, Rogue One, later explained this. They wrote the story so that character Galen Erso, who is the main character Jyn Erso's father, made its weak point easily seen and poorly placed on purpose. He did this so he could help the Rebel Alliance destroy it. The second is alteration. This is a detail goes against details already given. This is called a contradiction. For example, in , the villain Revolver Ocelot tells the main character Solid Snake that Big Boss was in his late fifties when he gave his genes to make clones. This was the year 1972. However, in the prequel Metal Gear Solid 3, Big Boss is the main character. The game is set in 1964, but Big Boss is nowhere even close to being in his late forties or early fifties, which is how old he is supposed to be. The third is subtraction. This is a detail that gets ignored or forgotten later in a series. For example, in the movie , the villain Colonel Stryker experiments on the superhero Deadpool and turns him into Weapon 11. This made fans of Deadpool so unhappy that when the Deadpool movie came out it completely ignored the story given in X-Men Origins. Equivalent weight Equivalent weight in chemistry is also known as gram equivalent. It is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance. The equivalent weight of an element is the mass which combines with or displaces 1.008 gram of hydrogen or 8.0 grams of oxygen or 35.5 grams of chlorine. These values are the atomic weight divided by the usual valence. For oxygen, as an example, that is 16.0g / 2. Equivalent weight has the dimensions and units of mass, unlike atomic weight, which is dimensionless. The equivalent weight of a compound can be got by dividing the molecular weight by the number of positive or negative electrical charges carried by its ions (which result from dissolving the compound). Capoid Capoid race was a word for the Khoikhoi and San peoples. American anthropologist Carleton S. Coon invented the word in 1962. The words means "looking like a person from the Cape of Good Hope". Coon divided human beings into five races. He called these races "Capoid", "Congoid", "Mongoloid", "Australoid", and "Caucasoid". Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of five races was wrong. Big Boss Big Boss is a recurring character in the "Metal Gear" series of video games, who serves as a hero or villain. He is the one who gave the genes to make three clones of himself, Solid Snake, Liquid Snake and Solidus Snake. In a way, this makes him their father. He starts off as a soldier for the CIA special forces team, the FOX Unit. He later creates and leads a special forces team himself, FOXHOUND. In "Metal Gear Solid 3", Big Boss unsuccessfully rescues the scientist Sokolov, because his mentor, the Boss, changes sides from the United States to Soviet Union. At first, he did not understand why. Later, it is explained that the government ordered her to change sides, because she was the only soldier Volgin would respect and trust enough to keep the Philosophers' legacy during World War II. The Boss later reunites with her former team of fellow soldiers, the Cobra Unit. She knew Big Boss, who was called Naked Snake in the game, would have to kill her as part of his mission, but she wanted to pass on her goal for him to complete. After he discovers the real reason for the Boss's death, he loses his patriotism and wants to unite the world under one government. This is so that the world's governments would not threaten to destroy each other with nuclear weapons. The government gives him a new code name, Big Boss. He dislikes the code name, because it reminded him that it was given to him for killing the Boss. She was one of the only he really cared for. In Metal Gear 1 & 2, Big Boss attempts to use Metal Gear to destroy the world's governments, but FOXHOUND agent Solid Snake (who is also one of Big Boss's clones) destroys it and stops him. Metal Gear Solid 3 Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater is the fifth game for the "Metal Gear" series. It added many new gameplay features to the series. It marked the first game using camouflage in the environment. It is the prequel game for the timeline and the first game, which introduces Big Boss, Solid Snake's former commander, enemy and father. Plot. In 1964, the CIA sends Big Boss, who was then called Naked Snake, to a secret Soviet airbase in Pakistan. He is sent to rescue Sokolov. Sokolov is a Soviet scientist who left the Soviet Union with his wife and daughter. The United Stated sent him back to the USSR because US wanted the USSR to take nuclear missiles out of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He is then forced to build a secret weapon called the Shagohod. This is a tank that can fire nuclear missiles in places that would otherwise be hard to do so. This building of this weapon is being overseen by Volgin. He is a Soviet officer who wants to destroy both the KGB and the Western world. Naked Snake almost completes his mission until his mentor, the Boss, betrays him. She does this by changing sides from the United States to the Soviet Union. After the mission fails, he is brought back to America. One week later, he is sent back to the same Soviet base on a new mission, Operation Snake Eater. He must complete four tasks, rescue Sokolov, destroy the Shagohod, kill the Boss and the Cobra Unit, which is a team of supernatural soliders, and kill Volgin. Contradiction A contradiction is when there are two or more statements that cannot all be true at the same time. A contradiction in logic can also be used to denote a self-contradictory statement, in which case it sometimes denoted by the symbol formula_1 or formula_2. A story that shows what a contradiction is comes from China. In this story, there is a merchant who sells both spears and shields. He says that his spears are so sharp that they could break through any shield. At the same time, he says that his shields are so strong that they could block any spear. This is a contradiction, because these two statements cannot both be true. Either spear will break the shield or the shield will block the spear, but not both. For this reason, the word for contradiction in Chinese is "máodùn" (矛盾), which literally means "spear and shield". In Aristotle's logic, it is said that two contradictory propositions cannot both be true. For example, the propositions "A is B" and "A is not B" are mutually exclusive, meaning that only one, and not both, can be true. For example, the statements "the Pope is Catholic" and "the Pope is not Catholic" cannot both be true. Only one of the statements, and not the other, is true. Rebel Alliance The Rebel Alliance (or The Alliance to Restore the Republic) was a group of people and aliens in the Star Wars series that fought the Galactic Empire and brought back freedom and democracy to the Star Wars galaxy. Important characters in the Rebel Alliance were Princess Leia, Bail Organa, Mon Mothma, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Chewbacca, R2-D2, and C-3PO, as well as Jyn Erso, Kanan Jarrus, and Admiral Ackbar. After the Republic turned into the Empire, small cells of rebels loosely fought the Empire, led by Bail Organa. These cells later joined together into a larger Rebellion, stealing the plans of the Death Star and destroying it. Later, the Rebels fought again and destroyed the second Death Star, ending the Empire and restoring the Republic. Many of the Rebels would later join the Resistance against the First Order. Galactic empire The Galactic Empire is the government that rules the Star Wars galaxy in the Star Wars series. They are the main villains in the first three Star Wars movies. It is ruled by Darth Sidious and enforced by his apprentice, Darth Vader. The Empire rules the galaxy by creating fear and using violence. It is a totalitarian government, which means it controls every part of the people's lives. It uses its military to kill or silence anyone who does not agree with its rule. The Empire was created because Darth Sidious overthrew the Galactic Republic by starting the Clone Wars. Before the war started, many planets and star systems left the Republic to create their own government and army, the Separatists. Many people in the Republic were scared of the Separatists, so they voted to give emergency powers to Supreme Chancellor Palpatine, the public identity of Darth Sidious. This was because he was well-liked and they believed he was a strong leader. By the end of he war, Sidious could create any law he wanted. The only ones who could stop him were the Jedi, a very old group of knights who swore to protect the Republic. They tried to arrest him, but they failed. Sidious used this as an excuse to create a government with much more security. He made the Republic into the Empire, and made himself Emperor. The Empire killed many people and aliens. Paying its large military made the galaxy poor. It took away almost all freedoms and rights people had under the Republic. It had a lot of corruption. Life was so terrible under the Empire that some of its governors and officials tried to talk to the Empire's leaders, but they were threatened. Therefore, many people and aliens joined the Rebel Alliance to destroy the Empire and bring back the Republic. After the deaths of both Darth Vader and the Emperor and the Empire's loss on the Battle of Jakku, the Empire surrendered to the Rebel Alliance. The Rebels then created the New Republic. The Empire may have surrendered, but some of the Empire's leaders who were still alive created a new military based on the Empire, the First Order. They rebuilt by buying weapons and spaceships from greedy merchants in the Outer Rim and taking over planets with many resources they could use to buy more weapons. They also kidnapped many babies and forced them to become stormtroopers. They secretly built a superweapon called Starkiller Base. They used the weapon to blow up the capital of the New Republic, Hosnian Prime. Now that the New Republic is gone, the First Order wants to create the Empire again. Code name A code name is a secret name used to refer to a name, word, project or person. Spies are often referred to by their code name to make discovery more difficult. Code names may also be used in industrial espionage to protect secrets from business rivals. Secrecy is not the only reason for their use. Standard words and phrases are easier to hear on radio channels like walkie-talkies. Code names became numerous in World War II. Names like Operation Barbarosa and Operation Overlord and the Manhattan Project became famous. Snapple Snapple is a flavored beverage in the United States. It was created in 1972 and is owned by the company Keurig Dr Pepper. It is based in Plano, Texas. Judith Resnik Judith Arlene Resnik (April 5, 1949 – January 28, 1986) was an American engineer, pilot and NASA astronaut. She died when the Space Shuttle "Challenger" was destroyed during the launch of mission STS-51-L. She was also aboard Space Shuttle "Discovery" for its first mission, STS-41-D in 1984. She spent 145 hours in space. She was the first Jewish American in space and the first Jewish woman in space. Resnik was born in Akron, Ohio. Her family was Jewish. She earned degrees at Carnegie Mellon University (B.S.) and the University of Maryland (Ph.D.). She was married to Michael Oldak from 1970 until their divorce in 1975. On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle "Challenger" broke apart 73 seconds after launch. Resnik and all six others aboard died. Ellison Onizuka was an American NASA astronaut and engineer. He flew into space with the Space Shuttle "Discovery" on STS-51-C in 1985. He later died in the disaster of Space Shuttle "Challenger". He was serving as Mission Specialist for "Challenger"'s STS-51-L. He was the first Asian American and the first person of Japanese ancestry to reach space. Onizuka was born in Kealakekua, Hawaii. He got two degrees at the University of Colorado at Boulder (B.S. and M.S.) in 1969. He was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force. He was awarded the rank of colonel after his death. He married Lorna Leiko Yoshida in 1969. The couple had two daughters. On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle "Challenger" broke apart 73 seconds after launch. Onizuka and all six others aboard died. Ronald McNair Ronald Erwin McNair (October 21, 1950 – January 28, 1986) was an American NASA astronaut and physicist. His first space mission was STS-41-B aboard Space Shuttle "Challenger" in 1984. After this mission, he was again on "Challenger" for STS-51-L. He died at the start of this mission when the space shuttle was destroyed during the launch. He was the second African American in space. McNair was born in Lake City, South Carolina. He earned degrees at North Carolina A&T State University (B.S.) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D.). He also held four honorary doctorates and many fellowships. He was married to Cheryl Moore. The couple had two children. On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle "Challenger" broke apart 73 seconds after launch. McNair and all six others aboard died. Please Me "Please Me" is a song by American rapper Cardi B and American singer Bruno Mars. It was released on February 14, 2019. It reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US. It is their second collaboration after the remix of Mars' song "Finesse", which also reached number three in the US. Peter Brock Peter Geoffrey Brock (26 February 1945 – 8 September 2006) was an Australian motor racing driver. He is one of his country's best known and most successful motor racing drivers. He was known for his partnership with Holden for almost 40 years. However, he still raced using other car makes, including BMW, Ford, Volvo, Porsche and Peugeot. He won the Bathurst 1000 nine times, the Sandown 500 nine times, the Australian Touring Car Championship three times and the Bathurst 24 Hour once. In 2001, he was added into the V8 Supercars Hall of Fame. Brock was born in Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He served in the army during the Vietnam War. His first two marriages ended in divorce. He later had two children with his partner. He was vegan. On 8 September 2006, Brock was driving in the "Targa West '06" rally. He was at the second stage of the race in Gidgegannup, Western Australia. He was three kilometres off the finish of the second stage when his car skid off a downhill left-hand bend. Brock died on the spot. He was 61. The co-driver, Mick Hone, was taken to hospital and survived. Gregory Jarvis Gregory Bruce Jarvis (August 24, 1944 – January 28, 1986) was an American NASA astronaut and engineer. He was chosen as a payload specialist for Hughes Aircraft Company for the Space Shuttle "Challenger" mission STS-51-L. He was going to do experiments on the weightlessness of fluids, as well as other things. He died at start of this mission when the space shuttle was destroyed during the launch. Jarvis was born in Detroit, Michigan. He served as a Captain in the United States Air Force until 1973. He earned degrees at the State University of New York at Buffalo (B.S.) and the Northeastern University (M.S.). He was married to Marcia G. Jarboe. On January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle "Challenger" broke apart 73 seconds after launch. Jarvis and all six others aboard died. Qingjiang biota The Qingjiang biota is a recently discovered treasure-trove of fossils. This lagerstätte of Cambrian period fossils is in China. The fossil site is in Hubei Province near the Danshui River. In 2019, more than 20,000 fossil specimens were collected. They included many soft bodied animals such as jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, arthropods and algae and various kinds of aquatic worms. In some specimens the internal body structures was preserved with fossilised soft tissues such as mouths, guts, and eyes. The remains are dated as about 518 million years ago. About half the species found were previously unknown. Sam Worthington Samuel Henry John Worthington (born 2 August 1976) is an Australian actor and writer. In 2004, Worthington was given an AACTA Award for his role in the independent movie "Somersault". He is known for his roles in the movies "Avatar" (2009), "Terminator Salvation" (2009), "Clash of the Titans" (2010) and its sequel "Wrath of the Titans" (2012), "Man on a Ledge" (2012), "Everest" (2015), "Hacksaw Ridge" (2016), "The Shack" (2017) and "Fractured" (2019). He will appear in the "Avatar" sequels "Avatar 2" (2021) and "Avatar 3" (2022). He also played Captain Alex Mason in the video game ' (2010). He appeared again as Mason in ' (2012) and ' (2018). He also played real-life FBI profiler Jim Fitzgerald in the drama miniseries ' (2017). Worthington was born in Godalming, Surrey, England. He moved to Perth, Western Australia with his family when he was a baby. He grew up in Warnbro, a suburb Rockingham, Western Australia. He married model Lara Bingle in 2014. The couple have two children. Worthington is a Christian. Jai Courtney Jai Stephen Courtney (born 15 March 1986) is an Australian actor. In 2010, he played the role of Varro in the television series "Spartacus". He has appeared in the movies "Jack Reacher" (2012), "A Good Day to Die Hard" (2013), "I, Frankenstein" (2013), "Divergent" (2014), "Unbroken" (2014), "" (2015), "Terminator Genisys" (2015), "Suicide Squad" (2016) and "Storm Boy" (2019). Courtney was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He grew up in Cherrybrook, a suburb of Sydney. He lives in Los Angeles in the U.S. state of California. Karen Uhlenbeck Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck (born August 24, 1942) is an American mathematician. She is a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin. At the moment, she is a visiting associate at the Institute for Advanced Study and a visiting senior research scholar at Princeton University. In 2000, she was awarded the National Medal of Science. Uhlenbeck won the 2019 Abel Prize. She won it for her major work in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory and integrable systems. Another reason she got the Abel Prize was for her key impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics. She is the first woman to win the prize. Uhlenbeck was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She is of Estonian ancestry. She is married to biochemist Olke C. Uhlenbeck. Spooky Scary Skeletons Spooky Scary Skeletons is a 1996 Halloween song by Andrew Gold. It is the most well known of the songs from Gold's album "Halloween Howls". In 2010, the song was uploaded to YouTube by Three Ply Chord. , it has been seen over 27 million times. An extended dance mix of the song has had over 84 million views. Thanks to the numerous YouTube videos and various , the song has became increasingly popular, with the band Red Hot Chili Peppers even doing a version of it at a live Halloween performance. Forbes listed "Spooky Scary Skeletons" fourth in their top 20 list of Halloween songs. "Spooky Scary Skeletons" is now considered an anthem of the spooky internet subculture. Larry Cohen Lawrence G. Cohen (July 15, 1941 – March 23, 2019) was an American movie producer, director and screenwriter. He is best known as a B-movie auteur of horror and science fiction movies. He directed the movies "Hell Up in Harlem" (1973), "It's Alive" (1974) and "The Stuff" (1985). He also wrote the screenplays of the movies "Phone Booth" (2002), "Cellular" (2004) and "Captivity" (2007). Cohen was born in Washington Heights in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Cohen died on March 23, 2019 in Los Angeles, California. He was 77. Jeff Horn Jeffrey Christopher Horn Jr. (born 4 February 1988) is an Australian professional boxer. He held the WBO welterweight title from 2017 to 2018. He was an amateur boxer for Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He reached the light welterweight quarter-finals at the Olympics. In July 2017, he beat Manny Pacquiao for the WBO welterweight title. He lost the title to Terence Crawford in June 2018. He also won against Anthony Mundine in 96 seconds via first round knockout on 30 November 2018. Horn was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He was a school teacher before becoming a pro boxer. He married Joanna in September 2014. Their daughter was born in December 2017. Dick Smith (businessman) Richard Harold Smith (born 18 March 1944) is an Australian businessman, aviator, philanthropist and political activist. He is the founder of Dick Smith Electronics, Dick Smith Foods and "Australian Geographic". He was named as the 1986 Australian of the Year. In 2010, he co-founded the media production company Smith & Nasht. The reason for this company is to make movies about global problems. He also made the first balloon trip across Australia in June 1993. Smith was born in Roseville, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. He is married to Phillipa Aird McManarney. The couple have two daughters, Jenny and Hayley. Kirsten Vangsness Kirsten Simone Vangsness (born on July 7, 1972) is an American actress and writer. She is best known for playing the FBI Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia on the TV show "Criminal Minds". She later played the same character on the shows ' and '. Kirsten is also known for her weight loss journey. Vangsness began acting in 1998. She later won several awards. They included the 15 Minutes of Female Best Actress Award, the Golden Betty Award and the Los Angeles Drama Critic Award. Vangsness was born in Pasadena, California. Vanessa Marano Vanessa Nicole Marano (born on October 31, 1992, Los Angeles, California) is an American actress. She acted in many television series. They include "Gilmore Girls", "Grey's Anatomy" and "The Young and the Restless". Marano began acting when she was seven-years-old. Laura Marano Laura Marie Marano (born November 29, 1995) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of actress Vanessa Marano. Laura played Ally Dawson in the Disney Channel television series "Austin & Ally". In the movie "A Sort of Homecoming", Marano played Young Amy. Marano was born in Los Angeles, California. Islam in Russia Islam is the second largest religion of Russia, after Orthodox Christianity. Islam is also said to be the fastest growing religion in the country and are taking more than 7% of the total Russian population to one-fifth of the total population, by 24%. It is large concentrated among the Russian ethnicity, and most of them are Sunni Islam of Hanafi madhhab. Jan Łukasiewicz In the early 1920s, the Polish mathematician Jan Lukasiewicz discovered that if operators were written before the operands (prefix or Polish notation; for example, + a b), the parentheses are not needed. He was born on 21 December 1878 in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary and died on 13 February 1956 in Dublin, Ireland. He was aged 77. Stylianos Harkianakis Stylianos Harkianakis (; 29 December 1935 – 25 March 2019) was an Australian Greek Orthodox priest. He served as the Archbishop of Australia at the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. He moved to Australia in 1975. He taught spirituality at the University of Sydney. He was a theologian that focused on ecclesiology. He was also an award-winning poet. Harkianakis was born in Rethymno, on the island of Crete. Harkianakis died after a long illness in Sydney, New South Wales on 25 March 2019. He was 83. Jock Sturrock Alexander Stuart "Jock" Sturrock (14 May 1915 – 11 July 1997) was an Australian yachtsman. He sailed for Australia at four Olympics Games (1948 London, 1952 Helsinki, 1956 Melbourne and 1960 Rome). He was also the first person to represent Australia at four different Olympics. He won a bronze medal at 1956 Melbourne for the 5.5 metre class. Sturrock was the Australian of the Year in 1962. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1975 for services to yachting. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria. Sturrock died on 11 July 1997 in Noosa Heads, Queensland. He was 82. John Eccles (neurophysiologist) Sir John Carew Eccles (27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher. He was awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. He shared the Nobel Prize with Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin. Before this, he was became a Knight Bachelor in 1958. He was named the Australian of the Year in 1963. After the Second World War, he became a professor at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. From 1952 to 1962, he worked as a professor at the John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR) of the Australian National University in Canberra. Eccles was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He was married to Irene Frances Miller from 1928 until their divorce in 1968. The couple had nine children. Eccles later married Helena Táboríková of Prague. Eccles died on 2 May 1997 in Tenero-Contra, Locarno, Switzerland. He was 94. John Yu John Samuel Yu (born 12 December 1934) is an Australian former paediatrician and hospital administrator. He was Head of Medicine and later the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children. He was one of the main people behind the hospital changing locations from Camperdown to Westmead in 1995. He also served as the chancellor of the University of New South Wales from 2000 to 2005. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989, and later a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2001. He was named Australian of the Year in 1996. Personal life. Yu was born in Nanking (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), China. He moved to Australia as a young child before the city fell to Japanese forces. He grew up in Sydney. He studied at the University of Sydney. Singing Stars Singing Stars () is an 2019 Tamil language singing reality TV show, that airs on Colors Tamil starting on 16 March 2019. The judges are Ananthu, playback singer Santhosh Narayanan and Shakthisree Gopalan, and the show is hosted by Keerthi Shanthanu and Vijay. Kershaw County, South Carolina Kershaw County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 61,697. Its county seat is Camden. The county was created in 1791. Comanche, Texas Comanche is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2010, there were 4,335 people living here. BTS BTS or Bangtan Boys (), is a South Korean boy band made up of seven members. They were created by Big Hit Entertainment in 2013. The members include RM, Jin, Suga, J-Hope, Jimin, V, and Jungkook. The group debuted on June 13, 2013 with their EP 2 Cool 4 Skool. They have since released 5 Korean studio albums: "Dark & Wild" (2014); "Wings" (2016); "Love Yourself: Tear" (2018); "Map of the Soul: 7" (2020); " BE" - (2020) and Proof (2022) In 2015, they found success in the American charts with their fourth extended play (EP), The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 2 entering the U.S Billboard 200. The group is recognized as those who led the Korean Wave into the United States and have broken several sales records, becoming the first Korean group to receive an award by the Recording Industry Association of America for their single "Mic Drop". They are the first Korean act to top the U.S Billboard 200. Along with their success in selling albums, BTS have also been included in "Time"'s "100 Most Influential People In The World". They have also donated to charities and launched the Love Myself campaign which helped programs stop violence against children and teenagers. Name. The name BTS is from "Bangtan Sonyeondan" (), which is Korean for "Bulletproof Boy Scouts." According to member J-Hope, the name was chosen to show the group's desire "to block out stereotypes, criticisms, and expectations that aim on adolescents like bullets". Their name in Japanese is , which means the same thing. In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for "Beyond the Scene." This extended their name to mean "growing youth BTS who is going beyond the realities they are facing, and going forward." History. 2010–2014: Formation. The CEO of Big Hit Entertainment, Bang Si-Hyuk, met with the group's leader RM and was impressed by his rapping. BTS was supposed to be like a hip hop group, but Bang decided that young people nowadays need "a hero who can lend them a shoulder to lean on, even without speaking a single word". He decided that those heroes would be the members of BTS and so the group was reorganized into a more traditional idol group. On June 12, 2013, BTS released their album "2 Cool 4 Skool". This was a song with a single song, "No More Dream." It was not a commercial success. In September 2014, BTS released their extended play, "O!RUL8,2?" (Oh! Are you late, too?) In it were songs that criticized the Korean educational system and talked about finding themselves in the world. It was more successful than their first album. In June 2022, it was announced that the group was taking time to make solo projects. Their record label confirmed that this was not a hiatus Charity. In June 2020, BTS and Big Hit Entertainment donated US$1 million to Black Lives Matter in response to the killing of George Floyd. Their fans also raised US$1 million within 24 hours. Members. BTS has seven members. Albums. BTS has released five Korean albums, six EPs and four Japanese albums. Bigelow Tea Company The Bigelow Tea Company (formerly R.C. Bigelow, Inc.) is an American company that sells dried teas based in Fairfield, Connecticut. It was founded by Ruth C. Bigelow in 1945. The company markets over 50 types of tea, including black, green, and herbal. It is still a 100% family-owned business. Bigelow employs 350 people. Pius Adesanmi Pius Adebola Adesanmi (27 February 1972 – 10 March 2019) was a Nigerian-born Canadian professor, writer, literary critic, satirist, and columnist. He was the author of "Naija No Dey Carry Last". In 2015, he gave a TED talk titled "Africa is the forward that the world needs to face". Adesanmi died on 10 March 2019, when Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crashed shortly after take-off. Sebastiano Tusa Sebastiano Tusa (2 August 1952 – 10 March 2019) was an Italian archaeologist and politician. He was councilor for Cultural Heritage for the Sicilian Region of Italy from 11 April 2018 until his death on 10 March 2019. Tusa was a professor of paleontology at the Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples. Tusa was killed in the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, on 10 March 2019. William Stanley Peart Sir William Stanley Peart (31 March 1922 – 14 March 2019) was a British doctor and clinical researcher. He was first to demonstrate the release of noradrenaline after the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. In 2000, he was awarded the Buchanan Medal. Dick Dale Richard Anthony Monsour (May 4, 1937 – March 16, 2019), known professionally as Dick Dale, was an American rock guitarist. He was known as "The King of the Surf Guitar", which was also the title of his second studio album. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Dale died in Loma Linda, California on March 16, 2019 from heart failure, at the age of 81. Loma Linda, California Loma Linda () is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 23,261 at the 2010 census, up from 18,681 at the 2000 census. Bengt Gustafsson (general) Sten "Bengt" Gustaf Gustafsson (2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019) was a Swedish Army general. He was the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994. He was born in Hästveda, Sweden. Gustafsson died in his home in Stockholm on 15 March 2019, aged 85. Barbara Hammer Barbara Jean Hammer (May 15, 1939 – March 16, 2019) was an American feminist movie director. She was known for directing movies about lesbian culture career for over 40 years. Her best known works were "Nitrate Kisses" and "Tender Fictions". Hammer was born in Los Angeles, California. Hammer was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2006. She was an activist for self-euthanasia. Hammer died from the disease on March 16, 2019 in New York City, aged 79. Tom Hatten Tom Hatten (November 14, 1926 – March 16, 2019) was an American radio and television personality and actor. He was known as the long-time host of "The Popeye Show" (originally "The Pier Point 5 Club") and "Family Film Festival" on KTLA Channel 5. He appeared as Captain Murdock in several episodes of the television show "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", and had a minor role as an officer in three episodes of "Hogan's Heroes". Hatten died on March 16, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 92. Yann-Fañch Kemener Yann-Fañch Kemener (April 7, 1957 – March 16, 2019) was a French traditional singer-songwriter. He was born in Sainte-Tréphine (Côtes-d'Armor), France. He took part in reviving "Kan ha diskan" () in the 1970s and 1980s, especially with Erik Marchand. He wrote songs from the oral tradition in the Breton language. Kemener died in Tréméven on March 16, 2019 at age 61. Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly Lt. Col. Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly (‎; 1 January 1943 – 16 March 2019) was the President of Mauritania and Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN) from 3 June 1979 to 4 January 1980. Bill Phelps William Cunningham Phelps (April 5, 1934 – March 19, 2019) was a Republican politician and lawyer. Phelps was born and raised in Nevada, Missouri. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Missouri from 1973 to 1981. Phelps died in Houston, Texas following a short-illness on March 19, 2019 at the age of 84. Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock Helen Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock, ("née" Wilson; 14 April 1924 – 20 March 2019) was an English philosopher. She was best known for chairing an inquiry whose report formed the basis of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. She was Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge from 1984 to 1991. Warnock died, aged 94, on 20 March 2019. Gonzalo Portocarrero Maisch Gonzalo Javier Enrique Portocarrero Maisch (December 3, 1949 – March 21, 2019) was a Peruvian sociologist, social scientist and essayist. He was born in Lima, Peru. He was a visiting professor at universities in the United States, Japan, Germany, Mexico, Venezuela and the United Kingdom. Until his death, he was a professor at the Department of Social Sciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Portocarrero Maisch died of lung cancer in Lima on March 21, 2019 at the age of 69. Patrick McGorry Patrick Dennistoun McGorry (born 10 September 1952) is an Irish-born Australian psychiatrist. He is best known for his research and advocacy in mental health in young people. He is Professor of Youth Mental Health at the University of Melbourne. He is also a founding board member of headspace or the National Youth Mental Health Foundation. In 2010, he was named Australian of the Year. McGorry was born in Dublin. In 1955, his family moved from the suburb of Finglas, north Dublin to Wales. They later moved to Australia in 1968. He is married to Merilyn Hawke. The couple have three children. He lives in Essendon, Victoria. Cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to: Lina Cheryazova Lina Anatolyevna Cheryazova (, 1 November 1968 – 23 March 2019) was an Uzbek freestyle skier. She won a gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Cheryazova was born in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Cheryazova died on 23 March 2019 in Novosibirsk, Russia from complications of ALS, aged 50. Denise DuBarry Denise DuBarry (March 6, 1956 – March 23, 2019) was an American actress, businesswoman, movie producer, and philanthropist. She was born in Killeen, Texas. She was known for her roles as nurse Lieutenant Samantha Green, on the television series "Black Sheep Squadron", and as Johanna Franklin in the movie "Being There". In business, she co-founded Thane International, Inc.. She was its Chief Creative Officer for 15 years, from 1990 to 2005. DuBarry died from a fatal fungal infection on March 23, 2019 in Los Angeles, California, aged 63. Rafi Eitan Rafael "Rafi" Eitan (; 23 November 1926 – 23 March 2019) was an Israeli politician and intelligence officer. He was born in Ein Harod, Mandatory Palestine. He was a member of Knesset and Minister of Pensioner Affairs from 2006 to 2009. Eitan was a member of the Gil Party. Eitan led the Eichmann operation in Argentina. Eitan died on 23 March 2019 at a hospital in Tel Aviv from a stroke, aged 92. Fiona Stanley Fiona Juliet Stanley (born 1 August 1946) is an Australian epidemiologist. She is known for her public health work, her research into the health of mothers and children, and birth disorders such as cerebral palsy. In 1990, she was the founding director of the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research. Now called "Telethon Kids Institute", the institute helped show that folic acid before and during pregnancy can stop spina bifida in babies. She is a professor at the School of Paediatrics and Child Health at the University of Western Australia. She is also and the UNICEF Australian Ambassador for Early Childhood Development. She was named Australian of the Year in 2003. Stanley was born in Little Bay, Sydney, New South Wales. Her family moved to Perth, Western Australia in 1956. She is married to Geoffrey Shellam. The couple have two daughters. Joseph Pilato Joseph Pilato (March 16, 1949 – March 24, 2019) was an American actor. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was best known for his roles as Captain Rhodes in the 1985 movie "Day of the Dead" and as the Dean Martin lookalike in "Pulp Fiction" (1994). Pilato died in his sleep on March 24, 2019, eight days after his 70th birthday. Robert W. Sweet Robert Workman Sweet (October 15, 1922 – March 24, 2019) was an American jurist. He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1978 to 1991. He was born in Yonkers, New York. Sweet was nominated by President Jimmy Carter. Sweet died on March 24, 2019 at his home in Ketchum, Idaho from pneumonia, aged 96. Egon Balas Egon Balas (June 7, 1922 – March 18, 2019) was a Romanian applied mathematician. He was a professor of industrial administration and applied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. He was the Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research at Carnegie Mellon's Tepper School of Business. He was known for his fundamental work in developing integer and disjunctive programming. Life and education. He was born in Cluj in Transylvania to a Hungarian Jewish family. His birth name was actually Blatt, but it was changed to the Hungarian Balázs ("BAW-lass"). It was changed again to Romanian Balaș ("BAH-lash"). He was married to art historian Edith Balas, a survivor of Auschwitz, and they birthed two daughters. He was imprisoned by the Communist authorities for several years after the war. He left Romania in 1966 and ventured onto the United States to begin his new career. He started his teaching career in 1967 at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He got a "Diploma Licentiate" in economics in 1949, and he got Ph.D.s in economics and mathematics at different universities and in different years. György Baló György Baló (14 June 1947 – 18 March 2019) was a Hungarian broadcast journalist and academic lecturer. He was an anchorman for many political talk shows and worked for the Hungarian public television channel Magyar Televízió (MTV) since the 1970s. He was born in Budapest. Baló died on 18 March 2019 from esophageal cancer in Budapest, aged 71. Pioneerof the Nile Pioneerof the Nile (May 5, 2006 – March 18, 2019) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was the second-place finisher in the 2009 Kentucky Derby. He matured to stand 16.2 hands. After retiring from racing, he became a breeding stallion, known for as the sire of 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah, 2016 Champion 2-Year-Old Colt Classic Empire, and other graded-stakes winners. He died of a heart attack on March 18, 2019 while being transported to a veterinarian near Versailles, Kentucky, aged 12. John Carl Buechler John Carl Buechler (June 18, 1952 – March 18, 2019) was an American special make-up effects artist, movie director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He was best known for his work on horror and science-fiction movies. He directed the movies "Troll", ', "Cellar Dweller", and '. His work includes "Ghoulies", "From Beyond", "Troll", "TerrorVision", "Dolls", "Prison", ', ', and "Hatchet". Buechler was born in Belleville, Illinois. In February 2019, Buechler was diagnosed with stage four prostate cancer. He died from the disease on March 18, 2019 in Los Angeles at the age of 66. Raigh Roe Dame Raigh Edith Roe ("née" Kurts; 12 December 1922 – November 2014) was an Australian farmer. She was an advocate for rural women in Australia and around the world. She was member of the Country Women's Association (CWA) from 1941. She held many roles in the CWA before becoming the national president. She was World President of the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) from 1977 to 1980. In this role, she represented almost nine million women in 74 countries around the world. In 1977, she was named Australian of the Year with Sir Murray Tyrrell. In 1978, she became a commissioner for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). In 1980, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). Roe was born in Western Australia. She was married to James Arthur Roe. The couple had three sons. She died in November 2014, at the age of 91. Servilius Casca Publius Servilius Casca Longus (84 BC – c. 42 BC) was one of the assassins of Gaius Julius Caesar. He and several other senators conspired to kill Caesar, which they did on 15 March 44 BC. He was one of the first to attack, and stabbed Caesar in the neck. At the time of the conspiracy, he held office in the Tribune of the People. After Caesar was dead, he ran from Rome. Casca joined Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, the leaders of the assassins, during the Liberators' civil war against the Second Triumvirate, Caesar's former supporters. He committed suicide during this war. Casca is remembered on a coin along with Brutus, where they both have their names engraved in the metal. A bearded figure appears on the coin next to Casca's name, though this is widely considered to be the Roman god Neptune. Galactic Republic The Galactic Republic was the government of the Star Wars galaxy in the Star Wars series until the Galactic Empire replaced it. It was made up of many planets, but all the planets had the same currency and official language. All the planets had to follow certain laws and economic rules. An example of this is that slavery is outlawed in all Republic planets. The government is a federal republic. Its leader is the Supreme Chancellor, who is chosen by voting. Each planet also chooses their Senators and Representatives to vote on and pass laws. There is also a Supreme Court. The Republic is protected by the Jedi Order. The Jedi are a group of knights who protect democracy and civilization so that peace can exist in the galaxy. The last Supreme Chancellor was Sheev Palpatine. He would later become the emperor of the Galactic Empire. In , the first movie in the Star Wars timeline, the Republic had become very corrupt and complicated. The Galactic Senate thought Chancellor Valorum had been a poor leader, so they voted to fire him. Only a short time after he was fired, they voted for Palpatine to replace him. Many member planets did not like what the Republic had become, so they left the Republic and created a new government, the Separatists. Count Dooku was the leader of the Separatists, but it was really created by Darth Sidious himself, and Dooku was his apprentice. Sidious did this because he was trying to start a war. His plan was to use the war to weaken the Republic and destroy the Jedi so that he could create the Empire. His apprentice Darth Tyranus also created an army of clones so that the Republic would have an army to fight the war. Palpatine should have stopped being Chancellor long ago, but he stayed being Chancellor because the Senate voted that he can have emergency powers. That meant that he could pass any law he wanted to because the Republic was fighting a war against the Separatists. Near the end of the war, Palpatine told the young Jedi Anakin Skywalker that he was a Sith Lord, someone who uses the dark side of the Force. When Anakin told the Jedi Council that Palpatine was a Sith, Mace Windu and three other Jedi Masters went to Palpatine's office to arrest or kill him. They failed because Sidious tricked Anakin in helping kill Mace Windu. He used this attempt as an excuse to give Order 66 to the clone army. This order was given to clone troopers to kill any Jedi they see. Sidious also ordered Anakin, now Darth Vader, to bring clone troopers to destroy the Jedi Temple and kill all the Jedi there, even the children. Most Jedi were killed only a short time after the order was given. He then tricked the Senate into thinking that the Jedi wanted to destroy the Republic, so he created the Empire to make everyone think they would be safer. After the Empire was created, the military became much bigger and most freedoms were taken away. In , the Emperor got rid of the Senate, which was the only thing from the Republic that still existed. He hoped that after this, memories of the Republic would disappear. However, people who still believed in the Republic created the Rebel Alliance and fought a war against the Empire. After the deaths of both Darth Sidious and Darth Vader and the Battle of Jakku, the Empire surrendered to the Rebel Alliance. This ended the war and the New Republic was created, but the New Republic was destroyed only a few decades later. This was because the First Order, the military that was created from what was left of the Empire, created a superweapon called Starkiller Base. They used the weapon to blow up the capital of the New Republic, Hosnian Prime. Siebnen Siebnen is a village in the March District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. It is in the three municipalities Galgenen, Schübelbach and Wangen. Gorgier Gorgier used to be a municipality in Boudry. It was in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens became the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Adam Goodes Adam Roy Goodes (born 8 January 1980) is a former professional Australian rules footballer. He played for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL). He won two Brownlow Medals (2003 and 2006) and two premierships (2005 and 2016). He has played more VFL/AFL games than any other Indigenous player at 372. He is also known for his community work through the GO Foundation and advocacy against racism. Goodes was named Australian of the Year in 2014. Goodes was born in Wallaroo, South Australia. His father is of English, Irish and Scottish ancestry, and his mother is an Indigenous Australian (Adnyamathanha and Narungga). From the age of four, he was raised by his mother. He grew up in Wallaroo and Adelaide, South Australia, and Merbein, Victoria. His brother, Brett, is also a former Australian rules player. He is married to Natalie Croker. Thielle-Wavre Thielle-Wavre was a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Thielle and Wavre to form Thielle-Wavre. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène. Vaumarcus Vaumarcus was a municipality in the district of Boudry, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens joined together and became the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Les Planchettes Les Planchettes is a municipality in the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Auvernier Auvernier was a municipality and village in the district of Boudry. It is in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, former municipalities of Auvernier, Bôle, and Colombier joined together. They became the new municipality of Milvignes. Bevaix Bevaix was a municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens joined together and became the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. La Coudre, Neuchâtel La Coudre was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1930, it became part of the city of Neuchâtel. Pancracio Celdrán Pancracio Celdrán Gomáriz (1942 – 24 March 2019) was a Spanish professor and journalist. He wrote about history and literature of the medieval period. He was born in Murcia. He participated in radio "tertulias" (in effect, panel discussions). He was a contributor to "No es un día cualquiera" ("It's Not Just Another Day"), a weekend news magazine broadcast by Radio Nacional de España. Celdrán died on 24 March 2019 in Madrid, at the age of 77. Ted Burgin Edward Burgin (29 April 1927 – 26 March 2019) was an English professional footballer. He played 551 times in the Football League as a goalkeeper for Sheffield United, Doncaster Rovers, Leeds United and Rochdale. He played twice for England B, and was a non-playing member of England's squad for the 1954 World Cup. Master Fatman Morten Lindberg (23 September 1965 – 26 March 2019), also known as "Master Fatman", was a Danish media personality, comedian, disc jockey, movie director, and singer. He was born in Munkebo, Funen. In 1992, Lindberg directed his first movie, the short movie "Gayniggers from Outer Space". In 2006, Master Fatman competed in the 3rd season of the popular contest "Vild Med Dans" on TV2. Lindberg died on 26 March 2019, aged 53. Kevin McCarthy (actor) Kevin McCarthy (February 15, 1914 – September 11, 2010) was an American actor. He was born in Seattle, Washington, but raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was known for his role in the horror science fiction movie "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956). He was also known for his role as Biff Loman in "Death of a Salesman" (1951), which won him a Golden Globe Award. McCarthy died of pneumonia at his home in Hyannis, Massachusetts on September 11, 2010, aged 96. Hyannis, Massachusetts Hyannis is the largest of the seven villages in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is the commercial and transportation hub of Cape Cod. The village was named after Iyannough, a sachem of the Cummaquid tribe. Barnstable, Massachusetts Barnstable ( ) is a city, sometimes called the Town of Barnstable, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the county seat of Barnstable County. Barnstable is the largest community on Cape Cod. At the 2010 census it had a population of 45,193. The town contains several villages (one of which is also named Barnstable). Its largest village, Hyannis. Ray Kelly (singer) Father Raymond Kelly (born April 1953) is an Irish Catholic priest and singer. He is best known for his interpretation of popular songs. He is the priest of St. Brigid′s & St. Mary′s parish at Oldcastle, County Meath, Ireland. He is a member of Saint Patrick’s Society for the Foreign Missions. Kelly became famous in 2014 after a video of him singing Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" while officiating at a couple's wedding became a YouTube sensation. By 2018, it had received over 61 million hits. In December 2014 Universal Music released a 10-track album "Where I Belong" of Kelly singing Celtic-inspired arrangements. In 2018 Kelly auditioned for the 12th series of "Britain's Got Talent", singing "Everybody Hurts" by R.E.M.. Discrimination against non-binary people Nonbinary people are people who do not identify as male or female. Discrimination against people who do not identify as nonbinary is both a type of sexism and a type of transphobia. A nonbinary person is also sometimes called an enby. Many nonbinary people experience discrimination in their social lives, workplace, health treatment, and legal system. Social Discrimination. A study by the "National LGBTQ Task Force" in 2012 showed that nonbinary people are significantly more likely to experience physical assault, police harassment, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and bullying than their binary peers. Black, Asian, and multi-racial people are more likely to identify as nonbinary. Nonbinary people are also generally young (below 45) and more highly educated. Nonbinary people were also shown to be more likely to be in poverty. They are also more likely to have attempted suicide than binary people. A 2016 study by "The Journal of Sex Research" showed that misgendering someone is a common form of discrimination. Workplace Discrimination. Trans people in the USA are twice as likely as cisgender people to be unemployed. The "LGBTQ+ Task Force" found that almost all nonbinary people have experienced discrimination at work. They discovered that coming out as nonbinary decreases employment prospects compared to binary people. A 2012 study by the "Center for American Progress" showed that a third of LGBTQ+ employees felt forced into traditional gender roles to keep their jobs. It also discovered that a fourth of nonbinary people were denied bathroom access because of their gender identity. A fifth of nonbinary people reported losing their jobs because of transphobia and nearly all nonbinary people experience transphobia on the job. Most nonbinary people who transitioned in the workplace were glad they did, despite increased discrimination. Microsoft Store Microsoft Store or Windows Store is an app store for Microsoft Windows, Windows Server and Xbox OS. It was first made for Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 to make adding new programs easier for the users. When Windows 10 was released, Microsoft put Xbox Store, Windows Marketplace, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Windows phone store all in one program they called Microsoft Store. In 2015, there were more than 670,000 different programs on Microsoft Store. The biggest groups of programs were Games and Entertainment. Before a program is added to the Microsoft Store, it must pass security, content, and compatibility checks. History. The Web-based storefront. Microsoft previously maintained a similar digital distribution system for software known as Windows Marketplace, which allowed customers to purchase software online. The marketplace tracked product keys and licenses, allowing users to retrieve their purchases when switching computers. Windows Marketplace was discontinued in November 2008. At this point, Microsoft opened a Web-based storefront called "Microsoft Store". Windows 8. Microsoft first announced Windows Store, a digital distribution service for Windows at its presentation during the Build developer conference on September 13, 2011. Further details announced during the conference revealed that the store would be able to hold listings for both certified traditional Windows apps, as well as what were called "Metro-style apps" at the time: tightly-sandboxed software based on Microsoft design guidelines that are constantly monitored for quality and compliance. For consumers, Windows Store is intended to be the only way to obtain Metro-style apps. While announced alongside the "Developer Preview" release of Windows 8, Windows Store itself did not become available until the "Consumer Preview", released in February 2012. Updates to apps published on the store after July 1, 2023, won't be available to all Windows 8 RTM users except Windows Embedded 8 Standard users. Per Microsoft lifecycle policies, Windows 8 reached the end of mainstream support on January 9, 2018 and will reach the end of extended support on January 10, 2023. The mainstream support for Windows Embedded 8 Standard ended on July 10, 2018 and will reach the end of extended support on July 11, 2023. Microsoft Store will stop working on Windows Embedded 8 Standard in the end of that year. Windows 8.1. An updated version of Windows Store was introduced in Windows 8.1. Its home page was remodeled to display apps in focused categories (such as popular, recommended, top free and paid, and special offers) with expanded details, while the ability for apps to automatically update was also added. Windows 8.1 Update also introduced other notable presentation changes, including increasing the top app lists to return 1000 apps instead of 100 apps, a "picks for you" section, and changing the default sorting for reviews to be by "most popular". Updates to apps published on the Store after July 1, 2023, will not be available to Windows 8.1. Per Microsoft lifecycle policies, Windows 8.1 reached the end of mainstream support on January 9, 2018 and will reach the end of extended support on January 10, 2023. Windows RT. The installation of apps and games from the Windows Store is the only way to get apps on Windows RT, a mobile version of Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 designed to run on tablets. Normal apps such as Google Chrome, world's most popular web browser can't be installed through any web browser on the Internet for Windows RT, even through Internet Explorer, which is a built in web browser in Windows RT, and also in Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 and earlier. Windows 10. Windows 10 was released with an updated version of the Windows Store, which merged Microsoft's other distribution platforms (Windows Marketplace, Windows Phone Store, Xbox Video and Xbox Music) into a unified store front for Windows 10 on all platforms, offering apps, games, music, film, TV series, themes, and ebooks. In June 2017, Spotify became available in the Windows Store. In September 2017, Microsoft began to re-brand Windows Store as Microsoft Store, with a new icon carrying the Microsoft logo. Xbox Store was merged into this new version of the platform. This is in line with Microsoft's platform convergence strategy on all Windows 10-based operating systems. Web apps and traditional desktop software can be packaged for distribution on Windows Store. Desktop software distributed through Windows Store are packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. In February 2018, Microsoft announced that Progressive Web Apps would begin to be available in the Microsoft Store, and Microsoft would automatically add selected quality progressive web apps through the Bing crawler or allow developers to submit Progressive Web Apps to the Microsoft Store. Starting from Windows 10 version 1803, fonts can be downloaded and installed from the Microsoft Store. Windows 11. In Windows 11, Microsoft Store received an updated user interface, and a new pop-up designed to handle installation links from websites. Microsoft also announced a number of changes to its policies for application submissions to improve flexibility and make the store more "open", including supporting "any kind of app, regardless of app framework and packaging technology", and the ability for developers to freely use first- or third-party payment platforms (in non-game software only) rather than those provided by Microsoft. Windows Server. Windows Store is available in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 but is not installed by default. It's unavailable in Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019. However, UWP apps can be acquired from Microsoft Store for Business (formerly Windows Store for Business) and installed through sideloading. Programmer tools. Microsoft Store provides developer (people who write programs) tools for tracking apps in the store. They can track downloads, the money they make, if the program doesn't work, and ratings. Most liked apps. These are the most liked apps and games on the Microsoft Store on Mobile and PC. Ranking Roger Ranking Roger (born Roger Charlery; 21 February 1963 – 26 March 2019) was a British musician. He was a singer in the 1980s ska band The Beat, and later General Public with fellow Beat singer Dave Wakeling. He later led a rebuilt Beat line-up. The Beat, is known in North America as The English Beat, and Australia as The British Beat. He was also a member of Big Audio Dynamite in the 1990s. Roger was born in Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Both of his parents were from Saint Lucia. In January 2019, it was revealed that he had brain and lung cancer. He died on 26 March 2019 from the diseases in Birmingham, at the age of 56. William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley (25 May 1867 – 29 June 1932) was a British aristocrat, politician and military officer. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He served as the fourth Governor-General of Australia from September 1908 to July 1911. Before this, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1902 to 1905. Lord Dudley was born in London, Middlesex. His father was landowner and cricketer William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley. His mother was Scottish noblewoman Georgina Ward, Countess of Dudley. He was married to Rachel Gurney until her death by drowning in 1920. The couple had seven children. In 1924, he married actress Gertie Millar. Lord Dudley died of cancer on 29 June 1932 in London. He was 65. Hayden Fry John Hayden Fry (February 28, 1929 – December 17, 2019) was an American football player and coach. He was the head football coach at the Southern Methodist University (SMU) from 1962 to 1972. He was later the football coach at the University of Iowa from 1979 to 1998. He had a career college football record of 232-178-10. Fry also played college football at Baylor University. Fry was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Fry was born in Eastland, Texas. He died on December 17, 2019 of prostate cancer in Dallas, Texas at the age of 90. Jussie Smollett Jussie Smollett (born June 21, 1982) is an American actor and singer. He began his career as a child actor in 1987. His movies include "The Mighty Ducks" (1992) and Rob Reiner's "North" (1994). Smollett released his first extended play album, "The Poisoned Hearts Club" in 2012. Smollett was born in Santa Rosa, California. Some sources say he was born in 1982. Others say he was born in 1983. Smollett was indicted on February 20, 2019, for disorderly conduct. He paid two men to attack him, and that he filed a false police report. On March 26, 2019, Smollett's defense team reached a deal with prosecutors. They agreed to drop all charges. Smollett agreed to perform community service and lose the money he paid for his bail. In December 2021, Smollett was convicted of five felony counts of disorderly conduct, and he was sentenced in March 2022 to 150 days in county jail. David Hurley David John Hurley (born 26 August 1953) is an Australian former army officer. Hurley is the 27th Governor-General of Australia since 1 July 2019. He was the Governor of New South Wales from 2014 to 2019. He had a 42-year long career in the Australian Army. He served as the Chief of Capability Development Group (2003–2007), the Chief of Joint Operations (2007–2008). He later served as the AF's Vice Chief (2008–2011), and as Chief (2011–2014), in succession to Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston. Hurley retired from the army in June 2014 at the rank of general. On 16 December 2018, it was said that Queen Elizabeth II had allowed Hurley to become the next Governor-General of Australia. This was on the advice of Prime Minister Scott Morrison. He began his term in July 2019. Hurley was born in Wollongong, New South Wales. He is married to Linda. The couple have three children. Angela Carter Angela Carter (7 May 1940 – 16 February 1992; formerly Angela Olive Stalker) was a British author who changed themes from folk tales and gave them dark and sexual twists. She was born in in Eastbourne, Sussex, England and died in London. Stefan Savić Stefan Savić (born 8 January 1991) is a professional football player from Montenegro. He plays as a center back for the Spanish club Atletico Madrid and his national team, Montenegro. Savić was born in Mojkovac, which is a town in Montenegro. He started his career in football at the local club, Brskovo, before moving to a bigger team, BSK Borča. After playing with BSK Borča for 2 years, he moved to another football team, FK Partizan. While on Partizan, he won The Double, which is winning a country's top tier tournament and primary cup competition in a single season. After that, he was paid 6 million pounds to join Manchester City, winning the Premier League title in his only year playing on the team. In 2012, he was transferred to Fiorentina, where he played three years. He joined Atlético Madrid in 2015, where he won the UEFA Europa League and UEFA Super Cup. Club career. Career in Serbia. Savić started his career with BSK Borča on 2008. In 2010, he went to play on the English team, Arsenal, for a 10 day trial. Savić said he agreed to join Arsenal, but he never went to the team again. On August 29, 2010, Savić joined Partizan, and was given the number 15 shirt. He helped the football club win the double. Oberhofen Oberhofen is the name of several places in Europe: Bôle Bôle was a municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Auvernier, Bôle and Colombier merged into the new municipality of Milvignes. Brot-Dessous Brot-Dessous was a municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into Rochefort. Colombier, Neuchâtel Colombier was a municipality of the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Auvernier, Bôle and Colombier merged into the new municipality of Milvignes. Fresens Fresens was a municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens merged into the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Witold Pilecki Witold Pilecki (13 May 1901 – 25 May 1948) was a Polish resistance leader against Nazi Germany during World War II. He was also a spy, and cavalry officer. He was a captain in the Polish Army during World War II and the Polish-Soviet War. He was also one of the creators of the Secret Polish Army, which was a resistance group in German-occupied Poland. He was the writer of Witold's Report, the first spy report on Auschwitz, a German concentration camp, and the Holocaust. His religion was Roman Catholic, a Christian group. During World War II, Pilecki signed up to be jailed in Auschwitz, a German concentration camp, to tell the Allies about what is inside, and then escape. While inside the camp, he created a rebellion and told the Allies about the terrible things happening in Auschwitz as early as 1941. He escaped from the camp in 1943. He was a soldier in the Warsaw Uprising, which was an attack to free Warsaw from Nazi Germany. He was arrested in 1947 by Soviet secret police, and killed by them in 1948. Knowledge of the killing was kept secret until 1989, when Poland revealed his death. Montalchez Montalchez was a municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens merged into the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Saint-Aubin-Sauges Saint-Aubin-Sauges was a municipality of the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. History. In 1888, the formerly independent municipalities with Saint-Aubin and Sauges merged to form Saint-Aubin-Sauges. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens became the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Corcelles-Cormondrèche Corcelles-Cormondrèche is a municipality of the district Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Cortaillod Cortaillod is a municipality of the district Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. The neolithic Cortaillod culture was named after Cortaillod, where four neolithic villages have been discovered. Rochefort, Neuchâtel Rochefort is a municipality in Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the municipality of Brot-Dessous became part of Rochefort. Localities. Brot-Dessous, Chambrelien, Champ-du-Moulin, Fretereules, Les Grattes, Montézillon, Rochefort and La Tourne. Buttes Buttes was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Boveresse Boveresse was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Couvet Couvet was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Fleurier Fleurier was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Les Bayards Les Bayards was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Saint-Aubin, Neuchâtel Saint-Aubin was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, it joined together with Saint-Aubin and Sauges and became Saint-Aubin-Sauges. Sauges Sauges was a municipality and village of the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, the former municipalities Saint-Aubin and Sauges joined together and became Saint-Aubin-Sauges. Areuse Areuse was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Since 1870, it became a part of the municipality of Boudry. Môtiers Môtiers was a municipality of the district Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Noiraigue Noiraigue was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Thari (TV series) Thari () (English:Loom) is an 2019 Tamil Family drama starring Sree Nithi, M. Ramasamy and M. Farina Azad. The show replaces Ilayathalapathy and aired on Colors Tamil from 1 April 2019 to 16 November 2019 on Monday to Friday at 8:30pm.The story is about around a girl named Annalakshmi (Sreenithi), who belongs to the weaving community. Saint-Sulpice, Neuchâtel Saint-Sulpice was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Travers, Switzerland Travers was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers. Enges Enges is a municipality of the district of Neuchâtel in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Saint-Blaise, Switzerland Saint-Blaise is a municipality of the district of Neuchâtel, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Cornaux Cornaux is a municipality of the district of Neuchâtel, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Kindertransport Kindertransport is the German word for children's transport. It was used during World War II and a group that rescued refugee children during the Holocaust. Geertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer helped more than 10,000 jewish children to escape from Germany to Great Britain and other countries. Friedrich Achleitner Friedrich Achleitner (23 May 1930 – 27 March 2019) was an Austrian poet and architecture critic. He was a member of the Wiener Gruppe, a small movement of Austrian writers. He wrote concrete poems and experimental literature. His main writings were on Austrian architecture in the 20th century. These works were written over many years, and included Achleitner visiting each building he talked about. He was professor of the history and theory of architecture at the University of Applied Arts Vienna. He won many awards in his lifetime. He was awarded the Schelling Architecture Theory Prize in 2008. Achleitner was born in Schalchen, Upper Austria. He died on 27 March 2019 in Vienna, at the age of 88. Yoji Harada (6 August 1972 – 27 March 2019) was a Japanese tattoo artist and musician. He was best known for his appearances in the TLC reality show "Miami Ink". He was a member of the punk rock band Big Deal. Harada and fellow tattooist, Darren Brass, founded the baby clothing company Ruthless & Toothless together. Harada was from Tokyo. He moved to the United States when he was 24 years of age. He was married twice and had a daughter. He died on 27 March 2019 in the Netherlands, at the age of 46. Andrew Marshall (foreign policy strategist) Andrew W. Marshall (September 13, 1921 – March 26, 2019) was an American foreign policy strategist. He served as director of the United States Department of Defense's Office of Net Assessment from 1973 to 2015. He was put into this role by President Richard Nixon. He stayed as director until his retirement on January 2, 2015. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. Marshall died on March 26, 2019 in Alexandria, Virginia. He was 97. Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist) Andrew R. C. Marshall (born 1967) is a British journalist and author. He is Southeast Asia Special Correspondent for Reuters. He won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, along with with Jason Szep. This was awarded to the pair for their report on the violent treatment of the Rohingya, a mainly Muslim ethnic group in Myanmar. He has also written for "Time", "The Sunday Times", "National Geographic", "Esquire" and many others. Marshall graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1989. He lives in Bangkok, Thailand. Andrew Marshall Andrew Marshall may refer to: Bruce Yardley Bruce Yardley (5 September 1947 – 27 March 2019) was an Australian cricketer. He played for the national team in 33 Tests and seven ODIs from 1978 to 1983. He was best known for his off-spin bowling. In total, he bowled 126 Test wickets. He was a right-handed batsman, and scored four Test half-centuries. As a fielder, he took 31 catches in his 33 Tests. He also played for the Western Australia cricket team. He later coached the Sri Lanka and Singapore national teams. Yardley was born in Midland, Western Australia. He died of cancer on 27 March 2019 in Kununurra, Western Australia, at the age of 71. Gordon S. Wood Gordon Stewart Wood (born November 27, 1933) is an American historian. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts. He is the Alva O. Way University Professor and Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University. Wood won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for "The Radicalism of the American Revolution" (1992). His book "The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787" (1969) won a 1970 Bancroft Prize. In 2010, he was awarded the National Humanities Medal. Jim Moody James Powers Moody (September 2, 1935 – March 22, 2019) was an American economist and Democratic politician. He was born in Richlands, Virginia. Moody was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1983 to 1993. Moody died at a hospital in Maryland on March 22, 2019 at the age of 83. Virgilio Caballero Pedraza Virgilio Dante Caballero Pedraza (24 February 1942 – 24 March 2019) was a Mexican journalist, media researcher and politician. He was a federal deputy from 2015 to 2018 in the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress and as a deputy to the Congress of Mexico City as a member of the National Regeneration Movement. He was born in Tampico, Tamaulipas. Caballero died on 24 March 2019 from a heart attack in Mexico City, aged 77. Lyle Tuttle Lyle Tuttle (October 7, 1931 – March 25, 2019) was an American tattoo artist and historian. He was tattooing since 1949. He was born in Chariton, Iowa. Tuttle tattooed Janis Joplin, Cher, Jo Baker, Henry Fonda, Paul Stanley, Joan Baez, the Allman Brothers and many others. Tuttle taught seminars in "Tattoo machine maintenance and machine building" at tattoo conventions around the United States. He is the only person in the world to have tattooed people in all seven continents. Tuttle died on March 25, 2019 in Ukiah, California at the age of 87. Kay Cottee Kay Cottee ("née" McLaren; born 25 January 1954) is an Australian sailor. She is known for being the first woman to single-handedly, non-stop and with no help circumnavigate the world. She did this 1988 in her 11 metre (36 ft) yacht "Blackmores First Lady", taking 189 days. She started the sail on 29 November 1987 through Sydney Heads, and arrived back in the harbour on 5 June 1988. The same year, Cottee was named Australian of the Year for her achievement. In January 1989, she was made an Officer of the Order of Australia. She was the chair of the Australian National Maritime Museum from 1995 to 2001. The yacht she sailed in, "Blackmores First Lady", has been at the museum since 2000. In 2017, she was added to the Australian Sailing Hall of Fame. She has written two books. Cottee was born in Sydney, New South Wales. She lives in Yamba, New South Wales. Ukiah, California Ukiah ( ; formerly Ukiah City) is the county seat and largest city of Mendocino County, California. The Ukiah Valley is a center of a major wine production industry. The population was 16,075 at the 2010 census. W. H. Pugmire Wilum Hopfrog Pugmire (May 3, 1951 – March 26, 2019) was an American horror fiction writer. He was born in Seattle, Washington. His works typically are published as W. H. Pugmire. His works were inspired by Lovecraftian lore. Pugmire produced a steady stream of book collections beginning in 1997. His stories have also been published in magazines and anthologies such as "The Year's Best Horror Stories", "Weird Tales," "The Children of Cthulhu, The Book of Cthulhu", and many more. Pugmire died in Seattle from complications of a heart attack on March 26, 2019 at the age of 67. Lee Kernaghan Lee Raymond Kernaghan (born 15 April 1964) is an Australian country music singer, songwriter and guitarist. Kernaghan was born in Corryong, Victoria. He grew up in the Riverina, New South Wales. His father, Ray, and sister Tania, are also country music singers. He has two sons. Kernaghan's first studio album, "The Outback Club", was released in 1992. This album won the ARIA Music Award for Best Country Album. His second studio album, "Three Chain Road" (1993), also won him the Best Country Album. The song "Leave Him in the Longyard" from "Three Chain Road", had Slim Dusty perform on it. He has won 37 awards at the Country Music Awards. In 2004, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM). Kernaghan was named Australian of the Year in 2008. This was for his support of rural and regional Australia. His "Pass the Hat Around" tours have raised more than a million dollars for rural areas that struggled because of drought. Valery Bykovsky Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky (; 2 August 1934 – 27 March 2019) was a Soviet cosmonaut. He flew three manned space mission space flights: Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, and Soyuz 31. He was also backup for Vostok 3 and Soyuz 37. Bykovsky was born in Pavlovsky Posad, Soviet Union. Bykovsky died on 27 March 2019 at the age of 84. Sigmund Jähn Sigmund Werner Paul Jähn (13 February 1937 – 21 September 2019) was a German cosmonaut and pilot. In 1978, he became the first German to fly in space as part of the Soviet Union's Interkosmos programme. He was born in Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz, Saxony, Germany. Jähn was married and had two children. He lived in Strausberg in the later part of his life. He died on 21 September 2019 at the age of 82. Leonard Fenton Leonard Fenton (born Leonard Feinstein; 29 April 1926 – 29 January 2022) was a British actor, director and painter. He was best known for his role as Dr. Harold Legg in "EastEnders". British Medical Association The British Medical Association (BMA) is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom. The Association does not regulate or certify doctors. This is done by the General Medical Council. The association's headquarters are in BMA House, Tavistock Square, London. The association has national offices in Cardiff, Belfast, and Edinburgh, a European office in Brussels and a number of offices in English regions. The BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service (NHS) employers as sole contract negotiators for physicians. The BMA's stated aim is "to promote the medical and allied sciences, and to maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession". The Herd (South African series) The Herd is a South African television drama which aired on Sunday, 08 July 2018 on Mzansi Magic. Season 2 will air on 7th of April 2019 in South Africa's DStv. The drama ended with slight an abnormal plot on Sunday, 30th June 2019 after a thirteen 13-part episodes. Plot. Season 1. The Herd first season tells a remarkable storyline about a farmer who kills his wife because of greed, love, lust and power. In 1997 a young man called Nyambose and his wife visit a witchdoctor in there area to fix there farm, everything is going wrong. When a baby is born Nyambose sacrifice his wife as told by the witch doctor and everything goes back to normal, but will it forever. Years later, Nyambose decides to marry the witchdoctor who goes by the name of MaNgadi. MaNgadi and family are living a happy life, until Nyambose's daughter Kayise comes home with a degree from Johannesburg in Gauteng where she studied. Nyambose and MaNgadi lie to Kayise and tells her that her mother killed herself. MaNgadi decides to kill lure Nyambose to kill his daughter Kayise, but he insist. Cruel, MaNgadi is told to kill a chicken and cook it and feed it to Kayise's father so that he can kill Kayise, while Nkosana is busy dealing with drugs. A girl kidnaps Kayise, and while they still at it they fall in love, the girl knew who killed Kayises mother and tells her. Curious Kayise doesn't believe the story. In the end MaNgadi decides to kill her son Nkosana and leaves Dumazile, who is dating her skivvy. Truth is revealed and MaNgadi is in trouble. When all is revealed, MaNgadi decides to go public with her black magic. The door is closed and she uses her powers to get out of tge burning house. While she celebrate with champagne, it is found that Kayise is not yet dead. The family decide to confront MaNgadi, but a group of white men from a business called WM Capital decide to take her with. Season 2. MaNgadi doesn't want to be a witch anymore. Kayise becomes the leader of the Mthethwa family, but they don't know what awaits them, and her position is threatened. Primary school teacher, Ayanda Bhengu is not as innocent as she seems. It is found that the farm is not Nyambose's, it belongs to the brother Smangaliso. Smanga tries to get rid of Kayise. All his plans fail, It is found that Kayise is dating Lunga's wife - and its not the first, Kayise also dated Lwandle Reception. The Herd received 4,3 million views in September 2018. But in later weeks it dropped by 1,2million views. Arthur Liebehenschel Arthur Liebehenschel (; 25 November 1901 – 24 January 1948) was a main officer at the Auschwitz and Majdanek concentration camps in World War II. He was guilty of doing war crimes during the war. He was executed by the Polish government in 1948, after the war ended. SS career. Liebehenschel was born in Posen, a city that was a part of the German Empire. He studied economics and politics when he was in school. Because he was too young to be a soldier in World War I, he joined the German volunteer military in 1919. He was a sergeant major in the German army afterwards. In 1932, he joined the Nazi Party, and in 1934 he joined the SS. In the SS, he was a member of the concentration camp branch, which controlled and regulated the death camps. Liebehenschel was an assistant at the Lichtenburg concentration camp, and two years later became an inspector of camps in Berlin. In 1942, he was put in command of the central office for concentration camps. On 1 December 1943 Liebehenschel was made leader of the Auschwitz concentration camp. He continued mass killings, and "improved" the camp by removing prisoner cells for standing, and stopping regular prisoners from going to gas chambers. Criminal arrest. At end of the war, Liebehenschel was arrested by the U.S. Army and was given to Poland. After being found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków, he was sentenced to death and was executed by hanging on 24 January 1948. Le Landeron Le Landeron is a small town and municipality of the district of Neuchâtel, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Hauterive, Neuchâtel Hauterive is a municipality in the Neuchâtel district and canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Brot-Plamboz Brot-Plamboz is a municipality of the district Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Ali Mema Ali Mema (1 February 1943 – 26 March 2019) was an Albanian professional footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for 17 Nëntori Tirana for most of his career. He played for the Albanian national team 14 times between 1963 and 1967. He also played for Vllaznia and Partizani. He retired in 1972. He later managed Tirana from 1998 to 1999. Mema was born in Tirana. His son, Ardian, was also a footballer. He died on 26 March 2019 in his hometown, at the age of 76. La Brévine La Brévine is a municipality of the district of Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. La Chaux-du-Milieu La Chaux-du-Milieu is a municipality of the district of Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Les Ponts-de-Martel Les Ponts-de-Martel is a municipality of the district of Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. La Côte-aux-Fées La Côte-aux-Fées is a municipality of the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Les Verrières Les Verrières is a municipality of the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Cernier Cernier was the capital of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Les Hauts-Geneveys Les Hauts-Geneveys was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Boudevilliers Boudevilliers was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Coffrane Coffrane was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Fontaines, Switzerland Fontaines was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Montmollin Montmollin was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Dombresson Dombresson was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Lancaster County, South Carolina Lancaster County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 76,652 people lived there. Its county seat is Lancaster. The county was formed in 1785. Fontainemelon Fontainemelon was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Murray Tyrrell Sir Murray Louis Tyrrell (1 December 1913 – 13 July 1994) was an Australian public servant. He was the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia from 1947 to 1973. In his record term of 26 years, served six governors-general. In 1959, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1977, he was named Australian of the Year with Dame Raigh Roe. Tyrrell was born in Kilmore, Victoria. He married Ellen St Clair Greig on 6 May 1939. The couple had three children. He lived in Queanbeyan, New South Wales. Tyrrell died on 13 July 1994 in Canberra of the Australian Capital Territory. He was 80. Akihito Kondo was a Japanese baseball player. He played as a pitcher. He played for the Taiyō Whales in Nippon Professional Baseball from 1960 to 1973. He was named the Japan Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1960. He was later manager of the Yokohama BayStars from 1993 to 1995 and the Chiba Lotte Marines in 1997 and 1998. Kondo was born in Takamatsu, Kagawa. He died on 27 March 2019, at the age of 80. Wong Tien Fatt Datuk Wong Tien Fatt (; 2 October 1954 – 28 March 2019), also known as Stephen Wong, was a Malaysian politician. He served as the Member of Parliament for Sandakan for two terms from 2013 until his death 2019. Wong was also Minister of People's Health and Wellbeing of Sabah (since 2018) and Sabah state chairman of the Democratic Action Party (since 2017) until his death. Wong was born in Sandakan, Sabah. He was married to Chong Mee Fook. He had four children. He died of a heart attack on 28 March 2019 in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. He was 64. Jon Skolmen Jon Skolmen (1 November 1940 – 28 March 2019) was a Norwegian actor, comedian and presenter. He acted in many Norwegian and Swedish movies. He was known for his role as Ole Bramserud in the Swedish comedy movie "Sällskapsresan" (1980) with Lasse Åberg. He worked for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) from 1963 to 1981. He also appeared on British children's television. For only a week in 1971, he presented "Play School" for the BBC. In 1981, he appeared in the BBC/NRK special "Jon, Brian, Kirsti and Jon". He starred in this with fellow Norwegian Kirsti Sparboe, and British performers Brian Cant and Jonathan Cohen. Skolmen was awarded the Komiprisen honorary prize for lifetime achievement in 2009. Skolmen was born in Oslo. He was the father of actors Christian and Tine Skolmen, brother of director Eli Skolmen Ryg and uncle of actors Anne Ryg and Hege Schøyen. Skolmen died on 28 March 2019 in Oslo, at the age of 78. Total Drama All Stars and Pahkitew Island Total Drama All Stars and Pahkitew Island make up the fifth season of the Total Drama series. The first half of the season debuted on September 10, 2013, and the other half on July 7, 2014. Total Drama All Stars takes place at Camp Wawanakwa once again. It brings back 14 old contestants; 7 from World Tour and 7 from Revenge of the Island. The characters are split into teams, based on their performances in previous seasons; whether they were evil or good. Total Drama Pahkitew Island brings an all new cast of 14 contestants. It takes places at a new island, called Pahkitew Island. The characters are split into two teams: Waneyihtam Maskwak and Pimâpotew Kinosewak, both in the Cree language meaning Confused Bears and Floating Salmon, respectively. Milo (drink) Milo (stylised as MILO) is a chocolate and malt powder from Australia that is mixed with milk or hot water to make a drink. It was first sold at the Sydney Royal Easter Show in Sydney, New South Wales. It is popular in many other countries in Australia, Oceania, South America, and certain parts of Africa and Asia. The name comes from the famous ancient Greek wrestler Milo of Croton, after his legendary strength. It was invented by Australian Thomas Mayne in 1934. It is now made by Nestlé. Controversy. Nestle have been financially helping nutritionists creating a false scientific report about their products, according to a surprising report published in the New York Times in December 2017. Mindvalley's founder and CEO shared a video that drew the attention of millions of people around the world. The CEO discussed the New York Times article and lambasted Nestlé for selling sugary goods as nutritious food. He used Milo as an example, stating that he was advised to drink two to three glasses of the malt drink to help him improve his athletic performance. However, he pointed out that a whopping 40% of Milo is made up of pure sugar! That's not even the scariest part, as he goes on to say in the video. He also stated that sugar isn't the only harmful ingredient in Milo, mentioning Maltodextrin as another food additive to avoid. Maltodextrin may cause allergic reactions, weight gain, gas, flatulence, and bloating. Maltodextrin may also cause a rash or skin irritation, asthma, cramping, or difficulty breathing. In the Philippines, MILO has been reportedly spreading false marketing ads in television and in the Internet claiming that MILO can cure "Energy Gap", a false disease claiming 4 out of 5 kids in the Philippines suffers. British thermal unit British thermal unit (abbreviated BTU) is a unit of energy used to produce heat. The uniy is widely used in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada. It is used for some purposes, for example natural gas pricing. Möckel Möckel is a German last name. Important people with this last name include: Ed Westcott James Edward Westcott (January 20, 1922 – March 29, 2019) was an American photographer. He is best known for working with the U.S. government during the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. He was one of the few people allowed to have a camera in the Oak Ridge, Tennessee area during the Manhattan Project. He took the main photos that showed the construction and operation of Oak Ridge, and of non-military life in the secret community of Oak Ridge. The photos he took during the Manhattan Project were not allowed to be published until after the program ended. Westcott was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He was married to Esther Seigenthaler for 56 years until her death. The couple had five children. Westcott died on March 29, 2019 in Oak Ridge, at the age of 97. Pierre Bourguignon Pierre Bourguignon (6 February 1942 – 27 March 2019) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly for two terms (1981–1993 and 1997–2012). He was a member of the Socialist Party during his time in the National Assembly. He was mayor of Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Seine-Maritime from 1989 to 2014. Bourguignon was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime. He died of a heart attack on 27 March 2019 in Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf, Seine-Maritime. He was 77. George George may refer to: Chézard-Saint-Martin Chézard-Saint-Martin was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Engollon Engollon was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Fenin-Vilars-Saules Fenin-Vilars-Saules was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. History. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Fenin-Vilars-Saules was created in 1875 when Fenin, Vilars and Saules combined. Savagnier Savagnier was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers were joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Le Pâquier, Neuchâtel Le Pâquier was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Villiers, Switzerland Villiers was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Epagnier Epagnier was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, it joined together with Epagnier and Marin to become Marin-Epagnier. Marin, Neuchâtel Marin was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, it joined together with Epagnier and Marin to become Marin-Epagnier. Frederic Forrest Frederic Fenimore Forrest Jr. (born December 23, 1936) is an American actor. He is known for his role in "When the Legends Die" (1972), which earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award. He received an Academy and Golden Globe Award nominations for hie role as Huston Dyer in musical drama "The Rose" (1979). Henry Stern Henry J. Stern (May 1, 1935 – March 28, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in New York City. He was a member of the New York City Council from 1974 to 1983 and appointed as the Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from 1983 to 1990 and again from 1994 to 2000. Stern died in New York City on March 28, 2019 from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 83. Voëns-Maley Voëns-Maley is a village in the municipality of Saint-Blaise in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Since 1888, it became a part of Saint-Blaise. It contains two villages: Voëns and Maley. Voëns is a golf course. Combes, Switzerland Combes is a small village in the municipality of Le Landeron in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. It was an independent municipality until 1875, when it became part of Le Landeron. Arlen Ness Arlen Darryl Ness (July 12, 1939 – March 22, 2019) was an American motorcycle designer and businessman. He was best known for his custom motorcycles. Ness became famous for his designs, most of which are known for their unique body style and paintwork. Ness died on March 22, 2019 at the age of 79. Ken Bald Kenneth Bruce Bald (August 1, 1920 – March 17, 2019) was an American illustrator and comic book artist. He was born in New York City. He was best known for the "Dr. Kildare" and "Dark Shadows" newspaper comic strips. His works were published under the name "K. Bruce" on the "Dark Shadows" strip. His papers, including more than 2,900 pieces of original artwork for the "Judd Saxon" and "Dr. Kildare" comic strips, reside at Syracuse University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Bald died at a retirement home on March 17, 2019 in Mount Arlington, New Jersey, aged 98. Mount Arlington, New Jersey Mount Arlington is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,050. It is located on the southeast shore of Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey's largest lake and a major recreational resource. Elly Mayday Ashley Shandrel Luther (April 15, 1988 – March 1, 2019), better known as Elly Mayday, was a Canadian model and activist for women's health. She was known for battling ovarian cancer throughout her modeling career. She was photographed with surgical scars and a bald head from chemotherapy. In 2013, she was diagnosed with a rare form of ovarian cancer only seen in elderly women. She was originally called a plus-size model by industry standards, a label which she rejected, saying that she embraced her size 14 body, and was normal size. She was on the front a campaign for the "Australian Women's Weekly" and was one of six models featured in plus-size lingerie company Lane Bryant's #ImNoAngel campaign in April 2015. Her unretouched surgery scars were visible in the photographs. Mayday died from the disease on March 1, 2019 at a hospital in Vancouver, aged 30. Vilars Vilars is a village in the municipality of Val-de-Ruz (former Fenin-Vilars-Saules) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Vilars is in the high valley Val de Ruz between Fenin and Saules. It is in the mountain Chaumont. Since 1875, it was an independent municipality merged with Fenin and Saules to form Fenin-Vilars-Saules. On 1 January 2013, it has been with Fenin-Vilars-Saules merged to form the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz. Lee County, South Carolina Lee County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 19220 people lived there. Its county seat is Bishopville. Lexington County, South Carolina Lexington County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 U.S. census, 262,391 people lived there, and the 2016 U.S. census estimates, 286,186 people lived there. Its county seat and largest town is Lexington. The county was created in 1785. Its name commemorates the Battle of Lexington in the American Revolutionary War. Dumas, Texas Dumas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. 1980 Quebec referendum The 1980 Quebec independence referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on whether Quebec should make a deal with Canada that would allow the province to have more control over its own laws, government, and trade agreements with other countries. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government. The PQ wanted Quebec to be independent from Canada. The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to request more independence from Canada was defeated. 59.56 percent of voters voted against the referendum question and 40.44 percent voted in favour of it. A second referendum on sovereignty in 1995 also failed, but by a smaller margin (50.58% to 49.42%). Background. Quebec, a province in the Canadian Confederation since its foundation in 1867, has always been the only province where the most commonly spoken language is French. Quebec has also historically been very connected to French culture and the Catholic Church, which was seen as the national church when the French colonists began to settle in what became Quebec. Many Quebecois people value their French identity and culture. In the early 1960s, Quebec went through a Quiet Revolution where politicians separated the role of the church from the role of government organisations in a process called secularisation. During this time period, political groups in the province began to identify as federalists (who wanted to be a part of a unified Canada) and sovereigntists (who wanted Quebec to become a sovereign nation state, separate from Canada). A prominent sovereigntist was René Lévesque, who helped found the Parti Québécois (PQ) with like-minded separatists. The PQ proposed "sovereignty-association", a proposal for Quebec to be a sovereign nation-state while also sharing an economic partnership with Canada. The PQ had originally planned on declaring independence upon forming government, without putting it up for a vote in Quebec. Instead of doing this, the PQ chose to use a referendum so that the international community would be more likely to accept them as a truly independent nation. The PQ won the 1976 election, beating the governing Quebec Liberals. The PQ campaign platform included a promise to hold a referendum on sovereignty-association during their first term. In government, the PQ created a number of popular reforms to long-term issues in the province, including francophone nationalist laws such as Bill 101, which reinforced French as the province's official language. The PQ's beliefs were in conflict with the federal Liberal government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, who did not agree with Quebec sovereignty. Instead, Trudeau urged Quebecers to seek empowerment at the federal level through reforms that provided for bilingualism and protection for individual rights. Trudeau was considered such a major opponent to Quebec sovereignty that Lévesque refused to call a referendum while Trudeau was the Prime Minister. The Progressive Conservatives led by Joe Clark won a minority government in the May 22 1979 federal election. Clark's minority government made a point to not have the federal government be involved in the referendum, leaving the task of representing federalist voices to Claude Ryan, the new leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. On June 21, 1979, Lévesque announced the promised referendum would occur in the spring of 1980, and that the question on the ballot would be announced before Christmas. Lead-up to the Referendum Campaign. On November 1, 1979, the Quebec government released its constitutional proposal in a white paper titled "Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association". A dramatic change occurred in Ottawa on December 11, 1979, when the Clark government unexpectedly lost a vote of confidence on a budget bill, forcing a federal election. Three days afterward, Trudeau announced his return as leader of the Liberals. Polls showed Clark losing handily. Question. The wording of the referendum question was a subject of debate between members of the Parti Québécois caucus. Some preferred a simple wording focused on Quebec becoming sovereign from Canada. Lévesque realised that sovereignty-association would require negotiations with the Government of Canada. Lévesque decided that the question would be written so that it gave the government of Quebec the power to negotiate with the Government of Canada, and that if the referendum passed, they would have a second referendum after making an agreement with the Canadian government so that Quebecers could approve the deal or vote against it. He also felt the safety of a second referendum would convince swing voters to vote "Yes." A significant debate arose as to whether a "question" under the "Referendum Act" could have more than one sentence: the final compromise was to use semicolons. The question announced on December 20, 1979 was: "The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?" Lévesque, while noting its cumbersome nature, stated that it was transparent and could be easily understood. Legislative debate. On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum. Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question was scheduled for prime time live viewing on March 4, 1980. The debate lasted two weeks, and the result was a PQ success and a disaster for the provincial Liberals. The PQ Cabinet, coordinated by House Leader Claude Charron, provided detailed outlines of their files and the benefits they said sovereignty would provide them. The Liberals did not consider that the television audience would view their quick and taunting retorts about the referendum question to be insubstantial compared to the lengthy and detailed speeches of PQ members. The Liberals seemed to lack preparation and Ryan, unaware of the television cameras, was caught yawning on a few occasions during Liberal interventions. Polls released after the debates showed the Yes and No side roughly even, with a majority among Francophone voters for the "Yes" side. "Brunch des Yvettes". Less helpful to the "Yes" campaign was a speech by former television presenter Lise Payette to a committee in Montreal, where she mocked what she viewed as the "No" side's complacency by imagining a person who planned on voting "No" as a "Yvette -" a docile schoolgirl from pre-Quiet Revolution schoolbooks. Payette also used this as a general theme in the legislature. Payette stated that Ryan wanted a Quebec full of "Yvettes" and that his wife, Madeline Ryan, was an Yvette. Lise Bissonnette, a popular journalist, responded to Payette's personal attack wrote a sarcastic editorial that compared Payette's television career with Mme Ryan's accomplishments in the public and private sector. Payette apologized during the legislative debate, but the remark and the editorial sparked a movement. On March 30, a group of 1,700 women, including Madeline Ryan, held the "brunch des Yvettes" at the Château Frontenac in Quebec City. The movement grew until a rally at the Montreal Forum on April 7 when 14,000 women denounced the minister's declarations about women and manifested their support for the "No" side. Campaign. On April 15, Lévesque announced before the National Assembly the referendum would occur on May 20, 1980. The same day, on the opening of the House of Commons, Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would not negotiate sovereignty-association under any circumstances, as he considered the question too vague and the Canadian government's authority too uncertain to do so. He also stated that the question was too vague to give Lévesque and the PQ any mandate to declare independence, making any result from a "Yes" vote impossible; in contrast, he offered that a "No" vote would lead to constitutional change. His position was supported by Clark and national NDP leader Ed Broadbent. The "Yes" campaign was, in the initial stages, low key. It focused on gaining broad acceptance of sovereignty-association through specialized "regroupments" that would be presented with special certificates at ceremonies led by Lévesque and other cabinet ministers. The regroupments were seen as an attempt to show broad support for the movement and create conversations at the ground level, however, the attempt to create them in some heavily Federalist professions, such as lawyers, prompted a severe backlash. The "No" campaign, led by Ryan, was run as a traditional election campaign, with Ryan campaigning during the day and making speeches in local hockey arenas across rural Quebec. Controversially, the Canadian government became involved on its own accord in the referendum despite the provisions of the provincial "Referendum Act", which tightly restricted all campaigning to the designated "Yes" and "No" committees with set budgets. Canadian government politicians made appearances coordinated by Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and Marc Lalonde, mainly speculating on the economic uncertainty a "Yes" vote could bring. Chrétien argued that prominent PQ member Claude Morin would sacrifice Canada's oil and national gas price to drive in an ambassadors' Cadillac. Lalonde argued that old age pensions were directly threatened by a "Yes" vote. Though initially reluctant, Ryan started to accept and welcome the Canadian government's help, and continued to speak across Quebec. The referendum prompted an unheard-of political mobilization, and the campaign was seen as a traumatic event in Quebec, as the hard choice between "Yes" and "No" shattered the nationalist consensus that had existed since the Quiet Revolution. Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena. On May 14, six days before the vote, Trudeau made his final appearance at a packed Paul Sauvé Arena, where the PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused. Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line if he were to fail to keep this promise. Addressing himself to Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of his MPs, Trudeau challenged English Canada that change would have to occur and that the referendum could not be interpreted as an endorsement of the status quo. After this Trudeau hit an emotional high note, invoking a remark by Lévesque days earlier that he was showing his "Elliott" side during the campaign. Trudeau detailed the story of his parents, who had both had many ancestors in Quebec, and remarked that his full name was both a Québécois and a Canadian name. Trudeau then began to list members of the Parti Québécois who had Irish or English last names. The riposte brought the crowd to an uproar, and Trudeau exited to chants of "Elliott." The speech, which prompted Morin to wonder if his mind was changed, was seen as the death knell of the "Yes" camp, despite Lévesque's attempts to cast doubt over Trudeau's words. Immediate aftermath. After the lopsided defeat, a visibly emotional Lévesque addressed his supporters, many of whom were shown on screen in tears at the result. Lévesque began his concession speech by saying "My dear friends, if I understand you correctly, you're saying: 'until next time.'" In the speech, he called the Canadian government's involvement in the campaign "scandalously immoral," and emphasized that the result must be accepted and that it was now the Canadian government's responsibility to provide the changes to the constitution that Trudeau had promised. Lévesque ended by asking the audience to sing "Gens du Pays" for him, as he did not have any voice left. Claude Ryan's speech was later in the evening. After refusing to let Jean Chrétien use the microphone to address those gathered, he proceeded to demand an election be called and listed every riding that had voted for the "No" side. The speech was generally seen as callous and harsh, especially after the emotional crowd scenes broadcast during Lévesque's speech. Trudeau addressed the country afterward with a more conciliatory tone, emphasizing the need for unity after the hurt feelings and strained friendships that had been caused by the referendum. The next morning, Chrétien was tasked with creating a provincial consensus. Expenses. Maximum amount authorized by referendum law: $2,122,257 ($0.50/voter x 4,244,514 voters) "No" Committee: "Yes" Committee: Effects. After the referendum, Trudeau acted upon his promise by calling together the provincial premiers in a first ministers' conference. The meeting showed signs of deadlock, and Lévesque surprised observers by uniting with the dissident premiers, who warmly received his decentralist views. Facing a lack of cooperation from the premiers, Trudeau then announced his intention to unilaterally patriate the constitution from the United Kingdom and have a charter of rights and constitutional amending formula approved by national referendum. In the meantime, there was a provincial election in Quebec. Despite a brief post-referendum malaise, the PQ easily defeated Ryan's Liberals in the 1981 provincial election, campaigning both on their governing record and against Trudeau's intentions. Notably, the PQ did not promise to hold a second referendum. With regards to Trudeau's plans to unilaterally patriate and change the constitution, the newly re-elected Lévesque, who had initially argued for the incorporation of a Quebec veto into the new constitution, agreed with eight other premiers (the Gang of Eight) to a proposal that would not allow Quebec a veto, but would permit "opting out" of certain federal endeavours with compensation. The federal government, still interested in proceeding unilaterally, sought an opinion on whether it was legally entitled to do so from the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court ruled that any constitutional changes, including patriation of the constitution, could be made unilaterally under the letter of the law, but, by non-binding convention, "a substantial degree of provincial consent was required". The Supreme Court's decision prompted a final meeting among the first ministers. Lévesque abandoned the Gang of Eight and opted to join Trudeau in advocating immediate patriation with the promise of a future referendum on the other matters. The other premiers, loath to be seen arguing against the charter of rights that was included in Trudeau's proposed constitutional changes, formulated a compromise proposal with Jean Chrétien that was acceptable to the Canadian government. The compromise came during the Kitchen Meeting, which took place after Lévesque had left for the evening. In Quebec, that night has sometimes been called the "Night of the Long Knives". As a result of the compromise between the premiers (other than Lévesque) and the federal government, the government partiated the Canadian constitution in the Constitution Act, 1982 without support from Lévesque or Quebec's National Assembly. The result was a shattering defeat for the PQ, especially after the Quebec government's loss in its Quebec Veto Reference case. The National Assembly of Quebec, compared to its position in 1976, actually lost power under Lévesque and the PQ. Historical debate would centre on whether Trudeau's advocacy and agreement on patriation were in accord with or in contravention of his commitments made in his speech at the Paul Sauvé Arena. Trudeau defended his actions by stating he had kept his promise to deliver a new constitution that resided entirely within Canada and an embedded Charter of Rights. Quebec nationalists argue that this is an overly literal view of his words and that, in context to a Québécois audience, Trudeau had promised that Quebec would be given a status in accordance with a decentralized view of federalism, or his MPs would resign. In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to victory nationally, having committed during the campaign to try to find a way to accommodate Quebec's objections to the constitution. Lévesque pledged to take the risk of trying to work towards a deal with Mulroney. This led to a split in the PQ and subsequently Lévesque's resignation from politics in 1985. After the PQ defeat by the Liberals of Robert Bourassa, the Mulroney government began negotiations with Quebec to find a deal that would be acceptable to all provinces. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord, despite receiving unanimous consent among the provincial premiers, each failed in dramatic public fashion, reviving the sovereignty movement. The PQ returned to office, led by hard-line separatist and former Finance Minister Jacques Parizeau, in 1994. Parizeau called a second sovereignty referendum of 1995, which featured a more direct question. That referendum failed by a margin of less than 0.6%. 2022 Asian Games The 2022 Asian Games, also known as XIX Asiad (), will be a sport event held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China from 10 to 25 September 2022. Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010. Development and preparation. 44 venues will be used during the Games. 30 venues are already existing in the city, 10 are under construction and another 4 venues are in the planning stage. 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion On 21 March 2019, an explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park, , Xiangshui County, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China. 78 people were killed and 617 injured in this accident. Background. The plant — located in Yancheng's industrial park—was operated by Tianjiayi Chemical (), and was used to produce fertilizer or pesticides. Tianjiayi Chemical had previously been punished six times for not obeying pollution and waste management laws, and "China Daily" reported fines over safety issues. On November 27, 2007, an explosion occurred in one of the chemical factories in Chenjiagang Chemical Zone (), with 7 killed and around 50 injured. On November 23, 2010, more than thirty were poisoned by a harmful gas release. In the of harmful chemical release and potential upcoming explosions in the Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park led over ten thousand residents to move away in panic from the towns of Chenjiagang and Shuanggang () during which four people died and many were injured. On the afternoon of May 18 and again on July 26 in 2011, there were explosions at local factories. Explosion. The explosion happened at a local time of 14:48 (06:48 GMT). 78 people were killed, and at least 94 were severely injured, 32 of whom were critically injured. Around 640 people required hospital treatment and were taken to 16 hospitals. The injured included children at a local kindergarten. CENC detected an artificial earthquake at . The force of the blast started fires in Yancheng, knocked down several buildings, and reportedly destroyed windows several kilometers away. The fire was reported to have been controlled by 03:00 local time. Considerable damage was caused to nearby factories and offices; the roof of Henglida Chemical Factory, 3 km from the explosion, fell in. At least one of the people killed was in another building destroyed by the blast. Windows are reported to have been blown out up to 6 km away from the explosion, and houses and other buildings were damaged in the nearby administrative divisions including Hai'an Town (Haianju) and Shadang. Aftermath. The search for survivors was ongoing on 23 March; one survivor was rescued from the site on the morning of 23 March, but 25 of the 28 people earlier reported missing were found dead. According to the Jiangsu environmental protection bureau, the monitored levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in the area were not abnormal, and levels of acetone and chloroform outside the explosion area were within normal limits. Vernéaz Vernéaz is a small village in the municipality of La Grande-Béroche (former Vaumarcus) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Since 1875, it was an independent municipality merged with Vaumarcus to form Vaumarcus-Vernéaz. It was known from 1875 to 1966. On 1 January 2018, it has been with Vaumarcus merged to form the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Wavre, Switzerland Wavre is a village in the municipality of La Tène (former Thielle-Wavre) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Since 1888, it was an independent municipality merged with Thielle to form Thielle-Wavre. Thielle, Switzerland Thielle is a village in the municipality of La Tène (former Thielle-Wavre) in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Since 1888, it joined together with Thielle and Wavre and became Thielle-Wavre. Les Eplatures Les Eplatures is a village in the municipality of La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Since 1900, it became a part of La Chaux-de-Fonds. Les Eplatures is the birthplace of painter Louis Léopold Robert. Speculation tax The Speculation and vacancy tax is a provincial property tax levied in the Province of British Columbia starting in 2019. It is an opt-out tax paid when the property is vacant. It is paid in addition to the regular property tax. The rate for this tax is a half per cent of a home's assessed value for owners who are residents of British Columbia (BC), one per cent for Canadians from other provinces and two percent for owners from other countries. Homes that are not exempt from this tax, pay it in addition to their regular property tax. This tax is not to be confused with Vancouver's empty homes tax, which is also being levied on empty homes located in the city of Vancouver. All owners of homes in British Columbia are invited to fill out applications for exemption from this tax every year. If a home is owned by more than one person, for example a couple, all owners must complete a separate application for exemption. A part-owner who does not file for an exemption must pay the tax based on their proportional part of the assessed value even if the home is occupied. Tens of thousands of homeowners have not filed for exemption by March 30, 2019. The BC Goverment says the tax is a "key measure in tackling the housing crisis in major urban centres in British Columbia". It says that it took this action because the people who live and people who work in BC deserve to have affordable housing. According to the goverment, the tax is a part of it's 30-Point Plan to make housing more affordable. The tax is Targeted at speculators who own homes in BC but do not pay taxes. It changes empty homes into occupied housing. It also creates revenue which will pay for affordable housing. This tax is levied on empty homes in most urban centers: Within these areas, any reserve lands, treaty lands, or self-government First Nations are exempt. The rate of the tax for all Canadians has been lowered to one half of a percent. This happened after negotiating between the NDP Party and the Green Party. Reception. Some commentators such as Douglas Todd believe that this tax has achieved it's goal. He says that prices of homes in Vancouver are moderating as a result of the tax being implemented. The speculation tax has been named as one of the contributors to a slump in commercial real estate investment in Vancouver in 2018. Asian investments in Vancouver declined to less than $350 million from more than $1 billion in 2016 and 2017. According to government figures the tax brought in revenues of $115 million from 12,029 homeowners iduring a 15-months period in the 2018-2019 provincial fiscal yearwhich ended on March 31, 2019. The tax has caught many unaware. For example, a Victoria, BC resident who bought a home in 2018 but worked in the United States the previous year, ended up owing almost five thousand dollars to the BC government. In August of 2019 John Mackie of The Province reported that this provincial vacancy tax and the Empty Homes Tax are leading to larger numbers of real estate listings of luxury condos in downtown Vancouver. Romont, Fribourg Romont is the capital of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Tafers Tafers () is the capital of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Estavayer Estavayer is a new municipality of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. It is on the south shore of Lake Neuchâtel and is between Yverdon and Bern. It is the capital of the district of Broye. It was created on 1 January 2017, when the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged to form Estavayer. Estavayer (disambiguation) Estavayer is the name of three places in Switzerland: List of cities in British Columbia A city is a classification of municipalities used in the Canadian province of British Columbia. List of cities. "Notes:" Romont Romont is the name of three places in Europe: Vsauce Vsauce is a popular YouTube channel and brand, that was created by Michael Stevens. The channels feature videos about various scientific and mathematical topics, gaming, and technology. History. The main Vsauce channel was created on July 30th, 2007 by Michael Stevens. The channel didn't start uploading until 2010. Initially, the channel's content focused on video games, with various hosts. However certain series like "IMG!" slowly gained popularity, and Stevens became the only host. The channel's content then focused on online activities and information. Slowly, the educational content became more popular. Channels. Vsauce 1 The channel is hosted by Michael Stevens, featuring content about science, math, and more. In the main series, "DOT.", Stevens discusses a topic or a question, and includes many explanations. Stevens has said that he uses Wikipedia and research papers to find information for his videos. Marlboro County, South Carolina Marlboro County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 28,933 people lived there. Its county seat is Bennettsville. McCormick County, South Carolina McCormick County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 10,233 people lived there. Its county seat is McCormick. The county was formed in 1916. Broye District Broye District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Estavayer-le-Lac. It contains the following municipalities: See District, Fribourg See District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Murten. It contains the following municipalities: Wil (Wahlkreis) Wil is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: St. Gallen (Wahlkreis) St. Gallen is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Biocenosis Biocenosis is the idea that different species coexist in an enclosed habitat (usually called biotope). Biocenosis and biotope make up the ecosystem. Karl Möbius first used the term in 1877. TRAPPIST-1 TRAPPIST-1 (or 2MASS J23062928-0502285) is an ultracool red dwarf star located almost 40 light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Aquarius. The red dwarf is known for having seven Earth-sized rocky planets around it. These planets were discovered between 2016 and 2017, and are likely rocky and some may even have liquid water on them. Four of these planets (d, e, f, and g) are in the habitable zone, so they are most likely to have liquid water. Three other planets here (b, c, and h) are not in the habitable zone, and are likely not habitable. Planets. In August of 2017, the Hubble Space Telescope possibly found traces of possible water in the atmospheres of some of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. Bebe Rexha Bleta Rexha (born August 30, 1989), known professionally as Bebe Rexha, is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. Rexha signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records in 2013. Rexha helped write Eminem and Rihanna's song "The Monster". That song got a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance. She also helped write songs recorded by Shinee, Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas. Rexha released her first extended play, "I Don't Wanna Grow Up", in 2015. It had some success with the song "I'm Gonna Show You Crazy". Rexha released two more extended plays, "All Your Fault: Pt. 1" and "All Your Fault: Pt. 2". Those had some success with the songs "I Got You" and "The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody)". She also had success with songs, including "Me, Myself & I" with G-Easy, "In the Name of Love" with Martin Garrix and "Meant to Be" with the Florida Georgia Line. The latter peaked at #2 on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100. Rexha has won several awards, including RadioDisney, iHeart and Edison Awards for her singing. Rexha was born in New York City. Lee Miglin Lee Albert Miglin (July 12, 1924 – May 4, 1997) was an American real estate developer, businessman, and philanthropist. He was born in Westville, Illinois. Miglin went on to become a successful real estate developer in partnership with J. Paul Beitler. They proposed building a 125-floor skyscraper in Chicago, the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle; however, the building was never built. Miglin was murdered at his garage in Chicago's Gold Coast neighborhood on May 4, 1997 by serial killer Andrew Cunanan. He was 72 years old. He had been tortured with a saw and a screwdriver, his ribs had been broken, he had been beaten and stabbed, and his throat had been slashed with a gardener's bow saw. The second season of the anthology television series "American Crime Story": "", was about the Cunanan spree where Miglin was played by Mike Farrell. In 1959, Miglin married 20-year-old Marilyn Klecka. She was a businesswoman and host of several shows on the Home Shopping Network. They had two children together, Marlena (born 1968) and Duke Miglin (born 1971). Westville, Illinois Westville is a village in Georgetown Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Danville, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Westville's coordinates are (40.043286, -87.637995). According to the 2010 census, Westville has a total area of , all land. Andrew Cunanan Andrew Phillip Cunanan (August 31, 1969 – July 23, 1997) was an American serial killer and gold digger. He murdered five people, including Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace and Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin, during a three-month period from April to July 1997. He was a gay prostitute. Cunanan was born in National City, California. He lived in San Diego, California. He had antisocial personality disorder. Cunanan studied, but dropped out shortly afterwards from the University of California, San Diego. Cunanan's serial killings began in Minneapolis on April 27, 1997, with the murder of his close friend 28-year-old Jeffrey Trail. He later murdered his ex-boyfriend David Madson by shooting him in the back near Rush City, Minnesota. On May 4, 1997, he drove to Chicago where he killed real estate developer Lee Miglin at his Gold Coast home by stabbing him multiple times. Five days later, Cunanan shot and killed 45-year-old cemetery caretaker William Reese and stole his red pickup truck. On July 15, Cunanan murdered Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace, shooting him twice on the front stairway of his Miami Beach mansion, Casa Casuarina. A witness pursued Cunanan but was unable to catch him. On July 23, 1997, eight days after killing Versace, Cunanan killed himself with a gunshot through the mouth while living in a boat as police officials were close to arresting him. He was 27 years old. Cunanan was played by Darren Criss in "", which premiered on January 17, 2018. Criss won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie" and a Golden Globe Award for "Best Actor – Miniseries, or Television Film" for his portrayal. Rush City, Minnesota Rush City is a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,079 at the 2010 census. It is fifty-eight miles north of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Darren Criss Darren Everett Criss (born February 5, 1987) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He is known for his roles as Blaine Anderson in the series "Glee" and as serial killer Andrew Cunanan in the limited crime series "" (2018). For his role as Cunanan, he won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Hugo, Minnesota Hugo is a small town in eastern Minnesota. It is in Washington County. The town is 21 miles northeast of St. Paul. Jason Reese Jason Meredith Reese (24 June 1967 – 8 March 2019) was a British engineering scientist. He was the Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh. His research was in multiscale flow systems. He won the Philip Leverhulme Prize. Reese died on 8 March 2019, at the age of 51. Dobrica Erić Dobrica Erić (; August 22, 1936 – March 29, 2019) was a Serbian writer and poet. He was the author of many novels, five books of romantic poetry, 23 poetry books, 5 theatre dramas and over 40 children's books. His first book of poetry was published in 1959. His works have been translated into many languages. He lived and worked in Belgrade and Gruža. Erić died in Belgrade on March 29, 2019 from lung cancer at the age of 82. Édgar Ramírez Édgar Filiberto Ramírez Arellano (, born March 25, 1977) is a Venezuelan actor and former journalist. He was born in San Cristóbal, Táchira, Venezuela. He played Carlos the Jackal in the 2010 French-German biopic series "Carlos". He won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for the role and was nominated for a Golden Globe and Emmy Award for best actor. He also played Larry, a CIA operative in the movie "Zero Dark Thirty", Paz—a CIA assassin—in "The Bourne Ultimatum", and Roberto Durán, a four-time world-champion boxer and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, in "Hands of Stone". Ramírez starred as Gianni Versace in the limited crime series "". He also starred as Bodhi in the 2015 movie "Point Break". Geoff Harvey Geoffrey John Harvey (6 August 1935 – 30 March 2019) was an English-Australian pianist, conductor, musical director and television personality. He worked at the Australian Nine Network for 38 years. He was known for starring on "The Mike Walsh Show" and "Midday". He was born in London. Awards and recognition. Harvey was a recipient of the Medal of the Order of Australia during the 2006 Queen's Birthday honours for "service to the community as a musician and entertainer, and through support for charitable organisations". Death. Harvey died on 30 March 2019 in Berrima, New South Wales at the age of 83. Louise Bourgeois Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (25 December 1911 – 31 May 2010) was a French-American artist. She was best-known for her installation art and large-scale sculptures. She was also a painter and printmaker. Bourgeois explored many themes over her career, including domesticity, family, sexuality and death. Bourgeois was born in Paris, France. Ruben Tovmasyan Ruben Tovmasyan (; February 15, 1937 – March 30, 2019) was an Armenian politician. He was born in Yerevan, Armenia. He was the General Secretary of the Armenian Communist Party from 2005 to 2014. Tovmasyan died on March 30, 2019 in Yerevan from thyroid cancer, aged 82. Cobh Cobh, known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a tourist seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. Cobh the last port visited by the RMS "Titanic". After the RMS "Lusitania" sank in May 1915, its passengers were taken to Cobh. Name. The port had several Irish language names. It was first called "Cove" in 1750. It was renamed "Queenstown" in 1849 to honor a visit by Queen Victoria. The name was later renamed again, this time to "Cobh". Frances Farmer Frances Elena Farmer (September 19, 1913 – August 1, 1970) was an American actress and television hostess. She was in over a dozen movies during her career. Farmer was born in Seattle, Washington. She began acting in stage productions while she was a student at the University of Washington. When she graduated, she began performing in stock theatre. She later signed a contract with Paramount Pictures in 1936. Farmer's first movie was "Too Many Parents" (1936). That was followed by a lead role in the musical western "Rhythm on the Range" (also 1936). Farmer was unhappy with the opportunities given to her by the studio. She returned to stock theater in 1937. She was cast in the original Broadway production of Clifford Odets' "Golden Boy". Farmer was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the spring of 1970. The cancer was tied to her lifelong habit of heavy smoking. She died from the cancer in Indianapolis, Indiana at age 56. Zuzana Čaputová Zuzana Čaputová (; née Strapáková; born 21 June 1973) is a Slovak politician, lawyer and activist. She is the 5th President of Slovakia who took office on 15 June 2019. Čaputová is the first woman to hold the presidency, as well as the youngest president in the history of Slovakia, at age 45. Volodymyr Zelenskyy Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy (; born 25 January 1978) is a Ukrainian politician, screenwriter, actor, comedian and director. He is the President of Ukraine since 2019. Zelenskyy played the role of President of Ukraine in the hugely popular 2015 television series "Servant of the People". The political party "Servant of the People" was created in March 2018 by people from the TV production company Kvartal 95 who also created the TV series of the same name. Zelenskyy ran for president as a populist and anti-corruption candidate in the 2019 election. He defeated incumbent President Petro Poroshenko in a landslide victory, winning 73.2% of the vote. Early life. Zelenskyy was born 25 January 1978 in Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR in a secular Ukrainian Jewish family. His father, Oleksandr Zelenskyy, is a professor at the Kryvyi Rih Institute of Economics. His mother, Rymma Zelenska, worked as an engineer. Before going to school Volodymyr lived for four years in Mongolia where his father worked at that time. Zelenskyy earned a law degree from the Kryvyi Rih Institute of Economics. He fluently speaks Ukrainian and Russian. Acting career. In 2008, he starred in the feature film "Love in the Big City", and its sequel, "Love in the Big City 2". Zelenskyy also played the main role in the movie "Office Romance, Our Time, Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon, Love in the Big City 3, 8 First Dates," etc"." In 2015, Zelenskyy became the main actor of the popular Ukrainian television series "Servant of the People", where he played the role of the President of Ukraine. Zelenskyyy also voice dubbed Paddington Bear in the Ukrainian language settings of "Paddington" and "Paddington 2". Presidency. Zelenskyy was the front-runner in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. Six months before he announced his candidacy on 31 December 2018, he was already one of the frontrunners in opinion polls for the election. In September 2019 it was reported that U.S. President Donald Trump had pressured Zelenskyy during a July phone call between the two Presidents to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden. This led to the Trump–Ukraine scandal and the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump which would result in Trump's impeachment. During 2021–2022, Zelenskyy's administration faced intense tensions with Russia and President Vladimir Putin. This led to the launch of an ongoing full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022. Zelenskyy's strategy during the Russian military buildup was to calm the Ukrainian population and work with the international community that Ukraine was not going to fight back. At first, he distanced himself from warnings of a future war, while also wanting security guarantees and military support from NATO. After the start of the invasion, Zelenskyy declared martial law across Ukraine. Zelenskyy became well known around the world during the invasion as the wartime leader of Ukraine. He has been compared to Winston Churchill. He is seen as a national hero or a "global hero" by many political commentators and newspapers. Personal life. In September 2003, Zelenskyy married Olena Kiyashko. They have one daughter and one son. Zelenskyy's first language is Russian, and he is also fluent in Ukrainian and English. His net worth is about 37 million hryvnias (about US$1.5 million) in 2018. Eduardo Fajardo Eduardo Martínez Fajardo (14 August 1924 – 4 July 2019) was a Spanish actor. He was born in Meis (Pontevedra), Spain. He appeared in more than 160 movies between 1947 and 2002. He was known for his roles in "7th Cavalry" and "Django". Fajardo died on 4 July 2019 while on a trip in Mexico City at the age of 94. José Terrón José Terrón Peñaranda (5 July 1939 – 12 May 2019) was a Spanish movie actor. He was born in Madrid. He played Guy Callaway in "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and Thomas "Shorty" Larson in "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966). Terrón died on 12 May 2019 in Benidorm, Spain at the age of 79. Héctor Alterio Héctor Benjamín Alterio Onorato (born 21 September 1929) is an Argentine actor. His best known role was in "La Patagonia rebelde" ("The Rebel Patagonia"). His voice was used in "Ya es tiempo de violencia" (1969), an anonymous movie about the "Cordobazo" riots which took place the same year. Julieta Serrano Julieta Serrano Romero (born 2 January 1933) is a Spanish actress. In September 2018 she was awarded by the Premio Nacional de Teatro. Her best known roles were in "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" (1988), "Dark Habits" (1983) and "Teatro de siempre" (1966). Serrano appeared in many movies directed by Pedro Almodóvar. Marisa Paredes María Luisa Paredes Bartolomé (born 3 April 1946), known professionally as Marisa Paredes, is a Spanish actress. She has appeared in famous Spanish and English language movies, including "In a Glass Cage" (1986), "Life Is Beautiful" (1998), "Deep Crimson" (1996) and "The Devil's Backbone" (2001). Deaths in April 2019 The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in April 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting. Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source. Tottenham Hotspur Stadium Tottenham Hotspur Stadium is a stadium that serves as the home ground for Tottenham Hotspur in north London, replacing the club's previous stadium, White Hart Lane. It has a capacity of 62,062, making it one of the largest stadiums in the Premier League and the largest club stadium in London. It is designed to be a multi-purpose stadium and features the world's first dividing, retractable football pitch, which reveals a synthetic turf pitch underneath for NFL London Games, concerts and other events. "Tottenham Hotspur Stadium" is unlikely to remain the official stadium name indefinitely, it is widely expected that the rights to the naming of the stadium will be sold. The stadium is occasionally referred to as New White Hart Lane by fans and some in the media. Transport. The stadium is accessible through a number of London Overground, London Underground and National Rail stations: Seven Sisters, Tottenham Hale, Northumberland Park, and White Hart Lane stations. The nearest station, at around 200 m away, is White Hart Lane (London Overground), which is being rebuilt, and a Wembley-style walkway for fans from the station to the stadium is planned. The stadium area is also served by up to 144 buses an hour. Bus routes that stop close to the ground are 149, 259, 279, 349, and W3. The club will also operate two high frequency shuttle bus services to the stadium, one from Alexandra Palace through Wood Green, and the other from Tottenham Hale. Jenny Shipley Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley (née Robson; born 4 February 1952) is a former New Zealand politician. She was the 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1997 to 1999. She was the first female Prime Minister of New Zealand. She was the only woman to have led the National Party. Shipley was born in Gore, Southland. She was raised in rural Canterbury. Before entering politics, Shipley was involved with several community organizations. Shipley was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in the 1987 election. She won the Ashburton electorate. When the National Party returned to power in 1990, Shipley was appointed to the Cabinet of New Zealand under Jim Bolger. She was the Minister of Social Welfare (1990-1996), the Minister for Women's Affairs (1990-1996), a member of the Minister of Health (1993-1996) and a member of the Minister of Transport (1996-1997). In December 1997, after Bolger resigned as Prime Minister, Shipley was elected as his replacement unopposed. Shipley was the first Prime Minister to attend the gay and lesbian Hero Parade. Chinatown Chinatown is the name used for neighborhood in any city outside of China where many Chinese immigrants came to live together. Chinatowns became common in cities around the world after China lost the first Opium War with the British Empire. After China lost, many Chinese people became poor, especially people living in Guangdong province. That was where most of the fighting took place. People from Guangdong went outside of China to look for work. They moved to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the United States. When Chinese people moved to these places, they usually lived close together in the city they were staying. These became Chinatowns. Famous Chinatowns around the world include those in San Francisco, New York City, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. Most early immigrants came from provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China. The common languages there are Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hokkien. So, these are common languages in many Chinatowns. Also, since most Chinatowns were created before the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China, most Chinatowns use traditional Chinese characters. However, both simplified and traditional characters are often seen in Chinatowns in Malaysia. Battle of Shiroyama The took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion against the Imperial Japanese Army. The battle ended in the death of the Revolt's leader, Saigō Takamori, and the destruction of his army. Corporal punishment Corporal punishment (also called physical punishment) is a punishment which is meant to cause physical pain on a person. It is or has been used on adults, mostly on prisoners and people who are slaves. It is most often done on minors (children and teenagers). Common methods include spanking, belting and paddling. In some parts of the United States, corporal punishment is allowed in schools. At home, corporal punishment is allowed. Fifty-eight countries, mostly in Europe and Latin America, have banned corporal punishment in the home or at school. However, According to a 2014 estimate by Human Rights Watch, "Ninety percent of the world's children live in countries where corporal punishment and other physical violence against children is still legal". Many countries' laws provide for a defence of "reasonable chastisement" against charges of assault and other crimes for parents using corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has been shown to cause aggression and behavior problems in some teenagers and children. Domenico Giannace Domenico Rocco Giannace (21 September 1924 – 28 March 2019), nicknamed "Mingo", was an Italian politician and trade unionist. He was a member of the Communist Party (PCI). He served as a member of the Regional Council of Basilicata from 1980 to 1985. He was also mayor of Pisticci from 1963 to 1965. In May 2003, Giannace was awarded Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. He was born in Pisticci, Matera. Giannace died on 28 March 2019 in Pisticci, at the age of 94. Glâne District Glâne District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Romont. These municipalities are in the district: Susan Flannery Susan Flannery (born July 31, 1939) is an American actress and director. She is known for her roles in the daytime dramas "Days of Our Lives" and "The Bold and the Beautiful". Flannery won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1975, and again in the 2000s. She also won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year. Flannery was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is openly a lesbian. Gruyère District Gruyère District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Bulle. These municipalities are in the district: Sarine District Saane District or Sarine District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Fribourg, which is also the capital in the canton of Fribourg. These municipalities are in the district: Sense District Sense District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Tafers. These municipalities are in the district: Veveyse District Veveyse District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Châtel-Saint-Denis. These municipalities are in the district: Conroe, Texas Conroe is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. 87,654 people live there. The area of the city is 72 sq mi. (186 sq km.). Nipsey Hussle Airmiess Joseph Asghedom (August 15, 1985 – March 31, 2019), known professionally as Nipsey Hussle (often stylized as Nipsey Hu$$le), was an American rapper. He was born in Los Angeles, California, to an African American mother and an Eritrean father. Early life. He attended Alexander Hamilton High School in the neighborhood Castle Heights. As a teenager, he joined Buttervision, a creative multimedia movement of "Digital Guerrilla" led by Dexter Browne. Asghedom chose the name Nipsey Hussle based comedian Nipsey Russell. Career. Hussle began his professional music career in the mid-2000’s. In 2005, Hussle independently released his first mixtape, "Slauson Boy Volume 1". He was later signed to Cinematic Music Group and Epic Records. Hussle has released many other mixtapes, including the "Bullets Ain't Got No Name" series, "The Marathon", "The Marathon Continues" and "Crenshaw". Rapper Jay-Z bought 100 copies of "Crenshaw" for $100 each. Hussle's first studio album "Victory Lap" was released in 2018. It debuted at number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 and was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards in 2019. Over a year after its release, the album reached number 2 on the "Billboard" 200 in April 2019. His single "Racks in the Middle" (featuring Roddy Ricch and Hit-Boy) debuted at number 44 on the Hot 100, following his death. The song later peaked at number 26. Murder and legacy. On March 31, 2019, Asghedom was shot multiple times outside of his clothing store Marathon Clothing in the Hyde Park neighborhood of South Los Angeles. Hussle was pronounced dead hours later at the age of 33. Eric Holder, a 29-year-old, was charged with murder on April 2. On the day of his funeral, a portion of Slauson Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard near Marathon Clothing was renamed to Ermias "Nipsey Hussle" Asghedom Square to honor him and his contributions to the neighborhood. At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, in 2020, the song "Racks in the Middle" (featuring Roddy Ricch and Hit-Boy won Best Rap Performance, while the song "Higher" (with DJ Khaled and John Legend) won Best Rap/Sung Performance. Trial. On July 6, 2022, a jury in Los Angeles found Eric Ronald Holder Jr. of murder in the first degree. Holder was also found guilty of two counts of attempted voluntary manslaughter, assault with a firearm and possession of a firearm by a felon. Holder was sentenced on September 15, 2022. Tania Mallet Tania Mallet (19 May 1941 – 30 March 2019) was a British model and actress. In 1957, she started working as a model at the age of 16. She was best known for her role as Tilly Masterson in the James Bond movie "Goldfinger" (1964). This was her only movie role. Mallet was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. Her father was English and her mother was Russian. She was the cousin of the Academy Award-winning actress Helen Mirren. Mallet died on 30 March 2019, at the age of 77. Gauss's law for magnetism In physics, Gauss's law for magnetism is one of the four Maxwell's equations that underlie classical electrodynamics. It was named after Gauss. Fokker Fokker was a Dutch aircraft manufacturer named after its founder Anthony Fokker. The company operated under several different names starting out in 1912 in Schwerin, Germany and moving to the Netherlands in 1919. During its most successful period in the 1920s and 1930s, it dominated the civil aviation market. Fokker went into bankruptcy in 1996 and its operations were sold to competitors. History. Since 1967, Fokker built parts for European satellites. Next year the company made the first Dutch satellite ("the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite"). Peter Coleman William Peter Coleman (15 December 1928 – 31 March 2019) was an Australian writer and politician. Coleman was a published journalist for over 60 years. He served as editor of "The Bulletin" (1964–1967) and "Quadrant" for 20 years. He wrote 16 books on subjects such as politics and biographies. While still working as an editor and journalist, he had a short but important political career. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1968 to 1978. He served as both as a Minister in the State Cabinet and as Leader of the New South Wales Opposition from 1977 to 1978. He was also the member for Wentworth in the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1987. From 1979 to 1981, he served as Administrator of Norfolk Island. In 2001, Coleman was awarded the Centenary Medal. Coleman was born in Caulfield, Victoria. He was a graduate of the University of Sydney and the London School of Economics. He was married to Verna Susannah Scott. The couple had three children. Coleman died on 31 March 2019 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 90 years old. Ron Elvidge Ronald Rutherford Elvidge (2 March 1923 – 30 March 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a second five-eighth and centre. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1946 to 1950. He played 19 matches for the All Blacks, including seven as captain and nine internationals. He also played for Otago at a provincial level. He was born in Timaru. He later worked as an obstetrician and gynaecologist. After the death of Wally Argus in 2016, Elvidge became the oldest living All Black. Elvidge died in Auckland on 30 March 2019, at the age of 96. Reiwa period is a after "Heisei". It is the current Japanese era. It is also called the Reiwa era. This era started on 1 May 2019. This is the day Japanese' Emperor Akihito's elder son, Naruhito, became Emperor of Japan. Naruhito is Japan's 126th Emperor. Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio (4 December 1927 – 1 April 2019) was a Spanish writer. In 2004, he was awarded the Premio Cervantes for his written work in the Spanish language. He also won a Premio Nadal for his novel "El Jarama" (1955). He helped writing in Spain to become popular again after the Spanish Civil War, along with other young writers such as Juan Goytisolo and Ana María Matute. He later stopped writing for around twenty years. He never said publicly why this was but critics have said it may have been a silent dislike of the Spanish military dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Sánchez Ferlosio Rome, Lazio, Italy. His mother was Italian. His Spanish father, Rafael Sánchez Mazas (1894–1966), was a nationalist writer and a leader of the Falange. Sánchez Ferlosio was married to writer Carmen Martín Gaite. Sánchez Ferlosio died in Madrid on 1 April 2019, at the age of 91. Deo Deo or DEO may refer to: Len Fontaine Leonard Joseph Fontaine (February 25, 1948 – March 25, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a right winger. He played for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in Quebec City, Quebec. Fontaine died on March 25, 2019 at his home in Brigden, Ontario. He was 71. Kurt Armbruster Kurt Armbruster (16 September 1934 – 14 March 2019) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a midfielder. At club level, he played for Lausanne-Sport. He also played for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Armbruster was born in Zürich. Armbruster died on 14 March 2019, at the age of 84. Köbi Kuhn Jakob "Köbi" Kuhn (12 October 1943 – 26 November 2019) was a Swiss football manager and former player. He played as a midfielder. During his club career, he played for Zürich. He captained Zürich to six Swiss Super League titles and five Swiss Cup wins. He played for Switzerland 63 times, scoring five goals. He was part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad. He later managed Zürich and Switzerland. Kuhn was born in Wiedikon, Zürich. Fritz Künzli Friedrich "Fritz" Künzli (8 January 1946 – 22 December 2019) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a striker. From 1961 to 1979, he played in 313 matches in the Nationalliga A scoring a record 201 goals. In 1978, he played part of one season in the North American Soccer League. He played for many club sides, including Zürich, and the Switzerland national team. He played two games for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Künzli was born in Glarus. Peter Cetera Peter Paul Cetera (born September 13, 1944) is an American singer-songwriter and bassist. He is best known for being an original member of the rock band Chicago from 1967 to 1985, before starting a successful solo career. The Chicago song "If You Leave Me Now" won the band's first Grammy Award and was also their number one single. After leaving Chicago in 1985, his singles, "Glory of Love" and "The Next Time I Fall", reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Glory of Love" was the theme song from the movie "The Karate Kid Part II" (1986). The song was co-written by Cetera, David Foster and Diane Nini. It was also nominated for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. He has also worked with musicians such as The Beach Boys, Billy Joel, Karen Carpenter, Paul Anka, Agnetha Fältskog, Richard Sterban, Bonnie Raitt, Madonna, David Gilmour, Az Yet, Cher, Chaka Khan, Crystal Bernard, Ronna Reeves and Alison Krauss. Cetera was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has been married twice. Both of his marriages ended in divorce. He has two daughters. He lives in Ketchum, Idaho. David Foster David Walter Foster (born November 1, 1949) is a Canadian musician, record producer, composer, songwriter and arranger. He produced for many musicians, including Chaka Khan, Alice Cooper, Christina Aguilera, Andrea Bocelli, Toni Braxton, Michael Bublé, Chicago, Natalie Cole, Celine Dion, Kenny G, Josh Groban, Brandy Norwood, Whitney Houston, Jennifer Lopez, Kenny Rogers, Seal, Rod Stewart, Jake Zyrus, Donna Summer, Olivia Newton-John, Madonna, Mary J. Blige, Michael Jackson, Peter Cetera, Cheryl Lynn and Barbra Streisand. Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations. He served as the chairman of Verve Records from 2012 to 2016. Foster was born in Victoria, British Columbia. He has been married four times, all ending in divorce. His second wife was actress Linda Thompson, and his fourth wife was Dutch model Yolanda Hadid. He has five daughters, including Amy S. Foster (born 1973), a songwriter and author. Since 2018, he has been engaged to Katharine McPhee of "American Idol" fame. Rheintal (Wahlkreis) Rheintal (English: Rhine Valley) is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Rorschach (Wahlkreis) Rorschach is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Sarganserland Sarganserland is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: See-Gaster See-Gaster is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Toggenburg (Wahlkreis) Toggenburg is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Werner Leimgruber Werner Fridolin Leimgruber (born 2 September 1934 in Bern) is a former Swiss footballer. He played as a defender for club sides Zürich and Locarno. He was also part of the Switzerland national team and played one game for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Werdenberg (Wahlkreis) Werdenberg is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities: Barbara Jordan Barbara Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American lawyer, educator and politician. She was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She was a Democrat. Jordan was the first African-American female elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction. She was also the first Southern African-American female elected to the United States House of Representatives. She was best known for her opening statement at the House Judiciary Committee hearing during the impeachment process against Richard Nixon. Jordan taught political science at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for a year. She later returned to Houston. She started a private law practice. Jordan got a Presidential Medal of Freedom, with many other honors. She was a member of the Peabody Awards' Board of Jurors from 1978 to 1980. She was the first African American female who was buried at the Texas State Cemetery. Jordan worked as the chair of the United States Commission Reform. The Chair recommended reducing legal immigration by one-third. This work is often cited by American restriction members. Jordan was born in Houston, Texas. She died due to complications of pneumonia at age 59 in Austin. Jean-Claude Schindelholz Jean-Claude Henri Schindelholz (born 11 October 1940) is a Swiss former footballer. He played as a striker. At club level, he played for FC Moutier, Servette FC (1963–1971) and Vevey-Sports (1971–1973). He also played for the Switzerland national team. He played one game for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Schindelholz was born in Courrendlin. Curl In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. At every point in the field, the curl of that point is represented by a vector. Given a vector field formula_1, the curl of formula_1 can be written as formula_3 or formula_4, where formula_5 is the gradient and formula_6 is the cross product operation. Mohamad Chatah Mohamad Bahaa Chatah (;‎ 1951 – 27 December 2013) was a Lebanese economist and diplomat. He served as Ambassador to the United States from 1997 to 2000. He was also Minister of Finance from 2008 to 2009. He was born in Tripoli. He was a Sunni Muslim. On 27 December 2013, Chatah was killed in a bombing in central Beirut. His killing was called a terrorist attack and an assassination. Grabs Grabs is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Le Pâquier Le Pâquier is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland: Cooper, Texas Cooper is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Delta County. Newberry County, South Carolina Newberry County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 37,508 people lived there. Its county seat is Newberry. Rheineck Rheineck is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Mels Mels is a municipality in Sarganserland in the Seez Valley, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Bad Ragaz Bad Ragaz is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. There is a natural spring in Bad Ragaz and it is a popular spa and health resort destination. Jane Smiley Jane Smiley (born September 26, 1949) is an American novelist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. That was in 1992 for her book "A Thousand Acres" (1991). Career. Smiley published her first novel, "Barn Blind", in 1980. She won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story "Lily". "Lily" was published in the "Atlantic Monthly". Smiley was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2001. She participated in the annual "Los Angeles Times" Festival of Books, the National Book Festival and several others. She won PEN USA's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. Smiley's most recent books are a trilogy of novels about an Iowa family over the course of generations. The first book of the trilogy, "Some Luck" was published in 2014 by Random House. The second volume was in the spring of 2015. The third volume was in the fall of 2015. Smiley was born near Los Angeles, California. She was raised next to St. Louis, Missouri. Awards. Smiley received the Fitzgerald Award for American Achievement in 2006. Sinéad Cusack Sinéad Cusack (born Jane Moira Cusack; 18 February 1948) is an award-winning Irish movie, stage and television actress. Her first acting roles were at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. She moved to London in 1975 to join Royal Shakespeare Company. Cusack won the Critic's Circle and Evening Standard Awards for "Our Lady of Sligo". She received two Tony Award nominations: one for Best Leading Actress in "Much Ado About Nothing" (1985). She received the other nomination for Best Featured Actress in "Rock 'n' Roll" (2008). Cusack acted in many movies. She played Diana Grayson in the 1996 romantic drama movie "Stealing Beauty" She played a mother in "The Cement Garden" in 1993. Also in 1993, she played Ellie McAllister in the comedy-drama movie "Bad Behaviour". Cusack was also on television. She played Sybil in the 2011 TV series "Camelot". She played one half of a couple in the BBC sitcom "Home Again". She won the RTS Award for Best Actress for her role in "Have Your Cake and Eat It". Cusack was born in Dublin, Ireland. Personal life. Cusack married actor Jeremy Irons in 1978. They have two sons. Rubén Blades Rubén Blades Bellido de Luna (born July 16, 1948) is a Panamanian singer-songwriter, actor, musician, activist and politician. He performs most often in the Afro-Cuban, salsa and Latin jazz genres. Blades has won eight Grammy Awards and five Latin Grammy Awards. Blades' acting career began in 1982. It has continued with several-year breaks in between. His first acting role was "The Last Fight. Other movies include "Crossover Dreams" (1985), "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988) and "Color of Night" (1994). Blades was given the Harry Chapin Humanitarian Award by ASCAP and WhyHunger in June 2011. Blades' album "Tangos" won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 2015. Blades was born in Panama City, Panama. Abbey Theatre The Abbey Theatre (also called the National Theatre of Ireland) is one of Ireland's leading cultural institutions. This theatre is in Dublin, Ireland. It was first opened to the public on 27 December 1904. The theatre lost its original building to a fire on July 18, 1951. However, in July 1966, the Abbey got a new building. The Abbey was a nursery for many leading Irish playrights, like William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory and John Millington Synge. Augusta, Lady Gregory Isabella Augusta Persse (better known as Lady Gregory; 15 March 1852 – 22 May 1932) was an Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and Abbey Theatre. She wrote many short works for both companies. Lady Gregory produced quite a few books of retellings of stories taken from the Irish mythology. Lady Gregory retired due to ill health in 1928. Lady Gregory was born in Roxborough, County Galway, Ireland. She died from breast cancer at age 80. Olavi Mannonen Olavi Aleksanteri "Ole" Mannonen (7 March 1930 – 17 March 2019) was a Finnish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the team event in 1952 and 1956 and an individual silver in 1956. He also won an individual silver at the 1955 World Championships. In his country, he won the Finnish title in 1953 and 1956, finishing second in 1952, 1955 and 1960. He was selected as the best Finnish modern pentathlete of the year in 1952–53 and 1955–56. Mannonen worked for the local mounted police from 1952, becoming its head in 1971, until retiring in 1990. He was born in Viipuri. Mannonen died in Helsinki after a long illness on 17 March 2019. He was 89. List of cities in Alberta This is an alphabetical list of cities in the Province of Alberta in Canada. J. Mahendran J. Mahendran (; 25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019) was an Indian movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was active in Tamil cinema. He was best known directing and writing the movies "Mullum Malarum" (1978), "Uthiripookkal" (1979) and "Nenjathai Killathe" (1980). "Nenjathai Killathe" won the 1980 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Mahendran was born in Ilaiyangudi, Madras Presidency. His son, John Mahendran, is a movie director and screenwriter in Tamil and Telugu cinema. Mahendran died on 2 April 2019, at the age of 79. Francisco Massiani Francisco Massiani (2 April 1944 – 1 April 2019) was a Venezuelan writer and painter. His first novel, "Piedra de mar", has been a bestseller since it first came out in 1968. The book is a coming-of-age story about a middle class teenager in Caracas. He published many short stories and poetry collections. In 2012, he won the National Prize for Literature. Massiani was born in Caracas. Massiani died in Caracas on 1 April 2019, the day before his 75th birthday. Sally Jessy Raphael Sally Lowenthal (born February 25, 1935), better known as Sally Jessy Raphael, is an American former talk show host. She is best-known for her talk show "Sally" (also called "The Sally Jessy Raphael Show"). Raphael's show aired from October 1983 to May 2002. The show covered marriage problems, out-of-control teenagers, pregnant teens and controversial topics. Raphael won an Emmy Award for her show during the late 1980s. She was nominated again in 1990. Raphael was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. Vonda N. McIntyre Vonda Neel McIntyre (August 28, 1948 – April 1, 2019) was an American author. She wrote science fiction. Her best known novels include "Dreamsnake" (1978), "Barbary" (1986) and "The Moon and the Sun" (1997). She also wrote many "Star Trek" novelizations. She won three Nebula Awards and a Hugo Award. Robert A. Heinlein's 1982 book "Friday" was in part dedicated to McIntyre. She was born in Louisville, Kentucky. McIntyre died of pancreatic cancer on April 1, 2019 in Seattle, Washington. She was 70. Barrie Hole Barrington Gerard "Barrie" Hole (16 September 1942 – 25 March 2019) was a Welsh professional footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for Welsh clubs Cardiff City and Swansea City. He also played for English sides Blackburn Rovers and Aston Villa. He had 30 caps for Wales between 1963 and 1971. His first game for Wales was against Northern Ireland, and his last match was against Romania. Hole was born in Swansea. After retiring from football, he ran a newspaper shop before selling it in 2004. He died in 2019, at the age of 76. Pete Rose Peter Edward Rose Sr. (born April 14, 1941), also known by his nickname "Charlie Hustle", is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He played in Major League Baseball from 1963 to 1986. He managed from 1984 to 1989. The Electric Clam Festival did not happen because of Corona. Rose won three World Series rings, three batting titles, one Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award and one Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. On April 20, 1990, Rose pleaded guilty to two charges of filing income tax returns. On July 19, he was sentenced to five months in the medium security prison camp in Marion, Illinois. He was fined $50,000. He was released on January 7, 1991. Rose was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Kit Napier Christopher Robin Anthony "Kit" Napier (26 September 1943 – 31 March 2019) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played as a forward. He scored 119 goals from 379 appearances in the Football League. He played for the Football League clubs Blackpool, Preston North End, Workington, Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Blackburn Rovers. Napier was born in Dunblane, Perthshire. He died in 2019, at the age of 75. Kate Miller-Heidke Kate Miller-Heidke (born 16 November 1981) is an Australian singer-songwriter and actress. She has five studio albums. She is known for her singles "The Last Day on Earth" and "Caught in the Crowd". She is classically trained, but she has followed a career in alternative pop music. She was signed to Sony in Australia, Epic in the US and RCA in the UK, but is now an independent artist. She represented her country at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel, finishing ninth overall. Miller-Heidke was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She is married to musician and songwriter Keir Nuttall. The couple have a son. Norman Thomas Gilroy Sir Norman Thomas Gilroy (22 January 1896 – 21 October 1977) was an Australian archbishop. He was the first Australian-born cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He became a priest in 1923. He was Archbishop of Sydney from 1940 until his retirement in 1971. He was became a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1969. He was the first Roman Catholic cardinal to have been given a knighthood since the English Reformation. In 1970, he was named Australian of the Year. He was born in Glebe, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. Gilroy died on 21 October 1977 in Lewisham, New South Wales, at the age of 81. Dimitar Dobrev Dimitar Dimitrov Dobrev (; 14 April 1931 – 1 April 2019) was a Bulgarian wrestler. He won the silver medal in the middleweight division of Greco-Roman wrestling at 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He also won the gold medal in the same division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. In 1960, he was Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year. He was born in Ezerche. Dobrev died on 1 April 2019, at the age of 87. Don Williamson Donald J. Williamson (February 2, 1934 – April 2, 2019) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of Flint, Michigan from 2003 to 2009. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born and grew up in Flint. Williamson was married to Patsy Lou and had four children. Williamson died of problems from a respiratory illness on April 2, 2019. He was 85. Antonio Permunian Antonio Permunian (15 August 1930 – 5 March 2020) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He played for club sides Bellinzona and Luzern. He played for Switzerland from 1955 to 1962. He played for his country at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Permunian was born in Bellinzona. He died in his hometown in 2019 at the age of 89. Willy Kernen Wilhelm "Willy" Kernen (6 August 1929 – 12 November 2009) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a defender. He played for La Chaux-de-Fonds, winning two Swiss league titles and five Swiss Cups. He was in the Switzerland squad at the 1950, 1954 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. Kernen was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Kernen died on 12 November 2009 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, at the age of 80. Space flight simulation game A space flight simulation game is a part of flight simulator video games. It may be three types: Realistic space simulators. Realistic space simulators try to copy the behaviour of a vessel under the laws of physics. For example, the "Orbiter" follows the Newton's laws of motion. However, it has fictional spacecraft to try those. The "Space Shuttle Mission 2007" simulates the behaviour of the Space Shuttle. Michael Stipe John Michael Stipe (born January 4, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer of the alternative rock band R.E.M. from 1980 until their split in 2011. The band was very popular, and won many awards, including three Grammy Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, 12 MTV Video Music Awards and three Brit Awards. As a member of R.E.M., he was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007. As a singer-songwriter, he has had a creative effect on many artists, including Kurt Cobain of Nirvana and Thom Yorke of Radiohead. Stipe was born in Decatur, Georgia. In 2001, Stipe has called himself a "queer artist" in an issue of "Time" magazine. Bill Berry William Thomas Berry (born July 31, 1958) is an American former musician. He was the drummer for the alternative rock band R.E.M. from 1980 until he left the music industry in 1997. Although known for his drumming, he also played many other instruments, including guitar, bass guitar and piano. He was also a songwriter for the band. He became a farmer after leaving the music industry. He made many reunions with R.E.M. after leaving. Berry was born in Duluth, Minnesota. In 1995, he had a brain aneurysm while performing with R.E.M. in Lausanne, Switzerland. He made a recovery. He and his girlfriend have a son, born in 2003. Oconee County, South Carolina Oconee County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 74,273. Its county seat is Walhalla. Walhalla, South Carolina Walhalla is a city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the county seat of Oconee County. Hedi Turki Hedi Turki (15 May 1922 – 31 March 2019) was a Tunisian artist. He was thought to have been an important figure of abstract painting in Tunisia. He was an influential member of the School of Tunis. He was born in Tunis and was of Turkish origin. In 1959, he traveled for three months in the United States, where he discovered the abstract art at Columbia University. From 1963 to his retirement in 1985, he taught art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tunis. He continued to travel, study and, work during his career, particularly in England (1971), Nigeria (1977) and the United States (1979). Turki died on 31 March 2019 in Tunis, aged 96. Bürglen Bürglen can refer to several places in Switzerland: Noureddine Bedoui Noureddine Bedoui (; born 22 December 1959) is an Algerian politician. He is the 17th and current Prime Minister of Algeria since 11 March 2019. Abdelkader Bensalah Abdelkader Bensalah (, 24 November 1941 – 22 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. He was the President of the Council of the Nation from 2002 to 2019. On 2 April 2019, he became the Acting President of Algeria following the resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Bensalah died on 22 September 2021 from COVID-19 and cancer-related problems at a hospital in Algiers, Algeria at the age of 79. Jenna Fischer Regina Marie Fischer (born March 7, 1974), better known as Jenna Fischer, is an American actress. She was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, but was raised in St. Louis, Missouri. Fischer is best known for her role as Pam Beesly on the NBC sitcom "The Office". Bev Clarno Beverly A. "Bev" Clarno (born March 1936) is an American Republican politician. She was the 27th Oregon Secretary of State from being appointed on March 31, 2019 following Dennis Richardson's death until January 4, 2021. She became Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives in 1995. She left the office on 1997. Clarno was born in Langlois, Oregon. Sudarat Keyuraphan Sudarat Keyuraphan (, ; born 1 May 1961) is a Thai politician. She is chairwoman of Pheu Thai Party's strategic committee. She was a Member of Parliament. She had been nominated as her party's prime minister candidate for 2019 Thai general election. Longmont, Colorado Longmont is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is in the northern part of the state. It is northeast of Boulder. At the 2010 United States census, there were 86,270 people living in Longmont. 2019–20 Premier League The 2019–20 Premier League was the 28th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The 2019-20 season started on 10 August 2019 and ended on 26 July 2020. It is the first Premier League season to have a mid-season break and also the first season to use VAR. Liverpool won the league (their first Premier League title and 19th English top flight title). Bear Valley, Alpine County, California Bear Valley is a city in Alpine County, California. At the 2010 census, 121 people lived there. It is known for its ski resort. List of cities in Ontario This is an alphabetical list of cities in the Province of Ontario in Canada. It includes former cities such as Kanata, Ontario B C G H K L M N O P S T V W List of towns in Quebec This is the list of communities in Quebec that have the legal status of city ("ville", code=V) as defined by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Regions and Land Occupancy. Note that although the terms "city" and "town" are both used in the category name because of common English usage, Quebec does not contain any cities under the current law; this list thus includes all "villes", regardless of whether they are referred to as cities or towns by English speakers. List. "Notes:" Kim Dotcom Kim Dotcom (born Kim Schmitz; 21 January 1974), also known as Kimble and Kim Tim Jim Vestor, is a German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist. He lives in Queenstown, New Zealand. Dotcom is the founder of the former file hosting service Megaupload (2005–2012). In 2012, the United States Department of Justice seized Megaupload and pressed charges against Dotcom. The charges included criminal copyright infringement, money laundering, racketeering and wire fraud. His house was raided and New Zealand police arrested him. Dotcom posted bail, and is now going through long legal issues to stop himself from being extradited to the United States. He started another service, Mega, in 2013. He left Mega in 2015. Dotcom started and funded the New Zealand political party, the Internet Party in 2014. The party's registration was cancelled in 2018. Dotcom was born in Kiel, West Germany. His mother was Finnish, and his father was German. He changed his surname from "Schmitz" to "Dotcom" in 2005. He has been married twice, and has five children. Isaiah Firebrace Isaiah Firebrace (born 21 November 1999) is an Australian singer. He won the eighth season of "The X Factor Australia" in 2016. He then represented his country at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017 with the song "Don't Come Easy". He finished 9th in the contest. In 2016, he released his first studio album, "Isaiah". It peaked at number 12 on the ARIA Charts. Firebrace was born in Portland, Victoria. He grew up in Moama, New South Wales. He is an Indigenous Australian. Anton Allemann Anton "Toni" Allemann (6 January 1936 – 3 August 2008) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Young Boys, Mantova, Eindhoven, Nürnberg, Grasshoppers, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Solothurn and Schaffhausen. He played 27 games for the national team, scoring nine goals. He played for Switzerland at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He was born in Solothurn. Allemann died from a heart attack on 3 August 2008 in Klosters. He was 72. United Nations Secretariat Building The United Nations Secretariat Building is a tall skyscraper. It is the most important building in the headquarters of the United Nations. The building is in the Turtle Bay in Midtown Manhattan. Midtown Manhattan is an area of Manhattan in New York City. The land where the building is located is considered United Nations territory. Even so, the land is still part of the United States. History. A ceremony to celebrate the start of the building construction took place on September 14, 1948. Four companies from Manhattan and Queens were selected to construct the Building. The construction cost is around $30 million. The Secretariat Building has 39 stories and was completed in 1952. The Building was designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. Secretariat Building is linked to another building called the Conference Building to the north. The Conference Building houses the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council. The Secretrait building is also linked to a library building to the south. The Secretariat Building was renovated in 2010s. The renovation started in May 2010. The building reopened in phases starting in July 2012. On October 29, 2012, there was flooding in the basement of the building. This is due to Hurricane Sandy. The flood caused a three-day closure of the building and some offices were moved to other locations. Rauf Denktaş Rauf Raif Denktaş, sometimes Rauf Denktash in English, (27 January 192413 January 2012) was a Turkish Cypriot politician. He was the first President of Northern Cyprus from 1983 to 2005. Before becoming president he was the second Vice President of the republic of Cyprus. On 13 January 2012, Denktaş died from Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome aged 88. Felix Hoffmann Felix Hoffmann (21 January 1868 – 8 February 1946) was a German chemist who invented aspirin. Career. Felix Hoffmann was born on 21 January 1868 in Ludwigsburg, Germany. He started studying chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study pharmacy and ended it in 1890. In 1891 he graduated from the University of Munich. Two years later he earned his doctorate. In 1894, he joined Bayer as a research chemist. Banh mi Bánh mì is a Vietnamese sandwich. The word bánh mì literally means "bread" in Vietnamese, but it can also mean "sandwich", since sandwiches are made of bread. It often has ingredients such as herbs, meats, vegetables and sauces that are often found in Vietnam. It is a food that was created because of French influence in Vietnam. When Vietnam was part of the colony French Indochina, French colonists taught the Vietnamese how to make bread. Unlike French bread, bánh mì has rice flour in it. History. In Vietnamese, bánh is a word that refers to baked goods and mì means "wheat". Back then, wheat flour had to be imported from Europe so it was very expensive. Some people mixed it with rice flour, which was cheaper because it was made in the country. The rice flour also made the bread fluffier. This was how Vietnamese bánh mì was made. After the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese refugees moved to other countries and opened up bánh mì shops. Sandwich. A Vietnamese bánh mì sandwich is made of bread and fillings. Meat. A bánh mì might have pork in it. Vegetables. Picked carrot and radish, jalapeno, cucumber, and cilantro are some vegetables put into bánh mì. Sauces. Some sauces put into bánh mì are mayonnaise and liver pâté. Northwestern China Northwestern China is made up of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai Provinces and Ningxia and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions. It is China's poorest and driest region. It is also where most of China's Muslims live. The largest city in the region is Xi'an, the capital of of Shaanxi Province. Northwest China is where the Silk Road used to be. Food in Northwest China is often made of mutton, beef, spices, and wheat. Aqaba Aqaba is a city in Jordan. It is the only city on Jordan's coast. For this reason, it is a very important port city for the country. It is also the largest city on the Gulf of Aqaba. During World War I, T. E. Lawrence led Arab rebels across the Arabian Desert to attack and capture the city, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire then. This was known as the Battle of Aqaba. Excavations in Aqaba show that people have lived in Aqaba since 4000 BC. It had a thriving copper production industry. Copper is the main constituent of the alloy bronze, the key metal for making weapons during the bronze age. Aqaba is the only coastal city in Jordan. It is the largest city among all the cities of the Gulf of Aqaba. It is located in the far south of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on the coast of the Red Sea, and is the center of the Aqaba Governorate. The city is about 330 kilometers south of the Jordanian capital, Amman. It is the fifth largest city in the Kingdom with population estimations at 150,000 people. The city covers an area of 375 square kilometers (144.8 sq mi). Aqaba plays a major role in the Jordanian economy. The port of Aqaba is an important sea crossing port for other countries neighboring Jordan. Because of its strategic location at the top of the northeastern Gulf of Aqaba branching from the Red Sea, which mediates the trade routes between the continents of Asia and Africa; All this has made Aqaba and its sea port an important area for thousands of years. Aqaba also has a land border with Haql city in Saudi Arabia just across Al-Durra borderline, and a maritime border with both Egypt and the city of Eilat through the Wadi Araba crossing. Both cities are located at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Aqaba is famous for being an attractive area for divers, with its beaches overlooking the Red Sea. The city includes many important industrial facilities, free trade zones, and King Hussein International Airport. It is an important administrative center in the far south of Jordan area, and only export point of phosphate. . Aiken, South Carolina Aiken is a city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the county seat of Aiken County. Philippi, West Virginia Philippi (pronounced 'FILL-uh-pea') is a city in — and the county seat of — Barbour County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,966 at the 2010 census. Barbour County, West Virginia Barbour County is a county in north-central West Virginia, USA. At the 2010 census, the population was 16,589. The county seat is Philippi. Lewisburg, West Virginia Lewisburg is a city in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 3,830 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Greenbrier County. Orangeburg County, South Carolina Orangeburg County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 92,501 people lived there. Its county seat is Orangeburg. The county was formed in 1769. Orangeburg County comprises Orangeburg, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Columbia-Orangeburg-Newberry Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Midlands region of South Carolina. Pickens County, South Carolina Pickens County is a county in the northwest part of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, its population was 119,224. Its county seat is Pickens. The county was created in 1826. Saluda County, South Carolina Saluda County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 19,875 people lived there. Its county seat is Saluda. Bobby Cox Robert Joseph Cox (born May 21, 1941) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He is a two-time World Series champion. He played for the New York Yankees from 1968 to 1969. He first led the Atlanta Braves from 1978 to 1981, and then managed the Toronto Blue Jays from 1982 to 1985. He later rejoined the Braves in 1986 as a general manager. Cox retired in 2010. He holds the all-time record for ejections in Major League Baseball with 158 (plus an additional three post-season ejections. In 2014, he was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 2019, the International League announced that Cox would be inducted into its hall of fame, noting especially his managerial experience with the Chiefs. Michael E. Busch Michael Erin Busch (January 4, 1947 – April 7, 2019) was an American Democratic politician. He was the Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates from January 8, 2003 until his death on April 7, 2019. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Busch had been a member of the House since 1987. He represented District 30A, which is made-up of Anne Arundel County, including the state capital of Annapolis. Busch died at a hospital in Baltimore from problems caused by pneumonia following liver surgery on April 7, 2019, aged 72. Leetsch C. Hsu Xu Lizhi (; 23 September 1920 – 11 March 2019), better known as Leetsch Charles (L. C.) Hsu, was a Chinese mathematician and educator. He co-founded the Department of Mathematics of Jilin University and founded the Institute of Applied Mathematics and the "Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications" at the Dalian University of Technology. With American mathematician Henry W. Gould, he created the Gould and Hsu Matrix Inversion Formula in 1973. His original name was Xu Quanyong (徐泉涌). Hsu died in Beijing on 11 March 2019, at the age of 98. Spartanburg County, South Carolina Spartanburg County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of 2010 census, 284,307 people lived there that makes it the fifth-most populous county in South Carolina. Its county seat is Spartanburg. Williamsburg County, South Carolina Williamsburg County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 34,423 people lived there. Its county seat is Kingstree. Briny Breezes, Florida Briny Breezes is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, 601 people lived there. Aleksey Buldakov Aleksey Ivanovich Buldakov (; 26 March 1951 – 3 April 2019) was a Soviet and Russian movie actor. He is best known for his roles in movies such as "The Guard" (1990), "Peculiarities of the National Hunt" (1995) and "Hitler Goes Kaput!" (2008). He was named People's Artist of the Russian Federation in 2009. He was born in the Makarovka village of Klyuchevsky District, Altai Krai. On 3 April 2019, Buldakov died of a blood clot in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. He was 68. Harmony Korine Harmony Korine (born January 4, 1973) is an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor, best known for writing "Kids" (1995), directed by Larry Clark. He then went on to both write and direct the movies "Gummo" (1997), "Julien Donkey-Boy" (1999), "Mister Lonely" (2007), "Trash Humpers" (2009), "Spring Breakers" (2012) and "The Beach Bum" (2019). He also wrote the drama movie "Ken Park" (2002), also directed by Clark. Early life. Korine was born in Bolinas, California on January 4, 1973. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He is Jewish. Personal life. Korine has been married to actress Rachel Korine ("née" Simon) since 2007. The couple have a daughter, Lefty Bell. Rachel Korine Rachel Anna Korine ("née" Simon; born April 4, 1986) is an American actress. She is married to director and screenwriter Harmony Korine. She is best known for starring in her husband's crime movie "Spring Breakers" (2012). She has also starred in the movies "Mister Lonely" (2007), "Trash Humpers" (2009), "Septien" (2011) and "Men Go to Battle" (2015). She played Junia in the Cinemax drama TV series "The Knick" from 2014 to 2015. Korine was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She has been married to Harmony Korine since 2007. The couple have a daughter, Lefty Bell. Philippe Pottier Philippe Pottier (9 July 1938 – 22 September 1985) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for club sides La Chaux-de-Fonds, Stade Français, Angers, Servette and Étoile Carouge. He played 16 games for the national team. He played for Switzerland at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He was born in Monthey. Pottier died on 22 September 1985, at the age of 47. Charles Antenen Charles "Kiki" Antenen (3 November 1929 – 20 May 2000) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a forward. He played for La Chaux-de-Fonds, winning three Swiss league titles and six Swiss Cups. He also played one season for Lausanne Sports in 1952–1953. He was in the Switzerland squad at the 1950, 1954 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. He was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Antenen died on 20 May 2000 in Les Bayards, at the age of 70. David Pearce (boxer) David "Bomber" Pearce (8 May 1959 – 20 May 2000) was a British professional boxer. He was a heavyweight and cruiserweight. He won the Welsh and British heavyweight boxing titles in September 1983. He won the titles in a bout against Neville Meade. Of his 22 bouts, he won 17 (13 by knockout), lost four and drew once. He retired from boxing due to medical reasons. He was born in Pillgwenlly, Newport, Monmouthshire. Pearce had epilepsy in his final years. He died of sudden arrhythmic death syndrome on 20 May 2000, at the age of 41. William Monahan William J. Monahan (born November 3, 1960) is an American screenwriter, movie director and author. He wrote the satirical novel "" (2000). He then went on to write screenplays. Some of his these include "Kingdom of Heaven" (2005), "The Departed" (2005), "Body of Lies" (2008), "Edge of Darkness" (2010) and "The Gambler" (2014). "The Departed" won him a Writers Guild of America Award and Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He also wrote and directed "London Boulevard" (2010) and "Mojave" (2015). He has also written for magazine "Maxim". Monahan was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Angela's Ashes Angela's Ashes is a 1999 British and American historical drama movie. It is based on a memoir of the same name. It was co-produced between the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland. Production. The movie is set in and around Limerick. However, many scenes were filmed in Cork. Reception. "Angela's Ashes" had a $25 million budget. But it only made $13,042,112 in the United States. That made the movie a box office bomb. The movie has a 52% "rotten" rating on the Rotten Tomatoes. However, the audience rated the movie at 82%. Roger Ebert gave "Angela's Ashes" two and a half stars. John Farnham John Peter Farnham (born 1 July 1949) is an English-born Australian singer. Life and career. Farnham was born in Dagenham, Essex, United Kingdom. In 1959, his family moved to Australia to live in Melbourne, Victoria. Farnham was a teen pop idol from 1967 until 1979, known as Johnny Farnham. He then went on to have a very popular career as an adult popular music singer. In his career, he has mostly been as a solo artist. However, from 1982 to 1985, he was the lead singer of the rock band Little River Band. He has been called one of his country's best-known and most popular musical performer. In September 1986, his solo single "You're the Voice" was released. It peaked at No. 1 on the Australian singles charts. The song was also No. 1 on Sweden's Sverigetopplistan and on West Germany's Official German Charts. He has also performed on stage with lead roles in Australian productions of "Charlie Girl", "Pippin" and "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1992). In 1987, Farnham was named Australian of the Year. In 1996, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia. He has also won a total of 19 ARIA Awards. Farnham is married to Jillian Billman. The couple have two sons. He is a supporter of the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League. In August 2022, Farnham was diagnosed with cancer and had surgery to treat it. Marcel Mauron Marcel Mauron (25 March 1929 – 21 January 2022) was a Swiss footballer and manager. He played as a forward. He played for clubs such as Young Fellows Juventus, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Servette, Neuchâtel Xamax and Grenchen. He also played for Switzerland at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. Mauron died on 21 January 2022, at the age of 92. Alcor Alcor is a cryonics company that freezes dead people or animals. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life. Roger Vonlanthen Roger Vonlanthen (born 5 December 1930 in Lancy) is a Swiss former footballer and manager. He played as a forward. During his club career he played for Grasshoppers (1951–55), Inter Milan (1955–57), Alessandria (1957–59) and Lausanne (1959–66). He played 27 times and scored 8 goals for the Switzerland national team from 1954 to 1966. He played for Switzerland in two World Cups (1954 and 1962). Later he became a manager with Servette, Lausanne and Chênois. He was also the manager of Switzerland from 1977 to 1979. Broad Front (Uruguay) The Broad Front (, FA) is a Uruguayan centre-left to left-wing coalition of political parties. Frente Amplio has close ties with PIT-CNT trade union and the cooperative housing movement. It has been the governing party of Uruguay since 2005. Presidents Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica are members of the party. History. Frente Amplio was a coalition of more than a dozen leftist parties and movements.It was founded in 1971. Its first president was General Liber Seregni. he was also the front's first candidate for the Presidency of Uruguay. The front was declared illegal during the 1973 military "coup d'état". However, it emerged again in 1984 when democracy was restored in Uruguay. In 1994 Progressive Encounter (Encuentro Progresista) was formed by several minor independent factions. Then the EP and FA started contesting elections jointly. They used the name "Encuentro Progresista - Frente Amplio". Later Nuevo Espacio became linked to the front. After that, it started contesting elections as "Encuentro Progresista - Frente Amplio - Nueva Mayoria". In 2005 Progressive Encounter and New Majority (essentially Nuevo Espacio) merged into the front, and the coalition took the name of "Frente Amplio". Previously, Progressive Encounter and New Majority had been separate organizations. The alliance is formed by: Pre-2004 election: economic crisis. Starting with the election of Luis Alberto Lacalle of the National Party in 1989, an economic reform began. The reform was designed to modernize the country. However this led to a devaluing of the peso and laws protecting banking secrecy. This secrecy lead to Uruguayan banks becoming a place to launder money from drug and other illegal businesses. By the turn of the century, half the nation had to survive in the informal economy. In 2002, the economic crisis of Brazil and Argentina spread to Uruguay. This crisis was caused by the lack of productive power. In August of that year, the nation received 1.5 billion US dollars from the IMF to try and help with the crisis. The ruling Colorado Party’s response to the crisis was to flood police into the poorer neighborhoods. This was the state of the nation when the Broad Front began campaigning for the 2004 election. 2004 election: Vazquez and economic restoration. The party's victorious 2004 campaign was the first time in the history of Uruguay which a left-leaning party gained majority. There are two major reasons the party took power in 2004. The first reason was that there was a obvious movement towards more moderate policies, and the other reason was that the front's support of an increased welfare state created a bond with working-class people. Turf Moor Turf Moor is a football stadium in Burnley, Lancashire, England. It is the home ground of Premier League club Burnley Football Club, who have played there since moving from its Calder Vale ground in 1883. The stadiumis on Harry Potts Way. The road is named after the club's longest serving manager. The official capacity is 21,944. Tim Ryan 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Tim Ryan, a representative of Ohio in the U.S. Congress, began on April 4, 2019, when Ryan announced he was running in the Democratic primaries. On October 24, 2019 Ryan dropped out of the election citing low polling numbers and lack of qualifications for the debates. Mpaka Mpaka is a town in eastern central Eswatini in western Lubombo District. It lies about northwest of Siteki on the MR3 highway. Arbitrary code execution In computer security, Arbitrary Code Execution is something that allows executing code without permission. A good example is cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks which inject client-side scripts into a webpage such as the self-retweeting tweet on TweetDeck. TweetDeck vulnerability. On June 11, 2014, user @derGeruhn tweeted: <script class="xss">$('.xss').parents().eq(1).find('a).eq(1).click();$('[data-action=retweet]').click();alert('XSS in Tweetdeck')</script>♥ Everyone who saw the tweet retweeted it automatically. It also displayed an alert saying "XSS in Tweetdeck". Because TweetDeck didn't have any precautionary measures, it only worked for TweetDeck users and the code was only showed and executed for them. The only thing Twitter users saw was the heart. It got 83 thousand retweets before it was fixed. Corsicana, Texas Corsicana is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Navarro County. Mason, Texas Mason is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Mason County. Cotulla, Texas Cotulla is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of La Salle County. Crockett, Texas Crockett is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Crosbyton, Texas Crosbyton is a city in and the county seat of Crosby County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,741 at the 2010 census. Richmond, Texas Richmond is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Fort Bend County. Crowell, Texas Crowell is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Foard County. Bobby Clarke Robert Earle Clarke (born August 13, 1949), also known as Bob Clarke (since retirement as a player) and Bobby Clarke (while active as a player), is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played his entire 15-year National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Philadelphia Flyers and is currently an executive with the team. Cuero, Texas Cuero ( ) is a city in DeWitt County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,841 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of DeWitt County. Georges Stuber Georges Stuber (11 May 1925 – 16 April 2006) was a former Swiss football player. He played as a goalkeeper. He played for Switzerland in the 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cup. and also played for FC Luzern, FC Lausanne-Sport, and Servette FC. Stuber was born in Zug, Switzerland. Stuber died on 16 April 2006 at the age of 80. Dustin Slade Dustin Slade (born February 28, 1986) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. Slade last played with the Halifax Wolverines of the Maritime Junior A Hockey League (MJAHL) after quitting the Vancouver Giants of the Western Hockey League (WHL), with whom he won a President's Cup as league champions and was a WHL West First Team All-Star. Georgiy Daneliya Georgiy Daneliya ( "Giorgi Danelia"; ; 25 August 1930 – 4 April 2019), also known as Giya Daneliya, was a Soviet and Russian movie director and screenwriter. He was best known for directing the movies "Walking the Streets of Moscow" (1963), "Afonya" (1975), "Mimino" (1977), "Autumn Marathon" (1979) and "Kin-dza-dza!" (1986). He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1989. Daneliya was born in Tbilisi, the capital city of the Georgian SSR. In February 2019, he was in hospital with pneumonia. On 4 April 2019, he died of respiratory and heart failure in Moscow. He was 88. Flums Flums is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Jim Playfair James Playfair (born May 22, 1964) is the former associate coach of the Arizona Coyotes. He is a former NHL ice hockey player and a former head coach of the Calgary Flames. Ryan Walter Ryan William Walter (born April 23, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League. Glenn Anderson Glenn Chris Anderson (born October 2, 1960) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Edmonton Oilers, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, and St. Louis Blues. Career statistics. International. 1996 Spengler Cup in Davos, Switzerland Joe Ward (ice hockey) Joseph Michael Ward (born February 11, 1961 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a former American ice hockey player from Seattle, Washington. Ward played his junior hockey with the Seattle Breakers of the WHL. And was the 22nd pick by the Colorado Rockies in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He would go on to play four games for the Rockies that year, however, he would never make it back to the NHL. He is the son of Don Ward. Rob Flockhart Robert Walter Flockhart (February 6, 1956 – January 2, 2021) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who spent parts of five seasons in the National Hockey League. Flockhart died on January 3, 2021 at the age of 64. Barry Melrose Barry James Melrose (born July 15, 1956) is a Canadian–American broadcaster and former professional ice hockey player and head coach. Melrose played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) and National Hockey League (NHL). Alberto Cortez Alberto Cortez (born José Alberto García Gallo; 11 March 1940 – 4 April 2019) was an Argentine singer and songwriter. During his career, he released more than forty albums. In 1960, he famously covered the song "Sucu Sucu". He was born in Rancul, La Pampa Province. Cortez died of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 4 April 2019 in Madrid, the capital city of Spain. He was 79. Cellophane Cellophane is a bioplastic wrapping material. It is a thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose. It has low permeability. That means very little air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water can get in. That makes it useful for food packaging. Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger. It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his idea. He added glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had built a machine to make the film. He called the product "Cellophane", from the words "cellulose" and "diaphane" ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year. DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. One of their chemists found a way to make it moisture proof. The material became hugely popular. "Cellophane" is a general term in some countries, but in other countries it is a registered trademark. Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. The transparency helped customers see the quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also largely prevents discoloration of food. Maurice Pon Maurice Marie Jean Pon (26 October 1921 – 3 April 2019) was a French lyricist. He was best known for his work with Henri Salvador. He also wrote for artists such as Bourvil, Fernandel, Jean Sablon, André Claveau and Les Frères Jacques. He was born in Bordeaux. Pon died on 3 April 2019 in Île-de-France. He was 97. Pfäfers Pfäfers is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Villages. Pfäfers, St. Margrethenberg, Vadura, Valens, Vasön and Vättis. Rapperswil Rapperswil is the name of three places in Switzerland: Fräschels Fräschels () is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Gibloux Gibloux is a new municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016, when the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form Gibloux. Grolley Grolley is a municipality in the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Cheyres-Châbles Cheyres-Châbles is a new municipality in the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2017 when the former municipalities of Châbles and Cheyres merged to form Cheyres-Châbles. Belmont-Broye Belmont-Broye is a new municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016 when the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form Belmont-Broye. Jackie Robinson Day Jackie Robinson Day is an annual event in Major League Baseball. It honors the day Jackie Robinson made his major league debut, becoming the first black major league baseball player of the modern era. April 15 was Opening Day in 1947. The day was first commemorated on April 15, 2004. Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (today known as the Los Angeles Dodgers) ended 80 years of baseball segregation. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Sam Sullivan Sam Sullivan, CM (born November 13, 1959) is the Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the British Columbia legislature for Vancouver-False Creek. He is the Official Opposition’s Housing critic. Sullivan was the Minister of Community, Sport and Cultural Development and the Minister Responsible for TransLink. He was a member of the Legislative Review Committee and the Select Standing Committee on Crown corporations and the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts. In 2006 to 2009 he was mayor of Vancouver. In 1993 to 2005 he was a Vancouver City Councillor. While Mayor of Vancouver, he helped create the Street to Home Foundation. He was also involved in the largest increase in social housing in several decades on 14 Vancouver city sites. Sullivan is an Adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia's School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. Sullivan was made a member of the Order of Canada for his work with the Disability Foundation which supports quality of life initiatives for people with disabilities from all over Canada. He received the Christopher and Dana Reeve’s Award and the Terry Fox Award for helping to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. Infiorata di Genzano The Flower Festival in Genzano is an event that takes place in the Genzano section of Rome, characterized by the carpet of flowers set up in the path of the religious procession on the Feast of "Corpus Christi." History. The festival dates back to the 18th century, when a floral carpet was set up along the "Via Sforza" (now "Via Bruno Buozzi" ) in Genzano. Previously, in Genzano, and probably in other locations of the Castelli Romani, the custom of preparing flower carpets for the feast of "Corpus Christi had" existed for some time. The tradition was born in Rome in the first half of the seventeenth century and had been adopted in the localities of the Alban Hills probably due to the close ties of this territory with Gian Lorenzo Bernini , the main architect of Baroque celebrations. It is believed, in fact, that the tradition of creating paintings by means of flowers was born in the Vatican basilica by Benedetto Drei , head of the Florerian Vatican, and of his son Pietro, who had used "leafless flowers, minced to emulate mosaics" June 29, 1625, feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the patrons of Rome. A few years later, in 1633, another floral painting was made by Stefano Speranza, a close associate of Bernini. Oreste Raggi says that, it was Bernini himself who succeeded Benedetto Drei when he died, and "Rome popularized this art". In Rome the custom of flower displays disappeared at the end of the XVII century. In Genzano, on the other hand, it continued into the eighteenth century, according to an anonymous manuscript 1824 which is preserved in the Central National Library of Rome and printed only recently, that says in Genzano some families used to display flowers in front of their home on the occasion of the three different processions that took place on the anniversary of "Corpus Domini" , one on Thursday, the other two on the following Sunday. Since none of the three processions passed through "Via Sforza" , Don Arcangelo Leofreddi, who lived on that street, asked the Bishop of Albano François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis for to vary the path on the Thursday procession the 8th. Having obtained the permit, Don Leofreddi "asked all the inhabitants (via Sforza) to make floral decorations, each at their own expense, in front of their homes, and everyone did". There is disagreement on the date of the first Flower Festival in Genzano: some date it back to 1778 ; others as of June 6, 1782 , the date on which the carpet covered the entire street (previous floral displays covered small garden sections). In the nineteenth century the Genzano Flower Festival took place annually, except for some periods of interruption: the first interruption was from 1845 to 1863 ; the second interruption, also lasting nineteen years, from 1875 to 1894. It was restored in 1894 by the "Company of Saint Luigi" Catholic circle. In the early twentieth century, the installation of the floral display was not very constant. The tradition of the floral display resumed on the occasion of "the interdiocesian Eucharistic Congress" of 1922 , where it was held in Genzano, and since then it has been held annually, except for interruptions in the years 1932 , 1934 , 1935 and during the five years of World War II . Since 1875 theFlower Festival has taken place in "Via Italo Belardi" , formerly "Via Livia" , the street that connects the main square of the town ( "Piazza IV Novembre" ) to the Church of Saint Maria of Cima. The street is completely covered by a floral carpet covering an area of 1890 m², generally composed of thirteen "sections", in addition to the decoration of the staircase leading to the Church of Saint Maria of Cima which is located at the top of the hill. Each "framework" is generally 7m x 114.   The subjects are generally reproductions of known artworks or geometric motifs and are religious or civil in nature, which are chosen by a special Commission that presides over the display. To compose the thirteen paintings of the Flower Festival of Genzano it takes about 500 quintals of flower petals or vegetable essences. The sides are protected by columns made with mortelle and are always connected by festoons of mortella. Unlike the times of Massimo d'Azeglio, the flowers currently come from greenhouses; however; as in the past, hundreds of people are involved in separating the petals and distributing them in baskets depending on the color (an operation called "piluccamento" ). The baskets are then placed in cellars and caves located near the town hall with the aim of preserving them until the day they are used. Given the perishability of the material with which this huge carpet is created, the flowers are laid out either on the same day as the festival or the night before the festival. On Saturday evening the architects of the Flower Festival , generally the authors of the various paintings, will draw the contours of the paintings on the roadway, first with chalk and then with lime, based on the original sketch, also using perforated cartoons ("dusting" technique). The placement of the flowers is done by placing the petals, taken from the baskets, within the contours already traced on the street. On Sunday evening Mass is celebrated in front of the Church of Saint Maria of Cima and, after a solemn Eucharistic celebration in which the bishop of Albano often takes part, the carpet is covered by the religious procession of the celebrants who bring the Blessed Sacrament to the not so distant Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity. The carpet is maintained, with replacements of withered petals, until Monday evening, when the destruction of the floral display bychildren (the so-called "shoulder" ) takes place. Basque Country (autonomous community) The Basque Autonomous Community (, EAE; , CAV) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. It has the Basque provinces of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa. It is also called the "Basque Country." The Basque Country or Basque Autonomous Community was called a "nationality" in Spain by the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Navarre decided not to be part of the Basque Country. Instead, it became a different autonomous community. There is no capital in the autonomous community right now, but the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in Álava, has the Basque Parliament, the Basque Government, and the house of the President of the Basque Autonomous Community (the Palace of Ajuria Enea). The High Court of Justice of the Basque Country is in Bilbao. Vitoria-Gasteiz is the city with the most land, with 277 km2 (107 sq mi), Bilbao has the most people, with 353,187. People also say "Basque Country" when they talk about the larger cultural region (Basque: "Euskal Herria"), the home of the Basque people, which has the autonomous community in it. Geography. These provinces make up the autonomous community: Features. The Basque Country touches Cantabria and the Burgos province to the west, the Bay of Biscay to the north, France (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and Navarre to the east and La Rioja (the Ebro River) to the south. The territory has three parts, separated by the Basque Mountains. The main line of mountains makes the watershed between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. The highest place in the mountains is in the Aizkorri massif (1551 m). The three areas are: Atlantic Basin. The Atlantic Basin has many valleys with short rivers that flow from the mountains to the Bay of Biscay, like the Nervión, Urola, and Oria. The coast is rough, with high cliffs. The main parts of the coast are the Bilbao Abra Bay and the Estuary of Bilbao, the Urdaibai estuary and the Bidasoa-Txingudi Bay that makes the border with France. Middle. Between the two mountain ranges, there is a high plateau called "Llanada Alavesa" (the Álava Plains), where the capital Vitoria-Gasteiz. The rivers flow south from the mountains to the Ebro River. The main rivers are the Zadorra River and Bayas River. Ebro Valley. The Ebro is a river in that starts in Cantabria and flows through the southern part of the Basque Autonomous Community. This makes an area called the Ebro Valley. The Ebro Valley is well-known for famous wine. Climate. In the Basque Autonomous Community, rivers usually flow down from the Basque Mountains. The mountains also separate the climates in the autonomous community: The northern valleys in Biscay and Gipuzkoa and the valley of Ayala in Álava are part of Green Spain, where there is a lot of rain. The climate in the middle part is more like the middle of Spain. This gives warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The Ebro Valley's climate is just like the middle part of Spain: winters are cold and dry and summers very warm and dry, and it rains the most in spring and autumn. Overall, it does not rain very much in this part of the autonomous community. Demographics. Almost half of the 2,155,546 people in the Basque Autonomous Community live in Greater Bilbao, the area around the city of Bilbao. Of the ten biggest cities, six are part of Bilbao's conurbation (Bilbao, Barakaldo, Getxo, Portugalete, Santurtzi and Basauri). This is also called Greater Bilbao. Because 28.2% of the Basque population is born outside the autonomous community, immigration is important for Basque demographics. Since the year 1900, most of these people have come from other parts of spain, like Galicia or Castile and León. Recently, many of these people have gone back to the places they were born. Now, immigration comes from other countries, mostly in South America. Roman Catholicism is, by far, the biggest religion in the Basque Country. In 2012, 58.6% of Basques called themselves as Roman Catholic but many people do not believe in religion: 24.6% were non-religious and 12.3% of Basques were atheist. Daniel Kaluuya Daniel Kaluuya (born 24 February 1989) is a British actor and writer. He is best known for his leading role as Chris Washington in the horror movie "Get Out" (2017). For his role, he was nominated for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, SAG Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor. His other movie credits include "Johnny English Reborn" (2011), "Kick-Ass 2" (2013), "Sicario" (2015), "Widows" (2018) and "Black Panther" (2018). In 2018, he won the BAFTA Rising Star Award. In 2021, Kaluuya played Fred Hampton in "Judas and the Black Messiah", a role which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. On television, Kaluuya has appeared as Posh Kenneth in the television series "Skins" from 2007 to 2009. He also co-wrote two episodes of "Skins". He played Bingham "Bing" Madsen in the "Black Mirror" episode "Fifteen Million Merits" and has had roles in "Psychoville" and "The Fades". Kaluuya was born in London. His parents are from Uganda. He is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club. Letitia Wright Letitia Michelle Wright (born 31 October 1993) is a Guyanese-born British actress. She is best known for her role as Shuri in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies "Black Panther" and "" (both 2018). She has also appeared in TV shows such as "Top Boy", "Coming Up", "Chasing Shadows", "Humans", the "Doctor Who" episode "Face the Raven" and the "Black Mirror" episode "Black Museum". For "Black Mirror", she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. In 2019, she won the BAFTA Rising Star Award. Wright was born in Georgetown, the capital city of Guyana. At the age of seven, her family moved to London. She grew up in Tottenham, north London. National Students' Union of India National Students' Union of India (NSUI) is the student wing of the Indian National Congress. NSUI was established on 9 April 1971. The organisation was founded by Indira Gandhi. Neeraj Kundan is the current President of NSUI. v is the current National Coordinator. History. Pre-Independence Movement. Student movement reached its apex during the struggle for independence due to the strong participation of students from all sections of society. Prior to 1950, the student activism of the Indian National Congress was carried out by the youth wing of the AICC. Mill Creek Falls Mill Creek Falls, is a waterfall located in the Rogue River Canyon within the Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint in Jackson County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The waterfall is located at the south end of Mill Creek as it plunges into the Rogue River over a carved cliff surrounded by walls of petrified volcanic ash caused by the Mount Mazama eruption. Gustav Nossal Sir Gustav Victor Joseph Nossal (born 4 June 1931) is an Austrian-born Australian research biologist. He is famous for his work in the fields of antibody formation and immunological tolerance. Life and career. Nossal was born in Bad Ischl. He first grew up in the Austrian capital city of Vienna. After the Anschluss (Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria), he and his family moved to Australia. This was because, although not of Jewish faith, his father's grandparents were Jewish. This meant that Nossal was at risk of being sent to concentration camps due his Jewish background. Nossal was baptised, like his father, and is a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Sydney. Nossal has written five books and 530 scientific articles on immunology and similar fields. From 1959 to 1961, he was the assistant professor of genetics at Stanford University. He began serving as director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research from 1965. At the same time, he was Professor of Medical Biology at the University of Melbourne. He retired from both of these roles in 1996. Nossal was president of the Australian Academy of Science from 1994 to 1998. He was the chairman of the comittee running the World Health Organization's Vaccines and Biologicals Program from 1993 to 2002. He also served as Chairman of the Strategic Advisory Council of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Children's Vaccine Program from 1998 to 2003. Nossal is married to Lyn Beatrix ("née" Dunnicliff). The couple have four children (two sons and two daughters). Awards and honours. In 1970, Nossal was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was knighted for his services to science in 1977. In 1989, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia. In 1990, he was awarded the Albert Einstein World Award of Science. In 2000, he was named Australian of the Year. Nossal High School in Berwick, Victoria, is named after him. Bookbinding Bookbinding is the process of putting a book together. The pages are put inside a book covering, then attached to the spine (closed edge of the book) by sewing or glueing. Bookbinding is an artistic practice from many centuries ago but it has also been industrialized. Bookbinding machines were invented in the 19th century and most books are made in factories by mechanical mass production. A person who binds books is called a bookbinder. Today, most hand-bound books are specially made, and more expensive than a factory-made book. Bookbinding is a specialized job. Bookbinders must be skilled in measuring, cutting, glueing, leather working, graphic arts, and fabric crafts, among other things. Dellinger Dellinger may refer to: Riversleigh Riversleigh may refer to: John Quarmby John Quarmby (18 June 1929 – 5 April 2019) was an English character actor. He was best known for his roles as Mr Carnegie in the "Fawlty Towers" episode "Basil the Rat" (1979), and as Henry Tobias in "K-9 and Company" (1981). He had roles in TV series such as "Z-Cars", "Softly, Softly", "Juliet Bravo" and "Howards' Way". He also appeared in the movies "The Scarlet Pimpernel" (1982), "A Christmas Carol" (1984) and "Thirteen at Dinner" (1985). Biography. Quarmby was born in Liverpool. He served for two years in the Royal Air Force in the 1940s. He joined Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in 1949. He died on 5 April 2019, at the age of 89. Đồng Sĩ Nguyên Đồng Sĩ Nguyên (1 March 1923 – 4 April 2019), also known as Nguyễn Hữu Vũ, was a Vietnamese soldier and politician. Đồng Sỹ Nguyên is another spelling of his name. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1982 to 1991. He was also a lieutenant-general of the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. He was interviewed in the documentary TV series "The Vietnam War" (2017) He was born in Quảng Trạch District, Quảng Bình Province, then-part of French Indochina. Đồng died on 4 April 2019 in Hanoi, at the age of 96. Mont-Vully Mont-Vully is a new municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016 when the former municipalities of Bas-Vully and Haut-Vully merged to form Mont-Vully. Val-de-Charmey Val-de-Charmey is a new municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2014 when the former municipalities of Cerniat and Charmey merged to form the new municipality of Val-de-Charmey. Alterswil Alterswil is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Arconciel Arconciel () is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Schmitten, Fribourg Schmitten is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Wünnewil-Flamatt Wünnewil-Flamatt is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in the western part of Switzerland. St. Antoni St. Antoni () is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Schmitten Schmitten may refer to: Carmelita Pope Carmelita Pope (April 15, 1924 – April 3, 2019), also known by her stage name Carla Dare, was an American actress. She was best known for her roles in stage productions. In 1947, she appeared in the Broadway play "A Streetcar Named Desire". She also acted in television series such as "General Hospital", "Days of Our Lives", "They Stand Accused", "Down You Go" and "The Amazing Spider-Man". Pope was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was a childhood friend of actor siblings Jocelyn and Marlon Brando. She was married twice and had two sons. She lived in Boise, Idaho. Pope died on April 3, 2019, at the age of 94. Bösingen, Fribourg Bösingen (, ) is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Plaffeien Plaffeien () is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Oberschrot and Zumholz merged into the municipality of Plaffeien. It is the third-largest municipality in the canton of Fribourg. Brünisried Brünisried is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Pat Cleveland Patricia Cleveland (born June 23, 1950) is an American fashion model. She became successful in the 1960s and 1970s and was one of the first African-American models within the fashion industry to achieve fame as a runway model and print model. Cleveland was born in New York City. Cleveland was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2019. Giffers Giffers () is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Jeremy Bowen Jeremy Francis John Bowen (born 6 February 1960) is a Welsh journalist and television presenter. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. He is the BBC's Middle East correspondent working in Jerusalem between 1995 and 2000. He has been its Middle East Editor since 2005. Bowen was diagnosed with bowel cancer in April 2019. Ueberstorf Ueberstorf is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Muntelier Muntelier () is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Daingerfield, Texas Daingerfield is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Morris County. De Smet, Idaho De Smet (also spelled Desmet) is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Maryville, Tennessee Maryville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is near the North Carolina state line. At the 2010 U.S. census, the population was about 27,465. Katrin Sjögren Katrin Sjögren (born 2 February 1966) is a Finnish politician from the Åland Islands. She has been the Premier of Åland since 25 November 2015. She has also been the leader of the Liberals for Åland party since 2012. She became a member of the Parliament of Åland in 2003. She was Minister of Social Affairs and Environment between 2007 and 2011. She lives in Mariehamn, the capital city of the Åland Islands. She is married to Anders Eriksson. The couple have three children. René Fontès René Fontès (11 June 1941 – 17 March 2019) was a French sports official and politician. He was club president of the Top 14 rugby union team Clermont Auvergne from 2004 to 2013. He was also mayor of the Eygalières commune in Bouches-du-Rhône from 2008 until his death in 2019. He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour in 2011. He was born in Saint-Martin-de-Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône. Fontès died of a heart attack on 17 March 2019 in Eygalières. He was 77. Nikolay Kovalyov (politician) Nikolay Dmitrievich Kovalyov (; 6 August 1949 – 5 April 2019) was a Russian politician, general, and former KGB official. He was a member of United Russia. He was also a member of the State Duma. He was chairman of the Duma's Veterans' Committee. He was the Director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) from July 1996 to July 1998. Vladimir Putin took on the role of director after him. Kovalyov was born in Moscow. Kovalyov died after a long illness on 5 April 2019 in Moscow. He was 69. Nikolay Kovalev Nikolay Kovalev may refer to: Gresham College Gresham College is an institution of higher learning in London. It does not enroll students and does not award any degrees. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham. The College gives over 140 free public lectures every year. Since 2001, all lectures have also been made available online. Professors. There seven original Gresham College Professorships that date back to the origins of the college. They are in Astronomy, Divinity, Geometry, Law, Music, Physic and Rhetoric. These subjects reflect the curriculum of the medieval university (the trivium and quadrivium). The college played an important role in the Enlightenment and in the formation of the Royal Society. Early distinguished Gresham College professors included Christopher Wren, who lectured on astronomy in the 17th century, and Robert Hooke, who was Professor of Geometry from 1665 until 1704. The professors received £50 a year. The terms of their position were very precise, for example: :"The geometrician is to read as followeth, every Trinity term arithmetique, in Michaelmas and Hilary terms theoretical geometry, in Easter term practical geometry. The astronomy reader is to read in his solemn lectures, first the principles of the sphere, and the theory of the planets, and the use of the astrolabe and the staff, and other common instruments for the capacity of mariners." Today three further Professorships have been added to take account of areas not otherwise covered by the original Professorships: The professors currently hold their positions for three years, extendable for a fourth year. They give six lectures a year. There are also visiting professors appointed to give series of lectures at the College. There are a number of single-lecture speakers. The lectures are often given in the Museum of London, which has a bigger lecture room than the College. Edmund Gunter Edmund Gunter (1581 – 10 December 1626) was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent. He is best remembered for his practical inventions for measurement. These include the Gunter's chain, Gunter's quadrant, and the Gunter's scale. In 1620, he invented the first successful analogue device which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents. These inventions are related to the main practical maths interests of England at that time. These were maritime navigation, land surveying and accounting. Gunter was taught mathematics by Henry Briggs. He became a Gresham Professor of Astronomy, from 1619 until his death. Gunter invented the terms cosine and cotangent, Gunter's scale. Gunter’s scale (called by seamen "the Gunter") is a large plane scale, usually 2 ft. long by about 1½ in. broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. By means of this scale questions in navigation, trigonometry etc. are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses. The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Gunter developed his calculating device with a single logarithmic scale. With additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is the modern slide rule. Gunter's chain. Gunter's chain was in common use in surveying up to modern times. It is 22 yards long and is divided into 100 links. Its usefulness comes from its decimal division, and the fact that 10 square chains make an acre. It folds up in sections, and is carried by the surveyor. Gunter's quadrant. His quadrant of 1623 was used for tell the time, find the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian. It used scales and curves of the quadrant and related tables. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple, and was widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries. This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, and other common problems of the globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. These things are needed by ships on long voyages, and on long overland excursions. Controversies. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students. Also like Newton, he became involved in a controversy over priority (who invented what and when). This involved his one-time student Richard Delamain. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653. Melvin Van Peebles Melvin Van Peebles (August 21, 1932 – September 22, 2021) was an American movie maker, actor, novelist and composer. He was the father of actor Mario Van Peebles. Melvin Van Peebles created and acted in the blaxploitation movie "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song" in 1971. He also acted in many other movies from the 1970s to the 2010s. His first Hollywood movie was "Watermelon Man" in 1970. Van Peebles was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died on September 22, 2021 in New York City, aged 89. Damon Wayans Jr. Damon Wayans Jr. (born November 18, 1982) is an American actor, comedian and writer. In the sitcom "Happy Endings", he was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He played Brad Williams in the show. Wayans is the son of actor and comedian Damon Wayans Sr. As a child, Wayans was in the comedy movie "Blankman" in 1994. In 2009, he played Thomas Uncles in the movie "Dance Flick". Wayans was born in Huntington, Vermont. Michael Ironside Frederick Reginald Ironside, known as Michael Ironside (born February 12, 1950) is a Canadian actor, voice actor, movie director, movie producer and screenwriter for both movies and television. He is best-known for playing tough guys and villains. He has also played sympathetic characters. Ironside played Richter in the 1990 science fiction movie "Total Recall". In 1997 he played Lieutenant Jean Rasczak in "Starship Troopers". In 2011 he played the Captain of the 7th Fleet in ". Ironside did voice acting in " and its sequel "Justice League". Ironside was born in Toronto, Ontario. Phonograph cylinder Phonograph cylinders were the earliest commercial method for recording and reproducing sound. They were commonly known simply as "records" in their era of greatest popularity (c. 1896–1915). They were hollow cylindrical objects with an audio recording engraved on the outside surface. The sound can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder phonograph. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system became the more popular commercial audio medium. Some of the cylinders and their recoreders can be found in local museums. Olli Mäki Olli Mäki (22 December 1936 – 6 April 2019) was a Finnish boxer. As an amateur, he won the European lightweight title in 1959. Before this, he placed second in 1957. He was dropped from the 1960 Olympic team. After this, he became professional. He fought until 1973 as a pro, with a record of 28 victories, 14 losses and 8 draws. He lost in two rounds to Davey Moore in 1962. In retirement, Mäki worked as a boxing coach and manager. The movie, "The Happiest Day in the Life of Olli Mäki" (2016), is based on his life. He was born in Kokkola. On 6 April 2019, Mäki died of problems caused by Alzheimer's disease in Kirkkonummi. He was 82. Shawn Smith Shawn Smith (October 28, 1965 – April 3, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He began his career in 1991.He was a vocalist of the bands Brad, Satchel and Pigeonhed. He was also a solo artist. He released 10 solo albums from 1999 until his death. His songs were featured in television series such as "The Sopranos" and "ER". Smith was born in Spokane, Washington. Smith lived in Seattle. He died of a torn aorta and high blood pressure on April 3, 2019, at the age of 53. Soviet satellite state Soviet satellite states were puppet states indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. This meant that they were countries controlled by leaders who were really controlled by the Soviet Union. Soviet satellite states included the Warsaw Pact countries and Mongolia. The Soviet Union chose leaders in these countries who were loyal to the Soviet Union and would send in the military if the local people protested against the local government. Examples were: Most of these "Eastern Bloc" countries had compulsory military service for young men. They also had varying numbers of Soviet troops and KGB agents. All these countries had detailed control of information (censorship), and other aspects of the communist Soviet system. Many features of the Soviet information control were put into practice in distant countries, such as Cuba. Other terms which may be used are: Barry Malkin Barry M. Malkin (October 26, 1938 – April 4, 2019) was an American movie editor. He had about 30 movie credits to his name. He was best known for his work movie director Francis Ford Coppola. He edited most of Coppola's movies between 1969 and 1997. These include "The Rain People" (1969), "The Godfather Part II" (1974), "Apocalypse Now" (1979), "Rumble Fish" (1983), "The Cotton Club" (1984), "Peggy Sue Got Married" (1986), "The Godfather Part III" (1990) and "Jack" (1996). He also edited for the movies "Little Big Man" (1970), "Big" (1988), "New York Stories" (1989), "Honeymoon in Vegas" (1992) and "The Big Bounce" (2004). He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing and an Academy Award for Best Film Editing. Malkin died on April 4, 2019 in Manhattan, New York City. He was 80. Marilyn Mason Marilyn May Mason (June 29, 1925 – April 4, 2019) was an American concert organist, recording artist and professor. She joined the staff of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1947. She became chair of the organ department in 1962, and was named a professor in 1965. She retired in 2014, making her the longest serving University of Michigan staff member at 67 years. She was born in Alva, Oklahoma. Mason died on April 4, 2019 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. She was 93. Jon Østeng Hov Jon Østeng Hov (23 January 1936 − 29 March 2019) was a Norwegian photographer and writer. He was known for his nature photos. He was a columnist for the "Adresseavisen" newspaper for over 30 years. Hov was an honorary member of the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature. In 2005, he was made Knight, 1st Class of the Order of St. Olav. Hov died on 29 March 2019, at the age of 83. Ralph S. Greco Ralph Steven Greco (May 25, 1942 – March 31, 2019) was an American surgeon and sculptor. He was the Johnson and Johnson Distinguished Professor, Emeritus of Surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine. He was well-known for his advocacy for the well-being of surgery residents. He retired from Stanford in 2017. Greco was born in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. He went to Yale University. He was married to Irene L. Wapnir. The couple had three children. Greco died from prostate cancer on March 31, 2019 in Stanford, California. He was 76. Marysville, California Marysville is a city of California in the United States. It is the county seat of Yuba County. Franz Weber (activist) Franz Weber (27 July 1927 – 2 April 2019) was a Swiss environmentalist, animal welfare activist and journalist. He founded the Franz Weber Foundation in 1975. In the 1970s and the 2000s, he led successful campaigns for the protection of the Lavaux region. In 2007, Lavaux became a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. He has also worked in the conservation of natural sites in France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Slovenia and Hungary. He has also helped endangered species in South America, Canada, Australia, Africa and Europe. In 1989, the Franz Weber Foundation bought Bonrook Station, a former cattle station near Pine Creek, Northern Territory. It has since developed into a sanctuary for brumbies and native wild life. In 1997, in the presence of Émile Gardaz, Jean-Pierre Thiollet and some other personalities, the township of Delphi appointed him an Honorary citizenship. Weber was born in Basel. He was married to Judith with one daughter, Vera. He lived in Montreux. On 2 April 2019, Weber died in the capital Bern. He was 91. Daniela Peštová Daniela Peštová is a Czech model. She was on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" "Swimsuit Issue" in 1995, 2000 and 2006. After she started to work for the brand in 1996, she became a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2001. During their fashion show in 1998, she wore the Dream Angel Fantasy Bra, worth $5,000,000. Alturas, California Alturas is a city of California in the United States. It is the county seat of Modoc County. Attalens Attalens ( or "Talin") is a municipality of the district Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Oberschrot Oberschrot was a municipality in the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the municipalities of Oberschrot and Zumholz became part of Plaffeien. Zumholz Zumholz was a municipality in the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, Zumholz and Oberschrot became part of Plaffeien. Heitenried Heitenried is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Plasselb Plasselb is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Rechthalten Rechthalten () is a municipality of the district Sense, in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. St. Silvester St. Silvester () is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. St. Ursen St. Ursen () is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ried bei Kerzers Ried bei Kerzers () is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, Ried bei Kerzers incorporated the neighboring municipality of Agriswil. Gurmels Gurmels () is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. In 1978, Monterschu and Grossgurmels merged to form Gurmels. The municipality of Kleingurmels merged into Gurmels in 2000. In 2003, the former municipalities of Guschelmuth, Liebistorf and Wallenbuch were merged to form Gurmels. Then, in 2005, the former municipality of Cordast joined. Madisonville, Texas Madisonville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Madison County. Don Alden Adams Don Alden Adams (January 16, 1925 – December 30, 2019) was an American Jehovah's Witnesses leader. He was president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2014. The organization is the main legal body used around the world by Jehovah's Witnesses. Adams was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Adams died in December 2019, at the age of 94. Adele Addison Adele Addison (born July 24, 1925) is an American soprano. She was a figure in the classical music world during the 1950s and 1960s. She was an opera singer. However, she spent most of her career performing in recital and concert. A lot of her singing is from the Baroque period. She is well known for performing the singing voice of Bess (played by Dorothy Dandridge) in the movie "Porgy and Bess" (1959). Addison was born in New York City. She grew up in Springfield, Massachusetts. She has had type 2 diabetes since childhood. In 1958, she married Norman Berger, a research scientist and professor at New York University. Berger died in 2005, after a 47-year marriage. Billie Eilish Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell ( ; born December 18, 2001) is an American singer-songwriter. She is currently signed to Interscope Records. Career. She released her first EP, "don't smile at me", in 2017. Her debut album, "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?", was released on March 29, 2019. It features the songs "Bury a Friend", "You Should See Me in a Crown", "When the Party's Over", "Wish You Were Gay", and her first number-one hit, "Bad Guy". The album reached number one in the UK, making her the youngest woman to top the UK Albums Chart. In February 2020, Eilish released her single "No Time to Die", the official James Bond theme for the movie of the same name. For this, she won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2022. Her second studio album, "Happier Than Ever", was released July 30, 2021. Eilish's musical style has been compared to New Zealand singer-songwriter Lorde and American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey. Her songs are considered dark. She suffered with depression and suicidal thoughts at age 11 and expresses her depression through her music. She has been accused of romanticizing death and mental illness. Awards. Grammy Awards. Eilish became the youngest artist to win all four of the major categories (the “Big Four” – Album, Record, and Song of the Year, and Best New Artist) at the Grammy Awards in 2020. She has won five awards from six nominations. Personal life. Eilish has an older brother, Finneas, who works with her on her musical projects. She was part of the Los Angeles Children's Chorus and was home-schooled with her brother. Her mother is actress Maggie Baird. Communist Party of Greece The Communist Party of Greece (; "Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas", KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece. It was founded in 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece (adopting its current name in November 1924). It is the oldest political party in modern Greek politics. The party played a significant role in the Greek resistance. The party's membership was largest in the mid-1940s. It participated in the Greek Civil War, but ended on the losing side and was banned until 1974. The party took part in a coalition government in 1989 when it got more than 13% of the vote. History. Foundation. The October Revolution of the Bolsheviks in Russia in 1917 gave rise to the foundation of communist parties in many countries all over the globe. KKE was founded on 4 November 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece (Greek: Σοσιαλιστικό Εργατικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, "Sosialistikó Ergatikó Kómma Elládas"; acronym: ΣΕΚΕ, "SEKE"). The party was run by a five-member central committee. The committee consisted of Nikos Dimitratos, D. Ligdopoulos, M. Sideris, A. Arvanitis and S. Kokkinos. The background of KKE has roots in more than 60 years of small socialist, anarchist and communist groups. These groups were mainly in industrialized areas. They followed the example of the Paris Commune and the 1892 Chicago workers' movement for the eight-hour working day. These groups pushed for the unification of Greek workers into trade unions, the implementation of an eight-hour day in Greece and better salaries for workers. Inspiration came from the Paris Commune and the communist revolutionary efforts at the beginning of the century. The destruction almost 20 years of wars brought upon the Greek workers also played a role. As a result, a unified Social-Communist party was founded in Greece. At the Second Congress of the SEKE in April 1920, the party decided to affiliate with Comintern. The Comintern was an international communist organisation founded in Moscow in 1919. The SEKE changed its name to the Socialist Labour Party of Greece-Communist (SEKE-K). A new central committee was elected, which included Nikos and Panaghis Dimitratos, Yannis Kordatos, G. Doumas and M. Sideris. At the Third Extraordinary Congress of the SEKE-K in November 1924, the party was renamed the Communist Party of Greece and adopted Marxism–Leninism. Pandelis Pouliopoulos was elected as general-secretary. Ever since, the party has functioned on the basis of democratic centralism. KKE between the two World Wars. KKE strongly opposed Greece's involvement in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. It considered the war an imperialistic plot to control the market of Asia Minor. KKE members advocated this position both on the front as well as in the mainland. KKE worked with the Soviet ambassador to persuade Venizelos' administration to withdraw its troops from Asia Minor. KKE also tried to persuade the Soviet Union to pressure Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to allow autonomy for Greek cities in Asia Minor. Union Public Service Commission The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC; ) is a board in India which conduct several exams to select grade 1 officer for Indian government. UPSC is also responsible for traning and allocation of positions to its different selected candidates. Popular exams conducted by UPSC are Civil services, CDS, IES, NDA and IFOS. Apart from above five exams UPSC also conducts many other exams to facilitate government vaccant positions. UPSC conducts one of the toughest exam of world through which it recruits civil services aspirants for government of India. History. Merit based civil services exam system started in India since 1854. Before 1854 Directors of East India company use to recruit or nominate civil servannts and train them at Haileybury college in London. In early days of civil services exam pappern was focused to help Britishers for this post and exam use to be conducted only at London. It was first in 1922 that civil services exam started in India as well. First Indian to clear civil servant exam was Satender Nath Tagore in 1864 and till 1922 only 4 other Indians could clear civil services. In 1935 civil service commission was brough to "government of India act" It came in affect since 1st April 1937. It was called as Federal public service commission. Post Independence. India became Indipendent on 15th August 1947 and after inaugration of constitution of India on 26th January 1950, Federal Services commission of India was called Union Public services commission under clause (1) of article 378 of Indian constitution. Every year about 1 Million students fill up form to apply for most prestigious and difficult exam in India called civil services conducted by UPSC. Lao People's Revolutionary Party The Lao People's Revolutionary Party (), formerly the Lao People's Party, is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Laos. It has emerged from the Communist Party of Vietnam founded by Hồ Chí Minh in 1930. It has governed in Laos since 1975. The policy-making organs are the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee. A party congress is held every five years. The congress elects members to the politburo and central committee. The congress used to also elect a secretariat, but this body was abolished in 1991. As of 2016, 128 of the 132 members of the National Assembly of Laos were from the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. History. The party has its origins in the Communist Party of Indochina founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930 (see Communist Party of Vietnam). The ICP was entirely Vietnamese at its beginning, but it grew throughout French Indochina. The Communist Party of Indochina was able to found a small "Lao section" in 1936. In the mid-1940s, a campaign to recruit Laotian members began. In 1946 or 1947, Kaysone Phomvihan, a law student at the University of Hanoi, was recruited, along with Nouhak Phoumsavan. Communist Party of Chile The Communist Party of Chile () is a Chilean political party inspired by the thoughts of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. It was founded in 1922, as the continuation of the Socialist Workers Party. In 1932 it established its youth wing, the Communist Youth of Chile ("Juventudes Comunistas de Chile" [abbr:JJ.CC]). The PCCh was a member of "New Majority" (), a leftist coalition led by President of Chile Michelle Bachelet. It holds 8 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. Angelo Acerbi Angelo Acerbi (born 23 September 1925) is an Italian Roman Catholic archbishop. He became a priest in 1948. On 14 August 1979, Acerbi was named Apostolic Nuncio (diplomat of the Holy See) to Colombia, 28 March 1990 to Hungary, 13 January 1994 to Moldova and 8 February 1997 to the Netherlands. He retired on 27 February 2001. He was born in Sesta Godano, Liguria. Isle of Palms, South Carolina Isle of Palms is a city in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 4,133. The city is included within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area. Redoute's Choice Redoute's Choice (15 August 1996 – 26 March 2019) was a multiple Group One-winning Australian Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a champion sire. His dam is a half-sister to the Group One winners Hurricane Sky (by Star Watch) and Umatilla (by Miswaki (USA)), and later produced the Group One winners Platinum Scissors (also by Danehill) and Manhattan Rain (by Encosta De Lago). Redoute's Choice was crowned champion first season sire in Australia in 2004 and champion sire in 2006. Arrowfield Stud announced the death of Redoute’s Choice on 26 March 2019 at the age of 22. The horse was humanely euthanised. Laminitis Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates and is found mostly in horses and cattle. Clinical signs include foot tenderness which makes it harder for them to walk. It also increased digital pulses, and increased temperature in the hooves. The progression of the disease will lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof or being unable to stand up requiring euthanasia. Paula Garcés Paula Garcés (born March 20, 1974) is a Colombian-American actress. She is known for her appearance in movies such as "Clockstoppers", "Man of the House" and "The Harold and Kumar Series". On TV shows, she starred in ', "The Shield", ', "The Sopranos", "Oz", "Devious Maids", "Guiding Light", "All My Children" and "On My Block". Vodka (horse) (4 April 2004 – 1 April 2019) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racemare which won the 2007 Group One (GI) Tokyo Yūshun (Japanese Derby). She won seven G1 races in Japan and was the highest earning racemare in Thoroughbred history at the time. Vodka died on 1 April 2019, from laminitis in Newmarket, Suffolk. She was 14. Philip Greaves Sir Philip Greaves (born 19 January 1931) is a Barbadian politician. He served as an acting governor-general from 1 July 2017 until 8 January 2018. Tetiana Chornovol Tetiana Mykolayivna Chornovol (; born 4 June 1979) is a Ukrainian journalist, politician and activist. In 2014, she was became a member of the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament. She was also one of the leaders in the Euromaidan protests in 2013–14. She is known for investigative reports about corruption in Ukraine. Chornovol was born in Kyiv. She was married to Mykola Berezovyi until his death in 2014. He died as a volunteer fighter in eastern Ukraine. On 25 December 2013, Chornovol was badly beaten after her car was rammed off a road outside Kyiv. She made a recovery. SmoshCast The SmoshCast is a podcast made by Smosh. When Mythical Entertainment bought Smosh, SmoshCast was created. Each Wednesday a new episode is released on iTunes. A member of Smosh hosts alongsode guests from the Smosh family as well as other internet personalities. The censored episode is then uploaded on Friday to YouTube. Philip Nitschke Philip Haig Nitschke (born 8 August 1947) is an Australian humanist, writer and former medical doctor. He is the founder and director of the pro-euthanasia group Exit International. He supported and campaigned for legal euthanasia in the Northern Territory. There, he assisted four people ending their lives while it was legal. Later, the Government of Australia made it against the law again. He is the author of the books "Killing Me Softly: Voluntary Euthanasia and the Road to the Peaceful Pill" (2005) and "The Peaceful Pill Handbook" (2006). He has been called "Dr Death" by the media. Nitschke was born in Ardrossan, South Australia. He lives in the Netherlands. Sacred fig Ficus religiosa or the sacred fig is a species of fig on the Indian subcontinent and Indochina. It belongs to "Moraceae", the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, pippala tree, peepul tree, peepal tree or ashwattha tree (in India and Nepal). The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in three major religions of the Indian subcontinent: Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. It is the type of tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment. Hindu and Jain ascetics also consider the tree to be sacred and often meditate under them. It begins life as an epiphyte, and eventually surrounds and outlives its host tree. The kind of growth is like dozens of vertical trunks stuck together. In the middle may be a space where the original tree of another species once grew. Fayez al-Sarraj Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj ( or ; born 1960) is a Libyan politician who was the Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya and Prime Minister of Libya|prime minister of the Government of National Accord (GNA) of Libya that was formed as a result of the Libyan Political Agreement signed on 17 December 2015. He has been a member of the Parliament of Tripoli. He retired on 15 March 2021. Political career. His father, Mostafa al-Sarraj was a minister during the Libyan Monarchy. Trained as an architect, during the Gaddafi era he worked in the Housing Ministry. In 2014, he served as the Minister of Housing and Utilities in the Maiteeq Cabinet of the GNC. Some critics "regard Sarraj as a politician imposed by foreign powers." At the time of his appointment "Guma el-Gamaty, a member of Libya Dialogue, the UN-chaired body that created the new government, said Sarraj was expected to ask for help to combat Isis and train Libyan units." Presidency. In early October 2015, the United Nations envoy to Libya, Bernardino León, proposed a national unity government for Libya, led by a prime minister (Fayez al-Sarraj), three deputies from the country's east, west, and south regions, and two ministers to complete a presidential council. However, this national unity government was rejected by the internationally recognized legislature in Tobruk and the rival government in Tripoli. Fayez al-Sarraj, and six other members of the Presidential Council and proposed cabinet arrived in Tripoli on 30 March 2016. The following day, it was reported that the GNA has taken control of the prime ministerial offices and that the GNC appointed prime minister Khalifa al-Ghawil had fled to Misrata. Prior to his initial arrival in Tripoli in March 2016, Sarraj survived two separate assassination attempts. The government's initial proposed group of ministers was rejected by the House of Representatives (HoR), leading Sarraj to form a government that received a no confidence vote from the HoR. Infighting among rival militias has only intensified, and Libyan citizens have faced economic hardships, including inflation, corruption, and smuggling, that are "melting away the country's cash reserves". Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1982 The tornado outbreak of April 2-3, 1982 was a tornado outbreak across the central United States on Friday, April 2, and Saturday, April 3, 1982. On Friday, April 2, a series of tornadic supercells formed across northeast Texas and southeastern Oklahoma. It produced an F5 tornado in Speer and Broken Bow, Oklahoma. No deaths were reported from this tornado, however, an F4 tornado in Paris, Texas resulted in ten fatalities. Later in the evening, the supercells that caused the tornadoes moved into Arkansas, causing more deaths in the state. Missouri saw 13 tornadoes during the timeframe. More tornadoes were reported between 8:00 PM on Friday, April 2, and 3:00 PM on Saturday, April 3. The outbreak killed 29 people and injured 383 others. Motorcycle trials Motorcycle trials are missions that require motorcycles to host. It requires practice and skill to complete motorcycle trials. The Pokémon Company The Pokémon Company is a Japanese company founded in 1998 by the same makers of the Pokémon franchise. The Pokémon Company's headquarters is in Tokyo, Japan at the Pokémon Center. It is home to Pokémon toys, games, and other stuff that belongs to the Pokémon franchise. The Pokémon Center is also a mall where people buy goodies and gifts from the Pokémon franchise. Pikachu is the mascot of The Pokémon Company. The Pokémon Company also has trading card game booster packs and comics. Some examples of things manufactured by The Pokémon Company include figures, costumes and handheld video games. The Pokémon Company has 4 sister companies, each of which is located in different countries in the world. Abbasanta Abbasanta ("Abbasànta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,729 people lived there. Its area is 39.85 km². It is 315 meters above sea level. Aggius Aggius ("Àggju") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,504 people lived there. Its area is 86.31 km². It is 514 meters above sea level. Aglientu Aglientu ("Santu Francìscu di l'Aglièntu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,171 people lived there. Its area is 148.19 km². It is 420 meters above sea level. Cho Yang-ho Cho Yang-ho (; 8 March 1949 – 7 April 2019), also known as Y. H. Cho, was a South Korean businessman. He was the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Korean Air, South Korea's flag carrier and largest airline. He served as chairman of the Hanjin Group. He was also a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. He was born in Incheon, Gyeonggi. Cho died on 7 April 2019 after an illness in Los Angeles, California, United States. He was 70. Jim Glaser James William Glaser (December 16, 1936 – April 6, 2019) was an American country music artist. He was a singer-songwriter and guitarist. Biography. Glaser was born in Spalding, Nebraska. He was the brother of fellow country musicians Chuck and Tompall Glaser. With his brothers, he was a member of the group Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. He was also a solo artist. In 1984, his single, "You're Gettin' to Me Again" reached No. 1 on "Billboard"'s Hot Country Songs. He was named as Best New Male Vocalist by the Academy of Country Music in 1984. Glaser died of a heart attack on April 6, 2019. He was 82. Empty Homes Tax An Empty Homes Tax Is a tax on homes that are not lived in for more than six months of the year. A home that is lived in by its owner or a tenant for at least six months does not have to pay this tax. Province of British Columbia. The Province of British Columbia, Canada charges an empty homes tax, the rate of the tax which is charged, depends on if you are a Citizen of Canada. This tax is not the same as the City of Vancouver's empty homes tax. Vancouver, British Columbia. In the Canadian city of Vancouver, the empty home tax is one percent of the assessed value of the home. A CBC report said that rental vacancy rate rose only 0.1% after the tax started. The report also said that the tax was going to bring the city $38 million. The city spent $10 million putting this new tax in 2018 into effect. Santa Cruz, California. In the City of Santa Cruz a group is trying to put a measure for an empty home tax for the November 2022 ballot. The group has registered with the California Secretary of State as a ballot measure committee to support the passage of the ballot measure. The "Empty Home Tax" would create a tax on homes that are lived in for less than 120 days of the calendar year. A home that is lived in by owner or tenant for at least 120 days do not have to pay this tax. This tax also does not apply to homes whose owners have hardships such going into long term care, long hospital stays and other reasons. Collège La Cité La Cité, also called La Cité collégiale, is a French language college in Ottawa, Canada. Lloyd McDermott Lloyd Clive McDermott (11 November 1939 – 6 April 2019) was an Australian rugby player and lawyer. He was Australia's first indigenous barrister. He was also the second indigenous person to represent his country in rugby union (after Cecil Ramalli). He played two matches for the Wallabies against New Zealand's All Blacks in 1962. He later played rugby league for a short time. He was born in Eidsvold, Queensland. McDermott died on 6 April 2019 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 79. Joe Dolce Joseph Dolce (born 13 October 1947) is an American-born Australian singer-songwriter, poet and essayist. He had international fame with the 1980 hit song "Shaddap You Face". The song sold millions worldwide was released under the name of his one-man show called Joe Dolce Music Theatre. "Shaddap You Face" was charted at No. 1 in many countries including Australia, France, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It is Australia's most successful single in terms of sales (450,000 units as of 2013). Dolce was born in Painesville, Ohio. His parents were Italian-Americans. He moved to Melbourne, Victoria in 1978. Shaddap You Face "Shaddap You Face" is a song by singer-songwriter Joe Dolce (released as Joe Dolce Music Theatre). It came out in Australia in 1980. The comedy song is about a made up rebellious Italian boy. The song charted at No. 1 in many countries including Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. "Shaddap You Face" sold millions of records around the world. As of 2013, it sold 450,000 units in Australia. This makes it the country's the most successful single terms of sales. Sammy Hagar Samuel Roy Hagar (born October 13, 1947), nicknamed "The Red Rocker", is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He became famous in the 1970s, as the lead singer of the hard rock band Montrose. He then had a successful solo career. He had a hit single in 1984 with "I Can't Drive 55". He replaced David Lee Roth as the lead singer of Van Halen in 1985. He left the group in 1996. He later returned to the band for a two-year reunion from 2003 to 2005. On March 12, 2007, Hagar was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Van Halen. Hagar was born in Salinas, California. He is of Irish and Italian ancestry. He was married to his first wife Betsy Berardi from 1968 until their divorce in 1994. Berardi and Hagar have two sons together. He married Kari in 1995. The couple have two daughters. Victorian Socialists The Victorian Socialists is a political party in Australia made in 2018. It is a socialist party that focuses on housing, public transport, and worker's rights. It has links to trade unions. Judy Parfitt Judy Catherine Claire Parfitt (born 7 November 1935) is an English television, theatre and movie actress. Her first movie appearance was a small part in "Information Received" (1961). That was followed by a supporting role in the BBC series "David Copperfield" (1966). Parfitt later played Queen Gertrude in the 1969 version of "Hamlet". In 1995 she played Vera Donovan in the horror thriller movie "Dolores Claiborne". In 2003 she played Maria Thins in the historical romance movie "Girl with a Pearl Earring". She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for her part. Parfitt was born in Sheffield, England. Ascending node The ascending node (Ω) is one element of the orbital that must be specified to define the orientation of an elliptical orbit. The other orbital elements are inclination, and the argument of periapsis (ω). The ascending node is usually quoted as the angular position at which a celestial body passes from the southern side of a reference plane to the northern side, hence ‘ascending’. For objects orbiting the Sun, the most convenient reference plane is the orbital plane of the Earth. In other systems, such as orbits of satellites around a planet, a more appropriate reference plane must be used. O'Shea Jackson Jr. O'Shea Jackson Jr. (born February 24, 1991), also known as OMG, is an American rapper and actor. He is also the oldest son of gangsta rapper Ice Cube. He played his father in the 2015 movie "Straight Outta Compton". In the movie "Ingrid Goes West", Jackson Jr. played Dan Pinto, a Batman-obsessed inspiring screenwriter. Jackson Jr. was born in Los Angeles, California. Pyrophone A pyrophone, also called a “fire organ”, is a type of musical instrument, specifically an organ. However, unlike regular organs, pyrophones make sounds by combustion inside of glass tubes, instead of just pushing air through pipes. It was invented by French physicist and musician Georges Frédéric Eugène Kastner. Lasse Hallström Lasse Hallström (born 2 June 1946) is a Swedish movie director. He directed almost all music videos from the group ABBA. Hallström was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for the 1985 movie "My Life as a Dog". He was later nominated again for "The Cider House Rules". His other famous works include "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" and "Chocolat". Hallström was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He later moved to Bedford, New York. Thelma Houston Thelma Houston (born Thelma Jackson on May 7, 1946) is an American singer and actress. She had a #1 hit with her version of "Don't Leave Me This Way". The song won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. Houston made guest-star appearances, including "Cagney & Lacey" and "Simon & Simon". She later acted in the movies "Beloved" and "54". Houston was born in Leland, Mississippi. Vasily Likhachyov Vasily Nikolayevich Likhachyov (; 5 January 1952 – 8 April 2019) was a Russian politician. He served as the Permanent Representative for Russia to the European Council, and as Deputy Minister of Justice. He was also vice-president of the federal subject of Tatarstan. From 2011 until his death, he was a State Duma deputy for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Likhachyov was born in Gorky (now known as Nizhny Novgorod). Likhachyov died on 8 April 2019, at the age of 67. Hugo Ballesteros Reyes Hugo Eugenio Ballesteros Reyes (3 January 1931 – 7 April 2019) was a Chilean politician and diplomat. He served as a member of the Senate from 1957 to 1965. He was also a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1969 to 1977. He served as his country's ambassador to the United Nations. He was born in Santiago. Ballesteros Reyes died of brain cancer on 7 April 2019 in Valparaíso. He was 88. Eva Moser Eva Moser (26 July 1982 – 31 March 2019) was an Austrian chess player. She was awarded the titles International Master (IM), in 2004, and Woman Grandmaster (WGM), in 2003, by FIDE. She was the first woman to win the Austrian Chess Championship in 2006. She also won the Austrian women's championship in 2010 and 2011. She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship (WWCC) in 2008. She was born in Tamsweg, Salzburg. Moser died of leukaemia on 31 March 2019 in Graz. She was 36. Xerocole A xerocole (from Modern Greek xēros , meaning 'dry', and Latin col(ere), meaning 'to inhabit'), is an animal adapted to live in the desert. The main problems these animals face are very little water to drink, and a very hot environment. Xerocoles tend to be nocturnal or crepuscular to escape the heat. Saving up water. Xerocoles have many ways to conserve (save up) the water in their body. Most xerocoles do not sweat, or sweat very little. Many desert birds and mammals have oils on their skin to prevent water from escaping. There is also very little water in their urine and feces. Different types of xerocoles. And so on. Montresta Montresta ("Montrèsta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 489 people lived there. Its area is 31.16 km². It is 410 meters above sea level. Courgevaux Courgevaux () is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Nina Lagergren Nina Viveka Maria Lagergren ("née" von Dardel; 3 March 1921 – 5 April 2019) was a Swedish businesswoman. She was the half-sister of Raoul Wallenberg. She was known for her trying to find out what happened to him after his disappearance. She was the founder of the Raoul Wallenberg Academy. She also presented the radio program "Sommar i P1" in 2014. Lagergren was born in Stockholm. She was married to Gunnar Lagergren from 1943 until his death in 2008. The couple had four children. Their oldest daughter, Nane, was the married to Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations. Lagergren died on 5 April 2019 in Djursholm, Danderyd Municipality. She was 98. Courtepin Courtepin is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Barberêche, Villarepos and Wallenried merged into Courtepin. Cressier, Fribourg Cressier () is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Greng Greng is a municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ulmiz Ulmiz () is a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Meyriez Meyriez () is a municipality in See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Misery-Courtion Misery-Courtion is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was created on 1 January 1997 by the villages of Misery, Courtion, Cormérod, and Cournillens. Avenches Avenches is a Swiss municipality in the canton of Vaud, in Broye-Vully. It was created on 1 September 2006, the village of Donatyre merged into Avenches and on 1 July 2011, the former municipality of Oleyres merged into Avenches. Courlevon Courlevon was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach became the municipality of Murten/Morat. Lurtigen Lurtigen () was a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten. Jeuss Jeuss () was a municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten. Jaun Jaun () is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in Gruyère. Salvenach Salvenach () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten. Sachin Bansal Sachin Bansal (born August 5, 1981) is an Indian technology entrepreneur and an ardent, amateur gamer. He is best known as the co-founder of Flipkart that was acquired by Walmart (77 per cent stakes) at $16 billion in 2018. During his career at Flipkart that spanned 11 years, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and Executive chairman. In 2018, Bansal exited Flipkart along with the Walmart deal. In 2007, Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal (not related) founded Flipkart whose valuation in 2018 was $20.8 billion. In 2018, Bansal held 5.5 per cent stake in Flipkart, which he sold off to Walmart and his net worth then was a little over $1 billion. In May 2018, Bansal announced that after stepping down as the Executive Chairman of Flipkart, he would be focusing on pending personal projects, gaming and brushing up his coding skills. Early life. Bansal was born in Chandigarh, India, on August 5, 1981. His father is a business man and mother is a homemaker. Bansal attended Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and graduated as a Computer Science engineer in 2005. During the course of his education, Bansal had considered giving up his engineering seat to pursue a career in gaming. Age of Empires and Quake III Arena are the games that he was playing in his early life. After graduation, Bansal worked at Techspan for a few months and later in 2006 he joined Amazon Web Services as a Senior Software Engineer. In 2007, Bansal quit Amazon to start his own venture. Flipkart. In October 2007, Bansal and his co-founder, Binny Bansal, started an online bookstore, Flipkart, with an initial capital of ₹400,000 (US$5,600). For about 18 months they received ₹10,000 every month as allowance from their parents. They first started operating out of an apartment in Koramangala, in Bangalore, India. In the first few months, according to Bansal's own claims, he oversaw all business details, from building the first version of their website to sourcing book to packing and delivering them. From inception until 2016, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and from 2016 until 2018, he held the position of Executive Chairman. In 2018, Bansal signed a non-compete clause with Walmart and exited Flipkart. The non-compete clause restricted Bansal from starting any business that directly or indirectly competed with Flipkart for 18 months and in making any investments in businesses competing with Flipkart for 36 months from his departure. Post-Flipkart. In December 2018, Bansal founded BAC Acquisitions Private Limited, a venture that focused on building and acquiring technology-driven businesses in diverse industry verticals. Since 2014, Bansal has made 18 investments in local, early-stage startups where the deal size was $1–2 million. In 2019, Bansal invested $100 million in Ola and received a stake holding of 0.37 per cent. In February 2019, he had investments in Ola, Grey Orange, Ather Energy, SigTuple, Inshorts, Unacademy and TeamIndus. Personal life. Sachin Bansal is married to Priya Bansal, a dentist by training and profession. They have one son. Büchslen Büchslen () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, it became a part of Murten. Utøya Utøya is an island in the Tyrifjorden lake in Hole municipality, in the county of Buskerud, Norway. On 22 July 2011, Utøya was the site of a mass shooting carried out by Anders Behring Breivik. The terrorist attack killed 69 on or near the island. Barberêche Barberêche (; ) was a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It lies on the "language boundary" between the French- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Barberêche, Villarepos and Wallenried merged into the municipality of Courtepin. Villarepos Villarepos () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Villarepos, Barberêche and Wallenried merged into the municipality of Courtepin. Wallenried Wallenried () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Barberêche, Villarepos and Wallenried merged into the municipality of Courtepin. Bas-Vully Bas-Vully (German: "Niederwistenlach" and "Unterwistenlach") was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Until 1977, it was officially known as "Vully-le-Bas". On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Bas-Vully and Haut-Vully merged into the new municipality of Mont-Vully. Haut-Vully Haut-Vully () was a municipality of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Until 1977, it was officially known as "Vully-le-Haut". On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Bas-Vully and Haut-Vully merged into the new municipality of Mont-Vully. Villeneuve Villeneuve, LaVilleneuve, deVilleneuve, or "variation", may refer to: Dalhart, Texas Dalhart is a city in Dallam and Hartley counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Dallam County. The population was 7,930 at the 2010 census. Geography. Dalhart has a total area of 4.79 square miles. People. Dalhart has 7,930 people living there. Princeton, Idaho Princeton is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Dimmitt, Texas Dimmitt ( ) is a city and county seat in Castro County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,393 at the 2010 census. Gruyères Gruyères (; ) is a town in the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Gruyère Gruyère cheese is a hard yellow cheese made from cow's milk, named after the town of Gruyères Gruyère or Gruyere may also refer to: Eric Swalwell 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Eric Swalwell, the U.S. Representative from California's 15th congressional district, began on April 8, 2019, when it was announced on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". Swalwell also posted a campaign ad on his social media accounts the same day he announced his candidacy. He was the third Californian to run for president, behind Senator Kamala Harris and spiritual author Marianne Williamson. If he was elected, Swalwell would be the youngest president in American history; the first millennial president; the first president with student debt; the first president from the San Francisco Bay Area; the first president from California since Ronald Reagan; and the first president who was in the House of Representatives before becoming president since James A. Garfield in 1881. Swalwell ended his campaign on July 8, 2019. Michael Bennet 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Michael Bennet, the senior United States Senator from Colorado, began on May 2, 2019, when Bennet announced that he would be running in the Democratic primaries. On May 2, 2019, Bennet announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for president during an interview on "CBS This Morning". He ended his campaign on February 11, 2020 after a poor performance in the New Hampshire primaries. Angels Camp, California Angels Camp is a incorporated city in Calaveras County, California. At the 2010 census, 8,835 people lived there. Governor of Tennessee The Governor of Tennessee is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Tennessee. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Tennessee's state government. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's army and navy and the state militia. The job of the governor is to see that the state laws are obeyed. Bill Lee, a Republican businessman, became governor on January 19, 2019. Powers. The governor can choose the people in charge of the state government's departments. The governor can also veto laws passed by the Tennessee General Assembly. However, it is easy to overturn the veto, so the governor does not use it very much. Ruth-Margret Pütz Ruth-Margret Pütz (born Margret Doerkes, 26 February 1930 – 1 April 2019) was a German operatic coloratura soprano and teacher. She was born in Krefeld-Uerdingen, Rhenish Prussia, Germany. She was a member of the Staatsoper Stuttgart for many years as a guest at the Vienna State Opera. Her best known roles was as Konstanze in Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail". She was one of the leading sopranos of the 1960s. Pütz died on 1 April 2019 in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg at the age of 89. Davey Williams (musician) Davey J. Williams (1952 – April 5, 2019) was an American free improvisation-avant-garde music guitarist and critic. He was born in York, Alabama. He was known for his works with Curlew and LaDonna Smith. Williams co-founded "The Improviser", a journal of experimental music, in 1981. He also worked as a music critic for the "Birmingham News" and published freelance criticism. Williams died of cancer on April 5, 2019 in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 66. Arie Irawan Muhammad Arie Irawan Ahmad Fauzi (21 August 1990 – 7 April 2019) was a Malaysian professional golfer. He was born in Selangor, Malaysia. Irawan played on the Asian Tour, the Asian Development Tour and the PGA Tour China. He won two events on the Asian Development Tour in early 2015. On 7 April 2019, Irawan was found dead at his hotel in Sanya, China at the age of 28. The cause of death is unknown though many believe it to be natural. Nadja Regin Nadja Regin (, ; 2 December 1931 – 6 April 2019) was a Serbian actress. Starting in Yugoslav films in 1949, she developed an international career in the 1950s, appearing in the 1960s in such British TV series like "Danger Man", "Maigret", "The Benny Hill Show" and "The Saint. She had a distinction of being among the rare actresses who appeared in two James Bond movies: as the mistress of Kerim Bey in "From Russia with Love" and a smaller appearance in the pre-credit sequence of "Goldfinger". On 6 April 2019, Regin died at the age of 87. Sukharev Tower The Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня) was a building in the center of Moscow, Russia. It was built from 1692 to 1701 by the architect Mikhail Chugolokov Ivanovich. It was destroyed in 1934. The Soviet government of Stalin destroyed it to make Garden Avenue in Moscow. When the building was first opened, it was designed to be a kind of Triumphal Gate In honor of the Tsar, he renounced his war against his sister Sophia Alexeyevna Romanova on the throne. The tower was named in honor of Lorenti Pankerevich Soharb who was the commander of the army. The School of Mathematics and Navigation of Moscow used the tower until 1921. Then it became the Moscow City Hall where it also housed: "Moscow History Museum." Finally, it was destroyed in 1934 for the construction of The Garden Ring Although there were many objections to its destruction among the public and among many Russian architects. The tower was built in the Baroque Narishkin style. Harry Kesten Harry Kesten (November 19, 1931 – March 29, 2019) was an American mathematician. He best known for his work in probability, most notably on random walks on groups and graphs, random matrices, branching processes and percolation theory. He wrote 191 papers and has been cited by more than 2,300 researchers. He has been called of the most inventive and important experts of probability theory. He worked at Princeton University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Cornell University. He was born in Duisburg, Germany and grew up in the Netherlands. Kersten died in Ithaca, New York on March 29, 2019. He was 87. Ruth Negga Ruth Negga (born 7 January 1982) is an Irish actress. She is well known for her role as Mildred Loving in the movie "Loving" (2016). For this role, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead, Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actress. Negga has appeared in the movies "Capital Letters" (2004), "Isolation" (2005), "Breakfast on Pluto" (2005) and "Warcraft" (2016). She has also played roles in television, such as in the BBC miniseries "Criminal Justice", RTÉ's "Love/Hate", E4's "Misfits", ABC's "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and AMC's "Preacher". Negga was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital city. Her mother is Irish and her father is Ethiopian. She grew up in Limerick. Wolof people Wolof people is one of the main languages that Senegalese people speak. Gabriel Piroird Gabriel Jules Joseph Piroird (5 October 1932 – 3 April 2019) was a French Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1964. He began serving as the 14th Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Constantine, Algeria on 25 March 1983. He retired on 21 November 2008. He was born in Lyon. Piroird died on 3 April 2019 in Écully, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. He was 86. Avi Gabbay Avraham "Avi" Gabbay (, born 22 February 1967 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli politician. He was leader of the Israeli Labor Party between 2017 and 2019 and former leader of The Zionist Union. He was CEO of the telecommunications company Bezeq from 2007 to 2013. He was Minister of Environmental Protection between 2015 and 2016. Richard E. Cole Richard E. Cole (September 7, 1915 – April 9, 2019) was an American Air Force officer. In April 1942, he was one of the airmen who took part in the Doolittle Raid. He was serving as the co-pilot to Jimmy Doolittle in the lead plane of the raid. He stayed in China after the raid until June 1943. He served again in the China Burma India Theater from October 1943 until June 1944. He later served as Operations Advisor to the Venezuelan Air Force from 1959 to 1962. He retired from the Air Force in 1966. In 2016, he became the last living Doolittle Raid airmen. Cole was born in Dayton, Ohio. He turned 100 in September 2015. He died on April 9, 2019, at the age of 103. Copperopolis, California Copperopolis is a census-designated place in Calaveras County, California. The town is located along California State Route 4 At the 2010 census, 3,671 people lived there. San Andreas, California San Andreas is a census-designated place in Calaveras County, California. It is the county seat of Calaveras County. At the 2010 census, 2,783 people lived there. It was founded in the California Gold Rush. Gummy candy Gummies, gummy candies, or jelly candies are a broad category of gelatin-based chewable sweets. K. M. Mani Karingozhakkal Mani Mani (30 January 1933 – 9 April 2019) was an Indian politician. He was a member of Kerala Congress (M). He served as MLA of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 1965 until his death. He was the longest serving MLA in Kerala's history. He was also of Minister of Revenue and Law, as well as Minister of Finance many times. Mani had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He died on 9 April 2019 in Kochi. He was 86. Marilynn Smith Marilynn Smith (April 13, 1929 – April 9, 2019) was an American professional golfer. She was one of the 13 founders of the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) in 1950. She won two major championships and 21 LPGA Tour events in all. Her major wins were the Titleholders Championship in 1963 and 1964. She was a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. Smith died on April 9, 2019, at the age of 89 in Goodyear, Arizona. She was four days short of her 90th birthday. Auboranges Auboranges is a municipality in Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The name Auboranges is spoken () Billens-Hennens Billens-Hennens is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 1998 from the former municipalities of Billens () and Hennens ( or "Innin") merged into the municipality of Billens-Hennens. Chapelle, Glâne Chapelle (Glâne) () is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Since 2005, Chapelle (Broye) in the same canton is part of the municipality of Cheiry. Châtonnaye Châtonnaye () is a municipality in the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Rue, Switzerland Rue () is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ursy Ursy is a municipality in the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. On 1 January 2001, the former municipalities of Vauderens, Bionnens and Mossel merged into the municipality of Ursy. The former municipality of Vuarmarens merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Ursy. Montet (Glâne) Montet is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Littlefield, Texas Littlefield is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Lamb County. 6,372 people lived there at the 2010 census. Saint-Julien-Innocence-Eulalie Saint-Julien-Innocence-Eulalie is a new commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It was founded on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Sainte-Innocence (the seat), Sainte-Eulalie-d'Eymet and Saint-Julien-d'Eymet. Waldighofen Waldighofen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Felix, California Felix is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It is about 340 meters above sea-level, and is 15.3 km west-southwest of Angels Camp. Tamarack, California Tamarack (or Tamarack Camp) is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County. It is 2,107 meters above sea-level. The greatest snow-depth was measured here in January 1911, with snow as deep as 1,145 cm. Telegraph City, California Telegraph City is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It is 199 meters above sea-level. There was a post office. There between 1862 and 1894. Alà dei Sardi Alà dei Sardi ("Alà") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,879 people lived there. Its area is 197.99 km². It is 663 meters above sea level. Anela Anela ("Anèla") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 645 people lived there. Its area is 36.89 km². It is 446 meters above sea level. Ardara Ardara ("Àldara") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 782 people lived there. Its area is 38.19 km². It is 296 meters above sea level. Arzachena Arzachena ("Alzachèna, Altzaghèna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 13,650 people lived there. Its area is 230.85 km². It is 85 meters above sea level. Badesi Badesi ("Badèsi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,849 people lived there. Its area is 31.3 km². It is 102 meters above sea level. Aritzo Aritzo ("Arìtzo") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,303 people lived there. Its area is 75.58 km². It is 796 meters above sea level. Arzana Arzana ("Àrthana") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,433 people lived there. Its area is 162.49 km². It is 672 meters above sea level. Atzara Atzara ("Atzàra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,133 people lived there. Its area is 35.92 km². It is 553 meters above sea level. Austis Austis ("Aùstis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 820 people lived there. Its area is 50.81 km². It is 737 meters above sea level. Banari Banari ("Bànari") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 580 people lived there. Its area is 21.25 km². It is 419 meters above sea level. Benetutti Benetutti ("Benetùtti") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,862 people lived there. Its area is 94.45 km². It is 406 meters above sea level. Bari Sardo Bari Sardo ("Barì") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,979 people lived there. Its area is 37.43 km². It is 51 meters above sea level. Baunei Baunei ("Baunèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,624 people lived there. Its area is 211.9 km². It is 480 meters above sea level. Belvì Belvì ("Brebì") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 634 people lived there. Its area is 18.1 km². It is 787 meters above sea level. Birori Birori ("Bìroro") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 531 people lived there. Its area is 17.33 km². It is 450 meters above sea level. Berchidda Berchidda ("Belchìdda, Bilchìdda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,773 people lived there. Its area is 201.88 km². It is 290 meters above sea level. Bessude Bessude ("Bessùde") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 410 people lived there. Its area is 26.79 km². It is 447 meters above sea level. Bitti Bitti ("Bìtzi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,845 people lived there. Its area is 215.37 km². It is 549 meters above sea level. Bolotana Bolotana ("Olòthene, Bolòtzana") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,618 people lived there. Its area is 108.44 km². It is 472 meters above sea level. Bonnanaro Bonnanaro ("Bunnànnaru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 977 people lived there. Its area is 21.84 km². It is 405 meters above sea level. Borore Borore ("Bòrere") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,121 people lived there. Its area is 42.68 km². It is 394 meters above sea level. Bono, Sardinia Bono ("Bòno") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,546 people lived there. Its area is 74.54 km². It is 540 meters above sea level. Bonorva Bonorva ("Bonòlva") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,432 people lived there. Its area is 149.75 km². It is 508 meters above sea level. Bortigiadas Bortigiadas ("Bultigghjàta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 765 people lived there. Its area is 75.9 km². It is 476 meters above sea level. Borutta Borutta ("Borùta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 287 people lived there. Its area is 4.76 km². It is 471 meters above sea level. Bortigali Bortigali ("Bortigàle") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,341 people lived there. Its area is 67.33 km². It is 510 meters above sea level. Bottidda Bottidda ("Bòtidda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 694 people lived there. Its area is 33.71 km². It is 396 meters above sea level. Buddusò Buddusò ("Buddusò") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,871 people lived there. Its area is 176.84 km². It is 700 meters above sea level. Budoni Budoni ("Budùne, Budùni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,148 people lived there. Its area is 54.28 km². It is 16 meters above sea level. Bultei Bultei ("Urtèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 950 people lived there. Its area is 96.83 km². It is 509 meters above sea level. Bulzi Bulzi ("Bùltzi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 513 people lived there. Its area is 21.67 km². It is 250 meters above sea level. Burgos Burgos ("Su Bùrgu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 924 people lived there. Its area is 18.08 km². It is 575 meters above sea level. Cardedu Cardedu ("Cardèdu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,909 people lived there. It has an area of 33.39 km². It is located at 19 meters above sea level. Calangianus Calangianus ("Caragnàni, Calanzànos") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,121 people lived there. Its area is 126.35 km². It is 518 meters above sea level. Cargeghe Cargeghe ("Calzèghe, Cagliègga") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 724 people lived there. Its area is 12.05 km². It is 333 meters above sea level. Castelsardo Castelsardo ("Calthèddu, CastèdduSardu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,954 people lived there. It has an area of 43.34 km². It is located at 114 meters above sea level. Cheremule Cheremule ("Cherèmule") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 434 people lived there. Its area is 24.25 km². It is 540 meters above sea level. Chiaramonti Chiaramonti ("Tzaramònte, Ciaramònti, Chjaramònti") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,639 people lived there. Its area is 98.61 km². It is 430 meters above sea level. Codrongianos Codrongianos ("Codronzànu, Codronzànos") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,309 people lived there. Its area is 30.39 km². It is 317 meters above sea level. Cossoine Cossoine ("Cossoìne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 851 people lived there. Its area is 39.17 km². It is 529 meters above sea level. Erula Erula ("Èrula") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 745 people lived there. Its area is 39.31 km². It is 457 meters above sea level. Esporlatu Esporlatu ("Isporlàtu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 396 people lived there. Its area is 18.4 km². It is 473 meters above sea level. Desulo Desulo ("Dèsulu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,350 people lived there. Its area is 74.5 km². It is 888 meters above sea level. Dorgali Dorgali ("Durgàli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,602 people lived there. Its area is 226.54 km². It is 390 meters above sea level. Dualchi Dualchi ("Duàrche") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 616 people lived there. Its area is 23.41 km². It is 321 meters above sea level. Elini Elini ("Elìni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 559 people lived there. Its area is 10.65 km². It is 472 meters above sea level. Fonni Fonni ("Onne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,944 people lived there. Its area is 112.27 km². It is 1000 meters above sea level. Florinas Florinas ("Fiolìnas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,538 people lived there. Its area is 36.06 km². It is 417 meters above sea level. Yoke and arrows The Yoke and the Bundle of Arrows or the Yoke and Arrows (el Yugo y el haz de flechas or el yugo y las flechas) is a badge from the times of the Spanish monarchy of Ferdinand II and Isabella. It represents the unity of the Spanish monarchy and state, and it also promotes the "heroic virtues of the [Spanish] race". The "Y" in "yugo" stands for "Ysabel", as in another spelling of Queen Isabella; and the "F" in "flechas" stands for the first letter in King Fernando's name. The yoke also takes inspiration from the legend of the Gordian knot, as well as the motto that comes with it, "Tanto monta". The arrows being wrapped together refers to the moral story that claims that, like people, arrows can be easily broken one by one, but less so when they are together. In the late 1800s, the yoke and arrows became the political symbol of the Spanish socialist party. After more socialist parties were created and decided to use different icons, the fascist Falangist party began to use the yoke and arrows. Cape Horn, Alpine County, California Cape Horn is a unincorporated community in Alpine County, California. It lies 2,440 meters above sea-level. It is located along California State Route 4. Marysville Marysville can be one of these places in the U.S.: The Lancet The Lancet is a weekly peer reviewed general medical journal. The journal was founded in 1823 by Thomas Wakley, an English surgeon. The word "lancet" has two meanings: a surgical knife, and an architectural term "lancet arch", a window with a sharp pointed arch. This might suggest the "light of wisdom" or "to let in light". The journal publishes original research articles, review articles ("seminars" and "reviews"), editorials, book reviews, correspondence, as well as news features and case reports. "The Lancet" has been owned by Elsevier since 1991. The journal has editorial offices in London, New York, and Beijing. List of municipal districts in Alberta This is an alphabetical list of municipal districts in the Province of Alberta in Canada. Housing starts Housing starts is an economic indicator that reflects the number of privately owned new houses (technically housing units) on which construction has been started in a given period. Leif Haraldseth Leif Haraldseth (30 November 1929 – 8 April 2019) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He served as the Minister of Local Government from 1986 to 1987. He was also head of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1987 to 1989. He was born in Drammen. Haraldseth died on 8 April 2019 in Drammen. He was 89. John Motson John Walker Motson (born 10 July 1945), sometimes nicknamed "Motty", is an English football commentator. He began as a television commentator with the BBC in 1971. He commentated on over 2000 games on television and radio. From the late 1970s to 2008, Motson was the main football commentator at the BBC. Although during the 1990s, Barry Davies was chosen for a few finals. In September 2017, he left the BBC. For the BBC, he commentated on 10 FIFA World Cups, 10 UEFA European Championships and 29 FA Cup finals. In 2018, he started working for Talksport. Motson was born in Salford, Lancashire. He is married to Anne. The couple have a son, Frederick (born 1986). He lives in Little Gaddesden, Hertfordshire. Julio-Claudian dynasty The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first five Roman emperors at the start of the Roman Empire. They were related to Julius Caesar (Dictator: murdered before becoming emperor). The Roman society was a class society, and almost all ruling figures were from the Patrician class. Therefore, for the next 100 years the dynasty had many other influential members who were descended from the female members of the dynasty such as Julia the Younger, eldest granddaughter of Augustus. She was also related to Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. The Onion The Onion is an American satirical digital media company and newspaper organization. It publishes articles on international, national, and local news. The company is based in Chicago. It started as a weekly print publication on 29 August 1988 in Madison, Wisconsin. "The Onion" started publishing online since 1996. In 2007, the organization started publishing sarcastic news, audio and video online as the "Onion News Network". "The Onion" stopped its print edition in 2013. They launched Onion Labs, an advertising agency. Laxmi Prasad Devkota Laxmi Prasad Devkota was a Nepali poet, playwright, scholar, and novelist. He is given the title of Mahakavi in Nepali Literature, which means The Great Poet. He is known as the poet with the golden heart. Some of his famous works are "Muna Madan", "Sulochana", "Kunjini", and "Sakuntala". Flatback turtle The flatback turtle or sea turtle ("Natator depressus") is an Australian species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae. The species is endemic to the sandy beaches and shallow coastal waters of the Australian continental shelf. It was previously called "Chelonia depressa". The turtle gets its common name from the fact that its shell has a flattened or lower dome than the other turtles. It may be olive green to grey with a cream underside. It averages from 76 to 96 cm (30 to 38 inches) in carapace length and can weigh from 70 to 90 kg (154 to 198 lb). The hatchlings, when emerging from nests, are larger than other turtle hatchlings. The flatback turtle is listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Data Deficient, meaning there is insufficient scientific information to decide its conservation status at present. The flatback turtle is the least endangered of all of the sea-going turtles. Unlike other turtles, there is not a big human demand for the meat of the flatback. It does not swim far from shore, so it does not get caught in nets as often as other sea turtles. These reasons may be why it is not in more danger of extinction. Dialect continuum A dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other. People in the dialect continuum who are nearby may understand each other when they speak. People far away from each other may have trouble understanding each other or may not understand each other at all. For example if a certain area speaks in a specific accent, it would be difficult for people from the same region but different area to understand and communicate. Chelidae The Chelidae are a family of freshwater turtles. They are "side-necked turtles". The family is distributed in Australia, New Guinea, parts of Indonesia, and throughout most of South America. It is a large family of turtles, and its fossil history goes back to the Cretaceous. The family Chelidae has about 60 living species in about twenty genera. The family is entirely Gondwanan in origin, with no members found outside Gondwana, either now or as a fossil. They are called side-necked turtles because they withdraw their heads by moving the head sideways (see Pleurodira). Other turtles, if they withdraw their heads, pull them back in the vertical plane. The subfamilies within Chelidae show that most of the South American species and all the Australian species are a clade, that is, evolved from the same ancestor (monophyly. The far more ancient turtle genus "Hydromedusa" is their sister taxon. Nowadays, all these species live in fresh water, but we know from the fossil record that many of their forebears lived in seas around the world. Dave Bartholomew David Louis Bartholomew (December 24, 1918 – June 23, 2019) was an American Hall of Fame rock and roll musician, bandleader, composer, arranger and record producer. His career was based in New Orleans. He was known for his partnership with Fats Domino. Their best known songs were "Goin' Home" and "Ain't That a Shame". Bartholomew's other hit songs as a composer include "I Hear You Knocking", "Blue Monday", "I'm Walkin'", "My Ding-A-Ling", and "One Night". He is a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. Bartholomew died on June 23, 2019 in New Orleans of heart failure at the age of 100. Edgard, Louisiana Edgard is a census-designated place (CDP) in, and the parish seat of, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 2,637 at the 2000 census. It is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area. Timber Trails, California Timber Trails is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It lies 1,102 meters above sea level. Ecublens, Fribourg Ecublens () is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ecublens Ecublens is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland: Grangettes Grangettes is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. La Folliaz La Folliaz was a municipality in Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2005, when the municipalities Lussy and Villarimboud joined together to become the municipality La Folliaz. On 1 January 2020, La Folliaz and Villaz-Saint-Pierre joined together to become the new municipality Villaz. Massonnens Massonnens is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Le Châtelard, Fribourg Le Châtelard is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Mézières, Fribourg Mézières is a municipality of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2004, the former municipality of Berlens merged into the municipality of Mézières. Siviriez Siviriez is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. On 1 January 1978, the former municipalities of Villaranon and Le Saulgy merged into the municipality of Siviriez and on 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Prez-vers-Siviriez, Villaraboud and Chavannes-les-Forts merged into Siviriez. Torny Torny is a municipality in the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Middes and Torny-le-Grand merged into the municipality of Torny. Villaz-Saint-Pierre Villaz-Saint-Pierre was amunicipality in Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities La Folliaz and Villaz-Saint-Pierre joined together to become the new municipality Villaz. Paul Wolfowitz Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (; born December 22, 1943) is an American political scientist and diplomat. He was the 10th President of the World Bank, United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, and former dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He was said to be a leading neoconservative. After serving two years, he resigned as president of the World Bank Group due to scandals. Vuarmarens Vuarmarens was a municipality in Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. On 1 January 2006, Esmonts became part of Vuarmarens. On 1 January 2012, Vuarmarens became part of Ursy. Sandy Ratcliff Alexandra "Sandy" Ratcliff (2 October 1948 – 7 April 2019) was an English actress. She was best known for being one of the original cast members in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" in the 1980s. She portrayed played Sue Osman but left the role in 1989, after it was revealed that she was addicted to heroin and alcohol. Ratcliff was born in London. Ratcliff died in her sleep at her home in London on 7 April 2019, aged 70. Nikolai Gorbachev Nikolai Stepanovich Gorbachev (, ; May 15, 1948 – April 9, 2019) was a Soviet-born Belarusian sprint canoer. He competed in the early to mid-1970s. He won a gold medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Gorbachev also won three medals in the K-4 10000 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (1974) and two bronzes (1971, 1975). Gorbachev died on April 9, 2019 at the age of 70. Villorsonnens Villorsonnens is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was created in 2001 when the municipalities of Chavannes-sous-Orsonnens, Orsonnens, Villargiroud and Villarsiviriaux joined together and became one new municipality. James D. Hudnall James David Hudnall (April 10, 1957 – April 9, 2019) was an American writer. He was born in Santa Rosa, California. Hudnall began his career in the comic book field in 1986 with the series "Espers", published by Eclipse Comics He later worked for Marvel and DC on such titles as "Alpha Flight", ', and his own creation "Interface", which was a sequel to "Espers". He also wrote graphic novels such as ', "Sinking", "Streets" and "The Psycho". Hudnall had diabetes, which in 2015 led to the amputation of his right leg. He died April 9, 2019, one day before his 62nd birthday. Charles Van Doren Charles Lincoln Van Doren (February 12, 1926 – April 9, 2019) was an American writer and editor. He was known for being involved in a television quiz show scandal in the 1950s. In 1959 he testified before the United States Congress that he had been given the correct answers by the producers of the show "Twenty-One". He was fired by NBC, he joined the Encyclopedia Britannica in 1959, becoming a vice president and writing and editing many books before retiring in 1982. Van Doren died in a retirement community in Canaan, Connecticut on April 9, 2019 at the age of 93. Canaan, Connecticut Canaan is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,081 at the 2000 census. Vuisternens-devant-Romont Vuisternens-devant-Romont is a municipality of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. It was created on 1 January 2003 when the municipalities of Estévenens, Villariaz, Lieffrens, Sommentier, Les Ecasseys, La Magne and La Joux joined together to become the new municipality, Vuisternens-devant-Romont. Since 2004, La Neirigue became a part of Vuisternens-devant-Romont. Earl Thomas Conley Earl Thomas Conley (October 17, 1941 – April 10, 2019) was an American country music singer-songwriter known for many hit records, including his 1981 top hit "Fire and Smoke" ("...what a rush I got..."). Between 1980 and 2003, he recorded ten studio albums, including seven for the RCA Records label. He had more than 30 hit records, along with his hit-single "Holding Her and Loving You". As a songwriter, he also wrote popular songs for other singers, with Mel Street's number 13 hit "Smokey Mountain Memories" or Conway Twitty's song "This Time I've Hurt Her More". Throughout his career, Conley's music was called the "thinking man's" country. This is because the narrator looks into the heart and soul of his characters in each song. Conley died on April 10, 2019 in Nashville, Tennessee from problems caused by dementia at the age of 77. Avry Avry is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was created on 1 January 2001, when the municipalities of Avry-sur-Matran and Corjolens joined together to become Avry. Goshen, Connecticut Goshen is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 2,976 at the 2010 census. Neyruz Neyruz is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Weckolsheim Weckolsheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastFrance. Arundhati Ghose Arundhati Ghose (25 November 1939 – 25 July 2016) was an Indian diplomat. She was Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations Office at Geneva and was head of the Indian delegation that participated in the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva in 1996. She also served as Ambassador to South Korea and Egypt. Bresegard bei Eldena Bresegard bei Eldena is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Whitewash Whitewash, also called calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint, is a type of paint. Whitewash is made of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and chalk (calcium carbonate). It is used to make surfaces white. It protects and presents a clean surface. Whitewash may be used to paint the outsides and the insides of homes and other buildings. Other things may be added to whitewash, such as water glass (sodium silicate), glue, egg white, Portland cement, salt, soap, milk, flour, and soil. To change the colour of whitewash, people used different materials. For example, pig's blood was used to make whitewash pink, and blue laundry dye was used to make whitewash blue. Whitewashing Whitewashing can mean to really make something look white and clean, but it can also be a metaphor: Aidomaggiore Aidomaggiore ("Aidumajòre, Bidumajòre") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 451 people lived there. Its area is 41.21 km². It is 250 meters above sea level. Albagiara Albagiara ("Ollàsta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 263 people lived there. Its area is 8.87 km². It is 215 meters above sea level. Ales Ales ("Àbas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,440 people lived there. Its area is 22.45 km². It is 194 meters above sea level. Allai Allai ("Àllai") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 364 people lived there. Its area is 27.36 km². It is 60 meters above sea level. Arborea Arborea ("Arborèa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,910 people lived there. Its area is 94.96 km². It is 7 meters above sea level. Arbus Arbus ("Àrbus") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of South Sardinia in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 6,336 people lived there. Its area is 269.12 km². It is 311 meters above sea level. Ardauli Ardauli ("Ardaùle") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 873 people lived there. Its area is 20.53 km². It is 421 meters above sea level. Armungia Armungia ("Armùngia, Armùnja") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 474 people lived there. Its area is 54.75 km². It is 366 meters above sea level. Assolo Assolo ("Assòlu, Assòu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 391 people lived there. Its area is 16.37 km². It is 255 meters above sea level. Asuni Asuni ("Asùni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 345 people lived there. Its area is 21.34 km². It is 233 meters above sea level. Baradili Baradili ("Bobàdri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 83 people lived there. Its area is 5.57 km². It is 165 meters above sea level. Ballao Ballao ("Ballàu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 812 people lived there. Its area is 46.63 km². It is 98 meters above sea level. Barrali Barrali ("Barràbi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,128 people lived there. Its area is 11.23 km². It is 140 meters above sea level. Barumini Barumini ("Barùmini") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,276 people lived there. Its area is 26.4 km². It is 202 meters above sea level. Baratili San Pietro Baratili San Pietro ("Boàtiri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,312 people lived there. Its area is 6.1 km². It is 11 meters above sea level. Baressa Baressa ("Arèssa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 651 people lived there. Its area is 12.51 km². It is 165 meters above sea level. Bauladu Bauladu ("Baulàu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 689 people lived there. Its area is 24.22 km². It is 38 meters above sea level. Bidonì Bidonì ("Bidunìu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 145 people lived there. Its area is 11.72 km². It is 250 meters above sea level. Bonarcado Bonarcado ("Bonàrcadu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,597 people lived there. Its area is 28.41 km². It is 284 meters above sea level. Boroneddu Boroneddu ("Boronèddu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 149 people lived there. Its area is 4.59 km². It is 206 meters above sea level. Bosa Bosa ("Bòsa, 'Osa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,929 people lived there. Its area is 128.02 km². It is 2 meters above sea level. Buggerru Buggerru ("Bugèrru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,068 people lived there. Its area is 48.33 km². It is 51 meters above sea level. Burcei Burcei ("Brucèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,802 people lived there. Its area is 94.85 km². It is 648 meters above sea level. Busachi Busachi ("Busàche") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,291 people lived there. Its area is 59.03 km². It is 379 meters above sea level. Cabras Cabras ("Cràbas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 9,174 people lived there. Its area is 102.26 km². It is 6 meters above sea level. Calasetta Calasetta ("Câdesédda, Cal' e Sèda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,923 people lived there. Its area is 31.06 km². It is 9 meters above sea level. Carbonia, Sardinia Carbonia ("Carbònia, Crabònia") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 28,581 people lived there. Its area is 145.54 km². It is 111 meters above sea level. Carloforte Carloforte ("UPàize, Carlufòrti") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 6,215 people lived there. Its area is 51.1 km². It is 10 meters above sea level. Castiadas Castiadas ("Castiàdas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,669 people lived there. Its area is 103.89 km². It is 60 meters above sea level. Collinas Collinas ("Fòrru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 846 people lived there. Its area is 20.83 km². It is 249 meters above sea level. Cuglieri Cuglieri ("Cùllieri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,671 people lived there. Its area is 120.54 km². It is 479 meters above sea level. Curcuris Curcuris ("Crucùris") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 310 people lived there. Its area is 7.18 km². It is 130 meters above sea level. Decimoputzu Decimoputzu ("Deximupùtzu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,371 people lived there. Its area is 44.77 km². It is 17 meters above sea level. Dolianova Dolianova ("Patiòlla") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 9,699 people lived there. Its area is 84.31 km². It is 212 meters above sea level. Domus de Maria Domus de Maria ("Dòmus de Marìa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,656 people lived there. Its area is 97.14 km². It is 66 meters above sea level. Domusnovas Domusnovas ("Domusnòas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 6,213 people lived there. Its area is 80.59 km². It is 52 meters above sea level. Donori Donori ("Donòri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,094 people lived there. Its area is 35.31 km². It is 141 meters above sea level. Escalaplano Escalaplano ("Scaleprànu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,196 people lived there. Its area is 94.04 km². It is 338 meters above sea level. Escolca Escolca ("Iscròca") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 589 people lived there. Its area is 14.76 km². It is 416 meters above sea level. Esterzili Esterzili ("Istersìli, Stersìli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 643 people lived there. Its area is 100.74 km². It is 731 meters above sea level. Fluminimaggiore Fluminimaggiore ("Frùmini Majòri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,882 people lived there. Its area is 108.18 km². It is 63 meters above sea level. Furtei Furtei ("Futèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,629 people lived there. Its area is 26.11 km². It is 90 meters above sea level. Flussio Flussio ("Frussìo") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 440 people lived there. Its area is 6.87 km². It is 305 meters above sea level. Fordongianus Fordongianus ("Fordongiànis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 890 people lived there. Its area is 39.48 km². It is 35 meters above sea level. Genoni Genoni ("Jaròi, Geròni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 832 people lived there. Its area is 43.79 km². It is 447 meters above sea level. Genuri Genuri ("Giaùni, Jaùni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 330 people lived there. Its area is 7.52 km². It is 230 meters above sea level. Gergei Gergei ("Gerxèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,224 people lived there. Its area is 36.18 km². It is 374 meters above sea level. Gesico Gesico ("Gèsigu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 846 people lived there. Its area is 25.62 km². It is 300 meters above sea level. Gesturi Gesturi ("Gèsturi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,252 people lived there. Its area is 46.83 km². It is 315 meters above sea level. Giba Giba ("Gìba") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,057 people lived there. Its area is 30.44 km². It is 59 meters above sea level. Ghilarza Ghilarza ("Ilàrtzi") is a town and a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,481 people lived there. Its area is 55.46 km². It is 290 meters above sea level. Goni Goni ("Gòni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 483 people lived there. Its area is 18.6 km². It is 383 meters above sea level. Gonnesa Gonnesa ("Gonnèsa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,033 people lived there. Its area is 48.06 km². It is 40 meters above sea level. Gonnoscodina Gonnoscodina ("Gonnoscodìna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 477 people lived there. Its area is 8.82 km². It is 112 meters above sea level. Gonnosfanadiga Gonnosfanadiga ("Gònnos") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 6,611 people lived there. Its area is 125.19 km². It is 180 meters above sea level. Gonnosnò Gonnosnò ("Gonnonnò") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 772 people lived there. Its area is 15.46 km². It is 220 meters above sea level. Gonnostramatza Gonnostramatza ("Gonnostramàtza") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 896 people lived there. Its area is 17.64 km². It is 104 meters above sea level. Guamaggiore Guamaggiore ("Gomajòri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 984 people lived there. Its area is 16.8 km². It is 199 meters above sea level. Guasila Guasila ("Guasìba, Guasìlla") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,676 people lived there. Its area is 43.51 km². It is 210 meters above sea level. Guspini Guspini ("Gùspini") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 11,870 people lived there. Its area is 174.67 km². It is 130 meters above sea level. Iglesias, Sardinia Iglesias ("Igrèsias, Bidd 'e Crèsia") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 26,992 people lived there. Its area is 208.23 km². It is 200 meters above sea level. Isili Isili ("Ìsili") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,748 people lived there. Its area is 67.84 km². It is 523 meters above sea level. Laconi Laconi ("Làconi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,878 people lived there. Its area is 124.75 km². It is 555 meters above sea level. Las Plassas Las Plassas ("Is Pràtzas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 240 people lived there. Its area is 11.04 km². It is 148 meters above sea level. Lunamatrona Lunamatrona ("Lunamatròna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,699 people lived there. Its area is 20.59 km². It is 168 meters above sea level. Mandas Mandas ("Màndas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,192 people lived there. Its area is 45.02 km². It is 457 meters above sea level. Magomadas Magomadas ("Magumàdas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 666 people lived there. Its area is 9.02 km². It is 263 meters above sea level. Marrubiu Marrubiu ("Marrùbiu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,838 people lived there. Its area is 61.24 km². It is 7 meters above sea level. Masullas Masullas ("Masùddas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,071 people lived there. Its area is 18.68 km². It is 129 meters above sea level. Milis Milis ("Mìris") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,555 people lived there. Its area is 18.67 km². It is 72 meters above sea level. Modolo Modolo ("Mòdolo") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 168 people lived there. Its area is 2.47 km². It is 134 meters above sea level. Masainas Masainas ("Masàinas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,313 people lived there. Its area is 23.69 km². It is 57 meters above sea level. Monastir Monastir ("Muristèni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,567 people lived there. Its area is 31.79 km². It is 81 meters above sea level. Mogorella Mogorella ("Mogorèdda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 442 people lived there. Its area is 17.06 km². It is 265 meters above sea level. Mogoro Mogoro ("Mòguru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,157 people lived there. Its area is 48.99 km². It is 136 meters above sea level. Muravera Muravera ("Murèra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,262 people lived there. Its area is 93.51 km². It is 9 meters above sea level. Morgongiori Morgongiori ("Mragaxòri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 720 people lived there. Its area is 45.2 km². It is 351 meters above sea level. Musei Musei ("Mùsei") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,528 people lived there. Its area is 20.27 km². It is 119 meters above sea level. Narcao Narcao ("Narcàu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,300 people lived there. Its area is 85.88 km². It is 125 meters above sea level. Narbolia Narbolia ("Narabuìa") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,791 people lived there. Its area is 40.5 km². It is 57 meters above sea level. Neoneli Neoneli ("Neunèle") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 684 people lived there. Its area is 48.01 km². It is 554 meters above sea level. Norbello Norbello ("Norghìddo") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,228 people lived there. Its area is 26.18 km². It is 350 meters above sea level. Nughedu Santa Vittoria Nughedu San Nicolò ("Nughèdu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 819 people lived there. Its area is 67.89 km². It is 577 meters above sea level. Nurachi Nurachi ("Nuràchi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,782 people lived there. Its area is 15.97 km². It is 7 meters above sea level. Nuragus Nuragus ("Nuràgus") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 913 people lived there. Its area is 19.9 km². It is 359 meters above sea level. Nurallao Nurallao ("Nuràdda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,270 people lived there. Its area is 34.76 km². It is 390 meters above sea level. Nuraminis Nuraminis ("Nuràminis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,526 people lived there. Its area is 45.18 km². It is 91 meters above sea level. Nurri Nurri ("Nurri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,164 people lived there. Its area is 73.67 km². It is 612 meters above sea level. Nuxis Nuxis ("Nùxis, Nùcis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,566 people lived there. Its area is 61.59 km². It is 196 meters above sea level. Nureci Nureci ("Nurèci") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 360 people lived there. Its area is 12.87 km². It is 335 meters above sea level. Ollastra Ollastra ("Ollàsta") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,219 people lived there. Its area is 21.47 km². It is 23 meters above sea level. Orroli Orroli ("Arròlli, Arròli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,267 people lived there. Its area is 75.59 km². It is 550 meters above sea level. Ortacesus Ortacesus ("Ortacèsus") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 950 people lived there. Its area is 23.63 km². It is 161 meters above sea level. Pabillonis Pabillonis ("Pabillònis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,781 people lived there. Its area is 37.42 km². It is 42 meters above sea level. Palmas Arborea Palmas Arborea ("Pràmmas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,514 people lived there. Its area is 39.33 km². It is 4 meters above sea level. Pau Pau ("Pàu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 300 people lived there. Its area is 13.82 km². It is 315 meters above sea level. Pauli Arbarei Pauli Arbarei ("Paùli Arbarèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 616 people lived there. Its area is 15.14 km². It is 140 meters above sea level. Paulilatino Paulilatino ("Paùlle") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,234 people lived there. Its area is 103.85 km². It is 280 meters above sea level. Perdaxius Perdaxius ("Perdàxius") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,455 people live there. Its area is 29.5 km². It is 98 meters above sea level. Pimentel Pimentel ("Pramantèllu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,171 people lived there. Its area is 14.97 km². It is 154 meters above sea level. Pompu Pompu ("Pòmpu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 257 people lived there. Its area is 5.32 km². It is 147 meters above sea level. Piscinas Piscinas ("Piscìnas") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 857 people lived there. Its area is 16.89 km². It is 66 meters above sea level. Portoscuso Portoscuso ("Portescùsi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,150 people lived there. Its area is 38.09 km². It is 6 meters above sea level. Bhanubhakta Acharya Bhanubhakta Acharya was a poet, translator and writer in Nepali Literature. He is given the title of "Adikavi" in Nepali Literature, which means "The First-ever Poet". The great epic Ramayana was translated by him for the first time from Sanskrit to Nepali language. Magnetostatics Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the electric currents are steady (not changing with time). Magnetostatics is widely used in magnetic storage devices such as in computer memory. Magnetostatic focussing can be got by a permanent magnet or by passing a current through a coil of wire whose axis coincides with the beam axis. Language border A language border or language boundary is the line separating two languages. The two languages must be different enough for speakers to not understand each other. If the speakers do understand each other, there will be a dialect continuum with no exact border, and the languages will mix with each other. A language island is a language area that is fully surrounded by a language border. Jay Garner Jay Montgomery Garner (born April 15, 1938) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general. He was appointed in 2003 as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He was replaced by Paul Bremer. César Lévano Edmundo Dante Lévano La Rosa, also known as César Lévano (December 11, 1926 – March 22, 2019) was a Peruvian educator, journalist, writer, teacher and poet. He was director of the Peruvian newspaper Perfil. He was also a retired professor at the National University of San Marcos (UNMSM). In 2011, she received the Annual Human Rights Award from the National Coordinator of Human rights. In 2014 he assumed the management of Diario UNO, previously called "La Primera", and resigned in September 2018 due to lack of payments. Roger Moore (computer scientist) Roger D. Moore (November 16, 1939 – March 21, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He worked in the design and implementation of APL. Moore was a cofounder of I. P. Sharp Associates and held a senior position in the company for many years. Before this, he worked at Stanford University and wrote the ALGOL 60 compiler for the Ferranti-Packard 6000 and the ICT 1900. Redlands, California Redlands (Serrano: "Tukut") is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is a part of the Greater Los Angeles area. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 68,747. The city is located about east of San Bernardino. Boris Dubrovin Boris Anatolievich Dubrovin (; 6 April 1950 – 19 March 2019) was a Russian mathematician. He was awarded the Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1984. He worked at the Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA). His works focused on geometry and non-linear equations. Dubrovin died on 19 March 2019 from ALS at the age of 68. Yuya Uchida (singer) was a Japanese singer, record producer, and actor. His career lasted for 60 years. He was a major figure in Japanese popular music. He appeared in many movies, such as Nagisa Ōshima's "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence". He also starred in the American movie "Black Rain". On May 13, 2011, Uchida was arrested for assault and trespassing after threatening his former girlfriend. Uchida died from pneumonia in a Tokyo hospital on March 17, 2019, aged 79. Katherine Waterston Katherine Boyer Waterston (born March 3, 1980) is a British born-American actress. Her first feature movie was the legal thriller movie "Michael Clayton" (2007). In the movie "Steve Jobs", she played Chrisann Brennan. Waterston had a starring role as Tina Goldstein in "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (2016). Waterston has won several awards for her acting. Waterston was born in Westminster, London, England. Red McCombs Billy Joe "Red" McCombs (born October 19, 1927) is an American businessman and philanthropist. McCombs is the founder of the Red McCombs Automotive Group in San Antonio, Texas, a co-founder of Clear Channel Communications, chairman of Constellis Group, a former owner of the San Antonio Spurs, San Antonio Force, Denver Nuggets and the Minnesota Vikings. He is on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans. He is also known for his philanthropy. Spur, Texas Spur is a city in Dickens County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,318 at the 2010 census. Spur is located in southern Dickens County at (33.477650, -100.857018). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Homo luzonensis Homo luzonensis is the name given to some fossil bones of a hominin. The place of discovery was in the north of Luzon, a large island in the Philippines. The remains are about 67,000 years old. They are small bones and teeth from Callao Cave. Researchers think they are from a hitherto unknown species. At least one expert, Aida Gómez-Robles, "is hesitant to unequivocally say the find represents a new species". Discovery. The archaeologist who found the remains is Armand Mijares. He had dug in Callao Cave in 2003, but he stopped at a little more than one meter deep. He said that the discovery of "Homo floresiensis", a hominin from about 50,000 BP found in Indonesia in 2004, led him to return to the cave in 2007. About a meter and a half below where he had stopped before, his team found fossil bones. One of the bones was a human metatarsal, a foot bone. At first, Mijares thought the fossil bone could belong to a small "Homo sapiens". But after more digging in 2011 and 2015, he and his team recovered more bones and some teeth. These remains from at least three individuals were seen as too different to belong to "Homo sapiens". Therefore, scientists working on the material have said it is a new species. Zoë Kravitz Zoë Kravitz (born December 1, 1988) is an American actress, singer and model. She is the daughter of musician Lenny Kravitz and Lisa Bonet. She is of African-American, Afro-Bahamian and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Russia and Ukraine) descent. Kravitz first acted in the 2007 movie "No Reservations". She is known for her role as Catwoman in the 2022 movie "The Batman". Career. Kravitz' first big role was as Angel Salvadore in the 2011 superhero movie "". She later had supporting roles in movies, like "The Lego Batman Movie" and the "Harry Potter" spin-off movie "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them". She also acted in independent movies, like "Dope" in 2015 and HBO's drama "Big Little Lies". Kravitz was the face of Vera Wang's "Princess" fragrance in 2009. She later modeled for "Elle" magazine. Kravitz is with the group Lolawolf. Lolawolf is an American contemporary R&B and electropop duo. They released their first album, "Calm Down", in 2014. The band toured with Miley Cyrus, Lily Allen and others. In October 2019, she was cast as Catwoman in the 2022 crime-thriller movie "The Batman". Kravitz was born in Los Angeles, California. Awards. Kravitz was ranked one of the best dressed women in 2018 by fashion website Net-a-Porter. French Republican calendar The French Republican calendar (), also known as the French Revolutionary calendar ("calendrier révolutionnaire français"), was a calendar. It was used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805. The Paris Commune also used the calendar in 1871. The calendar was made in part to remove all religious and royalist influences from the calendar. It was also an attempt to make the time decimal. Cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called a prosoma, is the body part of some arthropods where the head and the thorax are one. It is common in crustacea and chelicerates. The cephalothorax may be covered with a tough carapace. Bossonnens Bossonnens () is a municipality of the district of Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Châtel-Saint-Denis Châtel-Saint-Denis ( or "Tsathi-Chin-Dèni") is a municipality and the capital of the district of Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Granges, Switzerland Granges, officially known as Granges (Veveyse), is a municipality of the district Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. La Verrerie La Verrerie is a municipality of the district of Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2004, by the former municipalities of Le Crêt, Grattavache, and Progens merged to form La Verrerie. The municipality is administered from Le Crêt. Le Flon Le Flon is a municipality of the district Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2004 by the former municipalities of Bouloz, Pont (Veveyse) and Porsel. Remaufens Remaufens is a municipality of the district Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Saint-Martin, Fribourg Saint-Martin is a municipality of the district Veveyse in canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2004 by the former municipalities of Besencens and Fiaugères merged to form Saint-Martin. Semsales Semsales is a municipality of the district Veveyse in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Income taxes in Canada Every Canadian with income must file an income tax return every year. People earning a small amount are exempt from this requirement. Unlike Americans, Canadian citizens who live outside Canada are exempt from filing an income tax return and paying taxes to Canada, unless their income is derived in Canada. The income tax returns are assessed by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). Sometimes the filer must pay and other times they get a refund. Most employees pay income tax in advance through employer deductions. This is called tax withholding. When tax witholding exceeds the income tax due for the year, the employee can get a refund when filing their tax return. Income tax in Canada is very complex. The Income Tax Act contains over over one million words The deadline for filing an income tax return is April 30th of the following year. Those who owe money to the government and miss the deadline pay interest on the amount owed plus a penalty. Dmitri Savitski Dmitri Petrovich Savitski (; 25 January 1944 – 11 April 2019) was a Soviet-born Russian-French writer and poet. He was well known for his novels "Waltz for K" and "From Nowhere with Love". His books were written in Russian, and translated into languages such as French, English and Italian. He also hosted the radio program "49 Minutes of Jazz". He hosted the Radio Liberty jazz review was from 1989 to 2004. He was born in Moscow. Savitski lived in France. He died in Paris on 11 April 2019, at the age of 75. Trent Alexander-Arnold Trent John Alexander-Arnold (born 7 October 1998) is an English professional footballer. He plays for Premier League club Liverpool and the England national team. He plays as a right-back. He was born in West Derby, Liverpool. Alexander-Arnold is an academy graduate of Liverpool. He made played his first senior game for Liverpool in 2016, aged 18. He has since made over 70 appearances and won the club's Young Player of the Season award in 2017 and 2018. He won the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League with Liverpool, starting in the final. Alexander-Arnold represented England at all youth levels from under-16 through to under-21. He then played his first senior game for his country in June 2018. He played for England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Honours. Liverpool England Gadoni Gadoni ("Adòni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 795 people lived there. Its area is 43.44 km². It is 696 meters above sea level. Gairo Gairo ("Gàiru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,444 people lived there. Its area is 77.49 km². It is 670 meters above sea level. Galtellì Galtellì ("Gartèddi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,434 people lived there. Its area is 56.53 km². It is 35 meters above sea level. Gavoi Gavoi ("Gavòi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,664 people lived there. Its area is 38.06 km². It is 777 meters above sea level. Giave Giave ("Tzàve") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 537 people lived there. Its area is 47.07 km². It is 595 meters above sea level. Girasole Girasole ("Gelisùli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,291 people lived there. Its area is 13.16 km². It is 10 meters above sea level. Golfo Aranci Golfo Aranci ("Fìgari") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,452 people lived there. Its area is 37.43 km². It is 19 meters above sea level. Ilbono Ilbono ("Irbòno") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,252 people lived there. Its area is 31.13 km². It is 400 meters above sea level. Illorai Illorai ("Illorài") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 861 people lived there. Its area is 57.19 km². It is 503 meters above sea level. Irgoli Irgoli ("Irgòli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,309 people lived there. Its area is 75.3 km². It is 26 meters above sea level. Ittireddu Ittireddu ("Itirèddu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 504 people lived there. Its area is 23.69 km². It is 313 meters above sea level. Ittiri Ittiri ("Ìtiri Cannèdu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,619 people lived there. Its area is 111.46 km². It is 400 meters above sea level. Jerzu Jerzu ("Jèrsu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,166 people lived there. Its area is 102.61 km². It is 427 meters above sea level. La Maddalena La Maddalena ("A Madalèna, Sa Madalèna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 11,246 people lived there. Its area is 52.01 km². It is 19 meters above sea level. Laerru Laerru ("Laèrru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 906 people lived there. Its area is 19.85 km². It is 165 meters above sea level. Loculi Loculi ("Lòcula") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 517 people lived there. Its area is 38.15 km². It is 26 meters above sea level. Loceri Loceri ("Lòceri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,293 people lived there. Its area is 19.37 km². It is 206 meters above sea level. Lanusei Lanusei ("Lanusè") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,399 people lived there. Its area is 53.17 km². It is 595 meters above sea level. Lodè Lodè is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,692 people lived there. Its area is 123.45 km². It is 345 meters above sea level. Mara Mara ("Màra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 612 people lived there. Its area is 18.64 km². It is 257 meters above sea level. Mamoiada Mamoiada ("Mamujàda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,544 people lived there. Its area is 48.83 km². It is 544 meters above sea level. Macomer Macomer ("Macumère") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 10,128 people lived there. Its area is 122.77 km². It is 563 meters above sea level. Luras Luras ("Lùras, Lùrisi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,556 people lived there. Its area is 87.59 km². It is 508 meters above sea level. Luogosanto Luogosanto ("Locusàntu, Logusàntu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,883 people lived there. Its area is 135.07 km². It is 321 meters above sea level. Lula Lula ("Lùvula") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,397 people lived there. Its area is 148.72 km². It is 521 meters above sea level. Lotzorai Lotzorai ("Lotzorài") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,186 people lived there. Its area is 16.87 km². It is 11 meters above sea level. Loiri Porto San Paolo Loiri Porto San Paolo ("Lòiri Poltu Santu Pàulu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,407 people lived there. Its area is 118.52 km². It is 105 meters above sea level. Lodine Lodine ("Lodìne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 339 people lived there. Its area is 7.7 km². It is 884 meters above sea level. Monteleone Rocca Doria Monteleone Rocca Doria ("Monteleòne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 102 people lived there. Its area is 13.39 km². It is 368 meters above sea level. Monti Monti ("Mònte") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,420 people lived there. Its area is 123.82 km². It is 300 meters above sea level. Martis Martis ("Màltis, Màlti") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 517 people lived there. Its area is 22.96 km². It is 295 meters above sea level. Muros Muros ("Mùros") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 852 people lived there. Its area is 11.23 km². It is 305 meters above sea level. Noragugume Noragugume ("Noragùgume") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 311 people lived there. Its area is 26.73 km². It is 288 meters above sea level. Nughedu San Nicolò Nughedu San Nicolò ("Nughèdu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 819 people lived there. Its area is 67.89 km². It is 577 meters above sea level. Nule Nule ("Nule") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,380 people lived there. Its area is 51.95 km². It is 650 meters above sea level. Nulvi Nulvi ("Nùjvi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,741 people lived there. Its area is 67.38 km². It is 478 meters above sea level. Nuoro Nuoro ("Nùgoro") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 36,925 people lived there. Its area is 192.06 km². It is 549 meters above sea level. Oliena Oliena ("Ulìana") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,101 people lived there. Its area is 165.74 km². It is 379 meters above sea level. Ollolai Ollolai ("Ollolài") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,291 people lived there. Its area is 27.24 km². It is 960 meters above sea level. Olmedo Olmedo ("S'Ulumèdu, Urumèddu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,161 people lived there. Its area is 33.47 km². It is 68 meters above sea level. Olzai Olzai ("Ortzài, Orthài") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 880 people lived there. Its area is 69.82 km². It is 474 meters above sea level. Onanì Onanì ("Onanìe") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 391 people lived there. Its area is 71.97 km². It is 482 meters above sea level. Onifai Onifai ("Oniài") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 745 people lived there. Its area is 43.19 km². It is 29 meters above sea level. Oniferi Oniferi ("Onièri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 902 people lived there. Its area is 35.67 km². It is 478 meters above sea level. Orani Orani ("Oràne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,879 people lived there. Its area is 130.43 km². It is 523 meters above sea level. Orgosolo Orgosolo ("Orgòsolo") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 4,210 people lived there. Its area is 222.6 km². It is 620 meters above sea level. Oristano Oristano ("Aristànis") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 31,687 people lived there. Its area is 84.57 km². It is 9 meters above sea level. Orosei Orosei ("Orosèi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,034 people lived there. Its area is 91 km². It is 19 meters above sea level. Orotelli Orotelli ("Orotèddi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,033 people lived there. Its area is 61.18 km². It is 406 meters above sea level. Ortueri Ortueri ("Ortuèri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,152 people lived there. Its area is 38.83 km². It is 584 meters above sea level. Orune Orune ("Urùne, Orùne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,353 people lived there. Its area is 128.45 km². It is 745 meters above sea level. Oschiri Oschiri ("Óschiri, Óscari") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,293 people lived there. Its area is 215.61 km². It is 202 meters above sea level. Osidda Osidda ("Osìdde") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 257 people lived there. Its area is 25.68 km². It is 650 meters above sea level. Osilo Osilo ("Ósile, Ósili, Ósilu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,059 people lived there. Its area is 98.03 km². It is 672 meters above sea level. Osini Osini ("Osìni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 789 people lived there. Its area is 39.81 km². It is 645 meters above sea level. Ossi Ossi ("Ossi") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,817 people lived there. Its area is 30.09 km². It is 322 meters above sea level. Ottana Ottana ("Otzàna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,307 people lived there. Its area is 45.07 km². It is 185 meters above sea level. Ovodda Ovodda ("Ovòdda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,602 people lived there. Its area is 40.85 km². It is 751 meters above sea level. Ozieri Ozieri ("Otièri") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 10,602 people lived there. Its area is 252.13 km². It is 390 meters above sea level. Casey Wilson Cathryn Rose "Casey" Wilson (born October 24, 1980) is an American comedian, actress and screenwriter. She played Penny Hartz in the ABC sitcom "Happy Endings". For that, she was nominated twice for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Wilson's other major work includes "Julie & Julia", "Gone Girl" and "The Meddler". On "Saturday Night Live", she had a two-season acting job from 2008 to 2009. Wilson was born in Alexandria, Virginia. Andrzej Suski Andrzej Wojciech Suski (born 24 December 1941) is a retired Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1965. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Płock from 1986 to 1992. After this, he became the Bishop of Toruń. He retired in November 2017. He was born in Płock. Andrew Robertson Andrew Robertson (born 11 March 1994) is a Scottish professional footballer. He plays for Premier League club Liverpool and captains the Scotland national team. He plays as a left-back. He was born in Glasgow. Robertson started his senior career with Queen's Park in 2012. A year later, he joined Dundee United a year later. He joined English club Hull City in July 2014 for a fee of £2.85 million. In July 2017, he joined Liverpool in July 2017 for a believed fee of around £8 million. In his first season with Liverpool, Robertson played in the final of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, losing 3–1 to Real Madrid. In his second season with the club, he won the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, with his side defeating Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the final. Robertson has played for Scotland since May 2014. He became captain of his country in September 2018. Honours. Dundee United Hull City Liverpool Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1945) Thomas Smith (5 April 1945 – 12 April 2019) was an English footballer. He played as a defender. He was born in Liverpool. Smith was best remembered for his time at Liverpool for 16 years from 1962 to 1978. He was known for his firm defensive style. Manager Bill Shankly once said of him: "Tommy Smith wasn't born, he was quarried." He was also nicknamed the "Anfield Iron". His most memorable moment for the club probably came when he scored Liverpool's second goal in the 1977 European Cup Final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. He also played at club level for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Los Angeles Aztecs and Swansea City. He played once for England, in 1971. Smith had dementia in his final years. He died on 12 April 2019, at the age of 74. Tommy Smith Tommy Smith or Tommie Smith may refer to: Irwin L. Jacobs Irwin L. Jacobs (July 15, 1941 – ) was an American businessman. He was the CEO of several large corporations, formerly including the now-bankrupt Genmar Holdings. In 1973, Jacobs founded COMB ("Close-out Merchandise Buyers"). Jacobs, based in Minneapolis, became wealthy by taking big stakes in Fortune 500. Jacobs and his wife were found dead with multiple gunshot wounds on the bed in a bedroom of their Orono, Minnesota home on the morning of April 10, 2019. A handgun was found with them and the Hennepin County Medical Examiner said that Irwin Jacobs shot his wife and then himself. Orono, Minnesota Orono ( ) is a city on the north shore of Lake Minnetonka in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,437 at the 2010 census. Estrella Zeledón Lizano Estrella Zeledón Lizano (April 21, 1929 – April 10, 2019) was a Costa Rican politician. She was the First Lady of Costa Rica from 1978 to 1982 during the presidency of her husband, Rodrigo Carazo Odio. She also served on the Executive Council of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from 1981 until 1985. Rodrigo Carazo Odio Rodrigo José Ramón Francisco de Jesús Carazo Odio (27 December 1926 – 9 December 2009) was a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1978 to 8 May 1982. Ian Cognito Ian Cognito (born Paul Barbieri, 21 November 1958 – 11 April 2019) was an English stand-up comedian. Many said his comedy was like Lenny Bruce, Bill Hicks, and Jerry Sadowitz but had no presence in the mainstream media because of his ill-tempered persona. Cognito won the Time Out Award for Stand-up Comedy in 1999. Cognito died on 11 April 2019 of a heart attack during a comedy gig in Bicester. He was 60. Dina (singer) Dina (born Ondina Maria Farias Veloso; 18 June 1956 – 12 April 2019) was a Portuguese pop singer. She was best known for her participation in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest. She was born in Carregal do Sal, Portugal. Dina first entered the Portuguese Eurovision selection, "Festival da Canção", in 1980, finishing eighth with "Guardando em mim". She participated again in 1982 with two songs, but could only manage sixth and eighth. Dina finally got her chance in 1992, when her song "Amor d'água fresca" ("Fresh Water Love") won the competition and went forward as the Portuguese representative in the 37th Eurovision Song Contest. She finished in 17th place. Dina died on 12 April 2019 in Lisbon from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at the age of 62. Forrest Gregg Alvis Forrest Gregg (October 18, 1933 – April 12, 2019) was an American football player and coach. He played in the National Football League (NFL), the Canadian Football League and the NCAA. Gregg was a Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive lineman for sixteen seasons. Gregg was head coach of three NFL teams (Cleveland Browns, Cincinnati Bengals, and the Packers), as well as two Canadian Football League teams (Toronto Argonauts and Shreveport Pirates). As a head coach, he led the 1981 Bengals to the Super Bowl, where they lost to the 49ers by a score of 26–21. Gregg died on April 12, 2019 of complications from Parkinson's disease in Colorado Springs, Colorado, aged 85. Bas-Intyamon Bas-Intyamon is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2004, by the former municipalities of Enney, Estavannens and Villars-sous-Mont merged to form Bas-Intyamon. Botterens Botterens () is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, the former municipality of Villarbeney merged into the municipality of Botterens. Broc Broc ([], ) is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Echarlens Echarlens () is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Marsens Marsens is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2001, the former municipality of Vuippens merged into the municipality of Marsens. Cerniat Cerniat was a municipality in Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the municipalities Cerniat and Charmey joined together to become the new municipality, Val-de-Charmey. Charmey Charmey was a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Charmey and Cerniat merged into the new municipality of Val-de-Charmey. Crésuz Crésuz is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Rental vacancy rate The rental vacancy rate is the percentage of vacant units out of all rental apartments in a given location. It is considered an economic indicator. Châtel-sur-Montsalvens Châtel-sur-Montsalvens is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Haut-Intyamon Haut-Intyamon is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the Canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2002, when Albeuve, Lessoc, Montbovon and Neirivue joined together and became Haut-Intyamon. Hauteville, Fribourg Hauteville is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Wendy Williams Wendy Joan Williams (born July 18, 1964) is an American talk show host, writer, producer, businesswoman, and former radio show host. She has been inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame. She currently hosts the Emmy Award-nominated talk show, "The Wendy Williams Show", that has been aired for ten seasons. She is known for her catchphrase, "How you doin'?" Williams has been open about her past drug use, particularly with cocaine. In April 2019, Williams suffered an alleged alcohol relapse. Later that month, she filed for divorce from her husband of over two decades, Kevin Hunter, who is also her manager. They share a son, Kevin Jr., born in 2000. Ray Clemence Raymond Neal Clemence (5 August 1948 – 15 November 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He was born in Skegness, Lincolnshire. He is one of only 25 players to have made over 1,000 career appearances. Career. Clemence is best known as part of the Liverpool team from 1967 to 1984. He started his career with Scunthorpe United. He was signed by Liverpool manager Bill Shankly in June 1967. He won five league titles, two domestic cups, two UEFA Cups, three European Cups and other trophies with Liverpool. His final game for Liverpool was in the side's 1–0 win in the 1981 European Cup Final against Real Madrid. He then played for Tottenham Hotspur. He won three trophies with Tottenham, including an FA Cup and a UEFA Cup. Clemence played for the England national team. He played his first game against Wales in 1972. In total, he made 61 appearances for his country. Personal life and death. Clemence's son, Stephen, was also a footballer. Clemence had prostate cancer, first making it known to the public in 2005. He died in Corby, Northamptonshire, on 15 November 2020. He was 72. Israel Folau Isileli "Israel" Folau (born 3 April 1989) is an Australian professional rugby player. He currently plays rugby league for French team Catalans Dragons. He also played for the Australia national rugby union team from 2013 until he was sacked in 2019. In the National Rugby League (NRL), he played for the Melbourne Storm (2007–08) and the Brisbane Broncos (2009–10). He left rugby league to play Australian rules football in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played for the Greater Western Sydney Giants from 2011 to 2012. From 2013 to 2019, he played rugby union. He played for the New South Wales Waratahs in the Super Rugby. Folau was born in Minto, New South Wales. He is of Tongan ancestry. He later moved to Queensland. He was a student at Marsden State High School with classmates Chris Sandow and Antonio Winterstein. Folau is a Christian. In the past, he has made social media posts considered by many to be anti-gay. After similar comments were posted on his Instagram in April 2019, his contract was ended by Rugby Australia. Rich Brian Brian Imanuel (born 3 September 1999), better known as Rich Brian (formerly Rich Chigga), is an Indonesian rapper, record producer and singer-songwriter. He is best known for his popular first single "Dat $tick", which was first released in February 2016 on YouTube. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His first album, "Amen" (2018), peaked at number 18 on the "Billboard" 200. He released the single "Gospel" in 2017 with Keith Ape and XXXTentacion. He changed his rap name to "Rich Brian" in early 2018. Rich Brian was born in Jakarta. He is of ethnic Chinese Indonesian descent. He moved to the United States in 2017. He lives in Los Angeles, California. Ron Livingston Ronald Joseph Livingston (born June 5, 1967) is an American actor. Livingston is known for his starring role as Peter Gibbons in the 1999 movie "Office Space", as Captain Lewis Nixon in the 2001 miniseries "Band of Brothers" and as Roger Perron in "The Conjuring" (2013). He will also star as Henry Allen, father of The Flash, in the 2022 DC Extended Universe movie "The Flash" (2023). Marcia Clark Marcia Rachel Clark (née Kleks, formerly Horowitz; born August 31, 1953) is an American prosecutor, author, television correspondent and television producer. She was the lead prosecutor with the O. J. Simpson murder case. Clark appeared in the "Pretty Little Liars" episode "Now You See Me, Now You Don't" as Attorney Sidney Barnes in August 2013. Clark later appeared in the 2016 miniseries "O.J.: Made in America". Clark was born in Alameda, California. Goodyear, Arizona Goodyear (O'odham: "Valin Thak") is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is a suburb of Phoenix and at the 2010 census had a population of 65,275, the third fastest-growing city in Arizona between 1990 and 2000. The 2017 population estimate was 79,858. Shirley Spork Shirley G. Spork (May 14, 1927 – April 12, 2022) was an American professional golfer. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. Spork was one of the founders of the LPGA Tour and modern ladies' golf. She never won an LPGA Tour event but she finished second at the 1962 LPGA Championship. She won the 1947 national individual intercollegiate golf championship. Spork died on April 12, 2022 in Palm Springs, California at the age of 94. Marlene Hagge Marlene Hagge (née Bauer; born February 16, 1934) is an American former professional golfer. She was born in Eureka, South Dakota. Hagge was one of the thirteen founders of the LPGA in 1950. She won one major championship and 26 LPGA Tour career events. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame. Eureka, South Dakota Eureka is a city in McPherson County, South Dakota, United States. It is near the North Dakota state line. The population was 868 at the 2010 census. Eureka was laid out in 1887, and named "Eureka", a Greek word meaning "I have found it!" Eureka is located at (45.769069, -99.621953). Marlyn Mason Marlyn Mason (born August 7, 1940) is an American actress, producer, and screenwriter. Mason played the role of Nikki Bell in the television series "Longstreet" (1971-1972). Mason played the main role in the original 1967-68 Broadway production of "How Now, Dow Jones". Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bhim Nidhi Tiwari was a popular Nepali Poet, Novelist and Playwright. He is a popular poet of the post-1950s era. He wrote against smoking, drinking, and gambling. He was a strong believer in social improvements. He contributed over 38 social improvement works to Nepali Literature in different styles. Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg, 1555, was a temporary settlement of religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire. Each prince could now decide whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his land. ("cuius regio, eius religio"). The sides began fighting again in 1618 in what became the Thirty Years War. Joe Hisaishi is a Japanese composer and musical director. He is known professionally as . He wrote the soundtracks for over 100 movies since 1981. Shahdara District Shahdara district is one of the districts of Delhi, India. Bridgewater, Connecticut Bridgewater is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,727 at the 2010 census. Corbières, Fribourg Corbières is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipality of Villarvolard merged into the municipality of Corbières. Grandvillard Grandvillard is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. La Roche, Fribourg La Roche is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Villages. La Bélvedère, La Berra, La Breiteneyre, La Serbache, Le Tsubel, Le Villaret and Montsofloz. Le Pâquier, Fribourg Le Pâquier is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Morlon Morlon is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Pont-en-Ogoz Pont-en-Ogoz is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. In 1970 the village of Pont-en-Ogoz merged with Villars-d'Avry into the municipality of Le Bry. Then, in 2003 the municipalities of Le Bry, Avry-devant-Pont and Gumefens merged to form a larger Pont-en-Ogoz. Villages. Pont-en-Ogoz, Villars-d'Avry, Avry-devant-Pont and Gumefens. Pont-la-Ville Pont-la-Ville is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Riaz Riaz is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. , the municipality has 2,780 people in an area of . The elevation is . Sâles Sâles is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2001 by the former municipalities of Maules, Romanens, Rueyres-Treyfayes and Sâles (Gruyère) merged to form Sâles. Sorens Sorens is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in the country of Switzerland. Vaulruz Vaulruz is a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Villarvolard Villarvolard was a municipality of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipality of Villarvolard merged into the municipality of Corbières. Vuadens Vuadens is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. List of botanical gardens The list of botanical gardens is ordered alphabetically by country: Estavayer-le-Lac Estavayer-le-Lac []<ref name="fc/ks">Florence Cattin/Andres Kristol, "Estavayer-le-Lac FR (La Broye)" in: "Dictionnaire toponymique des communes suisses – Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen – Dizionario toponomastico dei comuni svizzeri (DTS|LSG)", Centre de dialectologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Verlag Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart/Wien 2005, und Éditions Payot, Lausanne 2005, , S. 339–340.</ref> () was a municipality of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. It is on the south shore of Lake Neuchâtel and is between Yverdon and Bern. It was the capital of the district of Broye. History. On 1 January 2012, the former municipality of Font merged into the municipality of Estavayer-le-Lac. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Eagle Pass, Texas Eagle Pass is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Maverick County. Cheiry Cheiry () is a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Since 2005, Chapelle became a part of Cheiry. Mike Jakubo (ice hockey) Michael Paul Jakubo (July 7, 1947 – April 4, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a left winger. He played for the Los Angeles Sharks in the World Hockey Association. He was also a member of the independent team called the London Lions which played the 1973–74 season against the top European hockey teams. He was born in Sudbury, Ontario. Jakubo died on April 4, 2019 in Sudbury, Ontario from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease. He was 71. Thompson Mann Harold Thompson Mann (December 1, 1942 – April 4, 2019) was an American swimmer. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. At that Olympic Games, he won a gold medal for swimming the lead-off backstroke leg for the winning U.S. team in the 4 x 100-meter medley relay. He and his relay teammates Bill Craig (breaststroke), Fred Schmidt (butterfly) and Steve Clark set a new world record of 3:58.4. Mann also set an individual world record in the 100-meter backstroke swimming his leg (59.6 seconds). He was born in Norfolk, Virginia. Mann died on April 4, 2019, at the age of 76. Ivan Mrázek Ivo "Ivan" Mrázek (18 January 1926 – 4 April 2019) was a Czech professional basketball player and coach. He played as a point guard. In his club career, he won 6 Czechoslovak League championships (1947, 1948 2×, 1949, 1950, 1951) with Brno. He played for the Czechoslovakia national team. He won the gold medal at the EuroBasket in 1946 with the national team. He also won three EuroBasket silver medals, in 1947, 1951 and 1955. He played for Czechoslovakia in two Summer Olympics, in 1948 and 1952. Mrázek was born in Brno. He died on 4 April 2019, at the age of 93. Arthur Polonsky Arthur Polonsky (June 6, 1925 – April 4, 2019) was an American draughtsman, painter and academic. He was known for partaking in Boston Expressionism. From 1950 to 1960, he taught in the painting department at the Boston Museum School. A movie about his life, "Release From Reason", is being made by his son, Emmy Award-nominated director and producer Gabriel Polonsky. Polonsky was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. He was the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. He was married to Lois Tarlow. The couple had three sons, Eli, D.L. and Gabriel. Polonsky died on April 4, 2019 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was 93. Elwyn Berlekamp Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp (September 6, 1940 – April 9, 2019) was an American mathematician. He was known for his work in computer science, coding theory and combinatorial game theory. He was a professor emeritus of mathematics and EECS at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the inventor of an algorithm to factor polynomials. He was one of the inventors of the Berlekamp–Welch and the Berlekamp–Massey algorithms. These are used for Reed–Solomon error correction. Berlekamp was born in Dover, Ohio. His family later moved to northern Kentucky. He was married to Jennifer. The couple had three children. Berlekamp died on April 9, 2019 in Piedmont, California of pulmonary fibrosis-related problems, at the age of 78. Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 was a McDonnell Douglas MD-81 aircraft operating a Yugoslavian charter flight to the French island of Corsica. On 1 December 1981 the flight crashed on Corsica's Mont San-Pietro, killing all 180 people on board. The crash was the deadliest and first major aviation accident involving a McDonnell Douglas MD-80, as well as the second-deadliest air disaster in France behind Turkish Airlines Flight 981. Accident. Flight 1308 took off from Brnik Airport on a chartered flight from Slovenia (at the time Yugoslavia) to Corsica's capital city of Ajaccio with 173 Slovenian tourists and 7 crew members. At some point, the co-pilot let his young son enter the cockpit. While in its holding pattern, the flight was instructed to descend through the minimum holding altitude of 6,800 feet. As it descended, its Ground Proximity Warning System gave off several audio warnings, which the crew did not react to for approximately ten seconds. Three seconds before impact, the crew increased engine power and attempted to climb, but were unable to clear the terrain. One of the aircraft's wings collided with the summit of Mont San-Pietro and broke off. The aircraft then went into an uncontrolled dive and violently crashed on the other side of the mountain eight seconds later, killing everyone on board. The time of the accident was 8:53 a.m. local time (07:53 UTC). Investigation. The subsequent investigation into the disaster revealed that control mistakenly believed that Flight 1308 was out of its holding pattern, believing it was already located over the sea, while in reality it was located inland, over the mountainous terrain of Corsica. The crew, apparently surprised at the instruction to descend, repeated several times that they were still in the holding pattern, which the control acknowledged. The crew was unfamiliar with the airport and its vicinity, as this was the first flight of Inex-Adria Aviopromet to Corsica. The investigation determined that the imprecise language used by the crew of the MD-81 and the air traffic controller played a significant role in the accident. Air traffic control in Ajaccio was cleared of all charges. The air traffic controller in charge of Flight 1308 was transferred to another airport in France. At the time of the accident, the Ajaccio airport had no radar system. As a direct result of the accident, the equipment was upgraded and the approach pattern changed. 2008 clean-up operation. Some debris and human bodies were removed from the crash site after the accident in 1981. In 2007, POP TV (a TV station in Slovenia) did a news report on the accident. They visited the crash site in Corsica and found many of the airplane's parts still scattered on Mont San-Pietro, in rugged and inaccessible terrain. Subsequently, the Government of Slovenia, Adria Airways and Kompas (the Slovenian travel agency that organized the fatal trip in 1981) organized and funded a clean-up operation. A Slovenian team of about 60 soldiers, mountain rescuers, civil protection and rescue service members, medical personnel, and other volunteers removed about 27 tons of aircraft remains in May 2008. The removed debris included one aircraft engine and large wing parts. Some of the parts were so large they needed to be machine cut before transporting them from the mountain by a helicopter. Several human remains were also found, and were either sent for further identification tests, or were properly disposed. A commemorative plaque was installed at the site of the initial wing impact. Werner Bardenhewer Joseph Werner Bardenhewer (30 January 1929 − 10 April 2019) was a German Catholic priest and philanthropist. He served as the Dean of Wiesbaden, the state capital of Hesse, from 1974 to 1996. In 1999, he founded the Wiesbaden chapter of the charity organisation africa action. The charity gives help to the health care and education in countries of the Sahel region. In 2016, he was awarded the highest national honour of Burkina Faso. He was born in Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia. Bardenhewer died on 10 April 2019 in Wiesbaden. He was 90. Stanley Plumly Stanley Plumly (May 23, 1939 – April 11, 2019) was an American poet. He wrote many poetry collections. He was the director of the University of Maryland, College Park creative writing program. He was very fond of John Keats and many other British poets from the Romantic era. He wrote a book about Keats called "Posthumous Keats", published in 2008. Plumly was born in Barnesville, Ohio. He grew up in Ohio and Virginia. Plumly died of multiple myeloma on April 11, 2019 in Frederick, Maryland. He was 79. Tony Buzan Anthony Peter Buzan (2 June 1942 – 13 April 2019) was a British author and educational consultant. He was best known for making the thinking and writing skill called mind mapping popular. He was author or co-author of more 80 books altogether. He was also nominated for two Nobel Prizes, the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Economics. He was born in Palmers Green, Middlesex. In April 2019, Buzan had a heart attack and struck his head when he fell at his Oxfordshire home. He died on 13 April 2019, at the age of 76. ʻEta The ʻeta, also called by several other names, is a unicameral consonant letter used within the Latin script to mark the phonemic glottal stop, as it is used in many Polynesian languages. Neus Català Neus Català i Pallejà (6 October 1915 – 13 April 2019) was a Spanish Resistance fighter and political activist. She was a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (, PSUC) during the Spanish Civil War. She was the only Catalan survivor of the concentration camp of Ravensbrück. Català was born in Els Guiamets, Catalonia. She turned 100 in October 2015. She died on 13 April 2019, at the age of 103. Paul Raymond (musician) Paul Martin Raymond (16 November 1945 – 13 April 2019) was an English keyboardist, guitarist and songwriter. He was known as a member of the rock band Savoy Brown and more notably UFO. He started his career in 1964 as a jazz musician. He was born in St Albans. Raymond died of a heart attack on 13 April 2019. He was 73. D. Babu Paul Daniel Babu Paul (; 11 April 1941 – 13 April 2019) was an Indian civil servant and writer. He was a member of the Indian Administrative Service. He was also member ombudsman for local self-government institutions of Kerala during 2000–01. He served as vice-chancellor of the University of Kerala. He wrote books in Malayalam language. At the time of his death, he was serving as the independent member of the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board. Bab Paul's wife Anna Babu Paul (Nirmala) died in 2000. The couple had two daughters. On 13 April 2019, Babu Paul died of multiple organ failure in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He was 78. Yvette Williams Yvette Winifred Corlett ("née" Williams, 25 April 1929 – 13 April 2019) was a New Zealand athlete. She won the gold medal in the women's long jump at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. This made her the first woman from her country to win an Olympic gold medal. She was also the first New Zealander to hold the world record in the women's long jump. She was a national champion and a medallist at the Commonwealth Games in long jump, javelin, shot put and discus. On the 100th anniversary of Athletics New Zealand in 1987, Yvette was named "Athlete of the Century". Williams was born in Dunedin. She married Canadian-born New Zealand sportsman Buddy Corlett in 1954. He died in 2015. Williams died on 13 April 2019, at the age of 89. Ivor Broadis Ivan Arthur "Ivor" Broadis (18 December 1922 – 12 April 2019) was an English professional footballer. He played as an inside forward. His career lasted from 1946 to 1960. He played for clubs Carlisle United (two stints), Sunderland, Manchester City, Newcastle United and Queen of the South. He also played for England 14 times, including at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He scored eight goals for his country in the early 1950s. Broadis was born in the Isle of Dogs, Poplar in East London. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living English international footballer. He died in 2019, at the age of 96. Billy Mainwaring William Thomas "Billy" Mainwaring (born Gwilym Thomas Mainwaring; 24 January 1941 – 3 April 2019) was a Welsh rugby union player. He played as a second row. He played for Wales in 1967–68. He appeared for his country six times. He played for amateur teams Taibach, Aberavon, Bridgend and the Barbarians. He was born in Port Talbot. He worked as a steelworker. Mainwaring died after a long illness on 3 April 2019, at the age of 78. Barnesville, Ohio Barnesville is a village in Belmont County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village had a population of 4,193. Ski Mask the Slump God Stokeley Clevon Goulbourne (born April 18, 1996), known professionally as Ski Mask the Slump God (formerly stylized as $ki Mask "The Slump God"), is an American rapper and songwriter. He first became known for his work with XXXTentacion and their hip hop collective Members Only. His 2017 songs "Catch Me Outside" and "Babywipe" were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His first album, "Stokeley", was released in November 2018. Goulbourne was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He is of Jamaican ancestry/descent. His father was a rapper who used the stage name "Sin City". Discography. Studio albums Collaborative albums 2019 Sudanese coup d'état On the morning of 11 April 2019 in Khartoum, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was removed from power by the Sudanese Armed Forces following the ongoing protests after holding the office for nearly 30 years. Eleven people were killed. State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail. Al-Bashir's National Congress party responded by announcing that they would hold a rally supporting the ousted president. Beresheet Beresheet was a demonstrator of a small robotic lunar lander and lunar probe. It was privately funded in Israel and was planned to land on the moon. The lander was known as "Sparrow", and was officially named "Beresheet" (, "Genesis") in December 2018. On 11 April 2019, the failure of an IMU unit caused a chain of events, leading to the shutoff of the main engine, which caused the lander to crash on the Moon. On 13 April 2019, Beresheet-2 was announced. List of Jimmy Neutron episodes There's a list of Jimmy Neutron filled 80 episodes and four seasons on Nickelodeon from July 20, 2002 to November 28, 2008. Adrian Smith Adrian Frederick "H" Smith (born 27 February 1957) is an English guitarist, singer and songwriter. He is best known as a member of British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. He first joined the band in November 1980. He replaced guitarist Dennis Stratton. Smith left Iron Maiden in 1990. In 1995, he formed a hard rock band called Psycho Motel. He rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999. Smith was born in Hackney, London. He has been married to his Canadian wife Nathalie Dufresne for over 20 years. The couple have three children, Dylan, Natasha and Brittany. Adrian Smith (basketball) Adrian Howard "Odie" Smith (born October 5, 1936) is an American former professional basketball player. He played as a point guard. He played for the Cincinnati Royals and the San Francisco Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 1966, he was chosen for the NBA All-Star Game. Smith was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of this game after he scored 24 points in 26 minutes. He was part of the U.S. team that won the gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He also won the gold medal for the U.S. team at the 1959 Pan American Games. Smith was born in Farmington, Kentucky. He played college basketball with the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky. Adrian Smith (disambiguation) Adrian Smith (born 1957) is an English musician, member of the band Iron Maiden. Adrian Smith may also refer to: John Barth John Simmons Barth (; born May 27, 1930) is an American writer. He is best known for his postmodernist and metafictional fiction. He won the National Book Award in 1973. Barth was born in Cambridge, Maryland. In 1974, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. His first two books were "The Floating Opera" and "The End of the Road". His best known works include: "The Sot-Weed Factor", "Giles Goat-Boy", "Lost in the Funhouse", "Chimera", "LETTERS" and "". Cambridge, Maryland Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. The population was 12,326 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Dorchester County and the county's largest city. Cambridge is the fourth most populous city in Maryland's Eastern Shore region, after Salisbury, Elkton and Easton. Elkton, Maryland Elkton is a town in and the county seat of Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 15,443 at the 2010 census. It was formerly called Head of Elk because it is near the Elk River, which flows into the nearby Chesapeake Bay. Kabulig Bikol Kabulig-Bikol is a group or union of literary writers in Bikol languages. Kabulig at University of the Philippines. Maria Lilia Realubit created the KABULIG in 1993 with fellow writer teachers at the University of the Philippines. Colin Collindridge Colin Collindridge (15 November 1920 – 14 April 2019) was an English footballer. He played as both an outside left and a centre forward. The early part of his playing career happened during World War II. He later played for clubs Sheffield United, Nottingham Forest and Coventry City in the Football League. Collindridge was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire. He died in 2019, at the age of 98. 21 Savage Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph (born 22 October 1992), known professionally by his stage name 21 Savage, is a rapper, songwriter and record producer. He is based in Atlanta, in the U.S. state of Georgia. 21 Savage started his career in 2014. He has released two mixtapes, two extended plays and two solo studio albums. He released his first album, "Issa Album", in 2017. The album's lead single was ""Bank Account". He was featured on Post Malone's single "Rockstar"" in 2017. The song reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was also nominated for two Grammy Awards. His second album, "I Am > I Was", was released in 2018. On his 21st birthday, 21 Savage was shot six times by two assailants, but survived. His friend, Johnny, died in the shooting. This is the meaning of his stage name "21 Savage". 21 Savage was born in Plaistow, Newham, in London, England and grew up in the United States, but never became a citizen nor permanent resident. He was expelled from middle school for bringing a gun. He was involved in multiple robberies. In February 2019, he was arrested by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Officials said that he overstayed his visa illegally when it ended in July 2006. Giuseppe Ciarrapico Giuseppe Ciarrapico (28 January 1934 – 14 April 2019) was an Italian businessman, sports official and politician. He was president of the football club AS Roma from 1991 and 1993. He also served as a Senator for Silvio Berlusconi's The People of Freedom party from 2008 to 2013. He was born in Rome, Lazio. Ciarrapico died on 14 April 2019 in Rome. He was 85. Gunnel Lindblom Gunnel Märtha Ingegärd Lindblom (18 December 1931 – 24 January 2021) was a Swedish actress and director. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. As an actress she was known for her many works with Ingmar Bergman. She was known for her lead role in "Miss Julie" for BBC Television. She also played the key-role of The Mummy in Bergman's staging of Strindberg's "The Ghost Sonata" in 1998-2000. Lindblom died on 24 January 2021 in Brottby, Sweden at the age of 89. Bibi Andersson Berit Elisabeth "Bibi" Andersson (11 November 1935 – 14 April 2019) was a Swedish actress. She was known for her many work with movie director Ingmar Bergman. She appeared in many roles, including as Mia in "The Seventh Seal" (1957), Sara in "Wild Strawberries" (1957), "The Girl" in "The Mistress" (1962), Ellen Grange in "Duel at Diablo" (1966) and as Alma in "Persona" (1966). Andersson was born on the island of Kungsholmen in Stockholm. She was married three times. She was married to director Kjell Grede from 1960 to 1973. She was also married to politician Per Ahlmark from 1979 to 1981. Her sister was actress Gerd Andersson. Andersson had a stroke in 2009. She died on 14 April 2019 in Stockholm, at the age of 83. Max van Weezel Max Hans van Weezel (9 July 1951 – 11 April 2019) was a Dutch journalist and politician. He was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He was also a political writer and commentator for the Vrij Nederland. Between 1973 and 1976 he was a member of CPN and along with his wife journalist Anet Bleich, he released the book Ga dan zelf naar Siberië! (1978). In 1976 he started as a journalist at Vrij Nederland. Were he wrote the column 'Het Wereldje'. van Weezel died on 11 April 2019 in Amsterdam from pancreatic cancer at the age of 67. Albert Quixall Albert Quixall (9 August 1933 – 12 November 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as an inside forward. Life. Quixall was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He started his career with Sheffield Wednesday. In 1958, after the Munich air disaster, he signed by Matt Busby for Manchester United. The signing was a then British record fee of £45,000. He won the FA Cup with Manchester United in the 1963–64 season. He later played for Oldham Athletic, Stockport County, Altrincham and Radcliffe Borough. Quixall played five times for England. He was in the squad for his country at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. Quixall died on 12 November 2020, aged 87. Honours. Manchester United Harry Hooper (footballer, born 1933) Harold Hooper (born 14 June 1933) is an English former professional footballer. He played as an outside forward. Hooper was born in Pittington, County Durham. He played for West Ham United, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Birmingham City, Sunderland, Kettering Town, Dunstable Town and Heanor Town. He made more than 300 appearances in the Football League. He played for England at under-23 and "B" international level. He was in the full England squad at the 1954 FIFA World Cup but did not play. Harry Hooper (disambiguation) Harry Hooper (1887–1974) was an American Hall of Fame baseball player. Harry Hooper may also refer to: Harry Hooper Harry Bartholomew Hooper (August 24, 1887 – December 18, 1974) was an American baseball player. He played as a right fielder. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He played for the Boston Red Sox (1909–1920) and the Chicago White Sox (1921–1925) of Major League Baseball (MLB). He is one of only two members of four different Red Sox World Series championship teams (1912, 1915, 1916, 1918). He was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1971. Hooper was born in Bell Station, California. He married Esther Henchy in 1912. The couple had three children, John, Harry Jr. and Marie. Hooper died on December 18, 1974 in Santa Cruz, California. He was 87. Ambrogio Fogar Ambrogio Fogar (13 August 1941 – 24 August 2005) was an Italian sailor, writer, rally driver and all-round adventurer and television presenter. His exploits included a number of successful long-distance sailing feats. He competed several times in the Dakar Rally and in the Rallye des Pharaons. He was a Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. List of Danny Phantom episodes "Danny Phantom" is an American animated superhero television series that ran on Nickelodeon from April 3, 2004 to August 24, 2007. Series overview. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> T.U.F.F. Puppy T.U.F.F. Puppy was an American television that aired on Nickelodeon in the United States from October 2, 2010 to April 4, 2015. Chelsea Physic Garden The Chelsea Physic Garden was established in London in 1673. It was called the Apothecaries' Garden because the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries needed it to grow plants for medicines. It is a four acre physic garden, and is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Britain. The University of Oxford Botanic Garden was founded in 1621, and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh was founded in 1670. Features. Its rock garden is the oldest English garden devoted to alpine plants. The largest fruiting olive tree in Britain is there, protected by the garden's heat-trapping high brick walls. The gardens claim to have the world's northernmost grapefruit growing outdoors. The Garden became in 1983 a registered charity, and was opened to the general public for the first time. The garden is Grade I listed in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England by English Heritage. List of T.U.F.F. Puppy episodes This is a list of episodes for Nickelodeon's animated television series, "T.U.F.F. Puppy". The first two seasons consist of 26 episodes and the third season consists of 8 episodes, for a total of 60 episodes. On October 20, 2013, remaining episodes started airing on Nicktoons. Episode list. Season 1 (2010–12). This season contained 26 episodes. The season's finale "Lie Like A Dog / Cold Fish" and subsequent seasons were produced in high definition (HD). Barrington, Illinois Barrington is suburban village in Cook County and Lake County, Illinois, United States. The population was 10,327 at the 2010 census. It is northwest of Chicago. The Barrington area ZIP code, 60010, is the seventh-richest ZIP code in the United States. Barrington is part of the Chicago metropolitan area. S. K. Shivakumar S. K. Shivakumar (1953 – 13 April 2019) was an Indian scientist. He worked at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) centres. He was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India, in 2015. Shivakumar was born in Mysore, Mysore State. He was the Director of ISTRAC from 1998 to 2010. Shivakumar died on 13 April 2019 at the age of 66 in Bangalore from problems caused by jaundice. Alexander V. Acebo Alexander Valentino "Tino" Acebo (September 5, 1927 – April 11, 2019) was an American Republican politician. For over 20 years, he was the Vermont State Auditor from 1970 to 1993. Acebo was born in Barre, Vermont. Acebo died in Wells, Maine on April 11, 2019 at the age of 91. Barre (city), Vermont Barre is the most populous city in Washington County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census, the municipal population was 9,052. Many people call the city as "Barre City". Mirjana Marković Mirjana "Mira" Marković (, ; 10 July 1942 – 14 April 2019) was a Serbian politician. She was the wife and widow of the Yugoslav and Serbian president Slobodan Milošević. She was the president of the Yugoslav Left political party from 2002 to 2003. Marković was wanted for fraud charges, lived under political asylum in Russia from February 2003 to her death on 14 April 2019. Marković died on 14 April 2019 in Sochi from problems caused by surgery, aged 76. Jacek Namieśnik Jacek Namieśnik (10 December 1949 – 14 April 2019) was a Polish chemist. He was a full professor of Gdańsk University of Technology. He was the head of Analytical Department (1995–2019), dean of Faculty of Chemistry (1996–2002, 2005–2012), rector of Gdańsk University of Technology since 1 September 2016 until his death. He was born in Mogilno, Poland. Namieśnik died on 14 April 2019 in Gdansk at the age of 69. The cause was probably heart failure. Bussy, Fribourg Bussy was a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Notre-Dame fire A fire broke out at Notre Dame de Paris at around 18:50 local time on 15 April 2019. Notre Dame is the Roman-Catholic cathedral of Paris. It is in the center of the city. The fire made the roof and main spire fall. The building's vaulted stone ceiling contained the burning roof as it collapsed, preventing worse damage to the interior. Around 23:00 local time, the spokesperson of the Paris firefighters said that the structure would probably be saved. This includes the north tower; at times, it was feared that the north tower would also be affected. Over 400 people helped fight the fire. They used 18 specially built fire hoses to put water on the flames. Two police officers were injured, and one firefighter was critically wounded, who was treated in a nearby hospital. Cause. At the time the fire was being fought, its cause was not known, but it was being treated as an accident. The investigation most strongly suspected a case of "accidental destruction by fire", but had not ruled anything out, saying it was too early to know the cause of the fire. It is not yet known if renovation work contributed to the fire. There have been other cases where renovation-related fires smoulder for hours unseen before breaking out. The firm Le Bras Frères that was carrying out the renovations stated they had followed procedure, and would co-operate fully with the investigation. They also stated that none of their personnel were on site at the time the fire broke out. Overview of damage. The equivalent of 1 billion pounds was later raised online for restoration. Morens Morens was a municipality of the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens joined together and became the new municipality of Estavayer. Murist Murist was a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. Since 1981 with the formerly independent municipalities La Vounaise and Montborget, and in 1992 with Franex. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Vuissens Vuissens was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Rueyres-les-Prés Rueyres-les-Prés was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Florida School for Boys The Florida School for Boys was a reform school, which was active from 1900 to 2011. Reform schools are schools for young people who have been convicted of a crime, but who still need to go to school, or to finish an education. This school became known for two reasons: Violent behaviour including knife fights were comomn at the school. Nevertheless, little documentation exists for most of these deaths.There is a cemetery at the school; it contains several graves, almost all of them are unmarked. Remains of dead people have also been found outside the school ground. Investigations were called for as early as 1903, and also in the 1960s, but the first full investigation occurred in the year 2009. It did not find any useful information. The school was closed in 2011, officially for economic reasons. Vernay, Switzerland Vernay was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. Vernay was created on 1 January 2006 from the merger of the former municipalities of Autavaux, Forel and Montbrelloz. The administrative seat is in Forel. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Vernay, Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés and Vuissens merged into the new municipality of Estavayer. Vernay Vernay is the name of two places in Europe: Châbles Châbles () was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Châbles and Cheyres merged into the new municipality of Cheyres-Châbles. Gletterens Gletterens is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is home to the Les Grèves prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. Owen Garriott Owen Kay Garriott (November 22, 1930 – April 15, 2019) was an American electrical engineer and NASA astronaut. He spent 60 days aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 during the Skylab 3 mission, and 10 days aboard Spacelab-1 on a Space Shuttle mission in 1983. Garriott was born in Enid, Oklahoma. He was the father of Robert Garriott and fellow astronaut Richard Garriott, with whom he helped found the video-game developer Origin Systems. Garriott died on April 15, 2019 in Huntsville, Alabama at the age of 88. Joaquim Alberto Silva Joaquim Alberto Silva (4 March 1974 – 15 April 2019), known as Quinzinho, was an Angolan footballer. He played as a striker. He appeared for Angola in two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. He played for the team from 1994 to 2001. He also played for Porto from 1995 to 2001. On 15 April 2019, Quinzinho felt ill after jogging in Alverca do Ribatejo and died shortly after at the age of 45. Ben Ray Luján Ben Ray Luján (; born June 7, 1972) is an American politician. He is the junior United States Senator from New Mexico since 2021. He was the U.S. Representative for from 2009 until 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. On April 1, 2019, he announced his plans to run for the United States Senate to replace the retiring Tom Udall in 2020. In November 2020, he was elected U.S. Senator. In January 2022, Luján was hospitalized in Albuquerque, New Mexico after having a stroke. Don L. Lind Don Leslie Lind (May 18, 1930 – August 30, 2022), (Cmdr, USNR, Ret.), was an American scientist, naval officer, aviator, and NASA astronaut. He was born in Midvale, Utah. He helped to develop the Apollo 11 EVA activities, and served as CAPCOM for the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. Lind was then assigned as backup Pilot for Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 and nearly flew on the proposed Skylab Rescue mission. Lind died on August 30, 2022 in Logan, Utah at the age of 92. Midvale, Utah Midvale is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. Midvale's population was 33,208 according to 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. William E. Thornton William Edgar Thornton (M.D.) (April 14, 1929 – January 11, 2021) was an American NASA astronaut. He was born in Faison, North Carolina. Thornton was a member of the astronaut support crew for the Skylab 2, 3, and 4 missions. A veteran of two space flights, Thornton spent over 313 hours in space. He was a mission specialist on STS-8 in 1983, and STS-51B in 1985. Thornton died on January 11, 2021 in Boerne, Texas at the age of 91. Faison, North Carolina Faison is a town in Duplin County in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 961 at the 2010 census. Vance D. Brand Vance DeVoe Brand (born May 9, 1931) is an American former naval officer and aviator and NASA astronaut. He was born in Longmont, Colorado. He was the command module pilot during the first U.S.-Soviet joint spaceflight in 1975, and as commander of three Space Shuttle missions. His flight experience includes 9,669 flying hours, which includes 8,089 hours in jets, 391 hours in helicopters, 746 hours in spacecraft, and checkout in more than 30 types of military aircraft. Winston L. Shelton Winston Laverne Shelton (May 3, 1922 – April 15, 2019) was an American inventor, engineer and businessman. He was awarded 76 patents in the United States by himself or as part of a team. He started working at General Electric in 1948. His patents have impacted modern washing machines and the fast food industry. He worked on creating more upgraded food service machines for Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). His washing machine patent for General Electric, (US 3257830 A), was referenced in over 40 patents afterwards. He founded Winston Industries, which was in use in more than 120 countries at the time of Shelton's death in 2019. Shelton was born in Lockwood, West Virginia. His first wife died and he later remarried. He had three children. He died on April 15, 2019, at the age of 96. Aleksandar Kostov Aleksandar Dimitrov Kostov (; 2 March 1938 – 15 April 2019) was a Bulgarian footballer and manager. He played as a forward. He was born in Sofia. Kostov was most noted for playing for Levski Sofia. During his time at Levski Sofia, he won three league titles and five Bulgarian Cups. He played for Bulgaria seven times, scoring once. He played for his country at the FIFA World Cups in 1962 and 1966. Kostov also managed teams outside Bulgaria. With Tunisian club Marsa, he won the 1989–90 Tunisian Cup. He died in 2019 in Sofia, at the age of 81. Ahmad Eghtedari Ahmad Khan Eghtedari Gerashi (‎; 24 May 1925 – 16 April 2019) was an Iranian teacher, lawyer, writer, historian and geographer. He was known for his work as an academic of Persian Gulf studies. He wrote 40 books and more than 100 educational papers. His works covered a wide range of topics, including the reworking of poetry collections written by past poets, and translations of research works of non-Iranian scholars and writers. He also wrote scientific researches in the fields of the language and the culture of different regions of Iran. He worked as a lawyer for over forty years. Eghtedari was born in Gerash, a small city in the south of Fars. He died of lung and kidney disease in Tehran on 16 April 2019. He was 93 or 94. Francisca Aguirre Francisca Aguirre Benito (27 October 1930 – 13 April 2019) was a Spanish poet and author. Her first poetry collection, "Ithaca" (1972), won her the Leopoldo Panero Poetry Award. In 2011, she won the National Poetry Prize for her poetry piece "Historia de una anatomía". Aguirre also won the National Prize for Spanish Literature in November 2018. Aguirre was born in Alicante. She was the daughter of noted painter Lorenzo Aguirre. She was married to fellow poet Félix Grande from 1963 until his death in 2014. The couple had one daughter, poet and essayist Guadalupe Grande (born 1965). Aguirre died in Madrid on 13 April 2019. She was 88. Outwash plain An outwash plain is a plain made by a melting glacier. As the glacier moves, it picks up dirt and rocks. When the glacier melts, the dirt and rocks are left behind. The smaller dirt and rocks are carried further by the water the melting glacier makes. This makes the outwash plain very flat and smooth. Jan Wraży Jan Aleksander Wraży (10 October 1943 – 7 April 2019) was a Polish footballer. He played as a midfielder. Wraży was born in Lwow (now Lviv, Ukraine). He played for clubs Katowice, Górnik Zabrze and Valenciennes. He also played seven times for Poland. He died in 2019 in Mons, Belgium, at the age of 75. Ancash Region Ancash (; ; ) is a Peruvian region north of Lima. It borders the Pacific Ocean. Huaraz, its capital city and transportation hub, sits in the Callejón de Huaylas, a valley between Ancash's two mountain ranges. Cordillera Blanca, the range to the valley's east, has snow-capped peaks rising over 6,000 meters. Encompassing much of Cordillera Blanca is Huarascán National Park, home to Andean condors and jaguars. Les Reed (songwriter) Leslie David Reed (24 July 1935 – 15 April 2019) was an English songwriter, arranger, musician and light orchestra leader. He was best known writing for the Tom Jones songs "It's Not Unusual" and "Delilah", and the Engelbert Humperdinck song "The Last Waltz". His main songwriter partners were Gordon Mills, Barry Mason and Geoff Stephens. However, he also wrote songs with Roger Greenaway, Roger Cook, and Johnny Worth. He won many gold discs and Ivor Novello Awards. Reed also conducted his own band, The Les Reed Orchestra. Reed was born in Woking, Surrey. He died on 15 April 2019 at the age of 83. Hal Ketchum Hal Michael Ketchum (April 9, 1953 – November 23, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist. He has released 11 studio albums from 1986 until his retirement in 2019. Ketchum's 1991 album "Past the Point of Rescue" is his best known work. Between 1991 and 2006 Ketchum had 17 entries on the Hot Country Songs charts. Three of his singles — "Small Town Saturday Night," "Past the Point of Rescue" and "Hearts Are Gonna Roll" — all reached number 2 on this chart, and three more charted within the Top Ten: "Sure Love" at number 3, and "Mama Knows the Highway" and "Stay Forever," both at number 8. In April 2019, Ketchum's wife, Andrea, announced that Ketchum was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and announced his retirement shortly afterwards. He died on November 23, 2020 from the disease at his home in Comal County, Texas at the age of 67. Greenwich (town), New York Greenwich is a town in the southwest part of Washington County, New York, United States. The town is located on the west border of the county. The population was 4,896 at the 2000 census. Greenwich was where the Underground Railroad was located in. Greenwich (village), New York Greenwich is a village in Washington County, New York, United States. The village population was 1,902 at the 2000 census. Greenwich was formerly known as Whipple City. Glens Falls, New York Glens Falls is a city in Warren County, New York, United States. It has its own metropolitan statistical area. The population was 14,700 at the 2010 census. Les Reed (football manager) Leslie Arnold Reed (born 12 December 1952) is an English football coach. He is the technical director of the Football Association (FA) since February 2019. He formerly served as technical director of the FA between 2002 and 2004. He was the manager of Charlton Athletic between 14 November and 24 December 2006. From April 2010 and November 2018, Reed was Head of Football Development and the Vice-Chairman of Football at Southampton. Reed was born in Wapping, London. He was signed as a player for the clubs Cambridge United, Watford and Wycombe Wanderers but never played. He played as a centre forward. Les Reed Les Reed may refer to: Les Reed (footballer) Les Reed (born 16 August 1932) is a former Australian rules footballer. He played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1950s. He came off the bench as a reserve in Geelong's 1951 premiership side. He also played as a wingman when they lost the 1953 Grand Final to Collingwood. David Brion Davis David Brion Davis (February 16, 1927 – April 14, 2019) was an American educator and historian. His works were mainly about slavery and abolition in the Western world. He was a Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, and founder and director of Yale’s Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. He was born in Denver, Colorado. Davis died on April 14, 2019 in Guilford, Connecticut at the age of 92. Bernard Arnault Bernard Jean Étienne Arnault (; born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman, an investor, and art collector. Arnault is the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of LVMH, the world's largest luxury-goods company. He is the richest person in World according to "Forbes" magazine, with a net worth of $192.1 billion, as of May 2021. In April 2018, he became the richest person in fashion, beating Zara's Amancio Ortega. Larry Ellison Lawrence Joseph Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is an American businessman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder and the executive chairman and chief technology officer of Oracle Corporation. As of March 2019, he was listed by "Forbes" magazine as the fourth-richest person in the United States and as the seventh-richest in the world, with a fortune of $63.5 billion, up from $54.5 billion in 2018. Al Staley Allan Ramon "Red" Staley (September 21, 1928 – April 9, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a centre. He played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1948–49 NHL season. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan Staley died on April 9, 2019 at a hospital in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He was 90. Nardwuar John Ruskin (born July 5, 1968), better known as Nardwuar the Human Serviette or simply Nardwuar, is a Canadian interviewer and musician. He is the lead singer and keyboardist for the garage rock band The Evaporators. He is best known for his quirky appearance and style of interview. He does a lot of research on people he interviews. In his interviews, mostly with rappers and other musicians, he will bring up something about the interviewee that is not very well known to the public to confuse, scare or impress them. For example, during an interview with Pharrell Williams from N.E.R.D, Nardwuar pulled out a vinyl record featuring the very first recorded track by Williams, causing him to pause and say, "This is one of the most impressive interviews I've ever experienced in my life. Seriously." Later in the same interview, Williams said, "Your research is second-to-none. Second-to-none." Nardwuar was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1999, he had a brain hemorrhage, and in 2015, he had a stroke. Kepler-62e Kepler-62e is a super-Earth exoplanet that circles in the habitable zone around the star Kepler-62. It is over 1,200 light years away in the direction of the Lyra constellation. It was discovered by the Kepler Space Observatory in 2013. The planet is about 160% as large as Earth, and almost 450% as heavy. This makes it a super-Earth. Kepler-62e is in the habitable zone, the zone around a star where the temperatures on a planet can support liquid water. It is a possible ocean world, and may have cloudy skies and may be warm and humid. Hieu Van Le Hieu Van Le (; born 1 January 1954) is a Vietnamese-born Australian economist and politician. He was the 35th Governor of South Australia from 1 September 2014 until 7 October 2021. He served as the state's lieutenant-governor from 2007 to 2014. He also served as chair of the South Australian Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs Commission (SAMEAC) from 2006 to 2009. Le is the first person from an Asian background to be made a state governor in Australia. Le was born in Quảng Trị, South Vietnam. He grew up in Da Nang. He fled Vietnam from the new communist rule in November 1977. He came by boat to Darwin as a refugee. He is married to Lan. The couple's two sons, Don and Kim, are named after Australian cricketers Don Bradman and Kim Hughes. Norio Kaifu was a Japanese astronomer. He served as the director-general of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) from 2000 to 2006. He was later president of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) from 2012 to 2015. He was a researcher of radio astronomy, extraglactic astronomy, cosmic magnetic fields, non-stable stars and infrared astronomy. Kaifu died of pancreatic cancer on 13 April 2019, at the age of 75. Toshiki Kaifu, a politician and Matoko Kobayashi, physicist were his brother. Guro Fjellanger Guro Fjellanger (26 January 1964 – 16 April 2019) was a Norwegian politician. She was a member of the Liberal Party. She served as Minister of the Environment from 1997 to 2000. She held this role in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. She also served as the president of the Young Liberals of Norway from 1986 to 1988. Fjellanger was born in Bergen. She had spina bifida since birth. She died on 16 April 2019, at the age of 55. Cugy, Fribourg Cugy () is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2005, Vesin became a part of Cugy. Cugy Cugy is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland: Châtillon, Fribourg Châtillon is a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Cheyres Cheyres ( or "Tsàrè") was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the municipalities of Châbles and Cheyres joined together and became the new municipality of Cheyres-Châbles. Delley-Portalban Delley-Portalban is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2005, by putting together Delley and Portalban (). Domdidier Domdidier () was a municipality of the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form the new municipality of Belmont-Broye. Dompierre, Fribourg Dompierre () was a municipality of the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form the new municipality of Belmont-Broye. Surpierre Surpierre is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2005, Praratoud became a part of Surpierre and on 1 January 2017 Villeneuve became a part of Surpierre. Fétigny, Switzerland Fétigny is a municipality in the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Fétigny Fétigny can mean: Vallon Vallon is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ménières Ménières is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Telestial kingdom The Telestial Kingdom is the lowest kingdom of Heaven. According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, it's the kingdom where liars, whoremongers, adulterers, murderers and those that deny that Jesus is the Christ. According to Adam of the Old Testament, there are 7 Degrees in the Telestial Kingdom. Monkey Punch , better known by his pen name , was a Japanese manga artist, writer and professor. He was best known for his series "Lupin III". The series was first published between 1967 and 1969. In April 2005, he became the professor of Manga Animation at Otemae University, in their Faculty of Media and Arts. He was also a visiting professor at Tokyo University of Technology in May 2010. He was given a special Tokyo Anime Award in 2015. Monkey Punch was born in Hamanaka, Hokkaido. He died of pneumonia in Sakura, Chiba Prefecture on 11 April 2019. Super-Earth A super-Earth is an extrasolar planet. It has a mass higher than Earth's, but much less than the Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which are 15 and 17 times Earth's mass, respectively. The term "super-Earth" refers only to the mass of the planet, and does not imply anything about the surface conditions or habitability. John McEnery John McEnery (1 November 1943 – 12 April 2019) was an English actor and playwright. He was best known for his movie roles as Mercutio in "Romeo and Juliet" (1968), Russian politician Alexander Kerensky in "Nicholas and Alexandra" (1971), Friedrich von Schoenvorts in "The Land That Time Forgot" (1975) and as gangster Eddie Pellam in "The Krays" (1990). He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in "Romeo and Juliet". McEnery was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire. His older brother, Peter, was also an actor. He was married to actress Stephanie Beacham from 1973 to 1979. The couple had two daughters. McEnery died in his sleep on 12 April 2019, at the age of 75. Warren Adler Warren Adler (December 16, 1927 – April 15, 2019) was an American author, playwright and poet. His writings were translated into 25 different languages. He was best known for writing the novels "The War of the Roses" (1981) and "Random Hearts" (1984). Both of these novels were made into movies. The dark comedy movie "The War of the Roses" was released in 1989, and starred Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. "Random Hearts", starring Harrison Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas, was released in 1999. Adler was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He was married to Sonia. The couple had three sons. Adler died of liver cancer on April 15, 2019 in Manhattan, New York City. He was 91. Can Bartu Can Bartu (31 January 1936 – 11 April 2019) was a Turkish basketball player and footballer. As a footballer, he played in the midfield as an attack midfielder and a left winger. He was born in Istanbul. Bartu played basketball for Fenerbahçe. He also played six times for the Turkish national basketball team. He later played football for Fenerbahçe. He played football in Italy in the 1960s, first with Fiorentina in 1961. He then played for Venezia, another spell at Fiorentina and lastly Lazio, before returning to Fenerbahçe in 1967. He retired in 1970. He also played for Turkey 26 times. He scored six goals for his country. Bartu later worked as a sports journalist. He died on 11 April 2019, at the age of 83. Randall C. Berg Jr. Randall Challen Berg Jr. (January 17, 1949 – April 10, 2019) was an American lawyer. He served as the founding executive director of the Florida Justice Institute (FJI) from 1978 to 2018. In this role, Berg fought for better state of living in prisons in Florida. He retired from the FJI in 2018. He also served as the president of the Florida American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Berg grew up in Jacksonville, Florida. He was married to Carol. The couple had a son, Randall Challen Berg III. Berg died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on April 10, 2019. He was 70. Ya'akov Nehoshtan Ya'akov Nehoshtan (‎; 22 April 1925 – 17 April 2019) was an Israeli politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a member of the Knesset for Gahal between 1969 and 1974. He also served as Israeli Ambassador to the Netherlands between 1982 and 1985. Nehoshtan was born in Kazanlak, Bulgaria. He fled to Mandatory Palestine in 1944. His son, Ido, served as commander of the Israeli Air Force. Nehoshtan died on 17 April 2019, at the age of 93. Font, Switzerland Font was a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality of Font merged on 1 January 2012, into the municipality of Estavayer-le-Lac. Bollion Bollion is a village of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 it joined together with Bollion and Seiry become to Lully. Lully, Fribourg Lully is a municipality of the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, Lully incorporated the formerly independent municipalities of Bollion and Seiry. Seiry Seiry is a village of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 it joined together with Bollion and Seiry become to Lully. Léchelles Léchelles was a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 September 1994, the former municipality of Chandon merged into the municipality of Léchelles, keeping the name Léchelles. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form Belmont-Broye. Montagny, Fribourg Montagny is a municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. Since 2000 the municipality was created when Montagny-les-Monts and Montagny-la-Ville merged. On 1 January 2004, the former municipality of Mannens-Grandsivaz merged into the municipality of Montagny (FR). Nuvilly Nuvilly is a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Prévondavaux Prévondavaux is a municipality in Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Russy, Switzerland Russy was a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form Belmont-Broye. Saint-Aubin, Fribourg Saint-Aubin is a municipality in the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 1991, the former municipality of Les Friques merged into Saint-Aubin. Sévaz Sévaz is a municipality in the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. Villeneuve, Fribourg Villeneuve was a municipality of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it became a part of Surpierre. Burg bei Murten Burg bei Murten is a village and former municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Since 1975 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Murten. Russy Russy may refer to the following places: Belfaux Belfaux () is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, Autafond became the municipality of Belfaux. Chénens Chénens () is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Pierrafortscha Pierrafortscha is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Walterswil, Solothurn Walterswil is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Zaqatala (city) Zaqatala (; also, Sakataly, Zakatalsk, and Zakataly); () is the smallest city in Azerbaijan. It is well known for its flea markets and annual Yoga Buddha festival. Marly, Fribourg Marly is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created in 1970 from the merger of Marly-le-Grand and Marly-le-Petit and the 1976 Chésalles became a part of Marly. Autafond Autafond is a former municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, Autafond became the municipality of Belfaux. Autigny, Switzerland Autigny is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Corminboeuf Corminboeuf () is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. In 2017 the former municipality of Chésopelloz merged into the municipality of Corminboeuf. Elk City, Idaho Elk City is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Eastland, Texas Eastland is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Eastland County. Abdallah Lamrani Abdallah Lamrani (1946 – 14 April 2019) was a Moroccan footballer. He played as a defender. Lamrani played for the Morocco at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He played for the club FAR Rabat. He was also a sergeant of the Moroccan Army. He died in 2019, at the age of 72 or 73. Mya-Lecia Naylor Mya-Lecia Naylor (6 November 2002 – 7 April 2019) was an English actress, model and singer. She was known for her roles as Fran in CBBC sitcom "Millie Inbetween" and Mya in CBBC series "Almost Never". She also had roles in "Absolutely Fabulous", "Tati's Hotel" and "Cloud Atlas". Naylor was born in Warwickshire, West Midlands. She lived in London. Naylor hanged herself on 7 April 2019. She was taken to a Thornton Heath, London hospital while in cardiac arrest but later died. She was 16. Her death was announced by her agent A&J Management on 17 April 2019. Naylor's death was ruled to be a death by misadventure. An assistant coroner stated he did not believe that Naylor had meant to end her life. 2020 Taiwan presidential election The 15th President and Vice President election of the Republic of China () took place in Taiwan on 11 January 2020. Voters re-elected President and Vice President. The process of presidential primary elections and nominations were held during the last six months of 2019. Current President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), who was elected in 2016, won re-election. She is scheduled to be inaugurated on 20 May 2020. Ko Wen-je Ko Wen-je (; born 6 August 1959) is a Taiwanese surgeon and independent politician. Ko has been the Mayor of Taipei since 2014. Before becoming the mayor, he was a doctor at the National Taiwan University Hospital. He was also a professor at National Taiwan University College of Medicine. Terry Gou Terry Gou (; born 8 October 1950) is a Taiwanese businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Foxconn, the world's largest contract manufacturer of electronics, where it employs 1.2 million people and is its largest private employer and exporter. On 17 April 2019, Gou announced his plans to run for President in the Kuomintang primary for the 2020 presidential election. He lost the Kuomintang nomination to Han Kuo-yu on 15 July 2019. He is thinking of running for President under an Independent bid. Eric Chu Eric Li-luan Chu (; born on 7 June 1961) is a Taiwanese politician. He is the Mayor of New Taipei. Before becoming mayor, he was the Vice Premier of the Republic of China, under Premier Wu Den-yih. He was elected as the first mayor of the newly created city of New Taipei on 27 November 2010. On 17 January 2015, he was elected unopposed as Chairman of the Kuomintang, replacing Ma Ying-jeou. On 17 October 2015, he was chosen as KMT candidate for the 2016 presidential election replacing incumbent candidate Hung Hsiu-chu. Chu lost to Tsai Ing-wen, and resigned his post as KMT chairman. On 25 December 2019, Chu announced his plans to run for President again in the upcoming 2020 Taiwan presidential election. Hsu Shui-teh Hsu Shui-teh (; 1 August 1931 – 31 March 2021) was a Taiwanese politician. He was the President of the Examination Yuan from 1996 to 2002. Hsu died of pneumonia on 31 March 2021, at the age of 89. Ignace Murwanashyaka Ignace Murwanashyaka (14 May 1963 – 16 April 2019) was a Rwandan rebel leader. He was born in Butare. He was a founding member of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). It was formed in 2000 and is an ethnic Hutu rebel group. Many of the FDLR members had a part in the Rwandan genocide towards the Tutsi people. The FDLR is active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and is said to have carried out war crimes and crimes against humanity. Murwanashyaka lived in Germany. He was arrested in November 2009. In September 2015, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison. On 16 April 2019, Murwanashyaka died after bout of ill health in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He was 55. Jörg Demus Jörg Demus (2 December 1928 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian pianist and composer. He had his first piano lesson at the age of six. From the age of 11, he studied piano and conducting at the Vienna Academy of Music. He graduated at the age of 17. He won the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition in 1956. He worked with singers such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Elly Ameling and Peter Schreier. He also worked with string players like Josef Suk and Antonio Janigro. He has been called one of the most successful Austrian pianists. Demus was born in St. Pölten, Lower Austria. He was the son of art historian Otto Demus (1902–1990) and the violinist Luise Demus. He died in Vienna on 16 April 2019. He was 90. Geoffrey Chew Geoffrey Foucar Chew (June 5, 1924 – April 11, 2019) was an American theoretical physicist. He was known for his bootstrap theory of strong interactions. He also worked on the Manhattan Project. He was a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley from 1957. He was an emeritus professor from 1991 at Berkeley. He was also a physics faculty at the University of Illinois from 1950 to 1956. He was a student of Enrico Fermi. Chew's students included Nobel Prize in Physics-winning David Gross, and John Henry Schwarz. His awards included the Hughes Prize (1962), Lawrence Prize (1969) and Majorana Prize (2008). Chew was born in Washington, D.C. He studied at the University of Chicago. He died on April 11, 2019 in Berkeley, California. He was 94. Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer (13 November 1924 – 7 April 2019) was a Mexican politician and diplomat. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was Mexico's ambassador to China and its first to North Korea. He served for two terms as a member of the Senate. He also served one term as a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He was the Governor of Yucatán from February 1988 to February 1991. He was born in Mexico City. Manzanilla Schaffer died on 7 April 2019 in Irapuato, Guanajuato. He was 94. José María Rico José María Rico Cueto (12 August 1934 – 15 April 2019) was a Spanish-born Costa Rican lawyer. He served as the First Gentleman of Costa Rica during the presidency of his wife, former President Laura Chinchilla, from 2010 to 2014. He was born in Granada, Andalusia. He later moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was a Canadian citizen. Rico met Chinchilla while working in international law. Rico had a fall in Nandayure, Guanacaste Province while watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final. He died of problems caused by Alzheimer's disease on 15 April 2019 in San José. He was 84. New International Encyclopedia The New International Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia first published in 1902. The last edition was in 1935. History. The "New International Encyclopedia" was an update of The "International Cyclopaedia", which was last published in 1884. In turn, the "International Cyclopaedia" was largely a copy of Alden's "Library of Universal Knowledge". That in its turn was a reprint of "Chambers's Encyclopaedia". The original 1902 edition was edited by Harry Thurston Peck, Daniel Colt Gilman, and Frank Moore Colby. The encyclopedia was printed in 1904, 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1911. Then a second edition was made from 1914 to 1917. By that time Peck and Gilman had died, so Talcott Williams helped edit. A 3rd edition was made in 1923, and more subjects were added to it in 1927 and 1930. A final edition was made in 1935. Some of the last edition became part of "Funk & Wagnalls" "Standard Encyclopaedia". Kobi Marimi Kobi (Yakov) Marimi (Hebrew: קובי (יעקוב) מרימי‎; born October 8, 1991) is an Israeli singer and actor who won the sixth season of HaKokhav HaBa. This earned him the right to represent his country in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 on home soil. Marimi is a professional acting graduate and won the award for the most promising actor in Israel's Musical Theatre Festival. 2018 Lombok earthquake 2018 Lombok earthquake may refer to the following five thrust type earthquakes. They occurred in July and August, with epicentres north of Rinjani volcano, that caused significant damage and deaths: On August 5, 2018, Lombok Island, an island off the eastern part of Bali Island, Indonesia experienced a 6.9 magnitude earthquake. The epicenter of the earthquake was 18 km Northwest of East Lombok. The earthquake had the potential to cause a tsunami, and a Tsunami alert was sounded but later the warming was removed as the risk was reduced. The Indonesian government made efforts to broadcast information about the impact of the earthquake. However, thorough geospatial data about how the earthquake affects larger areas was limited and mostly inaccessible for the public. Available information, for example, was that according to the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of West Nusa Tenggara Province, the loss due to the earthquake reached 1 trillion IDR. Then, according to the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), the number of victims of the earthquake was >100 people, with 238 people injured, thousands of homes damaged, and tens of thousands becoming refugees. A tsunami struck Java and Sumatra starting at 9:30 p.m. and resulting in more than 300 deaths. The tsunami was likely caused by undersea landslides due to the ongoing eruption of Anak Krakatau volcano located in the Sunda Strait. Anak Krakatau’s most recent series of eruptions started in June 2018. Earthquakes in Indonesia. Indonesia is an archipelago that includes thousands of volcanic islands, which were created over time as plates shift and molten rock, or magma, exerts pressure. The Southeast Asian country is located on the Pacific ring of fire, where slabs of the earth’s crust — tectonic plates — clash, creating earthquakes when the plates shove against one another. About 90% of earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. Among the most deadly earthquakes in history was the magnitude 9.1 quake that struck off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra on 26 December 2004, triggering a massive tsunami. This disaster killed nearly 230,000 people across several countries. Kent Harris Kent Levaughn Harris (October 15, 1930 – April 9, 2019) was an American songwriter and record producer. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Harris was best known as the writer of novelty tunes such as "Shoppin' for Clothes" and "Cops and Robbers". Harris died of cancer on April 9, 2019 in San Diego, California at the age of 88. Siegmar Wätzlich Siegmar Wätzlich (16 November 1947 – 18 April 2019) was a German footballer. He was born in Rammenau, East Germany. He played for Dynamo Dresden from 1965 to 1975 and for the East German national team from 1972 to 1975. He won a bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Wätzlich died on 18 April 2019 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 71. Rammenau Rammenau (Sorbian: "Ramnow") is a city in the district of Bautzen, in Saxony, Germany. It is known as the birthplace of the well-known German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Jameel Jalibi Muhammad Jameel Khan (Urdu: محمد جمیل خان; 12 June 1929 – 18 April 2019) was a Pakistani linguist, critic, writer, and scholar. His works were based on Urdu literature and linguistics. He also was Vice-Chancellor at the University of Karachi. He was born in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, British India. Jalibi died on 18 April 2019 in Karachi, Pakistan at the age of 89. Chésopelloz Chésopelloz () was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The former municipality of Chésopelloz on 1 January 2017, merged into Corminboeuf. Walterswil Walterswil is the name of three places in Switzerland: Corpataux-Magnedens Corpataux-Magnedens was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was created on 1 January 1999, from the merger of Corpataux () and Magnedens (). On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz joined together and became the new municipality of Gibloux. Corserey Corserey () was a municipality in Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities Corserey, Noréaz and Prez-vers-Noréaz joined together to become the new municipality Prez. Cottens, Fribourg Cottens () is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Granges-Paccot Granges-Paccot is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Givisiez Givisiez is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Cottens Cottens is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland: Villars-sur-Glâne Villars-sur-Glâne is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Ependes, Fribourg Ependes () is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Since 1977, Sales became the municipality of Ependes. 15 Orionis 15 Orionis is a class F2IV (early F-type subgiant) star in the constellation Orion. Its apparent magnitude is 4.82 and it is approximately 540 light years away based on parallax. It is the southern pole star of Uranus. It has one suspected companion, B, at a separation of 0.3". Ependes Ependes can mean: La Sonnaz La Sonnaz is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The municipality was created in 2004 from the merger of Cormagens, La Corbaz and Lossy-Formangueires. The municipal administration, the kindergarten and the primary school are in Lossy. Farvagny Farvagny was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. In 1996, the former municipalities of Farvagny-le-Grand, Farvagny-le-Petit, Grenilles and Posat merged to form it. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form the new municipality of Gibloux. Ferpicloz Ferpicloz is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Matran Matran is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Sweetwater, Idaho Sweetwater is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Jerrie Cobb Geraldyn M. Cobb (March 5, 1931 – March 18, 2019) was an American aviator. She was also part of the "Mercury 13," a group of women selected to go through physiological screening tests at the same time as the original Mercury Seven astronauts. Cobb died at her home in Florida on March 18, 2019 at the age of 88. Myrtle Cagle Myrtle "Kay" Thompson Cagle (June 3, 1925 – December 22, 2019) was an American pilot. She was born in South Carolina. Cagle was one of the Mercury 13 female astronauts group. She has worked as a flight instructor and written about aviation in North Carolina. Cagle died on December 22, 2019 at the age of 94. Wally Funk Mary Wallace "Wally" Funk (born February 1, 1939) is an American aviator and Goodwill Ambassador. She was one of the Mercury 13, and was the first female air safety investigator for the National Transportation Safety Board, the first civilian flight instructor at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and the first Federal Aviation Agency inspector. On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducts its first human test flight, with Funk, Jeff Bezos, his brother Mark and 18-year-old Oliver Daemen going to space. She became the oldest person ever to go to space. Las Vegas, New Mexico Las Vegas is a city in and the county seat of San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 14,565 at the 2000 census. Sarah Gorelick Sarah Ratley (nee Gorelick) (born October 30, 1931) is an American pilot. She was born in Kansas. She was one of the Mercury 13 female astronauts group. She studied at the University of Delaware. She had testing, including freezing the inner ear with ice water to induce vertigo. She said of the experience, "The tests didn’t bother me at all…. When you are young you can take anything. My mind was made up: I was going to pass." After the Mercury 13, Gorelick became an accountant with the Internal Revenue Service. Hauterive Hauterive may mean: Hauterive, Fribourg Hauterive is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2001, when the municipalities of Ecuvillens and Posieux joined together to become Hauterive. The abbey of Hauterive was founded in 1138. Rhea Woltman Rhea Hurrle Allison Woltman (November 6, 1928 – February 15, 2021) was an American pilot. She was one of the Mercury 13. She was born in Stearns County, Minnesota. She was one of the thirteen women who passed all of the astronaut tests given at the Lovelace Clinic in 1961, making her a member of the Mercury 13. Woltman died on February 15, 2021 in St. Augusta, Minnesota at the age of 92. La Brillaz La Brillaz is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2001, when the municipalities of Lentigny, Lovens, and Onnens joined together to become La Brillaz. Suzanne Twelftree Suzanne "Sue" Twelftree (12 August 1956 – 16 April 2019) was an Australian wheelchair tennis player and Paralympic powerlifter. She was born in Wallaroo, South Australia. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, she competed in the Women's up to 48 kg powerlifting and finished ninth. Twelftree died on 16 April 2019 in Adelaide, South Australia, at the age of 62. Seth Moulton 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Seth Moulton, the U.S. Representative from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district, was launched on April 22, 2019, when Moulton announced said that he will run to win the Democratic nomination for the 2020 presidential election. On April 22, 2019, Moulton said that he would seek the Democratic nomination for president during an interview on "Good Morning America", stating that "I am here to tell you and to tell America that I am running for President of the United States." Moulton suspended his campaign on August 23, 2019 due to low polling numbers and failed qualifications for the debates. Foreign-buyers tax The Foreign-buyers tax is a property transfer tax of 15% on residential property purchased by foreign buyers in British Columbia. A "property transfer tax" is paid only once for each property owner, while property taxes are paid every year. The tax involved amendments to the "Property Transfer Tax Act" imposing an additional "property transfer tax" of 15% of the assessed value on property purchased by those who are neither citizens nor residents of Canada. It is part of the omnibus legislation "Miscellaneous Statutes (Housing Priority Initiatives) Amendment Act, 2016". It was introduced after calls urging the British Columbia provincial government to intervene in the housing market and curb foreign investment that was seen as a major contributor to the rapid rise in home prices. Madame X (album) Madame X is the fourteenth studio album by American recording artist Madonna. It was released on June 14, 2019. The first single, "Medellín", features Colombian singer Maluma and was released on April 17, 2019. The album became Madonna's ninth number-one album in the US when it entered at the top of the "Billboard" 200 chart with 95,000 equivalent units sold in its first week (including streams). Her last US number-one album was "MDNA" in 2012. Track listing. Taken from Apple Music. The standard version of the album has 13 songs, while the deluxe has 15. Sergio Valdés (footballer) Sergio Valdés Silva (11 May 1933 – 2 April 2019) was a Chilean footballer. He played as a defender. Valdés was born in Santiago. He played for played for Club Deportivo Universidad Católica and Deportes Magallanes. He also played for Chile in a third place finish at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Valdés died of leukaemia on 2 April 2019 in Algarrobo. He was 85. Sergio Valdés Sergio Valdés may refer to: David Lama David Lama (; 4 August 1990 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian sport climber and mountaineer. He won the European Championship in lead climbing in 2006 and the European Championship in bouldering in 2007. He was also the winner of the IFSC Climbing World Cup in 2008. He retired from sport climbing in 2011 to focus on mountaineering. He is known for his 2012 first free ascent of the "compressor route" (south-east ridge) on Cerro Torre in the Andes. Lama was born in Innsbruck. His father is a mountain guide from Nepal and his mother is Austrian. Lama, along with Hansjörg Auer and Jess Roskelley, died in an avalanche on 16 April 2019. The men were climbing Howse Peak in Banff National Park of the Canadian Rockies. Their bodies were found on 21 April 2019. Jess Roskelley Jess Roskelley (July 13, 1982 – April 16, 2019) was an American mountaineer. On May 21, 2003, he became the youngest American to reach the summit of Mount Everest. He was born in Spokane, Washington. He is the son of mountaineer John Roskelley. Roskelley, along with David Lama and Hansjörg Auer, died in an avalanche on April 16, 2019. The men were climbing Howse Peak in Banff National Park of the Canadian Rockies. Their bodies were found on April 21, 2019. Theodora Kroeber Theodora Covel Kracaw Kroeber Quinn (March 24, 1897 – July 4, 1979) was an American writer and anthropologist. She wrote about many Native Californian cultures. She was born in Denver, Colorado. Kroeber grew up in the mining town of Telluride. She studied at the University of California, Berkeley, for undergraduate and graduate studies. In 1926, she married anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber. Her daughter was the writer Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018). Belsize Park tube station Belsize Park is a tube station in north-west London. It is in fare zone 2. In July 2011, it became a Grade II listed building. Hansjörg Auer Hansjörg Auer (18 February 1984 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian mountaineer. He is known for his free solo climbs. He is probably best known for his 2007 free solo climb of the "fish route" (south face) of Marmolada in the Dolomites, northeastern Italy. He was born in Zams, Tyrol. Auer, along with David Lama and Jess Roskelley, died in an avalanche on 16 April 2019. The men were climbing Howse Peak in Banff National Park of the Canadian Rockies. Their bodies were found on 21 April 2019. Kazuo Koike was a Japanese manga writer and businessman. He was best known for his series "Lone Wolf and Cub" (1970–1976) and "Lady Snowblood" (1972–1973). He was added to the Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2004. He was born in Daisen, Akita Prefecture. Koike died of pneumonia on 17 April 2019, at the age of 82. He died less than a week after his rival Monkey Punch, also caused by pneumonia. Joker Xue Joker Xue (, born 17 July 1983) is a Chinese singer-songwriter and record producer. Xue is known for his hit songs and stage charisma with his signature musical style. Since his 2006 debut, Xue has produced a string of great hits detailing love's triumphs and woes. His musical style melds the classic pop pairing of piano and strings with folk-tinged acoustic guitar and sultry R&B beats. His next several albums explored a variety of genres and concepts, which received wide critical acclaims and secured his status as a leading singer of his generation. He is among the most-streamed Mandopop artists on Spotify. Xue has also found success on many high-profile variety shows, and is recognized as a popular TV personality for his sense of humor. Xue has seen his fair share of ups and downs in his life. He was born and grew up in Shanghai, China. When he was four years old, his mother died of heart disease. He studied Hotel Management at Glion Institute of Higher Education in Switzerland, before dropping out to pursue a music career. Xue first came to prominence in 2005, when his outstanding performance at the TV talent competition "My Show" gained him widespread popularity and earned him a seven-year contract with Shangteng Entertainment. His first few releases were a hit on the charts, but his career went downhill after the record company ran into financial difficulties. Not one to sit by the sidelines, Xue decided to open a hot pot business in a bid to fund his singing ambitions. He also ventured into the fashion world with one label under his belt and dabbled in acting and hosting. His business took off and he used the money he made to fund his career in music. Music career. In 2006, Xue released his self-titled debut album “薛之谦” "Xue Zhiqian," and was awarded the Most Popular New Artiste at the 6th Global Chinese Music Awards. The album was a great success and brought about a few major hits, such as “认真的雪” "Serious Snow", “黄色枫叶” "Yellow Maple" and so on, which made him an emerging star in the Chinese music industry. In 2007, Xue recorded his second album “你过得好吗” "How Are You," and was nominated for seven categories at the Beijing Pop Music Awards, which established his reputation as a promising singer-songwriter in his early career. In 2008, Xue released his third album “深深爱过你” "Loved You Deeply". After listening to the song “传说” "Legend" in this album, Shinji Tanimura 谷村新司 was very impressed by Xue's outstanding composition, and invited him to the Asia Music Festival held in Osaka, Japan. On 25 July, Xue was honored as a torchbearer for the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay. In 2009, Xue released a compilation album “未完成的歌” "Uncompleted Songs," which lists selected tracks from several of his albums, along with three new songs. In 2012, his long-awaited fifth album “几个薛之谦” "Several Of Xue Zhiqian" was released. It marked the end of his seven-year contract with “上腾娱乐” "Shangteng Entertainment", which went out of business soon after he left. In 2013, Xue released his sixth album “意外” "An Unexpected Journey", under the record company Ocean Butterflies. This album can be seen as Xue's second milestone not only because he finally broke free of Shangteng Entertainment, but it also gained widespread positive reaction from both critics and supporters of his music. The most popular songs from this album are “丑八怪” "Ugly" and “你还要我怎样” "What Else Do You Want Me To Do". In 2016, Xue produced his seventh album “初学者” "Beginner", which became another commercial and musical success. Since then his music has gained wide recognition throughout Chinese-speaking regions. As the lead single of this album, “演员” "Actor" (Official Music Video) has received over 150 million views on YouTube. In 2017, Xue released his eighth album “渡” "The Crossing", which was well-received by critics, so that Xue secured his established status as a leading singer of his generation. Songs favored by critics from this album include “高尚” "Noble" and “动物世界” "Animal World". In the same year, Xue held his concert tour “我好像在哪儿见过你” "I Think I've Seen You Somewhere". In 2018, Xue released his ninth album “摩天大楼” "Skyscraper", and continued his string of success. In this album, songs like “摩天大楼” "Skyscraper" and “肆无忌惮” "Reckless" incorporates different musical elements, while “最好” "The Best" features a more balladic composition. In the same year, he started his “摩天大楼” "Skyscraper World Tour". He was the first singer from mainland China to headline the Wembley Arena in London, Sydney Super Dome and several other landmark venues around the world. Other ventures. In 2012, Xue opened his hotpot restaurant chain "Shang Shang Qian Hotpot" 上上谦串串香火锅. In 2015, his own fashion line, "Dangerous People", was founded in Shanghai. Lyra McKee Lyra Catherine McKee (31 March 1990 – 18 April 2019) was a Northern Irish journalist. She had worked for "The Atlantic" and "BuzzFeed News". She was also an editor for Mediagazer. She wrote two non-fiction books about the Troubles, "Angels with Blue Faces" (2019) and "The Lost Boys" (2020). She was signed to publisher Faber and Faber at the time of her death. She was born in Belfast. She was openly gay. Death. On 18 April 2019, McKee was shot to death in Derry during the riot. She was 29 years old. The New IRA were blamed for her assassination. Prime Minister Theresa May called the murder "shocking and senseless." Victor Crone Victor Fritz-Crone (born 31 January 1992), also known as Victor Crone, is a Swedish singer and guitarist. He represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv with the song "Storm". John Lundvik John Lundvik (Swedish: [jɔn ˈlɵn(d).viːk, -vɪk]; born 27 January 1983) is a Swedish singer, songwriter, and former sprinter. He was part of the athletic team for IFK Växjö. Lundvik also has a singing and songwriter career having composed songs for films and the Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling in 2010. In 2018, he competed in Melodifestivalen with his song "My Turn", finishing in 3rd place. He will represent Sweden in Eurovision Song Contest 2019 with "Too Late for Love". In the same contest he will represent the United Kingdom as a songwriter for the song "Bigger Than Us". Sergey Lazarev Sergey Vyacheslavovich Lazarev (Russian: Серге́й Вячесла́вович Ла́зарев, IPA: [sʲɪrˈɡʲej vʲɪt͡ɕɪsˈlavəvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈlazərʲɪf], born 1 April 1983) is a Russian singer, dancer and actor. He is most famous for his singing career, when he rose to fame as a member of the group Smash!!. The group broke up in 2006. Since then Lazarev has pursued a solo career. He represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden, and finished in third place, coming first in the televote. He will represent Russia again at Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel with the song "Scream" . Duncan Laurence Duncan de Moor (born 11 April 1994), professionally known as Duncan Laurence, is a Dutch singer who representend the Netherlands at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel with the song "Arcade" from the album Loving You Is a Losing Game and won the contest. Laurence was born in Spijkenisse and is bisexual. Bilal Hassani Bilal Hassani (born 9 September 1999) is a French singer and YouTuber. He represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 by singing "Roi". He scored 200 points in the final of Destination Eurovision. At the Eurovision final, Hassani finished in 16th place, with 105 points. Mahmood (singer) Alessandro Mahmoud (born 12 September 1992), better known by his stage name Mahmood, is an Italian singer-songwriter. Mahmood first came to prominence after competing in season six of the Italian version of "The X Factor". In 2019, he won the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Soldi", and will represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019. He had earned a spot at the Sanremo Music Festival by winning the second night of the standalone Sanremo Giovani 2018 competition on 21 December 2018 with the song "Gioventù bruciata". He won the Sanremo Music Festival 2022 once again, alongside Blanco with the song "Brividi", and will represent Italy again in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin. Anne Plunkett Anne Maree Plunkett (born 1952) is an Australian public servant and diplomat. She has been the Australian Ambassador to Portugal since 2012. She also has authority of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe. She has also served in the past as the Australian Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland, with authority of the Holy See (Vatican). Plunkett was born in Armidale, New South Wales. She is married and has three children. Darude Ville Virtanen (born July 17, 1975), better known by his stage name Darude (/dəˈruːd/), is a Finnish DJ and record producer from Eura, Finland. He started making music in 1995 and released the platinum-selling hit single "Sandstorm" in late 1999. Darude represented Finland in Eurovision 2019. Con de Lange Con de Wet de Lange (11 February 1981 – 18 April 2019) was a South African-born Scottish cricketer. He was a left-arm orthodox spin all-rounder and a right-handed batsman. He played for teams in South Africa before playing for Northamptonshire in England. Although he was born in Bellville, in what is now Western Cape, South Africa, he played for the Scotland national team. For a time, he was Scotland's vice-captain. In June 2015, he played his first game for Scotland against Afghanistan. He played his last game for Scotland in November 2017 against Papua New Guinea. In October 2018, Cricket Scotland said publicly that de Lange had brain cancer. He died on 18 April 2019, at the age of 38. 2019 Madeira bus crash On 17 April 2019, at about 18:00, a tour bus crashed in Caniço, in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal. The bus was carrying 56 people, mostly tourists from Germany. 29 people were killed in the crash. Another 27 more were injured, including the Portuguese driver and guide. Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa gave his support to German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The President of Portugal, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, made plans to visit the site of the crash. German foreign minister Heiko Maas went to Madeira on 18 April to help victims. Patrick Sercu Patrick Sercu (27 June 1944 – 19 April 2019) was a Belgian cyclist. He was active on the road and track between 1961 and 1983. On track, he won the gold medal in the 1 km time trial at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He won three world titles in the sprint, in 1963, 1967 and 1969. On the road, he earned the green jersey at the 1974 Tour de France. He holds the record for the number of six-day track race wins. He won 88 events out of 223 starts between 1961 and 1983. He also won six stages at the Tour de France and eleven stages at the Giro d'Italia. Sercu was born in Roeselare, West Flanders. He died on 19 April 2019, at the age of 74. Carrie Coon Carrie Alexandra Coon (born January 24, 1981) is an American actress. She won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series. She won that for playing Nora Durst in the HBO series "The Leftovers" Coon later played Gloria Bungle in the third season of the television series "Fargo" For that, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. She also won a TCA Award for the Individual Achievement in Drama for both performances. On stage, Coon was nominated for a Tony Award for the 2012 revival of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". Coon was born in Copley, Ohio. Pieter Verhoeff Pieter Verhoeff (4 February 1938 – 17 April 2019) was a Dutch movie director. He is known for directing the movies "The Mark of the Beast" (1980), "The Dream" (1985), "Count Your Blessings" (1987), "The Sunday Child" (1992), "The Longest Journey" (1997), "Mates" (1999), "The Moving True Story of a Woman Ahead of Her Time" (2001) and "The Letter for the King" (2008). He also helped direct the Japanese miniseries "Tokyo Trial" (2016). He was born in Lemmer, Friesland. Verhoeff died in Amsterdam on 17 April 2019, at the age of 81. Tommie Smith Tommie C. Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete. He won the gold medal in the 200 meter sprint at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. As well as winning the gold medal, he was known for performing a famous Black Power salute with fellow American John Carlos on the medal podium. Smith did this as a protest against racism towards African-Americans. Smith and Carlos were also supported by Australian silver medalist Peter Norman. Smith was born in Clarksville, Texas. His autobiography, "Silent Gesture", was published in 2007. John Carlos John Wesley Carlos (born June 5, 1945) is an American former track and field athlete. He won the bronze medal in the 200 meter sprint at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. As well as winning the bronze medal, he was known for performing a famous Black Power salute with fellow American Tommie Smith on the medal podium. Carlos did this as a protest against racism towards African-Americans. Carlos and Smith were also supported by Australian silver medalist Peter Norman. Carlos was born in Harlem, New York City. His memoir, "The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment That Changed the World", was published in 2011. Peter Norman Peter George Norman (15 June 1942 – 3 October 2006) was an Australian track and field athlete. He won the silver medal in the 200 metre sprint at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Also at the 1968 Olympics, Norman supported African-American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos in their Black Power salute. He also wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) badge as he stood on the podium with Smith and Carlos. Norman's act has been praised but afterwards his career suffered. He was not chosen for the 1972 Summer Olympics and soon retired. He was coached by Neville Sillitoe. The House of Representatives gave an official apology for this in October 2012. Norman was born in Coburg, Victoria. He was twice married and had four children. He died of a heart attack on 3 October 2006 in Melbourne. He was 64. Sean Dyche Sean Dyche is a football manager and former player. He is most recognized for his work with Burnley getting them into Europe for the first time in over 50 years. Nikki Sixx Nikki Sixx (Frank Ferrano Jr.), born December 11th, 1958 in San Jose, California. His father (Frank Ferrano), left him and his mother (Deana Richards) when he was the age of two. Early life. Sixx moved to his grandparents (Jerome Idaho) early on in his life, before being expelled from his school for selling drugs. Sixx attended seven schools in the span 11 years and his grandparents were fed up with his antics. Sixx was sent back to live with his mother in Seattle, Washington. Soon enough he attempted to arrest his mother by borrowing a knife from his neighbor, and cutting above his forearm down to the bone. Sixx confessed to the cops that it was him and not Deana. At age 17, Sixx moved to Los Angeles. He changed his name to what he's known as now as "Nikki Sixx". Career. He auditioned for many bands as the bass player, before getting into the band London with Izzy Stradlin. He was only staying for two years before grouping together people to be in his new band, which now to be known as the popular Motley Crue. For several years he lived with members of Motley Crue (Tommy Lee, Vince Neil) in a small apartment by the Whiskey a Go Go, L.A. In 1987 after struggling with substance abuse, Sixx was legally dead for two minutes of a heroin overdose, luckily the paramedic was a Motley Crue fan, and shot him with adrenaline twice before Sixx woke up, only to shoot up once again a day later. When Sixx woke up with a puddle of blood in his palm, he went to rehab with Motley Crue. Nikki Sixx has had several spouses including Courtney Sixx (2014), Donna D'Errico (1996-2007), and Brandi Brandt (1989-1996). He has four children Storm Brieanne Sixx, Gunner Nicholas Sixx, Decker Nilsson Sixx, Frankie-Jean Sixx. Many people believe Sixx was only in the popular band Motley Crue. He was also affiliated with six(x ha g e t it) (Sixx:A.M., London, Brides of Destruction, Sister, and 58). Bell System The Bell System was a system of companies. The companies were led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by AT&T (the American Telephone and Telegraph Company). The Bell System provided telephone service to most of the United States and Canada. Some times, it was a monopoly. The Bell System companies were founded in 1877. People called the Bell System "Ma Bell". On December 31, 1983, the system was divided into independent companies, known as Baby Bells and RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies). The Baby Bells were BellSouth, Southwestern Bell, Bell Atlantic, Southern New England Telephone, NYNEX, Pacific Telesis and Ameritech. In 1994-95, Southwestern Bell changed its corporate name to SBC Communications. Between 1997 and 1999, SBC bought Pacific Telesis, SNET and Ameritech. In 1997, Bell Atlantic blended with NYNEX. That was when Bell Atlantic began doing business in New York state and New England. In 2000, Bell Atlantic bought GTE (General Telephone and Electronics Corporation). The corporate name was changed to Verizon. Also in 2000, Qwest bought US West. The surviving company was Qwest Communications. In 2005-06, AT&T merged with BellSouth and SBC. AT&T was the company surviving after the merger. The company became AT&T Inc. In 2010-11, Qwest was bought out by the CenturyLink telephone company. It was then renamed CenturyLink. The company operates in many U.S. states. CenturyLink CenturyLink is an American company from Monroe, Louisiana. It provides internet, cable television and telephone service to many areas of the United States. The original names for the company were the Oak Ridge Telephone Company, Central Telephone and Century Telephone. CenturyLink was established in 1930 in Oak Ridge, Louisiana. CenturyLink completed a merger with Qwest on Friday, April 1, 2011. CenturyLink was the surviving company. CenturyLink won two "Best in Class" awards in 2011. Fall River Mills, California Fall River Mills is a census-designated place (CDP) in Shasta County, California. At the 2010 census, 573 people lived there. There is a small airport outside the town. Coco Austin Nicole Natalie "Coco" Austin (born March 17, 1979) is an American actress, dancer and glamour model. She is married to rapper Ice-T. Austin and Ice-T star in the television show "Ice Loves Coco". The show began in 2011. Austin acted in low budget R-rated movies in the early 2000s. Austin was born in Los Angeles, California. Affordable housing Affordable housing is a term for places to live that the average person can afford to purchase or rent. The cost of housing can refer either to rental housing or to homes which are owned by the occupants. People with lower income can live there. Comparing the price of housing to income tells if housing is affordable. As the price of housing becomes a larger, affordability goes down if income is the same. Housing market sets the price for places to live. The global financial crisis in 2008 caused huge changes and many problems in the world banking and housing systems. By 2011 home prices in Ireland dropped by about 45%. In the United States, prices fell by 34%, and foreclosures went up. According to "USA Today", homes in 2019 in the United States were least affordable to purchase compared to any other year in the last ten last years. This is because home prices are increasing much faster than wages. Cities with large universities were a good choice for university students after they graduate. For example, the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, Wisconsin has very affordable housing. According to Bloomberg News, Berlin has decided to freeze rents in the city because there was not enough affordable housing. The Fox and the Hound The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It is loosely based on the 1967 book with the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. It is the 24th Disney animated movie. The movie tells the story of the unlikely friendship between a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper. The two friends have trouble keeping their friendship despite their emerging instincts, as well as the people around them saying that they have to be enemies. The movie was directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens. It was produced by Ron Miller, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Art Stevens. The movie has the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman. Walt Disney Productions first bought the rights to make a movie based on the novel by Daniel P. Mannix in 1967. However, the making of the movie did not actually happen until spring 1977. "The Fox and the Hound" was the last movie to involve the remaining members of Disney's Nine Old Men. Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston were two of them. In the end, the movie was handed over to a new generation of animators after the retirement of the old animators. However, the old animators had involvement in the early making of the movie. Also, "The Fox and the Hound" was the first movie for future directors including Tim Burton, Brad Bird, and John Lasseter. During the making of the movie, the movie's release was delayed by over six months. This was because of the sudden and unexpected retirement of Don Bluth and his team of animators. In the part of the movie where the character Chief is hit by a train, the movie makers were originally going to have him die like in the book. This was changed so that Chief survives with a broken leg. This decision was controversial with the movie makers. "The Fox and the Hound" was released to movie theaters on July 10, 1981 by Buena Vista Distribution. The movie was a success at the box office. It was the 14th highest-grossing movie of the year and made $39.9 million in the United States. At the time of release, it was the most expensive animated movie produced to date. It cost $12 million to make the movie. It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1988. An intermediate follow-up, "The Fox and the Hound 2", was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006. Release. Home media. "The Fox and the Hound" was first released on VHS on March 4, 1994. This release was the last entry in the Walt Disney Classics collection. It was placed into moratorium on April 30, 1995. On May 2, 2000, the movie was released on Region 1 DVD for the first time. This was part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line. A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10, 2006. "The Fox and the Hound" was released on Blu-ray on August 9, 2011. This was to honor the movie's 30th anniversary. The movie was released in a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo pack alongside its direct-to video follow-up "The Fox and the Hound 2" in a 2-movie Collection Edition. The Blu-ray has a new digital restoration. It presents the movie for the first time in 1.66:1 widescreen. It also has 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio. "The Fox and the Hound 2" is presented in 1.78:1 widescreen. It has the same sound as the first movie. A DVD-only edition was also released on the same day. Awards. The movie was awarded a Golden Screen Award () in 1982. In the same year, it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. Follow-up. A follow-up, "The Fox and the Hound 2", was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006. The follow-up takes place during the childhood of Tod and Copper. This is before the events of the later half of the first movie. The story-line is about Copper wanting to join a band of singing stray dogs. This puts his friendship with Tod to the test. The follow-up received negative reception. Critics considered it to be a poor copy of the first movie. Fat Joe Joseph Antonio Cartagena (born August 19, 1970), better known as Fat Joe, is an American rapper and actor. He started his music career as a member of the hip hop group Diggin' in the Crates Crew. He later began a solo career. One of Fat Joe's many famous songs includes "What's Luv" with Ja Rule and Ashanti. He also rapped on the song "All the Way Up" with Remy Ma. Fat Joe was in the movies "Happy Feet" (2006), "Scary Movie 3" and Spike Lee's Netflix series "She's Gotta Have It". Fat Joe was born in the Bronx, New York City. Sunol, California Sunol is a census-designated place in Alameda County, California. At the 2010 census, 913 people lived there. The town is known for the Niles Canyon Railway, a historic railroad. Descendants Descendants is a 2015 American musical fantasy television movie. It was directed and choreographed by Kenny Ortega. The movie stars Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Booboo Stewart, and Cameron Boyce. It is about the heroes and villains of Disney animated movies. The movie tells the story of the children of villains Maleficent ("Sleeping Beauty"), The Evil Queen ("Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"), Jafar ("Aladdin"), and Cruella de Vil ("One Hundred and One Dalmatians"). Their children are Mal, Evie, Jay, and Carlos. The children are given a chance to be with the heroes at Auradon Prep outside their island prison, The Isle of the Lost. Maleficent instructs Mal to steal the Fairy Godmother's magic wand and free their parents from captivity. However, they instead adjust to their new life and learn to be good. Mal falls in love with Ben, the son of King Beast and Queen Belle ("Beauty and the Beast"). The movie debuted on July 31, 2015, as a Disney Channel Original Movie, to positive reviews and 6.6 million viewers. The movie also stars Mitchell Hope, Melanie Paxson, Brenna D'Amico, Sarah Jeffery, Zachary Gibson, Jedidiah Goodacre, Dianne Doan, Dan Payne, Keegan Connor Tracy, Wendy Raquel Robinson, Maz Jobrani, Kathy Najimy, and Kristin Chenoweth. The movie is the first installment in the "Descendants" franchise. It was spun off into a CGI animated short-form series titled "". Two sequels to the movie were made. The first sequel was "Descendants 2", which premiered on July 21, 2017. The second sequel was "Descendants 3", which premiered on August 2, 2019. Descendants 2 Descendants 2 is an American musical fantasy television movie. It premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on July 21, 2017 on Disney Channel. It was simulcast on Disney-owned networks ABC, Disney XD, Freeform, Lifetime and Lifetime Movies. It is the second installment in the "Descendants" franchise and the sequel to the 2015 movie "Descendants". The movie stars Dove Cameron, Cameron Boyce, Sofia Carson, Booboo Stewart, Mitchell Hope and China Anne McClain. A third movie, "Descendants 3", premiered on August 2, 2019. Neville Sillitoe Neville John Sillitoe (born 1925) is an Australian athletics coach. He coached the national team at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane. He also coached Australian athletes at the Commonwealth Games and the Summer Olympics. Athletes he coached include Peter Norman, Gary Holdsworth, Greg Lewis, Denise Boyd, Tamsyn Lewis and many others. He served as head athletics coach at Caulfield Grammar School from 1983 to 2014. In 2018, Sillitoe was awarded an Order of Australia for services to athletics. David Morrison David Lindsay Morrison (born 24 May 1956) is a retired Australian senior army officer. He served as the Australian Army's Chief of Army from June 2011 until his retirement in May 2015. He was a lieutenant general. He is also known for his work towards gender equality and diversity. He was named Australian of the Year in 2016. Morrison was born in Cairns, Queensland. His father was Major General Alan Morrison (1927–2008). Takashi Hiraoka is a Japanese politician and journalist. He served as the mayor of Hiroshima from 1991 to 1999. He served as mayor for two terms and was re-elected in 1995. As mayor, he helped his city and South Korea's Daegu becoming sister cities in 1997. He also worked as a journalist in the 1960s. He wrote mostly about Korean victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He tried to get the Korean victims medical care from Japanese government. Hiraoka was born in Osaka. He grew up in both Japan and Korea. He was not in Hiroshima at the time of the atomic bombing in August 1945. John Kander John Harold Kander (born March 18, 1927) is an American composer. He is best known for his songwriting partnership with Fred Ebb, also known as Kander and Ebb. His most famous musicals are "Cabaret" and "Chicago". Kander has won three Tony Awards, two Grammy Awards and two Emmy Awards. He has helped make the music for the movies "Cabaret", "New York, New York", "Kramer vs. Kramer", "Places in the Heart", "Billy Bathgate" and "Chicago". Kander was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He is from a Jewish family. He is openly gay. In 2010, he married his partner since 1977, Albert Stephenson. Josine Ianco-Starrels Josine Ianco-Starrels (October 17, 1926 – April 8, 2019) was a Romanian-born American art curator. She worked as a museum director in Los Angeles, California. She was an associate professor of the Art Gallery Division at California State University, Los Angeles from 1969 to 1975. From 1975 to 1987, Ianco-Starrels was Director of the Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery. She was behind many art exhibits across southern California from the 1970s to 2000. She retired in 2000. Ianco-Starrels was born in Bucharest. Her father was Marcel Janco (1895–1984), an artist, architect and one of the founding members of Dadaism. She died of natural causes on April 8, 2019 in Rogue River, Oregon. She was 92. Rogue River, Oregon Rogue River is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 2,131. List of LazyTown episodes LazyTown is an Icelandic television series. It originally in the United States on Nickelodeon as part of the Nick Jr. block. with 80 episodes from August 16, 2004 to October 13, 2014. Series overview. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Super High Me Super High Me is a 2007 American documentary movie. It is directed by Michael Blieden. It stars comedian Doug Benson. In the documentary, Benson smokes cannabis for 30 days straight to see the effects. The title of "Super High Me" and its poster are plays on the documentary "Super Size Me" (2004) by Morgan Spurlock. "Super High Me" had its full release on April 20, 2008 (4/20). The documentary has a 63% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Rodolfo Severino Jr. Rodolfo Certeza Severino Jr. (27 April 1936 – 19 April 2019) was a Filipino diplomat. He served as the 10th Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) from 1998 to 2002. He also served as the ambassador to Malaysia from 1989 to 1992. He was a professor at many universities in Singapore. He was born in Manila. Severino died of problems caused by Parkinson's disease on 19 April 2019. He was 82. Okiharu Yasuoka was a Japanese politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). He served as a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) from 1972 to 2017. He also served two terms as the Minister of Justice in 2000 and 2008. He was born in Chiyoda, Tokyo and grew up in Kagoshima Prefecture. Yasuoka died of pancreatic cancer on 19 April 2019 at a hospital in Tokyo. He was 79. Massimo Marino (TV presenter) Massimo Marino (8 February 1960 – 19 April 2019) was an Italian television presenter and actor. He started his presenting career as the host of "ViviRoma" in 1995. He also acted in the movies "Grande, grosso e... Verdone" (2008), "Una estate al mare" (2008), "A Natale mi sposo" (2010) and "Una cella in due e Matrimonio a Parigi" (2011). He was the publisher of the magazine "ViviRoma" from 1989. He was born in Rome. Marino died in Rome on 19 April 2019, at the age of 59. Rahul Gandhi Rahul Gandhi (born 19 June 1970) is belonging to Indian politician congress party. His great-grandfather was Jawaharlal Nehru, who was India's first Prime-Minister. His grandmother was Indira Gandhi who was India's first woman Prime Minister. His father Rajiv Gandhi was India's youngest Prime Minister. He is the pape of the Indian National Congress. He is also the pape of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India. He is a member of the Indian Parliament and represents Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in the 16th Lok Sabha. Gandhi completed his primary education in New Delhi and Dehradun. After his father became the Prime Minister, he was taught at home because of security problems. He studied at Rollins College under an assumed name. Later, he also Cambridge. Gandhi entered politics in 2004 and won the from Amethi. Amethi is a constituency that was earlier held by his father. He won both the 2009 and 2014 elections from the same constituency. He became the General Secretary of the Congress in 2007 and was elected Vice-President of the party in 2013. Gandhi led the Indian National Congress campaign for the 2014 Indian general elections. The party its worst defeat in that election. It won only 44 seats. Early life. Rahul Gandhi was born in Delhi on 19 June 1970. He was the first of the two children of Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi. His family is well known for having a special place in Indian politics. His father later became the Prime Minister of India. His mother became the President of the Indian National Congress. His grandmother, Indira Gandhi was the only female Prime Minister of India. His paternal grandfather Feroze Gandhi was a Parsi from Gujarat. Priyanka Vadra is his younger sister and Robert Vadra is his brother-in-law. He is also the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. He identifies himself as a Hindu Brahmin. Rahul Gandhi attended St. Columba's School, Delhi. He studied at The Doon School in Dehradun, Uttarakhand from 1981 to 1983. Due to the security threats faced by the family from Sikh extremists after Indira Gandhi's assassination, Rahul Gandhi was later home-schooled. Rahul Gandhi joined St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 1989 for his undergraduate education. However, he moved to Harvard University after he completed the first year examinations. In 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers (LTTE). After the assassination, Rahul Gandhi shifted to Rollins College in Florida, USA, due to security problems. While he was at Rollins College, he used Raul Vinci as his name. His real name was known only to a few university officials and security agencies. He later studied at Trinity College Cambridge. After graduation, Rahul Gandhi worked at the Monitor Group, a management consulting firm, in London. In 2002, he became one of the directors of Mumbai-based technology outsourcing firm Backops Services Private Ltd. In 2004, Gandhi had told the press that he had a Spanish girlfriend who was an architect. He had met her while studying in England. In 2013, he suggested that he may not get married. Political Career. Rahul Gandhi's political career started in March 2004 when he said that he would become a candidate for the Amethi region for the elections held in India in May 2004. The Amethi region had earlier been held by his father, Rajiv Gandhi and then his mother Sonia Gandhi, who later chose another region to become a candidate from. Burns, Oregon Burns is a city and the county seat of Harney County, Oregon. At the 2010 census, 2,806 people lived there. The town lies 1,264 meters above sea-level. Le Glèbe Le Glèbe was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2003 when the municipalities of Estavayer-le-Gibloux, Rueyres-Saint-Laurent, Villarlod, and Villarsel-le-Gibloux. joined together to become Le Glèbe. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form the new municipality of Gibloux. Fish sauce Fish sauce is an Asian cooking ingredient. It is made from fish or krill which has been coated in salt and then fermented for up to two years. It is used as a seasoning in quite a lot of Asian dishes, particularly those from Burma, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Fish sauce is used by chefs to add the umami flavor to dishes. Soy sauce is sometimes considered a vegetarian alternative to fish sauce. In French and international cuisine the corresponding term is fish stock. That is made differently and tastes different. Le Mouret Le Mouret is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. History. Le Mouret was created on January 1, 2003 from the merger of Bonnefontaine, Essert, Montévraz, Oberried, Praroman, and Zénauva. Villages. Le Mouret has villages of Praroman, Moulin à Bentz, Le Mouret, Le Pafuet, Essert, Montévraz-Dessous, Montévraz-Dessus, Montembloud, Zénauva, Oberried, Montécu and Bonnefontaine. Noréaz Noréaz was amunicipality in Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities Corserey, Noréaz and Prez-vers-Noréaz joined together to become the new municipality of Prez. Ponthaux Ponthaux is a municipality of the district Saane, in the canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. Prez-vers-Noréaz Prez-vers-Noréaz was a municipality in Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities Corserey, Noréaz and Prez-vers-Noréaz joined to become the new municipality Prez. Rossens, Fribourg Rossens was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form the new municipality of Gibloux. Vuisternens-en-Ogoz Vuisternens-en-Ogoz was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form the new municipality of Gibloux. Senèdes Senèdes is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Villarsel-sur-Marly Villarsel-sur-Marly is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Treyvaux Treyvaux is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Agriswil Agriswil is a village of the district See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, Ried bei Kerzers incorporated the neighboring municipality of Agriswil. Esmonts Esmonts is a village of the district Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, Vuarmarens incorporated the formerly independent municipality of Esmonts and on 1 January 2012, it has been with Vuarmarens merged to form Ursy. Vuisternens Vuisternens can mean: List of Blue's Clues episodes This is a List of Blue's Clues episodes on Nickelodeon from September 8, 1996 to May 10, 2004. Series overview. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Alfred L. Kroeber Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 – October 5, 1960) was an American cultural anthropologist. He earned his Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1901. Franz Boas supervised Kroeber's studies. Kroeber was also the first professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was director of the Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley from 1909 through 1947. Kroeber studied an man named Ishi, the last surviving member of the Yahi people. Kroeber was the father of the novelist, poet, and writer of short stories Ursula K. Le Guin. Ishi in Two Worlds Ishi in Two Worlds is a biography of Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi Native American people. Theodora Kroeber wrote the book. It was published in 1961. It was translated into nine languages. Ishi had been found alone and starving outside Oroville, California in 1911. The anthropologists Alfred Louis Kroeber and Thomas Waterman took him to the Museum of Anthropology in San Francisco. There, he was studied by the anthropologists, before his death in 1916. Theodora Kroeber married Alfred Kroeber in 1926. Though she had never met Ishi, she decided to write a biography of him. Summary. The book has two parts. The first part is called "Ishi the Yahi". It tells about the history and the culture of the Yahi people. The second part is called "Mister Ishi". It tells about his life at the museum. The first part begins with the history of California before European colonization. Kroeber writes that though there were few Yahi, they once occupied a large part of the Sacramento Valley. Other, more numerous, Native American peoples probably pushed the Yahi into the mountains. The first part also describes the Yahi language and the landscape where they lived near Mount Lassen. Several chapters in the first section are about the destruction of the Yahi by white settlers. The second part of the book begins with a history of the museum in San Francisco where Ishi was taken. It also tells how he got the name Ishi. At the museum, Alfred Kroeber and others arranged for weekly public demonstrations. Ishi would usually demonstrate stringing a bow, or making fire with a fire drill. Finally Ishi's friends had to arrange for Ishi to work as a janitor, so the University would pay to support him. In addition to Kroeber, Waterman and Pope, Ishi became friends with other Native American friends of the anthropologists, such as Juan Dolores, a Tohono O'odham Indian. Ishi spent much of his time at the museum making tools and weapons. He also went hunting with his friends. The last chapter of the book tells of Ishi becoming sick with tuberculosis in late 1914, and his death from the disease soon afterwards. Emory University Emory University is a private university in Atlanta, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The university was started by the Methodist Episcopal Church as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford, Georgia. It was named after Methodist bishop John Emory. The college moved to Druid Hills after Asa Griggs Candler, a wealthy businessperson from the slave owning Magruder family, offered it money and land there. Berkeley High School (California) Berkeley High School is a public high school in the Berkeley Unified School District. It is the only public high school in the city of Berkeley, California. It is one long block west of Shattuck Avenue and three short blocks south of University Avenue in downtown Berkeley. The school mascot is the Yellowjacket. 2019 Belizean territorial dispute referendum A referendum on the territorial dispute with Guatemala was originally and initially scheduled to be held in Belize on 10 April 2019, but the date has now been delayed and set on 8 May 2019. Yes : 58% No : 42% The purpose of this referendum is to ask the Belizeans If they agree that their neighbouring country, Guatemala and their country, Belize request the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to finally resolve the Belizean-Guatemala territorial dispute. Simbakubwa Simbakubwa kutokaafrika is an extinct species of giant hyaena-like mammal. It was in the order Hyaenodonta. It was originally classified as a creodont. It lived during the early Miocene and was found in Kenya. The type specimen had been sitting in the Nairobi National Museum for many years until two American palaeontologists took an interest in it. It was got from deposits dated to be 23 million years old. The animal must have been huge, perhaps up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight. It might have been bigger the modern polar bear in size. Paleoecology. Africa in the early Miocene was much more forested than today, and even the area which is now Kenya would have had much less grassland. Therefore, instead of the run-and-chase routine of most carnivores today, the emphasis would be more on stealthy stalk-and-pounce methods. Teeth of this species show it did not have the crushing molars of modern hyaenas. What it did have here huge carnassials for slicing flesh. "Simbakubwa" was probably a specialist hunter and scavenger that preyed on creatures such as rhinoceroses and early elephants. "Simbakubwa" was a straightforward flesh-eater, and one of the largest mammalian carnivores ever found. Rijksmuseum The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch museum. It is run by the government and focused on the arts and history of Amsterdam. The museum is located in Amsterdam The Rijksmuseum was opened in The Hague in 1800. It then moved to Amsterdam in 1808. The current main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1885. In 2013 and 2014, it was the most visited museum in the Netherlands. It is also the largest art museum in the country. The museum has 8,000 items that can be seen by those who go to it. This is out of a total of 1 million items. The collection includes items by Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Johannes Vermeer. The museum also has a small collection of Asian items. History. 18th century. The year 1795 marked the start of the Batavian Republic. One of the members of the new government was Isaac Gogel. He suggested a new national museum, like the French Louvre. On 19 November 1798, the government agreed to the museum. On 31 May 1800, the new museum opened. It was at first known as the National Art Gallery (Dutch: "Nationale Kunst-Galerij"). It had about 200 paintings and other items. These came from the collections of the Dutch stadtholders. 19th century. In 1806, the Kingdom of Holland was established by Napoleon Bonaparte. It replaced the Batavian Republic. In 1808, the museum moved to Amsterdam as ordered by Louis Bonaparte. After the move, more paintings were added. These included "The Night Watch" by Rembrandt. In 1863, there was a design contest for a new building for the museum. None of the submissions were selected. In 1876, a new contest was held and this time Pierre Cuypers won. His design was a mix of gothic and renaissance. The work on the new building start on 1 October 1876. It opened on 13 July 1885. In 1890, another building was added a short distance to the south-west of the Rijksmuseum. This one was made out of pieces of demolished buildings. It has since become known as the 'fragment building'. It is also known as the 'south wing' and is currently (in 2013) branded as the "Philips Wing". 20th century. In 1906, the hall for the "Night Watch" was rebuilt. More changes were made between the 1920s and 1950s. In the 1960s extra rooms and floors were built. Other changes and fixes were done in 1984, 1995–1996 and 2000. The south wing of the museum was repaired in 1996. 21st century. In December 2003, the main building was closed for repair. During these repairs, about 400 items could still be viewed in the south wing. These included Rembrandt's "The Night Watch" and other 17th-century paintings. The repairs were completed on 16 July 2012. On 13 April 2013, the main building was opened again. Building. The main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1885. It has two squares with an atrium in each centre. The Rijksmuseum is a national heritage site since 1970. Collection. The collection has 1 million items of arts, crafts, and history. These come from the years 1200 to 2000. Around 8000 of these items can be viewed in the museum. The collection has more than 2,000 paintings from the Dutch Golden Age. Some are from notable painters such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Frans Hals, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Rembrandt, and Rembrandt's students. The museum also has a small Asian collection. It also displays the stern of HMS "Royal Charles" which was captured in the Raid on the Medway, and the Hartog plate. In 2012, the museum made 125,000 high-resolution images available for download. It plans to add another 40,000 images per year until the entire collection is available. Restaurant. Rijks, stylized as RIJKS®, is a restaurant in the Philips Wing. Joris Bijdendijk has been the chef since the opening in 2014. The restaurant was awarded a Michelin star in 2017. 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings There were a series of suicide bombings targeting Christians and tourists in Sri Lanka, on Easter Sunday 2019 (21 April). Three churches and three luxury hotels in the Colombo area were targeted. Eight bombers killed 269 people and themselves. At least 500 people were wounded. There were also smaller bombings in other locations. One of the churches was Protestant; the other two were Catholic. The bombings happened at nearly the same time. At least two of the bombings appeared to have been suicide attacks. The ISIS has claimed responsibility for the attacks, along with a religious extremist group called whose members, including its president, Zahran Hashim carried out the attack. There were some arrests in connection with the bombings. There are many ethnic and religious groups in Sri Lanka. There has been a lot of violence between different groups. Most people in Sri Lanka are Buddhist. About ten percent are Muslims, and about 7.5 per cent are Christian (about 80% of them are Catholics; the remaining 20% are evenly split between Anglicans and other Protestants). Most victims are from Sri Lanka. Between 20 and 30 foreigners were killed. According to the government reports, all of the suicide bombers in the attacks were Sri Lankan citizens. The government said, they were associated with , a local militant Islamist group previously known for attacks against Buddhists. Processual archaeology Processual archaeology, formerly called New Archaeology, is a way of doing archaeology that tries to be as scientific as possible. Archaeologists are people who study people through objects. Often by digging for remains and artifacts. Processual archaeologists use specific methods to come up with general rules that explain human culture around the world and through time. This means they are trying to find reasons that explain why people around the world do things in similar ways. Background of Processual Archaeology. Processual archaeology came about in the 1960s and is an approach to archaeology; this means it is a way of doing archaeology that people choose to follow. Before the processual approach, another approach was ‘culture history’ which tried to only create histories for particular places. Culture history archaeologists started with a modern culture and traced its roots back as far as they would go. Culture history archaeologists dug units (square holes that are dug very carefully) that went very deep to find the oldest objects. Anywhere you dig, the youngest materials are close to the surface at the top and the oldest materials are at the bottom. Archaeologists learn about the history of a place by knowing what objects came in what order. This helps archaeologists understand the history of a place. Processual archaeology is different from culture history because archaeologists dug larger units to understand more widely what was happening at a site, or place of archaeological importance. These new archaeologists also added many scientific instruments to help them study the past. Lewis Binford and Archaeology as Anthropology. Lewis Binford was a famous processual archaeologist from the 1960s. He believed that archaeology should be practiced like anthropology. Anthropology is the study of past and present people and the many parts of what it means to be human. Binford argued that archaeologists are responsible to add to anthropology as a field of study; this includes how cultures and societies around the world change over time. Binford wanted to study different types of things to show changes over time in many different parts of human culture. He tried to do this by studying things in a systematic way (a way that follows set rules and can be repeated). Binford believed that some parts of culture were more important than others and thought that the way people act is based on forces or laws that people do not know about and cannot control. What do processual archaeologists do? Processual archaeologists tried to create models to explain why and how people would act. They felt that humans behave the same and given the same conditions or choices, people will make similar ones. Processual archaeologists also decided to conduct archaeologically scientifically. They used radiometric dating techniques to figure out how old an artifact is, as well as other techniques to prove how the artifact was used. They began to reproduce artifacts to better understand how they were made. This is called experimental archaeology. Another scientific approach was to conduct ethnographic fieldwork (link) to better understand past hunter gatherers. Processualists think that the way hunter gatherers are today is similar to the way they were in the past. This helps us understand them better. Impact. Post processualism challenged processual archaeology. Post processual archaeologists thought that processualists did not think beyond the artifacts and forgot about the people behind the pots. They also challenged the assumption that humans act rationally and the idea that behavior can be modelled. They also challenged how processual archaeologists know what they know, and looked at the biases behind work. Modern Day. Processual archaeology continues to be used today, however it is not the same as it was when it started. The biggest change came with computers. The models that archaeologists could be tested and seen to be accurate or not. More detailed examinations of artifacts could be made. Not all archaeologists think the same way about the past. After processual archaeology came post-processual archaeology which challenged a lot of the assumptions being made. Both processualists and post processualists exist today. References. Binford, Lewis R. 1962. "Archaeology as anthropology". In Contemporary Archaeology, ed by M. Leone, pp. 93–101. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. 1965. "Archaeological systematics and the study of culture process". In American Antiquity 31(2) Part 1: 203-210. Binford, Sally R. & Lewis Binford. 1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago, Aldine Press. Trigger, Bruce. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press: New York White, Leslie A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture. McGraw-Hill, New York. Willey, Gordon R., and Philip Phillips. 1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. Riley, Oregon Riley is a unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon. It is found 45 km west of Burns, and is located at the meeting point of U.S. Highway 395 and U.S. Highway 20. It lies 1,288 meters above sea level. Orion Pictures Orion Pictures (also known as Orion Releasing LLC) is an American movie production company. It is owned by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The company made and released movies from 1978 to 1999. Awards. Of the many movies distributed by Orion, four won the Academy Awards for Best Picture: "Amadeus" (1984), "Platoon" (1986), "Dances with Wolves" (1990) and "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991). History. In 1997, Orion was bought by MGM. In 2013, MGM revived the Orion name for television. In 2014, MGM restarted Orion Pictures. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Orion was famous for its "RoboCop" movies. The first "RoboCop" was in 1987. The second movie, "RoboCop 2", was in 1990. The third movie, "RoboCop 3", was released in November 1993. Also during this period, Orion released the "Terminator" movies in 1984 and 1991. Both of them had Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator. On February 5, 2019, MGM and Annapurna Pictures expanded their U.S. distribution company, Mirror. Mirror was changed to United Artists Releasing. Joe Armstrong (programmer) Joseph Leslie Armstrong (27 December 1950 – 20 April 2019) was a British computer scientist. He is best known as one of the co-designers of the Erlang programming language. He was given a Ph.D. in computer science from KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden in 2004. He later became a professor at KTH from 2014. He was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire. Armstrong died on 20 April 2019, at the age of 68. John Singleton John Daniel Singleton (January 6, 1968 – April 28, 2019) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and producer. He was best known for directing "Boyz n the Hood" (1991). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director, becoming the first African American and youngest person to have ever been nominated for the award, at age 24. His other works included "Poetic Justice" (1993), "Higher Learning" (1995), and "Baby Boy" (2001). Death. On April 17, 2019, Singleton had a massive stroke and was hospitalized in the intensive care unit in Los Angeles. On April 25, it was reported that he was in a coma. On April 29, he was said to be on life-support, but he actually died on April 28 at the age of 51 at Cedars-Sinai Hospital. Walidah Imarisha Walidah Imarisha is an American writer, activist, educator and spoken word artist. She is known for creating the phrase "visionary fiction." Career. Writing. Imarisha is co-editor, with adrienne maree brown, of "Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories From Social Justice Movements". It is named after the legendary science fiction writer Octavia Butler. She also co-edited "Another World Is Possible" in response to the 9/11 attacks. Imarisha is the author of the poetry collection "Scars/Stars" (Drapetomedia, 2013). She also wrote a nonfiction book about criminal justice issues, "Angels with Dirty Faces: Dreaming Beyond Bars" (AK Press/IAS, 2016). It won the 2017 Oregon Book Award for Creative Nonfiction. She was a member of the poetry duo Good Sista/Bad Sista. She appeared on Puerto Rican punk band Ricanstruction's second album, "Love and Revolution". Her words have been featured in Total Chaos: The Art And Aesthetics of Hip Hop, Letters From Young Activists, Daddy, Can I Tell You Something, Word Warriors: 35 Women Leaders in the Spoken Word Revolution, The Quotable Rebel, Near Kin: A Collection of Words and Art Inspired by Octavia Butler, Joe Strummer: Punk Rock Warlord, Stories for Chip: A Tribute to Samuel R. Delany, and Life During Wartime: Resisting Counterinsurgency. Imarisha was also one of the founders, and the first editor, of the political hip hop publication "AWOL Magazine". She worked on the editorial board for the national Left Turn Magazine. She was the director and co-producer of the Katrina documentary "Finding Common Ground in New Orleans". "Visionary Fiction". Imarisha and "Octavia's Brood" co-editor Adrienne Maree Brown describe the term "visionary fiction" as follows: Trying to imagine "a world without war, without violence, without prisons, without capitalism" is making a kind of speculative fiction. Organizers and activists work hard to create and imagine another world, or many other worlds, just as science fiction does. "We believe that radical science fiction" should be called "visionary fiction because it pulls from real life experience, inequalities and movement building to create innovative ways of understanding the world around us, paint visions of new worlds that could be, and teach us new ways of interacting with one another. Visionary fiction engages our imaginations and hearts, and guides our hands as organizers." Teaching. Walidah has taught in many places, including: She spoke in public all over Oregon as a scholar with Oregon Humanities' Conversation Project for six years on topics such as Oregon Black history, alternatives to putting people in prison, and the history of hip hop. Organizing. Walidah was a member of the board of the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors for six years. She helped to start the Human Rights Coalition, a group of prisoners' families and people who used to be prisoners. Jerry Clack Jerry Clack (July 22, 1926 – April 15, 2019) was an American scholar and political activist. He served as Professor of Classical Languages at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh. He retired in 2011. He was also known for his work in the community as member of Citizens for Global Solutions and chairman of the Opera Theater of Pittsburgh. He was born in New York City. Clack died on April 15, 2019, at the age of 92. Peter Colotka Peter Colotka (10 January 1925 – 21 April 2019) was a Slovak academic, lawyer and politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the Slovak Socialist Republic from 1969 to 1988. He was became the Czechoslovak ambassador to France in late 1988 and served until January 1990. In 1990, he was arrested and accused of embezzlement, abuse of power and theft. Charges were dropped in 1994. Colotka was born in the village of Sedliacka Dubová. He studied law at Comenius University in Bratislava. He died on 21 April 2019, at the age of 94. Reggie Cobb Reginald John Cobb (July 7, 1968 – April 20, 2019) was an American football player. He played as a running back. He played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1990–1993), Green Bay Packers (1994), Jacksonville Jaguars (1995) and New York Jets (1996). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers of the University of Tennessee. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Cobb died from a heart attack on April 20, 2019, at the age of 50. Aminul Haque Aminul Haque (; 1942 or 1943 – 21 April 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a member of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). He served as the country's Minister of Post and Telecommunications from 2001 to 2006. He was also a member of parliament for Rajshahi-1 from 1991 to 2006. Outside of politics, he was a barrister. Haque died of liver cancer on 21 April 2019 in Dhaka. He was 73. Karl Grob Karl Grob (30 May 1946 – 20 April 2019) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He was born in Küsnacht. Grob played for his local team, Küsnacht, before signing for Zürich. For his time at Zürich, he has been called a legend. He won five Swiss Super Leagues and 4 Swiss Cups with Zürich. He also made the most caps for the club in the league, European competition and in total appearances. He later played for Biel-Bienne for one season. He also played seven times for Switzerland. Grob died of heart failure on 20 April 2019 in Zürich. He was 72. Braulio Lara Braulio Armando Lara (20 December 1988 – 20 April 2019) was a Dominican professional baseball player. He played as a pitcher. In the United States, he was signed to the Tampa Bay Rays, the Miami Marlins and the Washington Nationals. In 2016, he played with the SK Wyverns of the KBO League in South Korea. He later played for the Mexican teams Sultanes de Monterrey and Generales de Durango. He was born in Baní, Peravia Province. Lara died in a car accident on 20 April 2019 in Baní. He was 30. Amelia Vargas Amelia Graciela Vargas Ipaneca (16 January 1928 – 21 April 2019) was a Cuban actress and dancer. She lived and worked in Argentina. She starred in the comedy movies "Arroz con leche" (1950), "The Phantom of the Operetta" (1955) and "Cleopatra Was Candida" (1964). She was born in Havana. Vargas died in Buenos Aires on 21 April 2019. She was 91. Martin Böttcher Martin Böttcher (17 June 1927 – 19 April 2019) was a German composer, arranger and conductor. He is best known for composing the scores for the 1960s movies based on the Karl May books. His music is said to have helped inspire the Italian movie industry to make their own Westerns. This created a new genre, Spaghetti Westerns. In his career, he worked on more than 50 movies and 300 television shows. Böttcher was born in Berlin. He died on 19 April 2019, at the age of 91. Wally Carr Wally "Wait-awhile-Wal" Carr (11 August 1954 – 13 April 2019) was an Australian professional boxer. He was described by "Boxing 1970–1980" as having "boxing ability to burn" and "outstanding skills". He was professional from 1971 to 1986. He had 100 pro fights, winning 53 (27 by knockout), losing 38 and drawing nine times. In 2010, he was added to the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame. Carr was born in Wellington, New South Wales. He was an indigenous man of the Wiradjuri people. He had four children. His grandson, Joshua Addo-Car (born 1995), is a rugby league player. Carr died of stomach cancer on 13 April 2019 in Newtown, New South Wales. He was 64. Shantha Mayadunne Shantha Mayadunne (; 4 April 1951 – 21 April 2019) was a Sri Lankan chef, writer and television personality. Career. She had thirty years of experience in the culinary arts and became one of the most popular Sri Lankan television chefs. She learned advanced international cooking techniques at reputable cooking schools in many countries such as Australia, UK, Singapore, Thailand and India. As her popularity grew, she started to conduct classes, through workshops, mass media programs. She published two books, the first in 2001 while the second was in 2005. Death. She was killed on 21 April 2019 by a suicide bomber during a series of terrorist attacks in Sri Lanka. Her daughter was also killed in the attacks when both of them stayed at the Shangri-La Hotel, Colombo for breakfast. Harper's Magazine Harper's Magazine (also called Harper's) is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in June 1850, it is the second-oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. Harper's Magazine has won 22 National Magazine Awards. Krasimir Bezinski Krasimir Smilenov Bezinski (; 29 June 1961 – 22 April 2019) was a Bulgarian footballer. He played as a defender for nearly 20 years. He played for five clubs, Pirin Blagoevgrad, CSKA Sofia, Portimonense, Maccabi Ironi Ashdod and Hapoel Petah Tikva. He also played 21 times for the Bulgarian national team between 1980 and 1993. Bezinski was born in Blagoevgrad. He died of colorectal cancer in Sofia in 2019. He was 57. Julio César Toresani Julio César Toresani (5 December 1967 – 22 April 2019) was an Argentine football player and manager. He played in the midfield. Toresani was born in Santa Fe. He played for Unión de Santa Fe, Instituto, River Plate, Colón de Santa Fe, Boca Juniors, Independiente, Audax Italiano and Patronato. He later managed many clubs, beginng at San Martín de San Juan from 2005 to 2006. His later coaching role was at Rampla Juniors from November 2018 until he was fired in February 2019. Toresani died by suicide on 22 April 2019 in Santa Fe. He was 51. Mark Connolly (public official) Mark Connolly (September 2, 1955 – April 13, 2019) was an American businessman and public official. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was one of the main Democratic candidate for Governor of New Hampshire in 2016. New Hampshire. He served as a Representative in the New Hampshire state legislature and as Deputy Secretary of State. He was also Director of the New Hampshire Bureau of Securities Regulation from 2002 to 2010. Connolly in Newton, Massachusetts. He was engaged to Terri Lareau at the time of his death. He lived in both New Castle, New Hampshire and Indian Wells, California. He died of problems from a brain hemorrhage on April 13, 2019 in Rancho Mirage, California. He was 63. New Castle, New Hampshire New Castle is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 968. St. Louis Lambert International Airport The St. Louis Lambert International Airport is an airport. It is the main airport in St. Louis, Missouri area. It is 14 miles north of St. Louis. It is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri, with over 259 daily departures. Feminist Anthropology Feminist Anthropology is a theory that combines anthropology (the study of humans) and feminism (the political movement for the rights of women). Feminism began to noticeably make a mark on anthropology during the 1970's . Feminist anthropology changed how anthropologists study women. Anthropologists for the most part used to ignore women’s work and not bother understanding their social roles. The influence of feminist anthropology can be seen in the inclusion of women’s stories and perspectives in anthropology. History. Before the 1960's most anthropologists were men, most anthropology research was about men, and because of that the contributions of women were not understood or considered important. Feminist anthropologists were recognized as a group in the 1970’s. They were concerned about male bias, so they worked to get more women doing research and writing and more academics focusing on the roles of women in their research. Feminist anthropology is often political and related to activism, or making change to help people that need it. Feminist anthropology led to an increase in research from all over the world that focused on women. Early feminist anthropologists in the United States and Europe questioned whether women were considered unequal to men everywhere in the world, or if that was just true where they were from. They found that people think of and treat women as less important than men all over the world. Feminism was needed everywhere. Unfortunately, what a lot of feminists thought about as gender related issues that everyone faced were mostly things that educated white women from the United States and Europe knew about and saw as issues. Other perspectives about womanhood were expressed but they were not as common in academic writing or getting as much attention in anthropology. This was a big problem. Later feminist anthropologists questioned whether the idea of gender is the same everywhere in the world. They found out that lots of people have lots of different ideas about what gender is and what is normal for people of different genders to do. This means that even though women all over the world are treated as less important than men in a lot of situations, this looks different to different women. This includes people born in different areas of the world, with different religions, lifestyles, education levels, body types, skin colors, sexualities, incomes, jobs, and physical abilities. Not all women have the same experiences of womanhood, which is one of the reasons that it is so important that feminist anthropology comes from the perspectives of lots of women who have had different life experiences from each other. Today it does. Feminist anthropology doesn't only come from the voices of white educated women, but there are still more of those voices represented than the voices of all of the other women in the world. It has happened a lot (and still happens a lot) that white educated women tell the stories of women who have very different life experiences than them. Sometimes they do a good job telling the stories but sometimes they get things wrong or they don’t understand the perspective of the women they are talking about. Feminist anthropologists today aim to recognize and point out this kind of bias. Sometimes feminist anthropologists talk a bit about their experiences to let people understand their perspective and their potential bias more before reading their paper. Sometimes they talk about their ideas in unusual ways like with poetry, drawings, or in multiple languages to let people see their perspective in different ways. This helps make anthropology easier to understand for people who don't read academic papers, don't speak English, or think in different ways than people are taught to think in western schools. Importance Today. Feminist anthropology today is connecting people all over the world by sharing stories of women and creating ideas to combat different types of male dominance. Both women and men read and write feminist anthropology. Sharing and trying to understand the significance of women’s stories gives these stories importance when they might not have been heard, lets people understand what makes different women happy and what problems different women face, uncovers and helps explain similarities and differences in people, and might make it easier for people who don’t know each other to help each other out. Sometimes these stories are written by the women they are about (autoethnographies) and sometimes those stories are written by anthropologists who do their best to record the stories of those women the way they would want their stories to be told. This can give women power. Feminist anthropologists have realized that even when there are female anthropologists from different perspectives doing work that helps women and tells their stories, and even though women today get more PhD's than men in anthropology, they are not published, cited, or given jobs as often as male anthropologists are. This means people still usually learn about women from the point of view of men, and women do not get credit for the work they do as often as men do [3]. This is one of the reasons why feminist anthropology is an important part of anthropology. Feminist anthropologists are trying to change this by reading and citing women and pointing out when they see this happening, . If there were no feminists, there may continue to be more men than women teaching anthropology and more papers written by men being read.  Men tend to cite each other, and they write about other men a lot of the time, so anthropology would be taught by mostly men and about mostly men.This would make it so most of our ideas about humans came just from men (less than half of the human population). Feminist anthropologists are some of the people working to make sure this doesn’t happen. Feminist anthropology is important to all four sub-fields of anthropology. The four sub-fields are cultural anthropology, biological anthropology (also called physical anthropology), archaeology, and linguistic anthropology. Feminist anthropology is used most often in cultural anthropology. Feminist anthropology is used with many other theories in anthropology like queer anthropology, agency theory, and decolonization. Garden Valley, Idaho Garden Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Lincoln, Idaho Lincoln is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Lowman, Idaho Lowman is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States. Villarbeney Villarbeney is a village of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipality of Villarbeney merged into the municipality of Botterens. Forel, Fribourg Forel is a village of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Autavaux, Forel and Montbrelloz merged to form Vernay. Montbrelloz Montbrelloz is a village of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Autavaux, Forel and Montbrelloz merged to form Vernay. Autavaux Autavaux is a village of the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Autavaux, Forel and Montbrelloz merged to form Vernay. 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak The 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak was the second tornado outbreak to strike the United States on Palm Sunday. From April 11 to 12, 1965, tornadoes touched down in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It was the second biggest outbreak at the time. 271 people were killed, and 1,500 injured and it is the deadliest tornado outbreak in Indiana's history, with 137 people killed in that state. Outbreak description. Just before 1 PM CST, a tornado touched down in Cedar County, Iowa. It was rated F4 and was spawned by a supercell thunderstorm around 12:45 PM CST by a news reporter named Martin Jensen of WMT in Cedar Rapids. After he detected the thunderstorm, Jensen called the office in Waterloo and Des Moines to alert them about the storm. A tornado touched down in Crystal Lake, Illinois, destroying several subdivisions and a junior high school. 5 people were killed, with 3 of the fatalities occurring when a truck was blown into a basement where people were taking shelter. The tornado then destroyed the community of Island Lake, killing one person before lifting around 3:42 PM CST. It was rated F4. Several tornadoes touched down in Indiana, many of them fatal. The first tornado touched down around 5:30 PM in Koontz Lake, Indiana. The F3 tornado left 10 people dead and 180 injured. The tornado moved northeast, damaging a high school which was under construction. It destroyed 20 homes in the Wyatt area. Another tornado formed near the St. Joseph-Elkhart County line. It moved east-northeast where it killed a child in Wakarusa. It moved towards Dunlap, and a trailer park. Reporter Paul Huffman captured photographs as the twin-funneled F4 tornado leveled the trailer park. The tornado killed 14 people. An hour and a half later, a second F4 tornado struck Dunlap and devastated the Sunnyside Housing addition and the town's church. 28 people were killed, with another six killed at a truck stop. The Palm Sunday Tornado Memorial Park now exists. Most of the 36 people who died had no warning as high winds from the previous tornado knocked out telephone and power grids. Most of northern Indiana was under a tornado warning also known as a "blanket tornado warning". Both were rated F4. At 7:30 PM, another massive tornado slammed into Russiaville, leaving several dead. The storm destroyed Alto, before striking Kokomo. As it continued east, it killed 10 more people in Greentown, most who were riding in automobiles. More destruction occurred in Marion before it lifted. In Berne, another tornado cut through the northern part of the city, damaging homes and businesses before it crossed into Ohio destroying more homes before dissipating. Emergency services could not warn Michigan residents that the tornadoes were headed their way. The radar in Detroit observed thunderstorms over northern Indiana and western lower Michigan moving east-northeast at 70 mph. The tornadoes hit Kent County, just north of Grand Rapids. All but three counties in southern Michigan were hit. Two F4 tornadoes struck Hillsdale County and destroyed 200 cottages along Baw Beese Lake. Many people escaped because they were at church. Lenawee County was hit by two tornadoes in 30 minutes causing numerous fatalities (including a family of six). The local dance pavilion was destroyed after being rebuilt after a fire on Labor Day 1963. One of them destroyed parts of Onsted and in the nearby village of Tipton, which suffered a direct hit. Half of the town's buildings were damaged or destroyed. The F4 tornadoes also struck Milan (still a village) south of Ann Arbor, straddling the county line between York Township and Milan Township. One tornado destroyed the Wolverinne Plastics building, completely removing the roof. That or the other tornado destroyed the local junior high school and the adjacent senior high school. It became a city in 1967 and opened a middle school in 1969, which replaced the old junior high school, and eventually demolishing the 1900 building. Tornadoes continued from Indiana to Ohio where additional fatalities occurred. A double tornado occurred in Toledo, Ohio, which devastated the northern parts of the city with F4 damage. Five people were killed when the tornado flipped over a bus. At 11 PM, a tornado touched down in Lorain County and struck Pittsfield, killing seven and destroying many structures. The same tornado caused severe damage to homes in Grafton. When it neared the Cleveland area, it diverged into two separate paths. Several witnesses saw two funnels merging into one just like the Dunlap, Indiana tornado earlier in the day. Large trees were felled. The storm produced F4 damage in Strongsville, where homes were destroyed. The tornado killed 18 people. The last killer tornado occurred around 12:30 AM on April 12 killing four people. La Tour-de-Trême La Tour-de-Trême is a village of the district Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. In January 2006 Bulle incorporated the formerly independent municipality of La Tour-de-Trême. Beirut Nights Beirut Nights (, Liali Beirut. also called: Lebanon Nights - Liali Lubnan) It is a dessert based on pudding and semolina, showing perfection in special events, family celebrations, holidays and business. the dessert used materials such as mastic and orange flower water. The dessert consists of three layers: Epidermis (botany) The epidermis in plants is a single layer of cells. It covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It divides the plant from the outside environment. The epidermis has more than one function. It protects the plant from loss of water. It controls gas exchange. It makes metabolic compounds. In the roots it takes in water and nutrients. Some parts of a plant may have a different cover called a periderm. Potatoes have that kind of covering. The epidermis is the outer cell layer of a plant. It is also the main part of the dermal tissue of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It is usually transparent. The cells of the epidermis can vary in the way they are made and how they work. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants, however, have an epidermis with more than one layer. Epidermal cells are linked tightly to each other. They give strength and protection to the plant. In the parts of the plant that are above ground, the epidermal cells contain cutin and are covered with a cuticle. This cuticle reduces loss of water. It is sometimes covered with wax. The wax gives some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. It also protects the plant from sunlight and wind. The epidermis has more than one cell type. It can include epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (Trichomes). There are more epidermal cells than the other types. Trichomes (or hairs) grow out from the epidermis in many plants. Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian (‎; 16 December 1922 – 20 April 2019) was an Iranian artist and a collector of folk art. She has been called one of the most important Iranian contemporary artists. She is best known for her mosaics and glass paintings. Her worked joined modern expressionism and traditional Persian craftsmanship. She lived and worked in the United States for many years but later came back to Iran. In 2017, the Monir Museum in Tehran was opened in her honour. Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian was born in Qazvin. She was married twice and had two daughters. She died of natural causes in Tehran on 20 April 2019. She was 96. Education. She finished her B.A. in University of Tehran at the Faculty of Fine Art in 1944, she then moved to New York City. In New York, she studied at Cornell University, at Parsons The New School for Design, where she majored in fashion illustration, and at the Art Students League of New York. Yuriy Pimenov Yuriy Igorevich Pimenov (; 29 March 1958 – 19 April 2019) was a Soviet and Russian rower. He mostly competed in the coxless pairs, rowing with his twin brother Nikolay. The brothers won a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Pimenovs also won three gold, three silver and one bronze medal at the World Rowing Championships between 1981 and 1990. They finished in 6th at the 1988 Olympics and 15th place at the 1988 Olympics. Because of the Soviet Union's boycott of the 1984 Olympics, the brothers went to the Friendship Games instead, where they won gold. Pimenov was born in Moscow. He died on 19 April 2019, at the age of 61. Nikolay Pimenov Nikolay Igorevich Pimenov (; born 29 March 1958) is a retired Soviet and Russian rower. He mostly competed in the coxless pairs, rowing with his twin brother Yuriy. The brothers won a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Pimenovs also won three gold, three silver and one bronze medal at the World Rowing Championships between 1981 and 1990. They finished in 6th at the 1988 Olympics and 15th place at the 1988 Olympics. Because of the Soviet Union's boycott of the 1984 Olympics, the brothers went to the Friendship Games instead, where they won gold. Pimenov was born in Moscow. His brother, Yuriy, died on 19 April 2019, at the age of 61. David V. Picker David Victor Picker (May 14, 1931 – April 20, 2019) was an American movie executive and producer. He worked in the movie industry for over 40 years. He served as president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the production companies/movie studios United Artists, Paramount, Lorimar and Columbia Pictures. He produced many movies, including "The Jerk" (1979). He was also a member of the Producers Guild of America. His memoir, "Musts, Maybes and Nevers", was published in 2013. Picker was born in New York City. He was from a Jewish family. His sister, Jean Picker Firstenberg, served as CEO and director of the American Film Institute. He was married to photographer Sandra Jetton. Picked died of colon cancer in New York City on April 20, 2019. He was 87. Steve Golin Steven Golin (March 6, 1955 – April 21, 2019) was an American movie and television producer. He was the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of Anonymous Content, and co-founder and CEO of Propaganda Films. He served as a producer for "The Game" (1997), "Being John Malkovich" (1999), "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (2004), "Babel" (2006), "Rendition" (2007), "True Detective" (2014), "Mr. Robot" (2015), "The Revenant" (2015) and "Spotlight" (2015). He had Academy Award nominations for Best Picture for producing "Babel", "The Revenant" and "Spotlight". He won the award for "Spotlight". Golin was born to a Jewish family. He had two children. He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California on April 21, 2019. He was 64. Mueller Report The Mueller Report is an official document. It provides information about Russia modifying the results of the 2016 United States presidential election. Robert Mueller released this official document to argue that Donald Trump is using Russia to help get him to become the current president. The first half of the report shows that the Trump campaign had many ties to the Russians and that there was interference in America’s elections. The second half shows how the President tried to stop the Russia investigation using the powers of the President. Because the Department of Justice works for the President, Robert Mueller suggests that Congress should investigate. ““In this context, a balancing test applies to the separation of powers issues. Applying the test here, we concluded that congress can validly make obstruction of justice statutes applicable to corruptly motivated official acts of the president without undermining his Article II functions” Ventseslav Konstantinov Ventseslav Konstantinov (; 14 September 1940 – 22 April 2019) was a Bulgarian writer and aphorist. He was well-known as a translator of German and English writing. He taught the translation of German-language poetry at Sofia University from 1987. He spent 1993 to 1994 at the State University of New York at Geneseo, in the United States. He also wrote essays on many people, including Goethe, Schiller, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Franz Kafka, Bertolt Brecht, Stefan Zweig, Elias Canetti, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Heinrich Böll, Martin Walser and Hans Magnus Enzensberger. Konstantinov was born in Sofia. He had three daughters. He was married to academic Albena Bakratcheva. He died on 22 April 2019, at the age of 78. Jacqueline Saburido Jacqueline Saburido (20 December 1978 – 20 April 2019) was a Venezuelan activist. She was a burns survivor who campaigned against drunk driving. In September 1999, she was a victim of a car crash caused by a drunk driver in Austin in the U.S. state of Texas. She had burns to more than 60% of her body because of the crash. Her fingers were amputated. She also lost her hair, ears, nose, lips, left eyelid and much of her vision. After she recovered, she was the face of many drunk driving ads. She also a guest on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" twice. She also tried to become Britain's first face transplant patient. Saburido was born in Caracas. She moved to Guatemala for cancer treatment in the 2010s. She died of cancer on 20 April 2019 in Guatemala City. She was 40. Peter Skipper Peter Dennis Skipper (11 April 1958 – 23 April 2019) was an English footballer. He played as a central defender. Skipper was born in Hull. He signed for Hull City in January 1979. He then spent time at Scunthorpe United and Darlington. He returned to Hull in August 1982. He made over 300 appearances for the club, scoring 19 goals. He later played for clubs such as Oldham Athletic, Walsall, Wrexham and Wigan Athletic. Skipper died of problems caused by a stroke on 23 April 2019. He was 61. Indianapolis Racers The Indianapolis Racers were a major league hockey team in the World Hockey Association from 1974 to 1978. Valdiram Valdiram Caetano de Morais (30 October 1982 – 20 April 2019) was a Brazilian professional footballer. He played as a striker. Valdiram was born in Canhotinho, Pernambuco. He played for Vasco da Gama. He was top scorer of the 2006 Copa do Brasil. He left the club in 2007, and played for 18 different clubs until 2011. Clubs he played for during this time include Noroeste, Avenida, Tupi, Central, Ferroviário and Duque de Caxias. He had off-field problems which ended his career in 2011. However, he returned to football in 2017, playing for Atlântico. On 20 April 2019, Valdiram was found having been beaten to death in São Paulo. He was 36. November 1992 tornado outbreak The November 1992 tornado outbreak was a three-day outbreak of tornadoes in the Eastern and Midwestern United States on November 21-23. This very long-lasting outbreak caused over $300 million in damage. It also killed 26 people from Texas to Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. The outbreak began on November 21, 1992 with six tornadoes. They were between F1 and F4. The tornadoes were in the Greater Houston area. Later on November 21, a long-tracked tornado hit Brandon, Mississippi. It caused 10 deaths. Damage was $25 million. On November 22-23, more tornadoes hit from Louisiana to Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas. Hannelore Elsner Hannelore Elsner (born Hannelore Elstner; 26 July 1942 – 21 April 2019) was a German actress. She is best known for her lead role as Inspector Lea Sommer in the detective TV series "Die Kommissarin" (1994–2006). She also appeared in "Student of the Bedroom" and "The Black Forest Clinic". She was born in Burghausen, Bavaria. Elsner died of breast cancer on 21 April 2019 in Munich. She was 76. Stanisław Jędryka Stanisław Jędryka (27 July 1933 – 22 April 2019) was a Polish movie director and writer. He might be best known for directing "The Impossible Goodbye" (1962). He directed 25 movies between 1954 and 1992. Jędryka's movies were mostly aimed at children and young adults. He was born in Sosnowiec. Jędryka died in Warsaw on 22 April 2019, at the age of 85. Xiao Yang (judge) Xiao Yang (; August 1938 – 19 April 2019) was a Chinese judge and politician. He served as Minister of Justice from 1993 to 1998. He then served as President of the Supreme People's Court from 1998 to 2008. One of his changes included the Supreme Court's right of final review for capital punishment cases. This saw the number of executions drop in China after 2006. Xiao was born in Heyuan, Guangdong. He died of an illness on 19 April 2019 in Beijing. He was 80. Lake Agassiz Lake Agassiz was a very large glacial lake in central North America. Fed by glacial meltwater at the end of the last ice age, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined. The area that was covered by Lake Agassiz was the geographic center of North America. Its extent was about from 45° 30' to 55° of north latitude, and from 92° 30', on the international boundary, to 106°, on the Saskatchewan River. Its existence was first proposed in 1823, It was named in 1879 after Louis Agassiz. Juan José Muñante Juan José Muñante López (12 June 1948 – 23 April 2019) was a Peruvian footballer. He played as a right winger. Muñante was born in Pisco. He played for Sport Boys, Universitario, Atlético Español, Pumas de la UNAM and Tampico Madero. He won league titles with Universitario de Deportes, Pumas de la UNAM and Atlético Español. He also won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup with Atlético in 1975. Muñante played for Peru between 1967 and 1978. He played 48 times and scored six times for his country. He also played for Peru at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. On 23 April 2019, Muñante died of lung cancer in Florida, United States. He was 70. Max Cleland Joseph Maxwell Cleland (August 24, 1942 – November 9, 2021) was an American politician. Cleland, a Democrat, was a disabled US Army veteran of the Vietnam War. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from 1997 through 2003. From 2003 to 2007, he was on the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank of the United States. From 2009 to 2017, he was Secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission. He lost serval limbs when he was blown by a grenade during his service in the Vietnam War. Cleland died on November 9, 2021 at his home in Atlanta, Georgia from heart failure, aged 79. John W. Nicholson John William Nicholson (born c. 1934) is an American retired Brigadier General of the United States Army. He was appointed secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) by President George W. Bush in January 2005. He is the brother of Jim Nicholson, a former Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was born in Struble, Iowa. Minneapolis, Kansas Minneapolis is a city in Ottawa County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Ottawa County. In 2010, 2,032 people lived there. History. Minneapolis was originally called Markley's Mills. It was renamed Minneapolis about 1871, after Minneapolis, Minnesota. A railroad was built through Minneapolis in 1878. Minneapolis had its own minor league baseball team called the Minnies in 1905. They also had it from 1908-1909, and again in 1912, alternately as part of the Kansas State League or Central Kansas League. Geography. Minneapolis is at (39.124719, -97.705209). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. Minneapolis is part of the Salina Micropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,032 people, 832 households, and 528 families living in Minneapolis. Rudy Ray Moore Rudolph Frank Moore (March 17, 1927October 19, 2008), known as Rudy Ray Moore, was an American comedian, musician, singer, movie actor, and movie producer. He created the character Dolemite, the pimp from the 1975 movie "Dolemite" and its sequels, "The Human Tornado" and "The Return of Dolemite". The character was developed during his early comedy records. He was known as "the Godfather of Rap". Oriental Telephone Company The Oriental Telephone Company was a company that Alexander Graham Bell created to manufacture his telephones. Doom Eternal Doom Eternal is the sequel to the video game Doom (2016). It can be played on the PC, Xbox One,PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series. Similar to the story of Doom 2, the demons from Hell invade Earth. According to Id Software, they hoped to expand the Doom story much more than in the earlier Doom games. Places where the player goes include Earth, Mars, Phobos (one of Mars's moons), Sentinel Prime, Argent d'Nur, Nekravol, and even the game's version of Heaven, Urdak. Some of these planets have been taken over or are being taken over by the Hell dimension. The monsters and weapons have been redesigned so that they look more like the ones in Doom and Doom 2. Each weapon received new attachments, so they play differently than they did in Doom (2016). The game also added new mechanics like extra lives, wall-climbing, air-dashing, swinging from monkey bars, and swinging from grappling hooks. The player also received a flamethrower so that they can gain armor points when they damage inflamed enemies. The game is designed where certain body parts of the demon enemies can be damaged, so attacking and destroying those body parts can disable certain attacks and make them easier to kill. The game is designed to be much more difficult than the earlier games because the player has much less ammunition and the enemies are more aggressive. The game has multiplayer like its prequel, but there is a new mechanic called Invasion Mode where players can play as demons and invade other players' campaigns to kill them, though Id Software said that players allowing this feature in their own campaigns would be up to themselves. Social Liberal Party (Brazil) The Social Liberal Party (; often abbreviated as PSL) is a right-wing conservative party in Brazil. Until 2018, the main ideology followed by the party was social-liberalism, however, with the membership of the controversial congressman Jair Bolsonaro, the party shifted its political positions to more right-wing and conservative-oriented ones, namely economic liberalism, liberalism, monarchism and anti-communism. The party was founded on October 30, 1994. Its current president is Luciano Bivar. In the 2018 Presidential elections in Brazil, the party won through Jair Bolsonaro, defeating far-left rival Fernando Haddad, a member of the Workers' Party, thus making Bolsonaro the President-elected of Brazil. He received more support from Evangelical Christians, the middle-class, farmers, as well as from people in South Brazil. World Anti-Doping Agency The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA; French: "Agence mondiale antidopage", AMA) is a foundation to fight against drugs in sport. It was set up by the International Olympic Committee and is based in Canada. WADA promotes, coordinates and monitors the fight against drugs in sports. The agency does scientific research, educates, and has anti-doping capability. It monitors the World Anti-Doping Code. This is enforced by the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport. The Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention and the United States Anti-Doping Agency have similar aims, and work with WADA. Muesli Muesli (pronounced as ) is a type of breakfast cereal made with rolled oats and other ingredients such as grains, nuts, seeds and fresh or dried fruits. Muesli is often served with milk or yoghurt, or occasionally with fruit juice. These liquids are usually added to soften the muesli and to add extra flavor. Muesli was first developed in 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner. He invented muesli so that patients in his hospital were able to eat a ready-made meal in a dry form, either made fresh or stored. Zoltán Jeney Zoltán Jeney (March 4, 1943 – October 28, 2019) was a Hungarian composer. Jeney was a professor at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music in Budapest, where he was Head of the Department of Composition. Several of his compositions were released on the Hungaroton label. The Durrells The Durrells (known in North America as The Durrells in Corfu) is a British comedy-drama television series loosely based on Gerald Durrell's three autobiographical books about his family's four years (1935–1939) on the Greek island of Corfu.. It won the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for best actress in 2017 for Keeley Hawes. Keeley Hawes Keeley Hawes (born 10 February 1976) is an English actress and singer. She played on The Durrells. She won an award in 2017 for best actress in the Durrells. Early life. She was born on 10 February 1976 in Marylebone at St Mary's Hospital, London. She is the youngest of four children. As a teenager she worked in different part-time jobs such as a casino, Sainsbury's and McDonald’s. Once a modelling scout came to here at Oxford Street. She started working with a Select Model Management. She worked with teen magazine "Shout", and became a fashion intern for "Cosmopolitan". She was first asked to audition for a film during this period. Career. Hawes started acting in 1989. In the 1990s she played roles in "Heartbeat" (1995), "Troublemakers", Dennis Potter's "Karaoke" (1995) and "The Beggar Bride" (1997). Her first film role was in the 1998, she played Tamara in "The Avengers". In 2012, Keeley Hawes started to work with UNICEF. Other websites. on IMDb Year of the Rabbit (TV series) Year of the Rabbit is a British sitcom. Keeley Hawes plays in it. Stephen P. Cohen Stephen Philip Cohen (1936 – October 27, 2019) was an American political scientist and professor of security studies. He was a known expert on Pakistan, India, and South Asian security. He was a senior fellow in foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution and an emeritus professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He authored at least 12 books, and named as one of America's 500 most influential people in foreign affairs. Cohen died on October 27, 2019 at the age of 83. Ministry of Human Rights (Pakistan) The Ministry of Human Rights (, abbreviated as MoHR) is a federal government agency in Pakistan. The ministry is headed by Shireen Mazari, the Minister for Human Rights, while Rabiya Javeri Agha serves as Federal Secretary. The historically contentious issue of human rights in Pakistan received an added emphasis from the highest leadership of Pakistan when the ministry was chipped out of the Ministry of Law and Justice on November 3, 2008 Shireen Mazari Shireen Mehrunnisa Mazari () is a Pakistani politician who is the current Federal Minister for Human Rights, in office since 20 August 2018. She has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since August 2018, and serves as a chief whip for Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. Previously, she was a member of the National Assembly from June 2013 to May 2018. Gerald Baliles Gerald Lee Baliles (July 8, 1940 – October 29, 2019) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 65th Governor of Virginia from 1986 to 1990. He was the state's Attorney General from 1982 to 1985 and was in the Virginia House of Delegates. Baliles died on October 29, 2019 under hospice care in Charlottesville, Virginia at the age of 79. He had kidney cancer and pulmonary fibrosis at the time of his death. Shinsegae Shinsegae (, ) Shinsegae (Korean: 신세계, ) is an South Korean department store, along with many other businesses, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The name Shinsegae literally means "New World" in Korean. Its flagship store in Centum City, Busan, was the world's largest department store at , surpassing Macy's flagship Herald Square in New York City in 2009. Shinsegae was originally part of the Samsung Group "chaebol", separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group (Food/Chemicals/Entertainment), Saehan Group (Electronic Media/Apparel/Textiles), and the Hansol Group (Paper/Telecom). The chairman Lee Myung-hee is the daughter of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chull and younger sister of the chairman of Samsung Electronics Lee Kun-hee. The group owns the brands Shinsegae and E-Mart, and is in direct competition with Lotte Shopping and Hyundai Department Store Group. Currently, it is the largest retailer in South Korea. Parris Glendening Parris Nelson Glendening (born June 11, 1942) is an American politician. He was the 59th Governor of Maryland from January 18, 1995 to January 15, 2003. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Juana Maria Juana Maria, born on San Nicolas Island, CA, better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island, was a Native American woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of California from 1835 until her rescue in 1853. She died after getting dysentery. A children's book, "Island of the Blue Dolphins" was based on her. Next United Kingdom general election The Next United Kingdom general election must be held no later than Friday 24 January 2025, after the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 repealed the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. Polling data. Most of the polling data says it will be a very narrow election. Some polls don't include Northern Ireland because their parties are different to the UK's. Current polling data from the electionpolling.co.uk website says the Conservatives will get a 2 seat majority Al Bianchi Alfred A. Bianchi (March 26, 1932 – October 28, 2019) was an American professional basketball player, coach, general manager, consultant and scout. He was born in New York City. He played for the Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers from 1956 through 1966. He coached the Seattle SuperSonics from 1967 through 1969. Bianchi was also the general manager for the New York Knicks. Bianchi died on October 28, 2019 in Phoenix, Arizona from congestive heart failure at the age of 87. Hans-Peter Uhl Hans-Peter Uhl (5 August 1944 – 29 October 2019) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. Uhl was born in Tübingen, Nazi Germany. Uhl was a member of the member of the German Bundestag from 1998 through 2017. Uhl died on 29 October 2019 of a long-illness at the age of 75. Friday (1995 movie) Friday is a 1995 American stoner comedy movie directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Ice Cube and DJ Pooh. It stars Cube and Chris Tucker as Craig Jones and Smokey. The movie is about two unemployed best friends who must pay a local drug dealer on the night of Friday. The movie co-stars Nia Long, Tiny "Zeus" Lister Jr., Regina King, Anna Maria Horsford, Bernie Mac, and John Witherspoon. The movie was released on April 26, 1995. It received positive reviews from critics. It has a 76% on Rotten Tomatoes. Jim Geringer James Edward Geringer (born April 24, 1944) is an American politician. He was the 30th Governor of Wyoming from 1995 to 2003. Geringer is one of the founding governors of Western Governors University (WGU) and is currently chairman of the WGU Board of Trustees. Rosemary Harris (writer) Rosemary Jeanne Harris (20 February 1923 – 14 October 2019) was a British writer of children's fiction. She won the 1968 Carnegie Medal for British children's books. She was known for her "The Moon in the Cloud" trilogy. Harris was born in London. Harris died on 14 October 2019 at the age of 96. ContraPoints Natalie Wynn (born October 21, 1988) is an American YouTuber and feminist writer. Her videos focus on topics such as politics, gender, and philosophy on her channel ContraPoints, which is seen as an inspiration for left-wing video essays on YouTube. Personal life. Wynn was born in Arlington, Virginia. She is a transgender woman and a lesbian. Her videos' main themes are not usually her own identity, but viewers get to follow her journey as she explores her own identity as side notes during her philosophical videos. Adore Delano Daniel Anthony Noriega, better known by the stage name Adore Delano, (born September 29, 1989) is an American drag queen, singer-songwriter, and television personality. Noriega was a contestant on the seventh season of "American Idol" in 2008 and later competed in the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Marion County, Oregon Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The population was 315,335 at the 2010 census. It is the fifth-most populous county in Oregon. The county seat is Salem. Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani (; February 20, 1919 – February 1, 2022) was one of the most senior Twelver Shia Marja. He was a supporter of the Islamic revolution in Iran. In 2012 he became widely known for his fatwa calling for the death of rapper Shahin Najafi for apostasy. Golpaygani died in Qom, Iran on 1 February 2022 from cardiac arrest at the age of 102. Janusz A. Brzozowski Janusz John Antoni Brzozowski (May 10, 1935 – October 24, 2019) was a Polish-Canadian computer scientist. He was a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo's David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. From 1967 to 1996 he was Professor at the University of Waterloo. He was known for his works to mathematical logic, circuit theory, and automata theory. Brzozowski died of cancer at his home in Waterloo, Ontario on October 24, 2019 at the age of 84. Russell Brookes Russell Brookes (16 August 1945 – 30 October 2019) was a British former rally driver. He won the British Rally Championship with a Ford Escort RS1800 in 1977 and with an Opel Manta 400 in 1985. In 1978, he won the Rally New Zealand, a round of the FIA Cup for Drivers, the predecessor to the World Championship for Drivers. In the World Rally Championship, he finished on the podium of his home event, the RAC Rally, three times in a row from 1977 to 1979. Brookes died on 30 October 2019 at the age of 74. David Price (politician) David Eugene Price (born August 17, 1940) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for since 1997, previously holding the position from 1987 to 1995. He was a member of the Democratic Party. In October 2021, Price announced that he would be retiring from Congress in 2022. Erwin, Tennessee Erwin is a town in and the county seat of Unicoi County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 6,097 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. 1973 Chilean coup d'état The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a critical moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following many years of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon. Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police. The presidential palace was bombed. During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his final speech, in which he vowed to stay in the presidential palace. Direct witness accounts of Allende's death agree that he killed himself in the palace. This marked the beginning of the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Gove City, Kansas Gove City is a city in Gove County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Gove County. In 2010, 80 people lived there. History. Gove City was created in 1885. It became the county seat in 1886, and it incorporated in 1888. It is named after Grenville Gove. He was a member of the 11th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. Geography. Gove City is at (38.959576, -100.487316). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 80 people, 37 households, and 22 families living in Gove City. Education. Gove is a part of USD 292 Wheatland. The Wheatland High School mascot is a Thunderhawk. Gove High School was closed through school unification. The Gove High School mascot was Gove Panthers. Diosdado Peralta Diosdado "Dado" Madarang Peralta (born March 27, 1952) is a Filipino jurist. He was appointed as the 26th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines by President Rodrigo Duterte on October 23, 2019. He was Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from January 13, 2009 to October 22, 2019. Alan Peter Cayetano Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano (born October 28, 1970) is a Filipino politician and diplomat. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2019 to 2020. He also was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2017 to 2018. From 2007 to 2017, he was a Senator of the Philippines. Girard, Kansas Girard is a city in Crawford County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Crawford County. In 2010, 2,789 people lived there. History. Girard was created in the spring of 1868. It was named after the town of Girard, Pennsylvania, the old home of Charles Strong. It was built around a railroad line of the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad. They built it there to try to gain an advantage over its rival, Crawfordsville. The first post office in Girard was created in September 1868. The first celebration in Girard happened on July 4, 1868, marking Sunday school and Independence Day. Under a law passed in March 1871, Girard became a third class city. In early April the first city officers were elected. The last meeting of the trustees was held April 5, and the first meeting of the new Council was held on April 7. In May 2003, four people were killed and over a dozen injured by the biggest tornado in Crawford County. At least ten people died in southeast Kansas and southwest Missouri. The Girard tornado was first rated as an F4, but is a strong candidate for an upgrade to F5 status. Geography. Girard is at (37.510204, -94.844157). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,789 people, 1,080 households, and 710 families living in Girard. Media. "Hometown Girard" is the local newspaper. It started on February 15, 2013. It is published every two weeks. Hiawatha, Kansas Hiawatha (Ioway: "Hári Wáta" pronounced ) is the biggest city in Brown County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Brown County. In 2010, 3,172 people lived there. History. Hiawatha was created in 1857. This makes it one of the oldest towns in Kansas. John M. Coe, John P. Wheller, and Thomas J. Drummond were important in creating the city, and the place was found on February 17, 1857. B.L. Rider was responsible for naming Hiawatha. It was named after Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, "The Song of Hiawatha". Hiawatha became the Brown County Seat in 1858. The first school opened in 1870. The main street was called Oregon Street after the Oregon Trail. Parallel streets north of it were named after Indian tribes north of the Trail, and streets south carried tribal names of those south of the Trail. Hiawatha is named after a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called "The Song of Hiawatha". The Onondaga and Mohawk Indian leader Hiawatha is in the poem. Next the former Ioway-Sac reservation and the present-day Ioway Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, Hiawatha is called "Hári Wáta" in Ioway. It means "I am looking far away". This name may be the result of choosing Ioway words that sound like the English name. It has nothing to do with the Onondaga-Mohawk leader. The city has also had the oldest Halloween parade in the United States. They started it in 1914. Geography. Hiawatha is at (39.852530, -95.536429). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,172 people, 1,369 households, and 843 families living in Hiawatha. Phillipsburg, Kansas Phillipsburg is a city in Phillips County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Phillips County. In 2010, 2,581 people lived there. History. Phillipsburg was created in 1872. It became the county seat because it is in the middle of the county. It became county seat on July 26, 1872, but the first people did not come until Fall 1872. It was named after politician and journalist William A. Phillips. Phillipsburg was incorporated as a city in 1880. The first post office was created in Phillipsburg on December 23, 1872. The first postmaster was Fred A Dutton. The name of the post office was spelled Phillipsburgh until 1893. Named in honor of John Bissel, Fort Bissel was built in 1872 to protect against possible harm from Native Americans. It closed in 1878. The Fort was rebuilt in the city park in 1962. The first cemetery in the town, Close cemetery, was created on March 19, 1879 by the Fairview cemetery association. It was given to the city on June 4, 1889. A branch of the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway was created through Phillipsburg in 1887. Also in 1887 complete telephone systems were installed in the city. A fire almost destroyed the entire town square in 1906. The current courthouse was built in 1912. "Kansas' Biggest Rodeo" was first held in 1929. It happens every year on the last weekend in July or first weekend in August. In 1939, Consumer's Cooperative Association opened the world's first cooperative oil refinery on the north edge of town. It closed in 1992. Geography. Phillipsburg is at (39.755173, -99.322331). It is in northwestern Kansas on the western edge of the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. Phillipsburg is in the middle of Phillips County. It is about 20 miles south of the Nebraska border. The city is on the north side of Deer Creek, a tributary of the North Fork of the Solomon River. Plotner Creek, a tributary of Deer Creek, goes south along the western edge of the city. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Phillipsburg's climate is either a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa") or a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dwa"). Phillipsburg meets the criteria for a true winter dry season under the Köppen climate classification, which is a rare for its region and for the United States outside of South Florida. The average temperature for the year in Phillipsburg is 51 °F (11 °C), and the average yearly precipitation is 23.3 inches (594 mm). On average, January is the coldest month, July is the hottest month. May is the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in Phillipsburg was 120 °F (49 °C) in 1936; the coldest temperature ever was -28 °F (-33 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,581 people, 1,116 households, and 702 families living in Phillipsburg. Education. Phillipsburg is has the USD 325. The Phillipsburg Panthers have won the following Kansas State High School championships: Norton, Kansas Norton is a city in Norton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Norton County. In 2010, 2,928 people lived there. History. Norton was created in 1872. It was named after Capt. Orloff Norton. The first hotel in Norton was a log house. It was built in 1873. One of the first pictures of a tornado was taken in Norton in 1909. The photographer was Will Keller. Geography. Norton is at (39.833338, -99.890899). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. The city is on the north side of Prairie Dog Creek in Norton County. Before the Bureau of Reclamation built Keith Sebelius Lake in 1963, Norton had a lot of floods. The dam has since fixed the problem, and it created the current reservoir that sits southwest of Norton. The Nebraska border is north of Norton. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,928 people, 1,290 households, and 763 families living in Norton. Ness City, Kansas Ness City is a city in Ness County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Ness County. In 2010, 1,449 people lived there. Ness City is famous for its four-story Old Ness County Bank Building in downtown, and nicknamed "Skyscraper of the Plains". History. Ness City was created in 1878. The town grew a lot when a railroad was built there in 1886. Geography. Ness City is at (38.452250, -99.905989). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,449 people, 635 households, and 392 families living in Ness City. Dighton, Kansas Dighton is a city in Lane County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Lane County. In 2010, 1,038 people lived there. Dighton is named after Dick Dighton, a surveyor. Geography. Dighton is at (38.481506, -100.464893). It is at the intersection of K-96 and K-23. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,038 people, 506 households, and 282 families living in Dighton. Education. Dighton USD 482 Public Schools has two schools in Dighton. They are the Dighton Jr/Sr High School and the Dighton Elementary School. The Lane County Library is in Dighton. Troy, Kansas Troy is a city in Doniphan County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Doniphan County. In 2010, 1,010 people lived there. History. Troy was platted in 1855. It was named after the ancient city of Troy. The first house in Troy was built in 1856, and the first store opened in 1857. Troy was incorporated as a city in 1860. The first post office in Troy was created in March 1857. Geography. Troy is at (39.788099, -95.090840). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Troy is part of the St. Joseph, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,010 people, 421 households, and 275 families living in Troy. Westmoreland, Kansas Westmoreland is a city in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Pottawatomie County. In 2010, 778 people lived there. History. Westmoreland was platted in 1871. It was named after Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. Geography. Westmoreland is at (39.394770, -96.414154). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. Westmoreland is part of the Manhattan, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 778 people, 301 households, and 192 families living in Westmoreland. Washington, Kansas Washington is a city in, and the county seat of, Washington County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,131. History. Washington was created in spring 1860. In 1860, it became the county seat. Until the end of the American Civil War, it was protected by two stockaded buildings, the Washington Company House and Woolbert's Stockade Hotel. The first post office in Washington was created in November 1861. Geography. Washington is at (39.816877, -97.052503). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,131 people, 512 households, and 311 families living in Washington. Lose You to Love Me "Lose You to Love Me" is a song performed by American singer-actress Selena Gomez. It was released on October 23, 2019, as the dual lead single (along with “Look at Her Now”) from her third solo album, "Rare". Gomez wrote the song with Justin Tranter, Julia Michaels, and its producer, Mattman & Robin. FINNEAS, known for producing his sister Billie Eilish's songs, produced this song as well. In an interview with Radio.com, Gomez explained that the song was about rediscovering self-worth. In its first week on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song entered at number 15 but jumped to #1 the next week, giving Gomez her first US number-one hit. WaKeeney, Kansas WaKeeney is a city in Trego County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Trego County. In 2010 census, 1,862 people lived there. History. In 1877, James Keeney, a land speculator in Chicago, bought land at the place of modern-day WaKeeney from the Kansas Pacific Railway. He, and business partner Albert Warren, created Warren, Keeney, & Co., surveyed and plotted the site in 1878. They created a colony there in 1879. They named the colony WaKeeney, a portmanteau of their last names. They said it was "The Queen City of the High Plains", advertising and holding celebrations to attract settlers. The colony grew quickly, but crop failures made settlers leave in 1880 as quickly as they had come. By 1882, all that was left were "five poorly patronized retail stores". Years later, Volga Germans began settling the area. WaKeeney became the county seat in June 1879. It was incorporated as a city in 1880. Geography. WaKeeney is at (39.024467, -99.881972) at an elevation of 2,447 feet (746 m). It is in northwestern Kansas at the intersection of Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 283. It is northwest of Wichita, east-southeast of Denver, and west of Kansas City. WaKeeney is in the High Plains region of the Great Plains. It is about north of Big Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. A small tributary of Big Creek goes south from near the center of the city. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. WaKeeney has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"). It has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature is 52.8 °F (11 °C), and the average yearly precipitation is 23.6 inches (600 mm). Snowfall averages 25.2 inches (640 mm) per year. On average, January is the coldest month, and July is both the hottest month and the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in WaKeeney was 110 °F (43 °C) in 1980; the coldest temperature ever was -25 °F (-32 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,862 people, 864 households, and 500 families residing in the city. Infrastructure. Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 40 run concurrently southeast-northwest just south of WaKeeney. They intersect U.S. Route 283, which goes north-south through WaKeeney. U.S. 283 goes east-west for one mile in downtown WaKeeney. It is concurrent with U.S. Route 40 Business and the old alignment of U.S. 40. Trego WaKeeney Airport is on the west side of U.S. 283. It is just south of I-70. The airport is publicly owned. It has one concrete runway. It is used for general aviation. Union Pacific Railroad has one freight railroad, the Kansas Pacific (KP) line, through WaKeeney. It goes east-west through the WaKeeney. Media. The "Western Kansas World" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week. K231BG is a translator of radio station KJIL in Copeland, Kansas. It broadcasts from WaKeeney on 94.1 FM. It plays a Contemporary Christian format. WaKeeney is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. Hill City, Kansas Hill City is a city in Graham County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Graham County. In 2010, 1,474 people lived there. History. The first settlement at Hill City was made in 1876. This makes it the oldest town in Graham County. The community was named after W. R. Hill, a first settler. Hill City was platted in 1878. The first post office in Hill City was created in September 1878. Hill City was designated county seat in 1880. By 1915, Hill City had 647 people living there. Geography. Hill City located at (39.367319, -99.845558). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. On June 26, 2012 the temperature reached 115 °F (46 °C), breaking the June record tied just 2 days earlier. It was the hottest city in the United States for four days in a row it had temperatures of 114°, 111°, 115°, and 115 °F (46°, 44°, 46°, and 46 °C). On June 9, 2005 a large tornado passed 1 mile south of Hill City. A large tornado hit just north of the city on June 20, 2011. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,474 people, 669 households, and 404 families living in Hill City. Education. Hill City is served by USD 281 Graham County. The district high school is in Hill City. The Hill City High School mascot is Ringnecks. The Hill City Ringnecks have won the following Kansas State High School championships: Holton, Kansas Holton is a city in Jackson County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Jackson County. In 2010, 3,329 people lived there. History. In 1859, the abolitionist John Brown took a group of escaped slaves through Holton. This lead to an incident called the "Battle of the Spurs". Geography. Holton is at (39.4652724, -95.7363723). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Weather. Holton has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says Holton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Holton is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,329 people, 1,442 households, and 832 families living in Holton. Hoxie, Kansas Hoxie is a city in Sheridan County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Sheridan County. In 2010, 1,201 people lived there. History. Hoxie was planned in early 1886. The town creators convinced the residents of Kenneth, a community three miles to the north and the current county seat, to move south (including their buildings) at their expense to the new site of Hoxie. The people of Kenneth knew a railroad would go through Hoxie and not Kenneth, so the offer sounded good. The towns agreed to consolidate and carry out that plan, making Hoxie the new county seat. It was named for H. M. Hoxie, a railroad official. The railroad (which became part of the Union Pacific Railroad) came in 1888. The 99-mile Plainville-Colby line of the Union Pacific railroad was abandoned in 1998. It went through Hoxie. Geography. Hoxie is at (39.354329, -100.439952). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Hoxie has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Hoxie has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,201 people, 546 households, and 341 families living in Hoxie. Media. "The Sheridan Sentinel" is the local newspaper. It was published once per week. The name changed from "The Hoxie Sentinel" in 2016. "The Hoxie Sentinel" was created in 1884. It was called the "Weekly Sentinel". It was called "The Hoxie Sentinel" from 1886 to 2016. Sápara Sápara people, also Zápara people or Sáparos, are natives of the Amazon rainforest. They have lived around the border of Peru and Ecuador long before the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Their oral traditions and expressions were declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Since 2009, the Sápara people are a Nation inside of the Republic of Ecuador. Population and Territory. About 480 Sáparos live in 400,000 hectares of Amazonian territory between the Conambo and Pinduyacu rivers, and between the rivers Curaray and Napo inside of the Yasuni National Park in Ecuador. There are also a hundred Sáparos living in two towns, Arabelas and Iquitos, near the river Tigre in Peru. Most of the Sápara territory is located within these coordinates: latitude: -2.2186; longitude: -76.5087. <mapframe latitude="-2.2186" longitude="-76.5087" zoom="10" width="400" height="300" align="right" />The Sápara people are the smallest native group in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The population has decreased from about 200,000 people in the 16th century to almost 500 in the second decade of the 21st century. They live in the Ecuadorian towns of Kuitza (Llanchamacocha), Aremano (Jandiayacu), Mazaraka (Mazaramu), Cuyacocha, and Akamaru. Origin and Culture. In Kichwa language, "Záparo" means a basket made of "bejuco", a tropical woody vine while in the Zaparo language, the word "Zápara" means person of the forest. The spelling of the Nation’s name has been changed to "Sápara" because the Z sound does not exist in the language of the Sáparas. The Sáparas consider their lands, language and spirituality the three main aspects of their identity. Their dress is mainly a vest made out of a bark from the Llanchama tree and a feather headdress. Some Sáparas have married persons from other tribes such as the Kichwa, Shuar, and Achuar. However, the people still identify themselves as Sápara. Sáparas have become confused with their neighbors because the young people speak Kichwa and because of their low population. In fact, in the mid-1970s, the Zápara were declared extinct in Ecuador, while in Perú, they were unknown before 2001 although they appeared on the language map of the country. Beliefs. The Sápara people do not have a religion. Their mythology and stories develop from their environment. Dreams and the spiritual role of Amazonian animals are important for Sáparas when making decisions. During the 20th century, missionaries came to the rainforest to convert native people to Christianity. The Sáparas have refused these outside influences. Even when speaking Spanish, some leaders prefer not to use vocabulary related to western ideas, such as the word "devil". Language. Zaparoan, or "Saparoan", is a family of languages. Within this group, there are five separate languages: Coronado, Omurano, Andoa, Gae and "Záparo". More than a dozen extinct tribes spoke the Zaparoan languages. The only Zaparoan languages and dialects alive in modern times are Iquitos, Sabela and Záparo. Iquitos is spoken by 500 people in Peru and the dialect Sabela is spoken by approximately 100 people in Ecuador. The Záparo language is spoken, in Ecuador, by 9 Sáparas, elders who are over 60 years"." Most of the Sápara people speak Kichwa, the largest native language in South America, as their mother tongue. In the 20th century, they also started to speak Spanish. Declarations. Ecuador and Perú suggested including the language and cultural expressions of the Sápara people in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee made the declaration in November 2008. Organization and Government. The Sápara people became the Zápara Nationality of Ecuador in 2003. In the beginning, the Sápara organization, NAZAE, represented the towns of Llanchamacocha, Jandiayacu, Mazaramu, and one family in Cuyacocha. Since 2005, the Nation includes the towns of Shiona, Pindoyacu, Balsaura and San José del Curaray. In 2009, the Sápara people were officially recognized as the Sápara Nation or NASE by the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONFENIAE), and the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE). Because of their distinction, the Sápara Nation became member of the executive board of the Development Council of Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador, CODENPE. Threats and Political problems. The Sápara population decreased because of diseases, forced migrations, and slavery. Diseases brought by rubber companies and religious missionaries reduced the Sápara people to one group. The people also were separated from each other when their land was divided in 1941 during the war between Ecuador and Peru. The Sápara Nation have asked for rights such as health and bilingual education, in addition to demanding the Government of Ecuador to help them to keep their language alive. The Sáparas are concerned about their right to own the land where they have lived for centuries and about protecting the environment from the actions of oil, timber and pharmaceutical companies. Economy. The Sáparas have been fishers, hunters, gatherers and farmers. During the 1940’s, the Sáparas started to move to cities for study and work. At the same time, Sápara men were drafted into the Army. They also left their communities to work for the Shell Oil Company and large plantations. Around 2007, men used to go to the Ecuadorian coast to work for construction companies. Meanwhile, women stayed in the villages taking care of the children, keeping the house and farming. As a result of such migration, most Sápara men have learned Spanish. Education. Sápara people have two different education systems, the mainstream educational system and the Intercultural Bilingual Education System of the Governmental Education Division of Ecuador. While some Sáparas have moved to cities to attend Spanish-language high schools, others attend Kichwa-language schools located in their villages. Ron Fairly Ronald Ray Fairly (July 12, 1938 – October 30, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball player and broadcaster. He was born in Macon, Georgia. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays and the California Angels. He broadcasted for the Seattle Mariners. Fairly died on October 30, 2019 of cancer in Indian Wells, California at the age of 81. Jim Gregory James M. Gregory (November 4, 1935 – October 30, 2019) was a Canadian hockey league executive and general manager. He worked in the National Hockey League. He was born in Port Colborne, Ontario. He coached and manage the Toronto Marlboros, winning two championships. He then moved to the National Hockey League's (NHL) Toronto Maple Leafs, becoming their general manager. In 2007, Gregory was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame. Gregory was diagnosed with amyloidosis in 2011. He died on October 30, 2019 at his home in Toronto from the disease at the age of 83. Mobolaji Johnson Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson (9 February 1936 – 30 October 2019) was a Nigerian Army Brigadier general and politician. He was military Governor of Lagos State from May 1967 to July 1975 during the military regime of General Yakubu Gowon. He was born in Lagos. Johnson died of a long-illness at a hospital in Lagos on 30 October 2019 at the age of 83. Azam Taleghani Azam Taleghani (; 1943 – 30 October 2019) was an Iranian politician, activist and journalist. She was the head of the Society of Islamic Revolution Women of Iran. She was the editor of "Payam Hajar" Weekly, and a member of the Iranian parliament from 1980 through 1984. Taleghani was born in Tehran. Taleghani was hospitalized in November 2018 after falling at her home in Tehran. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by the fall on 30 October 2019 at the age of 76 in Tehran. Geetanjali (actress) Geetanjali (1947 – 31 October 2019) was an Indian actress. She acted in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi movies for many years. She was famous for her roles in "Illalu", "Sitarama Kalyanam", "Dr. Chakravarthy", "Murali Krishna", "Kaalam Marindi" and "Sambarala Rambabu". She was born in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh. Geetanjali died of cardiac arrest on 31 October 2019 in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh at the age of 72. Eric Stevens Eric James Stevens (born October 1, 1989) is an American football fullback. He played college football for the University of California, Berkeley. The St. Louis Rams signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2013. He works in Los Angeles as a firefighter. Stevens was diagnosed with ALS in August 2019. Rolling Hills Estates, California Rolling Hills Estates is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 8,067 at the 2010 census. Anne Triola Anne Triola (born September 25, 1920) is an American singer, musician, and actress. She is known for her roles in the musical movie "Lullaby Of Broadway" (1951) and "Without Reservations" (1946). Triola was listed as being one of the most popular performers in the history of Music Circus of the 1950s. Khmer people The Khmer people are 97% of the people of Cambodia. They speak the Khmer language and most follow the Khmer style of Buddhism. There are over 15 million Khmers in Cambodia, and over a million Khmers in both Vietnam and Thailand. Ceropegia elegans Ceropegia elegans is a plant species. It is endemic to India and Sri Lanka. Kimbanguism Kimbanguism is an African religion practiced by the "Church of Jesus Christ on Earth through his prophet" Simon Kimbangu. It has roots in Christianity and has its headquarters in N'kamba in the Democratic Republic of Congo. History. In April 1921, during the Belgian colonization in Congo, Simon Kimbangu started preaching to people and using the powers that he believed he had received from God in visions to heal people. During his ministry, he attracted a large group of people. Under pressure from the Catholic Church, who was afraid of the popularity of the movement, the Belgian authorities tried to arrest Kimbangu on June 09, 1921. They failed in arresting him, and Kimbangu escaped. He continued his ministry in secret before turning himself in on September 12, 1921. He was sentenced to death, but the sentence was changed to life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1951. During Kimbangu’s imprisonment, Kimbanguism was prohibited, but the followers continued to practice it. It grew through the leadership of Kimbangu’s wife, Muile Marie, and his son, Joseph Diangenda. After Kimbangu’s death, the movement was recognized as a religion by the Belgian authorities in 1959 and became a member of the World Council of Churches in 1969. The church was led by Kimbangu’s youngest son, Joseph Diangenda Kuntima, until his death in 2001. Since 2001, Kimbangu’s grandson, Simon Kimbangu Kiangani, has become the spiritual leader. Belief and Practices. Simon Kimbangu is an inspirational figure and he is considered the Black Messiah by his followers. Three dates are important in Kimbanguist beliefs: April 6 (the start of the ministry of healing), May 25 (Christmas), and October 12 (Kimbangu’s death anniversary). Kimbanguism has roots in Christianity and the Bible. However, it has developed its own beliefs. The basic principles of the Kimbanguist church are Bolingo (Love in English), Mibeko (Laws in English), and Misala (Works in English). According to Kimbanguist beliefs, Simon Kimbangu is God the Holy Spirit. Charles Kisolokele, his first son, is God the Father. Salomon Dialungana, his second son, is believed to be Jesus Christ who has come back in our times. Joseph Diangenda, his third son, is the reincarnation of his Father, the Holy Spirit. According to  Kimbanguist rules, polygamy, smoking, drugs, alcohol, eating pork, sleeping naked, and trading on Sundays are all forbidden. During the Sunday services, believers do not wear shoes in the church. Green and white are the colors used in Kimbanguism. Green represents hope and white represents integrity. The churches are painted in these colors, and the believers wear them almost every day. The Kimbanguist has its headquarters in N'kamba, the hometown of Simon Kimbangu, which is considered “the New Jerusalem.” Organization. Kimbanguism has expanded outside of the Congo. Some smaller communities are in other central African countries, as well as Belgium, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The spiritual leader is the supreme authority of the church. He is followed by the elders, who are the highest level of the Kimbanguist clergy. National and regional representatives make the second level of the leadership of the church. Decisions are made by the elders during meetings of representatives from the congregations. The Kimbanguist Church has its headquarters in N'kamba, the hometown of Simon Kimbangu, which is considered “the New Jerusalem.” Baptism is required to become a member of the church. Gary A. Lee Gary Alcide Lee (August 18, 1933 – October 12, 2022) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1979 through 1983. Lee was born in Buffalo, New York. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1975 to 1978. After losing his re-election, he moved to Florida where he became Chairman of the Lee County Republican Party. Lee died on October 12, 2022 in Fort Myers, Florida at the age of 89. Ken Lucas Kenneth Ray "Ken" Lucas (born August 22, 1933) is an American politician. Lucas, a Democrat, was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky's 4th congressional district from 1999 until 2005. On February 2, 2009, he was appointed as Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Veterans Affairs by Governor Steve Beshear. Verdana Verdana is a typeface. These alphabets are included Armenian, Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic. Stanislav Shushkevich Stanislav Stanislavovich Shushkevich (, Łacinka: Stanisłaŭ Stanisłavavič Šuškievič; ; December 15, 1934 – May 3, 2022) is a Belarusian politician. From August 25, 1991 to January 26, 1994, he was the first head of state of independent Belarus after it seceded from the Soviet Union, he was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet. Shushkevich died in Minsk, Belarus on 3 May 2022, at the age of 87 from problems caused by COVID-19. Bernard Slade Bernard Slade (May 2, 1930 – October 30, 2019) was a Canadian-American playwright and screenwriter. He was known for writing the play "Same Time, Next Year" and the television programs "The Flying Nun" and "The Partridge Family". Slade died from Lewy body dementia-related problems at his home in Beverly Hills, California on October 30, 2019, at the age of 89. Sam Bobrick Sam Bobrick (July 24, 1932 – October 11, 2019) was an American author, playwright, television writer, and lyricist. He was born in Chicago. Bobrick was known for creating the television series "Saved by the Bell". He also worked on writing the screenplay for television shows like "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." and "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". Bobrick died on October 11, 2019 of a stroke in Northridge, California, aged 87. Gerry Ryan Gerard Ryan (4 June 1956 – 30 April 2010) was an Irish radio and television presenter. He worked for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He presented "The Gerry Ryan Show" on radio station RTÉ 2fm each weekday morning from 1988 until his death. Ryan hosted several series of television shows, including "Secrets", "Gerry Ryan Tonight", "Ryantown", "Gerry Ryan's Hitlist", "Ryan Confidential" and the first three series of "Operation Transformation". Ryan was found dead in his Dublin home on 30 April 2010, aged 53. The cause of death was cardiac arrhythmia caused by cocaine usage. Kent County, Michigan Kent County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 602,622. Its county seat is Grand Rapids. Johnson City, Kansas Johnson City is a city in Stanton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Stanton County. In 2010, 1,495 people lived there. History. Johnson City was created in 1885; it was first called Veteran because many of its creators were American Civil War veterans. It was renamed Johnson City in 1886, in honor of A. S. Johnson, a railroad worker. Geography. Johnson City is at (37.569623, -101.752901). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Johnson City has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,495 people, 533 households, and 381 families living in Johnson City. Education. Johnson has the USD 452 Stanton County. The Stanton County High School mascot is Stanton County Trojans. Prior to school unification, Johnson High School also used the mascot Trojans. In 2016, Stanton County Elementary School, which is in Johnson City, was given the Charlotte F. Lockhart Award for Excellence in Literacy Education. Jetmore, Kansas Jetmore is a city in Hodgeman County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Hodgeman County. In 2010, 867 people lived there. History. Jetmore was first called Buckner. It was planned as Buckner in 1879. The name was changed to Jetmore in 1880 in honor of Col. Abraham Buckles Jetmore. Abraham Jetmore was lawyer from Topeka. He was important in being able to get a railroad line through the city. He also helped make Jetmore the county seat. Geography. Jetmore is at (38.084137, -99.895999). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. The Buckner Creek, a tributary of the Pawnee River, flows through Jetmore. The surface rocks in this area include Greenhorn limestone and Graneros shale. Climate. Jetmore has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Jetmore has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 867 people, 366 households, and 232 families residing in the city. Kinsley, Kansas Kinsley is a city in Edwards County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Edwards County. In 2010, 1,457 people lived there. History. Kinsley was first called Petersburg. In 1873, the city was planned out as Petersburg. It was later renamed Peter's City, and finally the name Kinsley was chosen to honor E. W. Kinsley. He was a capitalist from Boston. The first post office in Kinsley was established under the name Peters in April, 1873. The post office was renamed Kinsley in January, 1874. Geography. Kinsley is at (37.922354, -99.411531). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Kinsley is about east of Dodge City. Climate. Kinsley has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Kinsley has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,457 people, 654 households, and 384 families living in Kinsley. Kingman, Kansas Kingman is a city in Kingman County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Kingman County. In 2010, 3,177 people lived there. History. Kingman was planned out in 1874. It was named for Samuel A. Kingman, chief justice of the supreme court. Geography. Kingman is at (37.647024, -98.113805). The United States Census Bureau says taht the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Kingman has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Kingman has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,177 people, 1,346 households, and 810 families living in Kingman. Transportation. Bus service is provided daily east to Wichita, Kansas and west to Pueblo, Colorado by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines). Burlington, Kansas Burlington is a city in Coffey County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Coffey County. In 2010, 2,674 people lived there. History. Burlington was created in 1857. It was named after Burlington, Vermont, the native home of one of its creators. The first post office in Burlington was created in 1858. It was taken from the town of Hampden. Geography. Burlington is at (38.194420, -95.745532). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Burlington has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Burlington has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,674 people, 1,138 households, and 699 families residing in the city. List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office This is a list of vice presidents of the United States by time in office. Brave (web browser) Brave is a free web browser made by Brave Software, Inc. based on the Chromium web browser, which is the browser Google Chrome is also based on. The browser web blocks ads and website trackers. Brave has a Get paid to surf business model, where users get small amounts of a cryptocurrency called the Basic Attention Token for seeing ads inside the browser, which they can give to their favorite authors. As of 2019, Brave has been created for Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. It includes 5 search engines, including duckduckgo as the main. Contiguous United States The contiguous United States, or officially the conterminous United States, are the 48 U.S. states that touch one another plus the District of Columbia. This excludes the states of Alaska and Hawaii, and all island territories and U.S. possessions such as American Samoa, U.S. Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico. Chromium (web browser) Chromium is a free web browser developed by Google. It works on its own and makes up a large amount of the source code for the Google Chrome browser. The two browsers have always had some differences, such as the lack of DRM, and the ability for other people to make browsers based off of it, as meant by their names: chromium is the metal used to make chrome plating on cars. Deaths in November 2019 The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in November 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting. Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source. Enrico Braggiotti Enrico Braggiotti (27 January 1923 – 30 October 2019) was a Turkish-Monegasque banker. He was President of the Banca Commerciale Italiana from 1988 through 1990. Braggiotti died on 30 October 2019 at the age of 96. Triumph the Insult Comic Dog Triumph the Insult Comic Dog is a puppet character puppeteered and voiced by Robert Smigel, best known for mocking celebrities in an Eastern European accent. As his name means, Triumph's comedic style is almost exclusively insult comedy. Triumph often puffs a cigar, which usually falls out of his mouth when he starts talking. He debuted in 1997 on NBC's "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" and also appeared on "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien". He now appears on "Conan", and Adult Swim's "The Jack and Triumph Show". Smigel and Triumph have been kicked out from several events for Triumph's antics, including Westminster (three times), the Honolulu line for auditions for "American Idol", and the 2004 Democratic National Convention (while shooting an aborted movie project). Ebrahim Abadi Ebrahim Abadi (, 15 August 1934 – 31 October 2019) was an Iranian actor. Abadi was known for his roles in "Mokhtarnameh", "On Tiptoes", "Dar Chashm-e Baad" and "Grand Cinema". He was born in Tabriz, Iran. Abadi died on 31 October 2019 at a hospital in Tehran while in a coma after suffering a heart attack at the age of 85. Lincoln Parish, Louisiana Lincoln Parish (French: "Paroisse de Lincoln") is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,735. The parish seat is Ruston. The parish was created on February 24, 1873. Harmon, Louisiana Harmon is an unincorporated community in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. Kadri Gopalnath Dr. Kadri Gopalnath (6 December 1949 – 11 October 2019) was an Indian alto saxophonist and composer. He was known for his works towards Carnatic music. He was born in Bantwal taluk, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. He composed the score for the 1994 movie "Duet". Gopalnath has participated in the Jazz Festival in Prague, the Berlin Jazz Festival, the International Cervantino Festival in Mexico, the Music Hall Festival in Paris, the BBC Promenade concert in 1994 at London, and has toured all over the world. Gopalnath died on 11 October 2019 due to cardiac arrest at the age of 69 at a private hospital in Mangalore. Das alte Karussell "Das alte Karussell" (, in English: "The old carousel") is a song by Swiss singer Lys Assia. George Betz-Stahl wrote it.The song was released as a single in 1956. It represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1956. Eurovision Song Contest 1956. Selection. "Das alte Karussell" participated in a national final organized by Swiss broadcaster Télévision suisse romande (TSR) in 1956. The song placed second. For that reason, TSR sent it to represent Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956. They sent the winning song, "Refrains", too. In the contest. The song competed in the contest. It was held in the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Lys Assia performed it. Fernando Paggi conducted the orchestra. It was performed second, after the Netherlands's Jetty Paerl with "De vogels van Holland" and before Belgium's Fud Leclerc with "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine". The song position is not known because the voting results were not revealed. Bhisadej Rajani Bhisadej Rajani (; ; 20 January 1922 – 23 July 2022) was a Prince of Thailand. He was a member of the Thai royal family, and a member of the House of Rajani. He was one of the longest-living royal personages in the Thai history. He was a close-friend of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. He was an author and worked as the directory of the Royal Project Foundation for the king. He was also a descendant of Siamese Vice-King Pinklao. Rajani died on 23 July 2022 in Bangkok, Thailand at the age of 100. Siân Berry Siân Rebecca Berry (born 9 July 1974) is a British politician. On 4 September 2018, she became Co-Leader of the Green Party of England and Wales alongside Jonathan Bartley. She stepped down from the party's leadership in October 2021. From 2006 to 2007, she was one of the Green Party's Principal Speakers. She was the party's candidate in the 2008 London mayoral election, and again in the 2016 election, at which she came third. She is a member of the London Assembly and the only Green Party councillor on Camden Council, representing Highgate. Olivia Williams Olivia Haigh Williams (born 26 July 1968) is a British actress. She is known for her role as Jane Fairfax in the British television movie "Emma" (1996). Williams had movie roles in "The Postman", followed by "Rushmore" (1998) and "The Sixth Sense" (1999). She then appeared in other British movies, including "Lucky Break" (2001), "The Heart of Me" (2002) and "An Education" (2009). In 2010, she won acclaim for her role as Ruth Lang in Roman Polanski's "The Ghost Writer". Since 2017, she has played Emily Silk(s), on the television series "Counterpart". Archie Atkinson Archibald Maynard Atkinson (February 17, 1886 – August 4, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played with the Montreal Wanderers of the National Hockey Association in the 1912–13 season and 1913–14 season, appearing in a total of seven games. Nyamuragira Nyamuragira is a shield volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The name means Herd of Cows. It is among the most active volcanoes in Africa. Leigh Verstraete Leigh Verstraete (born January 6, 1962) is a former professional ice hockey player who played eight games in the National Hockey League. He played with the Toronto Maple Leafs. Harvie Pocza Harvie Dwight Pocza (born September 22, 1959) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player who briefly played in the National Hockey League with the Washington Capitals. Pocza was drafted 67th overall by the Capitals in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. Glen Irwin Glen Irwin (born March 1, 1951) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in 233 WHA games with the Houston Aeros and Indianapolis Racers over parts of five seasons. Kevin Krook Kevin Bradley Krook (born April 5, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played three games in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Rockies in the 1978–79 season. Luke Curtin Luke Curtin (born September 23, 1977) is a retired American professional ice hockey player. He was selected by the Colorado Avalanche in the 4th round (134th overall) of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. Curtin predominately played in the ECHL and in November 2010, he was named to the 12-man ECHL All-Decade Team, which honored the best ECHL players from 2000–01 through the 2009–10 ECHL season. In 2011 Curtin was inducted into the ECHL Hall of Fame. Treaty of Vienna Treaty of Vienna is ambiguous. Its use should always be specific, so the reader can be sure which treaty is referred to. It may refer to: Belleville, Kansas Belleville is a city in Republic County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Republic County. In 2010, 1,991 people lived there. History. Belleville was created in 1869. It incorporated as a city in 1878. It was named for Arabelle Tutton, the wife of a member of the town company. The first post office in Belleville was created in February 1870. Geography. Belleville is at (39.823548, -97.630183). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,991 people, 949 households, and 533 families living in Belleville. Media. "The Belleville Telescope" is the local newspaper. It was created in 1870. It has been publishing regularly since 1873. Beloit, Kansas Beloit is a city in Mitchell County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Mitchell County. In 2010, 3,835 people lived there. History. On permanent organization of the county in 1870, Beloit was chosen to be the county seat of Mitchell County, Kansas. It is northeast of the center of the county on the Solomon River. Beloit was first settled by A.A. Bell in 1868. he wanted to water power better. The town was called Willow Springs for some time. Beloit is named after Beloit, Wisconsin, the hometown of an early resident. Beloit sits at the junction of the Union Pacific and the Missouri Pacific Railroads. Beloit was platted March 26, 1872. The town grew very quickly. In July 1872, was incorporated as a thrid class city. On March 10, 1879, Gov. John P. St. John said Beloit is a second class city. Beloit had the Beloit Juvenile Correctional Facility of the Kansas Juvenile Justice Authority. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Beloit has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Beloit has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,835 people, 1,647 households, and 964 families living in Beloit. Tartegnin Tartegnin is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Alma, Kansas Alma is a city in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Wabaunsee County. In 2010, 832 people lived there. History. 19th century. The first house in Alma was built in 1867. In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Topeka through Alma to Herington. The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway closed in 1891. It was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980. This railroad of the former Rock Island Railroad was sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad later merged into the Union Pacific. Union Pacific operates and owns the railroad today. Most locals still call this railroad the "Rock Island". The city was named after either the city of Alma, Germany, or for a stream in Ukraine. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. Alma is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 832 people, 342 households, and 212 families living in Alma. Trélex Trélex is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Anthony, Kansas Anthony is a city in Harper County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Harper County. In 2010, 2,269 people lived there. History. The Anthony townsite was planned out in 1878. The city was named after the 7th governor of Kansas, George T. Anthony. He was governor at the time. After Harper County was reorganized in 1878, Anthony became the temporary county seat. This is because Bluff City, which was county seat of the fraudulent county organization, did not exist at the time. In 1879, a county seat election was held, and Anthony won over Harper City even though 2,960 ballots were cast with 800 legal voters in the county. Geography. Anthony is at (37.153902, -98.029396). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Anthony has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Anthony has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,269 people, 977 households, and 631 families residing in the city. Education. Anthony is served by USD 361 Anthony-Harper. Ashland, Kansas Ashland is the biggest city in Clark County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Clark County. In 2010, 867 people lived there. History. Ashland is along what was once a military road. That road went from Fort Dodge (now Dodge City, Kansas) to the north and Fort Supply in the Indian Territory to the south. In 1870, during the Comanche Campaign against the Native Americans, the Army built two redoubts along the Dodge/Supply trail near the current place of Ashland: the Bear Creek Redoubt, five miles to the north, and the Cimarron Redoubt, nine miles to the south. Anthony was created in 1884. It was named after the city of Ashland, Kentucky. The first post office in Ashland was created in 1885. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 867 people, 381 households, and 239 families living in Ashland. Education. Ashland is served by USD 220 school district. Belmont-sur-Lausanne Belmont-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in the Lavaux-Oron district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a eastern suburb of the city of Lausanne. Bussigny-sur-Oron Bussigny-sur-Oron was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities of Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality of Oron. Châtillens Châtillens was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities of Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality of Oron. Sedgwick County Sedgwick County is the name of two counties in the United States: Schuyler, Nebraska Schuyler is a city in Colfax County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2010 census, 6,211 people lived there. It is the county seat of Colfax County. The city (as well as the county) is named after Schuyler Colfax, former Vice President of the United States of America. Geography. Schuyler is at (41.448916, −97.060195). According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the 2010 census says that there were 6,211 people, 1,828 households, and 1,356 families living in Schuyler. Webster County, Mississippi Webster County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 10,253 people lived there. Its county seat is Walthall. Beatrice, Nebraska Beatrice is a city in Nebraska in the United States. It is the county seat of Gage County. Dakota City, Nebraska Dakota City is a city in Dakota County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,919 people lived there. It is the county seat of Dakota County. History. Dakota City was platted in 1856. It was named for the Dakota people. Dakota City was incorporated as a city in 1858. Geography. Dakota City is at (42.415294, -96.417808). According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Demographics. Dakota City is part of the Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. As of the 2010 census says that there were 1,919 people, 637 households, and 464 families living in Dakota City. Atwood, Kansas Atwood is a city in Rawlins County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Rawlins County. In 2010, 1,194 people lived there. History. In 1875, T.A. Andrews and J.M. Matheny went to Rawlins County. They started a town site about two miles east of the current city. The city of Attwood (with two t's) was named after Attwood Matheny. He was the 14-year-old son who went with his father on the trip. In 1882, the U.S. Post Office requested permission to drop one "t" thus becoming Atwood. In 1881, Atwood became the county seat of Rawlins County. Geography. Atwood is at (39.808971, −101.041370). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Atwood has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,194 people, 568 households, and 299 families living in Atwood. Famous people. Katie Uhlaender (born July 17, 1984) is an American skeleton racer who has competed since 2003. She won four medals at the FIBT World Championships with one silver (women's skeleton: 2008) and three bronzes (women's skeleton: 2007, mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event: 2008, 2009). Cimarron, Kansas Cimarron is a city in Gray County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Gray County. In 2010 census, 2,184 people lived there. History. Cimarron was first settled in 1878. It took its name from a fork in the Chisholm Trail. The fork led people to the Cimarron River. Between 1887 and 1893, a county seat war happened in Gray County. It involved several famous Old West figures, such as Bat Masterson, Bill Tilghman, and Ben Daniels. Because of the dispute, Cimarron became the permanent county seat of Gray County. In the early morning of June 10, 1893, Bill Doolin and four members of his gang robbed a train one-half mile east of Cimarron. In 2016, the Southwest Chief owned by Amtrak derailed. Amtrak and BNSF filed a lawsuit against one of the companies in Cimarron for using a road vehicle to damage the rails. Geography. Cimarron is at (37.808332, −100.347413). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Cimarron has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,184 people, 789 households, and 569 families living in Cimarron. Coldwater, Kansas Coldwater is a city in Comanche County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Comanche County. In 2010 census, 828 people lived there. History. In 1884 G.W. Vickers, thought of planning out a town in the northern part of Comanche county. He did this with Timothy Shields, J.P. Grove, Samuel Sisson, C.M. Cade and C.D. Bickford. All of them were from Harper county. They got some land, had it platted off as a town site, and they named it after the city of Coldwater, Michigan. Early in 1885, the county had the necessary number of people. They asked the governor organize the county. On February 27, 1885, it was organized. Owen Connaughton, George M. Morris, and David T. Mclntire became county commissioners, and R.A. Grossman became the county clerk. Coldwater became the county seat. The first post office in Coldwater was created on October 17, 1884. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Coldwater has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Coldwater has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 828 people, 380 households, and 217 families living in Coldwater. Education. Coldwater is served by the South Central USD 300. South Central High School is located in Coldwater. Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry Sedinam Kinamo Christin Moyowasifza Curry (alternately stylized as Sedinam Kinamo Christin Moyowasifza-Curry or SKCM Curry) is an American activist, politician, and presidential candidate for the Green Party. In 2008, Curry actively sought the Green Party's vice presidential nomination. She did not secure this nomination, and instead serving as a manager for the presidential campaign of Cynthia McKinney. Curry's first attempt at running for the presidency was during the 2016 United States presidential election. She filed with the Federal Election Committee on December 31, 2015. She lost the nomination to Jill Stein. Curry is currently running for the 2020 presidential nomination of the party. Darcy Richardson Darcy G. Richardson (born December 6, 1955) is an American author, historian and political activist. He was a candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party's presidential nomination in the 2020 elections. In the 2012 presidential election, Richardson ran against incumbent Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States in five state primaries. On June 22, 2018, Richardson became the Reform Party of Florida's nominee for governor, later choosing Nancy Argenziano as his running mate. On July 15, 2019, Richardson filed with the FEC to run for the Reform Party Nomination in 2020. He suspended his campaign in September 2019. He later became the Vice Presidential nominee for the Alliance Party ticket alongside Rocky De La Fuente. Leonard Peltier Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist. He is a member of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa, who is also of Lakota and Dakota descent. He is a member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1977, he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first-degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents during a 1975 shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Peltier is incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Coleman in Florida. Peltier became eligible for parole in 1993; his next scheduled parole hearing will be in July 2024, when Peltier will be 79. On January 18, 2017, the Office of the Pardon Attorney announced that President Barack Obama had denied Peltier's application for clemency. Peltier was next eligible for commutation in 2018. Peltier will remain in prison for the rest of his life. He was running for Vice President in the 2020 election as the running mate of Gloria La Riva with the Party for Socialism and Liberation. He withdrew his Vice Presidential nomination in August 2020 because of health reasons. David Greaves David Greaves (1 September 1946 – 5 October 2019) was an English former professional snooker player. He was born in Saint Annes on Sea, Lancashire. Greaves turned professional in 1972, at the age of 25, playing his first match against Bernard Bennett in the 1973 World Snooker Championship. After being behind 1–5 and 2–7, Greaves defeated Bennett 9–8. He then faced Fred Davis in the last 16 and lost the first ten frames, eventually loosing 1–16 to the three-time champion. Greaves died in Blackpool at a hospital after a short illness on 5 October 2019 aged 73. Francis A. Sullivan Francis Anthony Sullivan, S.J. (May 21, 1922 – October 23, 2019) was an American Catholic theologian and a Jesuit priest. He was best known for his research in the area of ecclesiology and the magisterium. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Sullivan died on October 23, 2019 at a hospital in Weston, Connecticut at the age of 97. Ann Crumb Ann Crumb (May 25, 1950 – October 31, 2019) was an American actress, animal rights activist and jazz singer. She was born in Charleston, West Virginia. Crumb was nominated for a Tony Award for her role in the 1992 Broadway production of "Anna Karenina". Her father was Pulitzer Prize winning composer George Crumb. Crumb founded an animal organization for rescued animals. Crumb died on October 31, 2019 at her parents home in Media, Pennsylvania from ovarian cancer, aged 69. Media, Pennsylvania Media is a borough in and the county seat of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is about west of Philadelphia. The population was 5,327 at the 2010 census. George Crumb George Henry Crumb Jr. (October 24, 1929 – February 6, 2022) was an American composer. His works were modern classical and avant-garde music. He is known for creating unusual timbres, alternative forms of notation, and extended instrumental and vocal techniques. Crumb’s most famous works include "Ancient Voices of Children" (1970), "Black Angels" (1971), and "Makrokosmos III" (1974). Crumb won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his orchestral work "Echoes of Time and the River" and a 2000 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Composition for his work "Star-Child" . Crumb was born in Charleston, West Virginia. He studied at the University of Charleston, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and at the University of Michigan. He had one son, composer David and had one daughter actress Ann Crumb (who died in October 2019). Crumb died on February 6, 2022 in Media, Pennsylvania at the age of 92. Delaware County, Pennsylvania Delaware County, also nicknamed Delco, is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania that borders Philadelphia. With a population of 562,960, it is the fifth most populous county in Pennsylvania. The county was created on September 26, 1789 and was named after the Delaware River. The county seat is Media. Gilbert Kalish Gilbert Kalish (born July 2, 1935) is an American pianist and educator. He was born in New York City. During his career, Kalish was nominated for three Grammy Awards. He made the world premiere recordings of Charles Ives' "Largo for Violin and Piano", "In Re Con Moto et al.", "Largo Risoluto" No. 1 & 2, "A Set of Three Short Pieces" (movements: Largo cantabile: Hymn, Scherzo: Holding Your Own, Adagio cantabile: The Innate) and songs "The All-Enduring", "The Innate", and "Song (She is not fair)". Kalish is Leading Professor and Head of Performance Activities at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. From 1968 to 1997 he was a faculty member of the Tanglewood Music Center. Aristides Gomes Aristides Gomes (born 8 November 1954) is the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau, appointed in April 2018. He was already Prime Minister before from 2 November 2005 to 13 April 2007. List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau The following is a list of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau, since the establishment of the office of Prime Minister in 1973. João Bernardo Vieira João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira (, 27 April 1939 – 2 March 2009) was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 1980 to 1984, for the second time from 1984 to 1999, and for the third time from 2005 to 2009. Vieira was killed by soldiers on 2 March 2009. The military officially denied these allegations Carlos Correia Carlos Correia (6 November 1933 – 14 August 2021) was a Guinea-Bissau politician. He was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 17 September 2015 to 12 May 2016. Before, he was Prime Minister from 27 December 1991 to 26 October 1994, from 6 June 1997 to 3 December 1998, and from 5 August 2008 to 25 December 2008. Correia died on 14 August 2021 at the age of 87. Buranovskiye Babushki Buranovskiye Babushki (, ; , "Brangurtyś pesänajos"; meaning "Buranovo Grannies") is a Russian ethno-pop band made up of eight elderly women from the village of Buranovo, Udmurtia. Buranovskiye Babushki represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, where they finished second. Howard Storm (author) Howard Storm (born October 26, 1946) is an American Christian minister, writer, and painter. He is a former professor and chairman of the art department at Northern Kentucky University. In 2000, he authored "My Descent Into Death", which talks about his near-death experience. Storm's near-death experience has been talked about in literature on near-death studies. Storm has retold his story on NBC's "Today Show", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "48 Hours", "Discovery Channel" and "Coast to Coast AM". Rina Lazo Rina Lazo Wasem (October 23, 1923 – November 1, 2019) was a Guatemalan-Mexican painter. Lazo was born Guatemala City. She began her career in mural painting with Diego Rivera as his assistant. She worked with him from 1947 until his death in 1957. Lazo was known for her mural works than canvases although the latter have been exhibited in Mexico and other countries making her one of Guatemala's better known artists. She was a member of the Mexican muralism movement. Lazo died on November 1, 2019 in Mexico City of cardiac arrest at the age of 96. She was married to artist Arturo García Bustos. Ken Blaiklock Kenneth Victor Blaiklock OBE (6 December 1927 – 20 September 2020) was a British Antarctic surveyor. He took part in Sir Vivian Fuchs's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition that completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica. He reached the South Pole by dog sled for the first time since Amundsen. He has been awarded the Polar Medal with three bars. His daughter is British politician, Catherine Blaiklock. Blaiklock died on 20 September 2020, aged 92. B. V. Doshi Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, OAL, (born 26 August 1927) is an Indian architect. His best known designs are IIM Bangalore, IIM Udaipur, NIFT Delhi, Amdavad ni Gufa, CEPT University, and the Aranya Low Cost Housing development in Indore. In 2018, he became the first Indian architect to receive the Pritzker Prize. He was also awarded the Padma Shri. Peter Zumthor Peter Zumthor (; born 26 April 1943) is a Swiss architect. He won the 2009 Pritzker Prize. Richard Rogers Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside (23 July 1933 – 18 December 2021) was an Italian-British architect. He was known for his modernist and functionalist designs in high-tech architecture. Rogers was born in Florence, Italy. In 2007, Rogers won the Pritzker Prize. Rogers died on 18 December 2021 in London at the age of 88. Paulo Mendes da Rocha Paulo Mendes da Rocha (October 25, 1928 – May 23, 2021) was a Brazilian architect. He was known for his cultural buildings to São Paulo and was widely thanked for reshaping the city. Mendes da Rocha was Professor at the Architecture College of University of São Paulo, known as FAU-USP, until 1998. He was honored with the Mies van der Rohe Prize (2000), the Pritzker Prize (2006) and the Venice Biennale Golden Lion for lifetime achievement (2016). Mendes da Rocha died of lung cancer at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil on May 23, 2021 at the age of 92. Glenn Murcutt Glenn Marcus Murcutt AO (born 25 July 1936) is a British-born Australian architect. He won the 1992 Alvar Aalto Medal, the 2002 Pritzker Architecture Prize and the 2009 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal. He is the only Australian to win the Pritzker Prize. He is thought to be Australia's most famous architect. Rafael Moneo José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born 9 May 1937) is a Spanish architect. He won the Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1996 and the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2003. Álvaro Siza Vieira Álvaro Joaquim de Melo Siza Vieira, (born 25 June 1933), is a Portuguese architect, and architectural educator. He is internationally known as Álvaro Siza () and in Portugal as Siza Vieira (). In 1992, he won the Pritzker Architecture Prize. Luis Barragán Luis Ramiro Barragán Morfín (March 9, 1902 – November 22, 1988) was a Mexican architect and engineer. His work were inspired by contemporary architects visually and conceptually. Barragán's buildings are visited by international students and professors of architecture. Barragán won the Pritzker Prize, the highest award in architecture, in 1980. His personal home, the Luis Barragán House and Studio, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. Barragán died on November 22, 1988, in Mexico City of Parkinson's disease at the age of 86. Chou Wen-chung Chou Wen-chung (; July 28, 1923 – October 25, 2019) was a Chinese American composer of contemporary classical music. He was seen as one of the first Chinese composers who tried to translate authentic oriental melo-rhythms into the terms of modern Western music. Chou died in New York City on October 25, 2019 at the age of 96. Akron, New York Akron is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 2,868 at the 2010 census. Akron is located at (43.019309, -78.494644). The village is northeast of Buffalo. Oncilla The oncilla ("Leopardus tigrinus"), also known as the northern tiger cat, little spotted cat, and tigrillo, is a small spotted cat. Its range from Central America to central Brazil. Over this huge territory there are differences which some think should be subspecies. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the population is threatened by deforestation and conversion of habitat to agricultural land. Pallas's cat Pallas's cat ("Otocolobus manul") is also called the manul. It is a small wild cat with a very wide distribution in the grasslands and montane steppes of Central Asia. It is affected by its habitat getting smaller by being destroyed, with fewer prey, and is also hunted by poachers. It is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Pallas's cat was first described in 1776 by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. Rusty-spotted cat The rusty-spotted cat ("Prionailurus rubiginosus") is one of the cat family's smallest members. Historical records are known only from India and Sri Lanka. In 2012, it was also recorded in the western Terai of Nepal. Since 2016, the global wild population is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It is fragmented and affected by the loss and destruction of its prime habitat, deciduous forest. Joshua King (footballer) Joshua Christian Kojo King (born 15 January 1992) is a Norwegian football player who plays for Everton. Rabindra Mishra Rabindra Mishra is the ex editor in chief of BBC News Nepali, founder of Help Nepal Network and president of Sajha Party. Kiosk In English speaking countries, a kiosk is a small booth offering goods and services. For example, it might sell packaged food, drinks, cigarettes and newspapers. They can still be seen on some train stations. In Paris the old kiosks which sold newspapers, cigarettes and tickets are being replaced. The replacements are said to be more functional but less charming. In oriental countries like Persia or Turkey, a kiosk is larger and grander than in other countries. It is a self-standing building. Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sachsenhausen concentration camp (officially called Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen, or KZ Sachsenhausen) was a Nazi concentration camp that existed from 1936 to 1945. It was located near Oranienburg, just north of Berlin. Even though it was located in Oranienburg, it is different from Oranienburg concentration camp. Between 1936 and 1945, over 200.000 people were detained at KZ Sachsenhausen. Medical experiments were carried out in KZ Sachsenhausen to test the effectiveness of drugs. People from Sachsenhausen were also forced to help produce goods used for war (such as weapons, or ammunition). Oranienburg concentration camp Oranienburg concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp located near the city center of Oranienburg, north of Berlin. The camp is one of the earliest concentration camps, and existed from 1933 to 1934. About 3.000 people were held there. Eight people who died there are known by name. Please note, the camp is ont identical with KZ Sachsenhausen (also in Oranienburg, existed 1936-45) Oranienburg Oranienburg (Slavic languages: "Bóźow") is a town in Germany, with about 45.000 people. It is located a few kilometers north of Berlin. It was originally settled by Slavic people, and was probably called Bochzowe. Germanic settlers arrived in the 12th century, and kept the original name. Because of the strategic location, a castle was built in the 13th century. The first known reference occurred in 1216, as "Bothzowe". City rights were awarded in 1232. The name Bothzowe, lives on in Bötzow. In 1483, the castle lost its importance, and Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg built a new residence there, he used for hunting. During the thirty years war, Bötzow was pillaged, and burnt down. Al Hunter Ashton Al Hunter Ashton (26 June 1957 – 27 April 2007), born Alan Hunter, was an English actor and script writer. Life. Hunter was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire. He came from a working-class background. He was named Alan Hunter at birth. He later changed his name by deed poll to Al Hunter. He wrote scripts for his own amusement from the age of 15. In his spare time he worked for £15 a night as a stand-up comedian in clubs. On discovering that he could earn the same amount for shedding his clothes every evening, he became a stripper. "My stripping routine was actually funnier than my stand-up one," he said. He wrote under the name "Al Hunter" but needed to change his name for acting as there was already an "Al Hunter" actor. He choose "Al Ashton" to ensure he appeared high up in any alphabetical credits. Later he combined the two, acting and writing under the name "Al Hunter Ashton". He also wrote under the alias "Alun Nipper". Work. His first professional acting work was with a "Theatre in Education" company in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. He was then cast in Willy Russell plays; "Breezeblock Park" (at the Liverpool Playhouse) and "Blood Brothers" (at the Derby Playhouse). In 1985, Russell commissioned him to write the BBC Schools television play "Teaching Matthew". This is a satire on Russell's own "Educating Rita". Hunter often wrote himself parts in the scripts he produced. In "Teaching Mathew" he had a small role as a policeman. Hunter worked very closely with the Stage 22 School of Arts Network in the UK. Following his death, children from the school made their own version of the Queen hit "Only the Good Die Young" which was dedicated to him and his three young children. Death. On 27 April 2007 Al Hunter Ashton died of heart failure in his home in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Episode eight of series five of the New Tricks TV series, titled "Mad Dogs", was dedicated to his memory. Brian Warboys Brian Warboys (born 30 April 1942), retired in September 2007. He was Professor of Software Engineering at the University of Manchester from 1985 until he retired. He was subsequently appointed as Professor Emeritus and continues to undertake research. Before joining the university he had worked for ICL. At the time the UK's largest computer manufacturer. During the 1970s he had been the chief designer of ICL's VME operating system. He is also the author of several non-fiction books. ICL VME. Warboys worked for ICL from 1963 to 1985. During the 1970s, he was Chief Designer of VME. VME/B was an advanced operating system and was logical and straightforward to use. Amongst IT professionals it was deemed superior to IBM equivalents. University of Manchester. Warboys was Professor of Software Engineering. He researched the development of techniques which enable dynamic evolution. This is the ability to change s/w whilst it is executing. It applied to the design of very large systems. In 1991, he became the founder and principal of the Informatics Process Group (IPG) in the School of Computer Science. IPG was established to advance the application of Process Modelling. Between 1997 and 2002 he led the EPSRC funded Compliant Systems Architecture (CSA) projects. Within Europe he has headed the Manchester operating system team on the ESPRIT-funded EDS project. He also led the IPG's involvement in the ESPRIT Basic Research Activity PROMOTER on software process modelling and technology. In 2001 he led the IPG's involvement in the Framework IV Basic Research Action PIE, process instance evolution. He later led the Archware project. in which he was also joint technical coordinator. Recognition. He was appointed the first ICL Fellow in 1984. Chesalles-sur-Oron Chesalles-sur-Oron was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the former municipalities of Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become a new municipality called Oron. Oron, Vaud Oron is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2012, when the former municipalities of Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality. Epesses Epesses was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is in the district of Lavaux-Oron on Lake Geneva ("Lac Léman"). On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) joined together to become the new municipality called Bourg-en-Lavaux. Co-operative Commonwealth Federation The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) (, from 1955 the "") was a political party in Canada. It was a social-democratic and democratic-socialist party. Multiple groups helped form the CCF in 1932, in Calgary, Alberta. In 1961, it was succeeded by the New Democratic Party. Mézières, Vaud Mézières was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2016, the former municipalities of Carrouge, Ferlens and Mézières joined together to become a new municipality called Jorat-Mézières. Laverne, Oklahoma Laverne is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Bibsys BIBSYS is an administrative agency run by the Ministry of Education and Research in Norway. They help organize research data and library metadata. BIBSYS works with all Norwegian universities and university colleges as well as research institutions and the National Library of Norway. Spyderco Spyderco is a knife company founded by Sal Glesser in the United States. They pioneered the opening hole in the blade of a folding knife. This allows one-hand manual opening of the knife without the need for added thumb-studs or other features. It is headquartered in Golden, Colorado. It was founded in 1978. A large part of the firm's knife production is outsourced to foreign contractors in countries such as Japan, Taiwan, Italy, and China. They have pioneered the use of new types of steel alloys and handle materials, also materials such as fiberglass reinforced nylon polymer. AK AK and A.K. (but not Ak) may refer to: CA CA may mean: JCUKEN JCUKEN ("ЙЦУКЕН") is a keyboard layout used for Cyrillic languages. Before the Russian language was reformed in 1917, "JIUKEN" ("ЙІУКЕН") was the keyboard used. Kielbasa Kielbasa ( or ; from Polish ) is any type of meat sausage from Poland, and a staple of Polish cuisine. In American English the word typically refers to a coarse, U-shaped smoked sausage of any kind of meat, which closely resembles the "Wiejska" "sausage" (typically pork only) in British English. Nicki Nicki is a given name, and may refer to: EA (disambiguation) EA is an acronym for Electronic Arts, an American video game company. EA, E.A., Ea, or ea may also refer to: ES Es, ES, or similar may refer to: Lukas Bärfuss Lukas Bärfuss (born 30 December 1971 in Thun, Switzerland) is a Swiss writer. He writes in German. He has won many prizes in literature. These prizes include the Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis in 2005 for the play "Der Bus (Das Zeug einer Heiligen)", the Swiss Book Prize () in 2008 for "Hundert Tage," the Anna Seghers-Preis in 2008, the Hans Fallada Prize in 2010, the Solothurner Literaturpreis in 2014, the Nicolas Born Prize in 2015, the Johann-Peter-Hebel-Preis in 2016, and the most important German literature prize the Georg-Büchner-Preis in 2019. Bärfuss writes critically about Switzerland in his novels and theatrical work. He also has written novels based on personal events and genocide in Rwanda. Les Thioleyres Les Thioleyres was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. Ecoteaux Ecoteaux was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. Ishwari Prasad Gupta Ishwari Prasad Gupta (5 February 1931 in Arrah – 12 December 2018 in Delhi) was an Indian politician. He was a Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Chief Secretary to the Government of Tripura and Lt. Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Syed Shahnawaz Hussain was born in Supaul, Bihar in 1968, is a National Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former Cabinet Minister. Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands, () or Mascarenes, is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar. They include Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. Their name comes from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in April 1512. The islands were formed by the volcanism of the Réunion hotspot beneath the Mascarene Plateau. They are a distinct ecoregion with a unique flora and fauna. Extinct animals include the dodo (a flightless pigeon), and the Rodgrigues solitaire. The islands also had giant tortoises, and still has some endemic birds and reptiles. Before the ships found the islands, the islands had no humans. Now they have many people, and the original ecology of the islands is being destroyed. The Mascarene Islands are a French overseas department. Mauritius styles itself the Republic of Mauritius, and is self-governed. This ecoregion covers the three main islands, Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, and a number of smaller islets of the Mascarene Islands. The largest islands are the French Dependent Territory of Réunion (2,500 km2), and the island of Mauritius (1,900 km2), which together with Rodrigues (110 km2) forms the single independent nation of Mauritius. The nearest landmass is Madagascar, 680 km northwest of Réunion. Tatums, Oklahoma Tatums is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Ravia, Oklahoma Ravia is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Shattuck, Oklahoma Shattuck is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Verdigris, Oklahoma Verdigris is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Good as Hell "Good as Hell" is a song recorded by American singer Lizzo, taken from her EP, "Coconut Oil". It was released on March 11, 2016, and was written by Lizzo with its producer, Ricky Reed. The song talks about moving on from a bad relationship and feeling good in one's own skin. After "Truth Hurts" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 2019, "Good as Hell" became another sleeper hit, going to number three on the Hot 100, number one on the Pop Songs airplay chart, and number four on the rhythmic chart. It reached number 10 in Canada. Lizzo released a remix of the song with singer Ariana Grande on October 25, 2019. Rush Springs, Oklahoma Rush Springs is a town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Mannsville, Oklahoma Mannsville is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Oron-la-Ville Oron-la-Ville was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. Les Tavernes Les Tavernes was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. Forever Forever or 4ever can mean: Forever (Chris Brown song) "Forever" is a song by American R&B singer Chris Brown. It is taken from his second studio album, "Exclusive", on a special edition called "Exclusive: The Forever Edition". It was released as a single from the album on June 23, 2008, after "With You". The song reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US and number one on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) radio chart. Association for Library Service to Children The Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) is one part of the American Library Association. It is the world's largest organization working on library service to children. The ALSC has more than 4,000 members. Awards, Grants, & Scholarships. Book and Media Awards. ALSC announces the awards listed below every January at a Monday morning press conference during the American Library Association Midwinter Meeting. Pramoedya Ananta Toer Pramoedya Ananta Toer (6 February 1925 – 30 April 2006) was an Indonesian writer. He wrote novels, short stories, essays, and histories of Indonesia and its people. His writing includes much personal and national history. The Dutch Government put him in prison him from 1947 to 1949. Later, the Suharto government sent him to a prison island from 1965 to 1979. Colonial and later authoritarian governments did not approve of Pramoedya's writings. They often censored his writing in Indonesia even though he was well known outside his home country. The Dutch imprisoned him from 1947 to 1949 during the War of Independence. During the coup when Suharto gained power, Pramoedya was involved in political fighting. Suharto put him in prison from 1969 to 1979 on the Maluku island called Buru. Suharto called Pramoedya a Communist. Suharto thought Pramoedya was still loyal to the Sukarno government even though Pramoedya had struggled with Sukarno. He created his most famous work, the Buru Quartet, on the prison island. The prison did not allow him to have writing materials, so he told the story aloud to other prisoners. Then it was written down and smuggled out. Pramoedya was against some policies of Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and against the New Order regime of Suharto. Often, he did not make direct political criticisms. His writing was subtle. He was outspoken against colonialism, racism and the corruption of the Indonesian Government. During the many years he suffered in prison and house arrest, human rights advocates fought for his freedom of expression. Early years. Pramoedya was born on February 6, 1925, in Blora in central Java, then a part of the Dutch East Indies. He was the oldest son in his family. Pramoedya's father was a teacher. His father was also active in Boedi Oetomo (the first recognized indigenous national organization in Indonesia). Pramoedya's mother was a rice trader. His maternal grandfather had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. As it is written in his semi-autobiographical collection of short stories "Cerita Dari Blora", his name was originally Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer. But he felt that the family name Mastoer was too aristocratic. The Javanese prefix "Mas" means a man of the higher rank in a noble family. So, he removes "Mas" and kept Toer as his family name. Pramoedya went to the Radio Vocational School in Surabaya but had just graduated when Japan invaded Surabaya in 1942. During World War II, Pramoedya supported the occupying forces of Imperial Japan at first. He believed the Japanese to be bad but better than the Dutch. He worked as a typist for a Japanese newspaper in Jakarta. However as the war went on, Indonesians opposed harsh treatment by the Japanese military and wartime rationing. The Nationalist forces loyal to Sukarno switched their support to the incoming Allies against Japan. Pramoedya did as well. On August 17, 1945, after the news of Allied victory over Japan reached Indonesia, Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence. This started the Indonesian National Revolution against the British and Dutch. In this war, Pramoedya joined a paramilitary group in Karawang, Kranji (West Java). He was sent to Jakarta. In Jakarta, he wrote short stories and books, and propaganda for the Nationalist cause. The Dutch put him in Bukit Duri prison in Jakarta from 1947 until 1949, the year the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence. While in prison, he wrote his first major novel, "The Fugitive". Importance after Indonesia became independent. In the first years after Indonesia became independent, Pramoedya wrote stories about the problems of the new nation. He also wrote semi-autobiographical works based on his memoirs during World War II. Then he went to live in the Netherlands as part of a cultural exchange program. Later he went on several other cultural exchanges, including trips to the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. In Indonesia, Pramoedya built up a reputation as a critic of literature and society. He joined the left-wing writers' group Lekra and wrote in newspapers and literary journals. His writing style became more political. One example is his story "Korupsi" ("Corruption"). It is the story of a civil servant who falls into the trap of corruption. This caused problems for him with the Sukarno government. From the late 1950s, Pramoedya began teaching literary history at the "Universitas Res Publica". That university was politically left-wing. As he prepared lessons, he began to realise that ideas about Indonesian language and literature had been distorted by the Dutch colonial authorities. He searched for materials that had been ignored by colonial educational institutions and by Indonesians after independence. Pramoedya had spent time in China, so he had good feelings towards Indonesian Chinese people. This was unusual in Indonesia after independence. The Indonesian government had made many laws restricting Indonesian Chinese people's freedom and ethnic Malay or Javanese people often discriminated against Indonesian Chinese. Pramoedya published a series of letters to an imaginary Chinese correspondent discussing the history of the Indonesian Chinese, called "Hoakiau di Indonesia" (History of the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia). He criticized the government for being too Java-centric and insensitive to the needs and desires of the other regions and peoples of Indonesia. As a result, he was arrested by the Indonesian military and jailed at Cipinang prison for nine months. Imprisonment under Suharto. In an October 1965 coup the army took power after making a false claim that the assassination of several senior generals was organized by the Communist Party of Indonesia. This was the start of Suharto's New Order. This government was violently anti-communist. Pramoedya was head of People's Cultural Organisation, a literary group connected to the Indonesian Communist Party. So, the New Order regime called him a communist and enemy of the state. During the violent anti-Communist purge in 1965-66, Pramoedya was arrested, beaten, and imprisoned by Suharto's government. He was named a political prisoner. His books were banned and he was imprisoned without trial, first in Nusa Kambangan off the southern coast of Java, and then in the penal colony Buru in the eastern islands of the Indonesian archipelago. He was banned from writing during his imprisonment on the island of Buru, but created his best-known series of work, the Buru Quartet. It is a series of four historical fiction novels telling about the development of Indonesian nationalism. The books are partly based on his own experiences growing up. The English titles of the books are: "This Earth of Mankind", "Child of All Nations", "Footsteps", and "House of Glass". The main character of the series is named Minke. He is a minor Javanese royal. The character is similar to an Indonesian journalist named Tirto Adhi Surjo. He was active in the nationalist movement. The quartet includes strong female characters of Indonesian and Chinese ethnicity. The books show how hard it was for these people to live under colonial rule. They experienced racist discrimination and attacks. They struggled for personal and national political independence. These books are typical of much of Pramoedya's writing. They tell personal stories and focus on individuals caught up in the movements of a nation's history. Pramoedya had done research for the books before he was sent to the Buru prison camp. When he was arrested his library was burned and much of his collection and early writings were lost. On the prison colony island of Buru he was not permitted even to have a pencil. Pramoedya thought that he would ever be able to write the novels on paper. He told the stories of the novels to his fellow prisoners. Other prisoners listened to the stories then helped him. They did extra labor so that Pramoedya did not have to work as much. So finally he was able to write the novels down. The final books took their name, "Buru Quartet," from the prison where he created them. They have been collected and published in English. Maxwell Lane translated them. They are also in many other languages. By 2005, they had been published in 33 languages (BIWP). Many people outside of Indonesia though that these were excellent books. They won many awards. But the Indonesian government banned their publication in Indonesia. So one of Indonesia's most famous literary works was almost impossible to find the country's people whose history it addressed. Indonesians abroad scanned copies and shared them on the Internet with people inside the country. Pramoedya's works on colonial Indonesia recognised the importance of Islam as a vehicle for popular opposition to the Dutch. His works are not about religion and do not have clear religious themes. He opposed people who used religion to control how people think. Sometimes he wrote negatively about the religiously pious. Freed from prison and later writing. Pramoedya was freed from prison in 1979. But, he was still under house arrest in Jakarta until 1992. During this time he released "The Girl From the Coast", another semi-fictional novel based on his grandmother's own experience (volumes 2 and 3 of this work were destroyed along with his library in 1965). He also wrote "Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu" (1995); "A Mute's Soliloquy", an autobiography based on the letters that he wrote for his daughter from imprisonment in Buru but were not allowed to be sent, and "Arus Balik" (1995). He wrote many columns and short articles criticizing the Indonesian government. He wrote a book called "Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer" ("Young Virgins in the Military's Grip"), a documentary written showcasing the plight of Javanese women who were forced to become comfort women during the Japanese occupation and were subsequently subject to oppression by their own Indonesian society. The Japanese military took these women to Buru island. They were raped and sexually abused by the Japanese. Many stayed there instead of returning to Java. Other political prisoners on Buru with Pramoedya were able to meet some of these women. They told the women's stories to Pramoedya. He wrote them down in narrative form in the 1970s. This was the start of the book published in 2001. Pramoedya was hospitalized on April 27, 2006 for complications from diabetes and heart disease. He was also a heavy smoker of Kretek (clove) cigarettes and had endured years of abuse while in detention. Pramoedya was praised for his writing and won many awards. Many thought he was the best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Pramoedya's writings on Indonesia address the international and regional currents caused by political events in history and how these events flowed through his homeland and buffeted its people. Pramoedya also shares a personal history of hardship and detention for his efforts of self-expression and the political aspects of his writings, and struggled against the censorship of his work by the leaders of his own people. Further reading. Books on Pramoedya Ananta Toer Rudy Boesch Rudolph Ernst Boesch (January 20, 1928 – November 1, 2019) was a United States Navy SEAL and television personality. He was a two-time competitor on the reality competition show "Survivor". He was born in Rochester, New York. Boesch hosted the television show "Combat Missions" in 2002. Boesch died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on November 1, 2019 at a retirement home in Virginia Beach, Virginia at the age of 91.. Sigvard Ericsson John Sigvard "Sigge" Ericsson (17 July 1930 – 2 November 2019) was a Swedish speed skater. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won a gold and a silver medal in 1956. Leo Iorga Leo Iorga was a Romanian singer who died on 2 November 2019 of cancer in Bucharest, aged 54. References. Marie Laforêt Marie Laforêt (5 October 1939 – 2 November 2019) was a French-Swiss singer and actress. As a singer, she was known for her single "Mon amour, mon ami". As an actress, she was known for her roles in "Male Hunt" and "Who Wants to Kill Sara?". Laforêt died in Genolier, Switzerland on 2 November 2019 at the age of 80. Walter Mercado Walter Mercado Salinas (March 9, 1932 – November 2, 2019), also known by his stage name Shanti Ananda, was a Puerto Rican astrologer, actor, dancer, and writer. He was best known as a television personality for his shows as an astrologer. His astrology predictions shows aired for many years in Puerto Rico, Latin America and the United States. Mercado died on November 2, 2019 from kidney failure at a hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico at the age of 87. James I. Robertson Jr. Dr. James I. "Bud" Robertson Jr. (July 18, 1930 – November 2, 2019) was an American historian. He was a known scholar on the American Civil War. He was an Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Virginia Tech. Robertson died on November 2, 2019 of cancer in Richmond, Virginia, aged 89. Gert Boyle Gertrude Boyle (née Lamfrom; March 6, 1924 – November 3, 2019) was a German-born American businesswoman. Her father started Columbia Sportswear, where she later became president. She was the chairperson of the company from 1983 to her death. Boyle died on November 3, 2019 at her home in Portland, Oregon, at the age of 95. West Linn, Oregon West Linn is a city in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. It is a rich suburb of Portland metropolitan area. It was named after U.S. Senator Lewis F. Linn. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 25,109. Ian Cross Ian Robert Cross (6 November 1925 – 2 November 2019) was a New Zealand novelist, journalist and administrator. His first novel, "The God Boy", was released in 1957. Later novels are "The Backward Sex" (1959), "After ANZAC Day" (1961) and "The Family Man" (1993). Sorin Frunzăverde Sorin Frunzăverde (26 April 1960 – 3 November 2019) was a Romanian politician. He was president of the Caraș-Severin County Council and Member of the European Parliament from 2007 through 2009. He was the Minister of National Defense in 2000 and again from 2006 through 2007. Frunzăverde died on 3 November 2019 in Bucharest from kidney disease at the age of 59. Taku Mayumura Taku Mayumura ( "Mayumura Taku", 20 October 1934 – 3 November 2019) was a Japanese novelist, science fiction writer and haiku poet. He won the Seiun Award for Novel twice. In 2004 his Shiseikan (, "Administrator", one story of the "Shiseikan series"), written in 1974, was translated into English. Mayumura was an honorary member of the SFWJ (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan). His representative works in this field were "Nazo no Tenkousei" and "Nerawareta Gakuen". Mayumura died on 3 November 2019 from pneumonia in Abeno-ku, Osaka at the age of 85. Dalia Itzik Dalia Itzik ( "Dalya Itsik"; born 20 October 1952) is a former Israeli politician. She was a member of the Knesset for HaAvoda and Kadima. From May 2006 to March 2009 she was the first female speaker of the Knesset. She was interim President of Israel from January to July 2007 and was several times a minister. Itzik was born in Jerusalem and studied literature and history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and law in Herzliya. Yvette Lundy Yvette Lundy (22 April 1916 – 3 November 2019) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II. She was the inspiration for the character of "Mademoiselle Lise Lundi" in the 2009 movie "Korkoro". She was born at Oger, Marne. Career. In 1938 she began working as a teacher at Gionges. During May 1940, as the Battle of France began, she fled the area, but returned two months later. Lundy was arrested on 19 June 1944 in her classroom at Gionges and was interrogated by the Gestapo and was sent to jail. Lundy was freed from Schlieben by the Red Army on 20 April 1945. Lundy's memoir, "Le Fil de l'araignée", co-written with Laurence Barbarot-Boisson, was published in 2012. In April 2016, Lundy turned 100. She died on 3 November 2019 at the age of 103. Kees Driehuis Kees Driehuis (8 December 1951 – 29 October 2019) was a Dutch television presenter. He was born in Amsterdam. He was best known as the presenter for the television quiz show "Per Seconde Wijzer" for 29 years. In total he presented 794 episodes of the quiz show. Driehuis died on 29 October 2019 in Amsterdam of bladder cancer at the age of 67. Stuart Heydinger Stuart Heydinger (5 May 1927 – 6 October 2019) was a British photojournalist and portrait photographer. He was chief photographer at "The Observer" from 1960 to 1966. Heydinger was born in Kingston upon Thames, London. Heydinger died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 92. Saratoga Springs, New York Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 26,586 at the 2010 census. Saratoga is just south of the Adirondack Mountains and it goes along the Hudson River. Saratoga Springs is most famous for the Saratoga Race Course which is the fourth oldest race horse in the U.S. History. Shortly after 1691 British colonist settled the town of Schuylerville which at the time was called "Saratoga" before being renamed in 1831. In 1802 a hotel was established for travelers called the Gideon Putnam Hotel which led to a large population and economically boost for Saratoga and the surrounding areas.Although not directly in Saratoga Springs, the Battle of Saratoga was fought just 10 miles south and was a turning point in the American Revolutionary War. In 1863 the Saratoga Race Course opened up leading to a large increase in tourism because of the betting involved even to this day. Geography. Saratoga Springs surrounds Saratoga Lake. The lake is 4.5 miles long and is known for its fishing and rowing competitions. There are also many beaches located on the lake. Parks and recreation. There are many parks in Saratoga like Saratoga Spa State Park and Congress Park. Saratoga is also famous for it's horse racing which is done at the race track. The track is open from July to September and is known for its more prominent races like the Travers Stakes. Polo is also a common activity played in Saratoga. The sport is usually played during the summer at the Whitney Field. The Saratoga Skatepark is New York's first skatepark but the city filled area with dirt in order to prevent vandalism but did eventually remove it in 2011. Government. The local government of Saratoga Springs follows a City commission government but there has been many failed attempts to change this, most recently in the November 2020 election. The current mayor of Saratoga is Democrat, Meg Kelly. Ballston Spa, New York Ballston Spa is a village and the county seat of Saratoga County, New York, United States, located southwest of Saratoga Springs. The population of the village, named after Rev. Eliphalet Ball, a Congregationalist clergyman and an early settler, was 5,409 at the 2010 census. Clackamas County, Oregon Clackamas County is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 375,992. It is Oregon's third-most populous county. Its county seat is Oregon City. Weymouth, Nova Scotia Weymouth is a rural village located in Digby County, Nova Scotia on the Sissiboo River near its terminus on Baie Ste. Marie. List of people from Nova Scotia This is a list of notable people who are from Nova Scotia, Canada, or have spent a large part or formative part of their career in that province. Pre-Confederation. Military Figures. 17th-18th century. See also: 19th Century. See also: I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle is a 1990 low-budget comedy horror British movie. It has a plot about a motorcycle possessed by an evil spirit. It is set in a suburb of Birmingham, England. It is about a man named Noddy and his girlfriend Kim. They operate a motorcycle courier business. One day Noddy buys a classic motorbike, an 850cc Norton Commando. He restores the motorbike. The motorbike is possessed by the evil spirit of a man. The spirit was summoned by an occultist who was killed by a motorbike gang. The bike starts up by itself. It rides on its own and kills people. It targets members of the Hells Angels. Michael Elphick plays Inspector Cleaver. Anthony Daniels plays an eccentric priest. The priest attempts to exorcise the bike's evil spirit. Plot. During a satanic ritual, a motorbike gang kills an occultist with a crossbow. An evil spirit inhabits a damaged bike. Noddy is then seen purchasing the motorcycle from a dealer. It costs him £1100. He tells Kim he only paid £600. He takes it home to repair it. His friend, Buzzer, and girlfriend, Kim, help him. They repair the damage caused by the crossbow. They replace the fuel tank. Buzzer steals the petrol cap for "funsies". The bike kills Buzzer by cutting off his head. The motorbike has become a bloodthirsty monster. Noddy goes to the scene of the crime. There he meets an inspector who smells like garlic. Later, Noddy has a bad dream that the inspector gives him Buzzer's head in a bag. He dreams that it talks to him. He then wakes up. Noddy and Kim go to the pub. They order a large vodka tonic and a pint of cider. Then ten of the bikers from the beginning come in and shoot the bar with the crossbow. One then offers to show Kim his "chopper" while she is playing pool. She declines, claiming not to have brought her magnifying glass. He then takes an axe and attacks the pool table. A bar wide brawl of 10 bikers starts. Kim manages to leave. She rides the bike to the back of the pub. Noddy jumps from the first floor on to the motorbike. He gets shot with a crossbow bolt. They order a Chinese meal. When Kim orders garlic prawns, the bike goes mad. It drives off with her. It takes her under a bridge. It throws her off. It makes advances on her. It stops when it sees a crucifix around her neck. It drives off back to the pub. Chopper attempts to steal it. The bike stabs him through the leg with a large metal spike. It then launches him at some graffiti artists. It then proceeds to exact its revenge on the rest of the gang. It decapitates the majority. It leaves Roach with a bolt inserted into his posterior. Noddy finds out Kim has been taken to hospital. She describes the bike's advances. She has a hollow look in her eyes. It is then seen that the inspector is looking at some heads. Noddy then goes to a priest. The priest also has a motorcycle. They travel to the garage where the bike is kept. The priest is sarcastic. He does not believe Noddy. Not wanting to be taken into the sunlight, the bike uses its brake lever to cut off the priest's fingers. Determining the bike is a vampire, the priest decides to do an exorcism. Believing the bike will come back for Kim, the priest gives her some garlic. The vampire bike disables the bike Noddy and the priest are riding. They wait for a bus. It is a race against the sun to get to the vampire bike before nightfall. During the exorcism, the priest is hit in the head with a spanner. Noddy is blown around the room by a mysterious wind, knocking him into cupboards. The priest is then crucified with a crown of barbed wire. The priest sprinkles holy water. This makes the bike angry. It grows spikes and glows red. Noddy runs off and steals a police motorcycle. He drags the policeman behind him. The policeman is almost run over by the vampire bike. The bike is chased by a police car. The priest attempts to explain it to the authorities. Kim is washed removing her garlic. The bike evades the police by driving vertically down a wall. It goes to the hospital to finish off Kim. It cuts the tea lady in two. Kim uses her crucifix to scare it away. The motorbike goes after Roach. Roach crashes and lands in a coffin. He is presumed dead. The bike then goes for Noddy but gets its front wheel stuck in a bridge. Noddy throws it in a river. Thinking he is safe, Noddy has a victory smoke. The audience sees a red-light under the water. Noddy then sees it and screams. He runs around like a lunatic. He hides in a gym. The bike doesn't take long to find him. It starts attacking the patrons with its spikes. Noddy then bashes the bike. It pretends to die. Everyone feels safe, until it starts throwing people's limbs in the air. The inspector scares it with his smell. The bike manages to trap Noddy against a wall. Noddy turns on a sun bed. Everyone uses their crucifix and/or garlic breath to force it into the light and it melts. Kim asks how much Noddy really spent on the bike. The priest says they are usually reliable. Back in Noddy's workshop, he accidentally cuts his hand. The blood drips onto the bike's old fuel tank which springs open, leaving the audience expecting a sequel. Mania (Fall Out Boy album) Mania (stylized as M A N I A) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released on January 19, 2018. Make America Psycho Again Make America Psycho Again is the first remix album by Fall Out Boy, released on October 30, 2015. Ève Curie Ève Denise Curie Labouisse (; December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. She was the younger daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie and her brother-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Ève was the only member of her family who did not choose a career as a scientist and did not win a Nobel Prize. She worked as a journalist, and wrote her mother's biography "Madame Curie" and a book of war reportage, "Journey Among Warriors". Shingō, Aomori is a village in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. In 2016, 2,495 people lived there. Its total area of the village is . Geography. Shingō is in south-central Aomori Prefecture. It is east of Lake Towada. A lot of the village is mountainous. The elevation can be 1000 meters high near the border with Akita Prefecture. The village has a cold Humid continental climate characterized by cool short summers and long cold winters with very heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification "Dfa"). The average annual temperature in Shingō is 8.7 °C (47 °F). The average yearly amount of rain is 1342 mm (53 in.). September is the wettest month. The hottest month is August; the average temperature is 22.2 °C (72 °F). The coldest month is January; the average temperature is -3.7 °C (25 °F). Neighboring municipalities. Aomori Prefecture Akita Prefecture Demographics. Per Japanese census data, the population of Shingō has declined over the past 40 years. History. The area around Shingō was controlled by the Nambu clan of Morioka Domain during the Edo period. During the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reform of April 1, 1889, Herai Village and neighboring Nozawa Village were formed. On July 29, 1955 the western portion of Nozawa Village merged into Herai, which was then renamed Shingō. Education. Shingō has two public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school. Economy. The economy of Shingō is mostly agriculture. Notable crops include edible chrysanthemum, Japanese yam and tobacco. Traditionally a horse breeding area, Shingō is also known for its cattle ranches. Local attractions. Shingō village has what is said to be the last resting place of Jesus. It is called the "Tomb of Jesus" ("Kirisuto no haka"). It's also where Jesus' last descendants, the family of Sajiro Sawaguchi, lives. The Sawaguchi family says that Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead, his brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross. Jesus left, and he went through Siberia to Mutsu Province (in northern Japan). Once in Japan, he changed his name to Torai Tora Daitenku. He became a rice farmer, and he married a twenty-year old Japanese woman named Miyuko. He raised three daughters near what is now Shingō. While in Japan, he supposedly traveled around. He supposedly died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. Jesus' bones were collected, bundled, and buried in the mound said to be the grave of Jesus Christ. Another mound near the supposed grave of Jesus is said to have an ear of the brother of Jesus. It is also said to have some hair from Mary, the mother of Jesus. They were the only things from his family that Jesus could carry when he left Judaea. The claims started in 1933 after the people found supposed "ancient Hebrew documents about Jesus' life and death in Japan." They were supposedly the from Jesus. These documents are called the Takeuchi Documents. They are said to be very old documents that were passed down through the family of Takeuchi Kiyomaro. The documents were supposedly taken by the Japanese authorities, and the documents were taken to Tokyo, shortly before World War II. They have not been seen since. Erta Ale Erta Ale is a shield volcano in Ethiopia. The name means Smoking Mountain. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa. Lake Towada is the biggest crater lake on Honshū island, Japan. It is on the border between Aomori and Akita prefectures. It is 400 meters (1,800 ft) above sea level, and it is 327 m (1,073 ft) deep. The Oirase river drains it. It has a surface area of 61.1 km². This makes it Japan's 12th biggest lake. It has a bright blue color because it's very deep. The lake is shaped like a circle. It has two peninsulas starting on its southern shore about one-third into the center of the lake. The lake is a popular place for tourists. History. A World War II Tachikawa Ki-54 airplane of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force crashed into the lake in 1943. It was found at the bottom of Lake Towada on 13 August 2010. It was taken on September 5, 2012. and has been placed on display. Activities. The lake's symbol, the Otome-no-Zo statue, is in the center of the lake. From there excursion boats arrive and depart. In Utarube, visitors can go canoeing or camping. Lake Hibara is a lake in Yama District, Fukushima, Japan. It is a part of the Bandai-Asahi National Park. It is the biggest of the lakes in the Bandai-kōgen highlands. Creation. Hibara Lake is a mesotrophic lake. It was created because of the July 15, 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai. The debris avalanche created a natural dam that then filled with water. It sank . The ruins of Hibara Village are still at the bottom of the lake. Lake Kuttara is a caldera lake in Shiraoi, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is part of Shikotsu-Tōya National Park. The lake is said to have the best water quality in all of Japan. The Ministry of the Environment says that it has a transparency of , so it is the second clearest lake (Lake Mashū is the clearest). A salamander species, , lives at the lake. Since 1909, Sockeye salmon have been sent to the lake. IPhone 11 Pro The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max are smartphones sold by Apple Inc. They were released on September 20, 2019, as replacements to the iPhone X and X Max. The phones feature a third camera lens on the rear instead of two lenses. They are available in gold, silver, space gray, and a new midnight green shade. They ship with an 18-watt power adapter and a USB-C–to–Lightning cable for fast charging. Irwin Fridovich Irwin Fridovich (August 2, 1929 – November 2, 2019) was an American biochemist. He discovered the enzymatic activity of copper,zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD),—to protect organisms from the toxic effects of superoxide free radicals formed as a byproduct of normal oxygen metabolism. He spent the rest of his career studying the biochemical mechanisms. Fridovich was also Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at Duke University. Jacques Dupont Jacques Dupont may refer to: Jacques Dupont (cyclist) Jacques Dupont (19 June 1928 – 4 November 2019) was a French racing cyclist. He was born in Lézat-sur-Lèze. He won a gold medal in the 1000m time trial at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He also won a bronze medal in the team road race, together with José Beyaert and Alain Moineau. He won Paris–Tours in 1951 and 1955. Dupont died on 4 November 2019 in Lézat-sur-Lèze, at the age of 91. Sadeque Hossain Khoka Sadeque Hossain Khoka (12 May 1952 – 4 November 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the second mayor of Dhaka City Corporation during 2002 to 2011. He was the vice chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and was President of undivided Dhaka city BNP. He was born in Dhaka. Khoka died on 4 November 2019 in Manhattan of kidney cancer, aged 67. Ahmet Altan Ahmet Hüsrev Altan (born 2 March 1950) is a Turkish journalist and author. He was a night shift reporter to editor in chief in various newspapers. He worked for the newspapers "Hürriyet", "Milliyet" and "Radikal". In 2007 he became the founding editor-in-chief and lead columnist of "Taraf", a daily Turkish newspaper, and remained in the position until his resignation in December 2012. In October 2019, Atlan revealed to "The New York Times" that he is receiving treatment for brain cancer. Shani Wallis Shani Wallis (born 14 April 1933) is an English-born American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the West End, and for the role of Nancy in the 1968 Oscar-winning movie musical "Oliver!". Wallis is a patron of the theatre charity the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America. Austin Pendleton Austin Campbell Pendleton (born March 27, 1940) is an American actor, playwright, theatre director and instructor. In 2009 Pendleton directed "Uncle Vanya", starring Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard, at the Classic Stage Company. He teaches acting at the HB Studio and directing at The New School, both in Greenwich Village. Christmas with the Kranks Christmas with the Kranks is a 2004 American Christmas comedy movie based on the 2001 novel "Skipping Christmas" by John Grisham. It was directed by Joe Roth and written and produced by Chris Columbus. It stars Tim Allen and Jamie Lee Curtis as a couple in Chicago who decide to skip Christmas one year since their daughter is away, much to the disapproval of their neighbors. The movie also stars Julie Gonzalo, Tom Poston, Dan Aykroyd, M. Emmet Walsh, Austin Pendleton, Cheech Marin and Felicity Huffman. The movie received negative reviews on Rotten Tomatoes with a 5% score. Bibeksheel Sajha Party The Bibeksheel Sajha Party () इस a political party in Nepal. It was created by former Editor-in-chief of BBC Nepali Service Rabindra Mishra. Ravi Shankar Prasad Ravi Shankar Prasad is an Indian lawyer, politician and the current Union Minister holding the Ministry of Law and Justice, Communications and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology portfolios in the Government of India. He is a leader of BJP. In 2018 according to "The Economic Times" he features among the top twenty influential world leaders in digital technology and e-government. Aryabhata Aryabhata (476–550 CE) was an Indian mathematician and an astronomer. He discovered zero. References. <br> Chhipahrmai Rural Municipality Chhipaharmai Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 26,671. Kalikamai Rural Municipality Kalikamai Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 21,131. Thori Rural Municipality Thori Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 20,296. Jirabhawani Rural Municipality Jira Bhawani Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District in Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 22,765. 1977 Stanley Cup Finals The 1977 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1976–77 season, and the finish to the 1977 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was played between the Boston Bruins and the defending champion Montreal Canadiens. The Bruins were making their first appearance in the final series since their loss in the 1974 Final. The Canadiens would win the best-of-seven series four games to none, to win their second straight Stanley Cup championship, and 20th overall. Paths to the Finals. Montreal defeated the St. Louis Blues 4–0 and the New York Islanders 4–2 to advance to the final. Boston defeated the Los Angeles Kings 4–2 and the Philadelphia Flyers 4–0 to make it to the final. Game summaries. Jacques Lemaire scored three game-winning goals, including the Cup-winner in overtime. Guy Lafleur won the Conn Smythe Trophy for scoring 10 goals and 17 assists during the playoffs. 2019 Cotabato earthquakes In October 2019, an earthquakes struck the province of Cotabato on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, of which three earthquakes were above 6.0 in the magnitude scale with an intensity VIII. The first was on October 16, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake, with an epicenter near Tulunan. At least seven people were killed and 215 others injured. The second earthquake was on October 29, a magnitude 6.6 event with an epicenter near Bual, to the northeast of the 16 October event. The third earthquake was on October 31, a magnitude 6.5 with epicenter near Tulunan. It is not considered to be an aftershock of the October 29 event. 22 people died and a further 424 were injured after these two events. SetACL SetACL is a freeware utility for manipulating security descriptors on Microsoft Windows. It used to be available under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It changed to a freeware license in version 3.0.0.0. Features. This list of features is taken from the product's web page. Usage. To set 'change' permissions on the directory 'C:\angela' for user 'brian' in domain 'dom1': SetACL.exe -on "C:\angela" -ot file -actn ace -ace "n:dom1\brian;p:change" Remove write and change permission sets from Desktop, replace with 'read and execute' permissions: SetACL.exe -on "\\mycomputer\C$\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop" -ot file -actn ace -ace "n:mycomputer\username;p:write,change;m:revoke" -ace "n:mycomputer\username;p:read_ex" An example of its use from AutoIt can be found here Dean Prentice Dean Sutherland Prentice (October 5, 1932 – November 2, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. Prentice played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 22 seasons between 1952–53 and 1973–74. Over his NHL career, Prentice played for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Minnesota North Stars. Prentice died on November 2, 2019 in Cambridge, Ontario at the age of 87. Mount Alayta Mount Alatya is a shield volcano in Ethiopia. It produced significant lava flows in the early 1900s. The last eruption was in 1915. Neo Geo The Neo Geo is an 16-bit arcade system and home console made by SNK. The home console uses arcade boards for cartridges, which read and play games. A mini-console variant, the Neo-Geo Mini, was released to poor reviews. Many of its games have been re-released on other platforms. SNK SNK is a well known developer of video games. They are famous for their The King of Fighters series, Metal Slug series, Samurai Showdown series, Psycho Soldier, Art of Fighting series, and much more games. WorldCat Identities WorldCat is a union catalog that lists the collections of 17,900 libraries in 123 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. The subscribing member libraries work together to maintain WorldCat's database. It is the world's largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available for free to libraries, but the catalog is also used for other subscription OCLC services (such as resource sharing and collection management). WorldCat is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research. History. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour. That same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat; the first catalog records were added in 1971. In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program, making shorter records from a some of WorldCat available to partner web sites and booksellers. OCLC did this so that subscribing member libraries' collections would become more accessible. In October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project called WikiD. It let readers add comments and structured-field information to any WorldCat record. WikiD was later phased out, although WorldCat later incorporated user-generated content in other ways. In 2006, it became possible for anyone to search WorldCat directly at its open website, It had been available on the web to subscribing libraries for more than ten years already. Options for more sophisticated searches of WorldCat have remained available through the FirstSearch interface. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began showing pages for 20 million "identities." Identities are mostly authors and people who books are about. In May 2019, WorldCat held over 450 million bibliographic records in 484 languages. Record over 2.8 billion physical and digital library items. The WorldCat persons dataset (mined from WorldCat) included over 100 million people. Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound. It is a cyanide. Like most other cyanides, it is very toxic. It is also called prussic acid. Cottonwood Falls, Kansas Cottonwood Falls is the biggest city of Chase County, Kansas. It is also the county seat of Chase County. In 2010, 903 people lived there. History. The first settlement in the Cottonwood Falls area was in 1854. An Indian trader named Seth Hayes created a cattle ranch on the Cottonwood River. In 1859, the area around the town was organized as Chase County. Cottonwood Falls was chosen to be the temporary county seat. Other early people came in Cottonwood and nearby land from 1856 to 1858. The first post office in Cottonwood Falls was created in 1858. In 1873, the city's French Renaissance style Chase County courthouse was built. Around the same time, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached Cottonwood Falls area. Through the late 19th century and early 20th century the area around the city was mostly farms and cattle ranches. Geography. Cottonwood Falls is at (38.368159, -96.542918). It is in the Flint Hills of the Great Plains. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Cottonwood Falls has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Cottonwood Falls has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Cottonwood Falls is part of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 903 people, 342 households, and 205 families living in Cottonwood Falls. Education. Cottonwood Falls is part of Unified School District 284. Infrastructure. Transportation. K-177 highway goes north-south through the city. Chase County Airport, FAA:9K0, is south-east of 8th St and Airport Rd. Things to see. Cottonwood Falls has five things on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Council Grove, Kansas Council Grove is a city in Morris County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Morris County. This city is fifty-five miles southwest of Topeka. It was named after an agreement between European Americans and the Osage Nation about allowing settlers' wagon trains to go through the area to go West. Pioneers came together at a grove of trees so that wagons could stay together for their trip west. In 2010, 2,182 people lived there. History. Council Grove was one of the last stops on the Santa Fe Trail when going southwest. The first European-American settler was Seth M. Hays. He came to the area in 1847 to trade with the Kaw tribe. The Kaw had a reservation created in the area in 1846. Hays was a great grandson of Daniel Boone. On February 26, 1855, a post office was created in Council Grove. In 1858, the town was officially incorporated by the Kansas legislature. Hays also opened a restaurant in 1857, the Hays House, which is said to be the oldest restaurant west of the Mississippi River. In 1943, the United States government brought prisoners to Lawrence. These prisoners were war prisoners from World War II. The prisoners were mostly German people and Italian people. The government brought them because farmers needed more people. They were forced to live in camps. These camps were like prisons. Fort Riley created 12 small camps, and one was in Council Grove. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Weather. Council Grove has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Council Grove has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,182 people, 991 households, and 565 families living in Council Grove. Education. Primary and secondary education. Council Grove is part of Unified School District 417. Video game crash of 1977 The video game crash of 1977 (also known as 1977 video game crash or the forgotten video game crash) is one of the first times the video game industry "crashed". This event is mostly attributed to Pong-clone home video game consoles, and such. Many video game companies went broke in this crash because they had to make their game consoles cheaper due to the high number of concurrent products. It is followed by the video game crash of 1983. Elkhart, Kansas Elkhart is a city in Morton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Morton County. The south part of the city is the Kansas-Oklahoma state border. Elkhart is from the Kansas-Colorado border. In 2010, 2,205 people lived there. History. Elkhart was created in 1913. It was named after Elkhart, Indiana. In 1961, the county seat was moved from Richfield to Elkhart. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Elkhart has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk"). It has dry winters with big temperature differences, and it has hot summers, and it sometimes has a lot of precipitation from thunder showers or storms. During winter, because western Kansas lies both on the edge of the subtropical anticyclones and in the rain shadow of westerly winds crossing the Rocky Mountains, the region is generally dry: no measurable precipitation fell in Elkhart between 25 December 1903 and 2 April 1904, while monthly precipitation above has never been recorded during January and is observed fewer than one year in ten during November, December or February. Temperatures can vary greatly during this season: strong chinook winds can drive temperatures above even in the depth of winter, with reached on average during six days between December and February, seven during November and eight during March. Nevertheless, cold outbreaks from Canada drive temperatures to or below on an average of 3.6 nights per winter. The coldest temperature recorded in Elkhart has been on January 19, 1984, while the hottest winter temperature has been on February 1, 1963. In the summer, the climate is generally very hot. It sometime gets thunderstorms. Those storms provide most of the of precipitation expected during one year.The wettest calendar year has been 1941 with and the driest 1937 when only fell. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,205 people, 856 households, and 571 families living in Elkhart. Education. Elkhart is served by USD 218 Elkhart. The Elkhart High School mascot is the Wildcats. Erie, Kansas Erie is a city in Neosho County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Neosho County. Erie is in the valley of the Neosho River, about a mile Northeast of the river. In 2010, 1,150 people lived there. History. A settlement called "Erie", later referred to as "Old Erie" and "Beantown USA", was platted northwest of the present townsite. Another community, known as Crawfordsville, was started two miles northeast of the current place. In 1866, the creators of these two towns decided to leave the towns and combine with the settlement at the current Erie site. Four men gave 40 acres each, that butted together, out of their 160-acre shares, to create the city plat of Erie. These men were: David W. Bray, Luther Puckett, John F. Himmelwright and Peter Walter. In November 1866, the Erie Town Company was created. Each member of this company gave forty acres of land in the center of Section 32, Township 28, Range 20 east. Each member was to buy city plots and improve them. Erie's first fire company was created in November 1866; its charter members were the men who had gave the land on which the community was built. The first log home in Erie was built in 1866. The first businesses were built in 1867. By 1883, the city had two general stores, two blacksmith shops, one drug store, two hotels, one newspaper office, two churches, and more than 300 people living in the city. Erie was incorporated on December 25, 1869. On December 30, the trustees met and said Erie was a 3rd class city. In 1872, Erie was chosen to be the county seat of Neosho County. They defeated "Osage Mission" (later renamed Saint Paul) in an election to decide the county seat. A lawsuit was filed, and it reached the Kansas Supreme Court. The court said Erie would still be county seat. Geography. Erie is at (37.568548, -95.242562). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Erie has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Erie has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,150 people, 463 households, and 312 families living in Erie. Education. The Unified School District 101 (USD 101) serves Erie, Galesburg, Stark, and Parsons in Neosho County. On September 18, 2007 the district passed a $21.9 million bond issue. They built a new high school in Erie. It opened for classes in the Fall 2010 semester. Eureka, Kansas Eureka is a city Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Greenwood County. In 2010, 2,633 people lived there; by 2015, only 2,450 lived there. History. In 1857, the first settlement at Eureka was built. The first post office in Eureka was created in August 1858. Eureka was laid out in 1867, and it was incorporated in 1870. The city is named after the Greek expression Eureka, meaning "I have found it". 2016 tornado. An EF2 tornado hit Eureka on July 7, 2016 at 9:45 pm. More than 143 total buildings, including at least 50 homes, businesses, a nursing home, and grain elevator, were damaged. No people were injured. 2018 tornado. An EF3 tornado hit Eureka on June 26, 2018 at 7:21 pm (daylight). 175 buildings were damaged or destroyed. 78 homes were damaged (12 not livable, 10 totaled). 8 people were injured. Geography. Eureka is at (37.822745, −96.289583). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Eureka has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Eureka has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,633 people, 1,171 households, and 663 families living in Eureka. Transportation. Airport. Eureka Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport. It is two nautical miles (4 km) north of the central business district of Eureka. La Crosse, Kansas La Crosse is a city in Rush County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Rush County. In 2010, 1,342 people lived there. La Crosse calls itself the "Barbed Wire capital of the world." History. La Crosse was created in 1876. It was named after the city of La Crosse, Wisconsin. La Crosse subsequently became the intended county seat, and county records were transferred there from the temporary county seat, nearby Rush Center. A county seat war ensued between the two communities, lasting until La Crosse was declared the permanent county seat and the construction of the county courthouse in 1888. In the 1960s, La Crosse became a regional center of barbed wire collecting, leading to the establishment of the Kansas Barbed Wire Museum and the nicknaming of the city as "The Barbed Wire Capital of the World". Tornado of 2012. On May 25, 2012, an EF-1 tornado caused about four blocks of a lot of damage, and two businesses were destroyed. A third of the businesses had very bad damage. There were no injuries. Geography. La Crosse is at (38.532014, -99.308614). It has an elevation of 2,057 feet (627 m). It is in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. It is about south of the Smoky Hill River and north of Walnut Creek, which is a tributary of the Arkansas River. Sand Creek, a tributary of Walnut Creek, goes southeast around the southwestern and southern parts of the city. Mule Creek, a small tributary of Sand Creek, flows southeast through the city. It is in west-central Kansas at the intersection of U.S. Route 183 and K-4. La Crosse is northwest of Wichita, west-southwest of Kansas City, and east-southeast of Denver. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. On average in La Crosse, July is the hottest month, January is the coldest month, and May is the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in La Crosse was 115 °F (46 °C) in 1954; the coldest temperature ever was -24 °F (-31 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,342 people, 606 households, and 350 families living in La Crosse. Education. La Crosse Public Schools (USD 395) controls three schools in the city. Infrastructure. Transportation. Rush County Airport is northeast of the city. It is on the north side of K-4. It is publicly owned. It has one runway. It is used for general aviation. A railroad of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad goes southeast-northwest through La Crosse. Media. "The Rush County News" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week in La Crosse. La Crosse is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. Lakin, Kansas Lakin is a city in Kearny County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Kearny County. In 2010, 2,216 people lived there. History. Lakin was created in 1874. It was named after David Long Lakin, the former treasurer of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. A post office in Lakin was built in March 1874. In 1888, Lakin was chosen to be the county seat. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,216 people, 781 households, and 573 families living in Lakin. Larned, Kansas Larned is a city in Pawnee County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Pawnee County. In 2010, 4,054 people lived there. History. Larned was planned out in 1873. The first post office in Larned was created in 1872. The city was named after nearby Fort Larned, which operated from 1859 to 1878. It was also named after Colonel Benjamin F. Larned, U.S. Army Paymaster from July 1854 to his death September 6, 1862. Geography. Larned is at (38.182109, -99.101696). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Larned has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Larned has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 4,054 people, 1,824 households, and 1,027 families living in Larned. Media. The local newspaper is "Larned Tiller & Toiler". Omero Antonutti Omero Antonutti (3 August 1935 – 5 November 2019) was an Italian actor. His best known roles were in "Padre Padrone", "El Sur", and Carlos Saura in "El Dorado". He also played Noah in "". Antonutti died in Udine on 5 November 2019, at the age of 84, from cancer-related problems. Ernest J. Gaines Ernest James Gaines (January 15, 1933 – November 5, 2019) was an American writer. He was born in Pointe Coupee, Louisiana. His best known works were "A Lesson Before Dying", "The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman" and "A Gathering of Old Men". He won the won the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction. He was added into the "Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" (Order of Arts and Letters) as a Chevalier. Gaines died on November 5, 2019 in Oscar, Louisiana of natural causes at the age of 86. Leo Ryan Leo Joseph Ryan Jr. (May 5, 1925 – November 18, 1978) was an American teacher and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the U.S. Representative from California's 11th congressional district from 1973 until his assassination as part of the Jonestown massacre in 1978. William M. Branham William Marrion Branham (April 6, 1909 – December 24, 1965) was an American Christian minister and faith healer. He left a lasting impact on televangelism and the modern Charismatic movement. He was seen as the "principal architect of restorationist thought" for Charismatics by some Christian historians. Branham was killed in a car crash on Christmas Eve 1965 at the age of 56. Cumberland County, Kentucky Cumberland County is a county located in the Pennyroyal Plateau region of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,856. Its county seat is Burkesville. Junius Ho Junius Kwan-yiu Ho (born 4 June 1962) is a Hong Kong lawyer and politician. He is a former president of the Law Society of Hong Kong and chairman of the Tuen Mun Rural Committee. He was an elected member of the Tuen Mun District Council since 2015. Baburam Bhattarai Baburam Bhattarai (born 18 June 1954) is a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal. He has a PhD in rural development from Jawaharlal University Delhi in 1986. Pridi Banomyong Pridi Banomyong (, , ; 11 May 1900 – 2 May 1983), also known by his noble title Luang Praditmanutham () was a Thai politician and professor. As a Thai Regent, prime minister and senior statesman of Thailand, he also held multiple ministerial posts. He was a leader of the civilian wing of Khana Ratsadon, founder of University of Moral and Political Sciences and the Bank of Thailand. CITES CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. It is also called the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) decided to make the treaty in 1963. Countries started signing it on 3 March 1973. CITES started to have effect on 1 July 1975. Mirjapur Mirjapur is a Village Development Committee (VDC) in the Narayani Zone of Southern Nepal. Now, Mirjapur is a ward of Chhipaharmai Gaupalika. At the time of 2011 Nepal census, it had a population of 4,229 people living. Lower Mainland The Lower Mainland (LM) is the name for the area that includes Vancouver and the surrounding cities within the Metro Vancouver Regional District and the Fraser Valley Regional District. Fraser Valley The Fraser Valley is a regional district in British Columbia, Canada. It was created in 1995 by combining three regional districts named Fraser-Cheam, Dewdney-Alouette and Central Fraser Valley. The regional district includes 6 municipalities and 8 electoral areas. The district covers 13,361.74 square kilometres (5,159 square miles). BET Awards The BET Awards is an American award show. It started in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network. The award celebrates African Americans and other American minorities in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment over the previous year. The awards are presented each year. They are broadcast live on BET. Most nominated and winning artists. Most wins (as of 2021) Most nominations (as of 2017) This is a list of multiple nominated performers, athletes & actors with 5 or more career nominations. Beyoncé is currently the most nominated performer with 75 nominations, solo and with Destiny's Child. 75 nominations 51 nominations 51 nominations 35 nominations 33 nominations 31 nominations 23 nominations 21 nominations 19 nominations 18 nominations 17 nominations 16 nominations 15 nominations 14 nominations 13 nominations 12 nominations 11 nominations 10 nominations 9 nominations 8 nominations 7 nominations 6 nominations 5 nominations 50 Central 50 Central is an American sketch comedy television series hosted by 50 Cent. The series premiered on BET on September 27, 2017. Rob Moran Rob Moran, is an actor and producer. Moran has appeared in over 60 films. He has produced a few of them. Personal life. In 1982, Moran graduated from Emerson College. In 1985, Rob and actress Julie Bryan began dating. They met on a Ford automotive commercial. They were married in 1987. In 1999, their daughter Maiya Dupree was born. In 2004, their second daughter Makayla-Amet was born. Micro-Hydropower A micro-hydro power (MHP) plant is a type of hydroelectric power scheme that produces electricity using a flowing stream or a water flow. Micro-hydro systems are generally used in developing countries to provide electricity to isolated communities or rural villages where electricity grid is not available. Feeding back into the national grid when electricity production is in surplus is also evident in some cases. The micro-hydro scheme design can be approached as per household basis or at the village level often involving local materials and labor Lev Anninsky Lev Alexandrovich Anninsky (, 7 April 1934 – 6 November 2019) was a Soviet and Russian literary critic, historian, publicist, essayist and author of more than 30 books. The 1970s saw the publication of several books by Anninsky, among them "Betrothed to the Idea" (on Nikolai Ostrovsky’s "How the Steel Was Tempered", 1971) and "Vasily Shukshin" (1976). Anninsky's books of the 1980s included "The Leo Hunters (Lev Tolstoy in cinema)", 1980, 1989; "Leskovian Necklace" (1982, 1885), "Contacts" (1982), "Branches Full of Sunlight" (a study on Lithuanian photography, 1984), "Nikolai Gubenko" (1986) and "The Three Heretics" (1988). Anninsky died on 6 November 2019 in Moscow at the age of 85. Edward Nixon Edward Calvert Nixon (May 3, 1930 – February 27, 2019) was an American entrepreneur. He was the youngest brother of United States President Richard Nixon. He co-authored his memoir, "The Nixons: A Family Portrait", with Karen L. Olson. The book was published in 2009. He was born in Whittier, California. From 1971 until his death, Nixon was the president of Nixon World Enterprises, Inc., an international consulting service based in Washington state. Nixon also taught as an assistant professor of naval science at the University of Washington. He was the last surviving member of the five Nixon brothers. Nixon died on February 27, 2019 at the age of 88, at a nursing facility, in Bothell, Washington. Bothell, Washington Bothell () is a city in King and Snohomish counties in the U.S. state of Washington. It is part of the Seattle metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 33,505. Knives Out Knives Out is a 2019 American black comedy mystery movie written, produced and directed by Rian Johnson. The movie is about a rich family gathering gone horribly wrong, after the family patriarch's death leads a master detective to investigate. The movie stars Daniel Craig, Chris Evans, Ana de Armas, Jamie Lee Curtis, Michael Shannon, Don Johnson, Toni Collette, Lakeith Stanfield, Katherine Langford, Jaeden Martell, M. Emmet Walsh, K Callan, Frank Oz and Christopher Plummer. The movie had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019 and is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on November 27, 2019, by Lionsgate. The movie has strong positive reviews with Rotten Tomatoes holding an approval rating of 98% based on 100 reviews. A sequel will be released in 2022 on Netflix. Ana de Armas Ana Celia de Armas Caso (born 30 April 1988) is a Cuban-Spanish actress. In 2015, she starred in her first American movie, "Knock Knock", followed by "Exposed", "Hands of Stone", and "War Dogs". In 2017, she had her breakout role as AI hologram Joi in the critically acclaimed science fiction movie "Blade Runner 2049". MonoDevelop MonoDevelop is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) developed by Unity technologies for c# programming. Katherine Langford Katherine Langford (born 29 April 1996) is an Australian actress. She is known for her role as Hannah Baker in the first two seasons of the Netflix teen drama series "13 Reasons Why" (2017–2018). She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. Langford has also taken on supporting roles in the movies "Love, Simon" (2018) and "Knives Out" (2019). Lakeith Stanfield Lakeith Lee Stanfield (born August 12, 1991), sometimes credited as Keith Stanfield, is an American actor, poet and rapper. He is known for his role as Jimmie Lee Jackson in "Selma" (2014), Snoop Dogg in "Straight Outta Compton" (2015), and Patrick Haynes in "Snowden" (2016). Since 2016, he has starred as Darius Epps in the FX comedy-drama series "Atlanta". Redlining In the United States and Canada, redlining is the process of denying services to residents of specific neighborhoods or communities, usually neighborhoods with non-White people, either directly or by raising prices. It is often seen as a modern day version of segregation. The best known examples of redlining have involved denial of financial services such as banking or insurance. In the United States in the middle of the twentieth century, banks considered it risky to give mortgages to people in neighborhoods where most people were in ethnic minority groups, so they made them pay more money or refused to give them mortgages at all. As a result, ethnic minorities accumulated less wealth than White people. Redlining has also occurred in when other services such as health care (see also Race and health) or even supermarkets have been denied to residents. K Callan K Callan (born Katherine Elizabeth Borman; January 9, 1936) is an American author and actress. She is best known for playing Clark Kent's mother Martha in the ABC television series "". Leoti, Kansas Leoti, pronounced "Lee-OH-Tah." is a city in Wichita County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Wichita County. In 2010, 1,534 people lived there. History. Leoti was created in 1885. It was created by a group of men from Garden City, Kansas. In 1887, it was involved in the bloodiest county seat fight in the history of the American West. The shooting was on February 27, 1887. Men—some would say hired gunmen—from Leoti, went to the nearby, rival town of Coronado. The gunmen left several people dead and wounded. There are disagreements about where the name "Leoti" came from: one tradition says the name is an Indian term for "prairie flower"; another says the town was named for settler Leoti Kibbee; a third says it was named for Leoti Gray, the daughter of a town creator. Geography. Leoti is at (38.484073, -101.357639). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Leoti has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,534 people, 607 households, and 419 families living in Leoti. Education. Leoti is served by USD 467 Wichita County Schools. The Wichita County High School mascot is Wichita County Indians. Before school unification, Leoti High School also used the Indians mascot. Lindsay Hoyle Sir Lindsay Harvey Hoyle (born 10 June 1957) is a British politician. He has been the Speaker of the House of Commons since 2019. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for Chorley since 1997. He was a Labour Party MP. However, he was elected as speaker so he has been independent from 2019. As a Labour MP, Hoyle was Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker to John Bercow from 2010 to 2019, before being elected as Speaker on 4 November 2019. Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons directs the legislative branch of the UK government. The Speaker is the chief executive of the House of Commons, the lower house and primary chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The current Speaker, Sir Lindsay Hoyle was elected Speaker on 4 November 2019, following the resignation of John Bercow. Living former Speakers. There are two living former Speakers: Current speaker and deputy speakers. ! Position ! colspan=3|Current Holder ! Term Started ! width=100|Political Party ! Constituency ! style="background-color: " | ! style="background-color: " | ! style="background-color: " | S. I. Hayakawa Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (July 18, 1906 – February 27, 1992) was a Canadian-born American academic and politician. He was of Japanese ancestry. He was a professor of English. He was the president of San Francisco State University, and then as U.S. Senator from California from 1977 to 1983. Joe Ricketts John Joseph Ricketts (born July 16, 1941) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder, former CEO and former chairman of TD Ameritrade. He had a net worth of US$2.7 billion as of 2019 according to "Forbes". Ricketts also engages in philanthropy through The Ricketts Art Foundation, Opportunity Education Foundation, The Cloisters on the Platte Foundation, and The Ricketts Conservation Foundation. List of governors of Nebraska The Governor of Nebraska holds the "supreme executive power" of the U.S. state of Nebraska. The current office holder is Pete Ricketts, a Republican, who was sworn in on January 8, 2015. Wadden Sea The Wadden Sea is a part of the North Sea. It is an intertidal zone, up to wide. It runs from the Netherlands to the South of Denmark. It is up to of coastline. The land that appears at low tide is called mudflat in English (and Watt in German). It is at the origin of the name. Lincoln Center, Kansas Lincoln Center, more commonly known as Lincoln, is a city in Lincoln County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Lincoln County. In 2010, 1,297 people lived there. History. Settler George Green created the town of Lincoln in 1870. He named it after the county. "Center" was added to its name to indicate its location in the central part of the county. County residents initially voted to place the county seat in Lincoln Center. However, elections in November 1870 led to the seat being moved to nearby Abram. This started a county seat war. Another vote in February 1872 reversed the switch, and Lincoln Center became the permanent county seat. The people moved all the buildings in Abram to Lincoln, combining the two communities. In 1879, the town was incorporated as the city of Lincoln Center. It is still officially called "Lincoln Center" in the United States Census. However, both the city government and local chamber of commerce call the city Lincoln. It shows as "Lincoln" on state maps and signs. In 1906, the city's first power plant opened, providing electric power. By 1950, the state highway commission had completed K-14 and K-18 through Lincoln. In 1989, because Lincoln had been using post rock limestone in local buildings for so long, the Kansas Legislature named Lincoln County as "The Post Rock Capital of Kansas". Geography. Lincoln Center is at (39.041744, -98.146760). It has an elevation of . The city is on the north side of the Saline River. It is in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. Yauger Creek, a tributary of the Saline River, goes south along the eastern edge of the city. It goes until its confluence with the Saline just south of the city. The confluence of the Saline and Lost Creek, another of the river's tributaries, is southwest of the city. It is at the intersection of Kansas Highway 14 (K-14) and Kansas Highway 18 (K-18) in north-central Kansas. Lincoln Center is northwest of Wichita, west of Kansas City, and east-southeast of Denver. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Lincoln Center has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature is 55.1 °F (12 °C), and the average precipitation per year is 27.4 inches (69 cm). Snowfall averages 19.3 inches (49 cm) per year. On average, July is the warmest month, January is the coldest month, and May is the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in Lincoln was 117 °F (47 °C) in 1947; the coldest temperature ever was -27 °F (-33 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 United States Census says that there were 1,297 people, 576 households, and 324 families living in Lincoln Center. Education. Lincoln Unified School District 298 (USD 298) controls two public schools in Lincoln Center: Lincoln Elementary School (Grades Pre-K-6) and Lincoln Junior/Senior High School (7-12). Infrastructure. Lincoln Municipal Airport is about a mile northwest of Lincoln Center on K-18. It is used for general aviation A railroad of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad goes through the west side of the city. Media. "The Lincoln Sentinel-Republican" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week. Lyndon, Kansas Lyndon is a city in Osage County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Osage County. In 2010, 1,052 people lived there. History. Lyndon was created in 1869. It was created after the land in the area was taken from the Sac and Fox Nation and opened for settlement. It was named after Lyndon, Vermont. Geography. Lyndon is at (38.610233, -95.685352). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Lyndon has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Lyndon has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Lyndon is part of the Topeka metropolitan area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,052 people, 422 households, and 285 families living in Lyndon. Lyons, Kansas Lyons is a city in Rice County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Rice County. In 2010, 3,739 people lived there. History. Lyons was originally called Atlanta, and it was created in 1870. Its name changed to Lyons in 1876, in honor of Freeman J. Lyons. In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and people from Marion County and McPherson County started the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a railroad was built from Florence to McPherson. In 1880, it was extended to Lyons. In 1881, it was extended to Ellinwood. The line was controlled by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to Marion, was left in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway. In 1993, because of heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was left. The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, and Ellinwood. Lyons was incorporated as a city in 1880, the same year the railroad was built through it. In 1890, the Western Salt Company built its first shaft to mine salt in Lyons. In the 1970s, the federal government was interested in using a local area to bury high-level nuclear waste. Geography. Lyons is at (38.344962, -98.202493). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. The Köppen climate classification says that Lyons has a humid continental climate, "Dfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,739 people, 1,503 households, and 952 families living in Lyons. Mankato, Kansas Mankato is a city in Jewell County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Jewell County. In 2010, 869 people lived there. History. Mankato was first called Jewell Center. It planned out in 1872. It was renamed to Mankato in 1880, it was named after Mankato, Minnesota. Mankato was incorporated as a city in 1880. The first post office in the town was created in August 1872. It was first called "Jewell Center." The post office was renamed to Mankato in April 1880. Geography. Mankato is at (39.787220, -98.209274). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 869 people, 405 households, and 242 families living in Mankato. Education. Mankato has USD 107 Rock Hills. The Rock Hills High School mascot is the Grizzlies. Before school unification, Mankato was home to Mankato High School. Its mascot was the Cougars. The Mankato Cougars won the Kansas State High School boys class B basketball championship in 1943. Marion, Kansas Marion is a city in Marion County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Marion County. It was named after Francis Marion, a Brigadier General of the American Revolutionary War, known as the "Swamp Fox". In 2010, 1,927 people lived there. History. 19th century. The city of Marion Centre was created in 1860. It became the county seat. A post office was created in Marion Centre on September 30, 1862. It was renamed to Marion on October 15, 1881. The namesake of the city is Francis Marion. As early as 1875, city leaders of Marion had a meeting to consider a branch railroad from Florence. In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and people from Marion County and McPherson County started the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a railroad was built from Florence to McPherson. In 1880 it was extended to Lyons. In 1881 it was extended to Ellinwood. The line was used by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to Marion, was left in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway. In 1993, because of heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was left. The original railroad connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, Ellinwood. Later, the Santa Fe depot building became the Marion Library. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Santa Fe". In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad north-south from Herington through Marion to Caldwell. It closed in 1891. It was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which closed in 1980 and became the Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas Railroad. It merged 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad. It merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad. Most locals still call this railroad as the "Rock Island". In 1888, Marion incorporated as a city. In 1889, the Marion Belt and Chingawasa Springs Railroad built a railroad from Marion north-east to Chingawasa Springs. A hotel was built near the place of the spa at Chingawasa Springs. A depot and restaurant were built too. Both Santa Fe and Rock Island had round trip fares from Chicago and western cities to Chingawasa Springs. The Panic of 1893 closed down the health spa and hotel, and businesses along the tracks never developed well. In 1893, the railroad stopped, and tracks were removed in 1910. 20th century. The National Old Trails Road, also called the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was created in 1912, and it went through Lehigh, Hillsboro, Marion and Lost Springs. In 1937, the Marion County Lake was completed by the Civilian Conservation Corps south-east of Marion. It was to be used for recreation. There were many floods during the early history of Marion. In June and July 1951, due to heavy rains, rivers and streams flooded many cities in Kansas, including Marion. Many reservoirs and levees were built in Kansas because of the Great Flood of 1951. From 1964 to 1968, the Marion Reservoir was built north-west of Marion. Downstream from the Marion Reservoir, levees were built in the low areas of Marion and Florence. 21st century. In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built west of Marion, north to south through Marion County. There was a lot of controversy over road damage, tax exemption, and environmental concerns (if a leak ever happens). Geography. Marion is at (38.348952, −97.016037). It is in the Flint Hills. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Weather. Marion has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Marion has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,927 people, 846 households, and 514 families living in Marion. Things to see. Marion has five listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Education. Marion is part of Unified School District 408. The high school is a member of T.E.E.N.. It is a network of educational videos, and it is shared between five area high schools. Infrastructure. The Oklahoma Kansas Texas (OKT) railroad of the Union Pacific Railroad goes north-south through the city. Marion Municipal Airport, FAA:43K, is located south-east of Marion and centered at . Xia Peisu Xia Peisu was a Chinese computer scientist and Teacher. She is known for her research in computer science and technology. She has been called the "Mother of Computer Science in China". Xia took the lead on the team that made the Model 107. This was the first computer designed locally in China. She and her husband Yang Liming were elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1991. In 2010, she was given the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the China Computer Federation. Early life and education. Xia was born on 28 July 1923 in Chongqing, Sichuan. Her grandfather, Xia Fengxun (夏风薰) had spent forty years as a teacher. Her father, Xia Hongru (夏鸿儒), ran a school in Jiangjin County, Chongqing. Her mother, Huang Xiaoyong (黄孝永), was a teacher at the Jiangjin Girls' Middle School and headmistress of Jiangjin Girls' Primary School. Xia learned ancient Chinese prose and mathematics at a young age. At fourteen years old, she was accepted into Nanyu Secondary School (now Chongqing Nankai Secondary School). In this school she was at the top of her class. In 1939, Xia moved to the National No. Nine Middle School in Jiangjin County. She graduated high school in 1940 at the top of her class. After that she started in electrical engineering at the National Central University. She later earned a bachelor's degree. After this she did postgraduate studies at the Telecommunications Research Institute of National Chiao Tung University (Chongqing) from 1945 to 1947. In 1947, she went to the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom. She earned a doctorate there in 1950. Career. Xia and her husband Yang Liming returned to China in 1951. She then became a researcher in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Tsinghua University. In 1952, mathematician Hua Luogeng started work on China's first electronic computer. He recruited Xia and two other scientists to lead the project. Later the two other scientists left the project, which left Xia to be the only leader of it. Under her leadership, the project made Model 107 in 1958. This was the first electric computer designed in China. Over the years her work resulted in other advances and discoveries. In March 1956, Xia taught China's first course in computer theory. She also wrote "Principles of the Electronic Computer" which was the first computer science textbook in China. When the University of Science and Technology of China was founded in 1958, Xia set up its computer science department. She taught more than 700 students from 1956 to 1962. She helped to start the "Chinese Journal of Computers" in 1978 and the "Journal of Computer Science and Technology" in 1986. Xia advised more than 60 graduate students. Two of these won top national prizes for their theses. She taught , who led the development of the Sugon supercomputers. She also taught , who designed the Loongson CPU. When the first locally designed CPU in China was made in 2002, it was named Xia-50 in her honor. In 1991, Xia and her husband were elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. She also received first Lifetime Achievement Award from the China Computer Federation. Personal life. In 1945, Xia met Yang Liming. They married in 1950, when they were both at the University of Edinburgh. Yang later became a theoretical physicist. They had two sons, Yang Yuenian and Yang Yuemin. Xia died on 27 August 2014, aged 91. Meade, Kansas Meade is a city in Meade County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Meade County. In 2010, 1,721 people lived there. History. Meade was planned out and incorporated in 1885. It was named after Gen. George Meade. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Meade has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,721 people, 670 households, and 454 families living in Meade. Mound City, Kansas Mound City is a city in Linn County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Linn County. In 2010, 694 people lived there. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. History. Mound City was created in 1855. It was named from Sugar Mound nearby, a hill covered with sugar maple trees. During the Civil War, a military post was created at Mound City. On October 25, 1864, Mound City was attacked twice by Confederates retreating south. They were retreating after their defeat at the Battle of Westport. The military post was closed in June 1865 after the end of the war. Geography. Mound City is at (38.142026, -94.812186). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Mound City has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system, Mound City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 694 people, 297 households, and 177 families living in Mound City. Education. Mound City is served by Jayhawk USD 346. The district high school is Jayhawk-Linn High School. Before school unification, the Mound City High School mascot was the Eagles. Oakley, Kansas Oakley is a city in Gove, Logan, and Thomas counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. It is also the county seat of Logan County. In 2010, 2,045 people lived there. History. The area that would become Oakley was settled in the 1870s and 1880s by people on the Smoky Hill Trail. Oakley was created in 1884 by Judge Fredman and David D. Hoag. It was first named Carlyle. Its name was changed to Cleveland. The name changed again to Oakley in 1885. It was named after Hoag's mother, Elizabeth Oakley Gardner Hoag. Geography. Oakley is at (39.128023, -100.854490). It has an elevation of 3,064 feet (934 m). It is about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the South Fork of the Saline River in the High Plains region of the Great Plains. The city is at the intersection of Interstate 70, U.S. Route 40, and U.S. Route 83 in northwest Kansas. It is in the northeast corner of Logan County, and portions of it extend into Gove County and Thomas County. Oakley is about 211 miles (340 km) northwest of Wichita, 227 miles east-southeast of Denver, and 335 miles (539 km) west of Kansas City. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Oakley has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Oakley has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,045 people, 920 households, and 562 families living in Oakley. Media. "The Oakley Graphic" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week. The first edition of the newspaper was published on November 22, 1889. Oberlin, Kansas Oberlin is a city in Decatur County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Decatur County. In 2010, 1,788 people lived there. History. Oberlin was platted as a town in 1878. It was named after Oberlin, Ohio. The first post office in Oberlin was created in April 1878. On September 30, 1878, Northern Cheyenne were running from the Indian Territory to their homes in the north. The Northern Cheyenne Exodus, attacked people near Oberlin. Oberlin was incorporated as a city in 1885. Geography. Oberlin is at (39.821235, -100.528369). It has an elevation of 2,562 feet (781 m). It is on the northwest side of Sappa Creek, a tributary of the Republican River, in the High Plains region of the Great Plains. It is at the intersection of U.S. Route 36 and U.S. Route 83 in northwest Kansas. Oberlin is northwest of Wichita, east of Denver, and west-northwest of Kansas City. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Oberlin has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"). It has hot, dry summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature in Oberlin is 52 °F (11 °C). Temperatures hotter than 90 °F (32 °C) happen on average 62 days per year and dropping below 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 158 days a year. Oberlin gets precipitation 66 days a year and snowfall happens 11 days a year. Precipitation averages 23 inches (574 mm) per year, and snowfall averages 32 inches (80 cm) per year. On average, January is the coldest month, and July is both the hottest month and the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in Oberlin was 111 °F (44 °C) in 1954; the coldest temperature ever was -31 °F (-35 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,788 people, 824 households, and 477 families living in Oberlin. Education. Oberlin USD 294 has two public schools in the city: Oberlin Elementary School (Grades Pre-K-6) and Decatur Community Junior/Senior High School (7-12). Media. "The Oberlin Herald" is Oberlin's only newspaper. It is published once per week. Oberlin is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. NBC affiliate KSNK is licensed to McCook, Nebraska. It broadcasts on channel 8 from studios west of Oberlin. KSNK is a satellite station of KSNW in Wichita. List of governors of Delaware The Governor of Delaware (President of Delaware from 1776 to 1792) is the head of the executive branch of Delaware's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current governor is Democrat John Carney, who took office on January 17, 2017. Mike Castle Michael Newbold Castle (born July 2, 1939) is an American attorney and politician. He was the Governor of Delaware (1985–92) and the U.S. Representative for (1993–2011). He is a member of the Republican Party. He unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate for the 2010 special election. Osborne, Kansas Osborne is a city in Osborne County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Osborne County. In 2010, 1,431 people lived there. History. People from southeastern Pennsylvania created Osborne City in May 1871. They named the settlement after Vincent B. Osborne, a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War. Osborne County also is named after him. Osborne City became the permanent county seat in November 1872. In May 1873, a district judge officially said it was a city, but the townspeople did not create a government. Five years later, a second attempt was successful, and the settlement incorporated as a city in 1878. "City" was dropped from its name by the mid-1890s. A bridge was built at Osborne over the Solomon River in 1878. Geography. Osborne is at (39.440651, -98.697118). It has an elevation of . It is at the intersection of U.S. Route 281 and U.S. Route 24 in north-central Kansas. It is about northwest of Wichita, west-northwest of Kansas City, and east of Denver. Osborne is on the north side of the South Fork Solomon River in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. The Osborne Canal, which is part of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Webster Unit Project, goes east along the northern edge of the city. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. On average in Osborne, July is the warmest month, January is the coldest month, and May is the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in Osborne was 116 °F (47 °C) in 1940; the coldest temperature ever was -31 °F (-35 °C) in 1989. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,431 people, 633 households, and 390 families living in Osborne. Government. Osborne is a city of the second class. It has a mayor-council form of government. Infrastructure. Osborne Municipal Airport is southeast of the city. It is used mostly for general aviation. Osborne is the western endpoint of a line of the Kyle Railroad. The city is also the northwestern endpoint of a railroad of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad. Media. The "Osborne County Farmer" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week. Osborne is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. List of governors of Georgia The governor of Georgia is the head of the executive branch of Georgia's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who took office on January 14, 2019. Roy Barnes Roy Eugene Barnes (born March 11, 1948) is an American attorney and politician. He was the 80th Governor of Georgia from 1999 to 2003. Mableton, Georgia Mableton is a census-designated place in Cobb County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, Mableton had a population of 37,115. Governor of Maine The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine. The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills, a Democrat, who took office January 2, 2019. The governor of Maine receives a salary of $70,000, which is the lowest by $20,000 of the 50 state governors. List of governors of Maine The Governor of Maine is the head of the executive branch of Maine's state government and the commander-in-chief of its military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, The current governor is Democrat Janet Mills, who took office on January 2, 2019. John Baldacci John Elias Baldacci (born January 30, 1955) is an American politician. He was the 73rd Governor of Maine from 2003 to 2011. He was a Democrat, he also was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003. Oskaloosa, Kansas Oskaloosa is a city in Jefferson County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Jefferson County. In 2010, 1,113 people lived there. History. Oskaloosa was created in 1856. It was named after the city of Oskaloosa, Iowa. The first post office in Oskaloosa was created in November 1856. In 1888, Oskaloosa people elected Mary D. Lowman mayor with a city council composed entirely of women. This makes the city the first in Kansas to elect a city administration that has only women. Geography. Oskaloosa is at (39.215849, -95.313800). It is at the intersection of U.S. Route 59 and K-92, about 15 miles north of Lawrence. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Oskaloosa has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Oskaloosa has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Oskaloosa is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census there were 1,113 people, 435 households, and 281 families living in Oskaloosa. List of governors of Mississippi The governor of Mississippi is the head of the executive branch of Mississippi's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. Ronnie Musgrove David Ronald "Ronnie" Musgrove (born July 29, 1956) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the 29th Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi from January 16, 1996 to January 11, 2000 and as the 62nd Governor of Mississippi from January 11, 2000 to January 13, 2004. He was defeated by incumbent Senator Roger Wicker in a 2008 special election for one of Mississippi's seats in the U.S. Senate. In 2014, he became founding partner of a new law firm in Jackson, Mississippi, Musgrove/Smith Law. Tocowa, Mississippi Tocowa is a Ghost town located just outside Batesville in Panola County, Mississippi, United States. Kirk Fordice Daniel Kirkwood "Kirk" Fordice Jr. (February 10, 1934 – September 7, 2004), was an American politician and businessman. He was the 61st Governor of Mississippi from 1992 to 2000. He was the first Republican governor of the state since Reconstruction-era and the first governor elected to two consecutive four-year terms. Fordice was a staunch conservative. Oswego, Kansas Oswego is a city in Labette County, Kansas, United States, and situated along the Neosho River. It is also the county seat of Labette County. In 2010, 1,829 people lived there. History. The first newspaper was the "Oswego Register". It was created in 1868 by E.R. Trask. The first church was the Congregational, which was created in May 1868. The Presbyterian church was created in July 1868. The first school was created in 1867. The public library association was created in 1877. It still exists as Oswego Public Library, which is a Carnegie Library. The telephone system was put in operation in 1882; the waterworks in 1887; and the first electric lights were turned on on July 12, 1888. The lights were turned off a few months later. In 2011, the City Council voted to annex the Oswego Municipal Airport into the city limits. This made Oswego be in neighboring Cherokee County. Geography. Oswego isat (37.167728, -95.109453). The city is about north of the Oklahoma state line and west of the Missouri line. It is along the southern bluffs, overlooking the Neosho River valley. It is at the junction of U.S. Route 59 and U.S. Route 160. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Oswego has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Oswego has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,829 people, 763 households, and 476 families living in Oswego. Education. Schools. The Oswego-Service Valley Unified School District 504 serves Oswego. Libraries. Oswego is served by the Oswego Public Library (OPL), which is a Carnegie Library. OPL has a big collection of books, DVDs, periodicals, audio books, and videos. Internet access is also available through the use of computers or the Library's free Wi-Fi. Media. "Labette Avenue" is a weekly newspaper that covers mostly local stories and events. "Labette Avenue" is based in Oswego and serves the rural areas of Labette County, Kansas. The "Parsons Sun", a newspaper published every day in Parsons, also covers Oswego. The nearest major newspaper is the Joplin Globe. Oswego is in the Joplin, Missouri/Pittsburg, Kansas broadcast market area. It gets most its television and radio signals from those two cities. KGGF 690 AM Coffeyville covers SE Kansas and Broadcasts from its tower site in Mound Valley. List of governors of Nevada The Governor of Nevada is the chief magistrate of the U.S. state of Nevada, the head of the executive department of Nevada's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current governor is Democrat Steve Sisolak, who took office on January 7, 2019. List of governors. "Prior to becoming a territory, parts of Nevada were part of Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory; see List of governors of Utah and List of governors of New Mexico." List of governors of Utah The Governor of Utah is the head of the executive branch of Utah's state government and the commander-in-chief of its military forces. List of governors of New Mexico The following is a list of the governors of the state of New Mexico (Spanish: Gobernadores de Nuevo México) and New Mexico Territory. David Cargo David Francis Cargo (January 13, 1929 – July 5, 2013) was the 22nd governor of New Mexico, between 1967 and 1971. Bruce King Bruce King (April 6, 1924 – November 13, 2009) was an American businessman and politician. He was a three non-consecutive four-year terms as the Governor of New Mexico. King was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the longest-serving governor in New Mexico history, with 12 years of service. He died on November 13, 2009 in Stanley, New Mexico of heart failure at the age of 85. Governor of North Dakota The Governor of North Dakota is the head of the executive branch of government of North Dakota and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve, if elected. List of governors of North Dakota The Governor of North Dakota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of North Dakota. The current Governor is Doug Burgum. Allen I. Olson Allen Ingvar Olson (born November 5, 1938) is an American Republican politician and attorney. He was the 28th Governor of North Dakota from 1981 to 1985. Governor of Oregon The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments. The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown. List of governors of Oregon This article lists the individuals who have served as Governor of Oregon between 1841 and 1843 to the present day. Governor of South Dakota The governor of South Dakota is the head of the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The governor is elected to a four-year term in even years when there is no presidential election. The current governor is Kristi Noem, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 5, 2019. List of governors of South Dakota The Governor of South Dakota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The current Governor is Republican Kristi Noem, serving since 2019. Bill Janklow William John Janklow (September 13, 1939January 12, 2012) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Governor of South Dakota: sixteen years in office. Janklow has the second longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history at 5,851 days. Gary Locke Gary Faye Locke (born January 21, 1950) is an American politician. He was the 10th United States ambassador to China (2011–14). He was the 21st Governor of Washington (1997–2005) and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce (2009–11). Locke is the first governor in the United States of East Asian descent, and is the only Chinese American ever to have served as a governor of any state. He was also the first Chinese American to serve as the U.S. ambassador to China. Dixy Lee Ray Dixy Lee Ray (September 3, 1914 – January 2, 1994) was an American scientist and politician. She was the 17th Governor of the U.S. state of Washington. She was the state's first female governor and was in office during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. She was defeated in the Democratic primary in 1980 by Jim McDermott, who in turn lost the gubernatorial election to John Spellman. Booth Gardner Booth Gardner (August 21, 1936 – March 15, 2013) was an American politician. He was the 19th governor of the U.S. state of Washington between 1985 and 1993. He also was the ambassador of the GATT. He was a Democrat. Gardner died at his home in Tacoma, Washington on March 15, 2013, of Parkinson's disease. He was 76. List of governors of West Virginia The Governor of West Virginia is the head of the executive branch of West Virginia's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The current governor is Republican Jim Justice, who assumed office on January 16, 2017. West Virginia's 36th governor, Justice was elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican Party on August 4 of that year. Cecil H. Underwood Cecil Harland Underwood (November 5, 1922 – November 24, 2008) was an American Republican Party politician. He was the 25th and 32nd Governor of West Virginia from 1957 to 1961, and from 1997 to 2001. Underwood was both the youngest and the oldest person ever to serve as Governor of West Virginia. He was a Methodist. Gaston Caperton William Gaston Caperton III (born February 21, 1940) is an American politician. He was the 31st Governor of West Virginia from 1989 to 1997. He was president of the College Board, which administers the nationally recognized SAT and AP tests, from 1999 to 2012. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Bob Wise Robert Ellsworth Wise Jr. (born January 6, 1948) is an American politician. He is a member of the Democrat, Wise was the 33rd Governor of West Virginia from January 2001 to January 2005. He also was in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 until 2001. List of mayors of Washington, D.C. Below is a list of mayors of Washington, D.C. and associated political entities. 1975–present: Mayors of the District of Columbia. Since 1975, the District has been administered by a popularly elected mayor and district council. Sharon Pratt Sharon Pratt (born January 30, 1944), formerly Sharon Pratt Dixon and Sharon Pratt Kelly, is an American attorney and politician. She was the third Mayor of the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1995. Pratt was the first African American woman to serve as mayor of a major American city. Mayor of the District of Columbia The Mayor of the District of Columbia is the head of the executive branch of the government of the District of Columbia, in the United States. The mayor has the duty to enforce district laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Council of the District of Columbia, in the United States. The mayor's office oversees an annual district budget of $8.8 billion. Anthony A. Williams Anthony Allen Williams (born July 28, 1951) is an American politician who was the fourth person to serve as Mayor of the District of Columbia, for two terms, from 1999 to 2007. Flag of Washington, D.C. The flag of Washington, D.C. is made up of three red stars above two red bars on a white background. It is an armorial banner based on the design of the coat of arms granted to George Washington's great-great-great-grandfather, Lawrence Washington. List of governors of American Samoa This is a list of governors, etc. of the part of the Samoan Islands (now comprising American Samoa) under United States administration since 1900. Living former governors. There are two living former governor of American Samoa. The most recent-serving governor to die was Frank Barnett (1976–1977), on July 15, 2016. Togiola Tulafono Togiola Talalelei A. Tulafono (born February 28, 1947) is an American Samoan politician and lawyer. He as the 56th Governor of American Samoa. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Tulafono did not run for governor in 2012 as he was term-limited and could not seek a third consecutive term. He was an unsuccessful candidate for American Samoa's at-large congressional district in 2014. List of governors of Guam The Governor of Guam (Chamorro: "I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan" ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard. The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero, a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7, 2019 following her election in 2018. List of governors of the Northern Mariana Islands The following is a list of persons who served as Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands. The term of office is 4 years. The longest-serving governor in CNMI history is Pedro Tenorio, who served 12 years in office from 1982 to 1990 and again from 1998 to 2002. List of governors of the United States Virgin Islands The Governor of the United States Virgin Islands is the chief executive of the Government of the Virgin Islands whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Territory addresses to the Virgin Islands Legislature. Living former governors. , four former governors were alive. The most recent governor to die was John David Merwin (1958–1961), on March 17, 2013. Roy L. Schneider Roy Lester Schneider (born May 13, 1939) is a physician in the United States Virgin Islands who was the fifth elected governor of that territory from January 5, 1995 to January 4, 1999. He was the fifth elected governor of that territory and the 26th overall. List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia The Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (, ) was the head of government of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1992. Rajni KC Rajni KC is the pratinidhi sabha candidate from Kaski-2. After the helicopter crash of Rabindra Prasad Adhikari this seat was vacant. KC has been worked with congress since last 8 years. But she joined Sajha Party and be central committee member. She was vice chancellor at Pokhara University. Jan Stráský Jan Stráský (24 December 1940 – 6 November 2019) was a Czech politician. He was the last Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia serving in 1992. He died on November 6, 2019 in the Czech capital at age 78. 2021 Canadian federal election The 2021 Canadian federal election took place on September 20, 2021 to elect members of the House of Commons to the 44th Parliament of Canada. The latest date of the vote was scheduled for October 16, 2023, which is determined by the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election. However, on August 15, 2021, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau requested a dissolution of parliament from Governor General Mary Simon. On September 20, Trudeau and the Liberal Party was projected to have won 155 seats, allowing them to form a minority government. Leadership polls. Aside from conducting the usual opinion surveys on general party preferences, polling firms also survey public opinion on who would make the best Prime Minister: 2022 Australian federal election The 2022 Australian federal election was held on 21 May 2022 to elect members of the 47th Parliament of Australia. All 151 seats in the lower house, the House of Representatives, and half the seats in the upper house, the Senate, were up for election. The incumbent Coalition Government, led by Scott Morrison lost seats to the opposition Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese. Morrision resigned as National Party leader with Albanese expected to become the next Prime Minister of Australia. Rebekha Sharkie Rebekha Carina Che Sharkie (born 24 August 1972) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Australian House of Representatives, representing the Division of Mayo in South Australia. At the 2016 federal election she defeated Liberal Jamie Briggs, and was the first Nick Xenophon Team member to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives. On 11 May 2018, Sharkie resigned from the House of Representatives as a part of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis. She contested the 2018 Mayo by-election on 28 July, and was returned to parliament. Coalition (Australia) The Liberal–National Coalition is an alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics. Its main opponent is the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The Coalition was in government from the 2013 federal election until their defeat in the 2022 federal election. During that time, the group was led by Prime Ministers Tony Abbott, Malcolm Turnbull, and Scott Morrison. Katter's Australian Party Katter's Australian Party (KAP) is a political party in Australia. It was formed by the independent and former Nationals Member of Parliament for Kennedy Bob Katter, with a registration application lodged to the Australian Electoral Commission in 2011. Katter has been the party's federal parliamentary leader since that time, while his son Robbie is the leader in Queensland. In February 2020, Bob Katter handed the leadership of the party to his son Robbie Katter, a Queensland state MP. Centre Alliance Centre Alliance, formerly known as the Nick Xenophon Team (NXT), is a centrist Australian political party based in the state of South Australia. It presently holds two seats in the Australian Senate and one seat in the House of Representatives of Australia. Pauline Hanson's One Nation Pauline Hanson's One Nation (PHON or ONP), also known as One Nation or One Nation Party, is a political party in Australia. One Nation was founded in 1997, by member of parliament Pauline Hanson and her advisors David Ettridge and David Oldfield. The party's founding came before the 1996 federal election because of comments she made about Indigenous Australians. Hanson sat as an independent for one year before forming Pauline Hanson's One Nation. Pauline Hanson Pauline Lee Hanson ("née" Seccombe, formerly Zagorski; born 27 May 1954) is an Australian politician. She is the founder and leader of One Nation, a right-wing political party. She has been a Senator for Queensland since 2016. Fayette County, Kentucky Fayette County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 295,803, making it the second-most populous county in the commonwealth. The city of Lexington is the county seat. Bukit Batok MRT station Bukit Batok MRT Station (NS2) is an MRT station located along the North South MRT Line in Singapore. It was located within Bukit Batok Town Centre and is connected to Bukit Batok bus interchange. History. The station opened on 10 March 1990 as part of the Branch Line. The code of station was B1. When the Woodlands Extension opened in 1996, the code was changed to N23, and later to NS2 in 2001. Bukit Gombak MRT station Bukit Gombak MRT station (NS3) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Bukit Batok, Singapore. History. This station was a temporary terminus from 18 to 19 September 2010 during the Jurong East Modification Project upgrade and during the late openings of the MRT on Sundays from June to November 2016. Brickland MRT station Brickland MRT station (NS3A) is a future Mass Rapid Transit station on the North South line in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore. History. The station was first announced on 25 May 2019 as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) Land Transport Master Plan 2040. Sungei Kadut MRT station Sungei Kadut MRT station (NS6/DT) is a future Mass Rapid Transit interchange station on the North South MRT line and Downtown MRT line, in Sungei Kadut, Singapore. History. This station was first proposed in 1990 as part of the North South Line Woodlands Extension. However, it was not built as there was not enough demand. As announced on 25 May 2019, this station is a part of the Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP) 2040 by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). Maria Fire The Maria Fire was a wildfire that burned in the area of Somis, California, on the top of South Mountain, in Ventura County. Tick Fire The Tick Fire was a wildfire. It burned in Los Angeles County, California from October 24, 2019 to October 31, 2019. It burned several thousand acres. There was a mass evacuation of about 40,000 people from the Santa Clarita valley. Yew Tee MRT station Yew Tee MRT station (NS5) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore. History. The station was built in 1995, along with the five other stations of the North South Line Woodlands Extension. The two-storey station building, with a simple design and a kampung-style roof, was officially opened on 10 February 1996. The construction of the station affected 16 factories as land between the Yew Tee and Kranji MRT stations was bought by the government. The station was called Choa Chu Kang North. It was renamed Yew Tee in 1994. AutoIt AutoIt is a freeware programming language for Microsoft Windows. In versions 1 and 2, it was used to create automation scripts for Microsoft Windows programs. These are sometimes called macros. In version 3, the programming language was extended to allow it to do more things. The scripting language in AutoIt 1 and 2 was statement-driven. It was designed to simulate a user's input to the computer. From version 3 onward, the AutoIt syntax changed. It is now similar to the BASIC programming language. AutoIt version 3 is a general-purpose programming language. It can have types of data, such as arrays. An AutoIt script can be converted into a stand-alone executable. This can be run on computers that do not have the AutoIt interpreter installed. A wide range of function libraries are available. They are known as UDFs, or "User Defined Functions". Some are included as standard. Others are available from the website. They add extra abilities to the language. AutoIt has a special editor, an Integrated development environment or IDE. It is based on the free SciTE editor. The compiler and help text are included in this special editor and provide a standard environment for developers. Usage. AutoIt is often used to produce utility software for Microsoft Windows. These programs can automate routine tasks. Example use includes: systems management, monitoring, maintenance, and software installation. It is also used to simulate user interaction. In this use an application is "driven" to do things by an AutoIt script which behaves like a human user. An AutoIT script can issue keypresses, mouse clicks, type text and so on. In this way it simulates a human user of an application. AutoIt has been used in low-cost laboratory automation. Applications include instrument synchronisation, alarm monitoring and results gathering. Devices such as 3D-printers can also be controlled. Examples. Hello world. <syntaxhighlight lang="autoit"> MsgBox($MB_SYSTEMMODAL, "Title", "Hello, world!") </source> Automating the Windows Calculator. <syntaxhighlight lang="autoit"> MsgBox($MB_OK, "Attention", "Avoid touching the keyboard or mouse during automation.", 6) Run("calc.exe") WinWaitActive("[CLASS:CalcFrame]", "", 10) If WinExists("[CLASS:CalcFrame]") = 0 Then Exit Send(@YEAR) Sleep(600) Send("/4") Sleep(600) Send("{ENTER}") Sleep(600) Send("^c") Local $fResult = ClipGet() If StringInStr($fResult, ".") Then ; Display a message box with a timeout of 5 seconds. MsgBox($MB_OK, "Leap Year", @YEAR & " is not a leap year.", 5) Else ; This message will only display if the current year is a leap year. MsgBox($MB_OK, "Leap Year", @YEAR & " is a leap year.", 5) EndIf WinClose("[CLASS:CalcFrame]") </source> Find average. <syntaxhighlight lang="autoit"> _Example() ; Run the example. Func _Example() ; Display an input box and ask the user to enter some numbers separated by commas. Local $sInput = InputBox("Find Average", "Enter some numbers separated by commas: 1,2,42,100,3") ; If an error occurred then exit the script. If @error Then Exit ; Populate an array with the user's input. Local $aSplit = StringSplit($sInput, ",") ; Pass the array to the function _Find_Average() and then check for errors. Local $fAverage = _Find_Average($aSplit) If @error Then Exit ; Display the result in a message box. MsgBox($MB_OK, "Find Average", "Result: " & $fAverage) EndFunc ;==>_Example Func _Find_Average($aArray) ; If the input is not of the correct type (an array), then return an error along with the details. If Not IsArray($aArray) Then Return SetError(1, 0, VarGetType($aArray)) ; More detailed checks are possible, but for brevity just one is performed here. ; Declare a variable to store the sum of the numbers. Local $iArraySum = 0 ; Loop through the array. For $i = 1 To $aArray[0] ; Increment the sum by the number in each array element. $iArraySum += Number($aArray[$i]) Next ; Return the average rounded to 2 decimal places. Return Round($iArraySum / $aArray[0], 2) EndFunc ;==>_Find_Average </source> License. The developers of AutoIt originally released the source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL). In 2006, the license was changed for version 3.2.0 and later versions to their own closed source license. Some of the code from version 3.1 was used to create a fork by the AutoHotkey project. This was allowed under the GPL licence terms. The AutoHotkey community is continuing to develop and release the code under the GPL. Duane Vermeulen Duane Vermeulen is a rugby player. He is won the Currie Cup twice. He plays for the south african national team. Gabriel Jackson Gabriel Jackson (March 10, 1921 – November 3, 2019) was an American Hispanist, historian and journalist. He was born in Mount Vernon, New York. He was a Professor Emeritus at University of California, San Diego. Jackson was a regular collaborator of the Spanish daily "El País" for many years. In 1966 he was awarded the American Historical Association's Herbert Baxter Adams Prize. Jackson died on November 3, 2019 at his home in Eugene, Oregon at the age of 98. Margarita Salas Margarita Salas Falgueras, 1st Marchioness of Canero (30 November 1938 – 7 November 2019) was a Spanish scientist. She worked in the fields of Biochemistry, and Molecular genetics. Salas was born in Valdés, Asturias, Spain. In 1998, she won the Premio México de Ciencia y Tecnología. Salas was a member of Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, European Academy of Sciences and Arts, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Microbiology, United States National Academy of Sciences, and the Severo Ochoa Foundation. Salas was elected to Seat "i" of the Real Academia Española on 20 December 2001, she left her seat on 4 June 2003. Salas died on 7 November 2019 in Madrid at the age of 80. Nabaneeta Dev Sen Nabaneeta Dev Sen (13 January 1938 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian poet, novelist and academic. Sen published more than 80 books in Bengali: poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. Her first collection of poems "Pratham Pratyay" was published in 1959. She was married to economist Amartya Sen from 1958 until their divorce in 1976. Sen died at her home in Kolkata of lung cancer on 7 November 2019 at the age of 81. Liliana Segre Liliana Segre (; born 10 September 1930) is an Italian politician. She was a Senator for Life named by President Sergio Mattarella on 19 January 2018. Segre was born in Milan to a Jewish family. In 1943 she was arrested and deported to Auschwitz. After 1990 she started to speak to the public, especially young people, about her experience. Luciano Gasperini Luciano Gasperini (born 15 June 1935) is an Italian venetist politician. He was a senator for Liga Veneta–Lega Nord from Veneto from 1996 to 2001. He was chairman of the party's group from 1999 to 2000 and in 1999 he was the party's candidate for the post of President of the Italian Republic. In 1999 and 2004 he was candidate for Mayor of Padua. From 2002 to 2005 he was federal president of the party. He worked in the Silvio Berlusconi's governments from 2004 through 2006. Umberto Bossi Umberto Bossi (born 19 September 1941) is an Italian politician. He is the former leader of the Northern League. He was a critic of the European Union. Bossi was an unsuccessful candidate for president in 2006, loosing to Giorgio Napolitano. He was found guilty of embezzlement of hundreds of thousands of euros in public funds. Bossi was sentenced to two years and six months' imprisonment in July 2017. Jürgen Mossack Jürgen Rolf Dieter Mossack (born 20 March 1948) is a German-born Panamanian lawyer. He is the co-founder of Mossack Fonseca (along with Ramón Fonseca Mora), a former law firm headquartered in Panama City. The Moccasck and his firm became globally known in 2016 when it found itself at the centre of the so-called Panama Papers affair, It uncovered the activities of the offshore finance industry. Mossack Fonseca set up more than 214,000 shell companies around the world, some of which were found to have been used for illegal purposes, including fraud and tax evasion. In 2017, he was arrested and jailed in February 2017. In March 2018, the firm announced it was shutting down. Gary Oldman played him in a Netflix movie about the Panama Papers titled "The Laundromat" (2019). Ramón Fonseca Mora Ramón Fonseca Mora (born 14 July 1952) is a Panamanian novelist and lawyer. He was the co-founder of Mossack Fonseca, a former law firm based in Panama with more than 40 offices worldwide. He was minister-counselor of Juan Carlos Varela, and president of the Panameñista Party until he was fired in March 2016, due to the Brazilian Operation Car Wash. In 2016, the law firm he owned was raided by police on due to money-laundering, bribery and corruption. Fonseca and his partner Jürgen Mossack were arrested and jailed in February 2017. The Moccasck and his firm became globally known in 2016 when it found itself at the centre of the so-called Panama Papers affair, It uncovered the activities of the offshore finance industry. Mossack Fonseca set up more than 214,000 shell companies around the world, some of which were found to have been used for illegal purposes, including fraud and tax evasion. Antonio Banderas played him in a Netflix movie about the Panama Papers titled "The Laundromat" (2019). Operation Car Wash Operation Car Wash () is an ongoing criminal investigation by the Federal Police of Brazil, Curitiba Branch. It was initially judicially headed by Judge Sérgio Moro, and in 2019 by Judge Luiz Antonio Bonat. It was a money laundering investigation, it expanded to investigate corruption at Petrobras, where executives allegedly accepted bribes in return for awarding contracts to construction firms at inflated prices. The investigation is called "Operation Car Wash" because it was first uncovered at a car wash in Brasília. At least eleven other countries, mostly in Latin America, were involved, and the Brazilian company Odebrecht was deeply implicated. Lava Jato indicted and jailed some well-known politicians, including former presidents Fernando Collor de Mello, Michel Temer and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Other South American presidents were also implicated such as Peru's Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Alan Garcia. During the governments of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Néstor Kirchner, Odebrecht was awarded overvalued contracts worth at least US$9.6 billion. The Laundromat (movie) The Laundromat is a 2019 American biographical comedy-drama movie directed by Steven Soderbergh. The screenplay was written by Scott Z. Burns. It stars Meryl Streep, Gary Oldman, Antonio Banderas, Jeffrey Wright, David Schwimmer, Robert Patrick, Matthias Schoenaerts, James Cromwell, and Sharon Stone. The movie had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2019. It was released theatrically on September 27, 2019, before being released for digital streaming on October 18, 2019, by Netflix. The movie has received mixed reviews from critics. The two men at the center of the movie, Jürgen Mossack and Ramón Fonseca Mora sued Netflix on October 16, 2019, trying to block the movie's release. They argued that the movie defamed them, but a judge dismissed the case. USS Somerset (LPD-25) The USS "Somerset" is a troop transport ship serving in the United States Navy. Steel from the ruins of the 9/11 attacks was made into pure steel and then remade into the ship's hull. St. Francis, Kansas St. Francis is a city in Cheyenne County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Cheyenne County. In 2010, 1,329 people lived there. History. St. Francis was created in 1887. The city may have been named for the wife of its founder. Geography. St. Francis is at (39.771389, -101.800717). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. St. Francis has a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk"). It has cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,329 people, 650 households, and 357 families living in St. Francis. St. John, Kansas St. John is a city in Stafford County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Stafford County. In 2010, 1,295 people lived there. History. The first settlement in what is today St. John was made in 1875 when William Bickerton of the Church of Jesus Christ created a religious group named Zion Valley. By 1879, Zion Valley had grown into a small town, and the residents renamed it St. John. It was named after then-governor John P. St. John, in order to try to become the county seat of Stafford County. In 2015, the official government listing of places has been corrected to spell the town as "St. John" instead of "Saint John." The name was incorrectly changed by the United States Postal Service in the 1970s. Geography. St. John is at (38.0022371, -98.7600887). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,295 people, 534 households, and 336 families living in St. John. Scott City, Kansas Scott City is a city in Scott County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Scott County. In 2010, 3,816 people lived there. History. Early history. Scott City was created in 1885. Like Scott County, the city is named after United States General, Winfield Scott. In October 1884, two women from Chicago claimed the land that Scott City is on. They built a cabin. In February 1885, two men from Chicago came to the cabin and settled. Soon after, many people started coming to the county. Scott City was then created in 1885. Before being created, Mrs. M.E. De Geer, one of the women that came from Chicago, started a newspaper called the "Western Times" in March 1885. The county then started to fill quickly. The Kansas Legislature created Scott County in 1873. At this time it was named in honor of General Winfield Scott. Since it was such a small town with so few people, there was no need for a local government. Therefore, it was connected to Ford County for judicial things. Geography. Scott City is at (38.4825192, −100.9070949). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. It is located in the Great Plains and at the elevation of 2979 ft. Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Scott City has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The average temperature is 52.4 °F (11.34 °C) and has an average rain fall of 20.16 inches per year. The average snow fall for a year is 23 in. (.58 m). People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,816 people, 1,583 households, and 1,029 families living in Scott City. Education. The USD 466 Scott County mascot is the beaver. A giant welded beaver is on display at the football field. Infrastructure. Transportation. K-96 and US-83 highways go through the Scott City. The Scott City Airport is a publicly owned airport. It is in the south east part of Scott City. Media. "The Scott County Record" is the local newspaper. This weekly publication has been in business since 1993. In 2016, editor Rod Haxton was honored by the Kansas Press Association with the Clyde M. Reed Master Editor Award. Sedan, Kansas Sedan is the biggest city in Chautauqua County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Chautaqua County. In 2010, 1,124 people lived there. History. Sedan was created in 1871. The city was named after the 1870 Battle of Sedan. Sedan was incorporated as a city in 1876. Geography. Sedan is at (37.128472, -96.186220). It is a close middle-point between New York City and Los Angeles. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. Sedan has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Sedan has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,124 people, 482 households, and 269 families living in Sedan. Education. Sedan is a part of USD 286 Chautauqua County. Chautauqua County schools were merged in Sedan through school unification. Before school unification, the Sedan Blue Devils won the Kansas State High School class B baseball championship in 1973 and 2011. Willy Russell William Russell (born 23 August 1947) is an English dramatist, lyricist and composer. His best known works are "Educating Rita", "Shirley Valentine", "Blood Brothers" and "Our Day Out". Early life. Russell was born in Whiston in Lancashire. On leaving school, aged 15, he became a ladies' hairdresser. He ran his own salon until the age of 20. He then decided to go back to college. He qualified as a teacher. Russell also worked as a semi-professional singer. He wrote and performed his own folk songs. He began writing drama while at college. In 1972, he took a programme of three one-act plays to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. They were seen by writer John McGrath. McGrath recommended Russell to the Liverpool Everyman. They commissioned the adaptation, "When The Reds…". This was Russell's first professional work for theatre. Career. The first play Russell wrote was "Keep Your Eyes Down" (1971). He wrote it while he attended Saint Katharine's College of Higher Education in Liverpool. It was performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 1971. In 1974, Russell wrote "John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert". This was a musical about The Beatles. It was commissioned by the Everyman Theatre, Liverpool. It ran there for eight weeks before transferring to the Lyric Theatre, West End. There it ran for over a year. It won the Evening Standard and London Theatre Critics awards for the best musical of 1974. He wrote further stage works, "One for the Road" (1976) and "Stags and Hens" (1978). Russell was a screenwriter on television films, "Death of A Young Young Man" (1975, BBC1), "Daughters of Albion" (1979), "Our Day Out" (1977) and "One Summer" (1983, 1985). The Royal Shakespeare Company commisioned the play "Educating Rita". In 1980, it premiered at the Warehouse, London. In August 1980 it transferred to the West End Piccadilly Theatre, London. It starred Julie Walters and Mark Kingston. The play ran to "at least" June 1982. The play has been translated and produced in almost every part the globe. It has received awards.In 1986, the play returned to the Liverpool Everyman. In 1986, Russell wrote "Shirley Valentine". This went on to an acclaimed West End run. It received an Olivier Award, "Comedy of the Year". Its star Pauline Collins received the "Actress of the Year in a New Play award. In February 1989, the play transferred to New York. It had a highly successful Broadway run to November 1989. Collins received a Tony Award for Best Actress. Both "Shirley Valentine" (1989) and "Educating Rita" (1983) became feature films. Michael Caine, Julie Walters and Pauline Collins all receiving Oscar nominations for their respective roles. Russell received an Oscar nomination for his "Educating Rita" screenplay. Russell has had success with his play "Blood Brothers". This is 'a Liverpudlian folk opera' about a pair of twins. The twins are separated at birth and brought up in different environments. In 1983, "Blood Brothers" won the Olivier Award for Best New Musical. It has had over 10,000 consecutive performances during its 24-year West End run, which ended in November 2012. At the same time, there were UK touring and international productions. In 1993, the play had a two-year run on Broadway. The Broadway production was nominated for the 1993 Tony Award for Best Musical. Russell with musical collaborator Bob Eaton wanted to develop "Our Day Out". After extensive rewriting and recomposing, they created "Our Day Out – The Musical". It retains all the characters and plot of the original. The action is brought forward to today. It has a new score and lyrics to reflect the twenty first century setting. The musical was produced in 2010 at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool. In 2000, Russell's first novel, "The Wrong Boy", was published. The book was well received. It had wide readership in the UK. Translations were published in many countries. In 2004, Russell returned to his singer/songwriter roots. He released his album, "Hoovering the Moon", on Pure Records. Russell also co-produced the Tim Firth album "Harmless Flirting". In 2013, the Archive and Special Collections department of Liverpool John Moores University established the Willy Russell Archive. It contains manuscripts, programmes, publicity and media material including newspaper cuttings and press releases, correspondence, legal, financial and administrative documents, records relating to the casting and audition process, audio and film material, and promotional ephemera. The material was produced throughout the course of Russell's career. It is a comprehensive representation of his work to date. It also illustrates Willy Russell's collaborative works, both written and musical. Personal life. In 1969, Russell married Annie Seagroatt. The couple have one son, Rob, and two daughters, Rachel and Ruth. Seneca, Kansas Seneca is a city in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Nemaha County. In 2010, 1,991 people lived there. History. Seneca was created in 1857. It was named after Seneca County, Ohio. The first post office in Seneca was created in November 1858. Seneca grew along the wagon route from St. Joseph, Missouri to Oregon and California. British explorer Richard Francis Burton was going to California in 1860. He went through town and noted: "... Seneca, a city consisting of a few shanties ..." Seneca was a station on the Pony Express of the early 1860s. The station was in the Smith Hotel, at the present-day place of Fourth and Main Streets. Seneca was incorporated as a city in 1870. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,991 people, 908 households, and 509 families living in Seneca. William Russell (disambiguation) William, Willy or Bill Russell (or other variants) may refer to: Sharon Springs, Kansas Sharon Springs is a city in Wallace County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat Wallace County. In 2010, 748 people lived there. History. Sharon Springs was first called Eagle Tail station when it was created in 1868. It was renamed Sharon Springs in 1886, after Sharon Springs, New York. Sharon Springs was incorporated as a city in 1890. In 2013, the biggest sinkhole in Kansas opened north of Sharon Springs. As of December 2013, the sinkhole was about deep and across. Geography. Sharon Springs is at (38.895513, -101.750881). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Sharon Springs has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 748 people, 327 households, and 197 families living in Sharon Springs. Infrastructure. Sharon Springs is on U.S. Route 40. Smith Center, Kansas Smith Center is a city in Smith County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Smith County. In 2010, 1,665 people lived there. History. Smith Center was created in 1871. The first post office in Smith Center was created in January 1873. Like Smith County, Smith Center was named after Maj. J. Nelson Smith of the 2nd Colorado Cavalry. He was a pre-war native of Elwood, Kansas, who died leading his regiment on October 21, 1864 at the Battle of the Little Blue River. Geography. Smith Center is at (39.778550, -98.785141). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Smith Center is at the junction of U.S. Routes 281 and 36, about100 miles south of Grand Island, Nebraska and 77 miles north of Russell and Interstate 70. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,665 people, 779 households, and 470 families living in Smith Center. Education. Smith Center is part of Unified School District 237. Sublette, Kansas Sublette is a city in Haskell County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Haskell County. In 2010, 1,453 people lived there. History. Sublette was created in 1912. It was named after William Lewis Sublette, a French Huguenot who was a partner in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Sublette was a mountain man, fur trapper and pioneer who blazed a trail through the area and was known by the local natives as "Cut Face". The first post office in Sublette was created in January 1913. Geography. Sublette is at (37.479660, -100.845034). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Sublette has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,453 people, 556 households, and 409 families living in Sublette. Media. The "Haskell County Monitor-Chief" is the local newspaper. Sublette is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. KDGL-LD is licensed to Sublette Kansas and is the flagship station of High Plains Broadcasting, LLC. KDGL broadcasts on RF channel 23 carrying 6 video streams. Current Networks are Retro TV, Tuff TV, AMG TV, Launch TV, TheWalk TV, and PBJ TV. KDGL uses TV23 as branding for all 5 licenses including Dodge City, Garden City, Liberal, and Ulysses. Sublette was chosen for its central location in the Southwest Kansas Market and to streamline future news gathering for NewsWest23 newscasts. Syracuse, Kansas Syracuse is a city in Hamilton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Hamilton County. In 2010, 1,812 people lived there. History. Syracuse was first called Holidaysburg. It was created in 1873. It was renamed Syracuse before 1878. It was named after the city of Syracuse, New York. Geography. Syracuse is at (37.982938, -101.751224). It is along U.S. Route 50 and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It is sixteen miles (twenty-six kilometers) away from the Colorado border. The Arkansas River goes south of the City of Syracuse. The countryside south of the Arkansas River has sandhills. The "Syracuse Sand Dunes" is in these sandhills. It is a city park covering , including a fishing pond. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Syracuse has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,812 people, 715 households, and 460 families living in Syracuse. Education. Syracuse High School is the unified high school for Hamilton County USD 494. The Syracuse school mascot is Bulldogs. Educating Rita Educating Rita is a stage comedy by British playwright Willy Russell. It is a play for two actors set entirely in the office of an Open University tutor. It was Commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company. "Educating Rita" premièred at The Warehouse, London, in June 1980. It starred Julie Walters and Mark Kingston. The play was directed by Mike Ockrent. Plot summary. The plays follows the relationship between 26-year-old student Rita and Frank, a middle-aged university lecturer. Rita is a Liverpudlian working class hairdresser. It follows them over a year. Act 1 consists of seven scenes. These run from January to May. Act 2 consists of a further seven. These run from September to December. In the play Frank has no surname. When the film was made he became Dr. Frank Bryant. Rita is dissatisfied with the routine of her work. She signs up for an Open University course in English Literature. The play opens as 'Rita' meets her tutor, Frank, for the first time. Frank is a middle-aged, alcoholic career academic. He has taken on the tutorship to pay for his drink. The two have an immediate and profound effect on one another. Frank is impressed by Rita. He is forced to re-examine his attitudes. Rita finds a new self-confidence. Frank's bitterness and cynicism return. He notices Rita beginning to adopt the university culture he despises. Rita becomes disillusioned. The play ends as Frank is sent to Australia. Themes. The play deals with the concepts of freedom, change, England's class system and the shortcomings of institutional education. It deals with the nature of self-development and of personal relationships. The play borrows from the George Bernard Shaw play "Pygmalion". This in turn is based upon Greek myth. Film adaptation. In 1983, the play was adapted by Russell for a film with Michael Caine and Julie Walters, directed by Lewis Gilbert. Radio adaptation. In 2009, the play was adapted by Russell for radio – see "Educating Rita (radio play)". It starred Bill Nighy and Laura Dos Santos. It was directed by Kirsty Williams. It was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Boxing Day 2009. Revivals. From June–July 2001, the Williamstown Theatre Festival mounted a production of Educating Rita at the Nikos Stage. It starred Jacqueline McKenzie as Rita and Edward Herrmann as Frank. The production was directed by Bruce Paltrow. It was critically acclaimed with critics saying McKenzie's performance one of the best performances of the year". From 26 March-8 May 2010, as part of the Willy Russell season at the Menier Chocolate Factory. Laura Dos Santos reprised her radio performance on stage as Rita with Larry Lamb as Frank. This was the production's first London West End revival. From 8 July-30 October 2010, this production transferred to the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End. It was produced by Sonia Friedman. Laura Dos Santos reprised her role as Rita. Frank was played by Tim Pigott-Smith. The production ran in repertory alongside "Shirley Valentine" starring Meera Syal. In 2012, it toured the UK. It starred Claire Sweeney as Rita and Matthew Kelly as Frank. From 6 February to 7 March 2015, a 35th anniversary production was staged at Liverpool Playhouse. It starred Leanne Best as Rita and Con O'Neill as Frank. It was directed by Gemma Bodinetz. The same year the Chichester Festival staged a production with Lashana Lynch as Rita and Lenny Henry and Frank. Awards and nominations. The original production received the 1980 Olivier Award nomination for "Comedy Performance of the Year" for Julie Walters. It won "Comedy of the Year". Shirley Valentine Shirley Valentine is a one-character play by Willy Russell. It takes the form of a monologue by a middle-aged, working class Liverpool housewife. It focuses on her life before and after a transforming holiday abroad. Plot. Shirley finds herself regularly alone and talking to the wall. She prepare an evening meal of egg and chips for her emotionally distant husband. Her best friend offers to pay for a trip-for-two to Greece. She leaves a note on the cupboard door in the kitchen. In Greece she rediscovers what she had been missing in England. She is so happy that she decides not to return. She leaves her friend at the airport and goes back to the hotel. She asks for a job. Productions. Commissioned in 1986, by the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool. Noreen Kershaw starred. It was directed by Glen Walford. In 1988 it opened in London's West End at the Vaudeville Theatre. Pauline Collins starred. It was directed by Simon Callow. On 16 February 1989, the Broadway production, with Collins again directed by Callow, opened at the Booth Theatre. It ran for 324 performances. Ellen Burstyn replaced Collins later in the run. Loretta Swit starred in a US national tour in 1995. From 26 March - 8 May 2010, as part of the Willy Russell season at the Menier Chocolate Factory, Meera Syal played Shirley in the production's first London West End revival. A West End transfer of the Menier Chocolate Factory production ran at the Trafalgar Studios from 20 July - 30 October 2010. Meera Syal reprised her role as Shirley; this production was adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio Four in 2010 and 2017. A 30th Anniversary Tour, starring Jodie Prenger ran in the UK from March 2017 to November 2017. Film adaptation. Russell adapted his play for a 1989 film version, directed by Lewis Gilbert, with Collins again playing the title role. Medicine Lodge, Kansas Medicine Lodge is the biggest city in Barber County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Barber County. In 2010, 2,009 people lived there. History. Settlers led by a man named John Hutchinson founded Medicine Lodge in February 1873. It was created north of the confluence of Elm Creek and the Medicine Lodge River. The community grew quickly, and it had a hotel, stores, and a post office established within a year. In 1874, in response to Native raids in the region, residents and the state militia constructed a stockade. A group of Osage killed three settlers within a few miles of the compound, but no direct attack on the fortifications occurred. Medicine Lodge was incorporated as a city in 1879. Temperance activist Carrie Nation launched her crusade against the sale of alcohol while living in Medicine Lodge in 1900. Her home and a recreation of the 1873 stockade are open to the public. Geography. Medicine Lodge is at (37.284352, -98.580977) in south-central Kansas. It is in the Red Hills region of the Great Plains. The city is north of the confluence of the Medicine Lodge River and Elm Creek. The city is on the northeast side of the river. Elm Creek goes south around the eastern and southern sides of the city. A tributary of Elm Creek, which goes south through Medicine Lodge, has been dammed north of the city to form a reservoir. This reservoir is Barber County State Lake. The city is at the junction of U.S. Routes 160 and 281. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Medicine Lodge has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa"). It has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature in Medicine Lodge is 57.3 °F (14 °C), and the average precipitation per year is 26.2 inches (660 mm). On average, January is the coldest month, July is the warmest month, and June is the wettest month. The hottest temperature ever in Medicine Lodge was 118 °F (48 °C) in 1936; the coldest temperature ever was -22 °F (-30 °C) in 1905. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 2,009 people, 876 households, and 530 families living in Medicine Lodge. Infrastructure. Medicine Lodge is the western endpoint of the Medicine Lodge railroad of the V&S Railway. The rail line runs northwest-southeast through the southwestern part of the city. Media. "The Gyp Hill Premiere" is the local newspaper. It is published once per week. Columbus, Kansas Columbus is the second biggest city Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. It is about 15 miles south-southwest of Pittsburg. It is also the county seat of Cherokee County. In 2010, 3,312 people lived there. History. The first settlement at Columbus was created in 1868. The first post office in Columbus was created in 1869. Columbus was a railroad junction for the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroads. It was named Columbus by A.L. Peters, one of the European-American creators of the city. It was named after his hometown of Columbus, Ohio; the name is indirectly named after Christopher Columbus, the explorer. Coal, lead and zinc were found in the area. Columbus had a big trade in agricultural products. Its businesses had machine shops, grain elevators, flour mills, a cigar factory, bottle works (soft drinks), a canning factory, and a big brick-making factory. In 1875, Robert A. Long and Victor Bell created the Long-Bell Lumber Company in Columbus. From one lumberyard, Long-Bell grew their businesses and holdings to become one of the biggest vertically integrated lumber companies in the United States. In 1956, it was bought by International Paper. Geography. Columbus is at (37.171379, -94.840704). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Columbus has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Columbus has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 3,312 people, 1,424 households, and 850 families living in Columbus. Educating Rita (movie) Educating Rita is a British 1983 drama/comedy movie directed by Lewis Gilbert. The screenplay is by Willy Russell based on his 1980 stage play. The film stars Michael Caine, Julie Walters, Michael Williams and Maureen Lipman. It won multiple major awards for best actor and best actress and was nominated for three Academy Awards. Caine and Walters both won BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for best actor and actress. The British Film Institute ranked "Educating Rita" the 84th greatest British film of the 20th century. Plot. Rita (Julie Walters) is a 26-year-old Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser. She is dissatisfied with the routine of her work. She is reluctant to have a child. She fears it will tie her to the same monotonous routine for life. She yearns to escape to something, without exactly knowing what that is. She signs up for an Open University course in English Literature. Her assigned tutor is Frank Bryant (Michael Caine). Bryant is a jaded university lecturer. He describes his abilities as "appalling but good enough for his appalling students". His passion for literature is reignited by Rita. Her ability for the subject is limited by her lack of education. Frank finds her enthusiasm refreshing. Frank's cynicism returns as he notices Rita beginning to adopt the pretensions of the university culture he despises. The film ends with Frank being sent to Australia. Production. Lewis Gilbert says it was difficult to raise finance for the film. "Columbia wanted me to cast Dolly Parton as Rita". Julie Walters, in her feature-film debut, reprised her role from the stage production. The film was shot in Dublin. Trinity College, Dublin, is used as the setting for the university. University College Dublin, in Belfield, Dublin, is used for Rita's summer school. The room used by Bryant as his office is in the College Historical Society. The room used by Bryant as his tutorial room is in the University Philosophical Society. The production left portraits of Douglas Hyde and Isaac Butt, and a bust of John Pentland Mahaffy on display. Number 8 Hogan Avenue in Dublin near Grand Canal Dock was used for Rita's house. A house in Burlington Road, Ballsbridge was used for Bryant's. The scene set in France was filmed in Maynooth, County Kildare. Pearse Station and Dublin Airport were also used. The scene in the pub was shot in The Stag's Head pub on Dame Court in Dublin. Reception. Critics. The American "Variety" magazine in December 1982 praised Walters' interpretation of Rita as "witty, down-to-earth, kind and loaded with common sense." Ian Nathan reviewing the film for Britain's "Empire" film magazine calls it a "gem,". He gave it four out of five stars. American critic Janet Maslin called the film "the perfect play about literature for anyone who wouldn't dream of actually reading books". Chicago critic Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four. He said Russell's screen adaptation "added mistresses, colleagues, husbands, in-laws, students and a faculty committee, [that were] all unnecessary". Awards and nominations. Retrospective assessments. In 1999, the film was among the BFI Top 100 British films. In 2007, while promoting the remake of "Sleuth", Caine called "Educating Rita" "the last good picture [he] made before [he] mentally retired." Home media. The film was released on DVD in the UK and the US. In 2008, ITV Studios released it on Blu-Ray in the UK (Region B) as a 25th Anniversary edition. Proposed remake. In November 2002, the then-82-year-old director Lewis Gilbert said he would like to remake it "with a black cast that could include Halle Berry and Denzel Washington". principal photography was to commence in 2003. The project was abandoned. Pauline Collins Pauline Collins (born 3 September 1940) is an English actress of stage, television, and movies. Her first major role was in 1971 as Sarah Moffat in "Upstairs, Downstairs". In 1988, Collins played the title role in the play "Shirley Valentine". In 1989, She reprised the role in the movie adaptation. She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. In 1992, she released her autobiography, titled "Letter to Louise". Early life and career. Collins was born in Exmouth, Devon. Her mother was a school teacher. Her father was a school headmaster. She was brought up as a Roman Catholic in Wallasey near Liverpool. Her great-uncle was Irish poet Jeremiah Joseph Callanan. Collins was educated at Sacred Heart High School. She studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. She worked as a teacher until 1962. She then made her stage debut at Windsor in "A Gazelle in Park Lane". In 1965, she made her West End debut in "Passion Flower Hotel". During the play's run, she made her first movie, "Secrets of a Windmill Girl". It was released in 1966. Collins played Samantha Briggs in the 1967 "Doctor Who" serial "The Faceless Ones". She declined an offer of a role as a new companion for the Doctor. Other early TV credits include the UK's first medical soap "Emergency - Ward 10" (1960). In 1969, she was in the pilot episode and first series of "The Liver Birds". Collins first became well known for her role as the maid Sarah in the 1970s ITV drama series "Upstairs, Downstairs". The character was in the first two series. In the second series she appeared with her actor husband, John Alderton. In 1979, they starred in a spin-off, "Thomas & Sarah". They also starred in the sitcom "No, Honestly". This was written by Terence Brady and Charlotte Bingham. From 1975 to 1978, they worked together in a series of short-story adaptations called "Wodehouse Playhouse". In 1983, they narrated the animated British children's TV series "Little Miss". In April 1972, she was a subject of the television programme "This Is Your Life", being surprised by Eamonn Andrews. In 1973, in her "Upstairs, Downstairs" role, Collins recorded a single for Decca called "What Are We Going to Do with Uncle Arthur?". It was performed by her character several times during the series. The 'B' side was "With Every Passing Day" (a vocal version of the show's theme). "Shirley Valentine". In 1988, Collins starred in the one-woman play "Shirley Valentine" in London. In 1989 she reprised the role on Broadway. She was then in the 1989 movie version. The movie won a number of awards and nominations. Both the play and the feature movie used the technique known as "breaking the fourth wall". The character Shirley Valentine directly addresses the audience throughout the story. After "Shirley Valentine". Collins starred alongside her husband in the popular ITV drama series "Forever Green". This was created and written by Terence Brady and Charlotte Bingham. It was about a couple who start a new life in the country with their children. It ran from 1989 to 1992 in over 18 episodes. In 1990, Collins was voted sexiest woman in Britain. In 2006, she became only the third actor to have been in both the original and new series of "Doctor Who". She appeared in the episode "Tooth and Claw" as Queen Victoria. In 2015, she appeared as Mrs Gamp in the BBC TV series "Dickensian". In the 2001 Birthday Honours, Collins was agiven an OBE for services to drama. Personal life. Collins married actor John Alderton in 1969 and lives in Hampstead, London, with her husband and their three children, Nicholas, Kate, and Richard. She also has an older daughter with actor Tony Rohr, Louise, whom she gave up for adoption. They were reunited when Louise was 22 years old. Panasonic Q The Panasonic Q is a variant of the Nintendo GameCube. It plays both GameCube games and DVDs. It was released only in Japan. NES Advantage The NES Advantage is a arcade style controller manufactured by Asciiware and released by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1987. The stick features two turbo buttons. It is very large, and takes up both controller ports on the system. Nintendo 64 controller The Nintendo 64 controller, also known as the "Trident", is the main controller for the Nintendo 64. It has an analog stick, a D-pad, and a control pad. Despite all of these buttons, it only has three face buttons. Wii U GamePad The Wii U GamePad is a tablet-like controller for the Wii U. It has a touch screen and gyroscopic controls. Many criticized it for its poor battery life. It also has NFC receivers for use with Amiibo. A camera and sensor bar, used for controlling a Wii Remote, is also present. Super Scope The Super Scope is the Super NES' variant of the NES Zapper. It is a light gun, similar to the Zapper. NES Max The NES Max is a controller made by Nintendo for the NES. It has the Turbo feature of the Advantage, but it is the size of a standard NES controller. Power Glove The Power Glove is a third-party controller made by Mattel. It is a commercialized version of a concept for a fiber optic glove. It is also one of the first examples of a motion-controlled device used for video games. It did not catch on with audiences. Critics did not like it. It is heavily featured in the movie "The Wizard". Nintendo GameCube controller The Nintendo GameCube controller is the main controller for the Nintendo GameCube. Nintendo GameCube–Game Boy Advance link cable The Nintendo GameCube-Game Boy Advance link cable (abbreviated NGC-GBA link cable) is a device that allows the Game Boy Advance to connect with the GameCube. It is also compatible with the eReader but requires more systems for this connectivity. SNES Mouse The SNES Mouse is a mouse controller for the SNES. It is compatible with Mario Paint. IQue Player The iQue Player is a special version of the Nintendo 64. It was made for the Chinese market. It is very rare, and only few exist. You can play some games, and some demos like Super Mario 64. You can only have 5 games at a time. Remo Bodei Remo Bodei (3 August 1938 – 7 November 2019) was an Italian philosopher. He was Professor of the history of philosophy at the University of California at Los Angeles. He also taught at the University of Pisa and Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Bodei was born in Cagliari, Italy. His initial interests were in classical German philosophy and the Weimar Classicism period (1770–1830). He wrote over 200 papers on utopian. Bodei died on 7 November 2019 at the age of 81. George Tarasovic George Kenneth Tarasovic (May 6, 1930 – October 2019) was a college and professional American football player. He played 15 years in the National Football League with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, and Denver Broncos. He was born in Granville, New York. On November 7, 2019, it was announced that Tarasovic had died in October in Savannah, Georgia at age 89. Granville, New York Granville, New York is a town on the eastern border of Washington County. It is also near Rutland County, Vermont. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town population was 6,456 at the 2000 census. Fort Edward (town), New York Fort Edward is a town in Washington County, New York, United States. The population was 10,205 at the 2011 census. It is the county seat of Washington County. Parsa District Parsa District (, a part of Province No. 2 in Terai plain, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Birganj as its district headquarters, has an area of and has a population (2001) of 497,219. According to the locals, Parsa is named after Parsagadhi temple in the district. Demographics. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Parsa District had a population of 601,017. Of these, 78.1% spoke Bhojpuri, 6.4% Nepali, 5.1% Maithili, 3.8% Tharu, 2.2% Urdu, 1.3% Tamang, 0.8% Rajasthani and 0.7% Newari as their first language. 30.4% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 5.4% Bhojpuri and 4.9% Hindi as their second language. Administration. VDC/s and Municipalities (blue) in Parsa District The district consists of one metropolitan city, three urban municipalities and ten rural municipalities. These are as follows: Torryburn Torryburn is a village and parish in Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth. City of Joy (movie) City of Joy is a 1992 French-British drama movie. It was directed by Roland Joffé. The screenplay is by Mark Medoff. It is based on the novel by Dominique Lapierre. The story looks at the life in Indian slums. Plot. Hasari Pal (Om Puri) is a rural farmer. He moves to Calcutta with his wife Kamla (Shabana Azmi) and three children. They seek a better life. They are cheated out of their rent money and thrown out on the streets. It is difficult for Hasari to find a job. The family refuses to give up. They find their place in the poverty-stricken city. At the same time, Max Lowe (Patrick Swayze) arrives in Calcutta. He is a US surgeon. He is upset after the loss of a young patient. He seeks spiritual enlightenment. He encounters misfortune as soon as he arrives. He is tricked by a young prostitute. He is roughed up by thugs. He loses his documents and valuables. Hasari comes to Max's aid. He takes the injured doctor to the "City of Joy". This is a slum area populated with lepers and poor people. This becomes their new home. Max spends a lot of time there. He does not want to become too involved with the residents because he is afraid of becoming emotionally attached to them. An Irish woman, Joan (Pauline Collins), runs the local clinic. She persuades Max to help. Max begins to fit in with his fellow slum-dwellers. He becomes more optimistic. Ther people around him have much worse lives. Their hope give new strengths to the depressed doctor. Reception. The movie was not a box office success. The film grossed $14.7 million in the United States. The film received mixed reviews. It received a 56% 'rotten' rating on review site Rotten Tomatoes. Butch Goring Robert Thomas "Butch" Goring (born October 22, 1949) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player. He played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Los Angeles Kings, New York Islanders and Boston Bruins. He is a four-time Stanley Cup winner with the Islanders. Since retiring as a player he has served as head coach of both the Bruins and Islanders. He currently serves as the Islanders TV color commentator alongside Islanders play by play announcer Brendan Burke. Jim Benzelock James John Benzelock (born June 21, 1947) is a former professional ice hockey right winger. He was drafted in the first round, fifth overall, by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1968 NHL Amateur Draft. He never played in the National Hockey League; however, he appeared in 166 World Hockey Association games with the Alberta Oilers, Chicago Cougars, and Quebec Nordiques. Jouko Innanen Jouko Innanen (29 October 1952 – 1 October 2019) was a Finnish cartoonist. Innanen's cartoons were published in the magazines "Iltalehti", "Turun Sanomat", "Länsi-Savo", "Itä-Savo" and "Länsiväylä". He died in Savonlinna. Kranji MRT station Kranji MRT station (NS7) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Sungei Kadut, Singapore. History. Kranji station was not included in the North South Line Woodlands Extension when it was proposed in 1990. It was later included as a temporary station that will be built at a later stage. Kranji station was eventually built to serve the Singapore Turf Club. This station also serves as a key transfer point for passengers that are going to Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Echocardiography Echocardiography or Echocardiyogram is an ultrasound to view and hear the heart. Echocardiography is able to view two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images and sounds of the heart. The echocardiography machine's are mainly used in hospitals. Echocardiography dates back to the 1950s and was invented by Carl Helmuth Hertz and Inge Edler. Admiralty MRT station Admiralty MRT station (NS10) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Woodlands, Singapore. The name of this station came from a former British naval base located on the northern coast of Singapore. History. In 1990, the government proposed to build the North South Line Woodlands Extension to extend the existing North-South and East-West lines. The extension connects Choa Chu Kang with Yishun. Construction started in 1991 and the station was opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other five stations on the Woodlands Extension. Television screens were installed at Admiralty station, along with Woodlands, Marsiling and Yew Tee stations. On 2 March 2007, 2,900 commuters were stranded as train services between the Admiralty and Kranji MRT stations were disrupted for about 45 minutes. Bridging bus services were deployed to ferry the passengers to Kranji. Incident. On 7 June 2017, a 34 year-old man was arrested for leaving a luggage bag unattended at the bicycle bay of the station. Divo, Ivory Coast Divo is a city in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Divo Department. It is also the seat of Lôh-Djiboua Region in Gôh-Djiboua District and a commune. In the 2014 census, the population of Divo was 179,455, making it the tenth-most populated city in the country. The city is served by Divo Airport. History. Divo was the seat of the Sud-Bandama region from 1997 to 2011. The Firm (1989 movie) The Firm is a 1989 British made-for-television drama movie. It was directed by Alan Clarke. It was written by Al Hunter Ashton for the BBC. It stars Gary Oldman, Phil Davis, Charles Lawson and Steve McFadden. The film is based on the activities of the Inter City Firm, a football firm of West Ham United during the 1970s and 1980s. The film, courted controversy on release. It has come to be regarded among the best films on the subject of football hooliganism. It is notable for having almost no background music. The only music is over the opening titles. It is Dean Martin's rendition of "That's Amore". Oldman's performance has been hailed as one of the greatest of his career. Plot. Clive Bissel (nicknamed "Bex", or "Bexy") is a married man with a baby son. He is the leader of a hooligan firm known as the ICC (Inter City Crew). His wife disapproves of his activities as a football hooligan. These contrast to his respectable job as an estate agent. He is unwilling to give up violence as it gives him a "buzz". Bexy's father accepts his son's lifestyle. He takes a group photograph of the 'tooled up' gang. He boasts that he did similar activities when younger. He feels that Bex has gone soft because they now use weapons. The film begins with a rival gang called "The Buccaneers" vandalising Bexy's Ford Sierra XR4x4. While Bexy is playing football, they spray graffiti in the dressing room. Yeti, the leader of the Bucaneeers drives a white Volkswagen Golf GTi cabriolet across the football pitch. Bexy wants to form a 'National Firm' made up from rival gangs. He wants this 'firm' to be big enough to take on the large international hooligan groups. Bexy meets leaders from other firms in the Tower Hotel in London. This includes the Buccaneers. The other gangs like the idea. They do not like the idea of Bexy being "top boy". The rival firms agree to fight each other to decide who will lead the new "firm" into Europe. Bexy uses intimidation to keep his position as leader of the ICC. The young men think of themselves as respected figures in their local community. Bexy's wife tells him that is not correct. She says everyone thinks of him as a joke. She says they fear his violent nature, so few are willing to stand up to him. The ICC survive violent clashes with the other gangs. They must still defeat the Buccaneers. Bexy is looking forward to defeating Yeti. Bexy beats up Yeti during the ICC's clash with the Buccaneers. He is shot dead by an injured Yeti. The closing scene depicts the surviving ICC members in a pub. They honour Bexy as a hero. They will fight the European firms in memory of their dead leader. The hooligans agree that Bex was a visionary who brought them together. They give him legendary status. They vow to continue. Reception and legacy. "The Firm" proved controversial. It has been both celebrated and condemned for its violent content. Tom Dawson in "The List" reported that it "is widely considered to be the toughest and most insightful screen depiction of football hooligans". "Vice" critic Harry Sword wrote that ""The Firm" remains the definitive celluloid document on football hooliganism". Philip French in "The Observer" described the film as "by some way the best movie on the subject of football hooliganism and a key text on the subject of Thatcher's Britain." Film4 hailed "The Firm" as a "brilliant and compelling drama". It features Oldman "at his visceral, intense best". Josh Winning of "Total Film" observed its "unflinching depictions of violence". He named Oldman's "stunning" performance as the best of his career. In 2018, Matthew Thrift of the British Film Institute wrote that Bissell "remains probably Gary Oldman's greatest screen performance". "The Firm" has been described as a cult classic. Home media releases. The film was first released on VHS on 21 Oct 1996. It was in a double pack with the similarly themed ID. A DVD was first released by Prism Leisure on 2 Feb 2004. The film has been sold as part of numerous box-sets. These often include films of a similar nature or from director Alan Clarke. On 10 Sep 2007, the BBC released a special edition DVD in collectible SteelBook packaging. Extra features on the special edition include: A version of the film was included in the 2016 DVD set "Alan Clarke at the BBC, Volume 2: Disruption". This version includes censored scenes restored from tape. The new scenes include: a more graphic version of Bex's blinding of Oboe, a scene of Bex mock-raping his wife, and Bex performing a knife attack on Yeti's private parts). It was also released as a stand-alone DVD. Both releases were under the British Film Institute's control. Remake. The story was adapted by Nick Love into the 2009 film of the same name. Firm (disambiguation) A firm is a commercial partnership of two or more people. Firm or The Firm may also refer to: Randnet Randnet was the online system for the Nintendo 64DD. It was required for it to function. It no longer exists. The service was only released in Japan. Millook Millook is a place on the north coast of Cornwall. It has these remarkable cliffs. The cliffs at Millook are so famous they were voted by the Geological Society as one of Britain's top 10 geological sites. They came top of the "folding and faulting" category. The cliffs have a series of horizontal chevron folds. The rocks were once sedimentary rocks laid down in deep water during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. We know this because they still contain brachiopod fossils of a type which lived in the late Devonian period. Later they were altered by heat from granite during mountain building in the English counties of Devon and Cornwall. The Variscan orogeny caused the intrusion of the hot granite. The subsequent contact with the sandstones created the metamorphic rocks seen today. This also put intense pressure on the sediments causing them to be folded and faulted. What we see is a small part of a huge mountain system caused by a continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana. This formed the supercontinent of Pangaea. Nintendo Network The Nintendo Network is the online service for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. A Nintendo Network ID is required to use it. Basel Mission The Basel Mission was a Christian missionary society based in Basel, Switzerland. It was active from 1815 to 2001, when it transferred the operative work to Mission 21, the successor organization of "Kooperation Evangelischer Kirchen und Missione" (KEM), founded in 2001. Duty to rescue Duty to rescue is a concept that many law systems have: In certain cirumstances, someone can be held responsible for not helping another person who is in danger, and who would be injured, or who would die, if not helped. People are required to help to the best of their abilities. As a bare minimum, this often means alerting emergency services. Not all law systems have this concept, and in general the following is true: Those helping are often protected by law, against errors they make. In many cases, the duty to rescue has become customary law. This is the case for example for helping people at sea. Moral duty to help. A moral or ethical duty to rescue may exist even where there is no legal duty to rescue. Such a duty can be justified in different ways. One kind of justification is general and applies regardless of role-related relationships: Under this general justification, people have a duty to rescue other people in distress because of their common humanity. With this justification, the specific skills of the rescuer or the nature of the victim's distress are irrelevant. This kind would justify cases of rescue and in fact make such rescue a duty even between strangers. With this justification in mind, philosopher Peter Singer suggests that if one saw a child drowning and could intervene to save him, they should do so, if the cost is moderate to themselves. Damage to their clothing or shoes or how late it might make them for a meeting would be an insufficient excuse to avoid assistance. Singer goes on to say that one should also try to rescue distant strangers, not just nearby children, because globalization has made it possible to do so. Such general arguments for a duty to rescue also explain why after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Haitians were digging family members, friends, and strangers out of the rubble with their bare hands and carrying injured persons to whatever medical care was available. It also explains why, journalist and physician Sanjay Gupta and a number of other MD-journalists began acting as physicians to treat injuries rather than remaining uninvolved in their journalistic roles. Similarly, they justify journalist Anderson Cooper's attempt to shepherd an injured young boy away from some "toughs" nearby in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake. Specific arguments for such a duty to rescue include: There are also ethical justifications for role-specific or skill-specific duties of rescue such as those described above under the discussion of U.S. Common Law. Generally, these justifications are rooted in the idea that the "best" rescues, the most effective rescues, are done by those with special skills. Such persons, when available to rescue, are thus even more required to do so ethically than regular persons who might simply make things worse (for a utilitarian, rescue by a skilled professional in a relevant field would maximize the good even better than rescue by a regular stranger). This particular ethical argument makes sense when considering the ability firefighters to get both themselves and victims safely out of a burning building, or of health care personnel such as physicians, nurses, physician's assistants, and EMTs to provide medical rescue. Team Trees Team Trees is a non-profit fundraiser trying to plant 20 million trees by 2020. It was created by the YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober, and many other YouTubers have helped too. The donations go to the Arbor Day Foundation, a group that plants one tree for every $1 received. Mark Rober himself has made a self tree planting drone. Recently, they have both also made a separate charity called Team Seas with a similiar goal. Russian Grand Prix The Russian Grand Prix () is an annual auto race held at Sochi Autodrom – a street circuit built around Olympic Park in Sochi, Russia, as part of the Formula One World Championship. The 2022 edition was cancelled due to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, before contract future race was terminated. Winners. Repeat winners (drivers). "Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." Repeat winners (constructors). "Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br> "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." Repeat winners (engine manufacturers). "Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br> "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." By year. "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." Monrovia, Kansas Monrovia is an unincorporated community in Atchison County, Kansas, USA. Monrovia is at . History. Monrovia was platted in 1856. This makes it one of the oldest towns in Atchison County. The community on the Missouri Pacific Railroad never did grow enough to meet its creators' expectations. A post office was opened in Monrovia in 1857. It was used until it was discontinued in 1955. Canadian Home Video Rating System The Canadian Home Video Rating System is a voluntary rating classification system applied to home video products such as VHS and DVDs. It was originally created in 1946 as Motion Picture Classification Corporation of Canada. Ratings. There are six ratings: Other websites. CHVRS William Wintersole William Wintersole (July 30, 1931 – November 5, 2019) was an American actor. He appeared on "The Young and the Restless" for over 20 years as Mitchell Sherman. On "General Hospital" he was "Ted Ballantine". Wintersole was a character actor. He appeared in television series, including "I Dream of Jeannie", "Kojak", "Little House on the Prairie", "Quincy, M.E.", "Bonanza", "", and "The Fugitive". Hermanubis Hermanubis is an Egyptian-Greek god unifying the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Anubis. Günter Litfin Günter Litfin (19 January 1937 – 24 August 1961) was a German tailor. He was the second known person to die at the Berlin Wall. Litfin was the first victim to be killed by East German border troops. He was the first to succumb to gunshot wounds, and was the first male victim. Aviation Park MRT station Aviation Park MRT station (CR2) is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island MRT line. The station is in Changi, Singapore and will serve as the terminating point for the Cross Island line. The code "CR1" is reserved for a future extension towards Changi Airport. History. The station was first announced on 25 January 2019 as part of the Cross Island Line (CRL). Construction will start in 2020 and expected to be completed by 2029. Loyang MRT station Loyang MRT station (CR3) is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island MRT line. The station is in Pasir Ris, Singapore. History. The station was first mentioned in 2013 as one of the residential areas that the Cross Island line will serve. It was then officially announced on 25 January 2019 as part of the Cross Island Line (CRL). Construction works will start in 2020 and expected to be completed by 2029. Pasir Ris East MRT station Pasir Ris East MRT station (CR4) is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island MRT line. The station is in Pasir Ris, Singapore. History. The station was first mentioned in 2013 as one of the residential areas that the Cross Island line will serve. It was then officially announced on 25 January 2019 as part of the Cross Island Line (CRL). Construction works will start in 2020 and expected to be completed by 2029. Master Roshi Master Roshi is a major character in the manga and anime "Dragon Ball" created by Akira Toriyama. He is a old hermit who lives on a island in the Kame House who will be the teacher of Goku, Krillin and Yamcha. He is the man who developed he Kamehameha technique. One of his quirks is having nosebleeds when he sees beautiful girls (like Bulma). During the World Martial arts tournaments he adoptes the identity of Jackie Chun. Santa Fe de Nuevo México Santa Fe de Nuevo México (shortened to "Nuevo México" and translated into English as "New Mexico") was a Kingdom of New Spain and a territory of Mexico from 1598 until 1846. Then it was part of the United States of America for two years until 1848. After this it officially became part of the United States. First it was the New Mexico Territory. Now it is the US state New Mexico. Tampines North MRT station Tampines North MRT station (CR6) is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island MRT line. The station is in Tampines, Singapore. History. The distance between this station and the next station, Defu, is the furthest between any two stations on the MRT Network. The station was first announced on 25 January 2019 as part of the Cross Island Line (CRL). Construction will start in 2020 and expected to be completed by 2029. Oron-le-Châtel Oron-le-Châtel was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. Vuibroye Vuibroye was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron. André Breton André Robert Breton (; 18 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer, poet and anti-fascist. He is known best as the co-founder and principal theorist of Surrealism. His works include the first "Surrealist Manifesto" ("Manifeste du surréalisme") of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism". He led a surrealist group with members like Salvador Dali and Max Ernest. Grandvaux Grandvaux was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the municipalities Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) joined together to become the new municipality called Bourg-en-Lavaux. Riex Riex was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the municipalities Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) joined together to become the new municipality called Bourg-en-Lavaux. Paudex Paudex is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. Union City, Oklahoma Union City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. The Broker's Man The Broker's Man is a BBC British television drama series. Jimmy Griffin is an ex-detective. He uses his skills as a fraud investigator for an insurance company. "The Broker's Man" was produced by Bentley Productions for BBC One. It starred Kevin Whately as Jimmy Griffin. It ran for two series from 17 June 1997 to 27 August 1998. It was filmed in the years between Whately's role as Inspector Lewis in the two TV series, "Inspector Morse" and "Lewis". The complete series of "The Broker's Man" was released on DVD by Acorn Media UK on 4 February 2008. A Fish Called Wanda A Fish Called Wanda is a 1988 British-American heist comedy film. Charles Crichton directed the movie. John Cleese wrote the screenplay. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline and Michael Palin as a gang of diamond thieves. They double-cross one another to find stolen diamonds hidden by the gang leader. A barrister (Cleese) becomes a main character as "femme fatale" Wanda (Curtis) uses him to locate the loot. It was Crichton's last movie. Kline won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Cleese and Crichton received a nomination for Best Original Screenplay. Crichton was nominated for Best Director. Cleese won a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. Palin won for Best Supporting Actor. Curtis received a nomination for Best Leading Actress. Maria Aitken received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Cleese received a nomination for best actor and Curtis received a nomination for best Actress at the Golden Globes Another movie called "Fierce Creatures" came out in 1997. The same actors star in it but play different characters. It does not continue the story of A Fish Called Wanda. Plot. George Thomason and Ken Pile are gangsters in London. Ken loves animals and he has a stutter. They plan to steal a jewels. They ask two Americans for help: con artist Wanda Gershwitz and weapons expert Otto West. Otto is a stupid and mean. Also, he does not like British people. Wanda and Otto are lovers. They hide this from George and Ken by pretending to be siblings. This frees Wanda to work her charms on them. The robbery is successful and the gang escapes with a lot of diamonds. They hide them in a safe in an old workshop. Wanda and Otto betray George to the police and he is arrested. They return to collect the diamonds. Wanda plans to double-cross Otto as well. She finds that George has moved the diamonds. Wanda discovers the key to the safe deposit box containing the diamonds in Ken's fish tank. She hides it in her pendant. Wanda seduces George's barrister, Archie Leach. Archie is in a loveless marriage. He quickly falls for Wanda. She gets him to persuade George to plead guilty and to tell the location of the diamonds. Otto is jealous. His interference causes Wanda and Archie's liaisons to go disastrously wrong. Wanda accidentally leaves her pendant at Archie's house. Archie's wife, Wendy, mistakes it as a gift for her. At Wanda's insistence, Archie recovers the pendant by staging a burglary. Archie feels guilty and ends the affair. George asks Ken to kill Mrs Coady. She is the Crown's only eyewitness to the robbery. Ken tries three times. Each time he accidentally kills one of her dogs instead. This causes him great distress. The last dog's death gives her a fatal heart attack. So Otto is successful. With no witness, George seems poised to get off soon. He reveals the location of the diamonds to Ken. Otto learns Ken now knows where they are. Otto tries to force Ken to reveal where the diamonds are by eating his pet fish. He leaves Ken's favourite, named Wanda, until last. Ken reveals that the diamonds are at a hotel near Heathrow Airport. With Otto's knowledge and Wanda's key, the pair want George to remain in jail. At his trial, defence witness Wanda unexpectedly gives evidence against him. Archie is stunned. He is flustered and messess up his questioning. He inadvertently calls Wanda "darling". Wendy realises that Archie has had an affair. She declares their marriage over. With no career and no marriage, Archie resolves to cut his losses, steal the diamonds for himself and flee to South America. George tells Archie that Ken knows where the diamonds are. Archie sees Wanda fleeing the courthouse. He pulls her into his car and races to Ken's flat. As Archie runs into the building, Otto steals Archie's car, taking Wanda with him. Ken and Archie give chase. Otto and Wanda recover the diamonds. Wanda double-crosses Otto and leaves him unconscious in a broom cupboard. After recovering, Otto shoots his way out and is confronted by Archie. Otto is about to kill Archie. Archie stalls him by taunting Otto about American failures such as the Vietnam War. Ken arrives, driving a steamroller, seeking vengeance for his fish. Otto, who has stepped in wet concrete and cannot move, is run over but survives. Archie and Wanda board the plane. Otto clings to the outside of the plane. He curses them until he is blown off as the plane takes off. Production. In 1969, Cleese and Crichton tried to make a film together but it never got started. They promised each other that they would work on a film in the future. In June 1983, they began writing the script for "Wanda". For the next two and half years they met three times a month to work on the script. According to Crichton, "We had a week of rehearsals and then a gap of two weeks in which to incorporate any new ideas which had been thrown up and to polish the script." According to Michael Palin, the original title was "A Goldfish Called Wanda." Cleese told an interviewer why he called his character Archie Leach. Cary Grant's real name was Archie Leach. Cleese said "I feel this film is as near as I'll ever get to being Cary Grant." Cleese served as co-director as the studio executives at MGM were worried about Crichton's age. He was 78 years old at the time. On the set, Crichton wore a T-shirt presented to him by Cleese and inscribed "Age and treachery will always overcome youth and skill". The film was shot in London during the summer of 1987. Reception. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% approval rating, based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. "Smartly written, smoothly directed, and solidly cast, "A Fish Called Wanda" offers a classic example of a brainy comedy with widespread appeal." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 80 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Six weeks after release it reached number one at the box office in the United States. It eventually grossed $62,493,712 in the US. It was the number one rental video in the US in 1989. During the initial run of the film, a Danish audiologist named Ole Bentzen died during a screening when his heart rate rose to an estimated 250–500 beats per minute from laughing at a scene too hard, leading to a fatal heart attack. In 2016, "Empire" magazine ranked "A Fish Called Wanda" 35th on their list of the 100 best British films. They called it "a must-own for any British comedy fan". They said, "it made possible Richard Curtis's later Brit-com oeuvre by establishing that British eccentricism can sell, revived the world's interest in Ealing comedies, and allowed a character with Cary Grant's real name – Cleese's bumbling lawyer Archie Leach – to live again on the big screen". Accolades. The film is number 27 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". It is also included in the "Reader's Digest" "100 Funniest Films" list. In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked it 39th of the BFI Top 100 British films of the 20th century In 2000, the American Film Institute placed the film 21st on its 100 Years...100 Laughs list. In 2003, AFI nominated Otto West as a villain from this film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains. James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" awarded the film four out of four stars in his review; it is also number 10 on his "Top 100" list. Sequels and adaptations. The main actors worked together again in 1997 to make "Fierce Creatures". It is not a sequel or prequel, but is similar in style to A Fish Called Wanda. It is called a spiritual sequel. The actors played different characters. "Fierce Creatures" was not as well received by critics or audiences as "A Fish Called Wanda". The novelization of "Fierce Creatures", written by Iain Johnstone, who co-wrote the film, begins with a letter from Archie (John Cleese's character in the first film) to his brother Rollo. According to the letter: A loose Indian adaptation, "Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav", was released in 2005. In 2008, it was reported that John Cleese and his daughter, Cynthia (who played his screen daughter, Portia), had started to work on a stage musical version of the film. Rivaz Rivaz is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the smallest municipality by area in Switzerland. Essertes Essertes is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Les Cullayes Les Cullayes was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Les Cullayes became part of Servion on 1 January 2012. Ferlens Ferlens was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2016, the former municipalities of Carrouge, Ferlens and Mézières joined together to become the new municipality called Jorat-Mézières. Puidoux Puidoux is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Forel, Vaud Forel is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the Swiss canton of Vaud. 1993–94 Belizean municipal elections Belizean municipal elections, 1993-1994 was a series of municipal elections held in Belize within a period of twelve months and sandwiching a General election. Stoneware Stoneware is a broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature. It may or may not be glazed. It was developed after earthenware and before porcelain. Stoneware can be made from a much wider range of clays than porcelain. Historically, reaching high temperatures was a big challenge. Lower temperatures were used for a long time. Earthenware can be fired as low as 600°C. This was done in primitive pit firing, but to was more typical. As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired in a kiln at temperatures in the range of about 1,000°C (1,830 °F) to ; stonewares at between about to ; and porcelains at between about to . Tanganyika (territory) Tanganyika was a territory in Africa, administered by Great Britain from 1916 to 1961. The territory was roughly equivalent to the part of modern-day Tanzania, which is on the African continent, without the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, but with the Island of Mafia. Before 1916, it was part of German East Africa. German East Africa included other territories as well. The territory was named after Lake Tanganyika, on its eastern border. In 1961, Tanzania became independent, with the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, as well. Servion Servion is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The former municipality called Les Cullayes became part of Servion on 1 January 2012. Jesse Lingard Jesse Lingard (born 15 December 1992) is an English footballer. He plays for Manchester United. He also plays for the England national football team. Chexbres Chexbres is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Roff, Oklahoma Roff is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Skedee, Oklahoma Skedee is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Constitutional law Constitutional law is an area of law that shows how the institutions of a country are organised, and the basic rights rights of citizens. In most countries, such as the United States, this is found in a written text called a constitution. Some countries use a lot of different texts and unwritten rules instead, such as the United Kingdom. State structure. Constitutional law explains how different institutions relate to each other. For example, the relationship between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. In a federal country, constitutional law explains what the powers of the central government and state governments are. Human rights. Constitutional law shows citizens what rights they have. Some examples are the United States Bill of Rights, or the European Convention on Human Rights. Heart (symbol) The heart symbol is a symbol used to express affection or love, especially if it is romantic. A wounded heart symbol is used to express lovesickness, and is either shown pierced with an arrow or broken into two or more pieces. Aptivate Aptivate is an NGO and not-for-profit organisation based in the United Kingdom. Aptivate combines good ideas from the commercial software businesses and international development organizations. It makes ICT services to improve communication for communities that do not have good access to the Internet. Aptivate made the open source website service called "Loband". The company started on 1 December 2002 with the name "Aidworld". It changed its name to Aptivate in December 2006. Aptivate is a member of the Humanitarian Centre. Loband. Loband was developed in 2004. Loband simplifies web pages so they download faster over slow Internet connections. This is very useful in poor countries. Loband was originally named "Aidbase". History. Aptivate was called Aidworld. It was founded in 2002. Two aid workers in Nepal started the company. They were working for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. They had experienced communications problems in developing countries. They tried to find a way to improve communications. They worked with some friends who had technical knowledge. They founded Aidworld. They started by supporting the humanitarian aid sector. In 2006, Aidworld changed its name to Aptivate. Since then, Aptivate has been working with other non-profits, charities, NGOs, facilitators and trainers, web/software developers and technical consultants. 2004 2005 2006 2007 Liverpool Playhouse The Liverpool Playhouse is a theatre in Williamson Square in the city of Liverpool, England. It started in 1866 as a music hall. In 1911 it became a repertory theatre. It nurtured the early careers of many actors and actresses. Some of whom went on to achieve national and international reputations. Architectural changes have been made to the building over the years. The latest change was in 1968. A modern-style extension was added to the north of the theatre. In 1999 a trust was formed. This joined the management of the Playhouse with that of the Everyman Theatre. History. In 1866, the present theatre opened. It was named the Star Music Hall. It was designed by Edward Davies. It replaced an earlier theatre called the Star Concert Hall. In 1895 its name was changed to the Star Theatre of Varieties. In 1898 it was improved by Harry Percival with a new auditorium and foyer. Electricity was installed. In 1911 the Liverpool Repertory Theatre Limited was established. Basil Dean was its "controller and producer". The company could not afford to build a new theatre. It bought the Star Theatre for £28,000 (). This made it the first repertory in Britain to own the freehold of a theatre. The company spent a further £4,000 () on redesigning and modernising the theatre. The auditorium and the basement foyer were redesigned by Stanley Adshead. He was the Professor of Civic Design at the Liverpool School of Architecture. The theatre was for many years managed by Maud Carpenter. The theatre was renamed the Liverpool Repertory Theatre. In 1916, it was renamed the Liverpool Playhouse. In 1961 and 1966, minor structural alterations were made to the theatre. In 1968 a modern-style extension was added to the north of the theatre. This was to accommodate new foyers, bars, dressing rooms and a workshop. In the 1990s the theatre company went into liquidation. In 1999 the Liverpool and Merseyside Theatres Trust Limited was established as a charity, and the theatre re-opened. It is managed jointly with the Everyman Theatre by Liverpool City Council. Artistes. As a repertory company, the theatre has been involved in the careers of actors and actresses who have later achieved wide fame. Noël Coward and Gertrude Lawrence worked with the company as child actors. Other artistes who gained experience at the theatre include Robert Donat, Lilian Braithwaite, Cecil Parker, John Gregson, Clive Brook, C. Aubrey Smith, Richard Burton, Michael Redgrave, Diana Wynyard, Rex Harrison, Patricia Routledge, Anthony Hopkins, and Richard Briers. Architecture. Older section. The exterior of the older part of the theatre is stuccoed. It has a slate roof. Its entrance faces Williamson Square. It has seven bays and is in three storeys. The central three bays project forward. They are surmounted by a broken pediment. On the ground floor the central bays contain three entrances. These are separated by pillars. These lead to a recessed porch. Over each entrance is an architrave containing a fanlight. The lateral bays contain two round-headed and one flat-headed entrance on each side. There are three blind round windows. In the middle storey the bays are separated by pilasters. The three central bays each have a balustrade and a window with a tympanum containing a roundel. Each of the three lateral bays contains a window with a cornice, and a round window above it. Along the top storey are oculi between panelled pilasters. On the summit of each of the two lateral bays is a cupola on a short Tuscan colonnade. Inside the older part of the theatre are two balconies. These are supported by cast iron columns. The interior is decorated in Greek Revival style. Newer section. The newer section is constructed in concrete. It is mostly faced by glass. On the ground floor are entrance doors. Above this, the building is based around three cylinders. The largest of these starts at the first floor and rises through two storeys. It is cantilevered from a central column. To the left is a smaller cylinder, cantilevered from a separate column, interlocking with the larger cylinder. Inside the whole is a hollow column containing the stairs. Assessment and critique. The theatre is recorded in the National Heritage List for England. On 14 March 1975, it was designated a Grade II* listed building. The list quotes the "Architects' Journal" of 1968. This says the older section is "significant as an early and rare work by one of the pioneers of the Liverpool School of Architecture, in the Grecian style favoured by the school at that date". Of the newer section it says that it is "a brilliant concept, joyously realised, which exploits asymmetrical volumes and ever varying spaces yet achieves unity and also balance with the adjoining Victorian façade". In the "Buildings of England" series, the architectural historians Richard Pollard and Nikolaus Pevsner say of the newer section that it is "a spectacular composition which creates an atmosphere of excitement and anticipation, exactly right for a theatre foyer". Robert Fulton Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 25, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who invented the steamboat. Fulton county (county in the state of Georgia) was named after him. Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle Thomas Pelham-Holles (21 July 1693 – 17 November 1768) was 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme. He was a British Whig statesman, and the third Prime Minister. He was Prime Minister for two separate terms. He is commonly known as the Duke of Newcastle. His official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He was a protégé of Sir Robert Walpole, and served under him for more than 20 years until 1742. He held power with his brother, Prime Minister Henry Pelham, until 1754. By then he had served as a Secretary of State continuously for 30 years and dominated British foreign policy. After Henry's death, the Duke of Newcastle was prime minister for six years in two separate periods. His first premiership (17541756) was not particularly notable: Newcastle partly caused the Seven Years' War, and his weak diplomacy cost him the premiership. After his second term (17571762), he served briefly in Lord Rockingham's ministry, before he retired from government. He was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or William Pitt the Elder. VSCO VSCO is a photography application for smartphones. It was developed by Joel Flory and Greg Lutze in 2011. Samsung Galaxy S10 Samsung Galaxy S10 is a line of Android-based smartphones manufactured, released and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The Galaxy S10 series is a celebratory series of the 10th anniversary of the Samsung Galaxy S flagship line, its top line of phones next to the Note models. Unveiled during the "Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2019" press event held on February 20, 2019, the devices started shipping in certain regions such as Australia and the United States on March 6, 2019, then worldwide on March 8, 2019. It is the tenth generation of Samsung's Galaxy S series of smartphones. As has been done since the Galaxy S6, Samsung unveiled flagship Galaxy S10 and Galaxy S10+ models, differentiated primarily by screen size and an additional front-facing camera on the S10+. In addition, Samsung also unveiled a smaller model known as the Galaxy S10e, as well as a larger, 5G-compatible version, the Galaxy S10 5G. In 2020, a midrange variant, the Galaxy S10 Lite, was also introduced. The Galaxy S10e, S10 and S10+ launch prices started at $749/£586, $899/£704 and $999/£782, while the S10 5G's launch price was $1299. On March 6, 2020, Samsung launched the successor to the S10, the Samsung Galaxy S20. Specifications. Hardware. Display. The S10 line comprises five models with various hardware specifications; the main S10 and S10+ respectively feature 6.1 and 6.4-inch 1440p "Dynamic AMOLED" displays with HDR10+ support and "dynamic tone mapping" technology. The displays have curved sides that slope over the horizontal edges of the device. Unlike previous Samsung phones, their front-facing cameras occupy a rounded cut-out near the top-right of the display, and both models use an ultrasonic in-screen fingerprint reader. While providing better performance over the optical in-screen fingerprint readers introduced by other recent phones, they are not compatible with all screen protectors. Due to this, the S10 and S10+ are both supplied with a pre-installed plastic screen protector. Chipsets. International models of the S10 use the Exynos 9820 system-on-chip, while the U.S. and Chinese models use the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855. The two devices are sold with 128 or 512 GB of internal storage along with 8GB of RAM, with the S10+ also being sold in a 1-terabyte model with 12GB of RAM. They respectively contain 3400 mAh with the standard S10 and 4100 mAh batteries for the S10+ model, supporting Qi inductive charging, and the ability to charge other Qi-compatible devices from their own battery power. Cameras. The S10 features a 3-lens rear-facing camera setup; it retains the dual-aperture 12-megapixel and 12-megapixel telephoto lenses of the Galaxy S9+, but now uses a camera module introduced on the Note 9 and also adds a 16-megapixel ultra-wide angle lens. The front-facing camera on the S10+ is accompanied by a second RGB depth sensor, which Samsung states helps improve the quality of photo effects and augmented reality image filters. Both sets of cameras support 4K video recording and HDR10+. The camera software includes a new "Shot Suggestion" feature to assist users, "Artistic Live Filters", as well as the ability to post directly to Instagram posts and stories. S10+ uses a double hole punch design for the front camera, while S10 uses a single hole punch design. The Galaxy S10e and S10 make use of "advanced heat-pipe" cooling systems, but the more expensive Galaxy S10 Plus uses a vapor chamber cooling system. In the manual mode, the exposure time can be increased up to ten seconds. Models. Alongside the main S10 and S10+, Samsung also unveiled two additional models. The S10e is a downsized version of the S10, featuring a smaller, flat, 5.8-inch 1080p display with no curved edges. Its fingerprint reader is contained within the power button on the right side rather than in-display, and it excludes the 12-megapixel telephoto camera of the S10. It still includes the dual-aperture 12-megapixel and 16-megapixel ultra-wide-angle sensors. There is also a larger, phablet-sized premium model known as the S10 5G, which features support for 5G wireless networks, a 6.7-inch display, 256 or 512 GB of non-expandable storage, additional 3D time-of-flight cameras on both the front and rear, and a non-user-replaceable 4,500 mAh battery. This model was temporarily exclusive to Verizon Wireless on launch in 2019 before expanding to other carriers in the weeks after launch. Charging speeds are 45 Watts on the S10 Lite, 25 Watts on the S10 5G and 15 Watts on the S10e. The S10 series (except S10 Lite) is the last model in the Galaxy S series to feature 3.5 mm headphone jack as its successors, the S20, S20+ and S20 Ultra, do not. In January 2020, the S10 Lite was released. It is a midrange variant of the S10, containing the same cameras as the main variant. It features 128 GB of expandable storage, a 6.5 inch 1080p screen on a plastic frame, and a 4,500 mAh battery. This variant removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack featured on all of the 2019 variants of the S10, as well as wireless charging, instead being equipped with 25 watt Super Fast Charging picked up from the Galaxy Note 10. Unlike the main variants, the S10 Lite is only offered with Snapdragon 855 chipset. Colours. Galaxy S10e, S10, and S10+ are available in the colors Prism White, Prism Black, Prism Green, Prism Blue, Cardinal Red, Flamingo Pink and Smoke Blue. Galaxy S10e is also available in Canary Yellow. Galaxy S10 5G comes in the colors Crown Silver, Majestic Black, and Royal Gold. Galaxy S10+ and Galaxy S10+ Performance Edition offer two additional color choices: Ceramic Black and White. The Performance Edition ceramic models offer 12GB RAM and 1TB of internal storage. Software. The S10 range ships with Android 9.0 "Pie". They are the first Samsung smartphones to ship with a major revamp of Samsung's Android user experience known as One UI. A main design element of One UI is intentional repositioning of key user interface elements in stock apps to improve usability on large screens. Many apps include large headers that push the beginning of content towards the center of the display, while navigation controls and other prompts are often displayed near the bottom of the display instead. Samsung released the Android 10 update to the Galaxy S10 series on 28 November 2019. The update includes One UI version 2.0. On 18 August 2020, it was announced by Samsung that all variants of the S10 series would be supported for three generations of Android software updates. An official list released by Samsung on December 2, 2020, further confirmed that all S10 models would be receiving the Android 11 upgrade with One UI 3. Known issues. The fingerprint scanner had a security flaw that allowed anyone to unlock the phone with a silicone screen protector, which also affected the Note 10. Samsung rolled out a patch to fix this problem on October 23, 2019. Reception. Dan Seifert from "The Verge" gave the S10 a score of 8.5/10, praising its excellent display, performance, battery life, versatile camera system and headphone jack inclusion. However, he noted that the new in-screen fingerprint scanner was slower and more finicky and camera performance was not as good as the Pixel 3's in low light. Andrei Frumusanu from "AnandTech" reported that the Exynos 9820 performed significantly better than last year's Exynos 9810, although he also stated that the Exynos 9820 still couldn't keep up with the Snapdragon 855. He has not tested the power efficiency of the Exynos 9820 yet. Marques Brownlee praised the S10's One UI for improving one-handed usability. He labelled the S10+ as one of the few $1000 smartphones that are worth their price tag. Jeffrey Van Camp from "Wired" rated the S10 9/10 for its all-screen design, fun features, ultrasonic fingerprint sensor, wireless charging with power sharing and headphone jack inclusion. His complaints were that the camera, while fantastic, still couldn't rival the Pixel 3's night shots, it could be difficult to find what the user wanted in the settings menus, wireless power sharing was slow and the edges needed palm rejection. The S10+ received an overall score of 109 from "DXOMARK"; it had a photo score of 114, a video score of 97, and a selfie score of 96. The S10 5G received an overall score of 112, tying it as the site's top ranked phone at the time along with the P30 Pro. It had a photo score of 117, a video score of 100, and a selfie score of 97. Sales of the S10 have exceeded that of the preceding S9, with the S10+ being the most popular model followed by the regular S10 and then the S10e. Jeanine Áñez Jeanine Áñez Chávez (born 13 August 1967) is a Bolivian lawyer. She was the 81st President of Bolivia from 11 November 2019 to 8 November 2020. She became president following the resignation of President Evo Morales. She was a Senator, representing Beni. She is the second female President of Bolivia. In the early hours of 13 March 2021, Áñez was arrested on charges of terrorism, sedition and conspiracy over her actions during the 2019 coup of Evo Morales. In June 2022, she was sentenced to ten years in prison for her role in the 2019 political crisis. Ringling, Oklahoma Ringling is a town in Jefferson County, Oklahoma in the United States. Maracon Maracon is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2003, the former municipality La Rogivue became part of the municipality called Maracon. Savigny, Switzerland Savigny is a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Wing coupling Wing coupling is common in some four-winged insects such as moths. It makes them "functionally dipterous". They are effectively two-winged. The advantage is more efficient flight. In many moths the wing coupling is done by a tiny hook going round a tiny spur. In butterflies and some moths the wing coupling is got by wing overlap, rather than hooks. Sphingid moths have been much studied for their flying ability, especially their ability to move rapidly from side to side while hovering, called "swing-hovering" or "side-slipping". This is thought to have evolved to deal with ambush predators that lie in wait in flowers. Andijan Region Andijan Region is a region in Uzbekistan. It is in the far-right part of Uzbekistan. It touches the Namangan Region, the Fergana Region and the country Kyrgyzstan. The region is in the lower part of the Fergana Valley. There are about 3,000,000 people living in the Andijan Region which means there are more people living in Andijan Region for every square kilometer than any other region in Uzbekistan. The capital of the Andijan Region is Andijan. The Andijan Region makes up about 1% of all the land area in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan was controlled by the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1991. Religion was made illegal and mosques were closed by the Soviet Union. Regardless, the people are mostly Islamic today. The Andijan Region has 14 administrative districts, 11 cities and 95 villages. The region's hokim is Shuhratbek Abdurahmonov. The people of the Andijan Reigon speak Uzbek. In 1902 an earthquake in Andijan killed more than 4000 people. The Andijan Region has natural resources like petroleum, limestone, and natural gas. The region is famous for its sweet watermelons and melons. Work. Food processing, the chemical industry, and light industry are in the Andijan Region. The first car construction factory in Central Asia was opened in Asaka in the Andijan Region. Asaka is the capital of the Asaka District in the Andijan Region. 2005 Massacre. On 13 May 2005, the Uzbek military shot into a large crowd of protestors at the Navoi Square in the city of Andijan. Around 187-700+ people were killed. The people were protesting against the president, Islam Karimov. The military was ordered to shoot the people by Karimov. Meganisoptera The Meganisoptera were the giant dragonflies from the Palaeozoic era. They lived in the Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous) epoch to the late Permian period. The group used to be called Protodonata. The largest of these dragonflies was "Meganeuropsis" from the early Permian. It had a wingspan of 28 inches (71 cm). Not all this group had giant size, but they were all larger than modern dragonflies. The modern classification is as follows: Bitburg Bitburg (; ; ) is a city in Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate approximately northwest of Trier and northeast of Luxembourg city. The American Spangdahlem Air Base is nearby. Bitburg controversy The Bitburg controversy involved a ceremonial visit by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to a German military cemetery in Bitburg, a town in extreme western Germany near the border with Luxembourg, in May 1985, designed to celebrate the end of World War II in Europe 40 years earlier. The visit caused some controversy, both in the United States and around the world, when it became known that members of the Waffen-SS, the military arm of Nazi Germany's SS ("Schutzstaffel"), were also buried there. The entire SS was judged to be a criminal organisation at the Nuremberg trials. The fact that Reagan had not been scheduled to visit former Nazi concentration-camp sites compounded the controversy, and a trip to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was later added to his itinerary. On Sunday 5 May, Reagan and Kohl appeared at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. The U.S. President's speech there, according to "Time", was a "skillful exercise in both the art of eulogy and political damage control." Reagan said: All these children of God, under bleak and lifeless mounds, the plainness of which does not even hint at the unspeakable acts that created them. Here they lie, never to hope, never to pray, never to live, never to heal, never to laugh, never to cry... And then, rising above all this cruelty, out of this tragic and nightmarish time, beyond the anguish, the pain and suffering, and for all time, we can and must pledge: never again. Reagan responded about the controversy: "This visit has stirred many emotions in the American and German people too. Some old wounds have been reopened, and this I regret very much, because this should be a time of healing." Azerbaijan Grand Prix The Azerbaijan Grand Prix () is a Formula One motor race that was held for the first time in . It is held on the Baku City Circuit, a street circuit in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. Winners. Repeat winners (constructors). "Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." Repeat winners (engine manufacturers). "Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." Fort Jones, Calaveras County, California Fort Jones is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It is about 894 meters above sea-level. Fort Jones is about 6 kilometers west of Arnold. Young Adult Library Services Association The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), started in 1957. It is part of the American Library Association. YALSA is a national association of librarians, library workers and people who support libraries. They want to make libraries larger and better help teens. YALSA gives several awards and supports an Young Adult Literature Symposium each year. They also do Teen Read Week, the third week of each October, and Teen Tech Week, the second week of each March. YALSA has over 5,200 members. Phillip E. Johnson Phillip E. Johnson (June 18, 1940 – November 2, 2019) was an American writer and law professor. He was the UC Berkeley law professor and co-founder of the pseudo-scientific intelligent design movement. He was an author of the "Wedge strategy" and co-founder of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (CSC) . He said of himself "the father of the intelligent design movement". Johnson died on November 2, 2019 at his Berkeley, California home at the age of 79. Shoji Sadao Shoji Sadao (贞夫翔二, December 20, 1926 – November 2, 2019) was a Japanese American architect. He was best known for his work with R. Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi. During World War II he was stationed in Germany and was a cartographer for the United States Army. In 1964 Sadao co-founded the architectural firm Fuller & Sadao Inc., whose first project was to design the large geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Sadao died on November 3, 2019 in Tokyo from heart and kidney failure, aged 92. SKEMA Business School SKEMA Business School is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in 7 places, in Suresnes, in Lille, in Belo Horizonte, in Sophia Antipolis, in Raleigh, in Suzhou and in Cape Town. It has been created in 2009 and therefore presents itself as "At Home Worldwide". SKEMA is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management. Kim Tae-hyung Kim Tae-hyung () may refer to: BTS (disambiguation) BTS may refer to: List of mountains in the Andes This is a list of the mountains in the Andes that are at least high. The Andes are the longest exposed mountain range of the world, and the second-highest after the Himalayas. The Andes mountain range is also the highest mountain range outside Asia. Michael Hanack Georg Michael Hanack (22 October 1931 – 6 November 2019) was a German chemist. He was a Professor emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Tübingen (Germany). Hanack was born in Luckenwalde, Germany. He was best known for his works towards vinyl cations and phthalocyanines. He retired in 2001. Governor-General of Jamaica The governor-general of Jamaica represents the queen of Jamaica, Elizabeth II. Leo Klejn Lev Samuilovich Kleyn (; 1 July 1927 – 7 November 2019), better known in English as Leo Klejn, was a Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist. He was born in Vitebsk, Belarus. Klejn's first printed work was published in 1955; his first monograph in 1978. Heinz Höher Heinz Höher (11 August 1938 – 7 November 2019) was a German footballer and manager. He played for Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Meidericher SV, FC Twente and VfL Bochum. He coached Schwarz-Weiß Essen, VfL Bochum, MSV Duisburg, Fortuna Düsseldorf, Ethnikos Piraeus F.C., PAOK, Olympiacos and 1. FC Nürnberg. Ivan Maksimović Ivan 'Ivica' Maksimović (August 12, 1962 – November 7, 2019) was a Serbian rock, Balkan ethnic, folk and pop guitarist. He played in the Yugoslavian heavy metal band Metro, pop-folk band 'Ljute papričice' and was a member of The No Smoking Orchestra. Maksimović died on 7 November 2019. Maria Perego Maria Perego (8 December 1923 – 7 November 2019) was an Italian animation artist. She was known as the creator of the character Topo Gigio in 1959 with her husband Federico Caldura. She was born in Venice. Perego died on 7 November 2019 in Milan at the age of 95. Fred Bongusto Alfredo Bongusto (6 April 1935 – 8 November 2019), known by his stage name Fred Bongusto, was an Italian light music singer-songwriter and composer. He was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. He composed the soundtracks of more than 30 movies, such as "Day After Tomorrow" (1968), "Un Detective" (1969), "The Divorce" (1970), "Come Have Coffee with Us" (1970), "The Eroticist" (1972), "Gli ordini sono ordini" (1972), "Malizia" (1973), "Lovers and Other Relatives" (1974), "Le farò da padre" (1974), "Conviene far bene l'amore" (1975), "Al piacere di rivederla" (1976), "Oh, Serafina!" (1976), "Fantozzi contro tutti" (1980), "Fracchia la belva umana" (1981) and "Superfantozzi" (1986). Bongusto died in Rome on 8 November, 2019. He was 84. Lucette Destouches Lucette Destouches (20 July 1912 – 8 November 2019) was a French dancer. She was married to the writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline until his death in 1961. In his novels, she inspired the character Lili. The character appeared in "Castle to Castle", "North", and "Rigadoon". Destouches began to teach classical dance. She taught courses with Judith Magre, Françoise Gallimard, Isabelle Gallimard, Ludmilla Tchérina, and members of 2Be3 during their early careers. Destouches died on 8 November 2019 at her home in Meudon. She was 107. Edwin Bramall Field Marshal Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, Baron Bramall, (18 December 1923 – 12 November 2019) was a senior British Army officer. Bramall was Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, between 1979 and 1982, and as Chief of the Defence Staff, professional head of the British Armed Forces, from 1982 to 1985. On 25 April 2013 Bramall retired from service in the House of Lords. Bramall died at the age of 95 on 12 November 2019. Salp A salp is a barrel-shaped, planktic tunicate. Salps moves by contracting. This pumps water through their gelatinous bodies. It is one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. The salp pumps water through its internal feeding filters and feeds on phytoplankton. Salps are common in all seas. The most salps are in the Southern Ocean (near Antarctica), where they may form enormous swarms, often in deep water. They are sometimes even more abundant than krill. Although salps look similar to jellyfish with their simple body form and behaviour, in fact they are chordates. This means they are animals with a dorsal nerve cord. They are related to vertebrates, animals with backbones. Admire, Kansas Admire is a city in Lyon County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 156 people lived there. History. Admire was created in 1886. It was named after one of its creators, Jacob Admire. The first post office in Admire was created in November 1886. Admire was a station and shipping point on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. By the mid 1990s, rail service in Admire had been ended, and the tracks are now being used as a rail trail. Geography. Admire is at (38.641416, -96.101932). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. Admire is part of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 156 people, 60 households, and 43 families living in Admire. Agenda, Kansas Agenda is a city in Republic County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 68 people lived there. History. Agenda (formerly Neva) was planned out in 1887 on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad line. The name Agenda comes from Latin, meaning "“what ought to be done". The post office in Agenda was ended in 1998. Geography. Agenda is at (39.708897, -97.432156). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 68 people, 29 households, and 18 families living in Agenda. Siege of Ravenna (539–540) The Siege of Ravenna that took place between the years 539-540, was during Justinian's Gothic War. Kathryn Pogson Kathryn Pogson (born 1954) is an English film and stage actress. In 1985, she was in Terry Gilliam's cult film "Brazil". In 1986, she received a Drama Desk Award nomination for her performance in the New York production of "Aunt Dan and Lemon". She grew up in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. She went to Crossley & Porter Girls' Grammar School. Isabel, Kansas Isabel is a city in Barber County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 90 people lived there. History. Isabel was created in 1887. Isabel was named after the daughter of a surveyor. Geography. Isabel is at (37.468706, -98.551325). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 90 people, 40 households, and 23 families living in Isabel. Nirvana discography The discography of American rock band Nirvana includes three studio albums, three live albums, four compilation albums, twenty-one singles, two extended plays, and two box-sets. Nirvana formed in Aberdeen, Washington in 1987 by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, with the band having many different drummers. The band released its first album, "Bleach", in 1989 on the record label Sub Pop. After being joined by drummer Dave Grohl, the band released its second album "Nevermind", which is now one of the best-selling alternative rock albums of all time. and popularized the Seattle grunge movement and alternative music. The band's third studio album, "In Utero" (1993), was also very popular, but not as popular as "Nevermind". Nirvana ended in 1994 after Cobain died. Some compilation, live and box-set albums were released after this. Singles. Retail singles. Notes Promotional singles. Notes Inman, Kansas Inman is a city in McPherson County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,377 people lived there. History. Inamn was created in 1887. It was called Aiken. Its name changed to Inman, in 1889. It was named after Major Henry Inman. He was the namesake for Lake Inman, located about east of the town. Geography. Inman is at (38.230355, -97.772773). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Inman has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Inman has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,377 people, 513 households, and 347 families living in Inman. Education. Inman is part of Inman USD 448 school district. Hormoaning Hormoaning is an extended play by American rock band Nirvana. It was released on February 5, 1992 through DGC Records. It was only relased in Australia and Japan while the band were touring there. Ismail Mire Ismail Mire was the commander in chief of the Darwiish State. Iuka, Kansas Iuka is a city in Pratt County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 163 people lived there. History. Iuka was created in 1877. It was named after the Battle of Iuka in Iuka, Mississippi. Iuka was once the county seat. The first post office in Iuka was created in December 1877. Geography. Iuka is at (37.729696, -98.734758). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 163 people, 79 households, and 49 families living in Iuka. Jamestown, Kansas Jamestown is a city in Cloud County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 286 people lived there. History. Jamestown was created in 1878. It was incorporated as a city in 1883. It was named after either Senator James Pomeroy, or James P. Pomeroy, a railroad official. A post office was opened in Alva (a ghost town) in 1871, but it was moved to Jamestown in 1878. The town moved itself to the Missouri Pacific Railroad. 1911 fire. In 1911 the entire downtown business area was destroyed by a fire. Few records remain of that fire, but the townspeople rebuilt the downtown commercial area. 2000 fire. On January 28, 2000, another fire burned several buildings on Main Street. It spread to the city hall. The town rebuilt. Mayor Judy Hill said, "A fire like that can destroy a small town, but instead it ignited a community spirit here." In a few days, Jamestown was having town meetings to make plans for the future. Geography. Jamestown is at (39.600031, -97.861759). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 286 people, 126 households, and 84 families living in Jamestown. Media. The "Jamestown Settler" was a newspaper that was published from 1977 until 1983. It published once per week. Other papers were published from time to time, including "The Kansas Optimist" from 1904 until 1965 and "The Quill" from 1888-1890. Red Apple, California Red Apple is a unincorporated community in Calaveras County, California. It 986 meters above sea level. California State Route 4 is in Red Apple. There is a small farmer's market that sells apple products. Sources. Brazil (disambiguation) Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. Brazil or Brasil may also refer to: Movie and television. Note that simple wikipedia uses the word "movie" as the same as "film" for most film pages Sonic the Hedgehog (movie) Sonic the Hedgehog is a 2020 adventure movie. It is based on the video game series of the same name by Sega. It is directed by Jeff Fowler. It was originally going to be released on November 8, 2019, but had been delayed because the old design for Sonic was criticized by fans. The movie was released on February 14, 2020. A sequel to the movie titled "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" released on April 8, 2022. Plot. The film begins with Sonic running away from Dr. Robotnik. The movie then rewinds to the beginning. Sonic is shown running in Green Hill Zone, bringing back a flower to Longclaw, Sonic's guardian. Longclaw warns Sonic that somebody could have seen him, but Sonic doesn't believe her. It turns out she is right and multiple echidnas had sawn him, and attack them for his speed. Longclaw gives Sonic her rings, and tells him that they can travel between dimensions, and that Sonic should use them if he is ever spotted. Sonic uses the ring and goes to another dimension. He tries to get back to his home realm, but the gateway closes before he could do so. Ten years later, Sonic eventually finds his way into Earth. There, Tom Wackowski, on parking duty, is bored and is waiting for a car to speed. He finds a turtle, and his speed gun reads "0.01". Then, Sonic passes by, with his speed gun reading 296. He passes by again, this time his gun reads 300. The turtle is in the street, about to get run over when Sonic saves him, and brings him to a forest, and returns home. Sonic tells the viewers his life, then accidentally drops his rings. He picks them up, and then tells us that if he gets spotted, he will have to migrate to a mushroom planet. After watching a baseball game, that night, he plays baseball by himself, but realizes that he is alone and runs fast, accidentally causing an explosion that shuts down the electric power across the entire Pacific Coast. The government suggests Dr. Robotnik to figure this out. Dr. Robotnik joins the investigation, insulting the workers. He uses his technology and one of his drones finds a blue hair left from Sonic. Robotnik identifies this as a "new species". Production. The first trailer for Sonic the Hedgehog movie was released to YouTube on April 2019. However, on the video, it received many more dislikes than likes on the trailer. Many fans were concerned that the Sonic design in the trailer looked too human-like, which made it too creepy to them. Paramount had to delay production of the movie so that they could redesign Sonic. In the second trailer, many fans were praised the new design of Sonic. Sonic now appears more similar to how he appears in the original Sonic games. Reception. Box office. "Sonic the Hedgehog" has earned a total earning of $149 million in the United States and Canada, and in other countries, for a worldwide total of . It was the sixth-highest-grossing movie of 2020. It was also highest-grossing superhero movie of the year. It was the first time in a decade that Marvel did not make the top grossing superhero movie of the year. It was also the only year between 2008 and 2021 that Marvel did not release a movie. Chatham Islands The Chatham Islands are a New Zealand archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. They are about east of the South Island of New Zealand. The archipelago is a cluster of about ten islands in radius. The largest are Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Some of these islands are now nature reserves to protect the unique flora and fauna. the islands had a resident population of 600. The local economy depends largely on conservation, tourism, farming, and fishing. The Chatham Islands became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842. Geology. The Chatham Islands are part of the now largely submerged continent of Zealandia. They are the only part of the Chatham Rise above sea level. This means the Chatham Islands are far from the Australian-Pacific plate boundary which causes New Zealand's geology. The rocks are a Mesozoic schist basement covered by marine sedimentary rocks. The rocks show sections of basalt from a series of eruptions. Volcanic activity has occurred multiple times since the Cretaceous. At present there is no active volcanism near the Chatham Rise. Ojos del Salado Ojos del Salado is a stratovolcano in the Andes range, in Argentina and Chile. It is the highest active volcano in the world. It is also the second highest mountain in America. The first people to reach the top were Justyn Wojsznis and Jan Szczepański in 1937. Monte Pissis Monte Pissis is a mountain in the Andes range, in Argentina. It is the 3rd highest mountain in the Andes. The first people to reach the top were the Polish climbers Osiecki and Szczepanski in 1937. Cerro Bonete Cerro Bonete is a mountain in the Andes range, in Argentina. It is also known as Bonete Chico. It is the 5th highest mountain in the Andes. The mountain remained unclimbed until at least 1970. Cerro Bonete (Bolivia) Cerro Bonete is a volcano, in Sur Lípez Province, Bolivia. Dick Dearden Dick L. Dearden (June 3, 1938 – November 2, 2019) was an American politician. He was the Iowa State Senator from the 34th District. A Democrat, he was in the Iowa Senate from 1995 to 2017. Dearden was born in Des Moines, Iowa. Dearden died in Des Moines on November 2, 2019 at the age of 81. Virginia Leith Virginia Leith (October 15, 1925 – November 4, 2019) was an American actress. She was known for her leading roles in "On the Threshold of Space", "Toward the Unknown", "Violent Saturday" and "A Kiss Before Dying". She dated actor Marlon Brando in 1956. Leith died on November 4, 2019 at the age of 94. John Gokongwei John Lim Gokongwei Jr. (; 11 August 1926 – 9 November 2019) was a Filipino billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He had holdings in telecommunications, financial services, petrochemicals, power generation, aviation, food, beverage, and livestock farming. Gokongwei also owned Universal Robina Corporation, one of the largest manufacturer of snacks in Southeast Asia. He was the chairman of JG Summit Holdings, one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines. Noel Ignatiev Noel Ignatiev (; December 27, 1940 – November 9, 2019) was an American author and historian. He was best known for his work on race and social class and for his call to end "whiteness". Ignatiev was the co-founder of the New Abolitionist Society and co-editor of the journal "Race Traitor", which pushed for the idea that "treason to whiteness is loyalty to humanity" He also wrote a book on antebellum northern xenophobia against Irish immigrants, "How the Irish Became White". His publisher called him as "one of America's leading and most controversial historians". Ignatiev died from an intestine infection at a hospital in Tucson, Arizona on November 9, 2019 at the age of 78. Brian Mawhinney Brian Stanley Mawhinney, Baron Mawhinney, PC (26 July 1940 – 9 November 2019) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was a member of the Cabinet of John Major from 1994 until 1997 and a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1979 until 2005. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Mawhinney died on 9 November 2019 in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, aged 79. Džemma Skulme Džemma Lija Skulme (; 20 September 1925 – 9 November 2019) was a Latvian artist and modernist painter. Skulme's personality played an important role in Latvian art development and social life of Latvia in the second half of the 20th century. In 1992 she was elected honorary member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, and received an honorary doctor degree from the Art Academy of Latvia in 1998. She died on November 9 at the age of 94. T. N. Seshan Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan (15 December 1932 – 10 November 2019) was an Indian politician. He was the 18th Cabinet Secretary of India in 1989. He was appointed the 10th Chief Election Commissioner of India (1990–96) and became known for election reforms. He won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service in 1996. He died at his home in Chennai on 10 November 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 86. Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey The V-22 Osprey is a tilt rotor aircraft, meaning it has 2 rotors it can tilt. This makes it so it can fly like a helicopter and an airplane. When the US Military failed Operation Eagle Claw, which was going to rescue some hostages, they wanted to get an aircraft that could take off vertically and was fast. This led to the companies Boeing and Bell Aircraft to work together to make the V-22 Osprey. István Szívós István Szívós Jr. (24 April 1948 – 10 November 2019) was a Hungarian water polo player. He competed in four consecutive Olympics in 1968–1980 and won a medal in each of them. He also won six gold or silver medals at world and European championships and nine national titles. He died 10 November 2019 at the age of 71. Supercarrier A Supercarrier is a type of Aircraft carrier that is really big. Supercarriers generally weigh over 70,000 tons, or 63,502,932 kilograms. Don Cherry Donald Stewart Cherry (born February 5, 1934) is a Canadian former ice hockey commentator. He is also a sports writer, as well as a retired professional hockey player and National Hockey League (NHL) coach. In 2004, Cherry was voted by viewers as the seventh-greatest Canadian of all-time in the CBC miniseries "The Greatest Canadian". Cherry played one game with the Boston Bruins, and later coached the team for five seasons. From 1986 to 2019, Cherry co-hosted "Coach's Corner"—a segment aired during CBC's Saturday-night NHL broadcast "Hockey Night in Canada". In November 2019, Cherry was fired by Sportsnet from "Hockey Night in Canada" for comments that suggested Canadian immigrants liked military veterans dying and benefited from it. Premier of the Virgin Islands The Premier of the Virgin Islands is the head of government for the British Virgin Islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the Premier is appointed by the Governor on behalf of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The current Premier is Andrew Fahie. He is serving since 26 February 2019. Andrew Fahie Andrew Alturo Fahie (, born 7 August 1970) is the 3rd and current Premier of the British Virgin Islands since 26 February 2019. He is also the current Chairman of the Virgin Islands Party in the British Virgin Islands. On April 28, 2022, he was arrested in the United States and charged with drug trafficking and money laundering. Ralph T. O'Neal Ralph Telford O'Neal, OBE (December 15, 1933 – November 11, 2019) was a politician in the British Virgin Islands. He was the second longest serving elected representative in the British Virgin Islands. He was Chief Minister (when the office was so titled) or Premier of the British Virgin Islands for two terms. In the length of his tenure he was surpassed only by his predecessor Hamilton Lavity Stoutt. Orlando Smith Daniel Orlando Smith, OBE (born 28 August 1944) is the former Premier of the British Virgin Islands. He first won the office when his National Democratic Party won the 2003 general election. Zeke Bratkowski Edmund Raymond "Zeke" Bratkowski (October 20, 1931 − November 11, 2019) was an American professional football player. He was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons with the Chicago Bears, Los Angeles Rams, and Green Bay Packers. He was born in Danville, Illinois. Bratkowski died at his home in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida on November 11, 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 88. Santa Rosa Beach, Florida Santa Rosa Beach is an unincorporated community in Walton County, Florida, United States. It belongs to the Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Santa Rosa Beach, FL is located at 30.3960324°, -86.2288322°. It is located north of U.S. Route 98 on the shores of Hogtown Bayou of the Choctawhatchee Bay. In fact, it was originally known as Hogtown until the later part of the 18th Century. Overall, this zip code covers a land area of 65 square miles (plus 0.82 square miles of water area) for a population of 11,457 (4,831 households) according to the 2010 census. Frank Dobson Frank Gordon Dobson (15 March 1940 – 11 November 2019) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Holborn and St. Pancras from 1979 to 2015. He worked in the Tony Blair Cabinet as Secretary of State for Health from 1997 to 1999, and was the official Labour Party candidate for Mayor of London in 2000, ultimately finishing third in the election behind Conservative Steven Norris and the winner, Labour-turned-Independent Ken Livingstone. Dobson retired at the 2015 general election. Dobson died on 11 November 2019 at the age of 79. Mount Frank Rae Mount Frank Rae is a mountain in the Yukon, in Canada. It is the highest of the Ogilvie Mountains which are close to Dawson City. Winston Lackin Winston Guno Lackin (23 December 1954 – 11 November 2019) was a Surinamese politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Suriname in the cabinet of President Dési Bouterse between 13 August 2010 and 13 August 2015. Lackin died on 11 November 2019 at his home in Suriname from cancer at the age of 64. Mekong giant catfish The Mekong giant catfish ("Pangasianodon gigas") is a rare species of catfish. It is a part of the shark catfish family. It is one of the biggest species of freshwater catfish. It is endemic to the lower half of the Mekong River. Because of overfishing and habitat loss, the fish is now critically endangered. Sometimes, Mekong giant catfish are raised in aquaculture. Today, the fisah are almost exclusively founds in Tonlé Sap lake and Tonle Sap river. It is unknown whether this constitutes one population, or whether there are two distinct ones. The fish is closely related to the Iridescent shark, which is also known as Pangasius. James Le Mesurier James Gustaf Edward Le Mesurier (25 May 1971 – 11 November 2019) was the British military personnel, humanitarian and volunteer worker. He co-founder of the White Helmets, a volunteer civil defence organisation in the Syrian Civil War. He was a British Army officer in the 1990s and also worked with the United Nations peacekeeping force in the former Yugoslavia. He was also the director of the non-profit Mayday Rescue Foundation. On 11 November 2019, Le Mesurier was found dead in the street of Beyoğlu, Istanbul, in what appears to have been a fall from his balcony. Le Mesurier was found with fractures to his head and legs. The cause of the fall or exact cause of death is under investigation. Deval Patrick 2020 presidential campaign The 2020 presidential campaign of Deval Patrick, the former Governor of Massachusetts, began on November 14, 2019, when Patrick announced he was running in the Democratic primaries through a video message. Background. On February 28, 2018, in response to reports that David Axelrod and Valerie Jarrett wanted him to run for president, Patrick stated on public radio that it was "on my radar screen". On December 6, 2018, Patrick formally announced via Facebook that he would not be running for president in 2020. However, on November 11, 2019, "The New York Times" reported that Patrick was thinking of making a late entry into the presidential race. Two days later, it was reported that Patrick will file to run beginning in New Hampshire. Announcement. Patrick officially entered the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries on November 14, 2019. Suspension. He ended his campaign after the New Hampshire primary on February 12, 2020. In polling, Patrick never reached 1%. Kieran Modra Kieran John Modra (27 March 1972 – 13 November 2019) was an Australian Paralympic swimmer and tandem cyclist. He won five gold and five bronze medals at eight Paralympic Games from 1988 to 2016, along with two silver medals at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. Modra died after his bike crashed with a car on the Sturt Highway in Kingsford on 13 November 2019. Raymond Poulidor Raymond Poulidor (15 April 1936 – 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou", was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for his entire career. He never once wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in 14 Tours, of which he completed 12. He did win one Grand Tour, the 1964 Vuelta a España. On 13 November 2019, Raymond Poulidor died in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat of pulmonary edema. He had been in a hospital for two months prior, having suffered from heart problems. List of Ultras of Canada Any mountain that as a topographic prominence of or more is known as an Ultra. There are 143 mountains in Canada that qualify as ultras. This is a sort-able list of them. Ultra-prominent peak An ultra-prominent peak, or Ultra for short, is a mountain summit with a topographic prominence of or more. It is also called a P1500. Coats, Kansas Coats is a city in Pratt County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 83 people lived there. History. Coats was created in about 1887. William A. Coats created it. It was named after himself. Coats was incorporated as a city in 1909. The first post office in Coats was created in June 1887. Geography. Coats is at (37.511148, -98.825388). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Coats has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Coats has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 83 people, 31 households, and 21 families residing in the city. Cuba, Kansas Cuba is a city in Republic County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 156 people lived there. History. The community was created in 1868 by American southerners going west after the American Civil War. The city got its name from one person who had once lived on the island of Cuba. Other early settlers of Cuba are Czech immigrants from Bohemia that moved to Cuba in the mid-1870s. Originally most of the people of Cuba were of Czech and Austrian descent. The entire town of Cuba moved to its current place in 1884 in order to be on the railroad that had been built through that territory. The town has received attention due to its small town American nature documented by photographer Jim Richardson. The city of Cuba and Jim Richardson were shown on the "CBS News Sunday Morning" show in 1983 and in 2004, as well as the May 2004 issue of "National Geographic" magazine. Geography. Cuba is at (39.802222, -97.457128). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 156 people, 79 households, and 48 families living in Cuba. Government. The Cuba government has of a mayor and five council members. The council meets once a month. Jennings, Kansas Jennings is a city in Decatur County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 96 people lived there. History. The first post office at Jennings was created in 1874. The post office there was called Slab City until 1879. Jennings was planned out in 1888. It was named after Warren Jennings, a landowner. Jennings was on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. Geography. Jennings is at (39.680197, -100.293918). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 96 people, 50 households, and 30 families living in Jennings. Education. Jennings is part of USD 294 Oberlin. Jewell, Kansas Jewell is a city in Jewell County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 432 people lived there. History. The City of Jewell started in 1870. It was a big sod area called Fort Jewell. It was named after Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis R. Jewell. The first post office in Jewell was created in July 1870. Jewel was incorporated as a city in 1880. Jewell was on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Geography. Jewell is at (39.670941, -98.152795). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 432 people, 208 households, and 113 families living in Jewell. Anton Körberg Dan "Anton" Fabian Körberg, (born 19 September 1977) is a Swedish television presenter, musician and actor. He is the son of Tommy Körberg och Anki Lidén. He is also the half-brother of musician Avicii. He played the character "Adam Frick" in the TV-series "Vita lögner" (1997–1998) broadcasted on TV3, he has presented the game show ”Pussel” broadcasted on TV4, and the comedy clip show ”All världens reklam” broadcasted on TV11. He has also acted in the TV-series "Karatefylla" broadcasted on TV6. Körberg plays the drums in the country rockband "Boots On" and also the band "Roxie 77". Between 2009 and 2015, he was the presenter of the morning show "Morronrock" on the radio station Rockklassiker. As a voice actor he made the swedish voices for the character Spitelout Jorgenson in How to Train Your Dragon (2010), and P.H. in the movie Hop (2011). Valley Falls, Kansas Valley Falls is a city in Jefferson County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,192 people lived there. History. Valley Falls was first called Grasshopper Falls. It was named after the falls in the Grasshopper River (now known as the Delaware River). The first settlement was made there in 1854, and the town was platted in 1855. Many of the town's streets were named after women pioneer settlers. Geography. Valley Falls is at (39.342936, -95.460584). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Valley Falls has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Valley Falls has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Valley Falls is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,192 people, 444 households, and 290 families living in Valley Falls. Vermillion, Kansas Vermillion is a city in Marshall County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 112 people lived there. History. Vermillion was created in 1869 by the railroad company. It was named from the Black Vermillion River. The first post office in Vermillion was created in May 1870. Geography. Vermillion is at (39.718860, -96.265214). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 112 people, 54 households, and 28 families living in Vermillion. Virgil, Kansas Virgil is a city in Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 71 people lived there. History. The first post office in Virgil was created in 1863. The community may be named after Virgil, New York. Geography. Virgil is at (37.980603, -96.011090). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Climate. Virgil has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Virgil has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 71 people, 35 households, and 21 families living in Virgil. Victoria, Kansas Victoria is a city in Ellis County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,214 people lived there. History. A group of British people led by a Scotsman named George Grant created Victoria in 1873. They created it on land he had bought from the Kansas Pacific Railway. They named the settlement after Queen Victoria. Grant wanted Victoria to be a ranching community. He was apparently responsible for bringing the first Aberdeen Angus cattle to the United States. Most of the colonists, however, were remittance men more interested in sports and dancing than in raising animals. Their families soon learned of this and lowered the remittances. This caused most of the colonists to leave by 1880. Some returned to Britain; others left for South America. In 1876, Volga Germans from villages near Saratov, Russia created the settlement of Herzog one half mile north of Victoria. Herzog's Roman Catholic settlers built a many churches. Herzog grew quickly and later took over Victoria, eventually taking the older settlement's name. Herzog was officially renamed Victoria in 1913. In 1942, the U.S. Army built Walker Army Airfield 3 miles northeast of Victoria. During World War II, thousands were put there at the airfield. The military closed the base in 1946. In 1966, Interstate 70 reached Victoria, going north of the city. Geography. Victoria is at (38.853588, -99.147456). It has an elevation of 1,926 feet (587 m). It is on Kansas Highway 255 (K-255) south of Interstate 70 in northwestern Kansas. Victoria is about east of Hays (the county seat), northwest of Wichita, and west of Kansas City. The city is about north of the Smoky Hill River in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. The city is on the east side of the North Fork of Big Creek, part of the Smoky Hill River watershed. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 United States Census says that there were 1,214 people, 496 households, and 316 families living in Victoria. Infrastructure. Transportation. Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 40 go concurrently east-west about one mile north of Victoria. K-255 goes north-south from I-70 to Victoria's northern city limits. The Kansas Pacific (KP) line of the Union Pacific Railroad goes northeast-southwest through the southern part of the city. Utilities. Water, sewage, and trash are done of the city government. Midwest Energy, Inc. gives electric power. Local residents mostly use natural gas for heating fuel; service is provided by Kansas Gas Service. Media. Victoria is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. LGBT rights Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly in different countries and places. In some places same-sex marriage is legal, but in others homosexuals may be punished by death. As of 2019 same-sex marriage is legal in 28 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uruguay. However six countries have the death penalty for same-sex sexual acts: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria (the northern states), Sudan and Somalia (Jubaland region. The death penalty is a possible punishment in six other countries: Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Pakistan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council recognized the rights of LGBT people. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people. This included hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. The United Nations asked all countries to make laws protecting basic LGBT rights. Vining, Kansas Vining is a city in Clay and Washington counties in Kansas, United States. In 2010 census, 45 people lived there. History. Vining was first called West Clifton. It was planned out as West Clifton in 1877. It was renamed Vining in 1881, in honor of E. P. Vining, a railroad worker. Vining was once an important shipping point. This was because it was on the Republican River and at the junction of two railroads. The post office in Vining closed in 1955. Geography. Vining is at (39.567460, -97.293109). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. The city is located next to Clifton. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 45 people, 24 households, and 13 families living in Vining. Viola, Kansas Viola is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 130 people lived there. History. Viola had its start when the Englewood branch of the Santa Fe railroad was extended to that point. The first post office at Viola was created in 1877, but the post office was called Peotone until 1899. Geography. Viola is at (37.483526, -97.644918). It is southwest of Wichita on Highway 42 at the intersection of Highway 49. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 130 people, 51 households, and 37 families living in Viola. Education. Viola is served by USD 356 Conway Springs. Wormwood (Bible) Worm means bitterness in Hebrew. It is mentioned in the bible in the Book of Revelation. It says "The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star, blazing like a torch, fell from the sky on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water the name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters turned bitter, and many people died from the waters that had become bitter". () Tom Spurgeon Thomas Spurgeon (December 16, 1968 – November 13, 2019) was an American writer, historian and editor. He worked in the field of comics, known for his five-year run as editor of "The Comics Journal" and his blog "The Comics Reporter". He was a three time winner of the Eisner Award. Spurgeon was born in Muncie, Indiana. Spurgeon died on November 13, 2019 in Columbus, Ohio at age 51. Mümtaz Soysal Osman Mümtaz Soysal (15 September 1929 – 11 November 2019) was a Turkish professor, political scientist, politician, human rights activist, ex-prisoner of conscience, senior advisor, columnist and author. Soysal was the 30th Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994. He was a Member of Parliament at Constituent Assembly in 1961 and Grand National Assembly from 1991 to 1999. He was elected to Amnesty International International Executive Committee in September 1974. He was the vice-chairman of Amnesty International from 1976 to 1978. He became the first winner of the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education in 1978. Soysal died at the age of 90 on 11 November 2019 at his home in Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey. Niall Tóibín Niall Tóibín (; 21 November 1929 – 13 November 2019) was an Irish comedian and actor. He was known for his roles on "Ryan's Daughter", "Bracken", "The Ballroom of Romance", "The Irish R.M.", "Caught in a Free State", "Ballykissangel", "Far and Away", and "Veronica Guerin". Tóibín died in Dublin on 13 November 2019, eight days before his 90th birthday. Protobothrops elegans Protobothrops elegans is a venomous pitviper species endemic to Japan in the southern Ryukyu Islands. No subspecies are currently recognized. Common names include: elegant pitviper, , and elegant tree viper." Fob Fob or FOB may refer to: List of mountain peaks by prominence This is a list of the 125 most prominent mountain peaks. Topographic prominence of a peak is the independence of the summit from whatever is around it. It is "the elevation difference between the summit and the lowest contour line encircling it and no higher summit". Saugus High School shooting On November 14, 2019, a shooting happened at the Saugus High School in Santa Clarita, California. A student killed two other students and injured three others, then killed himself. The Los Angeles County Fire Department responded to the shooting before 8 a.m. One of the students was shot in the stomach. One student was found at the school's choir room. Victims. Two students, a 15-year-old girl and a 14-year-old boy, were killed. Two girls, aged 15 and 14, and a boy, aged 14, were injured. Four students were hospitalized at the Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, three in critical condition. Two were transported to Providence Holy Cross Medical Center. Aside from all being students of Saugus High School, there there is no known connection between the gunman and the teens shot. Perpetrator. The perpetrator was identified as Nathaniel Tennosuke Berhow (November 14, 2003 November 15, 2019), a student at the school, who turned 16 on the day of the shooting. He shot himself in the head with his last bullet and died the following day. One student said Berhow was a quiet, normal student who ran cross country and was a Boy Scout. References. Víctor Manuel Pérez Rojas Victor Manuel Pérez Rojas (17 October 1940 – 12 November 2019) was a Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate. Career. Pérez Rojas was ordained to the priesthood in 1965. He was titular bishop of "Tagaria" and was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calabozo, Venezuela from 1998 to 2001. He later was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela, from 2001 to 2016. Death. Pérez Rojas died on 12 November 2019 in Caracas from heart failure caused by diabetes at the age of 79. José Luis Veloso José Luis Fidalgo Veloso (23 March 1937 – 13 November 2019) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a striker. He played for the La Liga in totals of 84 games and 33 goals over the course of six seasons, representing Deportivo and Real Madrid. Veloso played for the national team for a year between 1962 to 1963. He was born in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Veloso died on 13 November 2019 at the age of 82. Branko Lustig Branko Lustig (10 June 1932 – 14 November 2019) was a Croatian movie producer. He was best known for winning Academy Awards for Best Picture for "Schindler's List" and "Gladiator". He is the only Croatian to win two Academy Awards. He was a Holocaust survivor and was imprisoned at the Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen camps during World War II as a child. Lusting died in Zagreb, Croatia of heart failure on 14 November 2019 at the age of 87. Parent peak Parent peak is a concept in topography that is used to help find the prominence of a peak. The parent peak is a higher mountain that is often (but not always) nearby. It is chosen using a variety of criteria. Every peak has a parent peak except for those that are the highest points on an island or continent. Col The col is a concept in topography. It is the lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks. In order to find out the prominence of a peak, a key col is used. This is the highest col between the peak and its parent peak. Tampa, Kansas Tampa is a city in Marion County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 112 people lived there. History. In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington through Tampa to Pratt. The Golden Belt Town Company filed the plat for Tampa in 1887. The city name is said to have been suggested by a railroad engineer who rode one of the first trains through Tampa. Tampa was incorporated as a city in 1908. A post office was created in Tampa on April 17, 1888. Geography. Tampa is at (38.548493, −97.154893). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 112 people, 48 households, and 27 families living in Tampa. Economy. The Tampa State Bank and Tampa Cafe are in Tampa. Education. Tampa is part of Unified School District 397. Towanda, Kansas Towanda is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,450 people lived there. History. Towanda was created in 1870. It was incorporated in 1905. Towanda is an Osage-language name meaning "many waters". The town was damaged badly by a cyclone in 1892. 21st century. In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built a few blocks west of Towanda. There was a lot of controversy about tax exemption and environmental concerns (if a leak ever happens). Geography. Towanda is at (37.795921, -96.999380). It is along the Whitewater River. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 1,450 people, 524 households, and 397 families living in Towanda. Education. Towanda is home to the district office of Circle USD 375. Circle USD 375 covers about 175 square miles. Tescott, Kansas Tescott is a city in Ottawa County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 319 people lived there. History. Tescott was planned out in 1866. The city was named after T.E. Scott, an early settler. On May 1st 2018, an EF3 wedge tornado hit the area near the city. It damaged one house. Geography. Tescott is at (39.012005, -97.878140). The United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Weather. Tescott has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Tescott has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. Tescott is part of the Salina Micropolitan Statistical Area. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 319 people, 129 households, and 86 families living in Tescott. Education. Tescott is part of Twin Valley USD 240 school district. The district has two high schools; Bennington High School and Tescott High School. Thayer, Kansas Thayer is a city in Neosho County, Kansas, United States. In 2010 census, 497 people lived there. History. Thayer was planned out in the fall of 1870. This is when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named after Nathaniel Thayer, a railroad employee. The town was built up quickly and was incorporated as a city in 1871. Geography. Thayer is at (37.487127, -95.476237). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Weather. Thayer has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Thayer has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 497 people, 197 households, and 136 families living in Thayer. Education. Thayer is part of USD 447 Cherryvale. Timken, Kansas Timken is a city in Rush County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 76 people lived there. History. Timken was named after a land speculator, Henry Timken. He bought land in which he believed that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad would be building. When Henry Timken sold the land to the railroad, one of the requirements was that the town was named after him. After a year, lumber mill, railroad depot, grocery store, and even a bowling alley would be created in the town. The town was settled mainly by immigrants from Czechoslovakia, Bohemia and Moravia. A post office was opened in Timken in 1888. It was used until 1996. Geography. Timken is at (38.472890, -99.177375). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. People. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 76 people, 29 households, and 17 families living in Timken. Tipton, Kansas "This is about the town in Kansas, USA. For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)." Tipton is a city in Mitchell County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 210 people lived there. Whitley County Whitley County is the name of two counties in the United States: Martin County, North Carolina Martin County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 24,505 people lived there. Its county seat is Williamston. Nyctimystes avocalis Nyctimystes avocalis or the loud big-eyed tree frog is small frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in wetlands far from the ocean. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says it is vulnerable to extinction. As of the 1950s, this frog had only been seen on eastern Goodenough Island, about 900 meters above sea level. The male frog is about 35 mm long from nose to rear end. The frog is gray with brown patches on its back. Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad The Speaker is the Chairperson or Presiding Officer of the National Assembly of Bangladesh. His role is similar to that of the Speaker in other Westminster-style governments. work. The Speaker presided over the proceedings of the Parliament. He maintained the order of the meeting. If a member behaves outside the rules, the chairperson can dismiss him. He allowed various motions, including no-confidence motion, adjournment motion, condemnation motion and eye-catching notice as per rules. The chairperson also decides which issues will be discussed in the session. Shah Abdul Hamid Shah Abdul Hamid (born 1890 - died 1 May 1972) was a Bangladeshi politician and the first speaker of the Constituent Assembly. Early life. Shah Hamid was born in 1890 in the village of Khalsi in Gobindganj, then Rangpur district (now Gaibandha district) of British India. His father's name was Haji Abdul Gaffar Shah and his mother was Rahima Khatun. Dayman big-eyed tree frog Dayman big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes daymani") is a frog from southeastern Papua New Guinea. It lives in wetlands far from the ocean. Scientists have only ever seen it on Dayman Mountain in Milne Bay Province, and in Mafulu. It was found about 700 meters above sea level. The male frog is about 42 mm long from nose to rear end. When dead and preserved, it is brown with darker brown patterns on its back and legs. It has vein patterns on its lower eyelids. When alive, this frog is light brown with a little orange and white spots. It has orange toes. Its belly is very white in color. Ankit Dane Ankit Dane (born 1 April 1990) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Madhya Pradesh. He made his first-class cricket debut on 30 October in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut for Madhya Pradesh in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 28 February 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Madhya Pradesh in the 2017–18 Zonal T20 League on 8 January 2018. Ankit Kalsi Ankit Kalsi (born 26 September 1993) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Himachal Pradesh. He made his first-class debut for Himachal Pradesh against Services in 2014-15 Ranji Trophy season on 7 December 2014. In August 2019, he was named in the India Red team's squad for the 2019–20 Duleep Trophy. He scored a century and a half century in his Duleep Trophy debut. Ankit Dabas Ankit Dabas (born 14 November 1992) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Jharkhand. He made his List A cricket debut on 10 December 2015 in the 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 3 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. Agailjhara Upazila Agailjhara Upazila is a part of Barisal district in Bangladesh. Population. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Agailjhara Upazila is 149,456. Of these, 72,421 are males and 77,035 are females. The total number of families is 32,839. Babuganj Upazila Babuganj is an upazila in the Barisal district of Bangladesh. population. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Babuganj upazila is 14,0361. Of these, 67,586 are males and 72,775 are females. Total families 31.663. Tiloun Tiloun, stage name of Jean-Michel Ramoune, (c. 1967 – 5 July 2020) was a Réunionese singer. He was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion. Alongside other Réunionese musicians, Tiloun dropped the album "Kas in Poz" in 2011. Tiloun was active in preservation efforts of the Réunion Creole language, and also donated to agencies researching diabetes. He was also active in efforts to create more humane ways of farming in Réunion. Tiloun died on 5 July 2020 in Saint-Denis, aged 53. Maxcanú Municipality Maxcanú Municipality (in the Yucatec Maya language: “his four monkeys”) is one of the 106 municipalities in the Mexican state of Yucatán. Its seat is the town of Maxcanú. It has an area of 1,321 km² and is located roughly 52 km southwest of the city of Mérida. Flossie Wong-Staal Flossie Wong-Staal (née Wong Yee Ching, ; August 27, 1947July 8, 2020) was a Chinese-American virologist and molecular biologist. She was born in Guangzhou, China. She was the first scientist to clone HIV and discovered the function of its genes, which was a major step in proving that HIV is the cause of AIDS. From 1990 to 2002, she held the Florence Riford Chair in AIDS Research at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). She was co-founder and, after retiring from UCSD, she became the Chief Scientific Officer of Immusol, which was renamed iTherX Pharmaceuticals in 2007. Wong-Staal died on July 8, 2020 in La Jolla, California from pneumonia-related problems at the age of 72. Antonio Krastev Antonio Krastev (Bulgarian: Антонио Кръстев) (1961 – 9 July 2020) was a Bulgarian super heavyweight weightlifter. He was best known for his 1987 heaviest ever snatch in IWF competition, at 216 kg. He was a two-time World Weightlifting Championships gold medalist and two time European Weightlifting Championships gold medalist, but never competed in the Olympic Games. He was originally supposed to represent Bulgaria at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the superheavyweight category. He died at the age of 58 in a car accident on 9 July 2020 in Minnesota. Mahmoud Reda Mahmoud Reda (; March 18, 1930 – July 10, 2020) was an Egyptian dancer and choreographer. He was best known for co-founding the Reda Troupe. He was born in Cairo. The Reda brothers and Fahmy founded the state-sponsored Reda Troupe in 1959. It was made up of only twelve dancers and twelve musicians. He died on 10 July 2020, aged 90. Genevieve Westcott Genevieve Patricia Westcott (1955 – 10 July 2020) was a Canadian-born New Zealand journalist and television presenter. She was born in Stratford, Ontario. Westcott moved to New Zealand in 1984 and began working on TVNZ's "Eyewitness News" programme. In 1987, she hired for a role for CTV's "W5", Canada's top newsmagazine programme. She was an anchor and correspondent for the programme for two years (1987–88). Westcott died on 10 July 2020 in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand from breast cancer, aged 65. Yarra Valley The Yarra Valley is an area in Victoria, Australia that is near the north-east of Melbourne. The start of the Yarra River is in it. Some towns in the Yarra Valley are Healesville, Yarra Glen, Warburton and Coldstream. It is known for having many wineries. Many tourists from Melbourne go there because it is close to the city. Lara van Ruijven Lara Victoria van Ruijven (; 28 December 199210 July 2020) was a Dutch short track speed skater. She was born in Naaldwijk, the Netherlands. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, she was part of the Dutch 3000 metres relay team that won a bronze medal. She won gold at the World Championships one year later. Van Ruijven was hospitalized on 25 June 2020 after falling ill from an autoimmune disease in Perpignan, France. She died on 10 July 2020, aged 27. Alfredo Sirkis Alfredo Hélio Syrkis (8 December 1950 – 10 July 2020) was a Brazilian writer, environmentalist and politician. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He ran for president under the Green Party ballot in the 1998 general election. Sirkis was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 2011 and 2014. Sirkis was killed in a car crash on 10 July 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 69. Corra Dirksen Cornelius Wilhelmus "Corra" Dirksen (22 January 1938 – 10 July 2020) was a South African rugby player. He won 10 caps and scored three tries. He was born in Vereeniging, Union of South Africa. Dirksen made his international debut against Australia in 1963. He died from COVID-19 on 10 July 2020 in Krugersdorp, South Africa at the age of 82. Vikas Dubey Vikas Dubey (196410 July 2020) was an Indian history-sheeter, gangster-turned-politician. He was born in Uttar Pradesh. The first criminal case against him was registered in the early 1990s, and by 2020 he had over 60 criminal cases against his name. He had been connected to the killing of a Minister of State and in another incident was the main accused in the killing of eight policemen during an attempted arrest. He was finally arrested on 9 July 2020 in Ujjain. He was killed on 10 July 2020, aged 56. Ferenc Koncz Ferenc Koncz (2 October 1959 – 10 July 2020) was a Hungarian teacher and politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) for Szerencs (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Constituency XI) from 2010 to 2014 and for Tiszaújváros (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Constituency VI) from 2018 until his death. He was also a Member of Parliament from the Fidesz Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County between 1998 and 2002, and from the party's National List from 2004 to 2006. He was Mayor of Szerencs from 2010 to 2018. He was a member of Fidesz. Koncz was killed in a car crash on 10 July 2020 in Bekecs, Hungary at the age of 60. Mike Ryan (catcher) Michael James Ryan (November 25, 1941 – July 10, 2020) was an American baseball player and coach. He was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts. He played for Major League Baseball between 1964 to 1974. He played for the Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He coached the Phillies between 1980 to 1995. Ryan died on July 10, 2020 in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire at the age of 78. Languages of Australia Australia has no official language, but the national language of Australia is English. There are also many languages spoken by Indigenous Australians and by different ethnic groups. English. The English language was spoken by the British colonists who came to Australia in the 18th and the 19th centuries. It was used in the colonies they started. Most people who live in Australia today speak English. In 2016, 72.7 percent of people living in Australia only spoke English at home. A dialect of English is spoken in Australia, called Australian English. Indigenous languages. Indigenous Australians have been living in Australia for at least 50,000 years. There are around 290 to 363 Indigenous languages. They are from around 28 language families and language isolates. Many of these languages are not spoken any more or by many people because of the use of English. The largest language family is the Pama-Nyungan family, which has 248 languages. Three Indigenous languages are spoken in the Torres Strait Islands. These languages are Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Meriam Mir and Yumplatok, a creole of Pacific English. Yumplatok is spoken on the islands more than the other languages. Migrant languages. Many different languages are spoken by communities of migrants in Australia. In 2016, 22.2 percent of people living in Australia spoke a language other than English at home. In the same year, these were the 10 most spoken languages other than English at home: In 2011, the most common languages spoken at home other than English were: Most spoken languages by state (2016). Below is a series of tables showing the top 5 most spoken languages at home, as well as the percent of the population that speaks only English at home. Bakerganj Upazila Bakerganj is an upazila in the Barisal district of Bangladesh. population. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Bakerganj upazila is 3,13,845. Of these, 1,48,925 are males and 1,64,920 are females. The total number of families is 71,536 Upazila Upazila is a unit in the administrative system of Bangladesh. An upazila is made up of a few villages or unions and a district is made up of a few upazilas. There are 492 upazilas in 64 districts under 8 divisions in Bangladesh. Etymology. The word upazila is a combination of Sanskrit and Arabic. The sub is a Sanskrit prefix and the word zila is derived from the Arabic word dila. AlphaGo AlphaGo is a computer program that plays the board game Go. It was made by DeepMind Technologies (Google affiliate). This program became famous due to the victories against professional players. Many new technologies were used to create AlphaGo, including deep learning, optimization, and the Monte Carlo algorithm. Powered versions. After the release of AlphaGo, DeepMind Technologies has made powered versions such as the AlphaGo Zero and the AlphaZero: AlphaZero is a self-taught program. This means that it became powerful without human guidance. Details. The following table is the summary of AlphaGo achievements (including its variants). Rivals. After the appearance of AlphaGo, several research groups have created computer Go programs with similar technical viewpoints. Darkforest. This was made by Facebook. The source codes are available on GitHub. DeepZenGo. This was made in Japan. Nihon Ki-in was also involved in its research and development. Santur Santur () is an Iranian traditional musical instrument. It can also be referred to as santoor or santour. It is usually based on 18 Bridge () on the left and right side (9 in left and 9 on the right). Santoor has 4 strings in each bridge. It is commonly played with two wooden stick named () which has strings usually either white and yellow. The three different parts provide different tones where the yellow strings which is often the first position, while the white strings being in the second position and the bridge, and lastly the yellow strings behind the bridge. History. The santur was invented and developed in the area of Iran and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). From there, the instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the Middle East. Each country customized and designed its own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with tree bark and stones, and strung with goat intestines. The Mesopotamian santur has been claimed to be the father of the harp, the Chinese yangqin, the harpsichord, the qanun, the cimbalom, and the American and European hammered dulcimers CTAN CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive Network) is an online collection of open source LaTeX-related files and software (including Beamer). In other words, this network is a LaTeX-only GitHub. Location. CTAN is based in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. They also have several mirror sites (certified clones). Mirror sites are needed in order to avoid access concentration. This effort helps the users to download files without fatal delay. Similar projects. CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) is the Perl version of CTAN. In the field of statistics, CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) is frequently used. 59th Street–Columbus Circle station 59th Street - Columbus Circle is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line and BMT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line in the New York City Subway. It can be found at the intersection of 57th Street, 58th Street, 59th Street and 8th Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. It is for the A, C, and 1 trains. After this station on the Eighth Avenue Line, the next stations will be 72nd Street and 50th Street. After this on the Seventh Avenue Line, the next stations will be 50th Street and 66th Street - Lincoln Center. Fifth Avenue–59th Street station 5th Avenue is a station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 5th Avenue and 60th Street in Manhattan, it is served by the N, R and W trains. This station is for N, R and W trains. Behind the station is Central Park. After this station, the next stations will be 57th Street 7th Avenue and Lexington Avenue 59th Street. 49th Street station (BMT Broadway Line) 49th Street is a station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York City Subway. It can be found at the intersection of 49th Street and 7th Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. It is served by the N, Q, R and W trains. Behind the station is Times Square. After this station on the Broadway Line, the next stations will be 57th Street Seventh Avenue and Times Square 42nd Street. Indonesian big-eyed tree frog The Indonesian big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes fluviatilis") is frog from southeastern Papua New Guinea. It was first found by western scientists when they were camping by the Idenburg River. The scientists who saw it were camping 50 meters above sea level. Later, it was also found by the Wapoga River in West Sepik Province. The frog is about 50 mm long from nose to rear end. Its front feet are about half webbed and its hind feet have more webbing. When dead and preserved, this frog is light brown with darker spots and some dark stripes on its legs. Grant's big-eyed tree frog The Grant's big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes granti") is a large tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists found this frog on the Utakwa River and Fly River catchment, about 1000 meters above sea level. The frog is about 10.0 cm long. It has black marks on its back. It has vomerine teeth in its upper jaw. Caviidae Caviidae are a group of rodents that live in South America. Some Caviidae are guinea pigs and capybaras. Beverly, Massachusetts Beverly is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 39,502 at the 2010 census. Raleigh Raleigh can mean: Interstate 405 (California) Interstate 405 (I-405) is an Interstate Highway in the Orange and Los Angeles counties of California. It is a spur route of the Interstate 5. It goes from the I-5 near San Fernando, through the west side of Los Angeles and Long Beach before ending back at the Interstate 5 near Irvine. It is the busiest highway in the United States, mainly because it is the only highway in the west side of Los Angeles that goes from north to south. It also passes important places such as Los Angeles International Airport and the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Interstate 405 Interstate 405 (I-405) is the name of three Interstate Highways in the United States: MUFC (disambiguation) Manchester United F.C. is an English association football club. MUFC may also refer to: John Bishop John Bishop (born 30 November 1966) is an English comedian, presenter, actor, and former footballer. Bishop played for Hyde FC and Southport FC. His was first on television with "The Panel" in 2008. He later appeared in the E4 teen drama "Skins" (seasons 3 and 4) and in the Ken Loach movie "Route Irish". He also does stand-up comedy. In 2004, he won the best North West stand-up comedian award. He was also nominated for a Edinburgh Comedy Award that same year. He is from Liverpool and is well known for speaking with a strong Liverpool accent. Guide book A guide book or a travel guide is a book about a place. It is made for visitors and tourists. It has facts about landmarks and activities of a place. There can also be maps of the place in the guide book. Travel guides can also be put on a travel website. Wilmington, Massachusetts Wilmington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Manchester United W.F.C. Manchester United Women Football Club is a professional football club. It is located in the Salford suburb of Broughton, Greater Manchester, England. It is about 1.5 miles from Manchester city centre. It plays in the Women's Super League (WSL). This is the highest level of English women's football. United were promoted from the Championship at the end of the 2018–19 season. They train at Leigh Sports Village. However, the team will move to The Cliff when redevelopment work is done. History. 1970s–2001: Unofficial team. A team called Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies started playing in the late 1970s. It was unofficially known as the club's first women's team. They helped start the North West Women's Regional Football League in 1989. The team played better and better in the 90s at different levels of the FA Women's National League, until 2001. 2001–2005: Partnership and disbandment. In 2001, the team started an official partnership with Manchester United. However, the club finished mid-table in the third division for a few years. The team stopped playing four years later, in 2005. This was soon after Malcolm Glazer's bought the club. He did not believe the women's team was going to make him any money. A media spokesman for Manchester United also said that the club wanted to focus on its women's academy instead of its senior team. 2018–present: Current team. In March 2018, Manchester United announced they wanted to start a new women's football team. Manchester United Women Football Club started again on 28 May 2018. This was after the team asked to join the new 2018–19 FA Women's Championship. This was thirteen years after the club stopped playing in 2005. The club's academy had continued through the Manchester United Foundation. For example, Izzy Christiansen and Katie Zelem went through United's Centre of Excellence academy. Casey Stoney was the club's first head coach. She became coach on 8 June. They announced the first 21-player team about a month later. The team's first game back was on 19 August 2018. They won 1–0 in an away game against Liverpool in the FA Women's League Cup. Lizzie Arnot scored their first competitive goal in thirteen years. Three weeks later, they played their first Championship match. They won 12–0 against Aston Villa. On 17 April 2019, United won promotion to the FA Women's Super League after a 5–0 win against the same team. They won the FA Women's Championship title three days later. This was after a 7–0 win at home to Crystal Palace. In May 2019, Manchester United were named FA Women's Championship Club of the Year at the 2019 FA Women’s Football Awards. The 2019–20 season was the team's first FA WSL campaign. The season's first game was a Manchester derby. It was at the City of Manchester stadium. Manchester City won the match 1–0 in front of a league record attendance of 31,213. United's first division campaign ended early because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The team ended in fourth place on a points per game basis. They won their last game 3–2 against Everton on 23 February 2020. Leah Galton scored twice and Ella Toone scoring once for Manchester United. This was the first game at Everton's new Walton Hall Park stadium. In the FA Cup, Manchester United lost 3–2 to Manchester City in the fourth round. This was the first time they had lost in the first knockout round of a competition. However, they got to the semi-finals in the League Cup for the second time. They lost 1–0 to Chelsea. Chelsea also won in the final. Ground. When the club joined in the 2018–19 FA Women's Championship, they announced they would be located in Broughton, Salford at The Cliff training ground, when it was ready. Until then, United will play their games at Leigh Sports Village. Moss Lane is the venue when the Sports Village is not available. The club also sometimes play at Ewen Fields. United played an FA Cup fifth round match there against London Bees in February 2019. Reserves and academy. Manchester United had a girls academy up to under 16's level even when the senior team did not play between 2005 and 2018. This was because of FA rules. The club's partner charity is The Manchester United Foundation. Its work includes coaching girls at all ages across Greater Manchester. Before the 2019–20 season, Manchester United started a full-time U21 team. It played in the FA WSL Academy League for the first time. Charlotte Healy is the manager. The club's development team had played the WSL Academy Cup final against Arsenal the season before. They lost 5-0. Academy graduates. The academy players below have also played in the senior team. Bold means the player is still at the club. Coaching staff. Managerial statistics. "Information correct as of 23 February 2020. Only competitive matches are counted." Mondo big-eyed tree frog The mondo big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes gularis") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it on Mount Dayman and Mount Tafa, between 1500 and 2400 meters above sea level (5000 and 7900 feet). The male frog is about 3.7 cm long and the female frog is 4.2 to 5.6 cm long. Scientists who saw the frog said it was plain in color with darker color on its legs. French-Azerbaijani University The French-Azerbaijani University (, , UFAZ) was created in 2016 on the initiative of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and French President François Hollande as a joint project led by the University of Strasbourg and the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (ASOIU). The UFAZ campus is housed in a historical building at Nizami Street 183 in the city center of the Azerbaijani capital city Baku. It has around 70 professors and other faculty members, and around 538 students. Education. Teaching at UFAZ is in the English language, and the academic curriculum followed is the one of the University of Strasbourg, and the University of Rennes 1 for oil and gas engineering bachelor program. To harmonize the 3-year undergraduate course in France with the 4-year bachelor program in Azerbaijan, the first year at UFAZ is a foundation year. The teaching staff consists of both French and Azerbaijani professors. Upon graduation, UFAZ graduates receive Azerbaijani (ASOIU) and French (University of Strasbourg or University of Rennes 1) national diplomas. At present, the UFAZ counts 4 specialties at the bachelor level: chemical engineering, geophysical engineering, computer science, and oil and gas engineering. Most UFAZ students, more than 80%, are scholarship holders who receive free education based on Azerbaijani government's financial support. UFAZ will open new master's programs for the 2020/2021 academic year in the following areas: chemical engineering / physical chemistry, geosciences and applied computer sciences (big data and artificial intelligence). School discipline When a student or group of students show behaviour that disrupts the current activity, or that goes against rules of the school, a teacher or the school can take action. This action is usually called school discipline. Discipline can guide the children's behaviour or set limits to help them learn to take better care of themselves, other people and the world around them. Every school has a set of rules and if students break these rules they are subject to discipline. For example, these rules may say that pupils (students) need to wear a school uniform, and what the school uniform must look like. They usually also say that school starts at a given time, and that pupils must be present at the school, at that time. If pupils do not follow the rules, they will be punished. The term "discipline" is applied to the punishment that is the consequence of breaking the rules. The aim of discipline is to set limits restricting certain behaviors or attitudes that are seen as harmful or against the school policies, educational norms, school traditions, etc. In the early days of schools, it was common to punish people if they did not follow the rules set by the school. In more recent times, other approaches have also been tried, such as rewarding good behavior. The importance of discipline. It is important to create an environment, where it is safe and fun for children to learn. Many people confuse discipline with classroom management; discipline is one dimension of classroom management and classroom management is a general term. Discipline can also have a positive effect on both the individual as well as classroom environment. The right form of punishment can give the pupil a chance to reflect and learn about consequences. It can also give collective values, and encourage behavior that is acceptable for the classroom. Recognition of the diversity of values within communities can increase understanding and tolerance of different disciplinary techniques. Corporal punishment. Coproal punishment was the most common means of maintaining discipline. When a child was at school, the teacher acted as a substitue parent. Many forms of punishment and rewards were open to the teacher. Hitting children with a cane or a stick was a common punishment if the child did something wrong. Corporal punishment in schools has now disappeared from most Western countries, including all European countries. In the United States, corporal punishment is not used in public schools in 34 states, banned in 31, permitted in 19, of which only 16 actually have school districts actively administering corporal punishment. Every U.S. state except New Jersey and Iowa permits corporal punishment in private schools. Many private schools have abandoned the practice, though, especially Catholic schools, nearly all of which now ban. Thirty-one U.S. states as well as the District of Columbia have banned it from public schools, most recently New Mexico in 2011. The other 19 states (mostly in the South) still allow corporal punishment in public schools. Of the 19 which permit the practice, three – Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming have no public schools that actually use corporal punishment as of 2016. Paddling is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it, though many choose not to do so. Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. Most mainstream schools in most other countries still have punishment for misbehavior, but it usually takes non-corporal forms such as detention and suspension. In China, school corporal punishment was completely banned under the Article 29 of the Compulsory Education Act of the People's Republic of China, but in practice, beating by schoolteachers is still common, especially in rural areas. In Australia, school corporal punishment has been banned in public schools in all states, but as of 2019, it is still permitted in private schools in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Other forms of discipline. Detention. Detention is one of the most common punishments in schools. A pupil needs to report to a designated area of the school, at a specified time. The pupil will then have to stay at that area, for a given time. Failure to attend detention without a valid excuse can sometimes result in another longer detention, or a more severe punishment Counseling. Counseling is also provided when students will have to see a school counselor (guidance counselor) for misbehavior. The purpose of counseling is to help the student recognize their mistakes and find ways to avoid them. Counseling can also help the student clarify the school's expectations, as well as understand the consequences of failing to meet those standards. Suspension. Suspension means that a student must not attend classes, for a given time. In some cases, the student must still come to school, but will not see classmates or teachers during that day. Students who have been suspended are also not allowed to attend out-of-school events (such as sporting events, or proms). Usually, schools are required to tell the student's parents why the student was suspended. Suspension usually means that students still need to do homework, assignments and exams. Expulsion. Expulsion is the most severe form of punishment. It terminates the student's education at the given school. This is the last resort, when all other methods of discipline have failed. However, in extreme situations, it may also be used for a single offense, such as setting fires on campus, the activation of false alarms,or assault and battery against faculty and staff members,or school administrators. In some cases, there are special schools for the pupuls that have been excluded from other schools. Usually, the parents can appeal against the decision to expel a student. Palm syrup Palm syrup is made from the sap of a number of edible palms. It is common on the Canary Islands, and on the coasts of South America. It is often called Miel de palma, which translates to palm honey. Uses. Miel de palma is used to accompany many pastries and desserts, such as pancakes and ice cream. The syrup is widely used in Southeast Asian cooking, in particular in West Bengal, where jhola gur, as it is known, is only obtainable in winter. Its sweetness tempers the flavours of spicy curries, adding its rich, molasses-like flavour to the food. It is also widely used as an ingredient in desserts, or drizzled over prepared foods. Palm sap is a refreshing drink, and fermented palm syrup is distilled to produce various alcohols such as arrack, a spirit similar to rum. On La Gomera it is mixed with 'Parra' (similar to grappa) to produce Gomeron. Palm syrup is also traditionally used on La Gomera for general medicinal purposes. Tazewell County Tazewell County is the name of two counties in the United States: Henderson County, North Carolina Henderson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 106,740 people lived there. Its county seat is Hendersonville. History. The county was made in 1838 from the southern part of Buncombe County. It was named for Leonard Henderson, Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1829 to 1833. Government. Henderson County is part of the local Land-of-Sky Regional Council of governments. Bordering counties. These counties are bordered to Henderson County: Communities. These communities are in Henderson County: Grappa Grappa is an Italian spirit, made from grapes. It is similar to brandy. It contains between 35 and 60 percent alcohol by volume. Hertford County, North Carolina Hertford County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 24,669 people lived there. Its county seat is Winton. Texas County Texas County is the name of two counties in the United States: Wilkes County Wilkes County is the name of two counties in the United States: Turner County Turner County is the name of two counties in the United States: Walton County Walton County is the name of two counties in the United States: Tioga County Tioga County is the name of two counties in the United States: Walworth County Walworth County is the name of two counties in the United States: Somerset County Somerset County is the name of four counties in the United States: Camden, Illinois Camden is a village in Illinois in the United States. Wilson County Wilson County is the name of four counties in the United States: Montague, Texas Montague is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Texas. Mount Pleasant, Texas Mount Pleasant is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Crane, Oregon Crane is a census-designated place in Oregon in the United States. Deer Island, Oregon Deer Island is a census-designated place in Oregon in the United States. Coburg, Oregon Coburg is a city in Lane County, Oregon in the United States. It has a population of about 1,035 residents as of the 2010 census. Hyde County, North Carolina Hyde County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 5,810 people lived there. Its county seat is Swan Quarter. Always Outnumbered Always Outnumbered is a 1998 television drama movie directed by Michael Apted and was based on the 1997 novel "Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned" by Walter Mosley. It stars Laurence Fishburne, Bill Cobbs, Natalie Cole, Bill Duke, Cicely Tyson, Laurie Metcalf, Bill Nunn, Isaiah Washington, Danny Goldring. Green big-eyed tree frog The green big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes humeralis") is a large tree frog from New Guinea. Scientists saw it in many places in the mountains in the middle of the island, between 600 and 1500 meters above sea level (2000 and 5000 feet). They saw it in Indonesia and in Papua New Guinea. The male frog is about 100 mm long from nose to rear end. The male frog has two pads on each first finger, called nuptial pads. The green big-eyed tree frog is the only frog in the genus "Nyctimystes" that has spikes on its humerus bones, and only the male frog has them. This frog is bright green with some yellow on its legs and rear. Jay Ferguson (American musician) John Arden "Jay" Ferguson (born May 10, 1947) is an American musician, best known for the composer of the theme song to "The Office". Sandy big-eyed tree frog The sandy big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes kubori") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in the central mountains and Huon Peninsula, between 1100 and 2000 meters above sea level. There are more sandy big-eyed tree frogs in the wild than any other frog in the genus "Nyctimystes". This frog lives in open valleys, forests, and beds of reeds near rivers. The adult male frog can be as big as 45 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female can be as big as 60 mm long. It has vomerine teeth in its upper jaw. It is yellow-brown, gray, or dark brown on the back, with darker spots and patches. Its belly is white. Some of the webbing between its toes is bright orange. This frog lays eggs in big blobs about 75 mm in diameter. It hides the eggs under rocks under the water. In the local Kaironk language, this frog is called "kwlek". Big Momma's House 2 Big Momma's House 2 is a 2006 American crime comedy movie directed by John Whitesell and starring Martin Lawrence, Nia Long, Zachary Levi, Mark Moses, Emily Procter, Kat Dennings, Chloë Grace Moretz. It is the sequel to 2000's "Big Momma's House" and is the second movie of the "Big Momma" trilogy. The movie was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was a box office success. European Exchange Rate Mechanism The European Exchange Rate Mechanism 2 (ERM 2 or ERM II), formerly ERM, is a system created by the European Economic Community on 1 January 1999. After the adoption of the euro, policy changed to linking currencies of EU countries outside the eurozone to the euro (having the common currency as a central point). The goal was to improve the stability of those currencies. As of 2020, three currencies participate in ERM II: the Danish krone, the Croatian kuna and the Bulgarian lev. Robert Curtis Clark Robert Curtis "Bob" Clark (July 2, 1937 – July 10, 2020) was a Canadian teacher, civil servant and politician. He was in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1960 to 1981. He was Leader of the Alberta Social Credit Party and Leader of the Official Opposition. He was born in Acme, Alberta. Clark died on July 10, 2020 in Calgary, aged 83. Morris Cerullo Morris Cerullo (October 2, 1931 – July 10, 2020) was an American pentecostal evangelist. He traveled many times around the world for his ministry. He hosted Victory "Today", a daily television program, and published more than 80 books. He was born in Passaic, New Jersey. He was indicted for income tax evasion in California. Those charges were dismissed by the court. In 1990, he bought Heritage USA which is a Christian-themed water and theme park. Cerullo died on July 11, 2020 in San Diego, California from pneumonia, aged 88. A Simple Story (1978 movie) A Simple Story () is a 1978 French West German romantic drama movie directed by Claude Sautet and starring Romy Schneider, Bruno Cremer, Claude Brasseur, Roger Pigaut, Arlette Bonnard, Jean-François Garreaud. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1980. Olga Tass Olga Tass ("née" Lemhényi; 29 March 1929 – 10 July 2020) was a Hungarian gymnast. She competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, in the 1952 Summer Olympics, in the 1956 Summer Olympics, and in the 1960 Summer Olympics. She was born in Pécs. Tass died on 10 July 2020 at the age of 91. Josep Ramon Mòdol i Pifarré Josep Ramon Mòdol i Pifarré (21 September 1957 – 10 July 2020) was a Spanish sociologist, politician and writer. He was born in Lleida, Catalonia. Mòdol i Pifarré was a Deputy between 1989 to 1993. He was a Senator between from 1996 to 2000. Mòdol i Pifarré died on 10 July 2020 from cancer in Barcelona, aged 62. Sylvia Martínez Elizondo Sylvia Leticia Martínez Elizondo (20 November 1947 – 9 July 2020) was a Mexican politician. She was born in Chihuahua City, Chihuahua. She was a member of the National Action Party. Between 2016 to 2018, Martínez Elizondo was a Senator from Chihuahua. Martínez Elizondo died on 9 July 2020 in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon at the age of 72. Faithful Word Baptist Church Faithful Word Baptist is a fundamentalist Independent Baptist church. It is located in Tempe, Arizona and was started by a man named Steven L. Anderson. The church has received a lot of negative attention. In 2009, Anderson said that he was praying for Barack Obama to die. Obama was the president of the United States back then. It is also homophobic and anti-Semitic. As a result of his beliefs, Anderson has been banned from many countries. Beliefs. Faithful Word Baptist Church only uses the Authorized King James Version of the Bible. They believe all other Bible versions have errors in them and that the people who wrote them put in their own thoughts and ideas rather than what God wanted. The church also believes that: Faithful Word Baptist Church is against abortion and all forms of birth control. They believe that babies should be made naturally because processes like IVF result in a lot of embryos being thrown away. As of July 2020, Steven Anderson has 11 kids. The church teaches that gay people are going to hell and there is nothing that they can do about it because they belong to a group of people called "reprobates." According to the church, reprobates can never be saved because they rejected Jesus too many times so God allowed them to become reprobates. History. The church was started in 2005. Obama sermon. In August of 2009, Anderson gave a sermon called "Why I Hate Barack Obama." In it, he said that he hated Obama for supporting abortion rights and that he prayed for Obama to die. The day after the sermon, a member of Faithful Word Baptist Church brought weapons to an event Obama was at. He did it as part of a stunt. Homophobia. Anderson calls gay people "sodomites," which is a really offensive and outdated term for gays. He says that they "recruit" children through rape. He also said that killing gay people would get rid of AIDS and that he prayed for Caitlyn Jenner's heart to explode. Because of these comments, the church has been listed as a hate group by civil rights organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law Center. In 2016, 49 people were killed at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Anderson called the dead people "pedophiles" and said they were all in hell. Anti-Semitism. Anderson says that the Holocaust never happened and made a video about it. Frank Bolling Frank Elmore Bolling (November 16, 1931 – July 11, 2020) was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball. He played from 1954 through 1966 for the Detroit Tigers (1954, 1956–1960) and the Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves (1961–66). He hit and threw right-handed. Bolling was born in Mobile, Alabama. Bolling died on July 11, 2020 in Mobile from a long-illness at the age of 88. Gabriella Tucci Gabriella Tucci (4 August 1929 – 11 July 2020) was an Italian operatic soprano. She was born in Rome. She made her debut at La Scala in Milan in 1959, as Mimi in "La bohème". Tucci performed as Donna Elvira in "Don Giovanni", Elvira in "I puritani", Gilda in "Rigoletto", Violetta in "La traviata", and Marguerite in "Faust", as well as Maddalena in "Andrea Chénier" and the title role in "Tosca". Tucci died on 11 July 2020 in Rome, aged 90. Johnny O'Brien John Thomas O'Brien (born December 11, 1930) is an American backup second baseman and pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1953, 1955–58), St. Louis Cardinals (1958) and Milwaukee Braves (1959). O'Brien batted and threw right-handed. O'Brien was born in South Amboy, New Jersey. He was raised in Seattle, Washington. He studied at Seattle University. Seattle University Seattle University (SU) is a private Jesuit university in Seattle, Washington. SU is the largest independent university in the Northwest United States, with over 7,500 students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs within eight schools. Digitalization Digitization (US), digitisation (UK) is converting information into a digital (computer-readable) form. In this way, the information is organized into bits. The data is put in the form of binary numbers. This helps computer processing. The meaning of digitizing is the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format. Canadian Indian residential school system Until 1996, Indigenous children in Canada were forced to go to boarding schools in order to make them assimilate into white Canadian society. The Indian residential school system refers to the group of these schools for First Nations children. These schools were run by Christian churches and got money from the Canadian government. These schools existed for over 100 years and more than 150,000 children were in them. Of these children, at least 3,200 died. Many residential schools were started when the Indian Act was passed in 1876. In 1896, a change was made to the Act so that all First Nations children had to go to school. A lot of their communities were located far away from schools, so they had to go to residential schools and live there for the school year. These schools were usually very far away from their families in order to encourage them to assimilate. There were residential schools in every province and territory except for New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. At these schools, these children were forced to give up their cultures. They were given new names and were not allowed to speak their mother tongues or visit their families. They were abused at these schools and were not treated well. When these children graduated from these schools, they did not fit into their Indigenous communities or into mainstream Canadian society. They did not learn the skills needed to survive off the land. At the same time, these schools did not teach them how to skills on how to live in cities or stop the students from becoming victims of racism. Studies have shown that these students and their children and grandchildren are more likely to have problems such as PTSD, alcoholism, drug use, and suicide than kids who did not go to residential schools. In 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to the survivors of the residential schools on behalf of the Canadian government. The government also set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in order to learn the truth about what happened at these schools. Many survivors came and talked about their experiences. In 2015, the TRC published a report that said the residential school system was cultural genocide. History. Ever since Europeans arrived in North America, they have been trying to teach the native peoples there about European ways. The discovery doctrine that Europeans believed said that it was OK to colonize the land because the people they found were not Christian and were "uncivilized." They thought it was their duty to teach others about Christianity and civilization. French missionaries started schools for Indigenous people in the 17th century. However, they stopped because making Indigenous people unhappy was not good for the fur trade. In the 1820s, English missionaries started schools in what is now Manitoba and Ontario. Unlike the French schools, they taught Protestantism. The Canadian government became interested in starting schools for Indigenous people because they were no longer allies in war. Instead, they were seen as nuisances because many of them moved around as nomads and didn't practice agriculture. The Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) partnered up with the churches to start putting more Indigenous children into the residential schools and "kill the Indian in the child" by converting them to Christianity and bringing them into European-Canadian society. The government provided the buildings and money while the church provided the teachers and staff. Of the schools run by churches, most of them were run by the Catholic Church. Other schools were run by the Anglican Church, the United Church of Canada, and the Presbyterian Church. Life in Residential Schools. The students at the schools were treated bad by the teachers and staff. They were beaten up and sexually abused. The teachers believed that beating up the students helped to save their souls and stop them from running away. It was bad for a school if students ran away because they were responsible if a student died while running away. Students were malnourished. The schools were crowded, dirty, cold, and didn't have good medical care. That meant that a lot of students ended up getting tuberculosis. Teaching style. In the residential schools, students learned the same way that European kids were taught. This was very different from how First Nations people taught their kids. The Indigenous people used a "look, listen, learn" method of education that did not involve classrooms or books. Instead, they taught their kids through games, stories, and ceremonies. The kids struggled with book-learning because that was not how their parents taught them. They were also forced to speak English and French. Sometimes, they were beaten up if they spoke in their native languages. Resistance. The residential schools didn't meet their goal in extinguishing Indigenous cultures. In some cases, students burned down the schools. Deaths. A lot of students died at the schools from disease. School closings. Many Indigenous communities began to take over the schools. They thought that the schools were not doing a good job in teaching their kids. Some schools became normal day schools, and some schools were burned down or torn down by former students. And still others are now abandoned. Effects. The residential school survivors lost a lot of their culture. They felt powerless. To cope with their feelings, they hurt themselves and others around them. Many of the survivors now have mental health problems because of their experiences at the schools. Apologies. In 1986, the United Church of Canada said sorry for its part in colonization. In 1996, it apologized for running residential schools. In 1993, the Anglican Church apologized. The next year, the Presbyterian Church apologized too. In 2004, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) apologized for forcing children into the schools. Federal government. In 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to the survivors of the residential schools. His apology was broadcast nationwide. Vatican expression of sorrow and Pope Francis's apology. In 2009, the Vatican made a statement that expressed sorrow at how the Church was involved in oppressing Indigenous Canadians. In 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked Pope Francis for an apology to the survivors instead of just an expression of sorrow. During a visit to Canada in July 2022, Pope Francis apologized for the Church's role in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Ankit Deva Ankit Deva, or Ankit Kushwah, (born 20 April 1992) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Madhya Pradesh. He first played first-class cricket on 6 February 2015 in the 2014–15 Ranji Trophy. He first played Twenty20 cricket on 2 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He first played List A cricket for Madhya Pradesh in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 3 March 2017. Heckler & Koch VP70 The VP70 is a 9x19mm Parabellum handgun made by Heckler & Koch, a German gun company. It was the first polymer-framed pistol ever made. It was first made 1970, 12 years before the Glock. Being polymer-framed means that it was much lighter than metal-framed handguns. It can be attached with a buttstock, and doing so will allow the gun to fire in 3-shot bursts. Otherwise, the gun only fires in semi-automatic mode. Cynthia Lummis Cynthia Marie Lummis Wiederspahn (born September 10, 1954) is an American politician. Lummis is the junior United States Senator from Wyoming since 2021. She was the U.S. Representative for from 2009 to 2017. Lummis is a member of the Republican Party. She was a State Representative (1979–1983, 1985–1993), State Senator (1993–1995), and State Treasurer (1999–2007). She retired from Congress in 2016. She successfully ran for the United States Senate in the 2020 election, winning the election. Luis Antonio Tagle Luis Antonio Gokim Tagle (; born June 21, 1957) is a Filipino cardinal of the Catholic Church, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples since December 2019. He was the 32nd Archbishop of Manila from 2011 to 2020. Tagle also was the president of Caritas International and of the Catholic Biblical Federation. He was born in Manila. He is well known for his progressive views and for his works on helping the poor in the Philippines. Violette Nozière Violette Nozière is a 1978 French Canadian crime drama movie directed by Claude Chabrol and starring Isabelle Huppert, Jean Carmet, Stéphane Audran, Jean-François Garreaud, Zoe Chauveau, Bernadette Lafont. It was distributed by Koch-Lorber Films. Valentina Sampaio Valentina Sampaio (born 10 December 1996) is a Brazilian model and actress. In 2020, Sampaio became the first transgender model to appear in "Sports Illustrated". Early life. Sampaio was born in Aquiraz, Ceará, Brazil. At eight years of age, her psychologist said that she was transgender, but she did not start calling herself Valentina until she was 12. She has said in many interviews that she was not bullied for her gender identification. Career. She became Victoria's Secret's first openly transgender model in August 2019, and became the "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue's first openly transgender model in 2020. In November 2016, she first walked her first runway at São Paulo Fashion Week. Soon after, L'Oréal made a short movie about Sampaio, which they released on International Women's Day, and later the company made her one of the company's brand ambassadors. She is a L'Oréal Paris spokeswoman along with several other Brazilian women including: Grazi Massafera, Taís Araújo, Juliana Paes, Isabeli Fontana, Emanuela de Paula, Ágatha Moreira, and Sophia Abrahão. In February 2017, Sampaio received international media attention after appearing on the cover of "Vogue Paris" and becoming the first transgender model to appear on the magazine's cover. Later that year, she also appeared on the covers of "Vogue Brasil" and "Vogue Germany". She is the first openly transgender woman to be featured on both magazines' covers as well. Other magazine cover appearances of Sampaio's include Vanity Fair Italia, Elle Mexico, and L'Officiel Turkiye. She has also worked with brands such as Dior, H&M, Marc Jacobs, Moschino, L'Oréal, and Philipp Plein. Anshun bus crash On 7 July 2020 at 12:17 p.m. in Xixiu District of Anshun, Guizhou, in southwest China, a local bus made a 90-degree turn and crashed into the . As a result of the crash, at least 21 people died and 16 were injured. The event generated public concern, because it was carrying candidates for the Gaokao exam. As of 11:00 p.m., all 37 people on board have been recovered, including 16 injured, 20 without vital signs, and one dead. Among the 37 passengers, 12 were students, five of whom had no vital signs, six were under treatment and one had been discharged from hospital. The driver was among the dead and is believed to have deliberately caused the crash. Anshun Anshun () is a prefecture-level city of Guizhou province, near the location of Huangguoshu Waterfall, the tallest in China. As of 2010, it had a population of 2,297,339. The city is known for its aerospace industry. Huangguoshu Waterfall Huangguoshu Waterfall (), is one of the largest waterfalls in China and East Asia located on the Baishui River () in Anshun, Guizhou province. It is high and wide. The main waterfall is high and wide. Mayor of Sartrouville The mayor of Sartrouville () is the chief executive of Sartrouville. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of the city, adds proposals and recommendations to the Sartrouville City Council, and is active in the enforcement of the city's laws. A Bell for Adano A Bell for Adano is a 1945 American World War II drama movie directed by Henry King and was based on the 1944 novel of the same name by John Hersey. It stars Gene Tierney, John Hodiak, William Bendix, Glenn Langan, Richard Conte, Roy Roberts, Hugo Haas and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Valley of the Redwoods Valley of the Redwoods is a 1960 American action movie directed by William Witney and starring John Hudson, Ed Nelson, Michael Forest, Robert Shayne, Bruno VeSota. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Unconventional warfare Unconventional warfare is any kind of war that does not fit the traditional war between nations or groups. It includes foreign resistance movements and guerilla groups, who fight against an occupying force or their own government. In conventional warfare, the fighters usually wear uniforms, which identifies them as fighters in an army, under the laws of war. With unconventional warfare, this is not the case. Those engaging in unconventional warfare need to hide before they can launch an attack. This means that in most cases they do not wear specific uniforms which identify them as fighters. Struggles of this type are going on at present in parts of Africa. An unconventional war is rarely announced as a war. No declaration of war is made. Usually, the only feature which is noticed is the presence in a country of organised fighters. The fighters come from a neighbouring country or from parts of the existing country. There are no set rules. This kind of warfare has been quite common since 1900. Terrorism is the intimidation of the native civilian population by armed fighters or insurgents, often known as "guerrillas". Warfare inside a state by citizens who wish to overthrow the state, also generally called terrorism by the government, has also been common. Struggle between regular forces (armies in uniforms) may happen without a formal declaration of war. Red versus white after the end of royal rule in Russia (Russian Civil War) is a good example. It was a semi-formal war, fought with regular troops on both sides. So was the seizing of Manchuria (Manchukuo) by Japan in the early 1930s. Regular Japanese army forces were used. After World War I and World War II unconventional forces were used to drive out colonial powers or to try and do so. The struggle against colonialism was usually by irregular forces supported by weapons and men from powers interested in removing the colonies (usually Russia or China). The dividing line between conventional and unconventional warfare is not clear-cut. In general conventional war is fought between regular armies, navies, air forces. Unconventional warfare is usually fought on the ground with at least one side not in uniform, usually against forces of the established government. It is an attempt to overthrow a government or to replace in it some part of the country. USA definition. The USA Department of Defense defines unconventional warfare as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area. Also called UW. Tombstone, Arizona Tombstone is a historic city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. It was founded in 1877. In 2010, 1,380 people lived here. Doc Holliday John Henry "Doc" Holliday (August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887) was an American gambler, gunfighter, and dentist. He was a close friend and associate of lawman Wyatt Earp. Holliday is best known for his role in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. He killed more than a dozen men, but modern researchers have said that Holliday killed only one to three men. He was born in Griffin, Georgia. Holliday died of tuberculosis at a hotel room in Glenwood Springs, Colorado on November 8, 1887 at the age of 36. Griffin, Georgia Griffin is a city in and the county seat of Spalding County, Georgia. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 23,643. Wesley Clark Wesley Kanne Clark, Sr. (born December 23, 1944) is a retired general of the United States Army. He spent 34 years in the U.S. Army. He was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Clark was born in Chicago. In 2004, he unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. R (programming language) R is a programming language and free software environment for statistics. R is a language built for a specific purpose. It is strictly designed for statistical analysis. The algorithms for many statistical models are devised in R. Precisely R is the language of Statistical Analyzers. It’s an open source and the best suite for the statisticians to develop statistical softwares. R is putting utmost efforts to walk parallelly to Python. Usage in other areas. The R language was originally made for statistics. But today, it is also used in many scientific fields including ecology. Development history. A list of changes in R releases is maintained in various "news" files at CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network). Some highlights are listed below for several major releases. Communities. R has local communities worldwide for users to share ideas and learn. There are a growing number of R events bringing its users together, such as conferences (e.g. useR!, WhyR?, conectaR, SatRdays) and other meetups. useR! conferences. The official annual gathering of R users is called "useR!". The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Austria. After skipping 2005, the useR! conference has been held annually. Subsequent conferences have included: Future conferences planned are as follows: "The R Journal". "The R Journal" is the open access refereed journal of the R project. It features articles on the use and development of the R language. Basic syntax. The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface. In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters codice_1. Although codice_2 can be used instead. > x <- 1:6 # Create vector. > y <- x^2 # Create vector by formula. > print(y) # Print the vector’s contents. [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 > mean(y) # Arithmetic mean of vector. [1] 15.16667 > var(y) # Sample variance of vector. [1] 178.9667 > model <- lm(y ~ x) # Linear regression model y = A + B * x. > print(model) # Print the model’s results. Call: lm(formula = y ~ x) Coefficients: (Intercept) x -9.333 7.000 > summary(model) # Display an in-depth summary of the model. Call: lm(formula = y ~ x) Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 *** Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662 > par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures. > plot(model) # Output diagnostic plots of the model. The Deep Purple (1920 movie) The Deep Purple is a 1920 American crime drama movie directed by Raoul Walsh and is the second adaption of the 1910 play of Wilson Mizner. It stars Miriam Cooper, Helen Ware, Vincent Serrano, William B. Mack, Lincoln Plumer and was distributed by Realart Pictures Corporation. It is a lost movie. The Acquittal The Acquittal is a 1923 American mystery movie directed by Clarence Brown and was based on the play of the same name by Rita Weiman. It stars Claire Windsor, Norman Kerry, Richard Travers, Barbara Bedford, Charles Wellesley, Frederick Vroom and was distributed by Universal Pictures. Zorba the Greek (movie) Zorba the Greek (, "Alexis Zorbas") is a 1964 Greek British American comedy-drama movie directed by Michael Cacoyannis and is based on the 1946 novel "The Life And Times Of Alexis Zorba" by Nikos Kazantzakis. It stars Anthony Quinn, Alan Bates, Irene Papas, Lila Kedrova, Sotiris Moustakas, Anna Kyriakou and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It won for three Academy Awards in 1964. Travel website A travel website is a website that is similiar to a travel guide printed as a book. Travel websites show reviews on places, or what to do in a place. 70% of travellers use travel websites. Wikivoyage is an example of a travel website. Jackson County, North Carolina Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 40,271 people lived there. Since 1913, its county seat has been Sylva, replacing Webster. St. Clair County St. Clair County is the name of four counties in the United States: Warren County Warren County is the name of fourteen counties in the United States: Warren County, North Carolina Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is on the northern border with Virginia. In 2010, 20,972 people lived there. Its county seat is Warrenton. Jones County, North Carolina Jones County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 10,153 people lived there. Its county seat is Trenton. Communauté d'agglomération Saint Germain Boucles de Seine The Communauté d'agglomération Saint Germain Boucles de Seine is the "communauté d'agglomération", an intercommunal structure, in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located in the Yvelines and Val-d'Oise departments, in the Île-de-France region, northern France. It was created in January 2016. Its population was 330,097 in 2016. Its seat is in Le Pecq. Mountain big-eyed tree frog The mountain big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes montanus") is a tree frog from New Guinea. Scientists have only seen it in the Arfak Mountains in Indonesia. The adult male frog is about 5.2 cm long and the female about 6.3 cm long. The dead, preserved frog is gray or brown with darker markings. Lee County, North Carolina Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 57,866 people lived there. Its county seat is Sanford. 5 Fingers 5 Fingers, also known as Five Fingers, is a 1952 American spy drama movie directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and starring James Mason, Elyesa Bazna, Danielle Darrieux, Michael Rennie, Walter Hampden, Herbert Berghof. The screenplay by Michael Wilson was based on the 1950 book "Operation Cicero" () by Ludwig Carl Moyzisch. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Blue-gray Blue-gray is a bluish-gray color. It is also known as livid. The name "livid" comes from a Latin word "lividus". "Lividus" means 'a dull leaden-blue color'. A Trip A Trip () is a 2011 Slovenian drama movie directed by Nejc Gazvoda. It stars Luka Cimpric, Jure Henigman and Nina Rakovec. Riverwoods, Illinois Riverwoods is a village in Illinois in the United States. Interstate 210 Interstate 210 (I-210) is the name of four Interstate Highways in the United States: Foothill Freeway Interstate 210 (I-210) and State Route 210 (SR 210) are two connected highways in the Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties of California. They are also known as the Foothill Freeway together. It runs from the Interstate 5 near Santa Clarita and San Fernando to San Dimas at the State Route 57. Here, it becomes State Route 210 and continues east, ending at the Interstate 10 in Redlands. Together, the highways are about long. 2020 Styrian Grand Prix The 2020 Styrian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Pirelli Großer Preis der Steiermark 2020) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 12 July 2020 at the Red Bull Ring in Spielberg, Austria. The race was the second round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship and marked the first, and possibly the only, running of the Styrian Grand Prix. References. Notes Alain Berset Alain Berset (born 9 April 1972) is a Swiss politician who served as a member of the Federal Council since 2012. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. From 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018, he was the President of the Swiss Confederation; at the age of 45, Berset was the youngest President of the Confederation since Marcel Pilet-Golaz in 1934. Mali war The Mali War has been ongoing since 2012. The war has three sides. One side is Mali, who are supported by many other countries. Another, many of whom are Tuareg people, are separatists who want northern Mali - which they call Azawad - to become a separate country. Northern Mali is hot desert and is in the southern part of the Sahara. The third side is Islamist groups - including Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and al-Qaeda - who want Mali to be part of an Islamist caliphate. The United Nations has reported many human rights violations, both by the forces close to the government, and by the different rebel groups. Allegedly, there have been amputations, floggings, and extrajudicial executions. A couple was stoned in 2012, for allegedly having an extramarital affair. Based on these reports, the International Criminal Court started investigations into war crimes and human rights abuses. According to the BBC, about 250,000 people have left because of the fighting. They are now refugees and internally displaced people. Another problem is that World Heritage Sites are threatened by the war. There are mosques built of mud, in Timbuktu, which are threatened. In September 2021, a contract was signed between the Malian state and a private Russian military company linked to the Russian military group Wagner. The document provides for the deployment of mercenaries in the country, in liaison with the Malian army, and the protection of senior figures. Mahaica-Berbice Mahaica-Berbice (Region 5) is a region in the northeast of Guyana. The regional capital is Fort Wellington. The region has an area of 4,190 km². As of the 2012 census, 49,723 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Demerara-Mahaica to the west. Azawad Azawad is the name for the northern part of Mali. The name translates to Savannah. The region is mostly desert-like. Between 2012 and 2013 it was independent from Mali. It is split into the regions Timbuktu, Gao, and Kidal. The territory has a size of about . The biggest cities are Gao with about 87.000 people, and Timbuktu with about 55.000. East Berbice-Corentyne East Berbice-Corentyne (Region 6) is a region in the east of Guyana. The regional capital is New Amsterdam. The region has an area of 36,234 km². As of the 2002 census, 109,431 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Suriname to the east, Brazil to the south and the regions of Mahaica-Berbice, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Potaro-Siparuni and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the west. Cabinda War The Cabinda Province is a part of Angola. In is an exclave, and has no direct borders with Angola. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda wants the province to become an independent state. Before Angola became independent from Portugal, the Front fought the Portuguese. After it became a part of the Angolan territory, the front is fighting against the Angolan government. In 1956, crude oil was found in Cabinda. The Cabinda War has been ongoing since the end of 1975. It is one of the longest-lasting conflicts in Africa. Lord's Resistance Army insurgency The Lord's Resistance Army insurgency is a current guerrilla movement. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency started in 1987. As of 2020, the LRA is somewhat active in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. Joseph Kony leads the movement. He says he is "spokesperson" of God and a spirit medium. The movement does not want Yoweri Museveni and his government in Uganda. They want to start a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and Acholi tradition. The conflict is one of the longest in Africa. It has started a humanitarian crisis. The International Criminal Court says that the LRA has violated human rights. This includes mutilation, torture, slavery, rape, the abduction (kidnapping) of civilians, the use of child soldiers, and a number of massacres. By 2004, the LRA had abducted more than 20,000 children. 1.5 million civilians had to move. The LRA killed about 100,000 civilians. Background. In January 1986, the National Resistance Army (NRA) of south-west Uganda born Yoweri Museveni overthrew President Tito Okello, an ethnic Acholi. This started a period of unrest. When they tried to liberate the whole country, the NRA were responsible of many atrocities on the people of Acholi. This made some Acholis want to fight against these acts. Reports sometimes say that the Acholi were afraid to lose their traditional (usual) control of the national military. They were also very worried that the NRA would want retribution for the violent counterinsurgency, especially the actions of the army in the Luwero triangle. By August 1986, a complete popular insurgency had started in northern regions that the new government soldiers occupied. Chanie Wenjack Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack (January 19, 1954 – October 23, 1966) was an Ojibwe boy who was famous for running away from a residential school. He died while trying to walk 600 km back home. After Wenjack's death, the Canadian government started to investigate residential schools. Life. Chanie Wenjack was born at Ogoki Post on the Marten Falls Reserve. When Wenjack was 9, he and his two sisters were sent to the Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School in Kenora, Ontario. He was known for being funny and for being the first one to understand jokes. On October 16, 1966, Wenjack ran away from the school with two friends, Ralph and Jackie MacDonald. They stayed with the MacDonalds' uncle, Charley Kelley, at Redditt, which is 31 km from Kenora. Wenjack decided to go back to Ogoki Post by following railroad tracks. Death. Wenjack walked for 36 hours. He was wearing a windbreaker. The temperature was −6 °C. Bruises on Wenjack's body showed that he fell several times. A CN railway engineer found Wenjack's body on October 23 at 11:20AM and called the Ontario Provincial Police. The coroner determined the cause of death to be hunger and exposure. Wenjack was buried at the reserve on October 27, 1966. Investigation. The Canadian government started an investigation into Wenjack's death. It concluded the investigation, saying that: Legacy. Chanie Wenjack is a symbol of how students at these schools stood up to the abuses and suffering they experienced there. A lecture at Trent University was named after Wenjack after Indigenous students asked for a building to be named in his honor. Pop culture. In 2016, a video was made about Wenjack's life. His sister Pearl was featured in it. The Canadian artist Gord Downie released an album with songs about Wenjack. Or Yehuda Or Yehuda is a city in Gush Dan, Israel. Franck Allisio Franck Allisio (born 4 August 1980) is a French politician. Biography. Allisio was born on 4 August 1980 in Marseille. He joins Roger Karoutchi's firm to manage press relations. After the defeat of 2012, he joins the team of the deputy of Paris Pierre Lellouche. National President of the "Jeunes actifs" of The Republicans, he announced on September 13, 2015 in Marseille that he would join the Front national. He is appointed spokesperson for Marion Maréchal-Le Pen's regional campaign in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In 2017, Franck Allisio obtained 19.89% of the votes in the first round of the legislative elections in the Bouches-du-Rhône's 1st constituency, in Marseille. Road to Perdition Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama movie directed by Sam Mendes. The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name written by Max Allan Collins and illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner. It stars Tom Hanks, Paul Newman, Jude Law, and Daniel Craig. The story takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family. Filming took place in the Chicago area. Mendes, having recently finished 1999's acclaimed "American Beauty", pursued a story that had minimal dialogue and conveyed emotion in the imagery. Cinematographer Conrad L. Hall took advantage of the environment to create symbolism for the movie, for which he won several awards, including a posthumous Academy Award for Best Cinematography. The movie explores several themes, including the consequence of violence and father-son relationships. The movie was released on July 12, 2002, and grossed over $180 million worldwide. The cinematography, setting, and the lead performances by Hanks and Newman were well received by critics. It was released on home media on February 25, 2003. Weep Not, Child Weep Not, Child is a novel written by the Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. It is his first novel and was published in 1964 under the names James Ngugi. It was the first English novel published by an East African. "Weep Not, Child" deals with British colonialism and the Mau Mau Uprising. Story. Njoroge is a young Kenyan boy. He is the first one in his family to go to school. His family lives on land owned by Jacobo, an African who became rich by making deals with white settlers (specifically Mr. Howlands). Everyone is focused on the trial of Jomo Kenyatta. A lot of black people think he will help Kenya become independent. But Kenyatta loses and goes to jail. This leads to more people protesting and more suppression of the black population. Jacobo and Mr. Howlands fight against the Mau Mau. Njoroge tries to kill himself. However, his mothers find him before he can succeed. He is disappointed and ashamed of being a coward. Themes. "Weep Not, Child" talks about Kikuyu stories and African nationalism. It also explores the negative effects of colonialism and imperialism. Jomo Kenyatta, who was the first prime minister of Kenya, is portrayed as a savior of the nation in the novel. Saint-Denis-en-Val Saint-Denis-en-Val is a French commune. It is in the Loiret department. Chaingy Chaingy is a French commune. It is in the Loiret department. St. Louis County St. Louis County is the name of two counties in the United States: Midland County Midland County is the name of two counties in the United States: Elk County Elk County is the name of two counties in the United States: Richmond County Richmond County is the name of five counties in North America: Russell County Russell County is the name of five counties in North America: Wilkinson County Wilkinson County is the name of two counties in the United States: Charlotte County Charlotte County is the name of three counties in North America: Ford County Ford County is the name of two counties in the United States: Halifax County Halifax County is the name of three counties in North America: I Am Not a Witch I Am Not a Witch is a 2017 Zambian French German British drama movie directed by Rungano Nyoni and starring Maggie Mulubwa, Nellie Munamonga, Dyna Mufuni, Nancy Murilo. Gloucester County Gloucester County is the name of three counties in North America: Nelson County Nelson County is the name of three counties in the United States: Lenoir County, North Carolina Lenoir County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 59,495 people lived there. Its county seat is Kinston. Kane County Kane County is the name of two counties in the United States: Terrell County Terrell County is the name of two counties in the United States: Webster County Webster County is the name of seven counties and a parish in the United States: Teton County Teton County is the name of three counties in the United States: Irma Lanzas Irma Lanzas (7 August 1933 – 11 July 2020) was a Salvadoran writer and educator. She was a member of the Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua. She was born in Cojutepeque, El Salvador. Lanzas died in San Salvador on 11 July 2020, aged 86. Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty ( "Ānandamōhan Cakrabartī"; April 4, 1938 – July 10, 2020) was an Indian-American microbiologist and researcher. He was known for his work in directed evolution and his role in creating a genetically engineered organism using plasmid. This led to landmark Supreme Court case, "Diamond v. Chakrabarty". Chakrabarty died on July 10, 2020 in Illinois, aged 82. Jyotsna Bhatt Jyotsna Jyoti Bhatt (6 March 1940 – 11 July 2020) was an Indian ceramist and potter. She studied and later taught at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for forty years. She was born in Mandvi, Cutch State, British India. During her long career she worked with stoneware and terracotta. Her works reflected her interest in nature. Her many works are about cats, dogs, birds, lotus buds, toys and platters. Bhatt died on 11 July 2020, two days after a stroke, in Vadodara, Gujarat at the age of 80. She was married to artist Jyoti Bhatt. Jyoti Bhatt Jyotindra Manshankar Bhatt (born 12 March 1934), better known as Jyoti Bhatt, is an Indian artist. He is best known for his work in painting and printmaking and also his photographic documentation of rural Indian culture. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2019. Bhatt was married to artist Jyotsna Bhatt. His work are seen at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. and The British Museum, London. Edward Kmiec Edward Urban Kmiec ( (June 4, 1936 – July 11, 2020) was an American Roman Catholic prelate. He was the 13th Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo. Kmiec also was an auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Trenton from 1982 until he was promoted to Bishop of Nashville in 1992. He retired in 2005. Kmiec was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He died on July 11, 2020 at the age of 84. Federal Parliament of Somalia The Federal Parliament of Somalia (; often "Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya"; ; ) is the national parliament of Somalia. It was formed in August 2012. It is based in the capital Mogadishu and is bicameral. It is made up of an Upper House (Senate) and a Lower House (House of the People). The tenth Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated on 27 December 2016. Judy Dyble Judith Aileen Dyble (pronounced Die-bull; 13 February 1949 – 12 July 2020) was an English singer-songwriter and pianist. She was known for being a vocalist and a founding member of Fairport Convention and Trader Horne. She and Ian McDonald joined and recorded several tracks with Giles, Giles and Fripp, who later became King Crimson. Dyble was born in London. Dyble died in Oxfordshire, England on 12 July 2020 from lung cancer, aged 71. Hassan Abshir Farah Hassan Abshir Farah (, ; June 20, 1945 – July 12, 2020) was a Somali politician. He was mayor of Mogadishu and interior minister of Puntland. From November 12, 2001 to December 8, 2003, he was also prime minister of Somalia. Farah was an MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia from 2012 until his death. Farah died in Turkey on July 12, 2020 at the age of 75. Wim Suurbier Wilhelmus Lourens Johannes Suurbier () (16 January 1945 – 12 July 2020) was a Dutch professional footballer and among others assistant coach of the Albania national team. He played as a right back and was part of the Netherlands national team and AFC Ajax teams of the 1970s. He was known for his urge to attack, pace, crosses and stamina, widely considered as one of the best defenders of his era during the 1970s. Club career. Suurbier was born in Eindhoven. He made his debut for Ajax Amsterdam when he was 19 and played with them for 13 years, all throughout the most successful era until 1977 when he was 32 years old. Usually a right back, Suurbier was renowned for his pace and stamina. Suurbier was a big part of the 70's "total football" team the "" of Ajax Amsterdam led by Johan Cruijff, which lifted the UEFA European Cup three times in a row. In 1977, he moved to FC Schalke 04 for one season. In 1979, Suurbier transferred to the Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League. He played three seasons in Los Angeles before moving to the San Jose Earthquakes for the 1982 season. In the fall of 1982, the team was renamed the Golden Bay Earthquakes and entered the Major Indoor Soccer League. He retired at the end of the season to become an assistant coach with the Earthquakes. He later resumed his playing career as a player-coach of the Tampa Bay Rowdies in the American Indoor Soccer Association. International career. Wim Suurbier made his debut for the Netherlands national team on November 6, 1966 in a friendly match against Czechoslovakia, which ended with a score of 2-1. In 1974, Suurbier took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup as part of the national team, where he played in all seven matches of his national team and won silver medals after the Dutch lost 2-1 against Germany. In 1976, he took part in the 1976 UEFA European Championship, where he won bronze medals after a 3-2 victory against Yugoslavia. In 1978, Suurbier took part in the 1978 FIFA World Cup for the second time as part of the national team, where he played in four matches of his team and again won silver medals. The final match with the Argentina, the Netherlands lost with a score of 3-1, was Suurbier's last match in the national team. In total, Wim Suurbier played 60 matches for the Netherlands national team, in which he scored 3 goals. Personal life. During his football career, Suurbier was known for his jokes and pranks. At the 1974 World Cup, he and Ruud Krol regularly performed acts for TV such as the duo Snabbel en Babbel. In 2005 the municipality of Amsterdam named the Wim Suurbier Bridge after him. On April 25, 2020, he suffered a brain haemorrhage. On July 12, 2020, he died as a result of this. Honours. Ajax Netherlands Individual Ferencvárosi TC Ferencvárosi Torna Club, known as Ferencváros (), is a professional football club based in Ferencváros, Budapest, Hungary. It competes in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I, the top division of football in Hungary. Ferencváros was founded in 1899. Ferencváros is best known internationally for winning the 1964–65 edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Budapest Honvéd FC Budapest Honvéd Football Club () is a Hungarian sports club based in Kispest, Budapest with the colours of red and black. The club is best known for its football team. It was originally formed as "Kispest AC". They became "Kispest FC" in 1926 before reverting to their original name in 1944. Lajos Szűcs (footballer, born 1943) Lajos Szűcs (10 December 1943 – 12 July 2020) was a Hungarian football striker. He played for Dorog, Ferencváros, Budapest Honvéd FC and Vasas Izzó. He won a gold medal in football at the 1968 Summer Olympics and a silver medal in football at the 1972 Summer Olympics. From 1967 to 1973, he played for the national team. He was born in Apatin, then Kingdom of Hungary. Szűcs died on 12 July 2020 in Budapest, aged 76. Nelson Meurer Nelson Meurer (July 23, 1942 – July 12, 2020), was a Brazilian Progressistas politician. He represented the state of Paraná at national level. From 1995 to 2019, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. From 1989 to 2013, he was Mayor of Francisco Beltrão. Meurer was born in Bom Retiro, Santa Catarina. Meurer died on July 12, 2020 in Francisco Beltrão from COVID-19, aged 77. Common big-eyed tree frog The common big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes narinosus") is a group of species of tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it on Mount Hagen in the Wahgi Valley region more than 2400 meters (8000 feet) above sea level. The female frog is 6.4 cm long. It has side-to-side marks on its lower eyelid. The skin of the dead, preserved frog is darker brown on the back and lighter brown on the belly. It has much less webbing on its toes than other frogs in "Nyctimystes". In the local Kaironk language, this frog is called "mabas", but other frogs are called by this name too. Twins (1988 movie) Twins (rendered in its title sequence logo as TWiiNS) is a 1988 American buddy comedy movie produced and directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about unlikely twins (Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito) who were separated at birth. The movie was a commercial success, grossing $216 million worldwide. Schwarzenegger and DeVito both agreed with the studio to take 20% of the movie's box office returns; this resulted in them receiving the biggest paychecks of their movie careers. Rod Bernard Rod Bernard (August 12, 1940 – July 12, 2020) was an American pop singer. He helped create the genre "swamp pop". He was born in Opelousas, Louisiana. His career began in 1957. His best known singles were "Diggy Liggy Lo" and "This Should Go On Forever". Bernard died on July 12, 2020 at the age of 79. Ignat Kaneff Ignat Kaneff (born ; 6 October 1926 – 12 July 2020) was a Bulgarian-born Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was born in Gorno Ablanovo, Bulgaria. In December 2016, Kaneff was named a Member of the Order of Canada. He was also involved in the car trade. He became a General Motors dealer, becoming successful enough to be invited by the president of the company to dinner in Detroit. He was the owner of six golf courses and a large construction company in Canada. Kaneff died on 12 July 2020, aged 93. Zindzi Mandela Zindziswa Mandela (23 December 1960 – 13 July 2020), also known as Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane, was a South African politician. She was an Ambassador to Denmark from 2015 until her death. She also worked under the administration of Jacob Zuma and Cyril Ramaphosa. She was the daughter of anti-apartheid activists Nelson Mandela and Winnie Mandela. She was born in Soweto. Mandela died on 13 July 2020 in Johannesburg, aged 59. A few days before her death, she tested positive for COVID-19. Graça Machel Graça Machel (; née Simbine, , born 17 October 1945) is a Mozambican politician and humanitarian. She is the widow of both former presidents of Mozambique and South Africa; Mozambican president Samora Machel and South African president Nelson Mandela. Machel is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP). She was chancellor of the University of Cape Town between 1999 and 2019. Moses Costa Archbishop Moses M. Costa, C.S.C. (17 November 1950 – 13 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi Roman Catholic prelate. He was the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chittagong, Bangladesh from 2017 until his death. He was born in Dhaka. Costa was ordained a holy priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross on 5 February 1981. In June 2020, Costa was hospitalized with COVID-19, but recovered from it in Dhaka. On 9 July 2020, Costa suffered a stroke in Dhaka, aged 69. The Iron Curtain (movie) The Iron Curtain is a 1948 American thriller movie directed by William A. Wellman and based on the memoirs of Igor Gouzenko. It stars Dana Andrews, Gene Tierney, June Havoc, Berry Kroeger, Edna Best, Stefan Schnabel and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. La Rochelle Business School La Rochelle Business School is an European higher studies establishment. The school is in La Rochelle. It has been established in 1988. La Rochelle BS is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management. ArXiv arXiv (pronounced "archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi [χ]) is an open-access repository of scientific pre-prints. All documents are stored as PDF. Importance. Generally, all scientific journals have peer-review procedures. This process sometimes take several years. The time lag made by this process will easily cause delay to the scientific community. arXiv was made to avoid this delay. Usage at Wikipedia etc.. Wikipedia and some journals accept citations by arXiv. Some academic search engines (such as Google Scholar) can help users to find arXiv pre-prints. Scientific areas. arXiv includes pre-prints from various scientific fields such as: Similar websites. Today, there are several arXiv-like websites in other areas. Madonna of Avenue A Madonna of Avenue A is a 1929 American drama movie directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Dolores Costello, Grant Withers, Douglas Gerrard, Louise Dresser, Otto Hoffman, Lee Moran. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and is a lost movie. The Last Bohemian (1912 movie) The Last Bohemian () is a 1912 Hungarian romantic drama movie directed by first time director Michael Curtiz and starring Antal Nyáray, Elemér Thury, Zoltán Sipos, Ilonka Bedõ, Frigyes Hervay. Missing and murdered Indigenous women Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) and Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) is a big problem in the United States and Canada. In both countries, Indigenous women and girls are more likely to go missing or be murdered than non-Indigenous women and girls. The problem of MMIW reflects the intersectionality of racism and sexism Indigenous women in the US and Canada face. It also shows how the governments are not doing enough to help women. Background. Before colonialism, Indigenous cultures in North America treated women with respect because they were seen as givers of life. The women folk helped make important decisions in their communities. European colonists in Canada and the US did not treat Indigenous women right. They called them names like "squaw" and thought they were immoral. European men used them for sex. Sometimes they killed the women folk. Back then, people could get away with treating Indigenous women badly because very few people at the time cared about Indigenous women like they cared about white women. To this very day, people in both countries have negative ideas about Indigenous women. Because they have those ideas, they do not treat them right. Native Americans and Aboriginal Canadians had their cultures taken away from them. They were forced to adopt the white man's ways. The men folk learned from the white men on how to disrespect women. Also, a lot of the Indigenous people were forced to go to schools where they were treated badly. A lot of men vented out their feelings by hurting the women folk. Indigenous communities tend to be the poorest in the US and Canada. Because of this, a lot of Indigenous women go into sex trafficking in order to make money. This allows them to be hurt by their pimps, customers, and the police. Also, few people will speak up on their behalf because there is a stigma around working in the sex industry. Canada. Indigenous women make up 4% of the female population in Canada. Yet they represented 16% of all female homicide victims between 1980 and 2012. The RCMP does not release data on the ethnicity of the perpetrators. Highway of Tears. Highway 16 is in British Columbia. There is a part of Highway 16 between Prince George and Prince Rupert that is 700km long. It is known for being a place where a lot of Indigenous women have gone missing or have been found dead. A lot of people think there is a serial killer/s on the highway targeting young women. Hitchhiking is a popular practice in this part of Canada because most people cannot afford cars and there is no good public transportation system. This puts a lot of women in danger because they might meet a driver who will do bad things to them. United States. In the United States, 1 in 3 Native women is assaulted during her lifetime. 67% of these assaults are done by non-Natives. Tribes have difficulty prosecuting non-Natives who hurt Natives on tribal land because their land is considered federal land. Because of this, there is a lot of confusion as whether the federal government, the state government, or the tribes should press criminal charges against non-Native perpetrators. Protest. There have been many protests to ask for more investigations into why there are so many missing and murdered Indigenous women. People are also doing things to help find missing women because they do not believe the government will help them. Women's Memorial March. Every Valentine's Day, a march is held in Downtown Eastside, Vancouver, which is an area with a lot of missing and murdered Indigenous women. The first march was in 1991 and was held to honor a murdered Coast Salish woman. Drag the Red. In 2014, Tina Fontaine was found dead in the Red River in Manitoba. Since then, people have searched the rivers and ponds of Winnipeg to find bodies. Hiding bodies in water is popular with perpetrators because evidence is washed off. Art. A lot of art has been made to honor missing and murdered Indigenous women. REDress Project. The REDress Project is an art project that is made up of red dresses. Each dress represents a missing or murdered Indigenous woman. These dresses are displayed for people to see. International Go Federation The International Go Federation (IGF) is an international non-profit organization that connects Go federations around the world. They strive to promote fair play among all players. Activities. IGF aims to promote Go all over the world. They do so by the following actions: Members. IGF is formed by national members and continental members (such as the European Go Federation in Europe). Squaw Squaw is a word that refers to an Indigenous woman in the United States or Canada. Many Native Americans say this a bad word because people have used it in racist and woman-hating ways. According to the editor of the "Navajo Times" Tom Aviso, "squaw" is the worst word used on Native American women. Origin. The word "squaw" comes from the Algonquian languages, where it means "woman." In the Massachusset language, the word is "squàw." In Cree, it is "iskwew." Some people say that the word "squaw" comes from a Mohawk word that means vagina. However, many linguists, for example Ives Goddard of the Smithsonian, think this is not so. They think "squaw" really came from the regular Massachusetts word "squa," for "woman." Current use. Squaw is considered an offensive word because many non-Natives have used it to disrespect Native American and Aboriginal Canadian women. Some people in Indigenous communities think "squaw" is offensive. According to members of the Nooksack Tribal Council, Native Americans in general see "squaw" as an insulting word. Other Native Americans think the word should be "reclaimed", meaning made a normal word again. The root of "squaw" is in some compound words in Algonquin languages that are spoken today: "nidobaskwa" means "female friend," "manigebeskwa" means "woman of the woods," and "Squaw Sachem" means "female chief." Historical use. European colonizers used the word to talk about Indigenous women. When white colonists moved west, they used words like "squaw" even when they were talking about women whose tribes spoke languages different from Algonquian. It became a generic word. Stereotype. European men in the US and Canada were not respectful of Indigenous women. They used them for sex. When they called the women "squaw," they used it in a way that showed that they saw those women as sex objects and not human beings. Over time, the word "squaw" came to mean a woman who was dirty, sexually abused, violent, fit only for mindless work or some group of these. According to scholars, for example D. Francis and D. Merskin, the squaw is the second most common stereotype of Native American women. The most common is the Indian princess. The two stereotypes work as a pair. The princess was imagined as beautiful and sexually well-behaved. The squaw was imagined as ugly, dirty and sexually available. Scholars say white people stuck to the idea of the squaw so they could say American Indian culture was bad. They pretended the cultures were full of lazy men who forced women to do all the real work. That way, they could make it sound like wiping out the culture of Native Americans was a good thing. Name changes. People in the US and Canada are trying to change place names with the word "squaw" in it because they feel it is not respectful to Indigenous women. However, there are still many places where the word is in the name. Jean Castex Jean Castex (; born 25 June 1965) is a French politician. He was the Prime Minister of France from 3 July 2020 to 16 May 2022. He was nominated to the job by President Emmanuel Macron. He was a member of Les Républicans (LR). He was Mayor of Prades, a provincial town in Southern France, for twelve years until his appointment as Prime Minister. He was praised for his role in handling the Coronavirus crisis. On 25 April 2022, after Macron's re-election as President of France, Castex agreed to resign as Prime Minister of France. Castex had previously promised to do so if Macron was re-elected. The Republicans (France) The Republicans (; LR) is a liberal-conservative political party in France. The party was created on 30 May 2015 by renaming the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party, which had been founded in 2002 under the leadership of former President of France Jacques Chirac. The party used to be one of the two major political parties in the French Fifth Republic along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS), and, following the 2017 legislative election, it remains the second largest party in the National Assembly (behind President Macron's REM), but becomes the fourth in 2022, behind the National Rally, the NUPES and Renaissance. LR is a member of the European People's Party, the Centrist Democrat International, and the International Democrat Union. Nurul Islam Babul Nurul Islam Babul (3 May 1946 – 13 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi businessman. He was the chairman of the business conglomerate Jamuna Group. He was born in the Noakhali District in Bangladesh. He was arrested two times, one for murder and the second for possible tax evasion. Babul died on 13 July 2020 after being hospitalized in Dhaka for COVID-19, aged 74. Pat Quinn (footballer) Patrick Quinn (26 April 1936 – 12 July 2020) was a Scottish football player and manager. He was born in Glasgow. He began playing with Blackpool in 1962. A year later, he would return to Scotland to join Hibernian. He was a finalist in the 1968–69 Scottish League Cup. He finished his league career at East Fife, whom he would also manage. He also coached FH. Quinn played four times for Scotland between 1961 and 1962. Quinn also represented the Scottish League XI six times. Quinn died on 12 July 2020, aged 84. Maurice Couve de Murville Jacques-Maurice Couve de Murville (; 24 January 1907 – 24 December 1999) was a French diplomat and politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1958 to 1968 and Prime Minister from 1968 to 1969 under the presidency of General de Gaulle. Killing Heat Killing Heat is a 1981 Zambian Swedish Zimbabwean Australian drama movie directed by Michael Raeburn and based on the 1950 novel "The Grass is Singing" by Doris Lessing. It stars John Thaw, Karen Black, John Kani, Patrick Mynhardt, John Moulder Brown and was distributed by Swedish Film Institute. Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was a French politician. He was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He has been called the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He worked with President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962. Michel Barnier Michel Bernard Barnier (born 9 January 1951) is a conservative French politician. He is the European Commission's Head of Task Force for Relations with the United Kingdom (UK Task Force/UKTF) since November 2019. He was Chief Negotiator - Task Force for the Preparation and Conduct of the Negotiations with the United Kingdom from October 2016 to November 2019. In France, he was minister of foreign affairs from 2004 to 2005, minister of state for European affairs from 1995 to 1997 and minister of the environment and way of life from 1993 to 1995. Hervé de Charette Hervé de Charette (born 30 July 1938) is a French politician. He was born in Paris. He is a member of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). He was elected deputy for the first time in 1986 as representative of the Maine-et-Loire "département". He was Minister of Civil Service, then from 1993 to 1995, he was Minister of Housing In the UDF. He supported the winning candidacy of Jacques Chirac in the 1995 presidential election and not that of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur. He found and led the Popular Party for French Democracy (PPDF). He was Minister of Foreign Affairs until the 1997 legislative election. In 2002, he joined the Union for a Popular Movement ("Union pour un mouvement populaire" or UMP). In December 2009, he left this party for the Nouveau Centre. Sweet and Sour (movie) Sweet and Sour () is a 1963 French Italian comedy movie directed by Jacques Baratier and starring Guy Bedos, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Babilée, Claude Brasseur, Anna Karina, Sophie Daumier, Jacques Dufilho, Simone Signoret, Françoise Brion, Roger Vadim, Pascale Roberts. Dafydd Iwan Dafydd Iwan Jones (born 24 August 1943) is a Welsh folk singer and politician. He was the president of Plaid Cymru from 2003 to 2010. He first rose to fame as a singer-songwriter of folk music in the Welsh language. Iwan was born in Brynamman (), Carmarthenshire. His brothers include actor Huw Ceredig (1942–2011) and politician Alun Ffred Jones. Interstate 605 Interstate 605 (I-605), also called the San Gabriel River Freeway, is an Interstate Highway in the Orange and Los Angeles counties of California. It is a spur route of the Interstate 5. It goes from the Interstate 405 in Seal Beach north to the Interstate 210 in Duarte. It runs next to the San Gabriel River for most of its route. The Interstate is about long. San Dimas San Dimas may mean: San Dimas, California San Dimas is a city in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California. At the 2010 census, 33,371 people lived there. The city gets its name from the Spanish name for Saint Dismas. The 1989 movie "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" and its 1991 sequel "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" were both set in San Dimas. Neither were filmed in the city, they were mainly filmed in Phoenix, Arizona and Los Angeles. Steve Stevens (footballer) Stephen Roy Stevens (5 February 1903 – 22 June 1990) was an Australian rules footballer. He played one match for St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1920. Stevens was born in Bendigo, Victoria. In 1990, he died in Seymour, Victoria, at the age of 87. Steve Stevens Steven Bruce Schneider (born May 5, 1959), better known as Steve Stevens, is an American guitarist and songwriter. He was Billy Idol's guitarist and songwriting partner. He is also known for his lead guitar work on the theme to the movie "Top Gun". For this, he won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1987. Stevens is a session guitarist and has played for Michael Jackson, Ric Ocasek and Robert Palmer. He has also been a member of Neurotic Outsiders, Juno Reactor and Kings of Chaos. He was a founding member of the supergroup Bozzio Levin Stevens. Stevens was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is married to Josie Stevens. The couple have appeared on the E! show "Married to Rock". What Happens in Vegas What Happens in Vegas is a 2008 American romantic comedy movie directed by Tom Vaughan and written by Dana Fox. It stars Cameron Diaz, Ashton Kutcher and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The Commitments (movie) The Commitments is a 1991 Irish British American musical comedy-drama movie directed by Alan Parker and is based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Roddy Doyle. It starring Robert Arkins, Michael Aherne, Angeline Ball, Maria Doyle, Dave Finnegan, Bronagh Gallagher, Félim Gormley, Glen Hansard, Dick Massey, Johnny Murphy, Kenneth McCluskey, Andrew Strong and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa "Shikwa" (, "Complaint") and "Jawab-e-Shikwa" (, "Response to the Complaint") are Urdu language poems by Muhammad Iqbal. They which were later published in his book "Kulliat-e-Iqbal". The poems are often noted for their musicality, poetical beauty and depth of thought. First Allama iqbal wrote shikwa poem , on which Allama iqbal is questioning to Allah but unfortunately Allama iqbal faced too many criticism from people then Allama iqbal wrote second part of poem which was jawab-e-shikwa , then people understand what was allama iqbal trying to say . Futurist Futurists are persons who are interested in futurology. They try to explore predictions about the future to other persons. One of the most famous futurists is Ray Kurzweil. For example, he predicts that the technological singularity will happen in 2045. Futurology Futurology (also known as futures studies or futures research) is the study of social and technological advancement of the future. Persons who are interested in futurology are futurists. Lincoln County, North Carolina Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 78,265 people lived there. Its county seat is Lincolnton. McDowell County, North Carolina McDowell County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 44,996 people lived there. Its county seat is Marion. Patrick Ky Patrick Ky is the current Head of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) since the 1st of September 2013. Patrick Ky studied at the École Polytechnique and the French Civil Aviation University (1989) and was previously Head of the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research ). He succeed Mr Patrick Goudou. Papua big-eyed tree frog The Papua big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes papua") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in southeastern New Guinea, from Mount Albert-Edward in the west to Mount Dayman in the east. It lives 1200–2600 m above sea level. The adult male frog is about 4.6 to 5.1 cm long and the female about 7.0 cm long. The sampled frogs could be gray or brown with some yellow. This frog has less of a pattern on its lower eyelids than other frogs in "Nyctimystes" do. Toilet seat Toilet seats let the user sit on a toilet by covering the bowl. Household toilet seats consist of a seat, cover and hinges. The place where you sit is called the seat. There is a hole in the middle of the seat so that you can defecate or urinate. Many toilet seats have a lid which keeps objects from falling into the bowl. Two metal hinges attach the seat to the toilet. Common materials for the seat's body include plastic, wood and a special kind of ceramic called porcelain. Some homemakers prefer seats that are upholstered. There are two types of toilet seat fixings: Bottom Fixings and Top Fixings. This can means that the seat is covered in fabric. The majority of modern toilets now come with top fixing seat installation as they are easier to fit and remove for cleaning. Nyctimystes bivocalis Nyctimystes bivocalis is a frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in the Cloudy Mountains and part of the Owen Stanley Mountains in Milne Bay Province. The adult male frog is 38.5 to 49.2 mm long from nose to rear end and gray-brown in color and the adult female is 42.2 to 55.7 mm long and orange-brown in color. The name "bivocalis" or "double-voice" comes from the frog's voice. It calls out with two tones. Beaver County, Pennsylvania Beaver County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 170,539. Its county seat is Beaver. Butler County, Pennsylvania Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 183,862. Its county seat is Butler. Lamborghini 400 GT The Lamborghini 400 GT is a grand tourer car made by Lamborghini. It was built from 1966 to 1968. It was the successor to the 350 GT. In fact, it was based off the 350 GT, but had a larger V12 engine. There were two Lamborghinis known as the 400 GT: the standard 400 GT, and the one-off (one was built) 400 GT Monza. History. The first 400 GT, commonly referred to as simply the 400 GT or 400 GT Interim, was basically the older 350 GT, but it had an enlarged, 3,929 cc V12 engine. The new engine had a power output of . Twenty-three of 400 GT Interims were built, three of which had aluminium bodywork. The second 400 GT, commonly known as the 400 GT 2+2, had a different roofline, and small exterior changes compared to the 350 GT and 400 GT Interim. It was first presented at the 1966 Geneva Auto Show. The larger body shape allowed two seats to be installed in the rear, which the 350 GT didn’t have. The bodywork for the 400 GT was designed by Carrozzeria Touring. The 400 GT also had a Lamborghini designed gearbox, which greatly improved the drivetrain. A total of 23 units of the 400 GT Interim and 224 units of the 400 GT 2+2 were built from 1966 to 1968, when it was replaced with the Islero. Engine and transmission. The 400 GT was very similar to the 350 GT mechanically. However, it had a larger V12 engine, and a different five-speed manual transmission made by Lamborghini. Performance. The 400 GT was able to accelerate from 0-60 miles per hour (0-97 kilometres per hour) in 6.0 seconds. It could also accelerate from 0-100 miles per hour (0-161 kilometres per hour) in 13.1 seconds. The 400 GT’s quarter mile time was 14.1 seconds, and it was going 103 miles per hour (166 kilometres per hour) at the end of the quarter mile. Cuyuni-Mazaruni Cuyuni-Mazaruni (Region 7) is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Delta Amacuro state north of the Cuyuni river and as a part of Bolívar state south of the same river. The regional capital is Bartica. The region is in the west of the country. It has an area of 47,213 km². As of the 2012 census, 20,280 people lived there. It borders the regions of Barima-Waini, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara and Pomeroon-Supenaam to the north, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the east, the region of Potaro-Siparuni, Brazil to the south and Venezuela to the west. Other towns include: Issano, Isseneru, Kartuni, Peters Mine, Arimu Mine, Kamarang, Keweigek, Imbaimadai, Tumereng and Kamikusa. Potaro-Siparuni Potaro-Siparuni (Region 8) is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Bolívar state. The regional capital is Mahdia. The region is in the west of the country. It has an area of 20,051 km². As of the 2012 census, 10,190 people lived there. It borders the region of Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the north, the regions of Upper Demerara-Berbice and East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the south and Brazil to the west. Giles County, Tennessee Giles County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2010 census, 29,485 people lived there. The county seat is Pulaski. Giles County Giles County is the name of two counties in the United States: Rancho Cucamonga, California Rancho Cucamonga is a city in San Bernardino County, California. Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California) Interstate 710 (I-710) and State Route 710 (SR 710) are two highways in Los Angeles County, California. They are not connected, but they both go in the same north-south direction in line with each other. The I-710 (also called the Long Beach Freeway) goes from the Port of Los Angeles north along the Los Angeles River to East Los Angeles. Here, it continues north away from the river before ending near to the Interstate 10 at Alhambra. State Route 710 is short. It starts in Pasadena and goes north where it joins the Interstate 210. Together, these are about long. League City, Texas League City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Surprise, Arizona Surprise is a city in Arizona in the United States. Northumberland County Northumberland County is the name of four counties in North America: Arizona's 1st congressional district Arizona's 1st congressional district is one of nine congressional districts in the state of Arizona and one of 435 districts in the USA. It is, geographically speaking, the largest district in the state of Arizona, comprising much of the eastern portion of the state. As of 2020, the district was represented by Democrat Tom O'Halleran. Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Northumberland County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 94,528. Its county seat is Sunbury. The county was created on March 21, 1772 from parts of Lancaster, Berks, Bedford, Cumberland, and Northampton counties and is named after the English county of Northumberland. Cumberland County Cumberland County may refer to several counties: Talbot County Talbot County is the name of two counties in the United States: Worcester County Worcester County is the name of two counties in the United States: Wells County Wells County is the name of two counties in the United States: Norfolk County Norfolk County is the name of two counties in North America: Roosevelt County Roosevelt County is the name of two counties in the United States: Ward County Ward County is the name of two counties in the United States: Vernon County Vernon County is the name of three counties in the United States: Westmoreland County Westmoreland County may refer to five counties: Wheeler County Wheeler County is the name of four counties in the United States: Shannon County Shannon County is the name of a county in the United States: as well as: Quanah, Texas Quanah is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Carbon County, Pennsylvania Carbon County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,249. Its county seat is Jim Thorpe. List of birds of Azerbaijan This is a list of the bird species found in Azerbaijan. The bird fauna of Azerbaijan include a total of 371 species, of which 9 are rare or accidental. Divers. Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae Divers, known as loons in the U.S., are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or a small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. There are 5 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Grebes. Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater (lakes, ponds and rivers) diving birds. They have rounded toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, causing them not to walk easily on land. There are 20 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Cormorants. Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colorful. Pelicans. Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have feet with four connected toes. There are 8 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Bitterns, herons and egrets. Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more shy. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Ibises and spoonbills. Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, they fly very high. Storks. Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with a long and thin bill. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Flamingos. Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are wading birds, usually tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they eat and, uniquely, are used upside-down. There are 6 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Ducks, geese and swans. Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic life with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. There are 131 species worldwide and 31 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Osprey. Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae has only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. Hawks, kites and eagles. Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and very good eyesight. Caracaras and falcons. Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. There are 62 species worldwide and 8 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Pheasants and partridges. Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plumb (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Cranes. Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". There are 15 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots. Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. There are 143 species worldwide and 8 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Bustards. Order: OtidiformesFamily: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Oystercatchers. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or opening the shells of molluscs. There are 11 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Avocets and stilts. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. There are 9 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Thick-knees. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and colorful plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species live in arid or semi-arid habitats. There are 9 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Pratincoles and coursers. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds including the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Plovers and lapwings. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. There are 66 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Sandpipers and allies. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills help many species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. There are 27 species which have been recorded in Azerbaijan. Skuas and jaegers. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Gulls, terns, and skimmers. Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have broad, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live more than 30 years. Sandgrouse. Order: PterocliformesFamily: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but plumb bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fly fast. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. There are 16 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Pigeons and doves. Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are plumb-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Cuckoos and anis. Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of different sizes with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. There are 138 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Barn owls. Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. There are 16 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Typical owls. Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Nightjars. Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. There are 86 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Swifts. Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Kingfishers. Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae Bee-eaters. Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterized by richly colored plumage, slender bodies and usually long central tail feathers. All are colorful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. There are 26 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Typical rollers. Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colorful appearance of those groups with blues and browns being more common. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Hoopoes. Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink coloring with a large crest on their head. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Woodpeckers and allies. Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Larks. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often diverse songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. Swallows and martins. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Wagtails and pipits. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. There are 54 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Kinglets. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Waxwings. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are birds of boreal forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. There are 3 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Dippers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their dipping movements. There are 5 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Wrens. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. There are 80 species worldwide (of which all but one are New World species) and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Accentors. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Prunellidae The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small and look like sparrows. There are 13 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Thrushes and allies. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae The thrushes are a group of birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Bush warblers and allies. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Scotocercidae Locustellid warblers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae Acrocephalid warblers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae Phylloscopid warblers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally dull in appearance, but many have diverse songs. Old World flycatchers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. Bearded reedling. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Panuridae Long-tailed tits. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithalidae Long-tailed tits are a group of small birds with medium to long tails. They make nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. There are 9 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Chickadees and titmice. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae The Paridae are mainly small and plumb woodland species with short bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Nuthatches. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. There are 24 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Wallcreeper. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tichodromidae The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has a red, grey and black plumage. Treecreepers. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to catch insects from the bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. There are 6 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Penduline tits. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Remizidae The penduline tits are a group of small birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. There are 13 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Old World orioles. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colorful birds. They are not closely related to the New World orioles. There are 29 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Azerbaijan. Shrikes. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae Shrikes are birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. Crows, jays, ravens and magpies. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. There are 120 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Starlings. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized birds. Their flight is strong and direct. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic shine. There are 125 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Azerbaijan. Old World buntings. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Finches, euphonias, and allies. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers. These birds flap and glide when they fly, and most sing well. Old World sparrows. Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plumb, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also eat small insects. Chillicothe, Texas Chillicothe is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. East Side of Heaven East Side of Heaven is a 1939 American musical movie directed by David Butler and starring Bing Crosby, Joan Blondell, Mischa Auer, Irene Hervey, C. Aubrey Smith, Baby Sandy, Jerome Cowan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. Prime Minister of Yemen The Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government of Yemen. Under the Constitution of Yemen, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. Their appointment must be approved by the House of Representatives. The current Prime Minister of Yemen is Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed. Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour (, born 8 August 1955) is a Yemeni politician. He was the Governor of Aden during the Houthi takeover in Yemen. He is a member of the General People's Congress. In 2016, he became the Prime Minister of Yemen, however this has been disputed since 2018. Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed (, born 1976) is a Yemeni politician. In October 2018, he became Prime Minister of Yemen. However, this claim has been disputed by Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour. Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini Mohsin Ahmad Alaini () (20 October 1932 – 25 August 2021) was a Yemeni politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic five times between 1967 and 1975. Al-Aini was the first Foreign Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic. Al-Aini died on 25 August 2021 in Cairo, Egypt at aged 88. Ali Nasir Muhammad Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani () (born 31 December 1940) is a Yemeni politician. He was the former leader of South Yemen. He was General Secretary of the Yemeni Socialist Party between 1980 and 1986. He was twice president of South Yemen and once the Prime Minister. He was the Prime Minister from 2 August 1971 until 14 February 1985. President of Yemen The President of the Republic of Yemen is the head of state of Yemen. The president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Yemeni government. 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They currently play in League One, the third level of football in England. They are nicknamed 'The Fishermen' or ‘The Cods’ due to Fleetwood being a coastal town. Their home stadium is Highbury Stadium. The stadium can hold 5,327 fans. Along with Blackpool, they compete in the "Fylde Coast Derby". Raymundo Capetillo Raymundo Sánchez y Capetillo, known as Raymundo Capetillo (1 September 1943 – 12 July 2020), was a Mexican actor. He was also an economist and an English teacher. He was born in Mexico City. His acting career began in the 1960s. His best known works were "Rosa salvaje" and "Corazón salvaje". Capetillo died on 12 July 2020 at a hospital in Mexico City from COVID-19, aged 76. Sharknado Sharknado is a 2013 American television sci-fi disaster movie about a waterspout that lifts sharks out of the ocean and throws them them in Los Angeles. It is the first movie in the "Sharknado" movie series. It first aired on the Syfy channel on July 11, 2013. It stars Tara Reid, Ian Ziering, John Heard and Cassie Scerbo. Five sequels were made: ', ', ' and '. "", the sixth and final movie in the franchise, was released on August 19, 2018. Free Wales Army The Free Wales Army, or the FWA for short, () was a Welsh paramilitary organisation that wanted independence for Wales from the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1963 in Lampeter, a small town in Ceredigion, by Julian Cayo-Evans. They first appeared in public at a protest in 1965 against the construction of the Llyn Celyn reservoir. The group's members used to march through historic towns, such as Machynlleth, wearing home-made uniforms. Hasan al-Lawzi Hasan Ahmad al-Lawzi (1952 – July 13, 2020) was a Yemeni politician and writer. He was the Minister of Information. He published several volumes of poetry and short stories. From June to August 2011, he was the Acting Prime Minister of Yemen. Al-Lawzi died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 68, after being infected with COVID-19 during the pandemic in Yemen. Eugene Chelyshev Eugene Petrovich Chelyshev or E. P. Chelyshev (, 27 October 1921 – 13 July 2020) was a Russian indologist, academician and public figure. He was a full-time member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1987), and he was the Academician-Secretary of the Department of Literature and Language Sciences (1988–2002). He was awarded two Orders of the Red Star (1944, 1949), Order of the Patriotic War II degree (1985), Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" IV Degree (1997), III degree (2007), II degree (2020), Order of Honour (2012). Indology Indology or Indian studies is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of India and other Asian studies. There are two types of Indology, "Classical Indology" from "Modern Indology". Classical is about ancient India and Modern is about current-day India and its politics. Alfie Allen Alfie Evan Allen (born 11 September 1986) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Theon Greyjoy in the television series "Game of Thrones" (2011–2019). Comet NEOWISE C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE), or Comet NEOWISE, is a retrograde comet with a near-parabolic orbit discovered on March 27, 2020, by astronomers using the NEOWISE space telescope. At that time it was a 10th magnitude comet, located away from the Sun and away from Earth. The comet is notable for being one of the brightest visible to observers in the northern hemisphere since Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. Ren Zhengfei Ren Zhengfei (; born 25 October 1944) is a Chinese entrepreneur and engineer. He is the founder and CEO of Shenzhen-based Huawei. As of February 2019, he had a net worth of US$1.3 billion. Meng Wanzhou Meng Wanzhou (; born February 13, 1972; also known as Cathy Meng and Sabrina Meng) is a Chinese business executive. She is the deputy chair of the board and chief financial officer (CFO) of telecom giant and China's largest privately held company, Huawei, founded by her father Ren Zhengfei. In December 2018, she was arrested in Vancouver for fraud charges. Paul Schrader Paul Joseph Schrader () (born July 22, 1946) is an American screenwriter, movie director, and critic. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He wrote or co-wrote screenplays for four Martin Scorsese movies: "Taxi Driver" (1976), "Raging Bull" (1980), "The Last Temptation of Christ" (1988), and "Bringing Out the Dead" (1999). In September 2022, Schrader was hospitalized for COVID-19 and pneumonia. Ysbyty Ystwyth Ysbyty Ystwyth (pronounced "us-but-ee ust-with") is a small village and community in Ceredigion, an area of Wales. In 2011, it had a small population of just 409. The community also includes the small hamlet of Pont-rhyd-y-groes. It is located south-southeast of Aberystwyth. Its name roughly translates into English as "Hospital of Ystwyth". The village's church was the property of the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, hence the hospital name. The village has an SY postcode, also known as a Shrewsbury postcode, the county town of Shropshire, England. Death of Tina Fontaine Tina Michelle Fontaine was a First Nations girl who went missing in Winnipeg in August 2014 and was found dead several days later. She is one of the many missing and murdered Indigenous women in Canada. Background. Tina was Ojibwe and Cree. Her grandfather from her dad's side survived the Canadian Indian residential school system. Because of his experiences, he was a violent alcoholic. Her father, Eugene Fontaine, left the Sagkeeng First Nation and moved to Winnipeg, where he too became addicted to alcohol. Tina's mother was from Bloodvein First Nation, 250 km north of Winnipeg. She was taken out of home at the age of 6 and was put into foster care. When she was 10, she was taken away from her family forever. At that point, she was sexually abused and started to use drugs. Her mother was 12 when she met her father, who was 23. She ran away from foster care in order to be with Tina's dad. In 1996, Tina's older sibling was born. Tina's mom was 14. This child was taken away forever by family services. Life. Tina was born on January 1, 1999. Her other sibling was born in 2000. When Tina was 1, she was taken away from her family by family services. She was taken away again when she was 2 and placed with her father. When Tina was 5, her father placed her and a younger sibling with a great-aunt. She lived much of her life on the Sagkeeng First Nations Reserve in rural Manitoba. In 2011, Tina's father was beaten to death. Her aunt said that the death of Tina's father affected her. Even though Tina could have received grief counseling, she did not. Tina started to skip school, not do assignments, get into fights, and hurt herself. She was suspended from school and was reported missing three times. Her family kept asking for help from family services. Disappearance and discovery. In June 2014, Tina went to Winnipeg in order to meet her mother. A woman named "Katrina" said she was with Fontaine before she disappeared. Here is her version of what happened: Trial. In December 2015, a man named Raymond Joseph Cormier was charged with Fontaine's murder. On February 22, 2018, he was found not guilty. Ki Daophet Niuhuang Ki Daophet Niuhuang () was a singer from Laos, in the genre Mor lam. He was born on 1 July 1972. Career. He started on stage in 1994, with his brothers who founded Mor lam music band Num Kosin, and he started as a solo artist in 1997. He has many popular songs include "Nam Ta Kway", "Jee Hoy", "Nam Ta Luk Phoo Chay", "Fa Oum Fon Kue Khon Oum Nong", "Miea Mak Phay", and "Koy Nong Kuen Udom Xai". In 2014, Niuhuang and Pueng Rassamee released a studio album, "Sao Mak Nao Bao Na Wang", and in 2018, Niuhuang and Prang Buppha relased single "Bao Vientiane Hak Xao Nongkhai". He died on 24 April 2020. Phillip Phillips Phillip LaDon Phillips Jr. (born September 20, 1990) is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He won the eleventh season of "American Idol" on May 23, 2012. His coronation song, "Home", became the best-selling song in "American Idol" history. He has released three studio albums. Phillips was born in Albany, Georgia. He is married to Hannah Blackwell. The couple have a child. Grant Imahara Grant Masaru Imahara (October 23, 1970 – July 13, 2020) was an American electrical engineer, roboticist, and television host. He was best known for his work on the television series "MythBusters". He starred in the Netflix series "White Rabbit Project". Imahara was born in Los Angeles, California. Imahara died from a sudden intracranial aneurysm in Los Angeles on July 13, 2020 at age of 49. William Wolff William Wolff (13 February 1927 – 8 July 2020) was a German-British journalist and rabbi. He was born in Berlin. He worked as a department head at the Daily Mirror. Wolff was responsible for domestic policy, but then switched to foreign policy with the special topic of Britain's entry to the European Economic Community. He was responsible for company news for four years. In Germany, he also appeared in the early 1970s on the television program Der Internationale Frühschoppen. He was a rabbi at West London Synagogue, in Newcastle upon Tyne (1986-1990), in Milton Keynes (1990-1993), Reading and Brighton (1993-1997) and in Wimbledon (1997-2002). On 23 April 2002, he was appointed to the position of regional rabbi of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Schwerin. He retired in 2015. Wolff died on 8 July 2020 at the age of 93 in London. St. Peter, Minnesota St. Peter is a city located in Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States. The city is located 10 miles north of the Mankato – North Mankato metropolitan area. The population was 11,196 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Nicollet County. North Mankato, Minnesota North Mankato is a city in Nicollet and Blue Earth counties in the State of Minnesota. The population was 13,394 at the 2010 census. Le Sueur, Minnesota Le Sueur is a city in Le Sueur and Sibley counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota, between Mankato and the Twin Cities. The population was 4,058 at the 2010 census. Mike Lindell Michael James Lindell (born June 28, 1961), is an American inventor, businessman, and entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of My Pillow, Inc., and is sometimes known as "the My Pillow guy". He is known as a strong supporter of former President Donald Trump during his presidency and even was a close advisor to the president. John Schnatter John H. Schnatter (born November 22 or 23, 1961), nicknamed commercially as Papa John, is an American businessman. He founded Papa John's Pizza in 1984. Schnatter resigned as CEO on January 1, 2018, after comments he made in November 2017 criticizing National Football League commissioner Roger Goodell for not doing anything about national anthem protests by football players. He then resigned as chairman of the board on July 11, 2018, when a scandal broke out over his use of a racial slur. House of Representatives of Liberia The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the Senate made up the Legislature of Liberia. The number of seats is fixed by law at 73. The House meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia. Senate of Liberia The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the House of Representatives made up the Legislature of Liberia. Each of the fifteen counties are equally represented by two senators, elected to nine-year terms. The Senate meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia. Legislature of Liberia The Legislature of Liberia is the bicameral legislature of the government of Liberia. It is made up of a Senate – the upper house, and a House of Representatives – the lower house. It is modeled after the United States Congress. Sessions are held at the Capitol Building in Monrovia. Legislature of Liberia is considered one of the three branches of government based on the Article III of the Constitution of Liberia. Munah Pelham-Youngblood Munah Evangeline Pelham-Youngblood (22 September 19838 July 2020) was a Liberian politician. She was elected twice to the Liberian House of Representatives. She was the youngest person ever elected to the Liberian parliament. She was a member of Congress for Democratic Change. She worked for President George Weah. Pelham-Youngblood died in Accra, Ghana, on 8 July 2020 at the age of 36. Santiago Nchama Santiago Nsobeya Efuman Nchama (c. 1950 – July 2020) was an Equatoguinean politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea. Between 1999 and 2003, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. In July 2013, Nchama was named Second Vice-President of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of Equatorial Guinea, alongside Francisca Tatchouop Belobe. Nchama's death was reported on 8 July 2020, aged 70. List of presidents of Equatorial Guinea The following is a list of presidents of Equatorial Guinea, since the establishment of the office of President in 1968. Francisco Macías Nguema Francisco Macías Nguema (born Mez-m Ngueme; Africanised to Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979) was the first President of Equatorial Guinea, from 1968 until his overthrow. He was executed in 1979. List of prime ministers of Equatorial Guinea The following is a list of prime ministers of Equatorial Guinea, since the establishment of the office of Prime Minister of Spanish Guinea in 1963. Jean-François Garreaud Jean-François Garreaud (1 April 1946 – 9 July 2020) was a French actor. Garreaud was born in Montmorency, Val-d'Oise, France. His best-known role is that of Jean Dabin in "Violette Nozière", released in 1978. He was also known for his role as Henri in "I as in Icarus" in 1979. Garreaud died on 9 July 2020 in Saint-Jory-de-Chalais, France at the age of 74. Bill Gilbreth William Freeman Gilbreth (September 3, 1947 – July 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played three seasons for the Detroit Tigers and California Angels of Major League Baseball. His career lasted from 1971 to 1972 and again in 1974. Gilbreth was born in Abilene, Texas. Gilbreth died on July 12, 2020 from heart surgery-related problems, aged 72. Tory Belleci Salvatore Paul "Tory" Belleci (born October 30, 1970) is an American television host and model maker. He is best known as a presenter for the Discovery Channel show "MythBusters" and Netflix's "White Rabbit Project". He has also worked with visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic for movies such as ' and '. He was born in Monterey, California. Kari Byron Kari Elizabeth Byron (born December 18, 1974) is an American television host. She is best known as a presenter for the Discovery Channel show "MythBusters" and Netflix's "White Rabbit Project". She has also appeared in "Head Rush" and "Crash Test World". She was born in Santa Clara County, California. Council of Representatives of Iraq The Council of Representatives (; , "Enjumen-e Nûnerên") is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Iraq. As of 2020, it comprises 329 seats and meets in Baghdad inside the Green Zone. As a result of the ongoing 2019 Iraqi protests, the Council of Representatives approved a new law on 24 December 2019 which aims to make it easier for independent politicians to win a seat in the Council of Representatives. Ghaida Kambash Ghaida Kambash (1974 – 10 July 2020) was an Iraqi politician. She was born in Baghdad. She was three times in a row elected to the Iraqi parliament. She campaigned shortly before her death for a reform of the education system. Kambash died in Baghdad on 10 July 2020, aged 46 due to COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq. Abdelmajid Tlemçani Abdelmajid Tlemçani (30 November 1937 – 8 July 2020) was a Tunisian footballer. Tlemçani played for Espérance Sportive de Tunis and the Tunisian national team. He is the father of footballer Zied Tlemçani. Tlemçani scored the highest number of goals in the Tunisian League. Tlemçani died on 8 July 2020, aged 82. Manuel Moroun Manuel Moroun (June 5, 1927 – July 12, 2020) was an American billionaire businessman. He was the owner of CenTra, Inc, which controls the Ambassador Bridge, the international crossing connecting Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. A 2008 "Forbes" article listed him as the 321st richest American. Moroun died of congestive heart failure on July 12, 2020 in Detroit, aged 93. Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan Grosse Pointe Shores is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The city's population was 3,008 at the 2010 census. Ramón Escobar Santiago Ramón Escobar Santiago (14 March 1937 – 8 July 2020) was a Spanish politician. He was a member of the People's Party. From 1979 to 1981, he was Vice President of the Diputación Provincial de Segovia. Escobar Santiago was Mayor of Segovia from 1991 until 1999. He was born in Valencia, Spain. Escobar Santiago died on 8 July 2020 in Segovia, aged 83. Jack Ah Kit John Leonard Ah Kit (22 July 1950 – 12 July 2020) was an Australian Labor Party politician. He was the Labor member for Arnhem in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1995 to 2005. Kit was born in Alice Springs, Northern Territory. Kit died on 12 July 2020 in Darwin, Northern Territory at the age of 69. Debendra Nath Roy Debendra Nath Roy (1955 – 13 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Hemtabad in 2016 as a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and later joined Bharatiya Janata Party. Roy was found dead on 13 July 2020, hanging in front of a shop at Balia More, Raiganj. His family claimed that the death was not a suicide. Club Atlético Brown Club Atlético Brown (mostly known as Brown de Adrogué) is an Argentine football club from the Adrogué neighborhood in Greater Buenos Aires. The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional, the second division of the Argentine football league system. Micro-Star International Micro-Star International Co., Ltd (MSI; ) is a Taiwanese multinational information technology corporation headquartered in New Taipei City, Taiwan. It designs, develops and provides computer hardware. The company has a primary listing on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and was created in August 1986. Karrar Ibrahim Hashim Karrar Ibrahim (, 19 September 1994 – 9 July 2020) was an Iraqi footballer. He played for Al-Talaba in the Iraqi Premier League. as a goalkeeper. He represented Iraq at the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship. He was a squad member without playing at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Karrar was found dead in his car on a street in Baghdad on 10 July 2020 after having a heart attack. Chuck Hulse Chuck Hulse (October 3, 1927 – July 13, 2020) was an American racecar driver. He was born in Anaheim, California. Hulse raced in the USAC Championship Car series in the 1959–1964 and 1966–1968 seasons, with 60 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 races in 1962, 1963, 1966 and 1967. On July 13, 2020, Hulse died, aged 93. Roger Simons Roger Simons (1927 – July 2020) was a Belgian journalist, reporter and correspondent. Simons was the correspondent of the BRT, (later named BRTN and VRT) between 1961 and 2002. He was also the correspondent for the Dutch newspaper "Leidsche Courant". He retired in 1992.. He became an Officer of the Order of Leopold III after his retirement in 1992. He was born in Antwerp, Belgium. Simons died in London in July 2020, aged 93. Madelaine Petsch Madelaine Grobbelaar Petsch (born August 18, 1994) is an American actress. She is known for playing Cheryl Blossom in The CW series "Riverdale". Her movie credits include "F the Prom" (2017) and "Polaroid" (2019). She also has a YouTube channel, with over five million subscribers. Petsch was born in Port Orchard, Washington. Her parents are from South Africa. She is a vegan. Kōji Wada was a Japanese pop singer. He was best known for performing theme songs for several installments of the "Digimon" anime television series. His best known singles were "Butter-Fly", the theme song of the anime "Digimon Adventure". His nickname is "Immortal Butterfly Anisong Singer" (不死蝶のアニソンシンガー). On April 3, 2016, Wada died suddenly from nasopharynx cancer-related problems in Tokyo, aged 42. Billy Tang Billy Tang Hin-Shing () (1951 – 1 July 2020) was a Hong Kong movie director. He began working as an assistant director for Asia Television. He was known for directing "Dr. Lamb", "Those Were the Days..." and "Dial D for Demons". Tang died of nasopharynx cancer on 1 July 2020, aged 69. Zeng Yi (virologist) Zeng Yi (; March 8, 1929 – July 13, 2020) was a Chinese virologist. He was a professor at Beijing University of Technology and a researcher at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. In 1993, he became a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In October 2002, he became the founding dean of the College of Life Science and Bioengineering of Beijing University of Technology. Zeng died of an illness in Beijing on July 13, 2020, at the age of 91. Green Grass of Wyoming Green Grass of Wyoming is a 1948 American romantic western drama movie directed by Louis King and was based on the novel of the same name by Mary O'Hara. It stars Peggy Cummins, Charles Coburn, Robert Arthur, Lloyd Nolan, Burl Ives, Richard Garrick and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1949. Volvulus A volvulus is when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction. Symptoms include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, vomiting, constipation, and bloody stool. This causes the blood flow to part of the intestine is cut off. Otto of Bavaria Otto (; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916) was King of Bavaria from 1886 until his death. He never actively ruled because of schizophrenia. His uncle, Luitpold, and his cousin, Ludwig, were regents. Otto was the son of Maximilian II and his wife, Marie of Prussia, and the younger brother of Ludwig II. Otto died from volvulus at Fürstenried Palace on 11 October 1916, aged 68. European Go Federation The European Go Federation (EGF) is a non-profit organization for Go in Europe. Championships. EGF has been organizing several tournaments including the European Go Congress. They are open to all European players. Members. Membership is open to the Go-organising body in each country in or near to Europe. EU/NATO membership is not required. EGF Professional players. The European Professional System was established by the European Go Federation in 2014. Only few players who passed the qualification can obtain the EGF professional status. Adalet Ağaoğlu Adalet Ağaoğlu (née Sümer; 23 October 1929 – 14 July 2020) was a Turkish novelist and playwright. She was thought to be one of the best known novelists of 20th-century Turkish literature. She has also written essays, memoirs, and short stories. She was born in Ankara Province, Turkey. Ağaoğlu died on 14 July 2020 from multiple organ failure in Ankara, aged 90. Caesar Korolenko Caesar Petrovich Korolenko (; 3 October 1933 – 14 July 2020) was a Polish-born Russian psychiatrist. His scientific work was related to addictive disorders. He was a full time member of New York Academy of Sciences. He was also on the editorial board of "Anthropology & Medicine". Korolenko was Chair of psychiatry in the Novosibirsk Medical Institute from 1964 to 2006. Korolenko was born in Brest-on-the-Bug, Polesie Voivodeship, Poland. He died from COVID-19 on 14 July 2020 in Novosibirsk, Russian at the age of 86. Benigno Fitial Benigno Repeki Fitial (born November 27, 1945) is a Northern Mariana politician. He was the governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from 2006 until 2013. He was impeached by the CNMI House of Representatives on February 11, 2013 and was scheduled to face trial before the CNMI Senate to determine if he should be removed from office. He resigned on February 20, 2013 after 7 years, 1 month, and 11 days in office. Dolgellau Dolgellau (pronounced "Dol-gell-eye" or "Dol-gel-ee") is a small town and community in Gwynedd, a county of Wales. It is the county town of the historic county of Merionethshire. In 2011, it had a population of 2,688. The area is famous for its beautiful countryside and historic buildings and attractions. It is very popular with hikers, horse riders, white-water rafters and climbing. Since 1992, the town has held Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau (), an annual world music festival. It originally started as a small event and would be held in the streets of the town centre but has since grown too big and is now held in the town's outskirts. Twin town. Dolgellau has one twin town. It is twinned with: Anna Cathcart Anna Cathcart (born June 16, 2003) is a Canadian child actress. She played Olympia in "Odd Squad", Dizzy in the Disney Channel original movies "Descendants 2" and "3", Kitty in the Netflix original movie "To All the Boys I've Loved Before" and Zoe in Zoe Valentine. Early life. Cathcart was born in Richmond, Canada on June 16, 2003, and raised in Vancouver, Canada. She has an older sister called Sara Cathcart. Cathcart currently goes to school. Yasuhiko Funago is a Japanese politician. He is a member of Reiwa Shinsengumi. He has served in the House of Councillors since 2019. Funago was born in Gifu. He has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Nanobot Nanorobots, or nanobots for short, are a hypothetical type of robots. Their parts are about as big as a nanometer (0,0000000001 or 10−9 meters). Use. Nanobots could be useful in branches like medicine. They could do a diagnosis and targeted drug-delivery for cancer. Liselotte Pulver Liselotte Pulver (born 11 October 1929), sometimes credited as Lilo Pulver, is a Swiss actress. Pulver was one of the stars of German cinema in the 1950s and 1960s, where she often was cast as a tomboy. Her breakthrough movie role was "Vreneli", the wife of the lead in "Uli, der Knecht" (1954). She was James Cagney's secretary in Billy Wilder's comedy "One, Two, Three" (1961). In 1963, for her role as a Russian woman in "A Global Affair", she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award as best supporting actress. Sombat Metanee Sombat Metanee (; 26 June 1937 – 18 August 2022) was a Thai actor, singer, politician and movie director. He held the Guinness World Record for most movie appearances (more than 600). In 1966, he won the Golden Doll Award for his role in "Suek Bang Rajan". He was among an all-star Thai cast in Chatrichalerm Yukol's "The Legend of Suriyothai". He had a small comedic role in the 2004 comedy, "Bangkok Loco" and played a senior police officer in the 2005 horror-comedy, "". In 2006, he was elected to the National Assembly of Thailand. Metanee died on 18 August 2022 at his home in Bangkok, Thailand at the age of 85. Muid Latif Muid Latif (24 February 1979 – 11 April 2020) was a Malaysian-based web designer, graphic designer and digital artist. He was known for promoting the cultural elements of the Southeast Asia from Batik and Songket into his commercial works and artworks. Muid was the Project Lead for Creative Commons Malaysia who actively promote Free culture movement and open collaboration. Muid was one of the official Behance Ambassadors representing Malaysia and the author of 'Mekarnya Cinta Kata-kata dan Puisi' e-book. Latif died on 11 April 2020, aged 41. Boris Tsirelson Boris Semyonovich Tsirelson (May 4, 1950 – January 21, 2020) (, ) was a Russian–Israeli mathematician. He was a Professor of Mathematics at Tel Aviv University in Israel. He was born in Leningrad. He was known for his discoveries: Tsirelson's bound, Tsirelson space, Tsirelson drift and Gaussian isoperimetric inequality. Tsirelson, who had cancer, was euthanized on January 21, 2020 in Basel, Switzerland at the age of 69. Torre en Cameros Torre en Cameros is a municipality in La Rioja province, Spain. It has an area of . In 2011, it had a population of 12 people. Alhambra, California Alhambra is a city in the west part of San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County, California. It is about east of Downtown Los Angeles. It was incorporated on July 11, 1903. At the 2010 census, 83,089 people lived there. Downtown Los Angeles Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California. It is also a neighbourhood. About 85,000 people live there. It is the part of Los Angeles with the most skyscrapers, including the Wilshire Grand Center and the U.S. Bank Tower. The neighbourhood has an area of about . Los Angeles City Hall Los Angeles City Hall is the main government building in Los Angeles, California. The office of the Mayor of Los Angeles is in there as well as Los Angeles City Council. The building is in the Civic Center district of Downtown Los Angeles. The building was completed in 1928 and is about tall. Raymond Abbas Raymond Abbas, commonly known as Hushpuppi, is a Nigerian internet personality. He is notorious for showcasing his lavish lifestyle on Instagram which raised suspicions on the origins of his wealth. He was arrested by the Dubai Police authority. He was handed over to the FBI on June 2020. Crimes. Abbas' apartment in Dubai was raided by both the FBI and Interpol. They seized more than $37 million in cash. He and his associates were allegedly running an international scam and were suspected of various crimes including: cyber fraud, money-laundering, bank fraud, and identity theft which were committed outside the UAE. Archipelago big-eyed tree frog The archipelago big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes perimetri") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives on islands in the Louisade Archipelago. It lives in forests and wetlands not near the ocean. The adult male frog is about long and the female long. The dead, preserved frog is dark gray. There is some yellow on the throat. Virginia Giuffre Virginia Louise Giuffre ("née" Roberts; August 9, 1983) is an American advocate of justice for victims of sex trafficking. She is one of the known victims of a sex trafficking operation by convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. In 2015, she founded the nonprofit organization "Victims Refuse Silence". Early life. Virginia Giuffre was born Virginia Louise Roberts in on August 9, 1983 in Sacramento, California. When she was four years old, her family relocated to Loxahatchee in Palm Beach County, Florida. She reportedly came from a "troubled home". Giuffre told the "Miami Herald" that she went from being in "an abusive situation, to being a runaway, to living in foster homes." She lived on the streets at age 13 before getting abused by a 65-year-old sex trafficker, Ron Eppinger, in Miami. Giuffre lived with Eppinger for approximately 6 months. He was raided by the FBI and later said "guilty" to charges of alien smuggling for prostitution, interstate travel for prostitution, and money laundering. 14th Street–Union Square station 14th Street - Union Square is a station on the BMT Broadway Line, BMT Canarsie Line and IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 14th Street and 4th Avenue under Union Square in Manhattan. It is served by the L, N, Q, R, W, 4, 5 and 6 trains. Mars Needs Moms Mars Needs Moms is a 2011 American 3D computer-animated science fiction adventure movie based on the Berkeley Breathed book of the same title. Old Trafford (area) </noinclude> Old Trafford is a suburb near Stretford. It is in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It is southwest of Manchester city centre. Its limits are more or less the crossroads of two old toll gates:Brooks's Bar to the east and Trafford Bar tram stop to the west. Old Trafford is where the Old Trafford football stadium is. It is the home of Manchester United F.C.. It is also where Old Trafford Cricket Ground is. This is the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club. They are at opposite ends of Brian Statham Way (this used to be Warwick Road) and Sir Matt Busby Way (this used to be Warwick Road North). The road between them still has the name Warwick Road. The southern part on the other side of the Metrolink line is Warwick Road South. English football league system The English football league system is a series of leagues that are connected for men's association football clubs in England. Five teams also come from Wales, one team comes from Guernsey and one comes from Jersey. It is also called the football pyramid. The system has a hierarchical format. It has promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels. This means that in theory, even the smallest club can get to the top of the system. In the system, there are more than 140 leagues, and more than 480 divisions. The total number of clubs changes every year. This is because clubs join and stop playing in leagues. Sometimes it is also because a club stops existing or merges with another club. An average of 15 clubs per division means that more than 7,000 teams of nearly 5,300 clubs are in a league in the English men's football league system. There are no official definitions of any level below 11. This means that the structure at level 12 and below is not definitive. The pyramid for women's football in England is not the same. It has nine levels. Also, some English men's football clubs play outside the English football league system. History. Aston Villa director William McGregor created the (English) Football League in 1888. The biggest clubs were the ones who were in support of professionalism. The twelve first clubs were six from Lancashire (Accrington, Blackburn Rovers, Burnley, Bolton Wanderers, Everton and Preston North End) and six from the Midlands (Aston Villa, Derby County, Notts County, Stoke, West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers). About the system. The system is a pyramid of leagues. These are part of the same system through the idea of promotion and relegation. The better clubs in each league go to a higher league. The clubs that finish the season at the bottom of their league can go down to a lower league. Promotion has two important factors. The first factor is how well the club plays. The second factor is that the club needs to meet criteria set by the higher league. These criteria are often about having the right facilities and finances. In theory, it is possible for a low level local amateur club to win promotions. Within a few years they can get to the highest level of the English game and become champions of the Premier League. In practice, this is not likely (at least not in a short period of time). However, clubs move a lot within the pyramid. The top five levels each have one division. They are national leagues. This means clubs in these leagues play in the whole country. In level 6 and lower, the levels have more and more leagues at the same level. The lower levels are in a smaller location. Many leagues have more than one division. At the lower levels the leagues do not always exist. In some places where a lot of people live, there are leagues more than twenty levels below the Premier League. There are also leagues in different parts of the country which are not officially part of the system. This is because they do not have formal agreements with other leagues. However some county football associations accept these leagues exist. Clubs from these leagues can join a league in the system. They usually need to have the right standard of play (they need to play football well enough) and have right facilities. The seven levels just below the Premier League and English Football League are called the National League System. The Football Association (FA) is the authority for these leagues. The system has changed over many years. The biggest change recently was when there were two new leagues at level six. These were the Conference North and Conference South (now National League North and South). This meant that the top divisions of the Southern League, Isthmian League and Northern Premier League went down to level seven. In May 2014 The FA announced provisional plans for a new division between the English Football League and the National League. This would include "B" teams (second teams) of higher-level clubs (for example, Manchester City F.C. B Team, or Liverpool F.C. B Team) . However, they changed this idea later. This meant that Premier League "B" teams could not play in the new division. Soon after this, they gave up the idea. The English football league system does not include the amateur version of the game often called Sunday league football. These leagues are independent. They do not have promotion or relegation. They do not belong to the football pyramid. However, some Sunday league clubs sometimes join pyramid leagues. This is often if they want to play at a higher level. There are also some Saturday leagues which are not officially part of the pyramid. However, teams often leave these for pyramid leagues. The FA accepted a non-promoting Saturday league (a league with no promotion or relegation) to the pyramid in May 2017. This was the Lincolnshire League. Structure. At the top is the single division of the Premier League (Level 1). This is often called the "top-flight". It has 20 clubs. They were all located in England until the 2010–11 season. However, two Welsh teams (Swansea City and Cardiff City) have since played in the league. Below the Premier League is the English Football League (EFL). This used to be the Football League. It has three divisions of 24 clubs each: The Championship (Level 2), League One (Level 3) and League Two (Level 4). The 20 clubs in the Premier League and the 72 clubs in the English Football League are all full-time (all the time) professional clubs. The Premier League teams are still often called 'League' clubs. This is because before 1992 the Football League, as it was called then, included all 92 clubs in four divisions. In 1992, the Premier League started, and became separate. Clubs outside this group of 92 teams are called 'non-League' clubs (i.e. non-EFL). However, they also play their football in league competitions. The top level of non-League football is the National League. It has a national division (National League) of 24 clubs (Level 5). It is the lowest level with a single league for the whole country. This division is like the four above. It is a full-time professional competition. However, some promoted clubs keep their part-time status. There are two divisions at Level 6. They cover the north (National League North) and the south (National League South). They have 22 clubs each. Some of these clubs are full-time professional clubs. The other clubs are semi-professional. Below the National League, some of the stronger clubs are also semi-professional. However, in the lower levels, soon all the clubs are amateur. Lower-level leagues are also often for smaller regions. This is because smaller clubs don't have as much money to travel far away. Below the National League, there are three regional leagues. Each is in a different area. Sometimes the areas are similar. They are the Northern Premier League (which covers the north of England), Southern Football League (which covers the Midlands, south and southwest of England, with one club from South Wales) and the Isthmian League (which includes clubs from the south-east of England as well as Guernsey from the Channel Islands). All of the leagues have Premier Divisions of 22 teams (Level 7). Below these, the Northern Premier League and Southern Football League each have two divisions of 20 teams (Level 8). They are in different regions. The Isthmian League has three level 8 divisions of 20 teams each as well. Level 9 contains the top divisions of a large group of fourteen smaller than regional leagues. Each of these leagues has a different setup. They all have one thing in common: they all have leagues below them. Each covers a smaller and smaller area. Cup eligibility. Being members of a league at a particular level also change whether a team can play certain competitions. In the case of the FA Cup and the FA Vase, some of the clubs in the lowest level in each do not play. For example, in the 2017–18 FA Cup, there were 77 teams from Level 10 out of the 338 in total at that level. Below Level 11 the pyramid becomes regional. The cups become regional or local. Lower down, the pyramid is based on counties. Counties have their own cups. This does not include some tournaments called "Senior Cups". These are often competitions between teams representing top professional clubs in a district. They may be little more than derbies, for example the Gloucestershire Cup. This originally included all teams in Gloucestershire, but then became a Bristol derby. The system. The table below shows the current structure of the system. For each division, there is its official name, sponsorship name (for levels 1–8, if it is different from its historic name) and number of clubs. At levels 1–8, each division promotes to the division that is directly above it. It relegates to the division that is directly below it. Below that level, individual league articles talk about promotion and relegation details. The Premier League runs level one in the pyramid. It is the top division of English football. It is also called the Premier League. The winners are the champions of England. The English Football League (EFL) runs levels two to four. Together, these four divisions make up what is known as "league football". The leagues below level four are classed as "non-League football". This means they are outside the EFL. The leagues at levels five to eleven include the National League System (NLS). They come under the direct control of the Football Association. The top-level (level 5) of the NLS is known as "step 1" by the FA, the next (level 6) as "step 2", and so on. The system is only defined as far as level 10. What follows is a representation of one possible structure, should the system be defined further. Kat and the Band Kat and the Band is a 2019 British coming-of-age music movie directed by E.E. Hegarty from a screenplay by Jemma Field and Michael Müller. The movie stars Ella Hunt, Dougie Poynter, Jennifer Leong, Callum McGowan, Idris Debrand, Sevan Stephan, Joanna David, Badly Drawn Boy, Jackson Bews, Katherine Kelly, and Rufus Hound. It was released in the United Kingdom on July 13, 2020. Plot. Seventeen year old, music obsessed school girl Kat Malone tricks her way into managing struggling band Dollar Days, pretending to be a band manager in her twenties. Release. The movie was released in the United Kingdom on July 13, 2020, by 101 Films. Lamborghini V8 The Lamborghini V8 is a 90 degree V8 petrol engine. Lamborghini first made it in the 1970s for its cheaper cars. It was the company's second internal combustion engine. The Lamborghini Urraco first used it in 1971. The Lamborghini Silhouette used the engine in 1976-1977. The Lamborghini Jalpa also used it in 1982. Gian Paolo Dallara first designed the engine. Larry Crowne Larry Crowne is a 2011 American romantic comedy movie directed by Tom Hanks (who also stars) and stars Julia Roberts. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. Lamborghini V10 The Lamborghini V10 is a 90 degree V10 petrol engine. It was first made by Lamborghini for the Lamborghini Gallardo in 2003. It was the first engine made by them since they were bought by Audi. Vehicles. As of 2019, these are the vehicles that use the Lamborghini V10: Lamborghini Audi Marquette County, Michigan Marquette County is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The county seat is Marquette. As of the 2010 census, there were 67,077 people living here. Marquette County Marquette County is the name of two counties in the United States: Menominee County, Michigan Menominee County is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 24,029 people live here. The county seat is Menominee. Menominee County Menominee County is the name of two counties in the United States: Lamborghini V12 The Lamborghini V12 is a 60 degree V12 petrol engine that was made by Lamborghini between 1963 and 2011. the first version of this engine was the first internal combustion engine made by the company. It was first used in the Lamborghini 350GT. Macon County, North Carolina Macon County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 33,922 people live here. Its county seat is Franklin. Ferruccio Lamborghini Ferruccio Lamborghini (; 28 April 1916 – 20 February 1993) was an Italian industrialist. In 1963, he started Lamborghini, a maker of sports cars. Lamborghini died at the Silvestrini Hospital in Perugia after having a heart attack fifteen days before. He was 76. Early life. Ferruccio Lamborghini was born on April 28, 1916, to viticulturists Antonio and Evelina Lamborghini in house number 22 in Renazzo di Cento, in the Province of Ferrara, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. According to his baptismal certificate, Ferruccio was baptised as a Roman Catholic four days later, on 2 May. As a young man, Lamborghini was drawn more to farming machinery rather than the farming lifestyle itself. Following his interest in mechanics, Lamborghini studied at the Fratelli Taddia technical institute near Bologna. In 1940 he was drafted into the Italian Royal Air Force, where he served as a mechanic at the Italian garrison on the island of Rhodes (territory of the Kingdom of Italy since 1911, after the Italo-Turkish War), becoming the supervisor of the vehicle maintenance unit. Lamborghini was taken prisoner when the island fell to the British at the end of the war in 1945, and was not able to return home until the next year. He married, but his wife died in 1947 while giving birth to his first child, a boy named Tonino. After World War II. After World War II, Lamborghini opened a garage in Pieve di Cento. Lamborghini modified an old Fiat Topolino he had purchased (the first of many that he would own over the years) in his spare time. He made use of his mechanical abilities to transform the homely city car into a roaring 750-cc open-top two-seater and entered the car in the 1948 Mille Miglia. His participation ended after 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) when he ran the car into the side of a restaurant in the town of Fiano, in Turin. Beginnings of entrepreneurship. In 1947 Ferruccio Lamborghini recognized an emerging market in post-War Italy devoted to agricultural and industrial revitalization. Using parts from military vehicle engines and differentials from ARAR centres (Azienda Recupero Alienazione Residuati), Lamborghini built the first of his "Carioca" tractors, themselves based on the six-cylinder petrol engines of Morris trucks. As petrol in Italy was prohibitively-priced, Lamborghini augmented the Morris engines with a fuel atomiser of his own creation, which allowed the tractors to be started with petrol, then switch to the cheaper diesel fuel. Based on the initial success of the Carioca, Lamborghini founded Lamborghini Trattori and began manufacturing tractors. Ferruccio Lamborghini between a "Jarama" and a tractor Involvement with boats. The Iconic Riva Aquarama Lamborghini (Hull #278) was registered and delivered on 7 June 1968 to its famous owner Ferruccio Lamborghini. The boat had some specific and unique features. It was the first and only one fitted with two Lamborghini engines and it had special side railing for holding on to during waterskiing and record attempts. The engine compartment was modified to fit the engines and a special open exhaust was built just to meet Ferruccio's demands. Ferruccio owned the boat for over 20 years until July 1988, when he then sold it to Angelo Merli, a close friend. Several speedskiing records were broken and Ferruccio was very passionate about his Riva as part of his lifestyle and exponent of Italian craft and design, maybe even just as passionate as he was about his Miura. Involvement with automobiles. Lamborghini's increasing wealth allowed him to purchase faster more expensive cars than the tiny Fiats he had tinkered with during his youth. He owned cars such as Alfa Romeos and Lancias during the early 1950s and at one point he had enough cars to use a different one every day of the week, adding a Mercedes-Benz 300SL, a Jaguar E-Type coupé, and two Maserati 3500 GTs. Of the latter, Lamborghini said, "Adolfo Orsi, then the owner of Maserati, was a man I had a lot of respect for: he had started life as a poor boy, like myself. But I did not like his cars much. They felt heavy and did not really go very fast." In 1958, Lamborghini traveled to Maranello to buy a Ferrari 250 GT: a two-seat coupé with a body designed by coachbuilder Pininfarina. He went on to own several more over the years, including a Scaglietti-designed 250 GT SWB Berlinetta and a 250 GT 2+2 four-seater. Lamborghini thought Ferrari's cars were good, but too noisy and rough to be proper road cars. He categorized them as repurposed track cars with poorly built interiors. Period Ferraris had spartan interiors, lacking the plush appointments Lamborghini felt were essential to a "gran turismo" car Lamborghini found that Ferrari's cars were equipped with inferior clutches, and required continuous trips to Maranello for rebuilds; technicians would secret the car away for several hours to perform the work, much to Lamborghini's annoyance. He had previously expressed dissatisfaction with Ferrari's after sales service, which he perceived to be substandard. Lamborghini brought his misgivings to Enzo Ferrari's attention, but was dismissed by the notoriously pride-filled Modenan. After successfully modifying one of his personally-owned Ferrari 250 GTs to outperform stock models, Lamborghini gained the impetus to pursue an automobile manufacturing venture of his own, aiming to create the perfect touring car that he felt no one could build for him. Lamborghini believed that a grand tourer should have attributes that were lacking in Ferrari's offerings, namely high performance without compromising tractability, ride quality, and interior appointments. A clever businessman, Lamborghini also knew that he could make triple the profit if the components used in his tractors were installed in a high-performance exotic car instead. Automobili Lamborghini. Departure from Macchina Lamborghini. During the 1970s, Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies began to run into financial difficulties. In 1971, Lamborghini Trattori, which exported around half of its production of tractors, ran into trouble when its South African importer cancelled all its orders. In Bolivia, the new military government, which had recently staged a successful coup d'état, cancelled a large order of tractors that was being prepared for shipment in Genoa. Trattori's unionised employees could not be laid off, putting immense strain on the company. In 1972, Lamborghini sold his entire holding in the company to rival tractor builder SAME.Soon, the entire Lamborghini group found itself in financial trouble. Development at the automaker slowed as costs were cut. Ferruccio Lamborghini began courting buyers for Automobili and Trattori, entering negotiations with Georges-Henri Rossetti, a wealthy Swiss businessman and friend. Ferruccio sold Rossetti 51% of the company for US$600,000, thereby relinquishing control of the automaker he had founded. He continued to work at the Sant'Agata factory; Rossetti rarely involved himself in Automobili's affairs. The situation did not improve: the 1973 oil crisis plagued sales of high performance cars of manufacturers from around the world. Consumers flocked to smaller, more practical modes of transportation with better fuel economy. By 1974, Ferruccio had become disenchanted with his car business. He severed all connections with the cars that bore his name, selling his remaining 49% stake in the automaker. The shares were acquired by René Leimer, a friend of Georges-Henri Rossetti. After departing the automobile manufacturing business, Lamborghini continued his business activities in other areas, including his heating and air conditioning company, Lamborghini Calor. In 1969, he founded Lamborghini Oleodinamica S.p.A., a manufacturer of hydraulic valves and equipment. Later life. In 1974, Lamborghini exited the industrial world and retired to a 3 km2 (740 acres) estate named "La Fiorita" on the shores of Lake Trasimeno, in Castiglione del Lago, a town in the Umbria region of central Italy. Returning to his farming roots, Lamborghini delighted in hunting and producing his own wines. Lamborghini even designed his own golf course, all while continuing to manage several business interests. Lamborghini fathered a child, Patrizia, at age 58. At 76 years of age, on February 20, 1993, Lamborghini died at Silvestrini Hospital in Perugia after suffering a heart attack fifteen days earlier. Lamborghini is buried at the cemetery of Renazzo. Lamborghini's fascination with bullfighting. The world of bullfighting is a key part of Lamborghini's identity. In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of Don Eduardo Miura, a renowned breeder of Spanish fighting bulls. Lamborghini, a Taurus himself, was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging bull as the emblem for the auto company he would soon found. After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to the bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville. The car manufacturer would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The Islero was named for the Miura bull that killed the famed bullfighter Manolete in 1947. "Espada" is the Spanish word for sword, sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic Jarama motor racing track. After naming the Urraco after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming the Countach not for a bull, but for "contacc", a Piedmontese exclamation of astonishment. Legend has it that stylist Nuccio Bertone uttered the word in surprise when he first laid eyes on the Countach prototype, "Project 112". The LM002 sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette were other exceptions to the tradition. The Jalpa of 1982 was named after a bull breed; Diablo, after the Duke of Veragua's ferocious bull famous for fighting an epic battle against "El Chicorro" in Madrid in 1869; Murciélago, the legendary bull who survived 28 sword strokes and whose life was spared by "El Lagartijo" for his performance in 1879; Gallardo, named after one of the five ancestral castes of the Spanish fighting bull breed; and Reventón, the bull that defeated young Mexican "torero" Félix Guzmán in 1943. The Estoque concept of 2008 was named after the estoc, the sword traditionally used by "matadors" during bullfights, while the replacement for the Murcielago, the Aventador (unveiled in 2011) was named after a bull that was bred by the sons of Don Celestino Cuadri Vides. This bull was killed in a particularly gruesome fight, where after the bull was killed, its left ear was cut off and given to the Matador as a token of good luck. Legacy. All of Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies continue to operate today in one form or another. His son, Tonino, designs a collection of clothing and accessories under the Tonino Lamborghini brand, as well as designing the Town Life, an electric microcar which was revealed at the Bologna Motor Show in 1999. Ferruccio's daughter, Patrizia Lamborghini, runs the Lamborghini winery on his Umbria estate. In 1995 Ferruccio's son Tonino opened a museum that honors Lamborghini's legacy, the "Centro Studi e Ricerche Ferruccio Lamborghini" in Dosso (Ferrara), which was moved to Argelato (Bologna) in 2014 with the new name Ferruccio Lamborghini Museum Madison County, North Carolina Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 20,764 people lived there. Its county seat is Marshall. Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Upper Takutu-Upper Esequibo (Region 9) is a region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Bolívar state. The regional capital is Lethem. The region is in the southwest of the country. It has an area of 57,750 km². As of the 2012 census, 24,212 people lived there. It borders the region of Potaro-Siparuni to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east and Brazil to the south and west. It is also the largest region of Guyana. Walther P38 The Walther P38 is a 9x19 mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistol made by Walther. It replaced the Luger as the standard pistol of the Germany in World War II, although the Luger was still very widely used then. It is safer, more reliable, and cheaper than the Luger. Its magazines hold 8 9mm bullets. Upper Demerara-Berbice Upper Demerara-Berbice (Region 10) is a region in the center of Guyana. The regional capital is Linden, which is the second largest city in Guyana. The region has an area of 17,040 km². As of the 2012 census, 39,452 people lived there. It borders the regions of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Demerara-Mahaica and Mahaica-Berbice to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and the regions of Potaro-Siparuni and Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the west. List of chancellors of Germany The chancellor of Germany is the political leader of Germany. They choose all other members of the government and lead cabinet meetings. The office first started in the North German Confederation in 1867. Otto von Bismarck became the first chancellor. The unification of Germany and start of the German Empire in 1871 meant that the Confederation changed into a German country. Its leader was called chancellor of Germany. At first, the chancellor was only an advisor to the emperor. The emperor chose the chancellor. Later this changed. Under the 1919 Weimar Constitution, the elected President chose the chancellor. In Nazi Germany, politicians ignored the constitution. The chancellor became a dictator under Adolf Hitler. During Allied occupation, there was no chancellor in East or West Germany. This changed after the 1949 Basic Law. This made the chancellor the most important job in the government. The president became less important. North German Confederation, (1867–1871). The North German Confederation started after the German Confederation ended. This happened because Prussia won the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The Prussian king chose the Chancellor. Political party German Empire, (1871–1918). The German Empire started from the North German Federation because of the Franco-Prussian War. The new Emperor named the chancellor to advise him. Political parties Revolutionary period, "Reichskanzler" (1918–1919). On 9 November 1918, chancellor Max von Baden gave his office to Friedrich Ebert. Ebert continued to be the head of government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the start of the National Assembly in February 1919. He was Chairman of the Council of the People's Deputies together with USPD Leader Hugo Haase. Political party Weimar Republic, (1919–1933). The Weimar Constitution of 1919 started the Weimar Republic. The chancellors often needed support from the President. Political parties Nazi Germany, (1933–1945). Adolf Hitler's (taking power) was the end of the Weimar Republic. It was the beginning of Nazi Germany. Hitler was dictator and had all the power. Political parties Federal Republic of Germany, (from 1949). In 1949, two separate German countries started: the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The list below gives the chancellors of "West Germany". The Chairman of the Council of Ministers controlled the government of East Germany. In 1990, East Germany ended. It merged with West Germany. It kept the name "Federal Republic of Germany". Political parties Clarion County, Pennsylvania Clarion County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,988. Its county seat is Clarion. Clearfield County, Pennsylvania Clearfield County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 81,642. Its county seat is Clearfield. Rim El Benna Rim El Benna (, born on May 30 1981) is a Tunisian actress and model.She was elected Miss Tunisia for the year 2005. Career. Rim was on the cover of the Tunivisions people magazine in June 2012. She was elected Miss Tunisia for the year 2005. Rim participated in several films, series and short films and obtained the Prize for female interpretation at Euroarab Film festival for the film ""Les secrets" by Raja Amari. In 2010, she played the role of a girl paralyzed in the television series "Ayam Maliha"". On September 21 2019, she participated in the 5th edition of The Voice Arab with many North African and Arab artists, journalists, and influencers such as Darine Haddad, Fatma Nasser, and Leila Ben Khalifa. The launch was preceded by two successive conferences where a large team of MBC5 explained the concept and content of this new Arabic channel in the Maghreb colors. Burrillville, Rhode Island Burrillville is a town in Rhode Island. Cumberland, Rhode Island Cumberland is a town in Rhode Island. Exeter, Rhode Island Exeter is a town in Rhode Island. Glock 18 The Glock 18 is a selective-fire (which means it can fire either semi-automatic or full automatic mode), polymer-framed 9x19mm Parabellum pistol. It is based on the Glock 17, but unlike the Glock 17, it can fire in full automatic mode. It normally holds 33-round box magazines and it fires 1,200 rounds per minute. In other words, the gun fires so quickly that it is impossible to fire single shots when in full automatic mode. While it is light enough to fire with one hand, it is not a good idea because its fast rate of fire makes the gun kick back a lot. Foster, Rhode Island Foster is a town in Rhode Island. Glocester, Rhode Island Glocester is a town in Rhode Island. Hopkinton, Rhode Island Hopkinton is a town in Rhode Island. 23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) 23rd Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 23rd Street and Park Avenue South in Gramercy Park and Flatiron District, Manhattan. It is served by the 6 train. After this station, the next stations will be 28th Street and 14th Street Union Square. References. Notes Jamestown, Rhode Island Jamestown is a town in Rhode Island. Jamestown, Ohio Jamestown is a village in Ohio in the United States. Jamestown, Oklahoma Jamestown is an unincorporated community in Rogers County, Oklahoma. Soperton, Georgia Soperton is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Treutlen County. Greensboro, Georgia Greensboro is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Greene County. Johnston, Rhode Island Johnston is a town in Rhode Island. Thorsby, Alabama Thorsby is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama. Clinton County, Pennsylvania Clinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,238. Its county seat is Lock Haven. Samy Sana Samy Sana (born December 10, 1988) is an Algerian-French Muay Thai kickboxer who currently competes in ONE Championship. He is WBC super-middleweight world champion, ISKA World champion (K1) of 72.5 kg, A1 world champion of 70 kg and multiple French champion of 71 kg. As of 4 October 2019, Samy Sana is ranked the #8 lightweight in the world by Combat Press. G. Gabrielle Starr Gina Gabrielle Starr is the 10th and current president of Pomona College in Claremont, California. She is the first woman and first African-American to have the role. Milne big-eyed tree frog The Milne big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes persimilis") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it on Mount Dayman and Mount Simpson between 1370 and 1400 meters above sea level. It lives in forests and wetlands not near the ocean. This frog is about 40 mm long from nose to rear end. When alive, this frog is light brown with green or brown patches or olive gray with dark brown patches. Preserved, dead frogs are dark purple-gray, but the preservative may have made it darker than a living frog. This frog has teeth in its upper jaw. Navajo Times The Navajo Times is a non-daily newspaper. It is written in English. It is written for the Navajo people, a group of Native Americans who live in the southwestern United States. Its mission is to tell Navajo people about events that affect their lives, both in Navajo territory and in the rest of the United States. Its main offices are in Window Rock, Arizona, but it also has another office in Shiprock, New Mexico. The newspaper is owned by the Navajo Times Publishing Company, Inc., a for-profit corporation. NTPC Inc. belongs to the Navajo people, and the Tribal Council are its caretakers. Tommy Arviso Jr. is President and CEO of NTPC. According to Arviso, the paper earns enough money from selling newspapers and from advertising to pay for its own costs and a little profit. In 2015, Arviso said one of the paper's goals was to become a completely privately owned company with individual Navajo people owning shares. According to Arviso, the "Navajo Times" does not print "sensational" stories: "We do not prey on the hurt, sadness, pain and sorrow of other humans to increase paper sales." History. The "Navajo Times" started as a newsletter in 1959. The Navajo Tribal Council began it. They wanted to be able to talk to people living on Navajo land and people living in other places, for example Navajo students away at school. It became a newspaper the following year, in 1960. At first, it was a monthly newsletter, then weekly. In the early 1960s, the paper covered infrastructure-related stories like health care, education, and economic development. As of 2020, the first few years of the paper are archived in the Arizona Memory Project. According to Tom Arviso, who became editor of the paper in 1988, there were problems with censorship. Because the paper was run by the government of the Navajo nation, the Navajo leaders believed they should be allowed to say what the paper could and could not print. In 2003, Arviso convinced the Tribal Council to make the paper more independent. They voted 66 to 1 to create the Navajo Times Publishing Company so the paper would be more independent. Awards. In 2012, the "Navajo Times" staff won 13 awards from the Arizona Press Club. In 2015 "Navajo Times" staff won 24 Native Media Awards from the Native American Journalists Association, including awards for photography, sports and writing. They also won Best Layout. The paper changed its layout in 2015. In 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, the "Navajo Times" won Newspaper of the Year from the Arizona Newspapers Association in the category for non-daily newspapers. It also won awards for its website and advertising. Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences. These colleges try to teach broad general knowledge, different from colleges that focus on job skills. Students in a liberal arts college often major in one subject but take classes in many subjects, including both humanities and sciences. The idea of liberal arts began in Europe, but liberal arts colleges are mostly found in the United States. In 2019, the top ten liberal arts colleges in the United States, according to "U.S. News & World Report", were Amherst College, Bowdoin College, Carleton College, Claremont McKenna College, Davidson College, Middlebury College, Pomona College, Swarthmore College, Wellesley College, and Williams College. Many liberal arts colleges teach only undergraduate students, but some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master's degree or doctoral degree. The term "liberal arts college" most often describes an independent college, but it may also sometimes describe a college within a larger university. Most liberal arts colleges outside the United States are like this. Final Space Final Space is an American adult animated television show. "Final Space" started on February 26, 2018 for TBS. List of presidents of Czechoslovakia The President of Czechoslovakia (, ) was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1992. General Secretaries of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989). Except for the final office-holder, they each held a strong executive power in the country "de facto". Title: Chairman (1948–1953) and First Secretary (1953–1971). Eddie Gale Edward Gale Stevens Jr. (August 15, 1941 – July 10, 2020), better known as Eddie Gale, was an American trumpeter. He was known for his work in free jazz, especially with the Sun Ra Arkestra. Gale was born in New York City. During the 1960s and 1970s, he toured and recorded with Sun Ra, who influenced him greatly until Ra's death in 1993. After a yearlong stint as artist in residence at Stanford University, Gale moved to San Jose, California in 1972. Gale died on July 10, 2020 in California from prostate cancer, aged 78. Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias Camilio Lorenzo Iglesias (7 August 1940 – 13 July 2020) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Province of Ourense, Spain. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1966. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Astorga, Spain, from 1995 until 2015. Lorenzo Iglesias died on 13 July 2020 in Ponferrada, Spain from a lung infection, aged 79. 28th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) 28th Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 28th Street and Park Avenue South in Rose Hill, Manhattan. It is served by the 6 train whiles the 4 train at late night service. After this station, the next stations will be 23rd Street and 33rd Street. 33rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) 33rd Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 33rd Street and Park Avenue in Murray Hill, Manhattan. It is served by the 6 train. After this station, the next stations will be Grand Central 42nd Street and 28th Street. 23rd Street station (BMT Broadway Line) 23rd Street is a station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 23rd Street, Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Flatiron District, Manhattan. It is served by the R and W trains. After this station, the next stations will be 28th Street and 14th Street Union Square. 28th Street station (BMT Broadway Line) 28th Street is a station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 28th Street and Broadway in Manhattan. It is served by the R and W trains After this station, the next stations will be 34th Street Herald Square and 23rd Street. Ronald Johnson (Alabama politician) Ronald G. Johnson (September 21, 1943 – July 14, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from the 33rd District from 1978 until his death. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was born in Bonifay, Florida. Johnson died on July 14, 2020 in Sylacauga, Alabama from liver cancer, aged 76. Daniel Lewis Lee Daniel Lewis Lee (January 31, 1973July 14, 2020) was an American white supremacist and convicted murderer. He was sentenced to death and executed for the murders of William F. Mueller, Nancy A. Mueller, and their daughter Sarah E. Powell. Lee and Chevie Kehoe, murdered the family at their home in Arkansas, on January 11, 1996. Lee was scheduled to be executed on July 13, 2020, but on that date, a U.S. district judge blocked the execution, saying that there was some unresolved legal issues. On July 14, the Supreme Court ruled that the execution can happen. It was scheduled for 4:00 am that same day. After another short delay, he was executed at 8:07 am. He was the first person executed by the US federal government since 2003. Gavril Dejeu Gavril Dejeu (; born 11 September 1932) is a Romanian politician. He was Minister of Interior in Victor Ciorbea's cabinet. He was also "ad interim" Prime Minister of Romania from 30 March to 17 April 1998. He was born in Poieni, Cluj County. Dejeu joined the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (Romania) (PNŢCD) in 1990, after the Romanian Revolution. He was in the Chamber of Deputies from 1992 to 2000. Milan Šašik Milan Šašik (17 September 1952 – 14 July 2020) was a Slovak-born Ukrainian Ruthenian Catholic hierarch. He was the Bishop of the Eparchy of Mukacheve from 2002 until his death. He was born in Lehota, Czechoslovakia. Šašik died on 14 July 2020, aged 67. Shajahan Siraj Shajahan Siraj (1 March 1943 – 14 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the vice chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). He was one of the founders of Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. He was the member of parliament for the Tangail-4 unit from 1986 to 1991. He was arrested in 2007 for tax evasion. Siraj died at the age of 77 from stomach cancer on 14 July 2020 at a hospital in Dhaka. Wang Jiafan Wang Jiafan (; September 22, 1938 – July 7, 2020) was a Chinese historian. He works focused on economic and social history of China and Jiangnan regional history. He was a professor and doctoral supervisor at East China Normal University. Wang was born in Jinxi, Kunshan, Jiangsu. In 1957 he was accepted to East China Normal University, where he majored in history. After graduation, he taught at the university. He was promoted to associate professor in 1986 and to full professor in 1992. On July 7, 2020, he died at Huashan Hospital, in Shanghai, aged 81. Katie G. Dorsett Katie G. Dorsett (July 8, 1932 – July 6, 2020) was a Democratic American politician. She was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's twenty-eighth Senate district from 2003 to 2010. She was the Majority Whip in the Senate. Dorsett was born in Shaw, Mississippi. Dorsett died on July 6, 2020 in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 87. Shaw, Mississippi Shaw is a city in Bolivar and Sunflower counties, Mississippi, United States. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region. It was named after an old Indian tribe northeast of this region. The population was 1,952 at the 2010 census. Rosedale, Mississippi Rosedale is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,873 at the 2010 census. Sylvester Graham Sylvester Graham (July 5, 1794 – September 11, 1851) was an American Presbyterian minister and dietary reformer. He is known for his focus on vegetarianism, the temperance movement and eating whole grain bread. His preaching led to the creation of graham flour, graham bread and graham cracker products. Graham was born in Suffield, Connecticut. He had Native American roots. He died in Northampton, Massachusetts, at the age of 57. Armsel Striker The Armsel Striker is a South African semi-automatic shotgun with a revolving cylinder somewhat like that of a revolver. It was made for both combat and riot control. The revolving cylinder allows the shooter to easily and quickly switch between lethal ammunition (ammunition made to kill living beings) and non-lethal ammunition (ammunition made to stop living beings without killing them). The cylinder can hold up to 12 shotgun shells. Suffield, Connecticut Suffield is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 15,735. Scripps College Scripps College is a private liberal arts women's college in Claremont, California. It was founded in 1926. It is a member of the Claremont Colleges and is known for its extensive interdisciplinary core curriculum and historic campus. Scripps is a four-year college for undergraduates; as of , it has students. Its courses focus on the humanities. The college is a top producer of Fulbright students. Toke Talagi Sir Toke Tufukia Talagi (9 January 1951 – 15 July 2020) was a Niuean politician, diplomat and statesman. He served as Premier of Niue from 2008 to 2020. Talagi was born in Alofi. On 15 July 2020, Talagi died in Alofi at the age of 69. Women's college Women's colleges in higher education are colleges whose students are all or almost all women. They are often undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting liberal arts colleges. Coraline Ada Ehmke Coraline Ada Ehmke is a software developer, and some say that she is an open source advocate in Chicago, Illinois. She is a web developer, engineer, consultant, educationist, advertiser, healthcare specialist, and software development infrastructure specialist. She is known for her work in Ruby. She is also known for her social justice work and activism, the creation of Contributor Covenant, and promoting adoption of codes of conduct for open source projects. Career. Ehmke began software writing using the Perl programming language. Personal life. Ehmke is transgender, and began her change in March 2014. Premier of Niue The Premier of Niue is Niue's head of government. They are elected by the Niue Assembly. They help form a Cabinet made up of themselves and three other members of the Assembly. Dalton Tagelagi Dalton Tagelagi (born 5 June 1968) is a Niuean politician. He became the Premier of Niue in June 2020. He was elected premier by the Niue Assembly on 11 June 2020, defeating O'Love Jacobsen by 13 votes to 7. He replaced Sir Toke Talagi. Young Vivian Mititaiagimene Young Vivian (born 12 November 1935) is a Niuean politician. He was the premier of Niue twice. He lost his re-election to Toke Talagi in 2008. Robert Rex Sir Robert Richmond Rex (25 January 190912 December 1992) was the first Premier of the Pacific island state of Niue. Rex was Premier of Niue from its creation as a self-governing territory on 19 October 1974 until his death in 1992. Frank Lui Frank Fakaotimanava Lui, (19 November 1935 – 9 July 2021) was a Niuean politician. He was the Premier of the Pacific Island state of Niue from 12 March 1993 through 26 March 1999. Lui was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours. Lui died on 9 July 2021 in Alofi at the age of 85. Sani Lakatani Sani Elia Lagigietama Lakatani (born 1936) is a Niuean politician. He was the Premier of Niue from 26 March 1999 through 1 May 2002. He was in the New Zealand Army as a corporal. In October 1995 Lakatani was charged with 22 counts of bribery and two of official corruption. Most of the charges were dismissed after the Niue Court of Appeal found that the law against corruption did not apply to Members of the Assembly. The remaining charges were later dropped. Niue Assembly The Niue Assembly is the legislature of Niue. It is made up of 20 members; 14 representatives of the villages and 6 elected on a common roll. Members are directly elected by universal suffrage, and serve a three-year term. Noël Martin Noël Martin (1959 – July 14, 2020) was a Jamaican-born British man. He was the victim of a neo-Nazi attack in 1996. He lived in Birmingham, England. At the time he was attacked he was one of the many British and Irish construction workers working in Germany. On 16 June 1996 in Brandenburg, in the former East Germany, he was attacked because of his dark skin by neo-Nazis. A block of concrete was thrown through the windshield of his car and Martin's car struck a tree. Martin became a quadriplegic as a result of the attack, and required 24-hour care. He was a supporter of assisted suicide. He traveled to Berlin, as a result so that he can be euthanized. His first announcement, in 2006, set 23 June 2007 as the date of his suicide. However, his assisted suicide has been delayed many times afterwards. Martin died on July 14, 2020, at the age of 60. Maria Lugones María Lugones (January 26, 1944 – July 14, 2020) was an Argentine feminist philosopher and activist. She was a Professor of Comparative Literature and of women's studies at Binghamton University in New York State. She was known for her theory on decolonial feminism and for developing the concept of the "coloniality of gender". She also wrote "Pilgrimage/Peregrinajes: Theorizing Coalition Against Multiple Oppressions" (2003). Lugones died on July 14, 2020 at the age of 76. Jindřich Kabát Jindřich Kabát (24 April 1953 – 14 July 2020) was a Czech psychologist, professor and politician. He held the office of Czech Minister of Culture from 1992 to 1994. He was also the first Minister of Culture of the Czech Republic. He was born in Prague. Kabát died on 14 July 2020 in Prague, aged 67. Bishnu Charan Das Bishnu Charan Das (9 October 1954 – 6 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a leader of the Biju Janata Dal. Das was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 2 July 2016 until his resignation on 21 March 2017. Bishnu died at a hospital in Bhubaneswar on 6 July 2020, weeks after he suffered a stroke at the age of 65. Bill Duplissea William Duplissea (April 30, 1950 – July 1, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the California State Assembly from California's 20th State Assembly district from 1986 until he was defeated for reelection in 1988. He represented San Mateo County, California. Duplissea was also a transportation businessman. Duplissea was born in San Francisco, California. He died in Redwood City, California on July 1, 2020 at the age of 70. International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics The International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) is an international conference about applied mathematics. It is organized by the International Council on Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Locations. This congress is held once in 4 years since 1987. One congress takes about a week. The program includes several invited talks. Elba Perez-Cinciarelli Elba Perez-Cinciarelli (July 27, 1943 – July 3, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. She was in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 31st Legislative District from 2002 to 2004. She was born in Puerto Rico, but raised in New York City. Perez-Cinciarelli died on July 3, 2020 in Secaucus, New Jersey, at age 76. Secaucus, New Jersey Secaucus ( ) is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 16,264. Whitney Cummings Whitney Cummings (born September 4, 1982) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, producer, writer, director, and podcaster. She is known for her comedy specials with "Comedy Central Roasts". She created, produced, and starred in NBC's "Whitney". The series ran for two seasons before being cancelled in 2013. Cummings created the CBS sitcom "2 Broke Girls", which also began in 2011, and ended in 2017. Freightliner Trucks Freightliner Trucks is a truck brand of Daimler AG, which owns the premium automobile brand of Mercedes Benz. Freightliners are manufactured in the United States, in Canada and Mexico applications. History. Freightliner began in 1929. Following the founding of cons (CF) in Portland, Oregon, company founder Leland James set up a company division to produce semi tractors for company use. In line with the company name, during the 1930s, Freightways Manufacturing began to brand its truck production under the "Freightliner" name. In addition to their shorter length, the trucks underwent weight reduction to maximize use of engine power (needed to climb mountain grades in the western United States). In 1942 the company was founded and Leland James renamed it to Freightliner Corporation. As part of the launch, the company debuted the first truck with an all-aluminium cab. Shifting to military production during World War II, Freightliner resumed truck production in 1947. In 1949, Freightliner sold its first vehicle outside of CF (to Portland-based forklift manufacturer hyster. The vehicle is preserved in the Smithsonian collection in Washington, D.C. McLoud, Oklahoma McLoud is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Westville, Oklahoma Westville is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Vian, Oklahoma Vian is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Okarche, Oklahoma Okarche is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Washington, Utah Washington is a city in Washington County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 18,761 people live in Washington. Ivins, Utah Ivins is a city in Washington County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 6,753 people live in Ivins. Randolph, Utah Randolph is a town in and the county seat of Rich County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 464 people live in Randolph. Manila, Utah Manila is a town in and the county seat of Daggett County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 310 people live in Manila. Dutch John, Utah Dutch John is a town in Daggett County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 145 people live in Dutch John. Altamont, Utah Altamont is a town in Duchesne County, Utah, United States. As of the 2010 census, 225 people live in Altamont. Joanna Miles Joanna Miles (born March 6, 1940) is an American actress. She won two Emmy Awards for her roles as Laura Wingfield in the 1973 movie production of Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie". Maurice Roëves Maurice Roëves (; 19 March 1937 – 14 July 2020) was a Scottish actor. He was born in Sunderland, England. His best known movie roles were in "Ulysses", "Oh! What a Lovely War" and "Judge Dredd". His best known television roles were on "EastEnders" (2003), "A Touch of Frost" (2003) and "Skins" (2008). Roëves died on 14 July 2020, aged 83. Lexington Avenue/51st Street station 51st Street , known as Lexington Avenue 51st Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 51st Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. It is served by the 6 , E , and M trains . After this station, the next stations will be 59th Street and Grand Central 42nd Street. After this station , the next stations will be 5th Avenue 53rd Street and Court Square 23rd Street . There is Lexington Avenue 53rd Street and transfer is to the E and M trains . Norwalk, California Norwalk is a city in Los Angeles County, California. At the 2010 census, 105,549 lived there. The population was estimated to be 103,949 in 2019. It is the 58th most densely-populated city in California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles, and is southeast of Downtown. Lexington Avenue/59th Street station 59th Street , known as Lexington Avenue 59th Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 59th Street, 60th Street and Lexington Avenue on the Upper East Side of Midtown Manhattan. It is served by the 4, 5, and 6 trains. After this station, the next stations will be 51st Street and 68th Street Hunter College. There is Lexington Avenue 59th Street and transfer is available to N , R and W trains. BMT Broadway line. Lexington Avenue−59th Street on the BMT Broadway Line has two tracks and one island platform. Despite its name, the station is located on Lexington Avenue and 60th Street, one block north of 59th Street. After this station on the Broadway Line, the next stations will be Fifth Avenue–59th Street station and Queensboro Plaza. Yousef Wali Yousef Wali (; 2 April 1930 – 5 September 2020) was an Egyptian politician. He was Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation from 1982 to 2004. He was also Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Chairman of the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP). Wali died on 5 September 2020, aged 90. Sergey Belyayev Sergey Belyayev (Серге́й Беля́ев; 8 May 1960 – 6 September 2020) was a Kazakhstani shooter. He won two silver medals in 50 metre rifle at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR. Belyayev died on 6 September 2020 at the age of 60. Kesavananda Bharati Shri Kesavananda Bharati (9 December 1940 – 6 September 2020) was an Indian civil rights activist. He was the chief Pontiff of Jagadguru Sri Sankaracharya Thotakacharya Samsthanam, Edneer Mutt. He was the petitioner of a landmark case that helped create the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution which allow that the fundamental or 'basic structure' of the Indian Constitution can not be altered by parliamentary amendment. Bharati died at a hospital in Mangalore on 6 September 2020 from cardiopulmonary arrest, aged 79. Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport Santa Lucía Air Force Base is a military airport in Santa Lucía, Zumpango, in the State of Mexico, Mexico. In October 2019, it was proposed for the military airport to become a civilian airport. Two runways and a new terminal are planned during the first phase, due to open by March 21, 2022 as ordered by president Andrés Manuel López Obrador. The airport will be operated by the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA) which will also receive all of the airport's earnings. The new airport will be renamed General Felipe Ángeles International Airport. La Línea (tunnel) La Línea () is a highway tunnel between the cities of Calarcá, Quindío and Cajamarca, Tolima in Colombia. It is in the central range of the Andes mountains. It is the longest road tunnel in Latin America, and in the Americas. The total length of the tunnel is , its western entrance being at above msl, east of the city of Armenia and the eastern one at above msl, at west of Ibagué. Constructions of the pilot tunnel started on 30 September 2004 and both sides of the pilot met on 2 August 2008. In September 2007 Ministry of Transport launched the tender process for the construction of tunnel and connecting roads. The tunnel was finally opened on 4 September 2020, after 14 years of construction work, at a total cost of around 2.9 trillion pesos (US$870 million). Neck pain Neck pain is a common problem, and two thirds of people will experience neck pain at some point in their lifetimes. Although neck pain is felt in the neck, it can also be caused by many other spinal problems. Neck pain may be caused by tight muscles in the neck and upper back or compression of the spinal nerves in the neck. Injuries to the joints of the neck and upper back can also cause pain. Walter LaFeber Walter Fredrick LaFeber (August 30, 1933 – March 9, 2021) was an American political writer, historian and commentator. He was the Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Cornell University. He was born in Walkerton, Indiana. He was one of the United States' most well known scholars of the history of U.S. foreign policy. His works focused on foreign policy during the Cold War and post-9/11. LaFeber died at an assisted living facility in Ithaca, New York on March 9, 2021 at the age of 87. Walkerton, Indiana Walkerton is a town in St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,144 at the 2010 Census. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Nirvendra Kumar Mishra Nirvendra Kumar Mishra, also known as Munna, (1944/1945 – 6 September 2020) is an Indian politician. He was a member of Samajwadi Party. He was a former Member of Legislative Assembly in 10th, 11th and 12th Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh from Nighasan constituency. He died on 6 September 2020 in Lakhimpur Kheri. Grins Grins is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Kappl Kappl is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Kaunerberg Kaunerberg is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Parliament of Georgia (country) The Parliament of the Republic of Georgia is the representative body of the Georgia, the only state legislative authority, being a unicameral. It is made up of 150 elected deputies on lists, for a period of 4 years. Parliament is elected by universal vote. Trees of Pakistan In Pakistan the more than 430 tree species are on 82 families and 226 genera. Out of these 22 species from 5 families and 11 genera belong to softwood trees of gymnosperms. The Himalayan Deodar Cedar is the “National Tree of Pakistan”. Below is a list of trees that symbolise Pakistan and each province and Federal territory of the country: National Trees. The National Tree of Pakistan is the "Himalayan Cedar" ("Cedrus deodara"), and also the "Mango tree" ("Mangifera indica") is the National Tropical Tree of Pakistan. Tuscan Grand Prix The 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Pirelli Gran Premio della Toscana Ferrari 1000 2020) was a Formula One motor race held on 13 September 2020 at the Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello in Scarperia e San Piero, Tuscany, Italy. The race was the ninth round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship and the first race of the season with spectators. The race was won by Lewis Hamilton of the Mercedes team, with teammate Valtteri Bottas in second; Mercedes scored their third 1–2 finish of the season. Alexander Albon of Red Bull Racing-Honda scored his first podium in Formula One with a third-place finish, becoming the first Thai driver to do so. The race was the first since the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix to have two red flags. Due to the two stoppages, the race had three standing starts. Background. The race was held as an event celebrating Ferrari's 1000th race in the Formula One World Championship and the safety car used a red livery, instead of its usual silver colour, to mark the occasion. The Mugello Circuit hosted a World Championship Formula One race for the first time. The Ferrari SF1000 sported a special livery: instead of the traditional rosso corsa, the car was painted dark burgundy. Both Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc wore special racing overalls, and both had special helmet designs. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The championship was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the originally scheduled Grands Prix were cancelled or postponed, prompting the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile to draft a new calendar. While the previous eight events were held behind closed doors, organizers announced that up to 2,880 spectators would be allowed for the Tuscan Grand Prix. Entrants. Ten teams (each representing a different constructor) each entered two drivers. The drivers and teams were the same as those on the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for either the race or practice. Tyres. Sole Formula One tyre manufacturer Pirelli brought the C1, C2, and C3 compound tyres for teams to use in the race, the three hardest compounds available. Race. The race was marked by several incidents. On the first lap at turn 2, Max Verstappen, Pierre Gasly, Kimi Räikkönen, and Romain Grosjean collided, resulting in Gasly and Verstappen retiring from the race and Räikkönen having to change his front wing. Verstappen's car was beached in the gravel trap. A separate incident at the same corner involved Carlos Sainz Jr. and Lance Stroll, as Sainz spun round and damaged Sebastian Vettel's front wing. These incidents together brought out the safety car. On lap 6 the safety car pulled in, but an accordion effect led the midfield drivers to accelerate up to racing speed before the leaders did and were forced to brake, triggering a collision involving Sainz, Kevin Magnussen, Antonio Giovinazzi, and Nicholas Latifi. Grosjean blamed the leader, Valtteri Bottas, for causing the accordion effect, and stated "this is the worst thing I've seen ever." All four drivers retired from the race and the red flag was brought out. During the red flag period, Esteban Ocon retired due to a brake failure; George Russell had earlier reported Ocon's brakes being on fire. The second red flag came on lap 45, after Stroll suffered a tyre failure at lap 43 turn 9, and went into the barrier. His Racing Point RP20 caught on fire, making it harder for the marshalls to clear the track. Lewis Hamilton won the race, his 90th career win. Valtteri Bottas came in second and Alex Albon finished third; his first career podium. By finishing in ninth place, Kimi Räikkönen scored his first points of the season. A poor restart after the second red flag meant George Russell slipped from ninth to 12th and last. He eventually finished 11th leaving him out of the points. Twelve drivers were warned by the FIA for their part in the accident at the restart on lap 6. Writing for the BBC, former GP2 Series champion Jolyon Palmer praised the circuit, saying that it "defied all the [Hermann] Tilke design theories and yet provided a great spectacle in the traditional sense." Kaunertal Kaunertal is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Kauns Kauns is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Ladis Ladis is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Nauders Nauders is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. English Americans English Americans, or Anglo-Americans are Americans with one or more ancestors from England. Remolinos Remolinos is a municipality found in the province of Zaragoza in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. Cerveruela Cerveruela is a municipality found in the province of Zaragoza in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. Pettneu am Arlberg Pettneu am Arlberg is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Pfunds Pfunds is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The main source of income is tourism. Pians Pians is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Prutz Prutz is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Ried im Oberinntal Ried im Oberinntal is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Schönwies Schönwies is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. See, Austria See is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Sarah Baartman Sarah Baartman (born around 1789, died 29th December 1815) was a Khoikoi woman from South Africa, who came to great fame in Europe. Her name is also spelled Bartman or Bartmann. She showed signs of Steatopygia; which means she had a lot of fat in her buttocks. Around 1810, she was brought to Europe. She was one of at least two Khoikoi women, who were shown at freak shows. In English she became known as Hottentot Venus. At the time, people believed there were different races of humans. Hottentot was the term used to refer to the Khoikoi people, as a race. Today, many consider it to be racist. From about 1810, Baartman performed for upper-class people in London. She danced, sang and played an instrument, called Ramkie. The Ramkie is a kind of lute with 3 or 4 chords that was popular in South Africa at the time. The African Institution, led by Zachary Macaulay offered to bring Sarah Baaerman back to South Africa, but she declined. It is unknown if she was put under pressure, or if she declined because in South Africa her people were persecuted (much like a modern-day genocide). She may also have liked the performances. There was a court hearing, done in Dutch; there she said that she wasn't forced to do anything. She also said that she had been promised half the earnings from her show. The court hearing had drawn too much attention, and she could no longer perform in London. Hendrick Caezar, her manager at the time, moved to the English countryside, with his "freak." Reverend Joshua Brooks baptized her on December 1, 1811, in a church in Manchester. In 1814. she came to Paris with another manager. There, mostly scientists were interested. She was presented to the audience, mostly of doctors and scientists, in the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. Professional portraits were done. She died, presumably of pneumonia, on December 29, 1815. Georges Cuvier prepared her corpse: The skeleton, the brain, and her genitals were preserved. A gypsum plaster model was made of her body. All of these are preserved in what is the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, today. Stephen Jay Gould and Élisabeth de Fontenay pointed out that these exhibitions were sexist, and focused on their own people ("ethnocenric"), in 1982. President Nelson Mandela asked that the remains of Sarah Baartman be given back to South Africa. At first, French academics refused. It was only in 2002, that her remains were given back. There was a large funeral in "Hankey" at the River Gamtoos in the area of "Baviaanskloof", on 9. August 2002. Thabo Mbeki, who was the president of South Africa at the time, gave the funeral speech. The district Cacadu, where her grave is was renamed to Sarah Baartman, in her honor, in 2015. Serfaus Serfaus is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Spiss Spiss is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Stanz bei Landeck Stanz bei Landeck is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Strengen Strengen is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It was first mentioned in an atlas in 1774 as "Gstreng". Tobadill Tobadill is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Tösens Tösens is a municipality of the district Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Zams Zams is a municipality of the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Saint-Aubin, Aube Saint-Aubin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 35,270 people lived there. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Bertram, Texas Bertram is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Jerusalem District The Jerusalem District (; ) is one of the regions of Israel. In Israeli law, the capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 1,083,300 is 65.6% Jewish and 32.8% Arab. 21% of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, if both West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem are counted. Most countries do not agree that all of Jerusalem is a part of Israel. Most Arabs in the Jerusalem District are Palestinians. They can become citizens of Israel, but they choose not to be. Some are Israeli Arabs living in Abu Ghosh, Beit Safafa and East Jerusalem.Of the people in the Jerusalem 28.3% are Muslims, 1.8% are Christians and 1.4% are unclassified by religion. The rest are Jews. Pyrocumulonimbus cloud A pyrocumulonimbus cloud is a type of cumulonimbus cloud that forms above a source of heat, such as a wildfire or volcanic eruption. Marvin the Martian Marvin the Martian is a fictional character from Looney Tunes. He is a space alien. He is usually an enemy of Bugs Bunny. Marvin wears red tights and a green helmet. His helmet and skirt look like a Roman officer's helmet and skirt. Unlike many of Bugs Bunny's other enemies, Marvin almost never shouts. He always speaks calmly. The first cartoon to show Marvin the Martian was "Haredevil Hare", directed by Chuck Jones, and released in 1948. In total, for a span of 15 years, Marvin the Martian made five appearances in cartoons. His first voice actor was Mel Blanc. Three Little Pigs (movie) The Three Little Pigs is a 1933 cartoon in the Silly Symphonies series. It is about the fairy tale of the three little pigs. The pigs make houses with different materials, and the Big Bad Wolf tries to knock them down. "Three Little Pigs" (1933) was the second animated short to win an Oscar for Best Animated Short. Three Little Pigs (1933) is included in the 1994 book, "The 50 Greatest Cartoons". In December 2007, the Library of Congress selected "Three Little Pigs" (1933) to placed in the United States National Film Registry. Big Bad Wolf The Big Bad Wolf is a wolf and a fictional villain in many fairy tales, such as "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", "Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Three Little Pigs". Symbols. Medieval people did not like wolves because wolves would eat their sheep and other animals, so sometimes the big bad wolf in the story is supposed to be a wolf and does not represent anything else. But other times the wolf is symbol for something else. There are two main ways to look at symbols in "Little Red Riding Hood": In one, the girl Riding Hood is a symbol for the sun. She is eaten by the wolf, who is a symbol for winter or night. Little Red Riding Hood escaping from the wolf's belly is like the sun rising again the next day or spring coming again the next year. In the other, the wolf represents sex or rape. In French around the time "Little Red Riding Hood"' was written down, the figure of speech "she has seen the wolf" means "she has had sex and is not a virgin any more." In other things. There are also modern versions of the Big Bad Wolf. For example, in the graphic novel series "Fables", Bigby Wolf lives with other fairy tale characters who have run away to the real world and works as a detective. Tim Mulherin Timothy Sean Mulherin (24 August 1957 – 7 September 2020) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Labor Party. He was the MP for Mackay in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1995 to 2015. He also served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2012 to 2015. Mulherin was born in Mackay. He was married and had three children. He died of cancer on 7 September 2020 at the age of 63. Cecil Malone Cecil John L'Estrange Malone (7 September 1890 – 25 February 1965) was a British politician and pioneer naval aviator in the United Kingdom. The Seventh Seal The Seventh Seal () is a 1957 Swedish fantasy drama movie directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was based his own play. It stars Max von Sydow, Gunnar Björnstrand, Bengt Ekerot, Nils Poppe, Inga Landgré, Bibi Andersson, Åke Fridell, Inga Gill. The theme of the film is a knight's return to his country at the time of the Black Death, that is, the plague in Europe of the Middle Ages. As he lands on the shore he meets the figure of Death in person. This is the scene of a famous chess-playing episode where the two play for the knight's soul. The game is unfinished. After bargaining with Death for a while, the knight sets out on his travels. The travels show the damage done by the plague to all aspects of life in the country. To some critics, the film is typical of the existentialist films of the mid-20th century. The knight is the gaunt figure of Max von Sydow at the start of his long film career. He was one of the actors whose career started with working for the film's producer Ingmar Bergman. Highway 1 (New South Wales) Highway 1 is a national route in Australia. Most of the New South Wales part of is A1 or M1. List of roads that cover National Highway 1: Lucille Starr Lucille Starr (May 13, 1938 – September 4, 2020) was a Canadian country singer-songwriter, and yodeler. She was best known for her 1964 hit single, "Quand Le Soleil Dit Bonjour Aux Montagnes" ("The French Song"). Starr died in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 4, 2020 at the age of 82. Carl-Henning Wijkmark Carl-Henning Wijkmark (21 November 1934 – 4 September 2020) was a Swedish novelist and translator. He made his literary debut in 1972. He was known for his novel "Jägarna på Karinhall". Among his other novels are "Dressinen" from 1983 and "Sista dagar" from 1986. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1986. He received the August Prize in 2007, for his novel "Stundande natten". Wijkmark died on 4 September 2020 at the age of 86. Dwight Anderson Dwight Anthony Anderson (December 28, 1960 – September 5, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Dayton, Ohio. Anderson was selected by the Washington Bullets in the 2nd round of the 1982 NBA draft. He played one season for Denver Nuggets from 1982 to 1983. Anderson also spent several seasons in the Continental Basketball Association. Anderson died on September 5, 2020 at the age of 59. Christiane Eda-Pierre Christiane Eda-Pierre (March 24, 1932 – September 5, 2020) was a French coloratura soprano. She sang in many roles, from baroque to contemporary works. Eda-Pierre was born in Fort-de-France, Martinique. She made her debut at the Opéra-Comique in 1958, as "Lakmé". She played Papagena in "The Magic Flute", and at the Palais Garnier in 1960, as "Lucia di Lammermoor". Eda-Pierre died on September 5, 2020 at the age of 88. Stratford, New Zealand Stratford () is the only town in Stratford District, and the seat of the Taranaki Region, in New Zealand's North Island. The town has a population of 5,740, making it the 62nd largest urban area in New Zealand. David Walter (politician) David Ernest Walter (25 November 1939 – 5 September 2020) was a New Zealand politician and journalist. He was the first mayor of Stratford District Council between 1989 to 1998. He also was chairman of both of the Taranaki Regional Council between 2001 to 2007 and the Stratford County Council from 1983 to 1989. Walter died of leukaemia, aged 80, on 5 September 2020 in Stratford. Jiří Menzel Jiří Menzel () (23 February 1938 – 5 September 2020) was a Czech movie director, theatre director, actor, and screenwriter. He directed the 1966 movie "Closely Watched Trains", which won the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film. He was also known for directing "Larks on a String" and "My Sweet Little Village". Menzel was born in Prague. Menzel died on 5 September 2020 in Prague from a long-illness, aged 82. His wife confirmed two months later that Menzel died from COVID-19. Ekaterina Salimova Ekaterina Salimova is a Russian water polo player. She was part of the Russian women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships and 2004 Summer Olympics. Valentina Voronisova Valentina Voronisova is a Russian water polo player. She was part of the Russian women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships and 2004 Summer Olympics. Col Markham Colin William Markham (4 June 1940 – 6 September 2020) was an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1988 to 2003. He was a parliamentary secretary in the first two terms of the Carr Labor government. He was born in Wollongong, New South Wales. Markham died on 6 September 2020 at the age of 80. Dragoljub Ojdanić Dragoljub Ojdanić (; 1 June 1941 – 6 September 2020) was a Serbian military official. He was the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Yugoslavia between 1998 to 2000 and Minister of Defence of Yugoslavia in 2000. He was convicted of deportation and forcible transfer of Kosovo Albanians during the Kosovo War by the ICTY. Ojdanić died on 6 September 2020 in Belgrade, aged 79. Antonella Di Giacinto Antonella Di Giacinto is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships, 1998 World Aquatics Championships. Mike Sexton Michael Richard Sexton (September 22, 1947 – September 6, 2020) was an American professional poker player and commentator. He was a member of the Poker Hall of Fame. Sexton was born in Shelbyville, Indiana. Sexton had won several tournaments, including one World Series of Poker bracelet, and over $5,400,000 in total tournament winnings. Sexton died of prostate cancer in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 6, 2020 at the age of 72. Narendra Kumar Swain Narendra Kumar Swain (18 December 1939 – 7 September 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha from Odisha between 2015 to 2020. He was a member of the Biju Janata Dal. He was born in Odisha. Swain died on 7 September 2020 in Odisha, aged 80. Melissa Byram Melissa Byram (née Mills; born 26 December 1973) is an Australian retired water polo player. She was part of the gold medal squad of the 2000 Summer Olympics. She participated at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships. Kevin Zeese Kevin Bruce Zeese (October 28, 1955 – September 5, 2020) was an American lawyer and political activist. His work focused on ending the War on Drugs and mass incarceration. He helped organize the 2011 Occupy encampment in Washington, D.C. at Freedom Plaza. He was co-director of Popular Resistance. He ran for the United States Senate in Maryland in 2006. He lost the election to Ben Cardin. He was born in New York City. Zeese died on September 5, 2020 in Baltimore City, Maryland from a heart attack, aged 64. Catt Sadler Catt Sadler (born August 24, 1974) is an American entertainment reporter. She is best known for her work in "E! News, E! News Weekend" and "Daily Pop". She co-hosted the network's "The Daily 10" before its cancellation. The "Los Angeles Times" named her one of the top 10 up-and-coming broadcasters in entertainment. Chuck Scarborough Charles Bishop Scarborough III (born November 4, 1943) is an American television journalist and author. Beginning in 1974, he has been the lead news anchor at WNBC. He also appeared on NBC News. He currently anchors "News 4 New York" at 6 p.m. every weeknight. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Zsuzsa Kertész Zsuzsa Kertész (born 28 December 1965) is a Hungarian water polo player. She competed for the Hungarian women's national water polo team in the 1985 European Water polo Championships, 1987 European Water polo Championships, 1989 European Water polo Championships, and 1991 European Water polo Championships. Gabriella Tóth Gabriella Tóth is a Hungarian water polo player. She competed for the Hungarian women's national water polo team in the 1994 World Aquatics Championships and 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Amal Clooney Amal Clooney (née Alamuddin; ; born 3 February 1978) is a Lebanese lawyer. Her works focused in international law and human rights. Her clients include Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, the former prime minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko; Canadian journalist Mohamed Fahmy; and Nobel Prize laureate Nadia Murad. In 2019, Clooney was appointed the special envoy on media freedom by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In September 2021, The International Criminal Court (ICC) appointed Amal Clooney, as Special Advisor for the Sudanese conflict in Darfur. Curtis S. Person Jr. Curtis S. Person Jr. (November 27, 1934 – September 4, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a member of the member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1966 to 1968. He also was a member of the State Senate from 1968 to 2006. Person Jr. was a member of the Republican Party. Person Jr. died on September 4, 2020 in Memphis at the age of 85. Nicoletta Abbate Nicoletta Abbate is an Italian water polo player. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1989 European Water Polo Championship, 1991 European Water Polo Championship, and 1994 World Aquatics Championships. Jackie Northam Jackie Northam is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships. Debbie Watson Debbie Watson (born 28 September 1965) is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships. Green-eyed tree frog The green-eyed tree frog, brown-spotted tree frog, fringed tree frog or New Guinea tree frog ("Ranoidea genimaculata") is a tree frog from New Guinea. It lives everywhere on the island except high in the mountains. It lives in both Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, no more than 1500 meters above sea level. It also lives in Queensland, Australia, near the Great Barrier Reef, but some scientists think these are really two different species. Scientists who think they are one species call the frogs in New Guinea and Australia "Litoria genimaculata" and scientists who think they are two different species call the New Guinea frogs "genimaculata" and the Australian frogs "serrata". Some scientists think the group of frogs in Australia is really two different species, "serrata" and "myola", for three altogether. The adult male frog is 4.6 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 7.1 cm long. Each frog has a bright green ring around its eyes, which is why it is called "green-eyed tree frog" in English. It has a brown-green body with patches of color that look like lichen that grows on wet rocks. That way, the frog can hide from larger animals that want to eat it. The frog has very large discs on its toes for climbing. This frog has a bit of skin on its hind legs that looks like fringe. That is why it is also called "fringed tree frog" in English. This frog lives near streams with rocks in them. The male frogs tend to stay near the water, and the female frogs climb high into the trees. The female frog lays eggs in pools, many hundreds at a time. This frog has colors that look like an hourglass on its back. Scientists thought they could take photographs of this frog to identify individual frogs, but the hourglass changes shape as the frog grows older. This frog is not endangered now, but scientists think the fungal disease chytridiomycosis or a virus may have killed many of them. Shin Godzilla Shin Godzilla is an 2016 Japanese horror-thriller political kaiju film directed by Hideki Anno produced by Toho and Cine Bazar. as a direct sequel to Godzilla (2014). released in Japan as "Godzilla Resurgence" by July 29, 2016 and United States in October 11, 2016 in theatres. as a 31st film of Godzilla trilogy. Plot. in 2016, Japan Coast Guard surround an spill by a giant creature named "Shin Godzilla" as a first form attack Kamata to Ota Ward bashes cars and trucks also building wrecks, Godzilla down. Godzilla runs stop down Shinagawa to target the dinosaur-creature, Godzilla regenerates his body into 57' meter tall self, surrounded by helicopters then the civilians stop firing and escapes Godzilla in the sea. as a 118-meter tall Godzilla wrecks Kamamura to Tokyo surrounded by Apache helicopters aiming Godzilla onto the head and seems durability, Type 10 Army tanks to shoot Godzilla's leg and continue firing the JSDF vehicles, included Howitzers, fighter jets to drop an bombs at Godzilla walks explosion at himself, flung the bridge and fell some tanks. then Godzilla walks through Tokyo, B2-bombers to shoot Godzilla's back and explode his dorsal fins and getting angry with an his dorsal fin tries to glow purple breath, smokes to flaming and lasered the cities, B2s and destroy the buildings and zaps the Prime Minister and other streets, Ginza clock and others well, stops his atomic breath and rest onto Tokyo Station. next day, starting the bombing trains blow the feet, Godzilla awaked continue to destroy the drones and several buildings onto his atomic breath, then the buildings fill the explosives and slammed Shin Godzilla down the skyscrapers and unconscious. the trucks fill many coagulant with crane to freeze Godzilla, and fails, awaked Godzilla, from the rails to follows an E231 and E233 subway trains to blow Godzilla down to the Tokyo Station and finished the coagulant to freezes again the creature, Godzilla bites the trucks and trashing the station and startle to destroy again, then killed Godzilla by freeze soliding his body, Godzilla dies by a freezing solid stands. they complete the mission of Yashiori Strategy for Rando himself. then Godzilla's tail strucked by a mutated skeletons around as a statue. Cast. The other cast includes Kengo Kora, Ren Osugi, Akira Emoto, Kimiko Yo, Jun Kunimura, Mikako Ichikawa, Pierre Taki, Takumi Saito, Keisuke Koide, Arata Furuta, Sei Hiraizumi, Kenichi Yajima, Tetsu Watanabe, Ken Mitsuishi, Kyūsaku Shimada, Kanji Tsuda, Issei Takahashi, Shinya Tsukamoto, Kazuo Hara, Isshin Inudo, Akira Ogata, Shingo Tsurumi, Suzuki Matsuo, Kreva, Katsuhiko Yokomitsu, and Atsuko Maeda. the voice English language dubs include, Todd Haberkorn as Rando and Godzilla vocalizations, Trina Nishimura, J. Michael Tatum, Kent Williams, Ian Sinclair, Micah Solosud, Kate Oxley, Christopher Bevins, Ed Blaylock, Jeremy Inman, Jeremy Schwartz, Charlie Campbell, R. Bruce Elliott, Rachel Robinson, Barry Yandell, David Wald, John Burgmeier. Home Media Release. The film was released by DVD in July 18, 2017 by Funimation by United States, Japan released by DVD, Toho Video in 2017. Madam Secretary Madam Secretary is an American political drama television series created by Barbara Hall on CBS from September 21, 2014 to December 8, 2019. The Guardian (TV series) The Guardian is an American drama television series on CBS. It originally aired from September 25, 2001 to May 4, 2004. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a character from Beauty and the Beast. In different movies, Dan Stevens, Terrence Mann, James Barbour and Steve Blanchard have played the role of the Beast. Romani people in Turkey The Xoraxane Roma in Turkey named official since the 1990's in Turkish as Romanlar (singular"Roman", male "Rom", female "Romliye"), but other Turkish designations like Çingene (Gypsy), Esmer Vatandaş, Kıpti and many other names also in use, but some used Çingene, or selfname Manuş (Human) and Şopar (Gypsy kid) for themself in East Thrace. In English they are named "Turkish Gypsy". The Word Gypsy is not pejorative for them. There are a number of subgroups, all named after their old professional jobs or only Xoraxane. There Religion is Sunni Muslim of Hanafi school and some are Members of a Sufism Tarika. Engagement's, marriage's, and circumcision of the boys (Sünnet party)'s, are big festivals. The Roma people in Turkey speak the Turkish language as first language. Most do not speak the Romani language anymore, and many hide there Romani Background designate themselves as Turks only, and didn't want to be call as Roma. The majority live in East Thrace, this is why East Thrace is jokily called "Gypsy County"' (Şoparistan), and Citys like Istanbul, Edirne and Izmir. They have Turkish citizenship and adopted the Turkish culture, they havent Romanipen (a special Romani culture-code etc.), like christian roma in europe. The Romanlar from Turkey distance themselves from all other Roma groups from europe, it doesnt matter if they are Christian or Muslims. The Romanlar are closer to Turks as to any Roma Groups of Europe. They have only a lesser similarity with the Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma from Bulgaria, Romani (Dobruja) or Greece (West-Thrace). They also havent an Minority status, and they didnt want to be called as Minority. Some of the Turkish Romani came as Guest worker to Germany and Austria in the 1960-70's. None of them was looked as Roma by the Host Population, only as Turks in Germany, where some of the Turkish-Romani Men married with German or Austrian Womans. The Offsprings of this Marriages called Melezi (Halfblood), a Turkish Loanword in the Romani language dialects of the Muslim Roma for people with mixed Romani blood. In Turkey, the Romanlar do all kind of low Jobs, but also as flower sellers, basketmaker etc. History. There is recorded by Persian poets and historians in the Shahnameh. According to this records, the Persian king Bahram V of Sassanid Empire, brought several thousand musicians from India to Persia. From Persia, the descendants of the Indian musicians migrated to different countries. According Ottoman and Turkish historians and linguists, the Romanlar in Turkey are the descendants of mixed Ancestry, the so called Chingan (Musicans-Dancers), who once came from Hindustan, trough trading relationships at the Silk Road with the Byzantine Empire, from the Indian subcontinent into Egypt, who was at that time a part of the Byzantine Empire. They settled in Koptos (Qift) at the Nile for a while. Later, when the Muslim Arabian made fight with the Byzantine Empire, the Romanlar went with them as Camp followers to Asia Minor and settled first in Phrygia, from there they went to Thrace in Europe at 800 AD. The Greeks called them Atsingani. The oldest sedentary settlment of Romanlar was in Sulukule in Istanbul, dating back to 1054 AD. The Byzantine Historian Nikephoros Gregoras, told of Acrobats who came from Egypt to Constantinople in 1322. The Ottoman Historian Evliya Çelebi described in his Book Seyhatnâme, the language and Background of the Roma people, that after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II settled Roma from Gümülcine and Muslim Roma's from Bayat village Aydın Province and Sanjak of Menteşe to Istanbul as Dancers and Musicians. At the time of Ottoman Empire they got their own Sanjak (district) in East Thrace in 1530 by the Order of Suleiman the Magnificent. Turkish speaking Muslim Roma also settled from Anatolia in the Balkans under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Today in Bulgaria, Greece (West-Thrace) and Romania (Dobruja) there live a Turkish speaking Muslim Roma minority. Many Romanlar live in Istanbul , Edirne and İzmir. Genetic studies showed that Turkish Gypsys have similarity to Jats and Punjabis from Punjab (Pakistan) also Gene flow from Turks and Southeast Europe's people like Slavs, Greeks and Albanians into the Turkish Gypsys population of the Ottoman Empire, happend trough the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Also people from Caucasus Mountains like the Kubachi people About Paspati in his Book of the Turkish Gypsy's from 1860-1863, he mentioned that Ottoman Turkish Men often married Gypsy woman, and arround 200.000 Muslim Roma live in Turkey. Under the reign of Abdulhamid II, there status was changend and they was named as Buçuk Millet. At the Greek War of Independence 1821–1829, Crimean War 1853–1856, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Balkan Wars 1912-1913, World War I 1914-1918, and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, many Turkish speaking Xoraxane-Roma together with other Non-Romani Muslims was expelled from Bulgaria and Greece and other parts of the Balkans, who once belonged to the former Ottoman Empire, to settle in Turkey. After the end of Serfdom-Slavery in Moldova in 1855 and Wallachia in 1856, Orthodox Christian Roma went to Istanbul and named Laxo Roma who speak Vlax Romani language. In 1923 the Laxo went mostly to Greece. Music and Dance. The Romanlar in Turkey are wellknown of there Music and Dance, and play for Weddings, Sünnet partys and Kirkpinar-Festival (Oil wrestling), also for Non Romani People. Belly dance is performed in there own special style. Kakava. Kakava is the name of the celebration of there own Male Saint Baba Fingo., its hold every year on 5-6 May at Edirne. Its an old Folk Believe by the Romanlar, Sufism. Many Romanlar in Turkey belong to the Sufism Hindiler Tekkesi of the Qadiri-Tarika, who was founded in 1738 by Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız, a Romani quarter at Üsküdar in Istanbul. He was original a Muslim from Hindustan. Anyway the Romanlar are Muslims, the old Folk believe of Baba Fingo is present. Serbian Americans Serbian Americans (), also known as American Serbs (), are United States citizens whose ancestors are Serbs. As of 2013, there were about 190,000 American citizens who said that they had Serb ancestry. However, the number may be much higher, as there were also 290,000 people who said that they were Yugoslavs living in the United States. The group includes Serbian Americans living in the United States for one or many generations, people who are citizens of both Serbia and the United States, or any other people who say that they are both Serbian and American. History. One of the first Serb immigrants to the United States was the settler George Fisher, who came to Philadelphia in 1815, moved to Mexico, fought in the Texan Revolution, and became a judge in California. Another important early Serb in America was Basil Rosevic, who started a shipping company, the Trans-Oceanic Ship Lines, around the year 1800. In the early 1800s, many Serb sailors and fishermen from Montenegro and Herzegovina came to New Orleans looking for work. In 1841, Serbs founded the Greek Orthodox parish with Greek immigrants in New Orleans. Serbian Americans fought in the American Civil War, mostly on the side of the Confederacy, as most Serbs living in America were in Louisiana and Mississippi. A few Confederate military units were started by Serbs in Louisiana, such as the Cognevich Company (named for Stjepan Konjevic, who immigrated to Louisiana in the 1830s), and the First and Second Slavonian Rifles. At least 400 Serbs fought in these three units during the Civil War. Several other known Serbs who fought in the Civil War came from Alabama and Florida, specifically from Pensacola. Some Serbian Americans went back to Serbia to fight in the First Balkan War. During World War I, as many as 15,000 Serbian Americans went back to the Balkans to fight. Serbs in the United States who did not fight in the war raised knowledge, campaigned for the creation of Yugoslavia, sent aid to the Balkans through the Red Cross, formed a Serbian Relief Committee, and urged important Americans to support the Serbian cause. After World War II many Serbs immigrated to the United States from Yugoslavia after Josip Broz Tito took control of the country. Since then, many Serbian American organizations have been formed in the United States. A number of Serbian American engineers worked on the Apollo program. Alaska. Serbs have lived in Alaska since the first Serbs came to America in the 19th century. Many Serbs came in the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1890s to earn money, just like they had done in the California Gold Rush. The places where most Serbs settled in Alaska were Juneau, Douglas, Fairbanks, and Sitka. Many Serbs also settled in the Canadian Yukon during the gold rush as well, such as the legendary gold miner Black Mike Vojnić. In 1893, Serbian miners in Alaska built the Orthodox Church in Juneau with the native Orthodox Tlingit people, who had been converted to Orthodoxy by the Russians decades before. During the First World War, many Serbian Americans went back to Serbia to fight, and thousands of them came from Alaska. In recent years, it has become common for Serbian workers to come to Alaska every year to work for a few months in canneries, where food and living space is given to them. These workers stay in Alaska on temporary work visas, and speak English. Population. Demographics. In the past, number of Serbs who immigrated to the United States was difficult to find as Serb immigrants were often recorded by their country of origin, so as Turks, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Dalmatians, Bosnians, Herzegovinians and Austro-Hungarians. In the 1910 census, there were 16,676 Serbs from Austria-Hungary, 4,321 from Serbia, and 3,724 from Montenegro. 187,738 citizens of the United States said that they Serb ethnicity in 2010. The 2012 American Community Survey estimated that there were 199,080 Americans with Serb ancestry. It is likely that some of the American citizens who said that they had Yugoslavian ethnicity (328,547 in 2010; 310,682 in 2012 estimation) are also ethnic Serbs. Places in the United States where many Serbs have settled include Chicago, New York City, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Phoenix, and Jackson, California. Serbian-born population. Serbian-born population in the US since 2010: Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria () is a metropolitan city in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Its capital is Reggio Calabria. It replaced the Province of Reggio Calabria in 2017. The Aspromonte massif dominates the western part, and with its long coastline, the metropolitan city is a popular tourist destination during the summer. History. The Metropolitan City was created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990), and then established by the Law 56/2014. Government. The Metropolitan City is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ("Sindaco metropolitano") and the Metropolitan Council ("Consiglio metropolitano"). Quasiparticle The term Quasiparticle describes a concept in physics in which energetically excited states in matter are treated as though they are elementary quantum particles in their own right.  In fact they may be something less tangible like a vibration or a rotation. Unlike neutrons, protons, or even atoms and molecules, quasiparticles aren't independent structures floating about on their own in free space but exist only within the structure being studied. For the purposes of modelling the behaviour of the excited state within the structure this treatment works very well.   As the particles emerge from more fundamental structures they are called quasi-particles or quasiparticles. These particles have in most cases short  lifetimes, like the magnon or the exciton. But there are also some quasi-particles with an infinite lifetime like the cooper-pair in superconductors. Captains Regent The Captain Regent is a head of government of San Marino. Tsakhur orthography Tsakhur orthography belongs to the Tsakhur such as Gelmets added many letters. Tsakhur is a Caucasian language. This means the alphabet has many letters, but the alphabet is currently can added many alphabet to make the sounds, too. Alphabet. The alphabet on the standard dialect is currently is unauthorized for the digraph. So the alphabet for Tsakhur is А,Б,В,Г,Д,Е,Ё,Ж,З,И,Й,К,Л,М,Н,О,П,Р,С,Т,У,Ф,Х,Ц,Ч,Ш,Щ,Ъ,Ы,Ь,Э,Ю,Я and same like Russian alphabet. Which means Tsakhur alphabet have a 18 additional letters including АІ,ГІ,Гъ,Гь,ЕІ,КІ,Къ,Кь,Л',ОІ,ПІ,ТІ,УІ,Хъ,Хь,ЦІ,ЧІ,ЫІ. In Tsakh dialect,the letters with hard sign (Ъ),soft sign,and palochka or the double letters has been added. In Gelmets dialect,ХІ is added. Phonology. In Tsakh dialect,the word such as Гэмил was invented to Гэмээл. While for Gelmets dialect,is Гамил ("Yellow"). Omniglot says the pharyngealized letters is uses with palochka. While for Gelmets dialect is many. In unicode,sometimes letters have has been added the Cyrillic letters who it is past. Usage in unicode. Sometimes,unicode asked to remove Tsakhur button,because of one of all social medias doesn't have this button. Usage in social medias. President of Dagestan asked to removing the Tsakhur button,because Russia is the best countries of the republics in Russia,so the Omniglot says. Pteropus Pteropus is a genus of large megabats. They are commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia: Australia, the Indian subcontinent, East Africa, and some oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are at least 60 living species in the genus. Flying foxes eat fruit and other plant matter, and occasionally insects as well. They find food with their keen sense of smell. Most, but not all, are nocturnal. They navigate with keen eyesight, as they cannot echolocate. They have long lives and low birth rates. Females of most species have only one offspring each year. This slow birth rate makes their populations vulnerable in present-day circumstances. Like other bats, flying foxes can give deadly diseases to humans. They are the reservoirs of rare but fatal disease agents such as Australian bat lyssavirus (which causes rabies), and Hendra virus. Seven known human deaths have come from these two diseases. Nipah virus is also transmitted by flying foxes—it affects more people, with over 100 fatalities. Flying foxes have cultural significance to indigenous people. They appear in traditional art, folklore, and weaponry. Their fur and teeth were used as currency in the past. Some cultures still use their teeth as currency today. Measure word A measure word is a word or morpheme (the smallest meaningful unit in a language) that shows how much of something there is. In English, measure words are used to show amounts of something that cannot be easily counted, also called uncountable nouns or mass nouns. For example, a person cannot usually say, "I have three gasolines", since gasoline is not easy to count. However, a person can measure how much gasoline there is or count how many containers are used to hold gasoline. In other words, people can say, "I have three gallons of gasoline", "I have three liters of gasoline", or "I have three tanks of gasoline." In English, count nouns are their own measure words. A person can say "I have three cars" or "cars have four wheels". The nouns do not need any extra words because the nouns themselves are easy to count. Measure words can also be used to describe groups of countable nouns. For example, a group of cattle is called "a herd of cattle" and a group of fish is called "a school of fish." In many East Asian languages, like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, measure words must be used to count both mass nouns and count nouns. Unlike in English, a person cannot simply say "three cars" or "four wheels" in Chinese. The nouns in both phrases need a measure word. In Chinese a person must say "three (vehicle) car" (三辆车) and "four (thing) wheel" (四个轮). Matrix function In mathematics, a function maps an input value to an output value. In the case of a matrix function, the input and the output values are matrices. One example of a matrix function occurs with the Algebraic Riccati equation, which is used to solve certain optimal control problems. Matrix functions are special functions made by matrices. Definitions. Most functions like formula_1 are defined as a solution of a differential equation. But matrix functions will use a different way. Suppose formula_2 is a complex number and formula_3 is a square matrix. If you have a polynomial: then it is reasonable to define Let's use this idea. When you have then you can introduce For example, the matrix version of the exponential function and the trigonometric functions are defined as follows: Importance. Matrix functions are used at numerical methods for ordinary differential equations and statistics. This is why numerical analysts are studying how to compute them. For example, the following functions are studied: Mauritian flying fox The Mauritian flying fox ("Pteropus niger") is also known as Greater Mascarene flying fox or Mauritius fruit bat. It is a megabat species endemic to Mauritius and La Réunion. An out-of-date name for this megabat is "Vespertilio niger". Jubba River Jubba River is a river which starts in the Ogadenia region. It ends in the Jubaland state of Somalia. Shebelle River The Shebelle River is a river which starts in the Ogadenia region. It flows through the Hirshabelle and Jubaland states of Somalia. Moytoy of Tellico Moytoy of Tellico, (died 1741) (, meaning "rainmaker") was given the title of "Emperor of the Cherokee" by Sir Alexander Cumming. He was chief of the Wolf Clan. Žarko Domljan Žarko Domljan (14 September 1932 – 5 September 2020) was a Croatian politician. He was the first Speaker of the Croatian Parliament after Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia. He was the speaker from 30 May 1990 to 2 August 1992. He later was a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Domljan died on 5 September 2020 in Zagreb, aged 87. Levon Altounian Levon Aram Altounian (; ; 15 February 1936 – 6 September 2020) was a Lebanese footballer. He played as a winger or midfielder. He was born in Beirut. Altounian played his whole club career at Homenetmen between 1952 and 1973. He also played for the national team from 1954 to 1963. On 6 September 2020, Altounian died at a hospital in Roumieh, Lebanon at the age of 84. Kevin Dobson Kevin Patrick Dobson (March 18, 1943 – September 6, 2020) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Detective Bobby Crocker in the CBS crime drama "Kojak" (1973–1978) and as M. Patrick "Mack" MacKenzie in "Knots Landing" (1982–1993). He was born in New York City. Dobson died of a heart attack on September 6, 2020 in Coalinga, California at the age of 77. Coalinga, California Coalinga ( or ) is a city in Fresno County and the western San Joaquin Valley, in central California. The population was 13,380 as of the 2010 census, up from 11,668 at the 2000 census. Six Pack (movie) Six Pack is a 1982 American comedy-drama movie directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kenny Rogers, Diane Lane, Erin Gray, Anthony Michael Hall, Barry Corbin, Terry Kiser, Bob Hannah. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Sergey Koltakov Sergey Mikhailovich Koltakov (; December 10, 1955 – September 7, 2020) was a Russian actor. He was born in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Soviet Union. He was best known for his roles as Sergei in "Mirror for a Hero" (1987), Hank in "New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court" (1988) and as Konstatin in "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1988). Koltakov died on September 7, 2020 in Moscow, aged 64. Abdul Malik Fadjar Abdul Malik Fadjar (22 February 1939 – 7 September 2020) was an Indonesian politician and academic. He was the Minister of Religious Affairs between 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Education from 2001 to 2004. He worked during the cabinets of B. J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. Fadjar died on 7 September 2020 at the age of 81. Hostages (American TV series) Hostages is an American drama television series that aired on CBS from 2013-2014. The Blacklist (TV series) The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series, starring James Spader, on NBC on September 23, 2013. Centralian tree frog The Centralian tree frog ("Ranoidea gilleni") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory. This frog lives in rocky places with water holes and bodies of water that sometimes dry up. It hides during the day. Scientists do not know much about the eggs or tadpoles. Scientists used to think this was the same frog as "Litoria caerulea". Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 The CLP-1 or () is the top division of the Tunisian Football Federation. It was created in 1921. History. The football championship of Tunisia, was first held in 1907 by the "Ligue Tunisienne de football" (Tunisian League of football – LTF) then the Tunisian Football Federation (FTF). The first edition opposed the three teams of "Racing club of Tunis", "Football club of Bizerte" and "Sporting of Ferryville", and the two school teams of the "Carnot College of Tunis" and the "Sadiki College". It became official with the creation of the LTF in 1921 and its affiliation with the French federation of football. Until 1939, the title of champion was attributed as a result of dams between the regional champions. But from 1946 to 1947, a championship of "excellence" (national division) was created and competes nationally. In 1944–1945, 1945–1946 and 1952–1953, the championship was not disputed and was replaced by a criterium (a kind of tournament pools where participation is voluntary). The current big clubs are created during this period: "Esperance Sportive de Tunis" (1919), "Club African" (1920), "Etoile Sportive du Sahel" (1925), "Club Athletic Bizertin" and "Club Sportif Sfaxien" (1928). Media coverage. El Watania 1 and El Watania 2 have the broadcast rights of the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 since independence. Qatari channels Al-Kass Sports have the rights of broadcasting 10 meetings per season, most of them derby matches, since the 2015–16 season. Tunisia champions by season. This is the list of the clubs that won the Tunisian League: Performances. Performance by club. Teams in Bold compete in 2019–20 Ligue 1. Top scorers. This is the list of top scorers by season. Patricia Manterola Patricia Manterola (; born Bertha Patricia Manterola Carrión on April 23, 1972) is a Mexican singer and actress. She was born in Mexico City. Her career began in 1989. She was one of the original members of the Mexican pop group Garibaldi. She is known for her role as Julia in the telenovela "Apuesta por un amor". From 1999 to 2005, she was married to Garibaldi group member Xavier Ortiz. Xavier Ortiz Xavier Ortiz (June 29, 1962 – September 7, 2020) was a Mexican actor, singer, and businessman. He was a member of the Mexican pop group Garibaldi. He was known for his roles in "Journey from the Fall" and the Mexican production of "P.S. Your Cat Is Dead". He also played Lalo in the 2009 telenovela "Un gancho al corazón". From 1999 to 2005, he was married to his Garibaldi member Patricia Manterola. Ortiz killed himself on September 7, 2020 at his home in Guadalajara, aged 48. Patrick Sweeney (politician) Patrick Anthony Sweeney (September 2, 1939 – September 7, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the Ohio Senate from 1997 to 1998, and a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1967 to 1997. He was appointed in January 1997 to fill the vacancy caused by Dennis Kucinich, who was elected to Congress. Sweeney was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Sweeney died on September 7, 2020 in Cleveland at the age of 81. Harry Roque Herminio "Harry" Lopez Roque Jr. (; born October 21, 1966) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and former law professor. He is the current Presidential Spokesperson of President Rodrigo Duterte. Joseph Chennoth Joseph Chennoth (13 October 1943 – 8 September 2020) was an Indian Syro Malabar Catholic prelate. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He was an archbishop and an apostolic nuncio from 1999 until his death. He was made a priest on 4 May 1969 by Bishop Paul Ch’eng Shih-kuang of Tainan, Taiwan. Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Milevum and Apostolic Nuncio to the Central African Republic and to Chad on 24 August 1999. Pope Benedict XVI named him Apostolic Nuncio to Tanzania on 15 June 2005. Benedict appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Japan on 15 August 2011. Chennoth died on 8 September 2020 in Tokyo, aged 76. Jaya Prakash Reddy Jaya Prakash Reddy (10 October 1945  – 8 September 2020) was an Indian Telugu actor. He was born in Sirvel, Andhra Pradesh, India. He was known for his roles in "Samarasimha Reddy", "Jayam Manade Raa and" "Chennakesava Reddy". Reddy died on 8 September 2020 at his home in Guntur due to cardiac arrest, aged 74. Vexi Salmi Veikko Olavi "Vexi" Salmi (; 21 September 1942 – 8 September 2020) was a Finnish lyricist. He wrote the lyrics to many popular songs for several prominent artists, including Irwin Goodman, Jari Sillanpää, and Katri Helena. His career as a lyricist began in the 1960s. He was born in Hämeenlinna, Finland. He wrote the lyrics to many Eurovision entry songs such as "Huilumies" and "Katson sineen taivaan". Salmi died from a short-illness in Helsinki on 8 September 2020, aged 77. Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza Jorge Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza (28 April 1937 – 7 September 2020) was a Colombian politician. He was born in Popayán, Colombia. He was a member of the Social Party of National Unity. He was the Governor of Cauca from 1975 to 1976. He was also a member of the Chamber of Representatives from 1981 to 1982 and Senate from 1991 to 2014. Iragorri Hormaza died on 7 September 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 83. Congress of Colombia The Congress of the Republic of Colombia () is the name given to Colombia's bicameral national legislature. The Congress of Colombia is made up of the 108-seat Senate "(Senado)", and the 172-seat Chamber of Representatives "(Cámara de Representantes)". Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Chamber of Representatives of Colombia The House of Representatives (Spanish: "Cámara de Representantes") is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia. It has 172 members elected to four-year terms. According to the Colombian Constitution, the House of Representatives, currently made up of 166 representatives serving four-year terms, is elected in territorial constituencies, special constituencies and an international constituency. Senate of Colombia The Senate of the Republic of Colombia () is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the House of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms. International Military Tribunal for the Far East The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial or the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, was a military trial began on April 29, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for joint conspiracy to start a war (categorized as "Class A" crimes), conventional war crimes ("Class B") and crimes against humanity ("Class C"). Eleven countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) provided judges and prosecutors for the court. Twenty-eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged. The trial ended on November 12, 1948. Trolley problem The trolley problem is an imaginary problem that people can solve to explore how the human mind works. Oxford University philosophy professor Philippa Foot in the 1960s wrote about the trolley problem and other problems in her 1967 essay "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect." Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Judith Jarvis Thomson made the trolley problem famous. Now many schools teach the trolley problem. For a time, there was even a part of philosophy called trolleyology. Jarvis Thomson named the problem "the trolley problem." The trolley problem does not have a right or wrong answer. Instead, it is a way to make people think and talk about what makes actions good or bad and why. How it works. The agent ("you") is on a trolley, a fast-moving cart that can only run on a track. It is not an automobile that can be driven off the edge of a road. It must stay on a track. Ahead of the agent, five people are standing on the track, where the trolley will run over them and kill them. The agent has no way to stop the trolley. The only thing the agent can do is throw a switch to make the trolley change onto a different track. On this second track, there is one person. None of the six people have time to move out of the way. In Jarvis Thomson's version, the person controlling the trolley switch is not on the trolley. Instead, this agent is watching from the side. This person can throw the switch but they can also choose to do nothing. If the agent does nothing, the trolley will kill five people. If the agent throws the switch, the trolley will kill one person. Variations. There are different versions of the trolley problem. What if the agent knows something about the individual people on the track? Emergency room case. The agent is a doctor working in an emergency room. A homeless person or traveler comes to the emergency room, but the doctor learns he is not sick at all. Upstairs in the hospital, there are five sick people who need organ transplants. The homeless person is a perfect match for all five. Like in the trolley problem, the doctor can kill one person by taking action or allow five people to die by doing nothing. The emergency room case was also in Foot's 1967 essay. Most people think the emergency room problem is different from the trolley problem, even though the numbers are the same. The trolley problem is something that could happen in real life but would be very rare. Healthy people go to emergency rooms every day. In the emergency room problem, many, many things can affect the agent's decision. The students say things like, "The agent is a doctor, and doctors are taught not to hurt or kill people, so the agent will say no" instead of saying what they themselves would do. Or they would say things like "If the doctors kill the homeless person, people will find out about it. They will be worried that the doctors will kill them for their organs, so they will not go to the emergency room when they need to. Then more than five people will die—sick people who did not go to the emergency room for help." These things are true, but they mean the emergency room case is very complicated for a thought experiment. Footbridge case. Philosophers invented the footbridge problem as a better version of the emergency room problem. Unlike in the emergency room problem, there are no societal systems that get in the way, for example the doctor's education or people deciding not to go to the emergency room. In the footbridge problem, the agent is standing on a small bridge over a trolley track. Again, there is a trolley with no brakes moving very fast to five people. It will hit and kill the people if nothing stops it. They cannot move out of the way. There is also a second person on the footbridge. If the agent pushes this one person off the footbridge, then their body will stop the trolley, saving the five other people. But the one person whom the agent has pushed will die. In this problem, the person the agent would push is big and fat enough to stop the trolley, but the agent is not. Others. Other variations on the trolley problem include when the agent knows some or all of the people on the tracks. Another is when the big fat person on the footbridge put the five people on the track on purpose so they would be run over. Another is when the one person whom the trolley can run over instead of the other five is a person taking a nap in a hammock instead of someone standing on a trolley track. In the brain. A team of scientists led by Joshua Greene put people in an fMRI machine to watch what their brains did while they thought about the trolley problem and its other versions. When people thought about pulling the trolley switch to kill one person instead of five, the parts of the brain that do cool, rational thinking (the prefrontal cortex) lit up. When people thought about pushing a fat man onto the track, the parts of their brain that do emotion (the amygdala) lit up. The people decided not to push the fat man onto the track. Greene and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make moral decisions using intuition when they are feeling emotions, for example the disgust they feel at the thought of killing an innocent fat man. Green and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make decisions using logic when their emotions are not involved. In popular culture. The trolley problem was in the episode "The Trolley Problem" on the second season of the sitcom "The Good Place". Gao Wenbin Gao Wenbin () (December 1921/1922 – 7 September 2020) was a Chinese historian, translator, university professor and jurist. He was the last surviving member of the Chinese delegation which represented the Republic of China at the Tokyo Trial. He was born in Yueyang, Hunan. In 1952, he was arrested by one of the teachers of the Soochow University Law School terming him as a "special suspect" and was sentenced to a minimum of ten years of labour reform. He joined the China Democratic League in 1985. He had lectures at the University of Maine School of Law and at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He also taught maritime law and international law at the Shanghai Maritime University. Gao died on 7 September 2020 at a hospital in Shanghai from a long-illness, aged 99. Shibboleth A shibboleth () was originally a single word which distinguished one group from another. Rather more widely, it is any custom or tradition that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as passwords. They are simple ways of self-identification: they signal loyalty and affinity. Origin. The term comes from the Hebrew word "shibbólet" (), which means the part of a plant containing grain, such as the head of a stalk of wheat or rye. The modern use comes from an account in the Hebrew Bible. How this word was pronounced was used to distinguish friend from foe. In the Book of Judges, chapter 12, the inhabitants of Gilead inflicted a military defeat on the invading tribe of Ephraim (around 1370–1070 BC). The surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the River Jordan to their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them. To identify and kill the Ephraimites, the Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word "shibboleth". The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like "sibboleth". In the King James Bible: The concept of a shibboleth is still with us. It is any word, phrase, jargon or pronunciation which identifies a person as a member of a particular group. Landscape architecture Landscape architecture is a field of design that deals with the design of garden buildings and open spaces: open public or private spaces, squares, gardens and parks, promenades and more. He who deals with landscape architecture is landscape architect. In most cases, landscape architecture is simultaneously associated with the architecture of buildings and planning and urban design, which are areas in which architects are engaged. Landscape architecture deals with different and varied forms of open spaces and different ways of planning the relationship between buildings and land and landscape and between man and nature or his urban environment. Landscape urbanism Landscape urbanism is a new theory in the field of urban and regional planning that first appeared in the late 20th century claiming that the best way to organize cities is through the landscape design of the city rather than the design of its buildings. The phrase urban landscape first appeared in the mid-1990s. Since then this phrase has received many different uses but is most often cited as a post-modernist response to the failures of "New Urbanism". In 2008 the first Biennale in the world of "Landscape Urbanism" was held in the city of Bat-Yam in Israel which dealt with New Urbanism. AFC Asian Cup The AFC Asian Cup, commonly known as the Asian Cup, is the main association football competition played by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It has been held every four years since 1956, in the even-numbered year between FIFA World Cup tournaments until 2004, and in the year after FIFA World Cup tournaments since 2007. Hassan Maatouk Hassan Ali Maatouk (born 10 August 1987) is an Lebanese footballer. He plays for Ansar and the Lebanon national team as a forward. He is the player with the most goals and appearances for his national team. The Naked City The Naked City is a 1948 American crime drama movie directed by Jules Dassin and stars Barry Fitzgerald, Howard Duff, Dorothy Hart, Don Taylor, Frank Conroy, Adelaide Klein. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards and won 2 Oscars in 1949. Marco Cariola Marco Antonio Juan Andrés Cariola Barroilhet (2 November 1932 – 6 September 2020) was a Chilean lawyer, farmer and politician. He was born in Viña del Mar, Chile. Cariola was a member of the Independent Democratic Union. From 1998 to 2006, he was a member of the Senate. Cariola died on 6 September 2020 in Santiago de Chile at the age of 87. Paul Chittilapilly Paul Chittilapilly (27 February 1934 – 6 September 2020) was an Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic prelate. He was bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1961. He was bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kalyan, India, from 1988 to 1996 and as bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thamarassery, India, from 1996 to 2010. Chittilapilly died on 6 September 2020, aged 86. Tom Jernstedt Tom Jernstedt (November 24, 1944 – September 6, 2020) was an American basketball administrator. He worked for the NCAA from 1972 until 2010. He was honored into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 2010 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2017. He was born in McMinnville, Oregon. Jernstedt died on September 6, 2020 from a heart attack in Tequesta, Florida, aged 75. Carlton, Oregon Carlton is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,007 at the 2010 census. Chen Dingchang Chen Dingchang (; January 1937 – 7 September 2020) was a Chinese scientist. His work focused in aerospace engineering. Chen was born in Shanghai. He worked at the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation. Chen developed China's first laser radar. In 2009, he became a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chen died on 7 September 2020 in Beijing, aged 83. Vaughan Jones Sir Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (31 December 1952 – 6 September 2020) was a New Zealand mathematician. He was known for his work on von Neumann algebras and knot polynomials. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1990. He was born in Gisborne, New Zealand. Jones died on 6 September 2020 from problems caused by an ear infection at the age of 67. Gene Budig Gene A. Budig (May 25, 1939September 8, 2020) was an American baseball executive. He was the last president of the American League (AL), from 1994 to 1999. He was born in McCook, Nebraska. Budig went on to become part-owner of a minor league baseball team. He was also President of Illinois State University between 1973 to 1977, West Virginia University between 1977 to 1981 and University of Kansas between 1980 to 1994. Budig died on September 8, 2020 in Charleston, South Carolina from liver disease at the age of 81. Ronald Harwood Sir Ronald Harwood, (born Ronald Horwitz; 9 November 1934 – 8 September 2020) was a South African-born British author, playwright and screenwriter. He was known for his screenplays "The Dresser" and "The Pianist". He won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He also wrote the screenplay for "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly" (2007). Harwood died at his home in Sussex on 8 September 2020, at age 85. Claude Peretti Claude Peretti (24 February 1942 – 8 September 2020) was a French footballer. He played as a Right midfielder. He won the 1963 Coupe de France with AS Monaco FC. He was born in Nice, France. He then played for Olympique de Marseille before returning to Monaco for a brief time in 1964. In 1965, he joined AC Ajaccio, which won the Ligue 2 championship in 1967. He retired in 1970. Peretti died on 8 September 2020 at the age of 78. The Pianist (2002 movie) The Pianist is a 2002 war biographical drama movie produced and directed by Roman Polanski. The script was written by Ronald Harwood. It starred Adrien Brody. It is based on the autobiographical book "The Pianist" (1946), a Holocaust memoir by the Polish-Jewish pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman, a Holocaust survivor. "The Pianist" was released on 24 May 2002 at the Cannes Film Festival to strong positive critical reviews. It was awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. The movie won many Academy Awards such as for Best Director (Polanski), Best Adapted Screenplay (Harwood), and Best Actor (Brody), and was nominated for four others, including Best Picture. Wilm Hosenfeld Wilhelm Adalbert Hosenfeld (; 2 May 1895 – 13 August 1952) was a German Army officer who by the end of the Second World War was promoted to "Hauptmann" (Captain). He helped to hide or rescue several Polish people, including Jews, in Nazi-German occupied Poland, and helped Polish-Jewish pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman to survive, hidden, in the ruins of Warsaw during the last months of 1944. In October 2007, Hosenfeld was honored by the president of Poland Lech Kaczyński with a Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. United States Federal Witness Protection Program The United States Federal Witness Protection Program (WPP), also known as the Witness Security Program or WITSEC, is a witness protection program. It is operated by the United States Marshals Service. It was created to protect threatened witnesses before, during, and after a trial. A few states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington D.C. have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs have less protections than the federal program. Silver Apples Silver Apples were an American electronic rock group from New York between 1967 and 1970. Background. It was made-up of Simeon (born Simeon Oliver Coxe III; June 4, 1938 – September 8, 2020), who performed on a synthesizer, drummer Danny Taylor. The duo were among the first to use electronic music techniques outside of academia. Arnulfo Fuentebella Arnulfo Palma Fuentebella (October 29, 1945 – September 9, 2020) was a Filipino politician. He was the Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 2000 to 2001. He was also a representative of House of Representatives between 1992 to 2001, 2004 to 2019. Fueneblla was born in Goa, Camarines Sur. Fuentebella died of heart failure on September 9, 2020 in San Fernando, Pampanga at the age of 74. Jakob Oetama Jakob Oetama (27 September 1931 – 9 September 2020) was an Indonesian journalist. He was the co-founder and owner of Kompas Gramedia Group. He also created "Kompas Daily" in 1965, one of the leading newspapers of Indonesia. Oetama was born in Central Java. Oetama died on 9 September 2020 in Jakarta at the age of 88. Palme d'Or The Palme d'Or (; ) is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was created in 1955 by the festival's organizing committee. The Palme d'Or is widely seen to be one of the most well known awards in the movie industry. Deprisa, Deprisa Deprisa, Deprisa () is a 1981 Spanish French drama movie directed by Carlos Saura and starring André Falcon, Yves Barsacq, Berta Socuéllamos Zarco, José Antonio Valdelomar, Jesús Arias Aranzueque. Malayan weasel The Malayan weasel ("Mustela nudipes") is a type of weasel. It is also called the Malay weasel. It is native to the Thai-Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. It is a Least Concern species. Bless This House Bless This House is a British comedy series that first aired on British TV on the 2nd February, 1971 and ran for six series or seasons with its final episode airing on 22nd April, 1976. It ended after the death of its main star, "Sidney James." A film sequel was made in 1972 with the same title. The Story. The programme centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, London, where stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenage children. Mike, the son, played by Robin Stewart, is fresh from art college and is more pre-occupied with protests than finding a job. The daughter, Sally, played by Sally Geeson, who is younger than Mike, is trendy and her parents are continually worried about her relationships with 'boys'. Sid and Jean constantly battle to comprehend the new generation's permissive ways and are usually out-of-touch. Their neighbours and best friends are Trevor (Anthony Jackson) and his wife Betty (Patsy Rowlands). Filaret (Denysenko) Patriarch Filaret (secular name "Mykhailo Antonovych Denysenko", born 23 January 1929) is the primate and Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate. He has been the patriarch since 2019. Before, he was the patriarch between 1995 to 2018. He was the honorary Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine from 2018 to 2019, and the former Metropolitan of Kyiv of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1966 to 1992. He was defrocked and in 1997 excommunicated by the ROC. In March 2020, during a television interview, Filaret called the coronavirus pandemic a "divine punishment" for same-sex marriage. On 8 September 2020, Filaret tested positive for COVID-19 and pneumonia. Ralph Gants Ralph D. Gants (1954 – September 14, 2020) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. He was nominated by Governor Deval Patrick and sworn in on July 28, 2014. He became a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 2009. He was born in New Rochelle, New York. On September 4, 2020 Gants was hospitalized after having a heart attack. He died on September 14 at the age of 66. Chuck Woolery Charles Herbert Woolery (born March 16, 1941) is an American game show host, talk show host, and musician. He was born in Ashland, Kentucky. Woolery was the original host of "Wheel of Fortune" (1975–1981), the original version of "Love Connection" (1983–1994), "Scrabble" (1984–1990, and during a brief revival in 1993), "Greed" on Fox from 1999 to 2000, and "Lingo" on Game Show Network from 2002 to 2007. Thomas L. Steffen Thomas L. Steffen (9 July 1930 – 1 September 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Supreme Court Justice in the state of Nevada from 1982 to 1997. He was nominated by Governor Robert List. He studied at George Washington University where he graduated from in 1964. He began working in Bureau of Naval Weapons. Steffen died on 1 September 2020 at the age of 90. Abdul Qadir Bajamal Abdul Qadir Bajamal (; February 18, 1946 – September 7, 2020) was a Yemeni politician. He was the Prime Minister of Yemen from 31 March 2001 to 7 April 2007. He was a member of the General People's Congress party. He also was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yemen from 1998 to 2001. Bajamal died on September 7, 2020 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates from problems caused by multiple strokes, aged 74. Benedict To Varpin Benedict To Varpin (24 July 1936 – 8 September 2020) was a New Papua Guinean Roman Catholic prelate. He became a priest in 1971. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bereina, Papua New Guinea from 1979 to 1987. He later became archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madang, Papua New Guinea in 1987. To Varpin died on 8 September 2020, aged 84. George Bizos George Bizos (14 November 1927 – 9 September 2020) was a Greek-born South African human rights lawyer. He campaigned against apartheid in South Africa, most notably during the Rivonia Trial. He was Nelson Mandela's lawyer. Bizos died in Johannesburg on 9 September 2020, aged 92. Cini Boeri Cini Boeri (June 19, 1924 – September 9, 2020) was an Italian architect and designer. She was born in Milan. In the 1970s, Boeri began designing showrooms for Knoll in Europe and America. She worked for many other design companies, including lighting company Artemide, furniture company Arflex, and the housewares company Rosenthal. Boeri died at her home in Milan on September 9, 2020 at the age of 96. Amos Luzzatto Amos Luzzatto (3 June 1928 – 9 September 2020) was an Italian-Jewish writer and essayist. He was one of the most important representatives of Jewish Italian culture in the 20th century. He was teaching at the Rabbinical College in Padua and was an Italian representative of the "Wissenschaft des Judentums". He was born in Rome. From June 1998 to February 2006, he was the President of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities. Luzzatto died on 9 September 2020 in Venice, Italy at the age of 92. Gerald Neal Gerald Anthony Neal (born September 22, 1945) is a Democratic Party politician and lawyer. He is a member of the Kentucky Senate, representing District 33 since 1988. He is the first African-American man elected to the Kentucky Senate. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Neal was hospitalized in Louisville with COVID-19 on September 7, 2020. Dainty green tree frog The dainty green tree frog, dainty frog or graceful tree frog ("Ranoidea gracilenta") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales. This frog lives in forests. It sits on reeds and floating plants in bodies of water, but it also lives in places where people grow fruit. In the winter, it climbs up to the tops of trees and stays away from water. In warmer weather, the female frog lays eggs on stems of grass in the water. The tadpoles take 14 days to become frogs. The adult frog is 4.5 cm long. The dainty green tree frog is bright green with orange eyes, yellow feet, and yellow color on its sides. It is related to "Ranoidea chloris". Al Ahed FC Al Ahed FC is a professional football club that plays in the Lebanese Premier League. They are based in Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon. The club has won 1 AFC Cup title, 8 league titles, 6 Lebanese FA Cup titles, 8 Lebanese Super Cup titles, 5 Lebanese Elite Cup titles, and 1 Lebanese Federation Cup title. In 2019 they became the first club from Lebanon to win the AFC Cup. Person of Interest (TV series) Person of Interest is an American television series that aired on CBS from 2011 to 2016. Lebanese Premier League The Lebanese Premier League is the top league competition for Lebanese football. It is above the Lebanese Second Division. The competition started in 1934. Numb3rs Numbers is a television series that was broadcast on CBS from 2005 to 2010. Lebanon women's national football team The Lebanon women's national football team are a team who play women's association football for Lebanon. They have never qualified for the World Cup or the Asian Cup. They came third 2 times in the WAFF Championship. Olive, New York Olive is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The town is west of Kingston, New York and is inside the Catskill Park. The population was 4,419 at the 2010 census. The hamlet of Olivebridge is located in the town of Olive. Ronald Bell (musician) Ronald Nathan Bell a.k.a. Khalis Bayyan, (November 1, 1951 – September 9, 2020) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, arranger and record producer. He was the co-founding member of Kool & the Gang. He was born in Youngstown, Ohio but was raised in West Orange, New Jersey. His career began in 1968. Bell composed, arranged, produced and performed some of the most popular music. He wrote the songs "Ladies' Night" (1979) and "Celebration" (1980). Bell died at his home in the United States Virgin Islands on September 9, 2020, at age 68. 2020 California wildfires The 2020 California wildfire season was a series of wildfires that are burning across the state of California in the United States. As of September 9, 2020, a total of 7,606 fires have burned , making 2020 the largest wildfire season recorded in California history. Climate change has increased the risk of wildfires in California. Killing of Daniel Prude On March 23, 2020, Daniel Prude was fatally injured after being physically restrained by Rochester, New York police officers. Prude had been suffering from a mental health episode after taking PCP and was running naked in the city's streets. The officers put a spit hood over his head after he began spitting. They held him face down on the pavement for two minutes and fifteen seconds, and he stopped breathing. Prude received CPR on the scene and later died of problems caused from asphyxia after being taken off life support. The autopsy report ruled Prude's death a homicide. The killing first received attention in September 2020 when the police body camera video and written reports were released along with the autopsy report. Following the report's release, protesters were outside the Rochester police headquarters. Many of the protests have been peaceful. Letitia James, the Attorney General of New York, said Prude's death is being investigated. Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo said on September 2, 2020 that he had originally asked James to investigate the case in July. Edgard Tupët-Thomé Edgard Tupët-Thomé (19 April 1920 – 9 September 2020) was a French militant. He was in the Free French Forces. He was born in Bourg-la-Reine, France. He was one of the first men to join the Free French Forces, led by Charles de Gaulle. He parachuted into Châteauroux on 9 December 1941. However, he was injured during his landing, and was forced to leave combat. Six months later, he left France to seek treatment in England. In January 1944, he became second in command of the 3rd Parachute Chasseur Regiment. In 1945, Tupët-Thomé resigned from the French Armed Forces. He was admitted to the École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer and became an administrator of colonies in French Tunisia in January 1946. He was honored with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour and was named a Companion of the Liberation. Tupët-Thomé died in Paris on 9 September 2020 at the age of 100. Rodney Litchfield Rodney Litchfield (1939 – 5 September 2020) was an English actor. He was born in Wigan, Lancashire. His career began in 1983. He was known for his role was Wilfred Morton in the television series "Coronation Street". He also played Tommy in "Early Doors". He also appeared in shows like "Juliet Bravo", "A Touch of Frost", "Cracker", "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates", "Heartbeat", and "Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights". Litchfield died on 5 September 2020, aged 81. You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger is a 2010 American Spanish romantic comedy drama movie directed by Woody Allen and starring Anthony Hopkins, Josh Brolin, Antonio Banderas, Gemma Jones, Naomi Watts, Anna Friel, Philip Glenister, Pauline Collins, Celia Imrie, Roger Ashton-Griffiths. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics. Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong Cantonese is a type of the Cantonese language, in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is the official native language in Hong Kong. A similar language is also spoken in Macau, China. Labyrinth of Passion Labyrinth of Passion () is a 1982 Spanish comedy movie directed by Pedro Almodóvar and starring Cecilia Roth, Imanol Arias, Helga Liné, Marta Fernández Muro, Antonio Banderas. Sravani Kondapalli Sravani Kondapalli was a Telugu television actress. In her eight-year-long career, she appeared in TV shows such as "Manasu Mamata" and "Mounaragam". Death. On 08 September 2020, Sravani was found dead at her home in Hyderabad. Her death was reported to have been a suicide by hanging. She was 26. Siberian weasel The Siberian weasel ("Mustela sibirica") is a type of weasel. It is also called kolonok. It is native to Asia. It lives in a lot of forest habitats and open places. It is a least concern species. Stripe-backed weasel The stripe-backed weasel ("Mustela strigidorsa") is a species of weasel. It is also called the back-striped weasel. It is native to Southeastern Asia. It is a least concern species. Civic virtue Civic virtue is the gathering of routine behaviour important for the success of the community. Hydrostatic paradox Pressure in liquids is equally divided in all directions, therefore if a force is applied to one point of the liquid, it will be transmitted to all other points within the liquid. Water exerts an upward force on the object and that upward force is known as buoyancy. Any object immersed in the fluid experiences buoyancy. Liquid pressure is exerted on the surface of an object in a liquid. Egyptian weasel The Egyptian weasel ("Mustela subpalmata") is a type of weasel. It only lives in northern Egypt. It is a least concern species. NGC 4578 NGC 4578 is a lenticular galaxy in the Virgo constellation. It is located about 55 million light-years away. Henry Russell (explorer) Henry Russell was a French explorer born in Toulouse in 1834. He died in Biarritz in 1909 and was buried in Pau, in France. His father was from Ireland, but his mother was from the South-West of France. When he was 24 years old, he began to climb the Pyrenees mountains. When he got lost in the mountains in Gavarnie, he almost died because of a big storm on that night. At the same time, he made two trips in the world: the first in North-America and the second in Russia, in China, in Australia and in India. However when he was 27, he decided to stay in the Pyrenees until the end of his life, from 1861 to 1909. He is famous especially for the first ascents of a lot of peaks, alone or with companions. What is the most famous aspect in his life is his love for the highest French mountain of Pyrenees called Vignemale (3293m). He climbed this peak thirty-third times, and the last time was in 1904, when he was 70 years old. He loved it so much that he wanted to become the owner of it. In 1888, he asked the prefect, who granted him a concession for 99 years. The price was 1 franc per year. Also, he dug near the top 7 caves to stay in during the summer and to invite his friends. He organized several banquets in these caves with a lot of famous people. The last cave was 'The Cave of Paradise'. It was only 18 meters under the top. Today we can still see these caves above the glacier of Vignemale. Eurasian otter The Eurasian otter ("Lutra lutra") is a type of otter. It is also called the European otter, Eurasian river otter, common otter, and Old World otter. It is native to Eurasia. It is found in the rivers and coasts of Europe. It is also found in many parts of Asia, and parts of northern Africa. The Eurasian otter mainly eats fish. Henry Russell Henry Russell may refer to: Hairy-nosed otter The hairy-nosed otter ("Lutra sumatrana") is a type of otter. It only lives in Southeast Asia. It is threatened by loss of natural resources and poaching. Spotted-necked otter The spotted-necked otter ("Hydrictis maculicollis") is a type of otter. It is also called the speckle-throated otter. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa. Smooth-coated otter The smooth-coated otter ("Lutrogale perspicillata") is a type of otter. It is found in India and Southeast Asia, and in Iraq. It is a vulnerable species. It is threatened by habitat loss, pollution of wetlands and poaching. Southern river otter The southern river otter ("Lontra provocax") is a type of otter. It is found in Chile and Argentina. It lives in both saltwater and freshwater environments. It is an endangered species because of poaching, water pollution, and habitat loss. Southern New Guinea tree frog The Southern New Guinea tree frog ("Ranoidea impura") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives on the southeastern part of the island, no more than 500 meters above sea level. Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle The Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle, Hoan Kiem turtle or Red River giant soft-shell turtle ("Rafetus swinhoei") is a turtle that lives in Asia. Very few of these turtles are alive today: Human beings know about only four. It is one of the most endangered animals in the world. What was the last known female Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle died in a Suzhou zoo in China in 2019. Another female was found in Vietnam in October 2020. Scientists tested her DNA and then put her back in the lake. This leaves four turtles alive: One male turtle living in Suzhou Shangfangshan Forest Zoo, the female turtle in Dong Mo Lake in Vietnam, perhaps another one in Dong Mo Lake, and another one in Xuan Khanh Lake in Vietnam. Scientists don't know whether the Xuan Khanh lake turtle is male or female. Scientist Tim McCormack thinks the two lake turtles became trapped when people built dams on their rivers. Scientists say there might be more in other lakes and rivers. Some scientists have gone on boats to look for them. Description. This turtle is very big with a pointy noise that it can use to breathe while keeping most of its body hidden underwater. Scientists do not know much about the way it acts in the wild because there are so few left. It is the largest turtle that lives in fresh water instead of sea water. It has a long, flat body. It can weigh 150 to 220 kilograms (330 to 485 pounds). The female can lay 30 or 40 eggs at a time, more than once each year. Natural range. The Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle used to live in the Red River in China and in many parts of Vietnam in the flood plain from the Yangtze River. It became endangered because humans built roads, buildings and dams where the turtle likes to live and because of pollution. It also became endangered because people would catch the turtle to eat it and its eggs and to sell turtles as pets. Illegal hunters also catch the turtle to sell its body parts as ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine. Mythology and legends. In Vietnamese culture, the Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle stands for Kim Qui, the Great Turtle God. In the story, the Dragon King gave a special sword called Heaven's Will to a Vietnamese hero. The hero was Emperor Lê Lợi. Emperor Lê Lợi used Heaven's Will to free Vietnam from the Chinese. Then Emperor Lê Lợi had to give Heaven's Will back to the Dragon King. He gave it to Kim Qui to give to him. Conservation efforts. In 2007, scientists found a female Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle in a zoo in Changsha. The turtle had been there for more than fifty years, before Yangtze giant soft-shell turtles became rare. The people in the zoo knew she was a large, female turtle but not that she had become one of the rarest on Earth. The deputy director of the zoo was attending a conference about tigers and went to the speech about turtles for fun. He saw they were talking about the same kind of turtle as the one in his zoo. The people in Changsha knew they had a large turtle in their zoo, but they didn't know it was a Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle. A circus performer had sold her to the zoo in the 1950s. They gave her raw meat to eat. The raw meat kept her body healthy, but it was not good for eggs. She laid eggs every year, but they never hatched. This was because no male turtle had fertilized them. It was also because she needed to eat foods with more calcium. Raw meat did not have enough. When people heard the Changsha turtle was a female Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle, they did not bring her to Suzhou right away. Both cities wanted the other turtle brought to them. They did not want to send their turtle to another city. Turtles are important symbols of living a long time in China, so the people of Changsha did not want to give her away. After a long time, the two zoos agreed. The female would come to Changsha and that they would share the baby turtles. In 2008, people moved the female turtle from the Changsha Zoo to Suzhou Shangfangshan Forest Zoo. The first year, the female turtle laid many eggs, and about half of them were fertilized. None hatched. Some of the eggs had very thin shells. The zookeepers saw there was not enough calcium in the food the turtle was eating. They fed her different foods with more calcium. Then they saw that visitors to the zoo were throwing food and garbage into the turtle's lake. They did this even though there were big signs saying not to. The other problem was that the male turtle's penis was not good. Years earlier, he had fought with another turtle. His penis was damaged, so he could not have sex very well. Starting in 2015, the zookeepers collected the male turtle's male reproductive liquid and placed it inside the female using medical tools. Again, the female turtle laid eggs, but none hatched. The scientists tried something different every year. In 2019, the female turtle died because she did not wake up from the medicine the zookeepers gave her to make her sleep during the medical process. The zookeepers cut out and froze tissue from her female reproductive organs. Fort William, Highlands Fort William ( ; "The Garrison") is in the Scottish Highlands. It is a town in the area of Lochaber on the eastern shore of Loch Linnhe. In 2011, Fort William had a population of about 10,500. It is the second largest settlement in the Highland council area, and the second largest settlement in the whole of the Scottish Highlands. Only the city of Inverness has a larger population. Fort William is a major tourist centre. It has Glen Coe to the south, to the east and Glenfinnan to the west, on the Road to the Isles. Fort William is a centre for hillwalking and climbing. It is near Ben Nevis and other Munro mountains. It is the start and end of travel to the north-east or south-west. About 700 people (~7% of the population) can speak Gaelic. Geologically, the town sits on the Great Glen Fault, the most striking feature of Scotland on the map. The fault runs from the south-west to the north-east of Scotland. 2012–13 United States network television schedule The 2012–13 network television schedule for the six major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers primetime hours from September 2012 through August 2013. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2011–12 season. Friday. Note: "Community" and "Whitney" were originally scheduled, respectively, to air at 8:00 PM and 8:30 PM on NBC. By network. ABC. Returning series New series Not returning from 2011–12: CBS. Returning series New series Not returning from 2011–12: The CW. Returning series New series Not returning from 2011–12: Fox. Returning series New series Not returning from 2011–12: Ion Television. Returning series New series NBC. Returning series New series Not returning from 2011–12: NGC 7007 NGC 7007 is a lenticular galaxy in the Indus constellation. It is located about 130 million light-years away from Earth. Sweet Hours (Dulces horas) Sweet Hours (Dulces horas) is a 1982 Spanish French drama movie directed by Carlos Saura and starring Iñaki Aierra, Assumpta Serna, Álvaro de Luna, Jacques Lalande, Alicia Hermida, Alicia Sánchez. Louisiana College Louisiana College (LC) is a private Baptist college in Pineville, Louisiana. About 1,300 students are enrolled. Although the college is part of a group of Southern Baptist churches, which make up the membership of the Louisiana Baptist Convention, students do not have to be a member of that specific church or other churches. The school colors are orange and blue, and the athletic teams are known as the Wildcats and Lady Wildcats. Vada pav Vada pav is a vegetarian fast food dish native to the state of Maharashtra.The dish consists of a deep fried potato dumpling placed inside a bread bun ("pav") sliced almost in half through the middle. It is generally accompanied with one or more chutneys and a green chilli pepper. Etymology. "Batata vada" in Marathi literally means "potato fritter"."Pav" is a derivative of the Portuguese word "pão", which means bread. Preparation. Boiled potato is mashed and mixed with chopped green chilli and garlic, mustard seeds, and spices (usually asafoetida and turmeric). The mass is then shaped into a ball, dipped into gram flour batter and deep fried. The resultant fritter is served by placing inside a bread bun, accompanied with one or more chutneys and fried green chilli. Alan Minter Alan Sydney Minter (17 August 1951 – 9 September 2020) was a British professional boxer. He competed from 1972 to 1981. He held the undisputed middleweight title in 1980. He was born in Crawley, West Sussex. He held the British middleweight title from 1975 to 1976, and the European middleweight title twice between 1977 and 1979. Minter won a bronze medal in the light-middleweight division at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Minter died of cancer on 9 September 2020, aged 69. Vadivel Balaji Vadivel Balaji (17 February 1975 – 10 September 2020) was an Indian Tamil television comedian and actor. He received the nickname Vadivel. Balaji was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. He was well known for his works in "Yaaruda Mahesh" (2013) and "Kolamavu Kokila" (2018). He also took part as a contestant in the eighth season of the reality television show "Jodi Number One". Balaji died from a stroke on 10 September 2020 in Chennai at the age of 45. Gerald Blidstein Gerald Blidstein (1938 – September 10, 2020) was an Israeli educator. He was a Professor Emeritus at Israel's Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He was the Israel Prize winner in Law (2006). In 2007, he became a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences. Blidstein died on September 10, 2020 at the age of 82. Gienek Loska Gienek Loska (; 8 January 1975 – 9 September 2020) was a Belarusian-born Polish singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Byelaazyorsk, Belarus. He won the first series of "X Factor" in 2011. Loska was the co-founder and longtime member of the blues-rock band "Seven B". Loska died on 9 September 2020 in Byelaazyorsk from a stroke, aged 45. Pamela L. Reeves Pamela Lynn Reeves (July 21, 1954 – September 10, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. She was the Chief United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee from 2019 until her death. She was the first female judge to serve in the Eastern District. Reeves was born in Marion, Virginia. She was nominated to the court by President Barack Obama in 2014. Reeves died on September 10, 2020 from cancer, aged 66. Franco Maria Ricci Franco Maria Ricci (December 2, 1937 – September 10, 2020) was an Italian art publisher and magazine editor. He was known for his publication on "FMR", a Milan-based bi-monthly art magazine published in Italian, English, German, French, and Spanish for over 27 years. He was known for having created limited editions honoring particular independent artists. He would use tinted handmade paper and black silk-bound hardcovers with silver or gold lettering stamping. Ricci died on September 10, 2020 from a heart attack in Milan at the age of 82. Leen van der Waal Leendert "Leen" van der Waal (September 23, 1928 – September 10, 2020) was a Dutch engineer and politician. He was a member of the Reformed Political Party (SGP). He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) between 1984 to 1997. Van der Waal was born in Ridderkerk, South Holland. Van der Waal died in Ridderkerk on September 10, 2020 at the age of 91. François Lalande François Lalande (29 November 1930 – 1 September 2020) was an Algerian-born French actor. He had performed in the theatre, on television, and movies. He was born in Mostaganem, French Algeria. Lalande was known for his roles as Monsieur Ribeaux in "Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo" (1977) and as Mr. Levert in "French Postcards" (1979). Lalande died on 1 September 2020 in Paris, aged 89. Betty Caywood Betty Caywood Bushman (March 10, 1931 – September 3, 2020) was an American sportscaster. She was one of the first female Major League Baseball broadcasters. She gave color commentary on radio broadcasts for the Kansas City Athletics in September, 1964. Caywood was born in Chicago. Caywood, then known as Betty Caywood Bushman, returned to the baseball broadcast booth on August 16, 2008, joining the WHB radio broadcast of games for the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones. Caywood died on September 3, 2020 at the age of 89. Disappearance of Rebecca Coriam Early on the morning of 22 March 2011, Rebecca Coriam (born 11 March 1987), a British crewmember on the cruise ship "Disney Wonder", having an emotional phone call while worried and wearing men's clothing. Several hours later, she missed the beginning of her work shift and could not be located anywhere aboard the ship. Her disappearance was the first such incident in the history of Disney Cruise Line. The case remains under investigation, and her whereabouts since the phone conversation have not been discovered. Her parents believe that Disney are hiding certain facts of her disappearance. Her family settled a lawsuit against Disney out of court in 2016. Lynn Carlin Mary Lynn Carlin (née Reynolds; born January 31, 1938) is an American actress. She is best known for her debut role in the movie "Faces" (1968), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. Carlin was born in Los Angeles. Her career lasted between 1968 to 1987. Before acting, she was a professional secretary. She is the first nonprofessional to be nominated for an Academy Award. Roy Kinnear Roy Mitchell Kinnear (8 January 1934 – 20 September 1988) was a British actor. Kinnear was born in Wigan, Lancashire. He was known for his roles in movies directed by Richard Lester; including Algernon in The Beatles "Help!" (1965), Clapper in "How I Won the War" (1967) and Planchet in "The Three Musketeers" (1973). He also played Henry Salt in the 1971 movie "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory". Kinnear died on 20 September 1988 from a heart attack after injuring himself while riding a horse in Madrid, aged 54. Julie Sommars Juliana Edith "Julie" Sommars (born April 15, 1942) is an American actress. She won a Golden Globe Award for her role in "The Governor & J.J." in 1970. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Matlock" in 1990. Indian Lake, New York Indian Lake is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 1,352 at the 2010 census. The name is from a lake of the same name that is largely inside the town. Lake Pleasant (hamlet), New York Lake Pleasant, New York is a hamlet in the town of Lake Pleasant in Hamilton County, New York, United States. This community is the county seat of Hamilton County. Lake Pleasant, New York Lake Pleasant is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 781 at the 2010 census. It has the hamlet of Lake Pleasant, the county seat of Hamilton County. Sasebo slashing The was the murder of a 12-year-old Japanese schoolgirl, , by an 11-year-old female classmate known as "Girl A". The murder happened on June 1, 2004, at an elementary school located in Higashiokubocho, Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture. The murderer slit Mitarai's throat and arms with a box cutter. The slashing became an Internet memes and led to people talk about lowering the age of criminal responsibility in Japan. The killer's real name has not been released to the press. The murderer was nicknamed "Nevada-tan" because a class photograph showed a girl believed to be her wearing a University of Nevada, Reno sweatshirt. However, the girl's real name was accidentally revealed on a Fuji TV broadcast and members of Japanese internet community 2channel further publicized her identity on June 18, 2004. University of Nevada, Reno The University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada, the University of Nevada, or UNR) is a public research university in Reno, Nevada. It was founded on October 12, 1874 in Elko, Nevada. It is a land grant institution in the state of Nevada. It is home to the state's first medical school. According to the National Science Foundation, UNR spent $144 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 139th in the nation. Kosovo and Serbia Economic Normalization agreements (2020) The Kosovo and Serbia Economic Normalization agreements are two separate documents. One was signed by the Prime Minister of Kosovo Avdullah Hoti and the other by the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić on September 4, 2020 at the White House while President Donald Trump was watching. Both sides had already agreed to the items in the documents, many focused on the two countries fixing their economic trade agreements. Avdullah Hoti Avdullah Hoti (born 4 February 1976) is a Kosovar politician. He was the Prime Minister of Kosovo from 3 June 2020 until 22 March 2021. He was the Minister of Finance between 2014 and 2017 in the PDK/LDK coalition government. Prime Minister of Kosovo The Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo (, Serbian: /) is the head of government of Kosovo. Ilija Vakić Ilija Vakić (; born 30 July 1932) is a Serbian politician. He was Chairman of the Executive Council of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within SFR Yugoslavia from May 1967 to May 1974. He was a member of the League of Communists of Kosovo. He was replaced by Bogoljub Nedeljković. Hashim Thaçi Hashim Thaçi (; ; born 24 April 1968) is a Kosovar politician. He was the President of Kosovo from April 2016 until November 2020. He was the first Prime Minister of Kosovo and the Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister in the new cabinet led by Isa Mustafa. President of Kosovo The President of Kosovo (, ), officially styled the President of the Republic of Kosovo (, ), is the head of state and chief representative of the Republic of Kosovo in the country and abroad. The President is elected indirectly, by the Assembly of Kosovo, in a secret ballot by a two-thirds majority of deputies. List. During Yugoslavia. UN-administered Kosovo (1999–2008). ! !width=180 |Name !Portrait !Elected !colspan=2 |Term of office !Political party !style="background-color:; color:white;"|1 !style="background-color:; color:white;"|— Jakup Krasniqi Jakup Krasniqi (born 1 January 1951) is a Kosovar politician. He was the Acting President of Kosovo twice between September 2010 to February 2011 and again in April 2011. He was Chairman of the Assembly of Kosovo between 2007 and 2014. Pav bhaji Pav bhaji is a fast food dish from India. It consists of a thick vegetable curry served with a soft bread roll. Its origins are in the state of Maharashtra. History. The dish originated in the 1850s as lunchtime fast food for textile mill workers in Mumbai. Pav bhaji was later served at restaurants throughout the city. Pav bhaji is now available at different types of food providers, from simple pushcarts to formal restaurants. It may be found outside of India. Fatmir Sejdiu Fatmir Sejdiu (born 23 October 1951) is a Kosovar politician. He was the leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and was the first President of Kosovo between 2006 and 2010. Behgjet Pacolli Behgjet Isa Pacolli (born 30 August 1951) is a Kosovar politician and businessman. He was the First Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2019 under the Ramush Haradinaj's government. Pacolli was the President of Kosovo between February 2011 to April 2011. Pacolli was one of the signatories of 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. This Man This Man, according to a website created in 2008 by Italian marketer Andrea Natella named Ever Dream This Man?, was a person who was claimed to have been repeatedly seen in dreams by the whole world since 2006, but was never found in real life. Natella created the site in 2008, but it was not until October 2009 that it gained attention from the press and online internet users. This Man's became an internet meme that spoofed flyers of the website, references in movies and television shows like "The X-Files", and a manga series based on the hoax by "Weekly Shōnen Magazine". El Dorado (1988 movie) El Dorado is a 1988 Spanish French Italian drama movie directed by Carlos Saura and starring Omero Antonutti, Lambert Wilson, Eusebio Poncela, Gabriela Roel, Inés Sastre, José Sancho, Féodor Atkine. A Walk in the Clouds A Walk in the Clouds is a 1995 American Mexican romantic drama movie directed by Alfonso Arau and starring Keanu Reeves, Anthony Quinn, Debra Messing, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Giancarlo Giannini. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The Times The Times is a British daily national newspaper published in London. It is the earliest newspaper still being published. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register. It got its present name on 1 January 1788. Ownership. "The Times" and "The Sunday Times" (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers. They are a subsidiary of News UK, which is wholly owned by News Corp. "The Times" and "The Sunday Times" do not share editorial staff. They were founded independently, and have only had common ownership since 1966. History. "The Times" is the first newspaper to have borne that name. The name has been copied by other papers around the world, such as "The Times of India" and "The New York Times". In countries where these other titles are popular, the newspaper is often referred to as , or as . "The Times" had an average daily circulation of 417,298 in January 2019. In the same period, "The Sunday Times" had an average weekly circulation of 712,291. An American edition of "The Times" has been published since 6 June 2006. "The Times" is often used by scholars and researchers because it is a reliable source, it is in many libraries and has a detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. Neotropical otter The neotropical otter or neotropical river otter ("Lontra longicaudis") is a type of otter. It is found in Central America, South America and the island of Trinidad. The average length of the neotropical otter is from 36–66 centimetres (14–26 in). It weighs from 5–15 kilograms (11–33 lb). Marine otter The marine otter ("Lontra felina") is a type of otter. The marine otter only lives in saltwater, coastal environments. It rarely goes into freshwater or estuarine habitats. Giant otter The giant otter or giant river otter ("Pteronura brasiliensis") is a type of otter. It is the longest type of mustelid. It can grow up to 1.7 metres (5.6 ft). The giant otter is diurnal. It is the noisiest type of otter. The giant otter is the largest type of otter in the world. The Sims Bowling The Sims Bowling - mobile game in the series "of The Sims", developed by EA Games for devices iPod and later mobile phones. The game was released on July 18, 2007. The game itself is a reworked version of the successful 2004 JAMDAT Bowling bowling simulator . "The Sims Bowling" combines a life simulator with a bowling game, where the player must collect points by playing bowling in different game modes in order to set up their home and buy bowling equipment. Critics have given mixed opinions about the game, on the one hand they praised "The Sims Bowling" for its high-quality graphics and varied gameplay, but criticized the game physics, especially behavior of pins, called it outdated, but the gameplay is not deep enough . Game process. The game begins with the player creating a male or female character, choosing a suitable hairstyle and clothing for him. The controlled Sim then comes to the bowling alley to compete against other NPCs. Control is carried out in the first person, the player determines the location of the ball and with what force he should throw it. The ultimate goal of the player is to win with a score of 300. The game also introduces the so-called life goal, in particular the sim dreams of becoming the star of the bowling alley, the sim's aspiration level increases with the player's skill. There are also four different game modes in "The Sims Bowling" : Classic - a casual bowling game, Strike-o-thon - which counts how many hits the player can hit, and Spare-o-thon - the same for the substitutes. The player can also practice, this mode allows you to develop a strategy for solving difficult situations, such as, for example, 7-10 splits. The player can also compete with another player in the Pass' n Play mode, passing in turn the phone to make a move . There is also a "Bowl Now" mode, which instantly introduces a random opponent into the game with multiplayer support, for example, in devices such as the LG VX8100 or Samsung M610. The iPod version is only compatible with 5th generation devices . With the funds received, the player can buy new clothes or new bowling equipment purchased at the store in the alley. These are new balls, bowling gloves, and so on. As the Sim becomes a regular customer over time, the store owner will even give him some tips. As your Sim succeeds on the lane, they will be endowed with various privileges, such as getting a better paid job and then being able to invest in additional equipment for bowling . The player can, among other things, visit his home and furnish it with new purchased items, such as a widescreen TV, an air hockey table or a dance floor. The game also features familiar characters from other "The Sims games", such as Don Lothario. Creation and release. Even before the creation of the game, in 2004 the game JAMDAT Bowling enjoyed great success in the mobile market, which was then acquired by Electronic Arts . It was expected that this would make the game even more famous, but it disappeared from sales, nevertheless EA released its modified version with updated graphics and additional gameplay on top, also linking with the "The Sims" brand. Back then EA Games expressed an interest in adapting "The Sims" for iPods, with the developers arguing that "The Sims Bowling is a game that reflects the character of The Sims while being an elaborate bowling game for the iPod." The official announcement of the iPod game took place on July 12, 2007. The game has positioned itself as a combination of a life simulator and bowling, allowing you to spend the money you receive on different equipment and playing in different modes. The game was available for purchase in the games sections of iTunes. Then it became known that the game was developed specifically for the fifth generation iPod. The game was released on July 18, 2007. Despite the mixed assessment of critics, users generally rated the game positively. It eventually became the sixth overall released for the iPod and is remembered as one of the first games released for this platform . In August 2008, it became known that Electronic Arts had entered into a contract with Handango, Inc., the world's leading provider of mobile games, to distribute its mobile games, including "The Sims Bowling" . The game was available for symbian devices with support for English, French, Italian, German and Spanish. Criticism. Peter Cohen, a Macworld critic, noted that before the iPod was only arcade or puzzle games, "The Sims Bowling" turned out to be a different game, and more than just bowling with "The Sims" . Despite the apparently simple concept of the game, it still remains a life simulator as its name suggests. The reviewer even argued that bowling is not the most difficult part of the game, since the player will eventually get used to the controls, it will not be difficult for him to play and he will defeat any rivals without any problems . The critic also praised the game for its graphics and music quality. The game has its own and pleasant soundtrack, as well as the ability for the player to choose what he wants to listen to, or even turn it off. In general, the critic called the game a combination of a life simulator with bowling, an enjoyable, but not too difficult game. A critic of IGN saw a clear resemblance to JAMDAT Bowling in the game, "The Sims Bowling itself is" actually a remaster of the 2004 game. In the end, as a critic has noted, the game engine in the game feels outdated. The reviewer also pointed out that the combination of bowling and "The Sims is" also implemented strangely, on the one hand, the critic praised the game for the fact that it allows you to create and customize a character, but the aspiration system ceases to bring any meaning over time. The game loaded very slowly on Sony Ericsson W810 . Although the game's design and graphics are good, the game experience is spoiled by the poor physics of pins falling. Nevertheless, the critic ended up giving 7 points out of ten, praising the game for the presence of different modes and multiplayer mode, and even despite the outdated engine, it pleasantly surprises with its graphics and functional gameplay. A more restrained review was left by Chris James of the Pocket Gamer website, who noted that not all games of the high-profile franchise, like films, can be considered successful. This can be seen in the example of the quite successful "The Sims 2 Mobile", and the unsuccessful The Sims 2 Pets Mobile and the same "The Sims Bowling" . Not that one would come to that conclusion at first glance, as the game is quite up to EA quality and standards. The visuals turned out to be quite brilliant and neat animations, and the critic praised the game for its control. However, the problems start with in-game physics, which gives the impression that the ball is rolling on the sides, rather than rolling forward, and after changing the camera perspective, it seems that the ball is flying almost at the speed of a bullet, and the pins also fall very quickly. This annoyed the critic very much, he noticed that the imperfection of physics led even to bizarre incidents, such as pins spinning on the floor through other pins, or they could even bounce. The reviewer also noticed that there is no real competition in the game, and the purchased items just aren't enough motivation to keep the player interested. The critic summed up that undoubtedly the game will be downloaded by many avid "The Sims" fans "for show", but the game is not worth its name and the critic advised instead to play Midnight Bowling ). Asian small-clawed otter The Asian small-clawed otter ("Aonyx cinereus") is a type of otter. It is also called the oriental small-clawed otter or simply small-clawed otter. It is native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the smallest type of otter in the world. It is also the smallest type of otter in Asia. It eats molluscs, crabs and other small aquatic animals. The Asian small-clawed otter lives in mangrove swamps and freshwater wetlands in South and Southeast Asia. It is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting in some places. It is a vulnerable species. Patricia Thiel Patricia A. Thiel (February 20, 1953 – September 7, 2020) was an American chemist and materials scientist. She was a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Iowa State University. She was known for her research on atomic-scale structures. Thiel was born in Adrian, Minnesota. In 2019, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Thiel died on September 7, 2020 in Ames, Iowa at the age of 67. Adrian, Minnesota Adrian is a city in Nobles County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,209 at the 2010 census. Worthington, Minnesota Worthington is a city in and the county seat of Nobles County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 12,764 at the 2010 census. African clawless otter The African clawless otter ("Aonyx capensis") is a type of otter. It is also called the Cape clawless otter or groot otter. It is the largest type of otter that live in Africa. It is also the second-largest type of otter that live in freshwater. African clawless otters are found near permanent bodies of water in savannah and lowland forest areas. They found in most of sub-Saharan Africa, except for the Congo River basin and arid places. Disappearance of Maura Murray Maura Murray (born May 4, 1982) is an American woman who disappeared on the evening of February 9, 2004, after a car crash on Route 112 near Woodsville, New Hampshire, a village in the town of Haverhill. No one knows where she is. She was a 21-year-old nursing student finishing her junior year at the University of Massachusetts Amherst at the time of her disappearance. Police traced the vehicle to Murray, and treated her as a missing person. Some people believed Murray either committed suicide or was murdered. In 2009, Murray's case was given to the New Hampshire cold case division. Woodsville, New Hampshire Woodsville is a census-designated place (CDP) and the largest village in the town of Haverhill in Grafton County, New Hampshire, U.S.. The population was 1,126 at the 2010 census. University of Massachusetts Amherst The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst, UMass) is a university in Amherst, Massachusetts. UMass Amherst has an annual enrollment of about 1,300 faculty members and more than 30,000 students. The university offers academic degrees in 109 undergraduate, 77 master's and 48 doctoral programs. According to the National Science Foundation, UMass spent $211 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 111th in the nation. Carlos Saura Carlos Saura Atarés (born 4 January 1932) is a Spanish movie director, photographer and writer. Along with Luis Buñuel and Pedro Almodóvar, he is seen as Spain’s three most renowned filmmakers. He was born in Huesca, Spain. He is known for directing in "Los Golfos", "La Caza", "Peppermint Frappé", "Honeycomb", "Ana and the Wolves", "La Prima Angélica", "Cría Cuervos", "Elisa, Vida Mía", "Deprisa, Deprisa", "Carmen", "Tango" and "Goya in Bordeaux". Between 1967 to 1979, he was in a partnership with Geraldine Chaplin. In 1991, he won two Goya Awards. Raphael Warnock Raphael Gamaliel Warnock (born July 13, 1969) is an American pastor and politician. He is the Junior United States Senator from Georgia since 2021. He has been the senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta since 2005, the same church Martin Luther King Jr. was pastor for. Warnock ran in the 2020 Senate special election in Georgia against Senator Kelly Loeffler. In November 2020, Loeffler and Warnock advanced to the January 5, 2021 run-off election where he would go on to beat Loeffler. Warnock was born in Savannah, Georgia. Francisco de Assis Luz Silva Francisco de Assis Luz Silva (4 October 1943 – 9 September 2020) was a Brazilian professional footballer. He played as a defender. He was born in Ananindeua, Brazil. He played for Clube do Remo between 1960 to 1967. He also played for Fluminense FC between 1968 to 1975. From 1976 to 1977, he played for Sport Club do Recife. In 1978, he played for Ceará Sporting Club. Assis Luz Silva died on 9 September 2020, aged 76. Clube do Remo Clube do Remo (), or Remo, as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football club from Belém in Pará. It was founded on 5 February 1905. Congo clawless otter The Congo clawless otter ("Aonyx congicus") is a type of otter. It is also called the Cameroon clawless otter. The Congo clawless otter is found in Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Burundi, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Rwanda, or Uganda. It lives in different habitats such as subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, freshwater spring, river deltas, saltwater lakes, saltwater marshes, rocky shores, sandy shores, estuary, intertidal flats, intertidal marshes, coastal saltwater lagoons, coastal freshwater lagoons, ponds, canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss. Nicki Clyne Nicki Clyne is a Canadian actress. She played Cally Henderson Tyrol on the Sci-Fi Channel television series "Battlestar Galactica". Wildlife of Afghanistan Afghanistan is a country that has lots of amazing animals. Many of the large mammals in Afghanistan are threatened. These include the snow leopard, Marco Polo sheep, Siberian musk deer, markhor, urial, and the Asiatic black bear. Most of the Marco Polo sheep and ibex are being killed for food. While wolves, snow leopards and bears are being killed for prevent damage. Fauna. Here is a list of the animals that live in Afghanistan. They are: Detective vs Sleuths Detective vs Sleuths () is a 2022 Hong Kong crime thriller movie directed by Wai Kar Fai. It stars Sean Lau, Lam Fung and Charlene Choi. Media (communication) Media in communications are the tools used to deliver information or data. It includes mass media such as newspapers, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television) and advertising. Diamond is Unbreakable JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険：ダイヤモンドは砕けない/Jojonokimyōnabōken: Daiyamondo Wa Kudakenai) is the 4th story arc of the manga and anime JoJo's Bizarre Adventure created by Hirohiko Araki. The story follows the adventures of Josuke Higashikata, Koichi Hirose, Okuyasu Nijimura, Jotaro Kujo and Joseph Joestar as they try defeating the killer, Yoshikage Kira. Jungguy frog The jungguy frog ("Ranoidea jungguy") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland. This frog lives in rainforests near the Barron River and east to the Mirray River. Some of these frogs also live near the Broken River. The adult male frog is 3.1 to 4.8 cm long and the adult female frog is 4.4 to 7.1 cm long. This frog is light brown with darker brown marks. Some males turn partially yellow during the time of year when they try to attract females. The front feet have no webbing and large discs for climbing. In some places, this frog digs a small basin to lay eggs in. The tadpoles stay in this basin until they become frogs. The frog digs the basin in sandy ground where the sunlight comes through the trees. The frog digs the basin close enough to a stream for water to seep through the sand into the basin. In some species, a male frog digs a basin to impress a female so she will mate with him, but scientists think male jungguy frogs attract a female first and then dig the basin. Scientists used to think this was the same frog as "Litoria lesueuri". Contronym A contronym is a word with more than one meaning (sense), as one meaning is the reverse (opposite) of the other. For example, the word cleave can mean "to cut apart" or "to bind together". In a sentence its meaning can be clear, otherwise the word itself is ambiguous. Contronyms are also known as auto-antonyms. Many other words are polysemic, because they have more than one meaning. However, most polysemic words are not contronyms. Languages of South Asia The languages of South Asia include a few major language families: South Asia includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and sometimes Afghanistan. Indo-Aryan languages. Most Indo-Aryan languages grew from Sanskrit, an ancient language. It is hard to decide to define what is a language, and what is just a dialect (language variant). For example, Hindi and Urdu are similar when spoken, but Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and Urdu is written in the Persian-Arabic script. Hindi uses more words from Sanskrit, while Urdu uses more words from Persian and Arabic. Iranic languages. Only some of the Iranic languages are from South Asia. Others are from West Asia or Central Asia. This table shows the total number of people who speak each language. Nuristani languages. About 130,000 people speak the five Nuristani languages. Tibeto-Burman languages. A number of Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India, Bangladesh, North India, and North Pakistan. Austroasiatic languages. Most Austroasiatic languages are spoken in Southeast Asia, rather than South Asia. The Austronesian languages spoken in South Asia are part of the Munda and Khasic branches. Kra-Dai languages. Most Kra-Dai languages are spoken in East Asia and Southeast Asia. About 10,000 people speak these languages in South Asia, in Assam and the surrounding area. Language isolates. A language isolate is a language that is not known to be related to any other languages. There are several native languages to the Andaman Islands. Originally they were grouped into Great Andamanese, Ongan, Jangil, and Sentinelese. Today, people have stopped speaking some of these languages, making them extinct. The Burushaski language is spoken by about 100,000 people in North Pakistan. The Kusunda language is spoken by less than 100 people in Nepal. The Nihali language is spoken by 2,000 or so people in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. All of these are considered language isolates. Abfaltersbach Abfaltersbach is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Ainet Ainet is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Amlach Amlach is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Anras Anras is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Assling Assling is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Außervillgraten Außervillgraten is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Oxide & Neutrino Oxide & Neutrino are a British DJ and MC garage duo, made up of Alex Rivers (Oxide) and Mark Oseitutu (Neutrino). The group was formed in 1999 in London. Their albums include "The Solid Sound of the Underground", "Execute", "2 Stepz Ahead", "2nd Chance" and "Quarks & Leptons (EP)". Career. Oxide & neutrino released their first single "Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) in 2000. It reached number one in the United Kingdom. It is known for sampling the theme music to the BBC medical drama series "Casualty". They released their fifth single "Devil's Nightmare" in 2001 which was featured on the soundtrack. Dölsach Dölsach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Gaimberg Gaimberg is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Heinfels Heinfels is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Hopfgarten in Defereggen Hopfgarten in Defereggen is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Innervillgraten Innervillgraten is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Iselsberg-Stronach Iselsberg-Stronach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Dead Calm (movie) Dead Calm is a 1989 Australian psychological thriller drama movie directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, Billy Zane. The screenplay by Terry Hayes was based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Williams and was distributed by Warner Bros.. Thái Bình province Thái Bình is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Thái Bình. Vĩnh Phúc province Vĩnh Phúc is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Vĩnh Yên. Hà Tĩnh province Hà Tĩnh is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Hà Tĩnh. Nghệ An province Nghệ An is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Vinh. Quảng Trị province Quảng Trị is a province of Vietnam that is found in the North Central Coast region. Its capital is Đông Hà. The province has about 650,000 people. Thanh Hóa province Thanh Hóa is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Thanh Hóa. Thừa Thiên Huế province Thừa Thiên Huế is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Huế. Bắc Giang province Bắc Giang is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Bắc Giang. Lychee is main fruit crop. Bắc Kạn province Bắc Kạn is a province of Vietnam that is found in the Northeast region. Its capital is Bắc Kạn. Cao Bằng province Cao Bằng is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Cao Bằng. Lạng Sơn province Lạng Sơn is a province of Vietnam, bordering Guangxi province in China. It is found in the Northeast region. Its capital is Lạng Sơn. The province has an area of and as of 2019, it has 781,655 people. Phú Thọ province Phú Thọ is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Việt Trì. Quảng Ninh province Quảng Ninh is a province of Vietnam. Its capital is Hạ Long. The province covers an area of and as of 2014, it has 1,185,200 people. Kals am Großglockner Kals am Großglockner is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Twin town. Kals am Großglockner is twinned with: Sheep and Wolves Sheep and Wolves (russian: Волки и овцы: бе-е-е-зумное превращение) is a 2016 russian computer-animated adventure film. The film was produced by Wizart Animation, directed by Andrey Galat and Maksim Volkov. Shawn Spears Ronnie William Arneill (born February 19, 1981) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and released from WWE in 2009. Kartitsch Kartitsch is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Lavant, Tyrol Lavant is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Leisach Leisach is a municipality of the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera The Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera is a mid-size car produced from the 1982 to 1996 model years. The car is similar to the Buick Century, Chevrolet Celebrity and Pontiac 6000. In 1984, a wagon version was introduced as the Cutlass Cruiser. In 1996 Cutlass name was dropped and sold as the Oldsmobile Ciera. In Harm's Way In Harm's Way is a 1965 American war movie directed by Otto Preminger and starring John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, Patricia Neal, Tom Tryon, Paula Prentiss, Stanley Holloway, Burgess Meredith, Brandon deWilde, Jill Haworth, Dana Andrews, Franchot Tone, Henry Fonda. It was nominated for an Academy Award and won for an BAFTA Award in 1966. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. Matrei in Osttirol Matrei in Osttirol is a market town in the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Nikolsdorf Nikolsdorf is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Nußdorf-Debant Nußdorf-Debant is a market town in the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Oberlienz Oberlienz is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Obertilliach Obertilliach is a municipality of the district of Lienz, in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Sankt Jakob in Defereggen Sankt Jakob in Defereggen is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. List of Metroid characters This is a list of Metroid characters. Samus Aran. Samus Aran, also known as Zero Suit Samus, is a bounty hunter in space and operates on Earth. She owns a gunship, and fights the Space Pirates. She was raised by the Chozo. Ridley. Ridley is an enemy of Samus who works for the Space Pirates. Ridley killed Samus's parents when she was a child. Dark Samus. Dark Samus is a version of Metriod Prime after absorbing a suit that Samus used to fight it. Mother Brain. Mother Brain is the main antagonist in the Metroid franchise. She is the enemy of Samus as she leads the Space Pirates. James City County, Virginia James City County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 67,009 people lived there. Its county seat is Williamsburg. Disembowelment Disembowelment is when some or all of the belly organs are removed. They are usually removed through a horizontal cut across the belly area. Disembowelment may happen from an accident, but has also been used as a way to hurt or kill someone. Disembowelment has been used as a form of execution in history and in some stories. List of presidents of the Senate of France President of the Senate of France is a title often given to the leader of the senate of France. List. Under the Fifth Republic (1958–present). Presidents of the Senate: Political party<br> Virti Vaghani Virti Vaghani is an Indian actress and model, who appeared in "Jai Shri Krishna" and "Hope Aur Hum". She has also worked in commercials. Early life. Vaghani was born in Mumbai. Acting career. Vaghani was cast in advertisements for Whirlpool, Kwality Wall's, Clinic Plus Shampoo, Dettol Soap, Knorr Soup and Colgate. In 2008, she played the child Radha in the television show "Jai Shri Krishna". In the same year, her first appearance in Bollywood was with the movie "Patiala House". In 2018, she appeared in the Bollywood movie "Hope Aur Hum", and in 2020, she had a minor role as the teenage daughter in the Disney+Hotstar web series "Aarya". Brother Jed George Edward "Jed" Smock, Jr. (January 4, 1943 – June 6, 2022), better known as Brother Jed, was an American evangelist who preaches in public at colleges. He has preached at colleges in all fifty U.S. states, and in some other countries. As a travelling preacher, he usually only spends a few days at each campus, going to the northern campuses in the fall and spring and the southern campuses in the winter months. In 2004 he moved to Columbia, Missouri where he often preached at the University of Missouri and other colleges around the Midwest. In the summer of 2013 he moved his ministry and residence to his hometown of Terre Haute, Indiana. Smock died on June 6, 2022 in Terre Haute at the age of 79. Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? is a 1978 German American French Italian black comedy movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and was based on the 1976 novel by Nan and Ivan Lyons. It stars George Segal, Jacqueline Bisset, Robert Morley, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Philippe Noiret, Jean Rochefort, Frank Windsor, Peter Sallis, Tim Barlow, Joss Ackland, Nigel Havers, Nicholas Ball. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. Brokopondo District Brokopondo is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Brokopondo. As of the 2012 census, 15,909 people lived there. It has an area of . Commewijne District Commewijne is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Nieuw Amsterdam. As of the 2012 census, 31,420 people lived there. It has an area of . The Name of the Rose (movie) The Name of the Rose is a 1986 German Italian French mystery drama movie directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and was based on the 1980 novel of the same name by Umberto Eno. It stars Sean Connery, F. Murray Abraham, Christian Slater, Helmut Qualtinger, Michael Lonsdale, Donal O'Brian, Ron Perlman, Andrew Birkin and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Coronie District Coronie is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Totness. As of the 2012 census, 3,391 people lived there. It has an area of . Marowijne District Marowijne is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Albina. As of the 2012 census, 18,294 people lived there. It has an area of . Nickerie District Nickerie is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Nieuw-Nickerie. As of the 2012 census, 34,233 people lived there. It has an area of . Para District Para is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Onverwacht. As of the 2012 census, 24,700 people lived there. It has an area of . Paramaribo District Paramaribo is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Paramaribo. As of the 2012 census, 240,924 people lived there. It has an area of . Saramacca District Saramacca is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Groningen. As of the 2012 census, 17,480 people lived there. It has an area of . Sherman Klump Julius E. Kelp also known as Sherman Klump from remake film is a fictional character in the comedy film The Nutty Professor. He was played by Jerry Lewis and Eddie Murphy. Sipaliwini District Sipaliwini is a district of Suriname. It does not have a regional capital. As of the 2012 census, 37,065 people lived there. It has an area of which is the largest district of Suriname by area. Wanica District Wanica is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Lelydorp. As of the 2012 census, 118,222 people lived there. It has an area of . Wolverine (character) Wolverine (birth name James Howlett; alias Logan and Weapon X) is a fictional character which is today one of the most famous superhero character. He is create by Len Wein, Roy Thomas and John Romita Sr.. Portrayals. He was portrayed by Hugh Jackman in nine movies from 2000 to 2017. Sankt Johann im Walde Sankt Johann im Walde is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Sankt Veit in Defereggen Sankt Veit in Defereggen is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Schlaiten Schlaiten is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Watercraft A watercraft is a vehicle that can move on the surface of the water. Some watercrafts can go under the water. Examples of watercrafts are boats, ships, hovercraft and submarines. Watercrafts are usually propelled by a sail, oar, paddle or engine. Types. There are different types of watercrafts. They are: Propulsion. Watercraft use different ways to move. They are: Uses. Watercrafts are used for fishing. They are also used to transport goods and services to different places. They are used by the military to attack when there is war. Watercrafts are used in many types of water sports. Watercraft like submarines are used to explore the deep ocean. They are also used for leisure. Some watercrafts are also used to get natural resources from the ocean. Sillian Sillian is a market town in the district Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Strassen, Austria Strassen is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Thurn Thurn is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Tristach Tristach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Untertilliach Untertilliach is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Virgen Virgen is a municipality of the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Bach, Austria Bach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The Edge (1997 movie) The Edge is a 1997 American Canadian adventure movie directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Alec Baldwin, Anthony Hopkins, Elle Macpherson, L. Q. Jones, Bart the Bear. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Buick Century The Buick Century is a car made from the 1936–1942, 1954–1958 and 1973–2005 model years. It is a full-size car from 1936–1942 and 1954–1958 and a mid-size car from 1973–2005. In 2005, it was succeeded by the Buick LaCrosse. Brigitte Peskine Brigitte Peskine (30 December 1951 – 5 September 2020) was a French author and screenwriter. She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Her first novel was published in 1985 titled "Le Ventriloqu". She was known for writing the screenplays for the French sitcoms "Plus belle la vie" and "Candice Renoir". Peskine died on 5 September 2020 in Paris, aged 68. Malka Ribowska Malka Ribowska (20 May 1931 – 5 September 2020) was a Polish-born French actress. She was born in Warsaw. Her best known movie roles were in "The Three Musketeers" (1961), "Sundays and Cybele" (1962), "Salad by the Roots" (1964), "The Shameless Old Lady" (1965), "Marvelous Angelique" (1965) and "Two Men in Town" (1973). Ribowska died on 5 September 2020 in Paris at the age of 89. Agnivesh Agnivesh (born Vepa Shyam Rao; 21 September 1939 – 11 September 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Legislative Assembly from the Indian state of Haryana, an Arya Samaj scholar. He was best known for his work against bonded labour through the Bonded Labour Liberation Front, which he founded in 1981. Agnivesh was the president of the World Council of Arya Samaj from 2004 to 2014. and served as the chairperson of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery from 1994 to 2004. He was born in Srikakulam, Madras Presidency. Agnivesh died of multiple organ failure on 11 September 2020 in New Delhi, aged 80. Sonny Allen Sonny Allen (March 8, 1936 – September 11, 2020) was an American college basketball coach. He was the head coach at Old Dominion University from 1965 to 1975. He later coached Southern Methodist University during the 1975-76 until the 1979-80 seasons. He then coached the University of Nevada, Reno from 1980 to 1987. Allen was born in Moundsville, West Virginia. Allen died on September 11, 2020 in Reno, Nevada from Parkinson's disease, aged 84. Anthony Cekada Anthony J. Cekada (July 18, 1951 – September 11, 2020) was an American Sedevacantist priest and author. He taught Canon Law, Liturgy, and Scripture at Most Holy Trinity Seminary in Florida. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1983 Cekada, along with eight other priests, broke with the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX) over many theological issues and several years later formed the Society of St. Pius V (SSPV). Cekada taught seminarians at St. Joseph's House of Studies, Armada, Michigan, and St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary, Ridgefield, Connecticut. On September 2, 2020 Cekada was placed in hospice care in West Chester Township, Ohio after having a stroke. He died on September 11, 2020 at the age of 69. Armada, Michigan Armada (pronounced är-MÄ-də) is a village in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,730 at the 2010 census. West Chester Township, Ohio West Chester Township is one of the thirteen townships of Butler County, Ohio, United States. It is the most populous township in Ohio, with a population at the 2010 census of 60,958. Toots Hibbert Frederick Nathaniel "Toots" Hibbert, O.J. (8 December 1942 – 11 September 2020) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was known as the leader for the reggae and ska band Toots & the Maytals. His 1968 song "Do the Reggay" is a well known raggae song. He was born in May Pen, Colony of Jamaica. In August 2020, Hibbert was hospitalized with COVID-19 and put in a coma in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica. He died on 11 September 2020 from the infection, aged 77. Once Around Once Around is a 1991 American romantic comedy drama movie directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Holly Hunter, Danny Aiello, Richard Dreyfuss, Griffin Dunne, Laura San Giacomo, Gena Rowlands. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. Nadhim Shaker Nadhim Shaker Salim (; 18 December 1958 – 11 September 2020) was an Iraqi football player and manager. He played for the national team between 1978 to 1986. He was born in Baghdad. His playing career lasted from 1976 to 1988. Shaker died on 11 September 2020 at a hospital in Erbil from COVID-19, aged 61. Délio dos Santos Délio dos Santos (4 October 1924 – 1 September 2020) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1979 to 1987. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. Dos Santos died of pneumonia on 1 September 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 95. Antônio de Jesus Dias Antônio de Jesus Dias (28 January 1942 – 3 September 2020) was a Brazilian politician. He was born in Anápolis, Goiás. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies three separate times. Jesus Dias was Deputy between 1980 to 1981, again from 1987 to 1991 and again from 1991 to 1993. He was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. Jesus Dias died on 3 September 2020 in Rio de Janeiro from COVID-19, aged 78. Anápolis Anápolis is a Brazilian municipality of the State of Goiás. It is between two capitals, the federal capital Brasília and state capital Goiânia. It is the third most populous city in the state, with 361,991 people living there in 2012. Alércio Dias Alércio Dias (22 December 1942 – 3 September 2020) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. Dias was born in Joinville, Santa Catarina. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1983 to 1991, representing Acre for the Democratic Social Party. He was also a member of the Acre Legislative Assembly between 1995 to 1999. Dias died on 3 September 2020 in Rio Branco, Acre from problems caused by a gastrointestinal hemorrhage, aged 77. 2017–2018 Iranian protests The 2017–2018 Iranian protests were many public protests which happened in many cities throughout Iran beginning on 28 December 2017 and continuing into 2018. The first protest took place in Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city by population. At first, they focused on the economic policies of the country; however, as protests spread throughout the country and soon protested the regime of Ali Khamenei. According to "The Washington Post", protesters' chants and attacks on government buildings and chanted "Death to the dictator!". In a backlash against the protests, thousands of government supporters staged pro-government rallies in more than a dozen cities across Iran. 2009 Iranian presidential election protests Protests against the results of the controversial 2009 Iranian presidential election (), a controversial victory by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad happened in major cities nationwide from 2009 into early 2010. The protests were titled the Iranian Green Movement ( "Jonbesh-e Sabz") by its supporters and Persian Awakening, Persian Spring or Green Revolution. Protests began the night of 12 June 2009. Ahmadinejad called the protests a little more than "passions after a soccer match". The Iranian government confirmed the deaths of 36 people during the protests, while unconfirmed reports by Mousavi supporters allege at least 72 deaths (over twice as many) in the three months following the election. Jean Cluzel Jean Cluzel (18 November 1923 – September 2020) was a French politician. He was born in Moulins, Allier, France. Renowned in the 1980s for his reports about the audiovisual media, he was a member of the Senate between 1971 to 1998. He was a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. Cluzel died in September 2020, aged 96. Gérard Larcher Gérard Philippe René André Larcher (born 14 September 1949) is a French politician. He has been the President of the Senate since 2014. He was also the Senate President from 2008 to 2011. He is a member of The Republicans. He has been a Senator for the Yvelines department since 1986. He also was Mayor of Rambouillet from 1983 to 2004 and again from 2007 until 2014. Jean-Pierre Bel Jean-Pierre Bel (born 30 December 1951) is a French retired politician. He was President of the Senate from 2011 to 2014. Bel is a member of the Socialist Party. He was elected to the Senate in September 1998 and re-elected in September 2008. Bel was President of the Socialist Group in the Senate from 2004 to 2011. List of presidents of the National Assembly of France This article lists presidents of the French Parliament. Richard Ferrand Richard Ferrand (born 1 July 1962) is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM). He has been the President of the National Assembly since 2018. He has been the member of the National Assembly for Finistère's 6th constituency since 2012. Louis Mermaz Louis Mermaz (born 20 August 1931) is a French politician. He was born in Paris. Mermaz was a member of the Socialist Party. Mermaz was a member of the National Assembly from 1997 to 2001. He was President of the National Assembly between 1981 to 1986. He was Minister of Agriculture from 1990 to 1992, and Minister of Relations with Parliament in the Bérégovoy government from 1992 to 1993. John Fahey (politician) John Joseph Fahey (10 January 1945 – 12 September 2020) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. He was Premier of New South Wales from 1992 to 1995. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1996 to 2001. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1984 to 1996 and the Australian Parliament from 1996 to 2001. Fahey also was president of the World Anti-Doping Agency and later became chancellor of the Australian Catholic University. Fahey was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He was married to Colleen Fahey. The couple had three children. Fahey died of leukaemia on 12 September 2020 at the age of 75. Richard William Timm Richard William Timm (2 March 1923 – 11 September 2020) was an American Catholic priest, educator, zoologist, and development worker. He was the Superior of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Dhaka. He was a member of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Province. He was also one of the founders of Notre Dame College in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana. Timm died in South Bend, Indiana on September 11, 2020 at the age of 97. Henryk Łapiński Henryk Łapiński (2 January 1933 – 11 September 2020) was a Polish actor. He was born in Warsaw. He was known for acting in stage plays produced by the Ateneum Theatre and as Wachocki in "How I Unleashed World War II" (1970). He also appeared in "Man of Marble" (1977) and "A Short Film About Killing" (1988). Łapiński died on 11 September 2020 in Warsaw, aged 87. John Shrapnell John Gordon Shrapnell (25 December 1934 – 2 September 2020) was a British-born New Zealand television journalist, actor and opera singer. He was born in London. He was best known for presenting on BBC's "Today", as well as Duty Editor at Visnews. Shrapnell became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1974. He appeared in "Revelations – The Initial Journey", "The Insider's Guide To Happiness", "Blonde Cargo", "Market Forces", "The Strip", and "A Question of Justice". An opera singer, he performed at Wellington City Opera and The NBR New Zealand Opera. Shrapnell was often confused with his cousin, veteran British actor John Shrapnel. Shrapnell died in Wellington on 2 September 2020 at the age of 85. Christine Psiwa Christine Psiwa (born 1 April 1992) is a Kenyan volleyball player. She is part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2018 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. On club level she played for Kenya Pipeline Company. Yousef Saanei Grand Ayatollah Yousef Saanei (; October 1937 – 12 September 2020) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric and politician. He was a member of the Islamic Republic of Iran's powerful Guardian Council from 1980 to 1983 and also Attorney-General of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. Saanei died on 12 September 2020 in Qom, Iran from kidney failure caused by diabetes at the age of 82. Mark Bomani Judge Mark Bomani (2 January 1932 – 10 September 2020) was a Tanzanian politician and lawyer. He was Attorney General of Tanzania from 1965 to 1976 during the Julius Nyerere presidency. Later he was a Judge and ran a private law practice. He was born in 1932 in Bunda, Mara Region, Tanganyika. He was a member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi. Bomani was also the chief aide to both Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela on peace negotiations during the first Burundian Civil War. Bomani died on 10 September 2020 at the age of 88. Mia Anna Stauß Mia Anna Stauß (born 1 August 2002) is a German volleyball player. In 2016 she was selected for the Junior Women's National Team. She played at the 2018 CEV U17/U18 Volleyball European Championship, and 2020 CEV U19/U20 Volleyball European Championship. From 2017 to 2019, she played for the VC Olympia Dresden youth team. She then played for Erfurt, in the 2019/20 season. Ceren Nur Domaç Ceren Nur Domaç (born 16 July 1999) is a Turkish volleyball player. She plays for Sarıyer Belediyespor. She won a 2018 CEV Cup with Eczacıbaşı. She played for the Turkish national team, champion of the 2015 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival, and 2017 FIVB Women's U20 Championship. Berwang Berwang is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Biberwier Biberwier is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. In 2020, 622 people lived there. Martine Tabeaud Martine Tabeaud (born 1951) is a French geographer, and climatologist. She teaches at the University of Paris Panthéon Sorbonne, since 1977. She studied at Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière. In 2019, she was appointed co-director of the International Geography Festival (FIG). Her work appeared in "Liberation". My Blue Heaven (1950 movie) My Blue Heaven is a 1950 American musical drama movie directed by Henry Koster and starring Betty Grable, Dan Dailey, David Wayne, Jane Wyatt, Mitzi Gaynor. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Dreamboat (movie) Dreamboat is a 1952 American comedy movie directed by Claude Binyon and starring Clifton Webb, Ginger Rogers, Anne Francis, Jeffrey Hunter. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Bichlbach Bichlbach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. In 2020, 788 people lived there. Geography. Bichlbach lies in the Zwischentoren, the valley that links the Ehrwald Basin with the Lech Valley. It consists of three villages: Bichlbach, Lähn and Wengle. It borders the municipalities of Heiterwang to the northwest, Lermoos to the east and Berwang to the southwest. History. Bichlbach was first mentioned in 1300 as "Puechelpach". Breitenwang Breitenwang is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Nova Iguaçu Nova Iguaçu is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population in 2020 was 823,302 and has an area of 520,807 km². Paraíba do Sul Paraíba do Sul is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Uberlândia Uberlândia is an Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2020 was 699,097 and has an area of 4,115.206 km². It is the second largest city in the state of Minas Gerais, after the state capital Belo Horizonte. Ehenbichl Ehenbichl is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Chen Xiao (water polo player) Chen Xiao (born 11 March 1999) is a Chinese water polo player. She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Asian Games, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships. Count noun Count nouns are nouns that can be easily be counted. In languages like English, count nouns can be written without having to use any extra measure words. Since the nouns themselves, like "dog", "car", "people", "book", etc., are easy to count, the nouns themselves are treated as they were their own measure words. However, in East Asian languages, like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, all nouns, both count and mass nouns, must have measure words. Powell Butte, Oregon Powell Butte is an unincorporated community in Crook County, Oregon, United States. Powell Butte post office was created in 1909. Kroombit tree frog The kroombit tree frog ("Ranoidea kroombitensis") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales. This frog lives in Kroombit Tops between 500 and 900 metres above sea level. The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog said they think it is related to the leaf green tree frog, "Litoria personaiana" and the mountain stream tree frog. Ehrwald Ehrwald is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Elbigenalp Elbigenalp is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Elmen Elmen is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Forchach Forchach is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Grän Grän is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Häselgehr Häselgehr is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Heiterwang Heiterwang is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is on the Heiterwanger See. Hinterhornbach Hinterhornbach is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Höfen, Tyrol Höfen is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Zilla (Godzilla character) Zilla is a Godzilla movie character, introduced in the movie "Godzilla (1998)", a giant anthropomorphic mutated iguana monster named "Zilla" about 60 meters high and 90 meters long, attacked New York City in 1998, then in Australia attacked an another seperate species called the second "Zilla", in pressly. Holzgau Holzgau is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Pseudorandomness Pseudorandomness is a process which has a result that seems to be random. Even if the result seems to be random, the process can be predicted. This near random process is important to online security. Because the result can be predicted, it is important that the "seed,"(or first input) and the process are kept hidden. History. The creation of random numbers has many uses, mostly in statistics, and simulations. Before computers, researchers that needed random numbers would get them from dice, cards, roulette wheels, etc, or by random number tables. The first attempt to crate a large amount of random numbers was in 1927. This was when Cambridge University Press put out a list of 41,600 numbers made by L.H.C. Tippett. In 1947, the RAND Corporation created random numbers by simulating a roulette wheel using a computer. The results were published in 1955 with the title of, ""A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates"." Unpredictability as "near random". By using radioactive substances with radioactive decay, or by tuning a radio between stations, near random numbers can be created for short amounts of time. The time needed to get these numbers led to a change. This was using these generated numbers as a "seed" instead of a result. The less numbers created by this process, the more random the result would seem. Another compromise is to combine the timings between keystrokes of multiple people. People's actions have been proven to be useful for Multi-factor authentication. Also, studies have shown that pseudo random numbers can sometimes be predicted. This becomes more difficult when in small amounts. In computational complexity. In theoretical computer science, a distribution (set of numbers) is considered to be pseudorandom if it is similar enough to other sets. This idea of pseudorandomness is studied and has importance in cryptography. Jungholz Jungholz is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is on the border to Bavaria, Germany. Kaisers Kaisers is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Lechaschau Lechaschau is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Lermoos Lermoos is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Musau Musau is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Namlos Namlos is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Nesselwängle Nesselwängle is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Pfafflar Pfafflar is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Pflach Pflach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Amelia Court House, Virginia Amelia Court House is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Virginia. Shrek Retold Shrek Retold is a recreation of the 2001 film "Shrek", made by fans. It was released on November 29, 2018 to YouTube. YouTuber Grant Duffrin ("3GI") led the process of making the film. It features the work of over 200 creators, each making a single short part of the film. Format. As a recreation, "Shrek Retold" has the plot of the original film with only a few changes. The biggest difference between "Shrek Retold" and the original film is the strange ways each creator made their scene. As a group effort with over 200 creators, the art style, voice acting, and music change from scene to scene, and are usually very different from the original. Unlike the original "Shrek" which is completely 3D animated, "Shrek Retold" is made with 2D and 3D animation, live action, stop motion, and other methods. The film's creators include many internet personalities and actors, such as David Liebe Hart, Michael Cusack, Ratboy Genius, Anthony Fantano, Noah Munck, KC Green, Jamie Loftus, Doug Lussenhop, and SiIvaGunner. Production and release. "Shrek Retold" was made as group effort, although each creator made their part of the movie on their own. Director Grant Duffrin separated the film into scenes of different length, then each scene was remade by a creator. In an interview with "Quartz", Duffrin said his love of "Shrek" was real, not like the "ironic" "Shrek" internet memes that were popular at the time. Soon before the film's release, a trailer for the film was uploaded to the 3GI channel which was talked about by many news outlets. The film was first shown on YouTube to a live audience on November 29, 2018, and is still on the site. On November 29, 2019, 3GI announced that the film would be able to be purchased in VHS format and as a free digital download. In March 2020, "Shrek Retold" was followed up by "Sonic Rebuilt", a similar recreation of the 1999 "Sonic the Hedgehog" film. Reception. "Shrek Retold" was received well by reviewers, who mostly complimented its impressive scope for a fan creation and its strange content. Pinswang Pinswang is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Stimpy Stimpson James Jonathan "Stimpy" Cat is a cartoon character in Spümcø and The Ren and Stimpy Show. He was created by John Kricfalusi and voiced by Billy West and Eric Bauza and first appeared in "Big Blue House". Character. Stimpy is a red Manx cat with a blue nose that has no tail. He’s body design was based on Tweety from Looney Tunes. Stimpy was named by John Kricfalusi’s classmate "Stimpy Cadogen". Billy said Stimpy’s voice was based on Larry Fine from The Three Stooges. Stimpy was voiced by Billy West from 1990 too 1996. In 2003 Stimpy was voiced by Eric Bauza. Some one fans ask Billy why he was not not in . Billy said "because the new series was not funny". Other Media. In 2012 Stimpy appeared in Nicktoons MLB. Stimpy, along with Ren Höek has a cameo appearance in both Clueless and Space Jam. Stimpy has also performed in Marvel Comics Schattwald Schattwald is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Stanzach Stanzach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Steeg, Austria Steeg is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Tannheim, Austria Tannheim is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Vils, Austria Vils is a town in the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Vorderhornbach Vorderhornbach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Wängle Wängle is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Weißenbach am Lech Weißenbach am Lech is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Zöblen Zöblen is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Achenkirch Achenkirch is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Jane's Walk Jane's Walk (Named after Jane Jacobs) is a international "New Urbanism movement" held every year in May in a series of cities walking tours. the audience is mostly volunteers who document the city and participate in discussions to improve the city. Nong Sanfeng Nong Sanfeng (born 11 February 1998) is a Chinese water polo player. She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Asian Games, and 2019 Summer Universiade. Aschau im Zillertal Aschau im Zillertal is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Brandberg Brandberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Bruck am Ziller Bruck am Ziller is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Buch in Tirol Buch in Tirol is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The name of the municipality was changed from "Buch bei Jenbach" on 29 June 2010. Eben am Achensee Eben am Achensee is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Villages. Maurach (the seat), Bächental, Hinterriß and Pertisau. Finkenberg Finkenberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Fügen Fügen is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Fügenberg Fügenberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Gallzein Gallzein is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Let's Groove "Let's Groove" is a 1981 song from the R&B act Earth, Wind & Fire. It is on their album "Raise!". The song was one of the band's biggest hits. It peaked at #3 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The song was number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart for eight weeks. It was certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of over one million copies. Laura Wides-Muñoz Laura Wides-Muñoz is an American journalist. She was a semifinalist for the 2018 John Kenneth Galbraith award. She worked at Associated Press, and for the Fusion network. In 2013, she was a Nieman fellow, at Harvard University. Her work appeared in "Foreign Policy," the "Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times." Angel of Independence The Angel of Independence, officially known as Monumento a la Independencia, also known as El Ángel, is an column in Paseo de la Reforma, between Río Tíber and Florencia streets, in Mexico City. It was installed in 1910 by president Porfirio Díaz. It keeps the bodies of many heroes. East Asian languages The East Asian language family is a theoretical language family made up of the majority of the languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia. It includes the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Hmong-Mien language family, the Kra-Dai language family, the Austronesian language family, the Austroasiatic language family, the Koreanic language family, and the Japonic language family. Honkai Impact 3rd Honkai Impact 3rd () is a 3D free-to-play action role-playing mobile game. It was created by Chinese developer miHoYo. The game's story is set in an alternate version of Earth, plagued by catastrophes resulting from a mysterious supernatural force called "Honkai" (in Chinese it translates as "Chaos", while in Japanese, it is spelled as "Houkai"). It is the third entry in the "Honkai" series and spiritual successor to "Honkai Gakuen", using many characters from the previous title in a separate story. Along with the mobile game himself, the storyline of "Honkai Impact 3rd" spans multiple supplementary media including an anime series, multiple manhua series, and promotional videos. Ranoidea kumae Ranoidea kumae is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in Southern Highlands Province. Scientists saw it in the Kikori River Basin and they may have also seen it in the Strickland River, always at least 100 meters above sea level. A Letter to Three Wives A Letter to Three Wives is a 1949 American romantic drama movie directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and based on the 1945 novel by John Klempner. It stars Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell, Ann Sothern, Jeffrey Lynn, Paul Douglas, Kirk Douglas, Thelma Ritter and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards and won 2 Oscars in 1950. The Ipcress File The Ipcress File is a 1965 British thriller movie directed by Sidney J. Furie and was based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Len Deighton. It stars Michael Caine, Guy Doleman, Nigel Green, Sue Lloyd, Gordon Jackson, Aubrey Richards, Tony Caunter, Frank Gatliff and was distributed by Universal Pictures. Man of Marble Man of Marble () is a 1977 Polish drama movie directed by Andrzej Wajda and starring Jerzy Radziwiłowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Łomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz. Yaser Abdel Said Yaser Abdel Said (pronounced SIGH-EED; born January 27, 1957) is an Egyptian-American taxi cab driver from Texas. He was captured on August 26, 2020 for the capital murders of his daughters Sarah (born 1990) and Amina (born 1989). Said killed the two daughters on January 1, 2008. He was pretending to take them out to eat. Sarah dialed 911 and warned them that her dad had shot them. Yaser went on the run for twelve years. Yaser, before his arrest, was one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted. The murders were called an "honor killing". Central Street Central Street can refer to: A Swedish Love Story A Swedish Love Story (, ) is a 1970 Swedish teen drama movie directed by Roy Andersson. It stars Ann-Sofie Kylin and Rolf Sohlman. Five Golden Dragons Five Golden Dragons is a 1967 British West German Liechtenstein action adventure movie directed by Jeremy Summers and starring Bob Cummings in his final movie role, Margaret Lee, Rupert Davies. It was distributed by Anglo-Amalgamated and Constantin Film. Gerlos Gerlos is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Gerlosberg Gerlosberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Hainzenberg Hainzenberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Hart im Zillertal Hart im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Hippach Hippach is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Chevrolet Biscayne The Chevrolet Biscayne is a full-size car produced by Chevrolet from the 1958 to 1972 model years. It is named after a show car displayed at the 1955 General Motors Motorama. The Biscayne was the less expensive full-size model of Chevrolet. It is similar to the Bel Air, Impala and Caprice. Jenbach Jenbach is a market town in the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It has about 7,000 people. It is in the Lower Inn Valley, 36 km east of the state capital Innsbruck. Split Image (movie) Split Image is a 1982 Canadian American drama movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Michael O'Keefe, Karen Allen, Peter Fonda, James Woods, Elizabeth Ashley, Brian Dennehy, Ronnie Scribner. It was distributed by Orion Pictures. Kaltenbach Kaltenbach is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Mayrhofen Mayrhofen is a market town in the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Battle of Singapore The Battle of Singapore was a battle of World War II from 8 to 15 February, 1942. The British army of 85,000 men was led by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, while the Japanese regiment of 36,000 men was headed by Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Japan captured the British naval base in Singapore, built as a protectionary agent for dominions in the Pacific. Japan defeated the inadequate forces at Singapore, allowing the Imperial Japanese forces to move further south in its war against the Allied powers. The defeat of the "Singapore Strategy" meant that thousands of British and Australian POW's were taken. At the beginning of December 1941, on the same day that Japan was attacking Pearl Harbour half a world away, the Japanese simultaneously bombed the Royal Air Force bases to the north of Singapore on the Malay coast, thereby eliminating the Air Force’s ability to either retaliate or protect the occupying troops on the ground. Their tactics were shrewd and incredibly well thought out. Before a Japanese soldier set foot on Singaporean soil, Britain’s naval and aerial capabilities had both been destroyed. The worst defeat in the history of British arms, the Battle of Singapore and the preceding Malayan Campaign saw Percival's command suffer around 7,500 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 120,000 captured. Japanese losses in the fighting for Singapore numbered around 1,713 killed and 2,772 wounded. While some of the British and Australian prisoners were kept at Singapore, thousands more were shipped to Southeast Asia for use as forced labor on projects such as the Siam–Burma (Death) Railway and Sandakan airfield in North Borneo. Many of the Indian troops were recruited into the pro-Japanese Indian National Army for use in the Burma Campaign. Singapore would remain under Japanese occupation for the remainder of the war. During this period, the Japanese massacred elements of the city's Chinese population as well as others who opposed their rule. Súdwest-Fryslân Súdwest-Fryslân () is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. In 2019, 89,710 people lived there. It is the largest municipality by area in the Netherlands. History. Súdwest-Fryslân was created in 2011 from the former municipalities of Bolsward, Nijefurd, Sneek, Wûnseradiel and Wymbritseradiel. In 2014, it was enlarged by parts of the former municipality of Boarnsterhim. In 2018 it was enlarged by parts of former municipality of Littenseradiel. Bolsward Bolsward () is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. Eric Dier Eric Jeremy Edgar Dier (; born 15 January 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays for club Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team. A versatile defensive player, Dier has been deployed as a defensive midfielder, a centre back and a right back. Nijefurd Nijefurd is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. History. Nijefurd was created in 1984 from the former municipalities of Hindeloopen, Stavoren, and Workum, and part of Hemelumer Oldeferd. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. Optimal control Optimal control theory is a theory from mathematics. It looks at how to find a good (usually optimal) solution in a dynamic system. The system is described by a function, and the problem often is to find values that minimize or maximize this function over an interval. There are several questions that arise: In addition, there may be state restrictions. The state the system is in at a given point in time has to meet certain conditions. Most of the foundations of optimal control theory were done by Lev Pontryagin, in the Soviet Union, and Richard Bellman in the United States. An example of an optimal control problem might be a driver who wants to get from A to B in as little time as possible. There may be more than one route from A to B, and most of the time, the roads have speed limits. Dantumadiel Dantumadiel is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. In 2019, 18,923 people lived there. Pill, Austria Pill is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Ramsau im Zillertal Ramsau im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Ried im Zillertal Ried im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Rohrberg, Austria Rohrberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Schlitters Schlitters is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Chevrolet Bel Air The Chevrolet Bel Air is a full-size car produced for 25 years from the 1950 to 1975 model years. In 1975, it was succeeded by the Chevrolet Impala. Schwendau Schwendau is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Necessary and sufficient conditions In science, the terms necessary and sufficient are often used. Some conditions are necessary, meaning that they are needed for something to happen. while others are sufficient, meaning that they are enough to make something happen. Necessity. In logic, a necessary condition for a logical statement is a logical consequence of the statement, in the sense that if statement is true, then the condition must have held. Sufficiency. A sufficient condition for a statement is a logical precursor of the statement, in the sense that if the condition is true, then so will the statement. Mixed use of necessity and sufficiency. Generally, a sufficient condition for a statement needs not be a necessary condition for the same statement (and vice versa). This means that some sufficient conditions are not necessary, and that some necessary conditions are not sufficient. In logic, the term if and only if (shortened to iff) is often used to describe a condition that is both necessary and sufficient. Australian philosopher John Leslie Mackie introduced the term INUS condition. INUS stands for "insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition""." Stans, Austria Stans is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Steinberg am Rofan Steinberg am Rofan is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Strass im Zillertal Strass im Zillertal is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Stumm Stumm is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Stummerberg Stummerberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Terfens Terfens is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Guo Ning Guo Ning (born 23 January 1995) is a Chinese water polo player. She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Asian Games, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships. Tux, Austria Tux is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Uderns Uderns is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Vomp Vomp is a market town of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Wûnseradiel Wûnseradiel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. INUS condition INUS condition stands for an "insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition." John Mackie introduced the term in the 1960s. Mackie uses the example of a house burning: There was an electric short circuit that caused the fire. There was flammable material nearby, which started to burn after the short circuit happened. He then tries to explain the statement: "The short circuit caused the fire", according to the INUS condition: INUS conditions need prior experience: Only after you have seen a house burning after a short-circuit putting flammable material on fire several times can you deduce that it is indeed sufficient. Hammah Hammah is a municipality of the district of Stade, in Lower Saxony, Germany. As of 2019, 3,124 people lived there. Weer Weer is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Weerberg Weerberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Wiesing Wiesing is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Zellberg Zellberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Lesueur's frog LeSueur's frog, LeSuer's tree frog or the stony creek frog ("Ranoidea lesueurii") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and parts of Victoria. This frog lives in forests. It lives in dry forests and wet forests, such as rainforests. It can also look for food on land that humans use to graze animals. The female lays eggs in pools next to streams and other places where the water does not flow quickly. The eggs stick to the undersides of rocks and to the bottom of the body of water. This frog can catch the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. Bi Yanan Bi Yanan (born 6 December 1998) is a Chinese water polo player. She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 Summer Universiade. Isoprene Isoprene is a common organic compound produced by living things. Its full chemical name is 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, and its formula is CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. Isoprene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans). Its polymers are the main component of natural rubber. Natural occurrences. Isoprene is produced and emitted by many species of trees (major producers are oaks, poplars, eucalyptus, and some legumes). Yearly production of isoprene emissions by vegetation is around 600 million metric tons, half from tropical broadleaf trees (that is, flowering plants) and the rest mainly from shrubs. This is about the same as methane emissions. It accounts for about one-third of all hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. In deciduous forests, isoprene makes up about 80% of hydrocarbon emissions. Microscopic and macroscopic algae also produce isoprene, but much less than trees. Isoprene emission may help trees use to combat stress. In particular, isoprene does protect against moderate heat stress (around 40 °C). It may also protect plants against large fluctuations in leaf temperature. Isoprene is built into cell membranes and helps membranes keep stable. Isoprene produces the blue haze which gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name. Never Say Never Again Never Say Never Again is a James Bond movie starring Sean Connery and directed by Irvin Kershner. It is the only remake of another James Bond movie, "Thunderball". It is also the one of the few James Bond movies not made by Eon Productions. Stade du 7 Mars Stade 7 Mars () is a stadium in Ben Guerdane, Tunisia. It is currently used mostly for football. The stadium holds 10,000 of which 4,000 are covered, and was built in 2000. It is used by the US Ben Guerdane. The date of 7 March corresponds to the day of the Battle of Ben Guerdane which takes place on 7 March 2016 in Tunisia. The clashes between the Tunisian security forces and the jihadists of the Islamic state (IS). Ben Guerdane Ben Gardane or Bengardane ( or , ""; ) is a commune and coastal town in south eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya. It is located at around . History. During the Second World War Ben Gardane Airfield was used by the 57th Fighter Group, which flew P-40 Warhawks from the airfield from 9 to 21 March 1943 during the Eighth Army advance into Tunisia from Libya, to which the 57th was attached. It was also used by Spitfires from the 601 Squadron RAF. The town belongs to the governorate of Medenine. Located 423 km - 559 km by road - from Tunis, it is the city furthest from the capital. It is the last major city in the governorate of Medenine with total population estimated at 79,912 inhabitants in 2014. It is located 32 kilometers from the Tunisian-Libyan border. It is best known both in Tunisia and Libya as a trade road and an open exchange market. Tunisians take advantage of the availability and variety of the goods existing in the shops. The great amount of these goods are basically imported from Libya and deemed less expensive. It is distinguished for its large population of dromedaries estimated at 15,000 head. An annual festival devoted to them during the month of June. In March 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya attacked the town in the Battle of Ben Guerdane. Islamic militancy. According to "The Washington Post", "hundreds of young men have left Ben Guerdane over the past three decades to wage jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia, radicalized in part by a repressive regime that persecuted Islamists". The leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi famously said of Ben Gardane, "if it was located next to Fallujah, we would have liberated Iraq." Population and tribal diversity. There is a mixture of Berbers and Arabs, who from the "Twazin" tribal alliance which took place centuries ago as a tribal defense shield against the invasion, especially from the east towards Libya. There is no historical record as to the date of the establishment of this alliance but the inhabitants of Bengardane still have this bond and are said to be proud of the alliance. Beside the "Twazin", there are other large tribes such as Jelidat, Rabai'a which have participated in shaping the heritage, culture and way of life in Bengardane . Chenda The Chanda (Malayalam: ചെണ്ട, [tʃeɳʈa]) is a cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India. In Tulu Nadu (Coastal Karnataka), it is known as "chende". It is greatly identified as a cultural element in Kerala. Sound. This instrument is famous for its loud and rigid sound. A Chenda has two sides, the left side called "Edamthala" (ഇടം തല)(Left Head) and the right side "Valamthala" (വലം തല)(Right Head). The "Edamthala" is made of only one/two layer of cow skin and the "Valamthala" will have a five/seven layer skin, so as to have a bass sound. The skin are dried in the shade and fastened on wooden rings (Chenda Vattam, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) made of the trunk of a locally available palm tree (Eeranpana) or bamboo, using a gum prepared from the seed of a tree called "pananchi maram". The circular frame is kept in a vessel, boiled for an entire day and then bent in the form of circle and dried. The body of the Chenda which is 1 ft in diameter and 1.5 inches thickness is made of the soft wood of the jackfruit tree (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (Varikka Plavu). The thickness is again reduced by 0.25 inches, at simultaneous points separated by 4 inches. This is done in order to produce highly resonating sound. Only the wooden rings with the skin (Chenda Vattam) is replaced once the quality of the sound is not up to the mark. For regular Chenda artists an average of 15 rings are required every year. Usage. The Chenda is mainly played in Hindu temple festivals and as an accompaniment in the religious art forms of Kerala. The chenda is used as an accompaniment for Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Kannyar Kali, Theyyam and among many forms of dances and rituals in Kerala. It is also played in a dance-drama called Yakshagana (Tenku Thittu) which is popular in Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. There is a variant of this instrument used in northern school of Yakshagana called Chande. It is traditionally considered to be an "Asura Vadyam" ((demonic instrument)) which means it cannot go in harmony. Chenda is an inevitable musical instrument in all form of cultural activities in Kerala. Making. In Kerala the craft of making Chenda is now associated with some few "Perumkollan" (smith) families at Peruvembu, Nemmara, Lakkidi, Vellarkad and Valappaya villages. Many famous Chenda percussionists in Kerala make their Chendas from Vellarkad village for it is famous for the quality of the instrument. Malindi Malindi is a town lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. Malindi has a tropical savanna climate ("As" in the Köppen climate classification). The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture. Malindi developed as part of Swahili Civilization in the 5th–10th centuries. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama met Malindi authorities in 1498 to sign a trade agreement and hire a guide for the voyage to India, when he erected a coral pillar. During World War II Malindi was one of only two towns in East Africa bombed by the Italians. This happened on 24 October 1940. After the World War II Malindi began developing into a resort. Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre (the previous San Marco Equatorial Range). In popular culture. Novel "“MALI D’AFRICA”" (by Sara Cardelli) describes the impossible love in Malindi. Most of the events in the novels "“Once in Malindi”" and "“Our Wild Sex in Malindi”" (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Malindi, Watamu, Lamu. The novel describes a few years living in Malindi of Russian writer Andy and his wife Jennifer, who was born in Kenya. Song "“Yasoi Malindi”" by Yasoy Kala Kana. Wymbritseradiel Wymbritseradiel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. Dongeradeel Dongeradeel () is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân. Noardeast-Fryslân Noardeast-Fryslân () is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. It was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former municipalities of Dongeradeel, Ferwerderadiel and Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland. In 2019, 45,181 people lived there. King and Queen County, Virginia King and Queen County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 6,945 people lived there. Its county seat is King and Queen Court House. King George County, Virginia King George County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 23,584 people lived there. Its county seat is King George. King William County, Virginia King William County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,935 people lived there. Its county seat is King William. Lancaster County, Virginia Lancaster County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 11,391 people lived there. Its county seat is Lancaster. Lee County, Virginia Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 25,587 people lived there. Its county seat is Jonesville. Louisa County, Virginia Louisa County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 33,153 people lived there. Its county seat is Louisa. Lunenburg County, Virginia Lunenburg County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,914 people lived there. Its county seat is Lunenburg. Madison County, Virginia Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 13,308 people lived there. Its county seat is Madison. Mathews County, Virginia Mathews County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 8,978 people lived there. Its county seat is Mathews. Middlesex County, Virginia Middlesex County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 10,959 people lived there. Its county seat is Saluda. Montgomery County, Virginia Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 94,392 people lived there. Its county seat is Christiansburg. Nelson County, Virginia Nelson County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,020 people lived there. Its county seat is Lovingston. New Kent County, Virginia New Kent County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 18,429 people lived there. Its county seat is New Kent. Northampton County, Virginia Northampton County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,389 people lived there. Its county seat is Eastville. Leesburg, Georgia Leesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Lee County. Hinesville, Georgia Hinesville is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Liberty County. Betim Betim is an Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2019 was 439,340 and has an area of 343,856 km². Nadezhda Iarondaikina Nadezhda Iarondaikina (born 30 November 1994) is a Russian water polo player. She played at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship. Glee (season 1) The first season of the musical comedy-drama television show "Glee" originally premiered on May 19, 2009 and ended on June 8, 2010 on FOX in the United States. The first season had 22 episodes and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Ryan Murphy Television. The first season features the "New Directions" glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. It also shows the glee club in several competitions; local, regional and nationals which was held in New York City. The club members in this season began dealing with relationship, sexuality and social issues. CD-i games from The Legend of Zelda series Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure were all Legend of Zelda games made for the Phillips CD-i video game console. They are some of the few Zelda games made for a video game console that was not owned by Nintendo. The games all received bad reviews for their poor game design, bad animation, and bad voice acting. Despite not being well-known at the time these games came out, the games became more well-known because of the internet. Evgeniia Abdriziakova Evgeniia Abdriziakova (born 7 June 1988) is a Russian water polo player. She played at the 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2015 World Aquatics Championships, Anastasia Verkhoglyadova Anastasia Verkhoglyadova (born 12 June 1995) is a Russian water polo player. She played at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship. and 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship. Yelena Starodubtseva Yelena Starodubtseva (born 26 February 1989) is an Kazakhstani female water polo player. She was a member of the Kazakhstan women's national water polo team. She was a part of the team at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships. Agnee Morcha Agnee Morcha is a Hindi action movie from Bollywood starring Dharmendra, Ravi Kishan, Mukesh Khanna, directed by Raju Chouhan and produced by Rajesh Kothari. The film was released on 4 April 1997 under the banner of Shiva Dolly Films. Idakka The idakka (Malayalam: ഇടയ്ക്ക, literally", in the middle"), also spelt edaykka/edakka, is an hourglass-shaped drum from Kerala in south India. This handy percussion instrument is very similar to the pan-Indian damaru.["citation needed"] While the damaru is played by rattling knotted cords against the resonators, the idakka is played with a stick. Like the damaru, the idakka's pitch may be bent by squeezing the lacing in the middle. The idakka is slung over the left shoulder and the right side of the instrument is gently beaten with a thin curve-ended stick. Kombu (instrument) Kombu or Kombu Pattu is a musical instrument. It is a long horn. People play this instrument by blowing into it. This instrument is used in the music from Kerala in southern India. Princess Charlotte of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales (7 January 1796 – 6 November 1817) was the daughter of George IV, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his wife, Caroline of Brunswick. She was their only child. Charlotte was born in London on 7 January 1796. On 2 May 1816, she married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who later became Leopold I of Belgium. On 5 November 1817, she gave birth to a stillborn boy. On 6 November 1817, she died from complications of the birth. Princess Charlotte Princess Charlotte might refer to: 2000 Year Old Man The 2000 Year Old Man is a comedy sketch. It was first created by Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks in the 1950s. It was then first performed public in the 1960s. Brooks plays a 2000-year-old man. He is interviewed by Reiner in a series of comedy routines that were turned into a collection of records and also performed on television. History. The main story for the sketches were laid during the making of "Your Show of Shows". Here, Reiner was an actor and Brooks was a writer. Reiner explains the first sketch: It was originally a joke between the two that was then shared at parties. Reiner started bringing a tape recorder to the parties because of this. Lots of people such as George Burns said to the two that they should their sketches on an album. Only Steve Allen, however, wasa able to convince them to record it in his studio. Recordings and performances. Their first television appearances while doing the sketch were on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in February 1961. It was then seen on "The Steve Allen Show" 8 months later. Reiner and Brooks released five comedy albums. The 2000 Year Old Man character was shown on one track for each of the first three albums and was always shown in the last two. It won the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album. List of transport standards organisations This is a list of transport standards organizations: Kimberly water-holding frog The Kimberly water-holding frog, long-footed frog, collared frog, blotchy frog or variegated burrowing frog ("Ranoidea longipes") is a frog from Australia. It lives in the Kimberly region in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. This frog lives in grasslands. It likes to dig in the ground. The females lay eggs in shallow water, 50 to 2000 at a time. The tadpoles grow into frogs after one month. Social order The term social order can be used in two ways: It may mean a particular system of social structures and institutions. Examples are the ancient, the feudal, and the capitalist social orders. Secondly, social order is the opposite of social chaos or disorder. It refers to a stable society where the existing social structure is supported by its members. The problem of order (the Hobbesian problem} is central to much of sociology, political science and political philosophy. It asks how and why social orders should exist at all. Sociology. Thomas Hobbes was the first to clearly formulate the problem. He answered with the notion of a social contract. Social theorists (such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Jürgen Habermas) have proposed different explanations for what a social order consists of, and what its real basis is. Call of Duty 2 Call of Duty 2 is the second installment of the Call of Duty series. Loa Loa are the spirits of Voodoo. They are also referred to as "mystères" and "the invisibles" and are intermediaries between Bondye (from French Bon Dieu, meaning "good God") and humanity. They have their own personal likes and dislikes, songs, dances, ritual symbols (Veve), and special modes of service. The word "Loa" ("lwa") comes from Yoruba "olúwa" (meaning "lord" or "God"). There are many families of loa: Rada (also Radha), Petro (also Pethro, Petwo), Agwé, Nago, Kongo and Ghede (also Guede, or Gede) among others. In a ritual the loa are called down by the "houngan" (priest) or "mambo" (priestess) to take part in the service, receive offerings, and grant requests. Tepexpan man The Tepexpan Man is the name of a skeleton, which was found on the shore of the former Lake Texcoco in central Mexico. Archaeologist Helmut de Terra discovered it in February 1947. It is at least 10,000 years old. Even though it is called the Tepexan "Man," the skeleton is that of a woman. The skeleton was found lying face down with the arms under the chest and the legs drawn up to the stomach. The body most likely sunk into the mud surrounding it, leaving the shoulder, back, and hips exposed, which might explain why those elements are missing. It is possible that the body was originally put in a lake. Analysis. Age. The deposits of the area where the skeleton was found dated the site where Tepexpan Man was found to about 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Near the skeleton, there were the remains of five mammoths. They could be associated with obsidian flakes. Therefore, it was originally believed that Tepexpan Man dated to about 10,000 years ago. However, years later, researchers looked at the skeleton again and dated the remains using radiocarbon methods. It was then found to be closer to 2,000 years old. Dr. Silvia Gonzalez, a professor of geoarchaeology at John Moore University in Liverpool, used uranium isotope analysis to date the skeleton. Results showed that Tepexpan Man was 4,700 years old. She argues that contamination of the remains led to the wrong radiocarbon dates. Other critics have claimed that Tepexpan Man was an intrusion in that he was buried at a later date but dug into Pleistocene materials. An analysis of Tepexpan Man that was published in the 1947 issue of The Science Newsletter claims that the individual was at least 40 at the time of death. This was determined by "united seams in the skull" (referring to sutures), and fused epiphyses in long bones. Sex. In his first report, Helmut de Terra claims that "The other bones, in conjunction with the skull, indicate that the person was of male sex." Based on DNA analysis, a Mexican archaeologist has proposed that Tepexpan 'man' was actually a woman. Trauma. Tepexpan Man has a healed fracture on his right ulna. De Terra thought that due to this fracture and the proximity to mammoth fossils, Tepexpan Man may have been a hunter who was either killed by his fellow men or mortally wounded while hunting. The Science Newsletter claims that the individual suffered from a stiff neck due to the many limy deposits on the cervical vertebrae. This means that Tepexpan Man most likely suffered from arthritis. Other. The Science Newsletter described Tepexpan man in its 1947 edition. It described Tepexpan Man as having "a high-domed, thin-walled skull" which contained "a brain the same size as those of present-day Indians." The writers described a "solidly built" jawline and "prominent" brow ridges, as well as a "sharply prominent chin" which would separate him from earlier Neanderthals. Tepexpan Man only had three teeth left in his upper jaw. In his lower jaw, all of the molars had disappeared before his death. This was evidenced by the alveolar sockets being healed and smoothed over in the mandible. What was left on the mandible included incisors, "eye-teeth," and premolars that were worn but still in decent condition. Environment of Lake Texcoco. Dr. Gonzalez also reconstructed the environment of Lake Texcoco around the time of Tepexpan Man by analyzing sediments and fossils from the area. With her team, she analyzed sand, clay, and volcanic ash, as well as fossils of diatoms (microscopic algae) and ostracods. Ostracods are small crustaceans. When Tepexpan Man was alive, the lake was very deep, full of fish, and surrounded by trees. The environment surrounding Lake Texcoco changed a lot over the past 20,000 years: There were several volcanic eruptions. Water levels, and several types of vegetation also changed. These environmental changes clearly affected populations living in the area. Today, Lake Texcoco has almost dried up. It is on the northeast outskirts of Mexico City. AMS radiocarbon dates of the sediments at Tepexpan show ages between 19,110±90 and 612±2214C years BP. New uranium-series date the skeleton to 4,700±200 years BP, which would indicate a Holocene age. The evidence suggests that there were large changes around Lake Texcoco in terms of the balance between water and land plants, C3 and C4 plants, saline, alkaline and freshwater conditions, volcanic activity, reworking of lake sediments, and input from the drainage basin throughout the late Pleistocene and late Holocene. These changes also had large effects on the prehistoric human populations living around the lake at this time. Androgyne Androgyne is the combination of any two genders or gender identities, usually man and woman, or genders related to masculinity and femininity, associated with androgyny. Different from androgynous, it's used as a gender identity rather than being a gender expression or presentation. Terminology. The word is a mixture of ἀνδρ- (anér", andr-, andro-", man) and γυνή (gunē, gyné", gyne", woman). Operation Moonshot Operation Moonshot is a programme by the UK government to allow many people in England to be tested for COVID-19 as a way to allow large gatherings of people to happen there while maintaining control over the virus. According to the "British Medical Journal", the programme aims to perform 10 million tests per day by 2021. People are worried about it because, as a leaked government document says, it is thought it may cost £100bn, which is about three-quarters of what the NHS England costs every year. Statisticians say because any test can have inaccuracies, mass testing at this scale might cause hundreds of thousands of false positives a day, resulting in very large numbers of people being told they are infected when they are not infected. Quesadilla A quesadilla is a typical Mexican dish. It is a tortilla, with added cheese. The quesadilla is then folded, and either baked or fried. In the area around Mexico City, other ingredients such as meat or mushrooms are added as well. Kathleen Byerly Kathleen M. Bruyere (née Donahue, previously Byerly; 5 February 19443 September 2020) was an American military captain in the United States Navy. She was one of the twelve women named by "Time" magazine as Time Person of the Year in 1975. In May 1975, she became the first female officer in the Navy to became the flag secretary to an admiral commanding an operational staff. In 1977, Byerly was one of six officers who sued the United States Secretary of the Navy and the United States Secretary of Defense over their being restricted from serving on combat aircraft and ships. This led to the 1948 Women's Armed Services Integration Act being struck down as unconstitutional. Byerly was born in Norfolk, Virginia. She died of cancer on 3 September 2020 in San Diego, California at the age of 76. Narong Wongwan Narong Wongwan (; 25 December 1925 – 10 September 2020) was a Thai politician and tobacco businessman. He was a long-term member of parliament representing Phrae. He was the leader of the United Thai Party and the Justice Unity Party. He was publicly known as the "godfather" "(jao pho)" of Phrae or even "godfather of the North". From 1983 to 1986, he was the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives. In 1992 for a short time, he was the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand. Wongwan died on 10 September 2020 at a hospital in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand from dementia, aged 94. Bill Heller Dr. Harold William "Bill" Heller (September 3, 1935 – September 11, 2020) was an American politician and educator. He was born in Scales Mound, Illinois. Heller was a member of the Democratic Party. From 2007 to 2011, he was a member of the Florida House of Representatives. Heller died on September 11, 2020 in St. Petersburg, Florida at the age of 85. H. Jay Melosh H. Jay Melosh (June 23, 1947 – September 11, 2020) was an American geophysicist. His works focused in impact cratering. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey. In 2003, he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Melosh's research interests include impact craters, planetary tectonics, and the physics of earthquakes and landslides. His recent research includes studies of the giant impact origin of the moon and the Chicxulub impact. Melosh died on September 11, 2020 at the age of 73. Sei Ashina (born Igarashi Aya, November 22, 1983 – September 14, 2020) was a Japanese actress. She was best known for starring as Hime in "Kamen Rider Hibiki". She was also known for her role as The Girl in "Silk" (2007). Ashina was born in Fukushima, Japan. Ashina killed herself on September 14, 2020 in Tokyo from hanging at the age of 36. Petko Christov Petko Jordanov Christov, O.F.M.Conv. (; 9 October 1950 – 14 September 2020) was a Bulgarian Roman Catholic prelate. He was a Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nicopoli from 1994 until his death. Christov was born in Velcevo, Veliko Tarnovo. Christov was president of the Catholic charity Caritas in Bulgaria and member of the Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria. Christov died on 14 September 2020 at the age of 69. François Debré François Debré (3 April 1942 – 14 September 2020) was a French screenwriter and journalist. He was a member of the Société des gens de lettres. He was born in Toulouse, France. He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré. He joined the magazine "Afrique contemporaine" in 1966 before becoming a freelance journalist in 1968. He worked in Biafra for "Le Monde", and in Cambodia and Vietnam for "L'Obs" and "Le Point". Debré died on 14 September 2020 in Montlouis-sur-Loire, France at the age of 78. His brother, Bernard Debré died the day before. Sabit Brokaj Sabit Brokaj (7 January 1942 ) was an Albanian politician, doctor, and professor. In 1991 Brokaj was the Minister of Health of Albania. He was also the Defence Minister between 1997 to 1998. He was a member of the cabinets of Rexhep Meidani and Ramiz Alia. Brokaj was born in Vlorë, Albania. Mario Cafiero Mario Alejandro Hilario Cafiero (21 January 1956 – 13 September 2020) was an Argentine politician. He was a member of Proyecto Sur. He was born in Buenos Aires. Cafiero was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1997 to 2005. In 2011, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of the Buenos Aires Province. Cafiero died on 13 September 2020 of colon cancer in Buenos Aires, aged 64. Bernard Debré Bernard Debré (30 September 1944 – 13 September 2020) was a French urologist and politician. He was a member ("député") of the National Assembly of France from 2012 to 2017. He was one of the representatives of the city of Paris. He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. From 1992 to 2001, he was the Mayor of Amboise. Debré was born in Toulouse, France. He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré and twin-brother of Jean-Louis Debré. Debré died on 13 September 2020 of cancer at the age of 75. His brother, François Debré died the next day. György Keleti György Keleti (18 May 1946 – 13 September 2020) was a Hungarian politician. He was Minister of Defence between 1994 and 1998 during the Gyula Horn cabinet. From 1992 to 2010, he was a member of the National Assembly. He was born in Lučenec, Czechoslovakia. Keleti died on 13 September 2020 from a long-illness in Budapest, aged 74. Raghuvansh Prasad Singh Raghuvansh Prasad Singh (6 June 1946 – 13 September 2020) was an Indian politician. In the Lok Sabha, represented the Vaishali constituency of Bihar between 1996 to 2014. He was the national vice president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal political party until 2010. He was born in Vaishali, Bihar. Singh died of COVID-19 on 13 September 2020 in New Delhi at the age of 74. Jean-Louis Debré Jean-Louis Debré (born 30 September 1944) is a French politician. He was President of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and President of the Constitutional Council from 2007 to 2016. He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré. He was Minister of the Interior from 1995 until 1997 during the presidency of Jacques Chirac. Since 2016 he has been President of the Superior Council of Archives. Joaquín Carbonell Joaquín Carbonell Martí (12 August 1947 – 12 September 2020) was an Argentine singer-songwriter and poet. He was born in Alloza, Spain. His career began in 1976. He wrote columns about traditional Argentine music on "El Periódico de Aragón". He was known for performing with Jose Antonio Labordeta. His last concert was in 2014. Carbonell died on 12 September 2020 in Zaragoza, Spain from COVID-19, aged 73. Carlos Casamiquela Carlos Horacio Casamiquela (June 9, 1948 – September 12, 2020) was an Argentine agricultural engineer and politician. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture of Argentina between November 2013 to December 2015. Casamiquela was born in Viedma, Río Negro Province. Casamiquela died from COVID-19 on 12 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 72. Viedma Viedma () is the capital and fourth largest city of the Río Negro Province, in South-Central Argentina. In 2020, 80,632 people lived there. It is located on the southern margin of the Negro River, about 30 kilometres off the Atlantic Coast. Río Negro (Argentina) Río Negro (; "Black River") is the most important river of the Argentine province of Río Negro, and Patagonia. Its name comes from the literal translation of the Mapuche term "Curu Leuvu", although the water is more green than black. Formerly, it was also known as "river of the willows" because of the big number of weeping willows that grow along the bank. It's 635 km in length. Aline Chrétien Aline Chrétien (née Chaîné; May 14, 1936September 12, 2020) was a Canadian socialite. She was the wife of Canada's 20th prime minister, Jean Chrétien. In her later life, she was a trained pianist with The Royal Conservatory of Music. He was born in Shawinigan, Quebec. Between 1993 to 2003, she was the Spouse of the Canadian Prime Minister. Chrétien died on September 12, 2020 in Shawinigan, Quebec from Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 84. Geills Turner Geills Turner (née Kilgour; born December 23, 1937) is a Canadian businesswoman and socialite. She was the wife of John Turner, the 17th Prime Minister of Canada. Between June 1984 to September 1984, Turner was the Spouse of the Prime Minister of Canada. Turner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Spouse of the prime minister of Canada The spouse of the prime minister of Canada () is the wife or husband of the prime minister of Canada. Sophie Grégoire Trudeau is the wife of the 23rd and current prime minister, Justin Trudeau. To date, 19 women have been the wives of the prime minister of Canada; Kim Campbell, the only female prime minister to date, was unmarried during her time in office. Some media outlets have styled prime ministers' wives as the "First Lady of Canada", similar to the style of "First Lady". Vale of Leven Academy Vale of Leven Academy is a secondary school in Alexandria, Scotland. History. The school opened in 1884, as North Public School. It became a secondary school in 1909. In 1962 it moved to it's current location. The school is located in the south of Alexandria. A new extension to the building was built in 1973 because the school was overcrowded. In 1996 the school was used for scenes in a Scottish television show called Take the High Road. On Saturday, 22nd June 2002, the extension to the school was set on fire and was destroyed. Classes were taught in temporary huts after the fire. A new building was constructed in 2009 and the original building was demolished. A bomb was brought in by a pupil in 2011 as part of a history project. The school was evacuated. The Royal Naval Bomb Disposal Squad removed the bomb and it was safely blown up. In September 2018, the school was evacuated because of a fire started by a pupil in the toilets. There was not a lot of damage and the school reopened the next day. Head Teachers. Head teachers include: Bob Crowell Robert Lamson Crowell (November 28, 1945 – September 12, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was elected Mayor of Carson City, Nevada in 2008. He was mayor until his death. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Crowell was born in Tonopah, Nevada. Crowell died at a hospital in Reno, Nevada on September 12, 2020 at the age of 74. Tonopah, Nevada Tonopah ( ) is an unincorporated town in and the county seat of Nye County, Nevada, United States. In the 2010 census, the population was 2,478. Florence Howe Florence Rosenfeld Howe (March 17, 1929 – September 12, 2020) was an American feminist author, publisher, literary scholar and historian. She was known as one of the leaders of the contemporary feminist movement. Howe was born in New York City. She taught black children in a Mississippi freedom school during 1964 and chaired the Modern Language Association commission on the Status of Women in the Profession. In 1967, she signed a public statement declaring her intention to refuse to pay income taxes in protest against the U.S. war against Vietnam. Howe also founded The Feminist Press in 1970. She was a professor at State University of New York. Howe died on September 12, 2020 at her home in New York City from Parkinson's disease-related problems, aged 91. Shadow congressperson The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that do not have congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek for their political office to gain voting rights in Congress. Cuties Cuties (French: Mignonnes) is a 2020 French coming-of-age comedy-drama movie. It was written and directed by Maïmouna Doucouré. The movie stars Fathia Youssouf, Médina El Aidi-Azouni, Esther Gohourou, Ilanah Cami-Goursolas and Maïmouna Gueye. The movie is about a French-Senegalese Muslim girl who becomes interested in internet culture, even though a lot of it is against her religion. The film was first shown at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on 23 January 2020. It was released in France on 19 August 2020, and to the rest of the world on 9 September 2020 on Netflix. Critics mainly said that the movie was good, but many people online did not like the movie as they thought it showed children in a sexual way. The National Center on Sexual Exploitation agreed with the people online, and said that Netflix should not have released the movie. Armoured frog The armoured frog, armoured mist frog or Alexandra Creek tree frog ("Ranoidea lorica") is a frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland. The adult male frog is 2.7 to 3.3 cm long and the adult female is 3.3 to 3.7 cm long. It is gray or brown in color with a white belly. Its eyes can be silver or gold in color. It has a round head and a short nose. It has vomerine teeth on its upper jaw. It has more webbing on its hind feet than on its front feet, and it has discs on its front toes. Male frogs grow spikes out of their skin when it is the time of year to attract females. This frog is related to the waterfall frog. Traveling Wilburys The Traveling Wilburys was an American and English rock music band. It was a group of five singers who came together to make two albums, groups of songs sold together. The Traveling Wilburys were Tom Petty, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, George Harrison, and Jeff Lynne. They made two albums: "The Traveling Wilburys: Volume 1" and "The Traveling Wilburys: Volume 3". "Rolling Stone" said Volume 1 was one of the 100 best albums of all time. Beginning. The Traveling Wilburys started in 1988. The international department at Warner Brothers Records asked George Harrison to write a B-side song for his single, "This Is Love". In vinyl records, there is one song (or group of songs) on the top of the disc, and then the user can pick the disc up, turn it over, and have the record player play music on the bottom of the disc. The top is called the A side and the bottom is called the B side. In the late 1980s, most record companies sold single records with a famous song on the A side and a new song on the B side. Harrison wrote "Handle with Care" to be the B-side for "This Is Love". Because some of Harrison's friends were there keeping him company, they decided to sing "Handle with Care" together. The record company decided "Handle with Care" was too good a song to be a B-side, so they asked the men if they would make a whole album. They did some of the recording in Bob Dylan's own studio in his outbuilding for his car. They did some of the work in Dave Stewart's kitchen. Stewart was in the band the Eurythmics. Name. The name "Traveling Wilburys" comes from "We'll bury." When he was recording his album "Cloud Nine", Harrison noticed some errors in the recording and said "Well bury them in the mix." At first the band was the Trembling Wilburys but they changed it to the Traveling Wilburys. The musicians used pretend names for the album: George Harrison was "Nelson Wilbury," Bob Dylan was "Lucky Wilbury," Roy Orbison was "Lefty Wilbury," Tom Petty was "Charlie T. Jr.," and Jeff Lynne was "Otis Wilbury." This was meant as a joke and not to trick anyone. The Wilburys were five fictional brothers who all had the same father, Charlie T. Wilbury Sr., but different mothers. Inside the paper around the album, there was also a pretend history of the Wilburys: "The original Wilburys were a stationary people who, realizing that their civilization could not stand still for ever, began to go for short walks – not the ‘traveling’ as we now know it, but certainly as far as the corner and back." Songs. The Traveling Wilburys' first album, "Traveling Wilburys: Volume 1" was released in 1988. It reached #3 on Billboard's list of very good albums and sold enough copies for triple platinum. The song "Tweeter and the Monkey Man" was written to make fun of the kinds of songs written by Bruce Springsteen up to that point. The Traveling Wilburys' second album, "Traveling Wilburys: Volume 3" was released in 1990. Its title is not a mistake. Harrison skipped the number 2 on purpose. Agata Tnasheva Agata Tnasheva (born 6 February 1989) is an Kazakhstani female water polo player. She was a member of the Kazakhstan women's national water polo team. She was a part of the team at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, and 2011 World Aquatics Championships. Hanna Hanholz Hanna Hanholz (born 17 November 1987) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship squads, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2009 Women’s Water Polo World League. and 2009 World Aquatics Championships. She played for SV Blau-Weiß Bochum. Blue Bloods (TV series) Blue Bloods is an American police procedural drama television series that airs on CBS on September 24, 2010. It stars Tom Selleck, Donnie Wahlberg, Len Cariou, and Bridget Moynahan. Its main characters are members of the fictional Reagan family, an Irish-American Catholic family in New York City with a history of work in law enforcement, especially in the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The series is set and shot in New York City. Alexandra Schilling Alexandra Schilling (born 9 November 1981) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2009 Women's Water Polo World League, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships. Hurricane Sally Hurricane Sally was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm threatened the United States Gulf Coast States of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Sally first developed near the Bahamas, moved over Florida, then became a tropical storm. Tropical storm and hurricane notices were put up from Louisiana to northwest Florida as Sally came toward the region. Several million people prepared for the hurricane. Others left the area. The storm later hit Alabama and northwestern Florida while a Category 2 hurricane. Claudia Kern Claudia Kern (born 28 January 1990) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship squads, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships. Masato Sakai is a Japanese actor. He is known for a main hero of a Japanese TV drama "Hanzawa Naoki". Enrique Ramón Fajarnés Enrique Ramón Fajarnés (1929 – 14 September 2020) was a Spanish politician and lawyer. He was born in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Ramón Fajarnés was Mayor of Ibiza from 1971 to 1974. He was a Senator between 1982 to 1986. He was also a Deputy from 1986 to 1993. He was a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre. Ramón Fajarnés died on 14 September 2020 in Ibiza at the age of 91. Daniel Soulage Daniel Soulage (14 February 1942 – 14 September 2020) was a French politician. He was born in Monflanquin, Lot-et-Garonne. He was a member of the Senate of France from 2001 to 2011, who represented the Lot-et-Garonne department. He was a member of the Centrist Alliance. Soulage was also Mayor of Monflanquin from 1983 to 2008 and Deputy from 1993 to 1997. Soulage died on 14 September 2020 in Lot-et-Garonne at the age of 78. Christian Manen Christian Manen (3 July 1934 – 11 September 2020) was a French composer and music teacher. In 1961 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome with the cantata "La Loreley". He worked at the Villa Medici in Rome until 1965. That same year, he began working at Conservatoire de Paris. Manen died on 11 September 2020 at the age of 86. Takashi Sugimura was a Japanese biochemist. He was known for his research on chemical carcinogens. He received the Japan Prize his research on the causes of cancer. He was elected as President of the Japan Academy on October 15, 2013. Sugimura died on September 6, 2020 from heart failure in Tokyo at the age of 94. Josephine Langford Josephine Langford (born 18 August 1997) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her starring role as Tessa Young in the movies "After" and "After We Collided". Dominique Kalifa Dominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian, educator and columnist. He was born in Vichy, France. Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. He was a member of the Institut Universitaire de France. He was also taught at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of Saint Andrews. From 1990, he was also a columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". Kalifa killed himself on his 63rd birthday on 12 September 2020. Atilio Pozzobón Atilio Ángel Pozzobón (24 March 1938 – 12 September 2020) was an Argentine actor. He was born in Buenos Aires. He was known for his roles as Francesco in "Son of the Bride" (2001), as Saligani in "Lost Embrace" (2004) and as the movie Czar in "Ay Juancito" (2004). Pozzobón died on 12 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 82. Linus Okok Okwach Linus Okok Okwach (20 October 1952 – 12 September 2020) was a Kenyan Roman Catholic prelate. He was Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Homa Bay. He was appointed as bishop of Homa Bay on 18 October 1993 and he resigned on 20 February 2002. Okwach was born in Kisumu, Kisumu County. Okwach died on 12 September 2020 from problems caused by a fall at a hospital in Nairobi at the age of 67. Azmi Mohamed Megahed Azmi Mohamed Megahed (; 15 April 1950 – 12 September 2020) was an Egyptian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dakahlia, Egypt. Megahed died on 12 September 2020 in a hospital in Cairo due to COVID-19 at the age of 70. First Blood First Blood is 1982 American action movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and was based on the 1972 novel of the same name by David Morrell. It stars Sylvester Stallone, Richard Crenna, Brian Dennehy, Bill McKinney, David Caruso, Alf Humphreys and was distributed by Orion Pictures. It is the first movie in the "Rambo" franchise. Annette Jahns Annette Jahns (24 June 1958 – 11 September 2020) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and contralto, and opera director. She appeared at international opera houses and festivals, with a focus on contemporary music including world premieres. She taught at the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden. Jahns was born in Dresden. Jahns died from a long illness in Dresden on 11 September 2020 at age 62. Jack Roland Murphy Jack Roland Murphy (or "Murph the Surf" or "Murf the Surf") (May 26, 1937 – September 12, 2020) was an American convicted murder and robber. He was also involved in the biggest jewel heist in American history, the 1964 burglary of the jewel collection of New York's American Museum of Natural History. He was released from prison in 1986. He spent his latter years as an ordained minister, working with inmates in the field of prison ministry. He was born in Oceanside, California. Murphy died on September 12, 2020 in Crystal River, Florida of heart and multiple organ failure, aged 83. László Gálos László Gálos (3 April 1933 – 11 September 2020) was a Hungarian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in Bátaszék, Hungary. Gálos died on 11 September 2020 in Budapest at the age of 87. Srećko Štiglić Srećko Štiglić (11 June 1943 – 10 September 2020) was a Croatian hammer thrower. He competed for SFR Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics. Štiglić's personal best was 70.10 m, set in 1981. He was born in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Štiglić died on 10 September 2020 at the age of 77. Dickson Wamwiri Dickson Wamwiri Wanjiku (December 24, 1984 – September 6, 2020) was a Kenyan taekwondo practitioner. Wamwiri qualified for the men's 58 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, after winning the championship title from the African Qualification Tournament in Tripoli, Libya. Wamwiri died on September 6, 2020 from cardiac arrest in Nairobi at the age of 35. Zelmar Casco Zelmar Casco (31 July 1926 – 5 September 2020) was an Argentine fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in La Plata, Argentina. Casco died on 5 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 94. Orlando Bauzon Orlando "Orly" Bauzon (November 17, 1944 – September 5, 2020) was a Filipino basketball player and coach. He was born in Calasiao, Pangasinan. Between 1973 to 1978, he played for the Toyota Super Corollas. He also played for the national team for the 1968 Summer Olympics. Bauzon died on September 5, 2020 from cardiac arrest in Manila at the age of 75. Félix Suárez Colomo Félix Suárez (6 December 1950 – 3 September 2020) was a Spanish racing cyclist. He competed in the sprint event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cistérniga, Spain. Suárez Colomo died on 3 September 2020 at the age of 69. Nada Birko Nada Birko (1 November 1931 – 1 September 2020) was a Yugoslavian cross country skier during the 1950s. She finished 14th in the 10 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Birko was born in Mrkopalj. Birko died on 1 September 2020 in Zagreb at the age of 88. Terje Steen Terje Steen (13 January 1944 – 1 September 2020) was a Norwegian ice hockey player. He was born in Oslo, Norway and represented the club Vålerengens IF. He played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team, and participated at the Winter Olympics in 1968 and 1972. Steen died on 1 September 2020 in Oslo at the age of 76. List of speakers of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska This article lists the speakers of the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska. Nedeljko Čubrilović Nedeljko Čubrilović (born 5 April 1953) is a Bosnian Serb politician. He is the 7th and current Speaker of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska. In 2000, he joined the Democratic People's Alliance (DNS). Shortly after, he was elected as the 1st president of the newly established DEMOS on 22 December 2018 in Banja Luka. Momčilo Krajišnik Momčilo Krajišnik (; 20 January 1945 – 15 September 2020) was a Bosnian Serb politician. Along with Radovan Karadžić, he co-founded the Bosnian Serb nationalist Serb Democratic Party (SDS). Between 1990 and 1992, he was speaker of the People's Assembly of Republika Srpska. Between June and December 1992, he was member of the expanded Presidency of Republika Srpska. After the Bosnian War, he was elected Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the September 1996. In 2006, Krajišnik was found guilty of committing crimes against humanity during the Bosnian War (1992–95) by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. H Krajišnik was hospitalized in Banja Luka, Republika Srpska with COVID-19. He died on 15 September 2020 from the infection, aged 75. President of Republika Srpska The President of Republika Srpska is the highest executive authority in Republika Srpska, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the executive authorities. The president of Republika Srpska is directly elected for a term of four years. Rajko Kuzmanović Rajko Kuzmanović (; born 1 December 1931) is a Bosnian Serb politician. He was President of the Republic of Srpska from 7 December 2007 to 15 November 2010. He replaced the Acting President Igor Radojičić. Kuzmanović won the election against Ognjen Tadić of the Serbian Democratic Party with 41.33% of the vote. Željka Cvijanović Željka Cvijanović (born 4 March 1967), is a Bosnian Serb politician. She is the 9th and current President of Republika Srpska. She was the 11th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska from 12 March 2013 to 19 November 2018. On 7 October 2018 she was elected to be President of Republika Srpska. Cvijanović is a member of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats. At the 2022 general election, she became the first woman to be elected member of the Presidency. List of prime ministers of Republika Srpska This article lists the prime ministers of Republika Srpska. Radovan Višković Radovan Višković (; born 1 February 1964) is a Bosnian Serb politician. He is the 13th and current Prime Minister of Republika Srpska, and a member of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD). National Assembly (Republika Srpska) The National Assembly of Republic of Srpska () is the legislative body of the Republika Srpska, one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The current assembly is the ninth since the founding of the entity. President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina represents the Federation and is a head of the federal executive power. Term of the Federal President is 4 years. Safet Halilović Safet Halilović (3 April 1951 – 10 May 2017) was a Bosnian politician and professor. Halilović was President of "Renaissance", a Bosniak cultural association, from 1990 to 1992. He was President of the Bosniak Cultural Centre, Sarajevo from 1995 to 1998. He was the 6th President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1 January 2002 until 27 January 2003. He was also the Minister of Civil Affairs from 23 December 2002 to 11 January 2007 and then Minister of Human Rights and Refugees from 11 January 2007 until 12 January 2012. Halilović died in Sarajevo on 10 May 2017 at the age of 66. Marinko Čavara Marinko Čavara (born 2 February 1967) is a Bosnian Croat politician. He was a member of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is the 10th President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fadil Novalić Fadil Novalić (born 25 September 1959) is a Bosnian politician. In 2015, he became Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is a member of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA). House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is an upper house of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the lower being the House of Representatives. Federal laws need to be passed by both houses. The House of Peoples is made out of 17 delegates from each of the constitutive nations of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs as well as seven delegates of the minorities. The House of Peoples has one chairman and two vice-chairmans. Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croat-Bosnian: "Parlament Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine"/Парламент Федерације Босне и Херцеговине) is the bicameral legislature of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH). The lower house is the House of Representatives, while the upper house is the House of Peoples. The House of Representatives is made up of 98 members, while House of Peoples is composed of 58 members. In total, Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made up of 156 members. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by secret ballot, while members of the House of Peoples are chosen by each Cantonal legislature. House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the lower house of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the legislative body of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina This article lists the members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the country's independence on 1 March 1992. The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made of three members, each member representing one of three constitutive nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Bosnian Croats (elected from the Federation) and Bosnian Serbs (elected from Republika Srpska). Fikret Abdić Fikret Abdić (born 29 September 1939) is a Bosnian politician and businessman. In 2002 he was convicted on charges of war crimes against Bosniaks loyal to the Bosnian government by a court in Croatia and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, which was later reduced on appeal to 15 years by the Supreme Court of Croatia. On 9 March 2012, he was released after having served two thirds of his reduced sentence. Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: "Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine" / Предсједништво Босне и Херцеговине) is the three-member body which serves as head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the presiding member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which collectively serves as head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Živko Radišić Živko Radišić (, ; 15 August 1937 – 5 September 2021) was a Bosnian Serb politician. He was the 5th Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 1982 to 1985 he headed the defense ministry of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1996, he became a founding member of the Socialist Party of Republika Srpska. Radišić was elected Bosnian Serb member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency in September 1998, defeating the incumbent Momčilo Krajišnik by 45,000 votes. Radišić died on 5 September 2021 at a hospital in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina at the age of 84. Milorad Dodik Milorad Dodik (; born 12 March 1959) is a Bosnian Serb politician. He is the Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Šefik Džaferović Šefik Džaferović (born 9 September 1957) is a Bosnian politician currently representing the Bosniak presidency in the country. He is the 8th and current Bosniak Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is the current Vice-president of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA) as well. From 2002 until 2018, he was as a senior member of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Royal Astronomical Society The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) is a learned society and charity that supports the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. Its headquarters are in Burlington House, on Piccadilly in London. The society has over 4,000 members ("Fellows"), most of them professional researchers or postgraduate students. Around a quarter of Fellows live outside the UK. Scepter A scepter is an ornamented wooden staff carried by rulers. A sceptre is used on ceremonial occasions as a symbol of sovereignty. Wanda Seux Juana Amanda Seux Ramírez (3 January 1948 – 2 September 2020), better known as Wanda Seux, was a Paraguayan-born vedette, dancer, and actress. Her career began in 1973. Her best known roles were in "La vida difícil de una mujer fácil" (1979), "Spicy Chile" (1983) and "Paradas Contínuas" (2009). Seux died on 2 September 2020 in Mexico City from problems caused by multiple strokes and breast cancer at the age of 72. Al Kasha Alfred Kasha (January 22 1937 – September 14, 2020) was an American songwriter. He was best known for "The Morning After" from "The Poseidon Adventure". He was born in New York City. He also wrote the Aretha Franklin single "Operation Heartbreak". Kasha died on September 14, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 83. Tam Ping-man Tam Ping-man (14 November 1933 – 5 September 2020) was a Hong Kong actor and singer. He was known as the "dubbing king". In addition, he was the first horse racing commentator in Hong Kong. He was born in British Hong Kong. Tam was known for his roles as Uncle Fortune in "Exiled" (2006), Big Boss in "Wild City" (2015) and in "House of Wolves" (2016). Tam died on 5 September 2020 in Hong King at the age of 86. Lennart Forsberg Lennart Forsberg (28 March 1928 – 6 September 2020) was a Swedish footballer. He played as a left winger. Forsberg debuted in 1945 with GIF Sundsvall. He also played for Djurgården. Forsberg died on 6 September 2020 at the age of 92. M. S. Gill Manohar Singh Gill (born 14 June 1936) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports. He represents Punjab in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Kutztown, Pennsylvania Kutztown is a borough in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States, southwest of Allentown and northeast of Reading. As of the 2010 census, the borough had a population of 5,012. Glacier Bay water shrew The Glacier Bay water shrew ("Sorex alaskanus") is a type of mammal in the family Soricidae. It only lives in Alaska in the United States. It can swim underwater. The water shrew can run on the surface of the water. It eats the nymphs of invertebrates that live in the water. It also eats invertebrates that live on land. 2020 Sudan floods In September 2020, a large amount of rainfall in Sudan caused a massive flood across at least 16 Sudanese states with the Blue Nile reaching water levels not seen for a century. It is the most severe floods recorded in the region. A state of emergency was declared, and teams have worked to prevent damage to threatened archaeological sites. The flood affected more than 500,000 people, destroyed more than 100,000 homes, and killed over 100 people. The Comeback Trail (2020 movie) The Comeback Trail is an upcoming crime comedy movie written and directed by George Gallo. It is a remake of the 1982 movie of the same name by Harry Hurwitz. It stars Robert De Niro, Tommy Lee Jones, Morgan Freeman, Zach Braff, Emile Hirsch and Eddie Griffin. The movie is scheduled to be released on November 13, 2020, by Cloudburst Entertainment. Arena da Amazônia Arena da Amazônia ("Amazon Arena") is a football stadium in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, located on the former site of the Vivaldão stadium. The stadium has an all-seater capacity of 44,300 and was constructed from 2010 to 2014 as part of Brazil's hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. It hosted matches of the football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics. During the World Cup, the arena had a limited maximum-capacity of 40,549. Cinereus shrew The cinereous shrew ("Sorex cinereus") is a type of shrew. It is found in Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States. It is also called the masked shrew or the common shrew. Description. It is grey-brown in colour. It light grey belly and a pointed snout. It has a long tail. Its body is about 9 cm in length including a 4 cm long tail. It weighs about 5 g. They can live up to two years. Distribution. It lives in most of northern and southern North America to the Rocky Mountains in the west, and to the Appalachians in the east. This species was introduced into Newfoundland in the late 1950s. It can be found in many types of habitats like arid grasslands, places with lots of water, woodlands, and tundra. It mostly lives in humid places and with lots of plants to hide in. Feeding. Cinereus shrews eat insects, worms, snails, small rodents, salamanders, and seeds. They can only live for a few hours without food because of their high metabolism. Predators. Predators include larger shrews, hawks, owls, shrikes, snakes, herons, foxes, leopard frogs, bluebirds, brown trouts, and weasels. Behavior. The cinereus shrew can be diurnal or nocturnal depending on the weather. It digs tunnels but also uses tunnels made by other small mammals. It uses dry grass to make nests in these tunnels. It does not like other shrews to come into its territory. Reproduction. Cinereus shrews breed from May to September. Females give birth to 6 to 7 young ones. The young ones are born hairless and do not have claws. They become sexually mature at two months. But they wait until their first spring to breed. Ranoidea macki Ranoidea macki is a frog from Indonesia. It lives in Papua Province. Scientists have only seen it in the headwaters of the Wapoga River. Mandy Zollner Mandy Zollner (born 17 April 1985) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship squads, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships. Tatjana Steinhauer Tatjana Steinhauer (born 28 January 1990) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship. At the club level, she played for Hannoverscher SV, and SV Blau-Weiß Bochum. American pygmy shrew The American pygmy shrew ("Sorex hoyi") is a type of shrew. It found in Northern Alaska, Canada, and the northern and southern United States. It is found in northern coniferous and deciduous forests of North America. It is believed to be the second-smallest mammal in the world. Because of its fast metabolism, it is always eating. Description. The American pygmy shrew is the smallest mammal native to North America. Its is about 5 cm (2 in) long. It weighs about 2.0 to 4.5 g (0.07 to 0.16 oz). Its fur is reddish or grayish brown during the summer. It is white-gray during the winter. It molts about two times a year. It has a narrow head with a pointed nose, and whiskers. The eyes are small. Distribution. They are found from Northern Alaska, to the Rocky Mountains. They are also found from the Great Lakes region, to the Appalachians, to the eastern side of Canada. Even though the American pygmy shrew prefers wet habitats, it has been seen in places with both wet and dry soil. Feeding. It mainly eats insects and insect larvae, and worms. To stay alive, the American pygmy shrew has to eat every 15 to 30 minutes, day and night. Predators. Predators of the American pygmy shrew include hawks, brook trout, owls, snakes, and domestic cats. Reproduction. Little is known about the reproduction of American pygmy shrews. They appear to mate all year round. The gestation period is estimated to be 18 days. Females give birth to three to eight young ones. They usually leave the family at the age of 25 days. The maximum lifespan of an American pygmy shrew is believed to be about 16–17 months. Behavior. Pygmy shrews dig through soil to look for food. They can use tunnel made by other animals to help them look for food. They do not sleep or rest for a long time. They have great senses of smell and hearing to help them find their food. Anja Seyfert Anja Seyfert (born 9 April 1990) is a German female water polo player. She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2012 Women's Water Polo World League, and 2016 Women's Water Polo Olympic Qualification Tournament. She studied medicine. COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Liechtenstein in early March 2020. With total population of 38,749 (as of 31 December 2019), in 29 March infection rate is 1 case per 472 people. On 3 March 2020, the first case was reported in the country with a young man who had contact with an infected person in Switzerland. On 4 April 2020, one person died from the virus in Liechtenstein. Kaspar Villiger Kaspar Villiger (pronounced Caspar Feeleeger; born 5 February 1941) is a Swiss businessman and politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1989–2003). In 1995 and again in 2002, he was President of the Swiss Confederation. Villiger was born in Lucerne. He was a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. In 2004, he became member of the board of directors of Nestlé and Swiss Re. On 15 April 2009, he was elected chairman of the Board of Swiss banking giant UBS, holding this post until 3 May 2012. Klaus Schwab Klaus Martin Schwab (born 30 March 1938) is a German engineer and economist. He is best known as the founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum. He was born in Ravensburg, Germany. Lana Marks Lana J. Marks (born November 18, 1953) is a South African-born American handbag designer. She founded the fashion brand Lana Marks. She was also the United States Ambassador to South Africa for the Donald Trump administration. She became the ambassador on January 28, 2020 and left office a year later on January 20, 2021. In September 2020, it was reported that Iran was planning an assassination plot against Marks because of the U.S. involvement in the death of Qasem Soleimani. Konstantina Kouteli Konstantina Kouteli (born 10 April 1981) is a Greek female water polo player. She was part of the Greek women's national water polo team at the 2006 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2006 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships. E. Jean Carroll Elizabeth Jean Carroll (born December 12, 1943) is an American journalist and columnist. She is known for her "Ask E. Jean" column which appeared in "Elle" magazine from 1993 through 2019. In June 2019, Carroll accused Les Moonves and Donald Trump of sexually assaulting her in the mid-1990s. Both Moonves and Trump denied the allegations. Bobbie Phillips Bobbie Phillips (born January 29, 1968) is an American actress and animal rights activist. Phillips was born in Charleston, South Carolina. She is known for her rols as Cam in "Chameleon" (1998) and as Julie Costello in the television legal drama "Murder One". Clive Russell Clive Russell (born 7 December 1945) is a Scottish actor. He is known for his roles as Chief Inspector Frederick Abberline in "Ripper Street", Angus O'Connor in "Happiness" and Brynden Tully in the HBO series "Game of Thrones". North Riding of Yorkshire The North Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions (ridings) of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West ridings. Pribilof Island shrew The Pribilof Island shrew ("Sorex pribilofensis") is a type of shrew. It is only found on the Pribilof Islands of Alaska. Saint Lawrence Island shrew The Saint Lawrence Island shrew ("Sorex jacksoni") is a type of shrew. It is only found on Saint Lawrence Island. Lamu Lamu or Lamu Town is a small town on Lamu Island in Kenya. Situated by road northeast of Mombasa. Lamu Town on Lamu Island is Kenya's oldest continually inhabited town and was one of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa. It is believed to have been established in 1370. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Notable landmarks. The town was founded in the 14th century and it contains many fine examples of Swahili architecture. The old city is inscribed on the World Heritage List as "the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa". The town contains the Lamu Fort on the seafront. The fort was completed by the early 1820s. Transport. In 2011, proposals were being advanced to build a deep-water port which would have much greater capacity in terms of depth of water. China has begun to transform Lamu into the largest port in East Africa. Since the island has no cars, transportation and other heavy work is done with the help of donkeys. There are some 3000 donkeys on the island. In popular culture. The song "Lamu" by Christian singer Michael W. Smith is inspired by the island. The song is about running away from life's problems. Lamu is the setting of Anthony Doerr's short story "The Shell Collector" from his collection of stories by the same name. Part of the events in the novel “Our Wild Sex in Malindi” (by Andrei Gusev) takes place in Lamu. Sorex The genus Sorex includes many of the common shrews of Eurasia and North America. It contains at least 142 known species and subspecies. They are in the tribe Soricini of the subfamily "Soricinae". Species. The many species in the genus "Sorex" include: Peter Scully Peter Gerard Scully (born 13 January 1963) is an Australian man who is imprisoned in the Philippines because he raped young children. Life. Peter Scully was born on 13 January 1963 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He said that he was raped by a priest as a child. He lived in the Narre Warren suburb of Melbourne, Victoria with his wife and two children. In 2011, he fled to the City of Manila, Philippines. There, he raped and tortured 75 children. He filmed it and sold the video named "Daisy's Destruction" for up to $10,000 on his website "No limits fun" ("NLF" for short) on the Darknet. He also filmed himself killing a girl named Cindy. On 20 February 2015, Scully was arrested by the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) for 100 years. Montane shrew The montane shrew ("Sorex monticolus") is a type of shrew in the genus Sorex. It is also called the dusky shrew. Description. Montane shrews are small, long tailed shrews. They can grow up to 103 and 142mm long. It moults two times a year. They are brownish and silvery white or gray in summer. Distribution and Habitat. The montane shrew can be found from northern Alaska to New Mexico and from the Pacific coast to central Manitoba. They also live in the Rocky Mountains, Blue Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. They can be found on Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Island. Montane shrews live in a lot of habitats such as tundra, alpine meadows, forests, and prairies. They are usually found in forest floor. They almost never dig a burrow. Behavior. Montane shrews are live by themselves. They do not hibernate. They almost never sleep or rest. They are always eating. Feeding. Montane shrews are insectivorous. It eats insects and their larvae, earthworms, spiders, snails, and, rarely eats small salamanders. Montane shrews have been seen eating conifer seeds, lichens, and fungi. Reproduction. The breeding season may last from February to August. The gestation period is estimated to be about 13 to 28 days. The young ones are born in a small nest made from grass and kept under a rock or fallen tree. They are given birth to blind and naked. At the age of 3 weeks they are weaned. The expected to live up to 12 to 18 months. Pride parade Pride parades (also known as pride marches, pride events, and pride festivals) are events where people support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, non-binary and queer (LGBTQ) acceptance, achievements, legal rights, and gay pride. Jeremy Farrar Sir Jeremy James Farrar (born 1 September 1961) is a British medical researcher. He is director of the Wellcome Trust, and has held this position since 2013. He was previously a professor of tropical medicine at the University of Oxford. Farrar's research interests are in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, dengue fever, typhoid fever, malaria, and H5N1 influenza. American water shrew The American water shrew ("Sorex palustris") is a type of shrew. It is also called a northern water shrew. It is found throughout the mountain ranges of the northern United States and in Canada and Alaska. Claudio Merulo Claudio Merulo (8 April 1533 – 4 May 1604) was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Eastern indigo snake The eastern indigo snake ("Drymarchon couperi") is a type of snake in the family Colubridae. It is native to the eastern United States. It is the longest native snake in the United States. It is the largest snake in the United States. It is also the largest, non-venomous snake in the southeastern United States. Description. The eastern indigo snake has a blue-black colour. It is the longest native snake species in the United States. Males usually grow up to 1.58 m (5.2 ft) in length. Females usually grow up to 1.38 m (4.5 ft) in length. Males usually weigh 2.2 kg (4.9 lb). Females usually weigh 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). Distribution and Habitat. The eastern indigo snake is found from southwestern South Carolina south through Florida and west to southern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi. The eastern indigo snake likes flatwoods, hammocks, dry glades, stream bottoms, sugarcane fields, riparian thickets, and sandy soils. The eastern indigo snake mostly lives in scrublands in Florida and Georgia with different types of plants. These are mainly longleaf pine, southern live oak, laurel oak, Chapman oak, and myrtle oak. Feeding. The Eastern indigo snake eats other snakes, turtles, lizards, frogs, toads, lots of small birds and mammals, and eggs. Reproduction. The Eastern indigo snake is oviparous. The breeding season is from November to April. Females lay their eggs from May to June. Females lay from 4 to 12 eggs. Young hatch in about 3 months, usually in August and September. Conservation status. The eastern indigo snake is threatened by habitat loss. It is believed to be extinct in Alabama. The eastern indigo snake was extinct in northern Florida because of habitat loss and fragmentation. The eastern indigo snake was last seen in Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve in 1982, until 2017 when 12 snakes were released as part of a conservation program. 20 more snakes were released in 2018. 15 snakes in 2019. Kevin Magnussen Kevin Jan Magnussen (born 5 October 1992) is a Danish racing driver. Gary Unmarried Gary Unmarried is an American sitcom television series on CBS from September 24, 2008 to March 17, 2010. FiveThirtyEight FiveThirtyEight is a website that makes forecasts about elections, sports, and other topics. It also publishes articles about those topics. It was created by statistician Nate Silver on March 7, 2008. FiveThirtyEight's name comes from the number of electors in the United States Electoral College. FiveThirtyEight is famous for correctly predicting the winner of all 50 states in the 2012 United States presidential election. In the 2016 election, FiveThirtyEight said that Donald Trump had a 28.6% chance to win. Trump did win. However, 28.6% was much higher than other people thought, such as The New York Times and The Economist. FiveThirtyEight has also analyzed at the calibration of their forecasts. If a forecast with good calibration says that many things each have a 40% chance of happening, then about 40% will. Their forecasts are fairly accurate. Perri "Pebbles" Reid Perri Arlette Reid (or "Pebbles"; born August 29, 1964) is an American R&B and pop music singer-songwriter and businesswoman. She was famous for her hit songs "Girlfriend" (1987), "Mercedes Boy" (1988) and "Giving You the Benefit" (1990). Also, Reid created the contemporary R&B group TLC. Reid was born Perri Arlette McKissack, one of four siblings, to two mixed African American parents. Reid began using the name Sister Perri as part of a religious conversion. Reid was born in Oakland, California. Skyhooks (band) Skyhooks was an Australian rock band formed in Melbourne in March 1973 by Greg Macainsh on bass guitar and backing vocals, and Imants "Freddie" Strauks on drums. Pat Smullen Patrick J. "Pat" Smullen (22 May 1977 – 15 September 2020) was an Irish jockey. He won the Irish flat racing Champion Jockey title nine times. Smullen was born in County Offaly, Ireland. Smullen died on 15 September 2020 from pancreatic cancer at the age of 43. Aloysio de Andrade Faria Aloysio de Andrade Faria (9 November 1920 – 15 September 2020) was a Brazilian banker and billionaire. At the time of his death he was known as being one of the world's oldest billionaires. He was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Faria also owned one of the largest Guarana plantations in the world, the Transamerica Corporation, including a hotel and media groups. Faria died on 15 September 2020 in Campinas, Brazil at the age of 99. William L. Ogg William Lynn Ogg (May 17, 1937 – September 10, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1995 to 2002. His district was located in Scioto County, Ohio. He was born in Portsmouth, Ohio. Ogg was a member of the Democratic Party. Ogg died on September 10, 2020 in Portsmouth at the age of 83. Identity document An identity document is any document that may be used to prove a person's identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, it is usually called an identity card (IC, ID card, citizen card) or passport card. Some countries issue formal identity documents as national identification cards. Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or national identity card from their home country available at all times if they do not have a residence permit in the country. The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by ISO/IEC 7810. Some modern identity documents are smart cards including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit that were standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC 7816. New technologies allow identity cards to contain biometric information, such as a photograph; face, hand, or iris measurements; or fingerprints. Many countries now issue electronic identity cards. Identity cards allow officials to look up security data on a person in the host country's information system. Photos of the person's head are scanned into the system to prevent identity theft. A scanned photograph of the face gives a unique series of numbers which identifies that particular individual. The earliest identity document was written into law by King Henry V of England with the Safe Conducts Act 1414. For the next 500 years and before World War I, most people did not have or need an identity document. Richard Madden Richard Madden (born 18 June 1986) is a Scottish actor. He is known for his roles as Robb Stark in the first three seasons of HBO's fantasy drama "Game of Thrones". He also starred as Cosimo de' Medici in the first season of the historical fiction series "Medici" (2016), Prince Kit in Disney's live-action "Cinderella" (2015), John Reid in the biopic "Rocketman" (2019), and a lieutenant in the epic war movie "1917" (2019). Renfrewshire Renfrewshire () () is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It is located in the west central Lowlands. It is one of three council areas contained within the boundaries of the historic county of Renfrewshire, the others being East Renfrewshire to the east and Inverclyde to the west. It also shares borders with Glasgow, North Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire, and lies on the southern bank of the River Clyde. Paul Méfano Paul Méfano (March 6, 1937 – September 15, 2020) was a French composer and conductor. He was born in Basra, Iraq. In 1972 he was appointed director of the Conservatory of Champigny-sur-Marne until 1988. He also was professor of composition and orchestration at the Paris Conservatory until 2002. From 1996 until 2005 he directed the Conservatory of Versailles. Méfano died on September 15, 2020 at the age of 83. Alien Huang Alien Huang (; 28 November 1983 – 16 September 2020), also known as Xiao Gui () was a Taiwanese singer, actor, television presenter, illustrator and fashion designer. He was born in Taipei. He was known for presenting the television variety show "100% Entertainment". He also starred as Christopher in "Already Famous" (2011) and as A-hsien in "" (2012). Huang was found dead with a head injury on 16 September 2020 in Taipei at the age of 36. The cause of death was a head injury caused by falling in the shower. Nikolay Shmatko Nikolay Havrylovych Shmatko () (17 August 1943 – 15 September 2020) was a Ukrainian sculptor and painter. He was born in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. In 2004, for his work "Sviatohorska Blessed Virgin" - a statue of the Virgin Mary (Theotokos "Hegumenia") for Sviato-Uspenskyi Sviatohorskyi Monastery - Shmatko was awarded the order of Nestor Letopisets by Volodymyr Sabodan, the Kiev Metropolitan, and all of Ukraine. Barkatullah Khan Barkatullah Khan (25 October 1920  – 11 October 1973) was a politician from Indian state of Rajasthan. He was a leader of Indian National Congress party. He was elected to state assembly from Tijara. He was Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 9 July 1971 to 11 October 1973. He was the first Muslim to be the Chief Minister. He died in office from a heart attack. Bongo BD Bongo BD is a Bangladeshi record label company. It is known for the digital version and published latest content to the viewers. The founder and CEO of Bongo BD is Ahad Mohammad. The company also launched cricket website and android app for the cricket fans. La Tour-de-Peilz La Tour-de-Peilz is a municipality of the district Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Veytaux Veytaux is a municipality of the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The Chateau of Chillon provides a marvelous view of the entire Lake of Geneva in Avenue de Chillon. Cerniaz Cerniaz was a municipality of the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Granges-près-Marnand Granges-près-Marnand was a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined together to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Transport. The municipality has a rail connection to the Léman Express network via the Palézieux–Payerne line. On 29 July 2013, two passenger trains on the line suffered a head-on collision at Granges-près-Marnand, causing at least 35 injuries and one fatality. Sassel Sassel was a municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined together to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Seigneux Seigneux was a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined together to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Combremont-le-Petit Combremont-le-Petit was a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined together to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Villars-Bramard Villars-Bramard was a municipality of the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Cerniaz, Combremont-le-Grand, Combremont-le-Petit, Granges-près-Marnand, Marnand, Sassel, Seigneux and Villars-Bramard joined together to become the new municipality of Valbroye. Jorat-Mézières Jorat-Mézières is a new municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2016 the former municipalities of Carrouge, Ferlens and Mézières merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Mézières. Brenles Brenles was a municipality of the district Broye-Vully, in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens joined together to become the municipality of Lucens. Aromanian language Aromanian (, "armãneashti", or "armãneshce"), also known as Macedo-Romanian or Vlach, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Meglenoromanian, or a dialect of the Romanian language spoken in Southeastern Europe. Its speakers are called Aromanians or Vlachs. Executive functions Higher animals, including humans use their brain to control their behavior. The cognitive processes they use are known as executive functions (also called cognitive control): They are used to choose what to do and what to control, and whether the chosen goals have been achieved. Some executive functions are basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the use of several basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (for example reasoning and problem-solving). Executive functions develop over time. They change during lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time. Similarly, these cognitive processes can be adversely affected by different events. Tests have been developed to assess the level of these functions. Rating scales can be used. These tests are usually performed as a part of a larger series of tests, which ain to find neurological and psychiatric disorders. An example of such a test is the Stroop test. An example of a scale is call Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive functions. A counterexample of this is operant and classical conditioning: With these processes, individuals are "taught" to react in a certain way to a given stimulus. In such a situation, the individual must override the response to a stimulus using executive functions. This is called inhibitory control. The prefrontal cortex is necessary but not solely sufficient for executive functions; other parts of the brain also have a role in mediating inhibitory control. Certain conditions affect cognitive control. These include addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and other central nervous system disorders. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a particular rewarding stimulus tend to dominate one's behavior in an addiction. Hypothesized role. The executive system is thought to be heavily involved in handling new situations outside the domain of some of our 'automatic' psychological processes that could be explained by the reproduction of learned schemas or set behaviors. Psychologists Don Norman and Tim Shallice have outlined five types of situations in which routine activation of behavior would not be sufficient for optimal performance: A "prepotent response" is a response for which immediate reinforcement (positive or negative) is available or has been previously associated with that response.  Executive functions are often invoked when it is necessary to override prepotent responses that might otherwise be automatically triggered by stimuli in the environment. For example, on being presented with a potentially rewarding stimulus, such as a tasty piece of chocolate cake, a person might have the automatic response to take a bite. However, where such behavior conflicts with internal plans (such as having decided not to eat chocolate cake while on a diet), the executive functions might be engaged to inhibit that response. Although suppression of these prepotent responses is usually considered adaptive, problems for the development of the individual and the culture arise when feelings of right and wrong are overridden by cultural expectations or when creative impulses are overridden by executive inhibitions.  Chadlia Caid Essebsi Chadlia Saïda Farhat Essebsi (August 1, 1936 – September 15, 2019) was the former First Lady of Tunisia from 2014 through 2019. She was the wife of President Beji Caid Essebsi. She was Tunisia's fifth first lady, as well as the second following the Tunisian Revolution. She died in Tunis of a heart attack on 15 September 2019, aged 83, less than two months after her husband. Michael Shenstone Michael Shenstone (June 25, 1928 – September 9, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Toronto. Shenstone was the Canadian ambassador to Saudi Arabia between 1974 and 1978 and to Austria from 1985 through 1990. He played a key role in releasing American hostages from Iran between 1979 through 1981. Shenstone died in Mississauga, Ontario on September 9, 2019 at the age of 91. Jim Greengrass James Raymond Greengrass (October 24, 1927 – September 9, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He appeared in 504 games over five seasons (1952–1956) in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs and Philadelphia Phillies. Addison, New York Addison is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 2,595 at the 2010 census. Chatsworth, Georgia Chatsworth is a city in Murray County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,531 at the 2000 census and 4,299 in 2010. The city is the county seat of Murray County. Dalton, Georgia Dalton is a city in Whitfield County, Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Whitfield County and the principal city of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 33,128. Rudi Gutendorf Rudolf Gutendorf (30 August 1926 – 13 September 2019) was a German football manager and player. He was known for managing the highest number of national teams – a total of 19 teams plus Iran's Olympic team in 1988 and the China Olympic team in 1992. He played for TuS Koblenz from 1944 through 1953. He was born in Koblenz, Germany. Gutendorf died on 13 September 2019 at the age of 93. Alex Grammas Alexander Peter Grammas (April 3, 1926 – September 13, 2019) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and coach. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Grammas played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Redlegs and Chicago Cubs. He threw and batted right-handed, and was listed as tall and . Grammas coached the Cubs, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Reds, the Atlanta Braves and the Detroit Tigers. Grammas died at his home in Vestavia Hills, Alabama on September 13, 2019 at the age of 93. Bussy-sur-Moudon Bussy-sur-Moudon is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Champtauroz Champtauroz is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Lovatens Lovatens is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Ropraz Ropraz is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Hermenches Hermenches is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Chavannes-sur-Moudon Chavannes-sur-Moudon is a municipality in the of Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Chevroux, Switzerland Chevroux is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Corcelles-le-Jorat Corcelles-le-Jorat is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Curtilles Curtilles is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Treytorrens Treytorrens (Payerne) is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Don't Call Me Angel "Don't Call Me Angel (Charlie's Angels)" is a song recorded by American singers Ariana Grande, Miley Cyrus, and Lana Del Rey. It was released on September 13, 2019, as the theme song to the upcoming remake of the film "Charlie's Angels". It is an pop and R&B song. All three artists wrote the song with Savan Kotecha, Alma-Sofia Miettinen, and its producers, Max Martin and Ilya. Lol Mahamat Choua Lol Mahamat Choua (June 15, 1939 – September 15, 2019) was a Chadian politician. He was his country's head of state for four months in 1979. He was the President of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) political party. List of heads of state of Chad This is a list of heads of state of Chad since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day. Roberto Leal (singer) António Joaquim Fernandes (November 27, 1951 – September 15, 2019), known as Roberto Leal, was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer-songwriter. He sold more than 17 million albums, and received 30 golden records and 5 platinum records. He was born in Macedo de Cavaleiros, Portugal. In an opinion poll by Datafolha in Rio de Janeiro, asking what was the first famous Portuguese person people could think of, Leal came in first, with 15%, ahead of Pedro Álvares Cabral (9%) and Luís de Camões (4%). Some of Leal best known songs are: "Bate o Pé", "Clareou", "O Vinho de Meu Amor", and "Marrabenta". In 2007 and 2010, he released albums both in Portuguese and Mirandese languages. In January 2019, Leal revealed that he had skin cancer. He died at the age of 67 on September 15, 2019 at a São Paulo hospital. The cause of death was kidney failure caused by skin cancer-related medicine. Phyllis Newman Phyllis Newman (March 19, 1933 – September 15, 2019) was an American actress, activist and singer. She won the 1962 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Martha Vail in the Broadway-theatre production of "Subways Are for Sleeping". She was nominated twice for the Drama Desk Award. Newman was a breast cancer survivor. She died on September 15, 2019 in New York City at the age of 86. The cause of death was lung disease-related problems. B. J. Khatal-Patil Bhikajirao Jijaba Khatal-Patil () (March 26, 1919 – September 16, 2019), popularly known as "Dada" or "Khatal Saheb", was an Indian politician, writer and activist. He was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC). Khatal-Patil was born in Sangamner, Ahmednagar District. He was a member of the Maharashtra legislative assembly between 1962 through 1978 and again through 1980 through 1985. Khatal-Patil died on September 16, 2019 at his home in Sangamner of pneumonia at the age of 100. Mike Stefanik Michael Stefanik (May 20, 1958 – September 15, 2019) was an American professional stock car racing driver. He competed mainly in the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour. He was a seven-time champion in the Modified series, Stefanik was named the second greatest NASCAR Modified driver of all-time in 2003. His nine total championships (two in the Busch North Series) tie him with Richie Evans for most in NASCAR history. He was born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. Stefanik was killed in an airplane crash near Sterling, Connecticut September 15, 2019 at the age of 61. Wilbraham, Massachusetts Wilbraham is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb of the City of Springfield, and part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 14,868 at the 2010 census. Sterling, Connecticut Sterling is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,099 at the 2000 census. Ric Ocasek Richard Theodore Otcasek (March 23, 1944 – September 15, 2019), known as Ric Ocasek (), was an American singer-songwriter, musician, record producer and painter] He was best known as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and primary lyricist for the rock band the Cars. His best known songs were "Just What I Needed", "My Best Friend's Girl", "You Might Think" and "Drive", the first and latter on which bandmate Ben Orr sang lead vocals. Ocasek was born in Baltimore, Maryland and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2018, Ocasek was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars. Unlike most bands that made it big, The Cars did not do recreational or illicit drug use. The Cars were known to drink and stay up late and record most of their music throughout the night hours. Ocasek was found dead in his New York City apartment on September 15, 2019 from hypertension and heart disease at the age of 75. Pitch bend A pitch bend is a music effect on where one note will slide to another note. Pitch bends is a technical term that is used in MIDI technology and there are some genres of music such as rock and video game where pitch bends are often heard. The first synthesizer with a pitch wheel was the Minimoog, in 1970. Kodela Siva Prasada Rao Kodela Siva Prasada Rao (2 May 1947 – 16 September 2019) was an Indian politician. He was born in Kandlagunta, Andhra Pradesh. Rao was a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (APLA) from 1983 through his death. He was the Speaker of the APLA from 2014 until his death. On 16 September 2019, Rao died at a hospital in Hyderabad after hanging himself at the age of 72. Paul Cronin Paul Cronin (8 July 1938 – 13 September 2019) was an Australian actor. He was known for his roles in the Australian television series "Matlock Police" and "The Sullivans". He won the Silver Logie five times. Cronin was born in Jamestown, South Australia. Cronin died on 13 September 2019 in Melbourne at the age of 81. John Ralston (American football) John R. Ralston (April 26, 1927 — September 14, 2019) was an American football player, coach, and sports executive. He was born in Oakland, California and raised in Norway, Michigan. Ralston was the head football coach at Utah State University (1959–1962), Stanford University (1963–1971), and San Jose State University (1993–1996). He also coached the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL) from 1972 to 1976 and the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983. Ralston was added into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1992. Ralston died on September 14, 2019 in Sunnyvale, California at the age of 92. Norway, Michigan Norway is a city in Dickinson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,845 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Iron Mountain, MI–WI Micropolitan Statistical Area. Neil Hartigan Neil F. Hartigan (born May 4, 1938) is an American Democrat. He was Illinois Attorney General, the 40th Lieutenant Governor, and a justice of the Illinois Appellate Court. Hartigan also was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1990 but lost the race to Republican Jim Edgar. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande Tijjani Muhammad-Bande (OFR) (born December 7, 1957) is a Nigerian political scientist, administrator and career diplomat. He was the President of the United Nations General Assembly from 2019 to 2020. He was the permanent representative of Nigeria to the United Nations and was the Vice-President of the General Assembly during its 71st session in September 2016. On June 4, 2019 he was elected the President of the 74th session of the Assembly to replace María Fernanda Espinosa in September 2019. Philippe Pétain Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) was a French General who served as leader of Vichy France between 1940 and 1944. During World War I Pétain was the hero of the Battle of Verdun and led the French Army until the end of the war in 1918. In 1940 during the Battle of France the French government asked him to govern the country. He surrendered to the Germans. From 1940 to late 1942, Vichy France was a client state of Nazi Germany. In November 1942 Pétain became a puppet of Nazi Germany as they fully occupied and disarmed Vichy France. After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for treason. He was originally sentenced to death, but due to his age and World War I service his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died in 1951. Marginal sea A marginal sea is a part of an ocean that is between the coastal zone and open ocean. Such a sea is partly enclosed by land and not as deep as the open ocean. There are many named marginal seas. However, there is some disagreement on what makes a sea a marginal sea or not. Lynx (web browser) Lynx is a customizable text-based web browser for use on cursor-addressable character cell terminals. , it is the oldest web browser still in general use and active development, having started in 1992. History. Lynx was a product of the Distributed Computing Group within Academic Computing Services of the University of Kansas. It was first created in 1992 by a team of students and staff at the university (Lou Montulli, Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac) as a hypertext browser. It was used only to distribute campus information as part of a "Campus-Wide Information Server". It was also used for browsing the Gopher space. Fourth Anglo-Dutch War The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the Dutch Republic. The English carried out a mass slaughter of Dutch. Penny Whetton Penelope Whetton (5 January 1958 – 11 September 2019) was an Australian climatologist. She was an expert in regional climate change effects due to global warming and in the impacts of those changes. Her primary scientific focus was Australia. In 1989, she joined the Atmospheric Research division of CSIRO (later becoming CMAR CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research). She was one of the of the of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Whetton was born in Melbourne. She was married to Senator Janet Rice. In 2003, she had sexual reassignment surgery. Whetton died on 11 September 2019 in Sisters Beach, Tasmania at the age of 61. Luigi Colani Luigi Colani (born Lutz Colani; 2 August 1928 – 16 September 2019) was a German industrial designer. He was born in Berlin. His long career began in the 1950s when he designed cars for companies including Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Volkswagen, and BMW. Colani died in Karlsruhe on 16 September 2019 at the age of 91. Steve Dalachinsky Steven Donald Dalachinsky (September 29, 1946 – Septemeber 16, 2019) was an American poet. He was from New York City. He was a 2014 recipient of a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, received the Franz Kafka Prize, Acker Award, PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award and was nominated for a 2015 Pushcart Prize. Dalachinsky died of a stroke on September 16, 2019 at a hospital in Long Island, New York at the age of 72. H. S. Dillon Harbrinderjit Singh Dillon (23 April 1945 – 16 September 2019) was an Indonesian Sikh and political/human rights activist. He was Assistant to the Minister of Agriculture and Commissioner of the National Commission on Human Rights. He was an outspoken critic of corruption in Indonesia. Dillon died on 16 September 2019 at a hospital in Jakarta at the age of 74. Sakahoko Nobushige Sakahoko Nobushige (born as Yoshiaki Fukuzono; 18 June 1961 – 16 September 2019) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. His highest rank was "sekiwake." He later became the head coach of Izutsu stable. He was the elder brother of Terao Tsunefumi. Nobushige was born in Kagoshima, Japan. Sakahoko made his professional debut in January 1978. Sakahoko died of pancreatic cancer on 16 September 2019 at the age of 58. Khem Singh Gill Khem Singh Gill (1 September 1930 – 17 September 2019) was an Indian academic, geneticist and plant breeder. He was a former Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University from 1990 through 1993. Amrit Sanskar Amrit Sanchar ("nectar ceremony"; also called Amrit sanskar, Amrit Parchar, or Khande di Pahul), is the name given in the Sikh tradition to the Baptism ceremony which is also known as the initiation ceremony into the Khalsa "brotherhood". The word Pahul or Puhul is a derivative from a substantive, "pahu" — meaning an agent which brightens, accelerates or sharpens the potentialities of a given object. In Sikhism, the baptised Sikh is also called an Amritdhari, literally meaning "Amrit Taker" or one who has ‘Taken on Amrit’. History. This practice has been in existence since the times of Guru Nanak Dev (1469 - 1539). During that time-period, this ceremony was known as Charan Amrit or Charan Phul or the Pag Pahul, the words "Charan" and "Pag" both signifying the foot of the teacher. During that time-period, the neophytes poured water over Guru's toe to be initiated into the fold. When the Guru was not present, the "masands" or the local "sangat" leaders officiated. The water was poured on Guru's toe and then the devotees would drink it and seek blessings of the Guru. The Guru would guide the Sikhs about the Sikh teachings and instruct them to adopt them as a way of life. Khande di Pahul (Amrit ceremony) was initiated in the times of Guru Gobind Singh when Khalsa was inaugurated at Sri Anandpur Sahib on the day of Baisakhi in 1699. Guru Gobind Singh asked a gathering of Sikhs, "who is prepared to die for God?" At first, the people hesitated, and then one man stepped forward, and he was taken to a tent. After some time, Guru Gobind Singh came out of the tent, with blood dripping from his sword. He asked the same question again. After the next four volunteers were in the tent, he reappeared with the five, who were now all dressed like him. These five men came to be known as Panj Pyares or the Beloved Five. These five were initiated into the Khalsa by receiving Amrit. These five were Bhai Daya Singh, Bhai Mukham Singh, Bhai Sahib Singh, Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Himmat Singh. Sikh men were then given the name "Singh" meaning "lion" and the women received the last name "Kaur" meaning "princess" "Khande Di Pahul" not only embodies the primary objects of Sikh faith and the promises connected therewith, but also is itself a promise to lead a pure and pious life to unite with Almighty Lord. It is about inward cleansing of the conscience and seeking unity with The Supreme Lord through His Grace. The word "Pahul" is a derivative from the substantive, "Pahu"- which is an agent which brightens, accelerates or sharpens the potentialities of a given object. Amrit Chhakhna. Amrit Chhakhna refers to the drinking of the Amrit or the Nectar. The Amrit is administered in the presence of the holy text of the Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib which is consideded the 11th Guru. The candidates take a full bath, wear the five 5 Kakas and present themselves before the Guru Granth Sahib for initiation of Amrit. The five Sikhs, who represent the five beloved, who have led a virtuous life and have strictly observed the Sikh discipline are chosen to prepare and administer the Amrit. The candidates for baptism are apprised of the Amrit conditions for acceptance before the ceremony is started. They are apprised about the pure and virtuous life they must lead. When the candidates agree to live by the discipline and code of Sikh conduct, the "Panj Pyares" start preparing the Amrit. A "Sarb Loh" (Iron or steel) cauldron (Bata or bowl) is filled with clean water. Some "Patashas" (sugar crystals/plums) are poured into the water. The Five Beloveds then sit in "Vir Asan" ( seated on the ground with left knee down and the right knee up) around the cauldron. The mixture of Amrit is stirred with a "Khanda" while the Panj Pyares recite path of five Banis ("Japji Sahib", "Jaap Sahib", "Sawayae", "Chaupai Sahib" and "Anand Sahib") from Sri Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth with attention and full concentration on the Amrit preparation in the cauldron. The solution thus prepared is called Amrit (nectar of immortality). In this religion, it is believed that it should not be taken into mind that Amrit Chhakhna is the end purpose. It is the start of one's journey on a right path to attain a pure and pious life which is essential to attain God (according to the Guru Granth Sahib). It is not something external. The person to become "Amritdhari" must wear the five holy symbols. Brian McClendon Brian McClendon (born 1964) is an American software designer, developer, and engineer. He was a co-founder and angel investor in Keyhole, Inc.. Keyhole is a geospatial data visualization company that was purchased by Google in 2004. Google bought it so they could create Google Earth. He was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2015. Early life. McClendon grew up in Lawrence, Kansas. His childhood home, Meadowbrook Apartments in Lawrence, is the default center point of Google Earth. He graduated from Lawrence High School in 1982. He graduated from the University of Kansas in 1986 with a degree in electrical engineering. Career. Technology. McClendon became a vice president at Google in 2004. This was when Google purchased Keyhole. Keyhole's main application suite, Earth Viewer, formed the basis of Google Earth. He left Google to join Uber in June 2015. He did this to work on mapping. In March 2017, he quit Uber (though was still an adviser) to return to his hometown. He said he was interested in Kansas politics. Politics. In January 2018, he said he would run for Kansas Secretary of State as a Democrat. He had no opponent in the primary election. He was selected as the Democratic candidate. He was defeated in the general election by the Republican candidate Scott Schwab. Alan Mulally Alan Roger Mulally (born August 4, 1945) is an American engineer, business executive, and former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Ford Motor Company. He retired from Ford Motor Company on July 1, 2014. Ford had been struggling during the late-2000s recession. Mulally made it profitable again. Because of him, Ford was the only American major car manufacturer to avoid a bailout fund given by the government. On July 15, 2014, he was chosen to be on the Google Board of Directors. Mulally was the executive vice president of Boeing and the CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA). He started his career with Boeing as an engineer in 1969. He was mostly credited with BCA's against Airbus in the mid-2000s. In 2015, Mulally was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. Early life. Mulally was born in Oakland, California. He was the son of Lauraine Lizette (Clark) and Charles R. Mulally, who met at a USO dance. Mulally grew up in his mother's hometown of Lawrence, Kansas. This was where he was a member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He considered Rev. Dale Turner "a mentor and an inspiration". He used to sit at the front of the church to study the minister's influence on the congregation. Mulally said that he was motivated at the age of 17 by president John F. Kennedy's challenge to send a man to the moon. Education. Mulally graduated from the University of Kansas. It was also his mother's alma mater. He graduated with Bachelor of Science (1968) and Master of Science (1969) degrees in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He was also a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. Lawrence High School (Kansas) Lawrence High School (LHS) is a public secondary school in Lawrence, Kansas, USA. It is operated by Unified School District 497. It serves students of grades 9 to 12. The school is one of the two public high schools located in the city. Lawrence High had 1,260 students in the 2007–2008 school year. The school colors are red and black. The mascot is the "Chesty Lion". Lawrence High School was created in 1857. It was created to help educate Lawrence because there were a lot of people living there. The first classes were held in the basement of a Unitarian Church. Three years later, the school was moved to the current place of Liberty Memorial Central Middle School, on Massachusetts Street. In 1930, the Lion became the school symbol. In 1946, it made its official debut as the school mascot. Lawrence High moved to its current place on Louisiana Street in 1954. Extracurricular activities. Athletics. Currently Lawrence High has more than 100 state championships in various sports, one of the highest totals in the United States. The first state championship was won in 1914 in boys basketball. Due to the success of Lawrence High and the University of Kansas, Lawrence was featured as a candidate for Titletown, United States by ESPN. Football. The Lawrence High School Chesty Lions have 31 undefeated seasons in football. This is the most in the United States. The Chesty Lions won a High School Football National Championship in 1960. From 1930–2008, games were played at Haskell Memorial Stadium. Once the new football stadium was finished being built at Lawrence High School, the football team started playing games at the new stadium in 2009. State Championships. Lawrence High has won the following state championships: Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital The Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a well-known hospital in the Poissy and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, close to Paris. It was created in 1997. It is partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Manuel Delgado Parker Manuel Delgado Parker (November 18, 1936 – 16 September 2019) was a Peruvian businessman. He was born in Lima. He founded the media company Grupo RPP. In 1990 Manuel founded the Society of Latin America Broadcasting, made up of the main radio networks of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela Bolivia and Argentina. He was responsible for leading Panamericana Televisión during the 1990s. Delgado Parker died on 16 September 2019 in Lima at the age of 82. Cokie Roberts Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne Roberts (née Boggs; December 27, 1943 – September 17, 2019), known as Cokie Roberts, was an American journalist, political commentator and bestselling author. Her career as a political reporter and analyst included working for National Public Radio and ABC News. She also appeared on "Morning Edition", "The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour", "World News Tonight", and "This Week". In 2002, Roberts was diagnosed with breast cancer. She died from problems of the disease in Washington, D.C. on September 17, 2019 at the age of 75. Hale Boggs Thomas Hale Boggs Sr. (February 15, 1914 – disappeared October 16, 1972) was an American Democratic politician and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the House majority leader and a member of the Warren Commission. In October 1972, Boggs was travelling with congressman Nick Begich, of Alaska, and two others when the plane disappeared while flying from Anchorage to Juneau, Alaska. He was declared dead in declared dead in "absentia" in December 1972. Declared death in absentia A person may be legally declared dead , i.e. a legal presumption of death may be declared, despite without proof of the person's death, such as the finding of remains (e.g., a corpse or skeleton) of that person. Such a declaration is usually made when a person has been missing for a long amount of time. If there is lack of evidence that the person is still alive after a period of time, then they could be legally declared dead. Amelia Earhart was declared dead "in absentia". Board of education A board of education, school committee or school board is the board of directors or board of trustees of a school, local school district or anything like those. In the United States. For over a century, local boards were responsible for public education funding, standards, instruction, and results. To a extent is still true. At their height in the 1930s, there were as many as 127,500 boards. Some rural states had more school board members than teachers. Such boards looked over school systems serving agrarian and industrial economies. School district A school district is a special-purpose district that runs local public primary and secondary schools in various nations. United States. In the U.S, public schools belong to school districts. They are governed by school boards. School districts in the Midwest and West often cross city borders. School districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to stay inside of city, township, and/or county boundaries. John W. McCormack John William McCormack (December 21, 1891 – November 22, 1980) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Democrat. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1928 through 1971. He was the 45th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1962 until his 1971 retirement. McCormack died of pneumonia in a Dedham, Massachusetts nursing home on November 22, 1980 at the age of 88. Special-purpose district Special districts (also known as special service districts, special district governments, limited purpose entities, or special-purpose districts in the United States) are independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county, municipal, and township governments. They have a lot of independence in their administration and funding. They are created to do a single task or a many similar tasks. The U.S. Census Bureau says that school districts aren't "special district governments". In 2007, the U.S. had more than 37,000 special district governments. Joseph W. Martin Jr. Joseph William Martin Jr. (November 3, 1884 – March 6, 1968) was an American politician. He was the 44th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1947 to 1949 and 1953 to 1955. He represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives from 1925 through 1967. He was the only Republican become Speaker in a sixty-four year period from 1931 to 1995. North Attleborough, Massachusetts North Attleborough, alternatively spelled North Attleboro, is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 28,712 at the 2010 United States Census. Kingston, Tennessee Kingston is a city in and the county seat of Roane County, Tennessee, United States. This city is thirty-six miles southwest of Knoxville. It had a population of 5,934 at the 2010 United States census. Stanley Stair Stanley Stair (October 1900 – April 2008) was the last British West Indies Regiment veteran. He enlisted into the Infantry in 1918. At the end of the war he was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. He died in Animal Hill, Lucea, Jamaica, in April 2008 at the age of 107. James Robertson (judge) James Robertson (May 18, 1938 – September 7, 2019) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from 1994 until his retirement in June 2010. Robertson also was on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2002 until December 2005, when he resigned from that court in protest against warrantless wiretapping. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Robertson died on September 7, 2019 at the age of 81, in Washington, D.C. from heart failure. Henri de Contenson Henri de Contenson (4 March 1926 – 8 September 2019) was a French archaeologist. He was the Research Director at the CNRS, The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research), a research organization funded by France's Ministry of Research. He was born in Paris. He was Assistant Director of archaeological digs in the Middle East from 1951 to 1976. de Contenson died in Paris on 8 September 2019 at the age of 93. Sander Vanocur Sander "Sandy" Vanocur (; born Alexander Vinocur, January 8, 1928 – September 16, 2019) was an American television journalist and actor. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He focused on national electoral politics. After leaving NBC in 1971, Vanocur worked for PBS and as a television writer for "The Washington Post". He joined ABC News in 1977 and worked there until 1991. Vanocur hosted two of the History Channel's primetime series: "Movies in Time" and "History's Business". His work at NBC earned him a place on the Nixon administration's "enemies list". He played himself in the 1994 television movie "Without Warning". Vanocur died in Santa Barbara, California on September 16, 2019 from dementia-related problems at the age of 91. Cynthia Cockburn Cynthia Cockburn (1934 – 12 September 2019) was a British academic, feminist journalist, and peace activist. She was active in the international women's peace movement. Cockburn was a visiting professor in the Department of Sociology at City University London and honorary professor in the Centre for the Study of Women and Gender at the University of Warwick. Cockburn was widely published in academic journals, including in "Feminist Review," "Gender & Development,"" Journal of Classical Sociology", "Peace in Process." Cockburn died on 13 September 2019 of thyroid cancer at her London home at the age of 85. Dennis Edwards (footballer) Dennis Edwards (19 January 1937 – 13 September 2019) was an English professional footballer. He played as an inside forward in the Football League. He played for Charlton Athletic, for whom he made over 170 appearances. He also played league football for Portsmouth, Brentford and Aldershot. He was a goalscorer in non-league football for Slough Town and Wycombe Wanderers. He capped by England at amateur level. Edwards died on 13 September 2019 in Denmead, Portsmouth at the age of 82. Denmead Denmead is a village in Hampshire near Portsmouth, England. It is part of the City of Winchester district. At the 2011 Census the population had increased to 6,736. Hallmark Cards Hallmark Cards, Inc. is a private, family-owned American company in Kansas City, Missouri. It was created in 1910 by Joyce Hall. Hallmark is the oldest and biggest manufacturer of greeting cards in the United States. In 1985, the company was awarded the National Medal of Arts. Employees. Worldwide, Hallmark has over 27,000 employees; 20,000 of them work in the United States. About 5,600 of them are full-time employees. About 2,700 Hallmark employees work at the Kansas City headquarters. Ye Xuanping Ye Xuanping (; 20 December 1924 – 17 September 2019) was a Chinese politician. He was Mayor of Guangzhou from 1985 to 1991 and Governor of Guangdong from 1985 to 1991. Ye was born in Meixian, Guangdong. Ye was a strong supporter of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening policy. Ye died on 17 September 2019 in Guangdong at the age of 94. Roane County, Tennessee Roane County is a county of the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 54,181. Its county seat is Kingston. Roane County is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Oz (programming language) Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. INX Media case INX Media case is the alleged money laundering case. Former finance minister of India, his son and owners of INX media are main accused in this alleged scam. When P Chidambaram was the finance minister of India then INX Media received fund of ₹305 crore (3050 million) while they were just allowed to receive only ₹4.62 crore (46 million). Monetary authority In finance and economics, a monetary authority is the organization which controls the money supply of a currency. Their goal is to control inflation, interest rates, real GDP or the unemployment rate. With its monetary tools, a monetary authority is able to effectively influence the development of short-term interest rates for that currency. However, they can also influence other things which control the cost and availability of money. A monetary authority is usually a central bank or currency board. Central banks usually have a some independence from the government and its political decisions. However, depending on the political set-up, governments can sometimes have almost total control over monetary policy if they are allowed to influence or control their central bank. Money supply The money supply (or money stock) is the total value of money available in an economy at a point of time. There are many ways to define "money". Normal measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits. Each country’s central bank may use its own definitions of what they consider to be money for its purposes. Money supply data is recorded and published. It is done usually by the government or the central bank of the country. Public and private sector analysts look at changes in the money supply. This is because they believe that changes affect the price level of securities, inflation, the exchange rates and the business cycle. Empirical measures in the United States Federal Reserve System. Money is used as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and as a ready store of value. The different types of money are typically classified as "M"s. The "M"s usually range from M0 (narrowest) to M3 (broadest) but which "M"s are actually focused on in policy formulation depends on the country's central bank. The typical layout for each of the "M"s is as follows: The ratio of a pair of these measures, most often M2 / M0, is called an (actual, empirical) money multiplier. Monetary policy Monetary policy is the policy used by the monetary authority of a country that controls either the interest rate that can be paid on very short-term borrowing or the money supply. They often target inflation or the interest rate to help make price stability and general trust in the currency. Other goals of a monetary policy are usually to help make the gross domestic product more stable, to get and keep low unemployment, and to have predictable exchange rates with other currencies. Frank Bowling Sir Richard Sheridan Franklin Bowling (born 26 February 1934), known as Frank Bowling, is a Guyana-born British artist. His paintings relate to Abstract expressionism, Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction. Bowling now spends part of each year between London and New York, where he has studios. Bowling's paintings have been shown in numerous exhibitions in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States and are included in major private and corporate collections worldwide. His work can also be seen in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as the Tate Gallery in London. Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville was a Frenchman who invented the earliest known sound recording device known as the Phonautograph. He was born in Paris in 1817 he’s profession was printing and book selling. He died in 1879. Discovery of the Sounds. In 2008, a group of researchers discovered the phonautogram that was recorded on 9 April 1860. It is a French folk song called Au Clair de la lune. Scientists believe that the person singing the song was Scott de Martinville the inventor him self. The audio discovery became the oldest recorded sound of a person. Ady Barkan Ady Barkan (born December 18, 1983) is an American lawyer and progressive activist. He is the co-founder of the Be a Hero PAC and is an organizer for the Center for Popular Democracy. Ady became known when he told then-U.S. Senator Jeff Flake on a plane back in 2017 asking him to "be a hero" and vote no on the tax bill. Barkan was diagnosed with terminal ALS in 2016. Graeme Gibson Graeme C. Gibson (9 August 1934 – 18 September 2019) was a Canadian novelist. He was a Member of the Order of Canada (1992). He was one of the organizers of the Writer's Union of Canada (chair, 1974–75). He was also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada. Gibson was in a partnership with fellow Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood from 1973 until his death. In April 2017, Gibson was diagnosed with dementia. He died on 18 September 2019 in a hospital in London, England at the age of 85. Tony Mills Anthony Paul "Tony" Mills (7 July 1962 – 18 September 2019) was an English rock singer and musician. He was best known for his work with Shy and TNT. Mills was born in Solihull, Warwickshire, England. In April 2019, Mills announced that he was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. He died on 18 September 2019 at the age of 57. Shyam Ramsay Shyam Ramsay (17 May 1952 – 18 September 2019) was an Indian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was one of the seven Ramsay Brothers. He was active during the 1970s and the 1980s. He was known for directing horror movies such as "Darwaza", "Purana Mandir" and "Veerana". Ramsay wrote the screenplay for "Zee Horror Show" Ramsay was born in Bombay. He died on 18 September 2019 from pneumonia at the age of 67. Blue Beetle Blue Beetle is the name of three fictional superheroes who appear in DC Comics. They bought the rights to the character in 1983, using the name for three distinct characters over the years. The third Blue Beetle, created by DC Comics, is Jaime Reyes, a teenager who discovered that the original Blue Beetle scarab morphed into a battle suit allowing him to fight crime and travel in space. A movie about Blue Beetle will be released in 2023 by Warner Bros. with Xolo Maridueña playing the main character. Jaime Reyes Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It was created by Keith Giffen, John Rogers, and Cully Hamner. The character made his first appearance in "Infinite Crisis" #3 (February 2006). Jaime Reyes is the third character to become Blue Beetle. He was revealed to be alien in origin. Though only a teenager, Reyes quickly forms a working relationship with Kord's former teammate and best friend Booster Gold and is added into the Teen Titans. Xolo Maridueña will play Reyes in the DC Extended Universe movie "Blue Beetle" (2023). Teen Titans The Teen Titans are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The members are teenage superheroes, many of whom have acted as sidekicks to DC's premier superheroes in the Justice League. The original team later becomes known as the Titans when the members age out of their teenage years. The team was formed by Robin (Dick Grayson). Known members include: Robin, Beast Boy, Starfire, Raven and Cyborg. Raven (DC Comics) Raven is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in a special insert in "DC Comics Presents" #26 (October 1980). She was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez. She is a known member of the superhero team Teen Titans. The character also goes by the alias Rachel Roth as a false civilian name. Raven has appeared in numerous cartoon television shows and movies, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Tara Strong. Rachel Roth makes her live adaptation debut in the DC Universe series "Titans", played by Teagan Croft. Beast Boy Beast Boy (Garfield "Gar" Logan) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Bob Brown. He is a shapeshifter (changes his body form) to any animal he chooses. The character first appeared in "The Doom Patrol" #99 (November 1965). He is a known member of the Teen Titans. Beast Boy has appeared in many cartoon television shows and movies, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Greg Cipes and appeared on "Titans", played by Ryan Potter. Beast Boy also appears in Teen Titans Go! Starfire (Teen Titans) Starfire (Princess Koriand'r) is a fictional superheroine appearing in books published by DC Comics. She made her first appearance in "DC Comics Presents" #26 (October 1980). She was created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez. History. The name "Starfire" first appeared in a DC Comic in the story "The Answer Man of Space", in "Mystery in Space" #73, February 1962, written by Gardner F. Fox. In 2013, Starfire placed 21st on IGN's "Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics". Starfire has appeared in many cartoon television shows and movies, including as a member of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Hynden Walch. She also appears in the DC Universe series "Titans", played by Anna Diop. Solomon Grundy (comics) Solomon Grundy is a fictional supervillain in DC Comics and an antihero in the DC Animated Universe. He was seen as a murder victim brought back to life as a mega zombie. He is named after the 19th century nursery rhyme "Solomon Grundy". Grundy was first seen as an enemy of comic book hero Green Lantern, but has since become a known enemy for many superheroes such as Superman, Batman, the Green Lantern, and The Flash. Reverse-Flash Reverse-Flash is a name used by many fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. A known version of the character is Edward Clariss (also known as the Rival and Rival Flash) first appeared in "Flash Comics" #104 (February 1949), and was created by John Broome and Joe Kubert. Another well-known version is Eobard Thawne. The character's design is the complete opposite of The Flash with a yellow suit and red flash design. Brainiac (character) Brainiac is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Alongside, Lex Luthor, he is seen as a top enemy of Superman and the Justice League. Brainiac is seen as an extraterrestrial cyborg or android. He is responsible for shrinking and stealing Kandor, the capital city of Superman's home planet Krypton. His name is a portmanteau of the words "brain" and "maniac". In 2009, Brainiac was ranked as IGN's 17th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time. Killer Frost Killer Frost is a name used by several fictional female supervillains and superheroes appearing in comic books published by DC Comics: Crystal Frost, Louise Lincoln and Caitlin Snow. She is a known villain towards the superhero Firestorm. In television shows and video games, she is voiced by Jennifer Hale. Danielle Panabaker plays the character on the shared DC "Arrowverse" shows, where she is a main character on the television series "The Flash". Firestorm (character) Firestorm is the name of many fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Ronnie Raymond and Martin Stein were the first incarnation in "Firestorm, the Nuclear Man"  1 (March 1978) and were created by Gerry Conway and Al Milgrom. Firestorm is featured in the CW's "Arrowverse", played by Robbie Amell, Victor Garber, and Franz Drameh. Celtic punk Celtic punk is punk rock mixed with traditional Celtic music. Celtic punk bands often play covers of traditional Irish, Welsh or Scottish folk and political songs. They will often make original songs too. Common themes in Celtic punk music include politics, Celtic culture and identity, heritage, religion, drinking and working class pride. The genre became popular in the 1980s by The Pogues. The Pogues are a band of London Irish punk musicians in London. They celebrated their Irish heritage. The term "Celtic punk" is usually used to describe bands who base their music in Irish or Scottish traditional music. It is considered part of the more general folk punk genre. However, folk punk is usually used for bands that use English, American and other forms of folk music as inspiration. The usual Celtic punk band includes a rock instrument as well as traditional instruments such as bagpipes, fiddle, tin whistle, accordion, mandolin, and banjo. Like Celtic rock, Celtic punk is a form of Celtic fusion. Deadshot Deadshot (Floyd Lawton) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It was created by David Vern Reed, Lew Schwartz, and Bob Kane. The character made his first appearance in "Batman" #59 (June–July 1950). Deadshot is a villain of the superhero Batman. He is seen as a supervillain, though he is sometimes depicted as an antihero. IGN's ranked Deadshot as the 43rd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time in 2009. In the live-action 2016 movie "Suicide Squad", he was played by Will Smith. Captain Boomerang Captain Boomerang (George "Digger" Harkness) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is an enemy of both the Barry Allen and Wally West versions of The Flash. It was created by writer John Broome and artist Carmine Infantino. Captain Boomerang first appeared in "The Flash" #117 (December 1960). He has also been a known member of the Suicide Squad since its second iteration. Digger Harkness is portrayed in the Arrowverse live-action DC television shows by Nick E. Tarabay, and by Jai Courtney in the 2016 "Suicide Squad" movie and will return in the sequel set in the DC Extended Universe. King Shark King Shark (Nanaue) is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Karl Kesel and artist Tom Grummett. It made a brief cameo in "Superboy" #0 (October 1994) before making his first full appearance in "Superboy" #9 (November 1994). King Shark appears on the Arrowverse television series "The Flash" with Dan Payne. The character will make his cinematic debut in James Gunn's "The Suicide Squad" sequel in 2021 with his voice provided by comedian Steve Agee. Tall Girl Tall Girl is a 2019 American teen romantic comedy film. It was directed by Nzingha Stewart, from a screenplay by Sam Wolfson. It stars Ava Michelle, Griffin Gluck, Sabrina Carpenter, Paris Berelc, Luke Eisner, Clara Wilsey, Anjelika Washington, Rico Paris, Angela Kinsey, and Steve Zahn. It was released by Netflix on September 13, 2019. A sequel to the film was released on February 11, 2022. Plot. Jodi Kreyman is 16 and tall. She has been tall for her age since she was three, which has made her insecure her whole life. Students continually ask Jodi, "how's the weather up there?". In contrast, Jodi's older sister Harper is of average height and a multiple beauty pageant winner. Jack Dunkleman, a life-long friend, frequently asks her out, but she is reluctant, partly because he's much shorter than her. Stig Mohlin, a Swedish foreign exchange student, joins Jodi's class, and she is immediately interested, along with most girls in her school. However, Kimmy Stitcher, her bully, starts showing him around. Dunkleman is distressed to learn that Stig will be staying at his house as the host family. Jodi asks Harper for help getting Stig to notice her. Harper and their mother help her with a complete makeover. Kimmy and Schnipper prank call Jodi, pretending to be Stig and asking her to homecoming. To Fareeda's frustration, Jodi hides in the bathroom to avoid Kimmy. Stumbling across Stig playing the piano, he encourages her to play, and they sing the duet "I've Never Been in Love Before" from the musical "Guys and Dolls". Jodi finds her father has organized a Tip Toppers (tall people club) chapter meeting in their house, which she finds upsetting. Stig calls, and at first, thinking it is another prank call, she yells at him, but he invites her to watch a musical. She turns up to Dunkleman's house, and he becomes jealous when he realizes she is there to see Stig. He continually interrupts their evening, but as Stig escorts Jodi home, they kiss. Later, feeling guilty, Stig asks Dunkleman for advice, and he tells him to focus on being with Kimmy. Jodi gets angry at Dunkleman when she learns this. Meanwhile, another girl—Liz—asks Dunkleman on a date. Schnipper is now interested in Jodi, so he gets Kimmy to ask her to join them for an escape room; Jodi ditches a concert with Fareeda to go. In the escape room, they kiss in couples: Jodi and Schnipper, Kimmy and Stig, and Dunkleman and Liz, until Jodi gets frustrated and leaves. Jealous, Stig talks to Jodi and agrees to go on a date to Harper's pageant competition. Harper wins, but Stig does not turn up. At Dunkleman's party, Stig explains that he lost track of time helping Dunkleman set up. Dunkleman rejects Liz when she asks him to the homecoming dance. He gives Jodi platform heels to apologize for being a bad friend. Jodi is sent a video from after she left the party. Stig pretended that Jodi had an unrequited love for him. Standing up for Jodi, Dunkleman first called him out. Then he had a fistfight with Schnipper. At the homecoming dance, Kimmy and Stig are crowned Homecoming Queen and King, but he breaks up with her. Jodi arrives in the high heels Dunkleman gave her and made a speech expressing newfound confidence in herself. Stig asks Jodi out, but she rejects him. She talks to Dunkleman: he reveals the reason he always carries a milk crate. He stands on it and leans in to kiss her. Red Hood The Red Hood is an alias used by multiple fictional characters and a criminal organization in comic books published by DC Comics. Jason Todd is the most widely known character to use this persona, and he becomes the Red Hood identity in the main DC Comics continuity. Joker had also assumed the character's identity. Lobo (DC Comics) Lobo is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by DC Comics. The Lobo character was created by Roger Slifer and Keith Giffen. He first appeared in "Omega Men" #3 (June 1983). Lobo is an alien born on the utopian planet of Czarnia. He works as an interstellar mercenary and bounty hunter. Portrayals. Lobo was voiced by Brad Garrett, Greg Eagles, Kevin Michael Richardson, David Sobolov and John DiMaggio in cartoons and video games. Mister Mxyzptlk Mister Mxyzptlk ( , ), sometimes called Mxy, is a fictional impish character who appears in DC Comics' Superman comic books, sometimes as a supervillain and other times as an antihero. Mr. Mxyzptlk was created to appear in "Superman" #30 (September / October 1944), in the story "The Mysterious Mr. Mxyzptlk", by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Ira Yarborough. He is usually presented as a trickster, in the classical mythological sense, in that he possesses reality warping powers with which he enjoys tormenting Superman in a cartoonish way. In most of his appearances in DC Comics, he can be stopped only by tricking him into saying or spelling his own name backwards (Kltpzyxm - "kel-tip-zix-um"), which will return him to his home in the 5th dimension and keep him there for a minimum of ninety days. However, this specific limitation of the character has been eliminated since the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" reboot, upon which the character leaves only when he willingly agrees to do so after meeting some conditions he sets, such as having Superman succeed in getting Mxyzptlk to paint his own face blue. The character appeared in live-action by Howie Mandel in the 1993 television series "". The character renamed Mikhail Mxyzptlk also appeared in the television series "Smallville" played by Trent Ford. Mxyzptlk appears in the television series "Supergirl" played by Peter Gadiot in the second season and by Thomas Lennon in the fifth season. In 2009, Mister Mxyzptlk was ranked as IGN's 76th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time. Suicide Squad The Suicide Squad is a fictional supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The first version of the Suicide Squad debuted in "The Brave and the Bold" #25 (September 1959) and the second and modern version, created by John Ostrander. One of the two teams saves the world from a threatening race of savages. The team was formed by Amanda Waller. Members of the group are: Captain Boomerang, Deadshot, Enchantress, Harley Quinn, Katana and Killer Croc. In 2016, a movie version of the group was made. Another movie, "The Suicide Squad", was released in 2021. Birds of Prey (comics) Birds of Prey is the name of many American comic book series, miniseries, and special editions published by DC Comics since 1996. The group was created by Black Canary and Barbara Gordon. The group is initially based in Gotham City and later operates in Metropolis. The series was created by Jordan B. Gorfinkel and originally written by Chuck Dixon. Gail Simone scripted the comic from issue #56 to #108. In 2020, a movie of the comic group was made. Amanda Waller Amanda Blake Waller is a fictional main character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in "Legends" #1 in 1986, and was created by John Ostrander, Len Wein, and John Byrne. Amanda Waller is a villain and sometimes ally to the superheroes of the DC Universe. She created the anti-hero group Suicide Squad. Waller is played by Viola Davis in the live-action DC Extended Universe movie "Suicide Squad". Davis will return to portray the role in the sequel. Enchantress (DC Comics) The Enchantress is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was created by Bob Haney and Howard Purcell. The character made her first appearance in "Strange Adventures" #187 (April 1966). The character, whose real name is June Moone, is seen as an antihero. She appears in the fifth volume of the "Suicide Squad" comic series, in which she is a regular member of the team and a romantic interest of Killer Croc. The Enchantress was played by Cara Delevingne in the 2016 movie "Suicide Squad", which is part of the DC Extended Universe. Katana (comics) Katana () is a fictional superheroine that appears in comic books published by DC Comics. First appearing in 1983, Katana is a samurai warrior whose skill with a sword allows her to fight for justice as a superhero. Her tragic backstory includes the death of her husband, Maseo, whose soul becomes trapped in her blade, the Soultaker. Katana has been seen in many DC Comics superhero teams, including the Justice League and the Birds of Prey, but is most commonly seen with the team known as the Outsiders, a team of heroes hand-picked by Batman. In the 2016 movie "Suicide Squad", the character is played by actress Karen Fukuhara, which is part of the DC Extended Universe. Karen Fukuhara Karen Fukuhara (born February 10, 1992) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Katana in the 2016 DC superhero movie "Suicide Squad" and as The Female in the 2019 Amazon Prime original series "The Boys". She is also known for voicing the character Glimmer in the Netflix series "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power". Celtic rock Celtic rock is a genre of folk rock. It is also a type of Celtic fusion which uses Celtic music, instrumentation and themes into rock music. It has been popular since the early 1970s. It was an important foundation for developing of very successful mainstream Celtic bands and popular musical performers. It was also important for creating other types of music genres. It is important keeping and defining regional and national identities and in fostering a pan-Celtic culture. It has also helped to introduce those cultures to other people. Definition. The style of music is the combination of traditional Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Breton musical forms with rock music. CD-i The Legend of Zelda games There are 3 Legend of Zelda games for the Philips CD-i, a badly received video games console. All of them are critically panned across many magazines. History. After a failed CD-ROM add-on with Philips, Philips got an agreement to use Nintendo characters. This led to the creation of 4 games, 3 of which are Zelda games. The other is "Hotel Mario". Jessica Jaymes Jessica Jaymes (March 8, 1979 – September 17, 2019) was an American pornographic actress. She was known for being "Hustler"s first contract model and the ""Hustler" Honey of the Year" in 2004 and the August 2008 "Penthouse" Pet of the Month. She was born in Anchorage, Alaska. Her career began in 2002. Jaymes played a small role in two episodes of the television series "Weeds" in 2006 and 2007, and made appearances on various reality shows such as VH1's "Celebrity Rehab Sober House" and HBO's "Vivid Valley" as well as "The Howard Stern Show". Jaymes was found dead at her home in San Fernando Valley, California on September 17, 2019 at the age of 40. The cause of death is currently unknown. Hustler (magazine) Hustler is a monthly pornographic magazine published by Larry Flynt in the United States. It was introduced in 1974. It was a step forward from the "Hustler Newsletter". The magazine grew to a peak circulation of around 3 million. It has since dropped to about 500,000. It shows explicit views of the female genitalia, becoming one of the first major US-based magazines to do so. It is seen as a rival to the modest publications like "Playboy". Ethan Berkowitz Ethan Avram Berkowitz (born February 4, 1962) is an American lawyer, radio personality, businessman and politician. He was the Mayor of Anchorage, Alaska from 2015 until 2020. From 1997 to 2007, he was the Alaska State Representative for District 26 as a member of the Democratic Party. Berkowitz was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2006, for Alaska's at-large congressional district in 2008 and for Governor in 2010. He was elected mayor of Anchorage in 2015 and reelected in 2018. Folk punk Folk punk (also known as rogue folk) is a combination of folk music and punk rock. It became popular in the early 1980s by The Pogues in Britain, and by Violent Femmes in the United States. Folk punk got some mainstream success in the 1980s. In more recent years, its subgenres Celtic punk and Gypsy punk have gotten some commercial success. Characteristics. Folk punk includes Celtic punk, gypsy punk, riot folk, anti-folk, alt. country, crusty punk, acoustic punk, gutter punk, indie punk, lo-fi punk and many more. Folk punk is linked with DIY punk scenes, and bands often perform in house venues as well as more traditional areas. Folk punk musicians may play their own songs in the style of punk rock, but using some folk instruments, such as mandolins, accordions, banjos or violins. Folk punk has a history of progressive and leftist political views. Songs often have topics like race, class, feminism, animal rights, queerness and anarchism. Jun Senoue is a Japanese video game composer and musician. He works for Sega. He is known for his music in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" video game series. He is also the songwriter and lead guitarist for the band Crush 40. Crush 40 has also created songs to many "Sonic" games. Biography. Senoue was born on August 2, 1970 in Matsushima, Miyagi, Japan. He started playing piano at the age of three. He moved to Panama when he was 12 years old. In Panama, he became dedicated to rock music after being watching MTV. He started to teach himself to play the electric guitar when he was 15 years old. He created his first original band recording when he was 17 years old. He graduated from Aoyama Gakuin University with a degree in economics in 1993. After that, Senoue sent demo tapes to Namco and Sega. Sega hired him. His first project with Sega was on "Dark Wizard". He arranged a medley of the game's music for its staff roll. Electronic rock Electronic rock is a music genre that is a combination of rock music and electronic music. It has instruments often found in both genres. It started in late 1960s, when rock bands such as the Doors, Pink Floyd, Yes, and the Moody Blues started using the Moog synthesizer into their music. Sampling and tape manipulation would also become common with the genre. Electronic rock acts usually combine things from other music styles, including punk rock, industrial rock, hip hop, techno, and synthpop. It has helped create subgenres such as indietronica, dance-punk, and electroclash. Since the late 2000s, electronic rock has become more popular. The Moody Blues The Moody Blues are an English rock band. They were created in Birmingham in 1964. At first, the band had keyboardist Mike Pinder, multi-instrumentalist Ray Thomas, guitarist Denny Laine, drummer Graeme Edge, and bassist Clint Warwick. The group came became famous for their rhythm and blues music. They made some changes in musicians but settled on a line-up of Pinder, Thomas, Edge, guitarist Justin Hayward, and bassist John Lodge, who stayed together for most of the band's "classic era" into the early 1970s. Their second album, "Days of Future Passed", which was released in 1967, was a combination of rock with classical music. This made the band early creators in the development of art rock and progressive rock. It has been described as a "landmark" and "one of the first successful concept albums". The group toured a lot in the early 1970s. Then, they took a long break from 1974 until 1977. Founder Mike Pinder left the group a year after they re-formed. He was replaced by Swiss keyboardist Patrick Moraz in 1978. In the following decade they took on a more synth-pop sound. They created "The Other Side of Life" in 1986. This made them the first band to earn each of its first three top 10 singles in the United States in a different decade. Health problems led to a smaller role for founder Ray Thomas throughout the 1980s. However, he made more music after Moraz left in 1991. Thomas left the band in 2002. The band's most recent album was "December" (2003), a collection of Christmas music. They continued to tour throughout the first decade of the 2000s. They still regroup for some events, one-off concerts, short tours, and cruises. The Moody Blues' most successful songs include "Go Now", "Nights in White Satin", "Tuesday Afternoon", "Question", and "Your Wildest Dreams". The band has sold 70 million albums worldwide. This includes 18 platinum and gold LPs. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018. M (1931 movie) M (— "M – A City Searches for a Murderer") is a 1931 German drama-thriller movie. It was directed by Fritz Lang, and it starred Peter Lorre. The film was written by Lang and his wife Thea von Harbou. It was the director's first sound film. The film focuses on the actions of a serial killer of children and the manhunt for him. The police and the criminal underworld do the manhunt. Now considered a classic, the film was deemed by Lang to be his magnum opus. Release. "M" was shown in Berlin on 11 May 1931 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo in a version that was 117 minutes long. The film later was released in the U.S. in April 1933 by Foremco Pictures. Flogging Molly Flogging Molly is an Irish–American Celtic punk band. It is led by Irish vocalist Dave King. They are signed to their own record label, Borstal Beat Records. Fallen (Evanescence album) Fallen is the debut studio album by the American rock band Evanescence. It was released on March 4, 2003 by Wind-up and Epic Records. After releasing some EPs and a demo CD, the group signed to Wind-up in January 2001. Writing songs for "Fallen" started near the time of the band's creation; some of the songs that would be on the album appeared on the band's earlier albums. "Fallen" was recorded between August and December 2002 in different places, including Conway Recording Studios in Hollywood, California. After this, there was a two-week period of mixing at Conway Recording Studios in North Hollywood. It is Evanescence's only album to have guitarist Ben Moody. This is because Moody left the band later in 2003. "Fallen" is the band's most successful album. It sold more than 8 million copies in the United States. It sold more than 17 million copies worldwide. It debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" 200 with 141,000 copies sold in its first week, peaking at number three in June 2003. The album was at the top of the charts in more than ten countries. It has been certified seven-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Background. After Evanescence was created by Amy Lee and Ben Moody in 1995, the band released three EPs and one demo CD. In January 2001, they signed with Wind-up Records, their first major record label. creating "Fallen" took eight years; in an MTV interview, Ben Moody said that he wrote with Lee "maybe two or three times in eight years". MacOS Mojave MacOS Mojave (version 10.14) is the fifteenth major version of MacOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. Robert C. O'Brien Robert Charles O'Brien (born June 18, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician. He has worked privately and with the United States government. He was the 28th United States National Security Advisor from September 18, 2019 to January 20, 2021. He also is an ambassador with the U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs. He is a partner at Larson O'Brien LLP, a Los Angeles-based boutique law firm. In November 2020, O'Brien was seen as a possible candidate for president in the 2024 election. Peggy Webber Peggy Webber (born September 15, 1925) was an American actress. Her screen debut came in the 1946 movie "Her Adventurous Night". Other notable roles include Mrs. Alice Rice in the 1952 movie "Submarine Command" and Miss Dennerly in "The Wrong Man", directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Virginia Patton Virginia Ann Patton (June 25, 1925 – August 18, 2022) was an American businesswoman and actress. She was cast in her most well-known role as Ruth Dakin Bailey in Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946). In 1949, Patton retired from acting. Her last role as in "The Lucky Stiff" (1949). Patto died on August 18, 2022 in Albany, Georgia at the age of 97. Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission abbreviated as SUPARCO is the national space agency of Pakistan. It was founded in 1961. Its headquarters are based in Karachi. It is responsible for the nation's public and civil space programme and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Rex Downing Rex Haddon Downing (born April 25, 1925) is a retired American actor. He started his career as a child actor in 1935. He retired in 1948 and made a small comeback in 2007. Downing was born in San Francisco, California. His best known role was a Young Heathcliff in the 1939 William Wyler movie "Wuthering Heights" (1939). Downing had a major role in the B-Movie serial "Mandrake the Magician" (1939; serial) and played the younger version of Tyrone Power's character in "Blood and Sand" (1941). Kaïs Saïed Kaïs Saïed () (born 22 February 1958) is a Tunisian jurist, politician and professor of constitutional law. Saïed is the 6th and current President of Tunisia since October 2019. He successfully ran as an Independent candidate for President in the 2019 election. Early life. Saïed is a Professor at the Université de Tunis. He was the Secretary-General of the Tunisian Association of Constitutional Law between 1990 and 1995 and has been the vice president of the organization since 1995. Presidency. Saïed received 620,711 votes in the first round of the 2019 election, coming in first place and moved on to face businessman Nabil Karoui in the second round. He defeated Karoui in the October run-off election winning 72.7% of the vote. The regime being semi-presidential, Kaïs Saïd has a week after his inauguration to charge the party that came first in the legislative elections to form a government. The latter then has one month to obtain the confidence of the Assembly of People's Representatives. From a practical point of view, he refuses to lodge in the presidential palace of Carthage, preferring his villa to Mnihla, located in the governorate of Ariana. On October 30, he appointed diplomat Tarek Bettaïeb as head of the presidential cabinet, General Mohamed Salah Hamdi as national security advisor, while Tarek Hannachi led the protocol. Abderraouf Bettaïeb is minister-advisor to the President of the Republic, Rachida Ennaifer in charge of communication, while Nadia Akacha is responsible for legal affairs. On November 15, 2019, he appointed Habib Jemli, Ennahdha's candidate, for the post of head of government and charged him with forming a government. On 25 July 2021, Saied fired Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi and froze the Assembly of Representatives, causing a political crisis in the country. In September 2021, he picked Najla Bouden Romdhane to become the next prime minister. 2019 Tunisian presidential election Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 15 September 2019. No candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, so a runoff was held on 13 October. Before the death of incumbent president Beji Caid Essebsi on 25 July, the elections had been planned for 17 and 24 November. However, as a result of Essebsi's death, the elections were brought forward in order to ensure that a new president would take office within 90 days, as required by the constitution. The elections were the second direct vote for the presidency since the 2011 revolution. Kaïs Saïed and Nabil Karoui were the two candidates who made it to the run off. In the run-off, Saïed won the election in a landslide victory. Pacific Islander Pacific Islanders, or Pasifika, are the peoples of the Pacific Islands. It is a demographic term for the people that lived on one of the islands in the Pacific Ocean. May Britt May Britt (born Maybritt Wilkens; 22 March 1934) is a Swedish actress who had a brief career in the 1950s in Italy and later in the United States. She retired from the screen while she was married to Sammy Davis Jr. from 1960 to 1968. After the divorce, Britt resumed working with sporadic TV guest appearances, the last in 1988. Since then she retired and mainly involved in painting. She currently resides in California. In Italy she has also worked as a model for the high fashion designer Vincenzo Ferdinandi. She was born in Lidingö, Sweden. William Foege William Herbert Foege M.D., M.P.H. (; born March 12, 1936) is an American epidemiologist. He is seen as the person responsible for "the eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s". Rozanne L. Ridgway Rozanne Lejeanne Ridgway (born August 22, 1935) is an American diplomat. She has worked for 32 years with the U.S. State Department, holding several posts. She was Ambassador to Finland and to East Germany, and finished her career as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs. She was president of the Atlantic Council from 1989 to 1996, and currently the chairwoman of the Baltic-American Freedom Foundation. In 1998, Ridgway was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou (; 23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482) was the Queen consort of England by marriage to King Henry VI from 1445 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. She was born in the Duchy of Lorraine into the House of Valois-Anjou. Margaret was the second eldest daughter of René, King of Naples and Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. Margaret was important in the Wars of the Roses. At times, she personally led the House of Lancaster into battle. Her husband had several nervous breakdowns. They were seen as insanity, so Margaret ruled the kingdom in his place. It was she who called for a Great Council in May 1455 that excluded the House of York headed by Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York. This started a civil conflict that lasted for more than thirty years. This conflict caused the deaths of thousands of men. One of those who died was her only son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. Margaret was taken prisoner by the Yorkists after the Lancastrian defeat at Tewkesbury. In 1475, she was ransomed by her cousin, King Louis XI of France. She went to live in France as a poor relation of the French king. She died in France at the age of 52. Early life and marriage. Margaret was born on 23 March 1430 at Pont-à-Mousson in Lorraine. Margaret was the second daughter of René, King of Naples and of Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. She had five brothers and four sisters, as well as three half-siblings from her father's relationships with mistresses. Her father, popularly known as "Good King René", was duke of Anjou and titular king of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem; he has been described as "a man of many crowns but no kingdoms". Margaret was baptised at Toul in Lorraine. She spent her early years at the castle at Tarascon on the River Rhône in Provence and in the old royal palace at Capua, near Naples in the Kingdom of Sicily. Her mother took care of her education and may have arranged for her to have lessons with the scholar Antoine de la Sale, who taught her brothers. In childhood Margaret was known as "la petite créature". On 23 April 1445, Margaret married King Henry VI of England, at Titchfield Abbey in Hampshire. Henry was eight years older than she was. The king and queen of France were the uncle and aunt of the groom and the bride respectively: Henry's late mother, Catherine, had been the sister of King Charles VII, whose wife Marie of Anjou was a sister of Margaret's father René. Further, Henry claimed for himself the Kingdom of France. He also controlled parts of northern France. Due to all this, the French king agreed to the marriage of Margaret to his rival on the condition that he would not have to provide the customary dowry and instead would receive the lands of Maine and Anjou from the English. The English government, fearing a highly negative reaction, kept this provision secret from the English public. Margaret was crowned Queen Consort of England on 30 May 1445 at Westminster Abbey by John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury at the age of fifteen. She was described as beautiful, and furthermore "already a woman: passionate and proud and strong-willed". Those that anticipated the future return of English claims to French territory believed that she already understood her duty to protect the interests of the Crown fervently. She seems to have inherited this indomitability from her mother, who fought to establish her husband's claim to the Kingdom of Naples, and from her paternal grandmother Yolande of Aragon, who actually governed Anjou "with a man's hand", putting the province in order and keeping out the English. Thus by family example and her own forceful personality, she was fully capable of becoming the "champion of the Crown". Birth of a son. Henry was more interested in religion and learning than in military matters and was not a successful king. He had reigned since he was only a few months old. Many of his actions had been done by people who ruled in his place. When he married Margaret, his mental condition was already unstable. At the time their only son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales was born (on 13 October 1453), Henry had already suffered a complete breakdown. There were rumours that he was incapable of fathering a child and that the new Prince of Wales was the result of an adulterous liaison. Many have speculated that either Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, or James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond was the young prince's actual father. Both were faithful allies of Margaret. Although Margaret was aggressively partisan and had a volatile temperament, she shared her husband's love of learning because of her cultured upbringing. She also gave her patronage to the founding of Queens' College, Cambridge. Elizabeth Woodville (born ca 1437), later Queen of England as future wife of Margaret's husband's rival, King Edward IV, purportedly served Margaret of Anjou as a maid of honour. However, there is to little evidence to permit historians to establish this with absolute certainty: several women at Margaret's court bore the name Elizabeth or Isabella Grey. Beginnings of the dynastic civil wars. Enmity between Margaret and the Duke of York. After retiring from London to live in lavish state at Greenwich, Margaret was occupied with the care of her young son and did not display any signs of political will until she believed her husband was threatened with deposition by the ambitious Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, who, to her consternation, had been appointed Lord Protector while Henry was mentally incapacitated from 1453 to 1454. The duke was a credible claimant to the English throne and by the end of his protectorship there were many powerful nobles and relatives prepared to back his claim. The Duke of York was powerful; Henry's advisers corrupt; Henry himself trusting, pliable, and increasingly unstable; Margaret defiantly unpopular, grimly and gallantly determined to maintain the English crown for her progeny. Yet at least one scholar identifies the source of the eventual Lancastrian downfall not as York's ambitions nearly so much as Margaret's ill-judged enmity toward York and her over-indulgence in unpopular allies. Nevertheless, Queen Margaret was a powerful force in the world of politics. King Henry was putty in her hands when she wanted something done. Margaret's biographer Helen Maurer, however, disagrees with earlier historians having dated the much-vaunted enmity between the Queen and York to the time he obtained the office of the protectorship. She suggests the mutual antagonism came about two years later in 1455 in the wake of the First Battle of St Albans, when Margaret perceived him as a challenge to the king's authority. Maurer bases this conclusion on a judicious study of Margaret's pattern of presenting gifts; this revealed that Margaret took a great deal of care to demonstrate that she favoured both York and Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) equally in the early 1450s. Maurer also claims that Margaret appeared to accept York's protectorship and asserts there is no substantial evidence to back up the long-standing belief that she was responsible for the Yorkists' exclusion from the Great Council following Henry's recovery (see below). The late historian Paul Murray Kendall, on the other hand, maintained that Margaret's allies Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and William de la Pole, then Earl of Suffolk, had no difficulty in persuading her that York, until then one of Henry VI's most trusted advisers, was responsible for her unpopularity and already too powerful to be trusted. Margaret not only convinced Henry to recall York from his post as governor in France and banish him instead to Ireland, she repeatedly attempted to have him assassinated during his travels to and from Ireland, once in 1449 and again in 1450. Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and Suffolk's joint responsibility for the secret surrender of Maine in 1448, and then the subsequent disastrous loss of the rest of Normandy in 1449 embroiled Margaret and Henry's court in riots, uprisings by the magnates, and calls for the impeachment and execution of Margaret's two strongest allies. It also might have made an ultimate battle to the death between Margaret and the House of York inevitable by making manifest Richard's dangerous popularity with the Commons. Richard of York, safely returned from Ireland in 1450, confronted Henry and was readmitted as a trusted advisor. Soon thereafter, Henry agreed to convene Parliament to address the calls for reform. When Parliament met, the demands could not have been less acceptable to Margaret: not only were both Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and Suffolk impeached for criminal mismanagement of French affairs and subverting justice, but it was charged as a crime against Suffolk (now a duke) that he had antagonised the king against the Duke of York. Further, the demands for reform put forward included that the Duke of York be acknowledged as the first councillor to the king, and the Speaker of Commons, perhaps with more fervour than wisdom, even proposed Richard, Duke of York, be recognised as heir to the throne. Within a few months, however, Margaret had regained control of Henry, Parliament was dissolved, the incautious Speaker thrown in prison, and Richard of York retired to Wales for the time being. In 1457, the kingdom was again outraged when it was discovered that Pierre de Brézé, a powerful French general and an adherent of Margaret, had landed on the English coast and burnt the town of Sandwich. As leader of a French force of 4,000 men from Honfleur, he aimed at taking advantage of the chaos in England. The mayor, John Drury, was killed in this raid. It thereafter became an established tradition, which survives to this day, that the Mayor of Sandwich wears a black robe mourning this ignoble deed. Margaret, in association with de Brézé, became the object of scurrilous rumours and vulgar ballads. Public indignation was so high that Margaret, with great reluctance, was forced to give the Duke of York's kinsman Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, a commission to keep the sea for three years. He already held the post of Captain of Calais. Leader of Lancastrian faction. Hostilities between the rival Yorkist and Lancastrian factions soon flared into armed conflict. In May 1455, just over five months after Henry VI recovered from a bout of mental illness and Richard of York's protectorship had ended, Margaret called for a Great Council from which the Yorkists were excluded. The Council called for an assemblage of the peers at Leicester to protect the king "against his enemies". York apparently was prepared for conflict and soon was marching south to meet the Lancastrian army marching north. The Lancastrians suffered a crushing defeat at the First Battle of St Albans on 22 May 1455. Edmund Beaufort (Somerset), the Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford were killed, Wiltshire fled the battlefield and King Henry was taken prisoner by the victorious Duke of York. In March 1458 along with her husband and leading nobles of the warring factions, she took part in The Love Day procession in London. In 1459, hostilities resumed at the Battle of Blore Heath, where James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, was defeated by a Yorkist army under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury. The Wars of the Roses. Early campaigns. While Margaret was attempting to raise further support for the Lancastrian cause in Scotland, her principal commander, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, gained a major victory for her at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460 by defeating the combined armies of the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury. Both men were beheaded and their heads displayed on the gates of the city of York. As Margaret was in Scotland at the time the battle had taken place, it was impossible that she issued the orders for their executions despite popular belief to the contrary. She followed up with a victory at the Second Battle of St Albans (at which she was present) on 17 February 1461. In this battle, she defeated the Yorkist forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and recaptured her husband. It was after this battle that she, in a blatant act of vengeance, ordered the execution of two Yorkist prisoners of war, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had kept watch over King Henry to keep him out of harm's way during the battle. The king had promised the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. "Fair son", she allegedly asked, "what death shall these knights die?" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy. Stay in France. The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her son's inheritance and fled with him into Wales and later Scotland. Finding her way to France, she made an ally of her cousin, King Louis XI of France, and at his instigation she allowed an approach from Edward's former supporter, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with his former friend as a result of Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, and was now seeking revenge for the loss of his political influence. Warwick's daughter, Anne Neville, was married to Margaret's son Edward, Prince of Wales, in order to cement the alliance, and Margaret insisted that Warwick return to England to prove himself before she followed. He did so, restoring Henry VI briefly to the throne on 3 October 1470. Final defeat at Tewkesbury. By the time Margaret, her son and daughter-in-law (Anne) were ready to follow Warwick back to England, the tables had again turned in favour of the Yorkists, and the Earl was defeated and killed by the returning King Edward IV in the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. Margaret was forced to lead her own army at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, at which the Lancastrian forces were defeated and her seventeen-year-old son Edward of Westminster was killed. The circumstances of Edward's death have never been made clear; it is not known whether he was killed in the actual fighting or executed after the battle by the Duke of Clarence. If he died in battle, he would have been the only Prince of Wales ever to do so. Over the previous ten years, Margaret had gained a reputation for aggression and ruthlessness, but following her defeat at Tewkesbury and the death of her only son, she was completely broken in spirit. After she was taken captive by William Stanley at the end of the battle, Margaret was imprisoned by the order of King Edward. She was sent first to Wallingford Castle and then was transferred to the more secure Tower of London. Henry VI was also imprisoned in the Tower in the wake of Tewkesbury and he died there on the night of 21 May; the cause of his death is unknown, though regicide was suspected. In 1472 she was placed in the custody of her former lady-in-waiting Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk, where she remained until ransomed by Louis XI in 1475. Death. Margaret lived in France for the next seven years as a poor relation of the king. She was hosted by Francis de Vignolles and died in his castle of Dampierre-sur-Loire, near Saumur (Anjou) on 25 August 1482 at the age of 52. She was entombed next to her parents in Angers Cathedral, but her remains were removed and scattered by revolutionaries who ransacked the cathedral during the French Revolution. Margaret's letters. Many letters, written by Margaret during her tenure as queen consort, still exist. One was written to the Corporation of London regarding injuries inflicted on her tenants at the manor of Enfield, which comprised part of her dower lands. Another letter was written to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Margaret's letters, which were typically headed with the words "By the Quene," are compiled in a book edited by Cecil Monro, which was published for the Camden Society in 1863. Dave Barry David McAlister Barry (born July 3, 1947) is an American author and columnist. He wrote a nationally syndicated humor column for the "Miami Herald" from 1983 to 2005. He has also written many books of humor and parody. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary (1988) and the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism (2005). Barry was born in Armonk, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Haverford College in 1969. Armonk, New York Armonk is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of North Castle, New York. It is located in Westchester County. As of the 2010 census, Armonk's CDP population is 4,330 and it has a total area of . Armonk is well known as being the headquarters of IBM. North Castle, New York North Castle is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 11,841 at the 2010 census. Levente Riz Levente Riz (December 2, 1974 – September 19, 2019) was a Hungarian educator and politician. He was born in Budapest. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) for Rákosmente (Budapest Constituency XXV) from 2010 to 2014. He has been the mayor of Rákosmente (District XVII, Budapest) from October 1, 2006 until his death. Riz was a member of the Economic and Information Technology Committee from May 14, 2010 to May 5, 2014. On 13 August 2019, Levente Riz announced, he will not run as a candidate for Mayor of Rákosmente in the 2019 local elections because of health issues. He died a month later on September 19 in Budapest at the age of 44. National Assembly (Hungary) The National Assembly (; "Country Assembly") is the parliament of Hungary. It is made up of 199 (386 between 1990 and 2014) members elected to 4-year terms. The election of members is based on a system involving both area and list election. Parties must win at least 5% of the popular vote in order to enter the list of members of the assembly (but area winners enter regardless). The Assembly includes 25 standing committees to debate and report on introduced bills and to overlook the activities of the ministers. The Constitutional Court of Hungary has the right to challenge legislation on the grounds of constitutionality. The assembly has met in the Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest since 1902. List of May Bukas Pa episodes This is a list of episodes of "May Bukas Pa" which aired on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block from February 2, 2009 to February 5, 2010. The series was directed by Jerome Chavez Pobocan, Jojo A. Saguin, and Erick C. Salud. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Gheorghe Simionescu Gheorghe Simionescu (1895–1992) was a Romanian Orthodox priest born in 1895 in Pietroșița, Dâmboviţ. He served for many years as a parish priest in his native village. He was a member and local leader of the National Peasant Party. He was arrested in 1952 and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment for this activity. Curiously, his name still appears in 1956 on the Council of Europe's list of prominent political prisoners. Gheorghe Simionescu died on March 27, 1992, at age 96. Sunset Overdrive Sunset Overdrive is an action-adventure shooter video game created by Insomniac Games. It was published by Microsoft Studios. It was announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013. It was released worldwide for Xbox One in October 2014 and for Microsoft Windows in November 2018. The Microsoft Windows version was published by THQ Nordic. The game happens in 2027, in a fictional metropolis called Sunset City. The player controls an employee of FizzCo, who has to fight off the OD. OD is short for Overcharge Drinkers: people who have turned into monsters after drinking FizzCo's energy drink. The player character can wall-run, use zip-lines, and grind rails to easily move through Sunset City. The player also has a lot of weapons they can use. The game also has a cooperative multiplayer mode called "Chaos Squad". That mode is where players to complete missions with seven players. As the game focus on movement and momentum, the game does not have any cover system. The game received mostly positive reviews. People liked its visuals, movement system, combat system, and humor. However, the game was criticized for not having a good story or innovative quest design. It received many nominations, including Best Xbox Game of the Year awards from many different gaming publications. The game was supported with multiple downloadable content. It includes the story-based "The Mystery of the Mooil Rig" and "Dawn of the Rise of the Fallen Machine", after the game's release. Gameplay. "Sunset Overdrive" is an action-adventure game set in a third-person perspective. Players go through a city called Sunset City. It takes place in the year 2027. This dystopian world has been overrun by mutants called the OD, short for Overcharge Drinkers. The player character is a former FizzCo employee, their job was to clean up the mess left behind from a party FizzCo had. FizzCo had a party to celebrate its new energy drink, Overcharge Delirium XT. At the start of the game, players can change the character's gender, body type, hairstyle, and outfit using the character creator. Players may also change the look of their character whenever they want during the game by going to a vendor named Callista. After creating their characters, players proceed to the game's open world, which is free for players to explore at any time. A fast travel system is provided. It allows players to got to different places and to mvoe in the world quickly. Throughout the game, players fight both human enemies, FizzCo's robots, the OD, and bosses. The game has many different weapons for players to use fight. These include an assault rifle (called the AK-FU) and the TNTeddy grenade launcher, which fires teddy bears connected to dynamite, fireworks and toy helicopters. The game's combat focuses on velocity. It wants players to defeat enemies quickly. Because of this, players can use different moves. These moves include wall running, air-dashing, zip lining, doing parkour, acrobatics, and water traversal. Release. "Sunset Overdrive" was one of the first Xbox One exclusives shown at Microsoft's press conference at E3 2013. The first gameplay details were shown by gaming magazine "Edge" in May 2014. A gameplay demo and a release date announcement happened at E3 2014. On November 15, 2018, it was said that the game would be released for both Windows 10 and Steam on November 16, 2018 without the multiplayer. THQ Nordic published the game's retail version. Microsoft kept its digital publishing rights. Players can purchase the game's "Season Pass". It adds new in-game items, places, quests, and bosses. A three-hour free trial of the game was available for players to download. It was available for short time. Reception. Critical reception. "Sunset Overdrive" received "generally positive" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Future. On September 13, 2018, Insomniac Games said they wanted to make a sequel to "Sunset Overdrive". However, because the rights to the intellectual property is owned by Insomniac, they would need to find a new publisher. In August 2019, Insomniac Games was bought by Sony Interactive Entertainment. SIE Worldwide Studios Chairman Shawn Layden said that "Sunset Overdrive 2" is not important for Sony and Insomniac. Cooperative gameplay Cooperative gameplay (often abbreviated as co-op) is something in video games that allows players to work together as teammates. This would be different from other multiplayer modes, such as competitive multiplayer modes like player versus player or deathmatch. Playing at the same time allows players to help each another in many ways: giving weapons or items, healing, giving covering fire in a firefight, and doing cooperative things such as helping a teammate go past obstacles. Co-op gameplay has been becoming more popular in video games in recent years. This is partly because controller and networking technology has become better. Lola Falana Loletha Elayne Falana or Loletha Elaine Falana (born September 11, 1942), better known by her stage name Lola Falana, is an American singer, dancer, model and actress. She was born in Camden, New Jersey and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Falana was known for being discovered by Sammy Davis, Jr. and for having an affair with him. In 1987, she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and Tony Award during her career. Terry Meeuwsen Terry Meeuwsen (born March 2, 1949) is an American television personality and co-host for the Christian Broadcasting Network's (CBN) "700 Club", author and singer. Meeuwsen was the 1972 Miss Appleton, the 1972 Miss Wisconsin and the Miss America for 1973. She took both the swimsuit and talent competitions. She was the first Miss Wisconsin to be crowned as Miss America. After her reign as Miss America, Meeuwsen began her television career WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee in 1978. She co-hosted, with Pete Wilson, the daily news and feature program "A New Day". She hosted the program for almost eight years. She left the station in 1986. Meeuwsen later accepted a position at the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Meeuwsen appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a guest co-host. She was then made as permanent co-host for "700 Club". She sat close to CBN founder Pat Robertson. Since the year 2000, she has co-hosted the CBN television show "Living the Life". Both the "700 Club" and "Living the Life" show on Freeform. Meeuwsen was born in De Pere, Wisconsin. Mort the Chicken Mort the Chicken is a platformer video game developed by AndNow. It was published by Crave Entertainment. It was released in the United States on November 30, 2000 for the PlayStation. It was released in Europe on January 19, 2001. Story. The chickens live peacefully in a different universe, where chickens are the main species. Mort the Chicken is the star of his own television show. In another universe, cube-like creatures called The Boolyon are spying on the chickens. The leader of the cubes, General Cubicles, notices that the chickens have stacks of hay. The Cubicles mistake them for kidnapped citizens of their universe. While Mort is filming his own TV show, the cubes reach their universe via a well and kidnap all the baby chicks, scattering them across the cube universe. Mort is the only one brave enough to stop the cubes, so he jumps down the well. This is when he starts his adventure to save the baby chicks. Gameplay. "Mort the Chicken" is a platformer. The player controls Mort as he explores his world. The player needs to rescue baby chicks and kill cubes. Mort can destroy the cubes using the comb on his head. That comb can be used as a whip. Some cubes cannot be killed. Every time Mort gets hit, the cubes take a chick from Mort and imprison it. Mort's health bar is shown by two stalks of corn. When Mort loses health, part of the corn goes away. Each level has up to 10 chicks to rescue. Mort can also get power-ups. These power-ups include making him jump higher, become bigger, attract chicks, make his neck-whip attack longer, or have chicks attack enemies. Eggs and chicken food are around the levels, and Mort can peck at these with his beak. Eggs give Mort power-ups. Chicken food gives health. Reception. "Mort the Chicken" received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Saosin Saosin is an American rock band. They started in Orange County, California in 2003. The band released their first EP, "Translating the Name" in 2003. The group recorded its self titled debut album. It was released on Capitol Records on September 26, 2006. Their second studio album, "In Search of Solid Ground", was released on September 8, 2009 on Virgin Records. Musical style. Saosin has been described as post-hardcore, emo, and alternative rock. Stroke 9 Stroke 9 is an American alternative rock band. It was formed in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989. Take Me Home, Country Roads "Take Me Home, Country Roads", (also called "Take Me Home" or "Country Roads") is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, and John Denver about the state of West Virginia. Some people tend to believe it is about Western Virginia or even Maryland, those people would be incorrect, for obvious reasons. West Virginia is home of the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah river. It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971. It got to number 2 on "Billboard"s US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971. The song was a success on its first release. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017. The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs. It still sells, with over 1.5 million digital copies sold in the United States. It is considered to be Denver's signature song. The song has a status as an iconic symbol of West Virginia, which it describes as "almost Heaven". In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia. Reception in West Virginia. "Take Me Home, Country Roads" received a positive response from West Virginia people. The song is the theme song of West Virginia University. It has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972. This song was played at the funeral memorial for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston on July 2, 2010. The popularity of the song has gotten bills in the West Virginia Legislature to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song. On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a bill to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia. They did this along three other songs: "West Virginia Hills", "This is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home". Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014. Other versions. "Fallout 76" version. A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, exists. It was commissioned for and shown in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game, "Fallout 76". The game's story is set in West Virginia. Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached #1 on the iTunes singles chart. It debuted at #41 on "Billboard's" Hot Country Songs chart that week and at #21 on "Billboard's" Country Digital Songs the following week. The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, first uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description to mention the use of the song in the game. Gary Chester Gary Chester (born Cesario Gurciullo; October 27, 1924 – August 17, 1987) was a studio drummer, author, and teacher. He began playing in the 1960s. Chester played on hundreds of records for bands such as The Coasters, The Monkees, and The Lovin' Spoonful. He also played drums for people including the Everly Brothers, Ben E. King, Jim Croce, Dionne Warwick and Bobby Darin. Christian Broadcasting Network The Christian Broadcasting Network is an American conservative and evangelical religious television network. It is also a production company. The network was founded in 1960 by the televangelist Pat Robertson. Other hosts include former Miss America 1973 Terry Meeuwsen and Danuta Rylko (now known as Danuta Pfeiffer). One of CBN's main programs is "The 700 Club", a religious and news program which has aired on CBN since 1966. Fort Mill, South Carolina Fort Mill, also called Fort Mill Township, is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is in the northern part of the state. It is south of Charlotte, North Carolina and near Rock Hill, South Carolina. As of 2018, around 19,848 people were living there. Neper (mythology) Neper was the god of grains, specifically grains that were significant in Ancient Egyptian times, such as wheat, corn, and barley. His name means lord of the mouth. Neper also represented sustenance and nourishment. He determined the times of the year when the crops grew, were harvested, and disappeared. He was worshipped mainly because he was a god that kept people healthy through their food. Mythology. Neper was a god in human form. However, he had distinctive marks to represent grains. He had dots on his clothing to represent corn grains. He also had grains above his head, like in the picture to the left. He was also often shown carrying wheat, or similar crops. He wore little clothes, like in the picture where it shows him wearing a cloth around his waist. Neper was worshipped all over Egypt. Neper had a female version of himself, called Nepit. Nepit was the goddess of grain. Neper's mother, Renenutet, was a goddess of nourishment, and harvesting, who also represented grains. Neper was also seen as a form of Osiris, the god of death and the underworld. People saw him as a form of Osiris because he appeared and disappeared at the times of annual harvest, just like Osiris came back from the dead. He, along with Osiris, was often thought of the god that was "Living after he had died". Benjamin Orr Benjamin "Ben" Orzechowski (September 8, 1947 – October 4, 2000), known professionally as Benjamin Orr and Ben Orr, was an American musician best known as the bassist, primary lead singer and co-founder of the rock band the Cars. He sang lead vocals on several of their best known songs, including "Just What I Needed", "Let's Go" and "Drive". He also scored a moderate solo hit with "Stay the Night." Orr was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Cars in 2018. Orr died from pancreatic cancer. Tropical Storm Imelda Tropical Storm Imelda was a weak though very catastrophic 2019 Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm struck eastern Texas and western Louisiana. Imelda created a "very" serious flash flood event in both states. It was one of the wettest tropical cyclones in U.S. history, particularly in Texas. The Galveston/Houston area was "especially" hit hard by Imelda. Several people were killed due to flooding from the storm. The storm also led to several tornadoes in Texas and Louisiana. Imelda developed as a tropical storm near the southeast Texas coastline. The storm moved very slowly over southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas. Ronald Gene Simmons Ronald Gene Simmons, Sr. (July 15, 1940 – June 25, 1990) was an American spree killer, who killed 16 people over a week-long period that started December 28, 1987, by shooting and/or strangling, primarily in Russellville, Arkansas and all occurring in Arkansas. A retired military serviceman, Simmons murdered 14 members of his family, including a daughter he had sexually abused and the child he had fathered with her, a former co-worker, a stranger, and wounded four others. Simmons was sentenced to death 16 times on February 10, 1989, and after refusing to appeal his sentence, was executed by Arkansas in 1990. Frances Kidder Frances Kidder was the last woman to be publicly hanged in the United Kingdom. She had murdered 12-year-old Louis Kidder-Staple. She was hanged on April 2, 1868. Michael Barrett Michael Barrett was the last public hanging in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of the murder of Sarah Ann Hodgkinson, one of 12 victims of bombing in Clerkenwell, London. Barrett was publicly hanged May 26, 1868. Robert Smith (murderer) Robert Smith was the last public hanging in Scotland and the second-to-last public hanging in the United Kingdom, only succeeded by Michael Barrett. He was convicted of the murder of a girl. He was hanged May 12, 1868. Timothy Faherty Timothy Faherty was one of the last public hangings in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of the murder of Mary Hammer and was hanged in public April 4, 1868. The United Kingdom hanged two other men that day as well, including Miles Wetherill. Miles Wetherill Miles Wetherill, or sometimes Miles Weatherill, was one of the last public hangings in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of the murders of Rev. Plow and his maid. He was hanged April 4, 1868. The United Kingdom hanged two other men that day as well, including Timothy Faherty. Charles Brooks Charles Brooks was the first person to be executed by lethal injection in the United States. He was executed by lethal injection by Texas on December 7, 1982. Although Oklahoma was the first State to legislate execution by lethal injection, the method was not administered until 1990. Among the first ten men executed by lethal injection in the U.S., all were done by Texas, three of whom had the first name of Charles. Harris A. Smiler Harris A. Smiler was among the first four convicts to be executed by electrocution at Sing Sing Prison, in Ossining, New York. He was executed at age 32 on July 7, 1891, along with James Slocum (age 22), Joseph Wood (age 21) and Schihick Judigo (age 35). The fifth convict electrocuted at Sing Sing was Martin D. Loppy (age 51) on December 7, 1891. The rest of the first ten convicts electrocuted at Sing Sing were as follows: Charles McElvaine (age 20) on February 8, 1892, Jeremiah Cotte (age 40) on March 28, 1892, Fred McGuire (age 24) on December 19, 1892, James L. Hamilton (age 40) on April 3, 1893, and Carlyle Harris (age 23) on May 8, 1893. The electric chair was installed in Sing Sing Prison, in 1891, just a year after it was first used to execute William Kemmler at Auburn Prison, also in New York State. By the end of the decade, 29 inmates had been executed by this means. William Kemmler William Kemmler was the first convict executed by electrocution. He was convicted of murdering Matilda "Tillie" Ziegler, his common law wife. Kemmler was executed by electrocution at Auburn Prison, New York State, in 1890. By the end of the decade, 29 inmates had been executed by this means in the United States. Hanging was still the most usual method. Blackface Blackface is a kind of costume or make up which involves putting black make-up on to imitate a racist image of a Black or African American person. Blackface became popular in the 19th century especially during Reconstruction after the American Civil War. By the mid 19th century, blackface minstrel shows became a distinctive artform. It translated formal works, like opera, into popular terms for general audiences. Early in the 20th century, blackface came off the minstrel show. It became a form in its own right. However, in the United States, blackface became less popular after the civil right movement. It is offensive and racist. The videos for the Culture Club "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" and Taco's "Puttin' On the Ritz" are videos in which actors in blackface appeared during the early 1980s. The original video for "Puttin' On the Ritz" (1983) was not allowed due to the characters in blackface in that video. Baby (Justin Bieber song) "Baby" is a song made by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was made available for online purchases since January 18, 2010. It is a pop song with elements from R&B (rhythm and blues) and hip hop. As of September 2019, the official music video is currently the 33rd most-viewed video on YouTube. As of September 2019, the official music video is the second-most disliked YouTube video ( is the first-most dislike YouTube video). It was once the most-viewed from July 12, 2010, when it surpassed the music video for "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga. It continued to be the most-viewed video until November 24, 2012, when it was surpassed by the music video for "Gangnam Style" by Psy. In the official music video, Justin Bieber is at a bowling alley nearby a shopping mall. During the music video, he chases after a girl and encourages her to become his girlfriend. Wim Crouwel Willem Hendrik "Wim" Crouwel (; 21 November 1928 – 19 September 2019) was a Dutch graphic designer, type designer, and typographer. He was born in Groningen, Netherlands. In 1967 he designed the typeface New Alphabet. In 1970 he designed the Dutch pavilion for Expo '70 (Osaka, Japan). Later, Crouwel designed the Number Postage Stamps for the Dutch PTT, well known in the Netherlands during its circulation from 1976-2002. Crouwel died on 19 September 2019 in Amsterdam at the age of 90. Larry Wallis Larry Wallis (19 May 1949 – 19 September 2019) was an English guitarist, songwriter and producer. He was best known as a member of the Pink Fairies and an early member of Motörhead. Discography. “The Sound of Speed” - 2017 Sandie Jones Sandie Jones (1951 – 19 September 2019) was an Irish singer. She was born in Dublin. She represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest of 1972 with the song "Ceol an Ghrá" (). This was the only time an Irish performer performed a song in the Irish language at Eurovision. Jones died on 19 September 2019 under hospice care in the United States of cancer at the age of 68. Harold Mabern Harold Mabern, Jr. (March 20, 1936 – September 19, 2019) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He worked in the hard bop, post-bop, and soul jazz fields. He was called by "The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings" as "one of the great post-bop pianists". He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Mabern died on September 19, 2019 in New York City at the age of 83. María Rivas (singer) María Rivas (January 26, 1960 – September 19, 2019) was a Venezuelan Latin jazz singer, composer, and painter. Life. Rivas was born in Caracas. Rivas became a leading voice in the region's environmental movement, and her musical message as a composer often had ecological undertones. Rivas recorded eleven albums as a soloist. Her latest CD, MOTIVOS, was released in 2018 and nominated for a Latin Grammy for the 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. She performed live in Colombia, Brazil, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Portugal, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, Great Britain, the Dominican Republic, and the United States. Rivas died on September 19, 2019 at a Miami hospital of cancer at the age of 59. Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting The Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood was a mass shooting. It happened in Colorado Springs, Colorado on November 27, 2015 at a Planned Parenthood clinic. The shooting led to the deaths of a police officer and two civilians. Nine other people were hurt. Later that day, there was a hostage situation that lasted just over five hours. The attacker, Robert Lewis Dear Jr, then-age 57, was arrested. Three days later, he was charged with first degree murder and held without bail. .gov The domain name gov is the generic top-level domain used by government entities within the United States at the federal, state, and local levels. It was one of the original top-level domains, established in January 1985. The U.S. is the only country that has a government-specific top-level domain in addition to its ccTLD. Other countries typically use a second-level domain for this purpose, e.g., .gov.au for Australia, .gov.uk for the United Kingdom, .gc.ca for Canada, and .gouv.fr for France. Since the United States controls the .gov Top Level Domain, it would be impossible for another country to create a domain ending in .gov, for example, .jp.gov. Some U.S. federal agencies use .fed.us rather than .gov. The Department of Defense and its subsidiary organizations use .mil. Some U.S. governmental entities use other domains, such as the use of .com domains by the United States Postal Service (usps.com) and the United States Army (goarmy.com). Internet purists consider these usages to be improper, as these are governmental or military entities rather than commercial ones. All governments in the U.S. are allowed to use .gov, such as atlantaga.gov for the city of Atlanta, and georgia.gov for the U.S. state of Georgia. This was not always true; under an earlier policy, only federal agencies were allowed to use the domain, and agencies beneath cabinet level were needed to use subdomains of their parent agency. The usage of .gov as a gTLD controlled only by the U.S. is controversial, as some people believe this to be an example of arrogance by the U.S. – such views hold that usage of .fed.us or a new second-level domain of .gov.us would be more suitable. Others believe that U.S. control of .gov is a natural result of the fact that the U.S. federal government was responsible for the initial creation of the Internet and its first user. Corcelles-près-Payerne Corcelles-près-Payerne is a municipality in the Broye-Vully district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Cremin Cremin was a municipality of the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens joined together to become the municipality of Lucens. Lucens Lucens is a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. History. Lucens was first mentioned in 964 as "in villa Losingus". It was formerly known by the German name "Losingen". In 1969, the Lucens reactor, an underground nuclear reactor started operation in Lucens. It soon had a serious accident, resulting in massive radioactive contamination of the underground site, which was then sealed. The nearby municipality Oulens-sur-Lucens became part of Lucens municipality on 1 July 2011. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Brenles, Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens joined together to become the municipality of Lucens. Grandcour Grandcour is a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Sally Kirkland (editor) Sally Kirkland (El Reno, 1 July 1912 – New York City, 1 May 1989) was a fashion editor at Vogue magazine between 1947 and 1969. Her daughter is the actress Sally Kirkland. In July 1954 in Rome, during the "Alta Moda in Castel Sant'Angelo", in the evocative setting of the famous castle, the fashion stylists Emilio Schuberth, Vincenzo Ferdinandi, the Sorelle Fontana, Giovannelli-Sciarra, Eleanora Garnett and Mingolini-Guggenheim they gave her a prize for her role as ambassador of Italian fashion in the United States. Kirkland also received the "Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity" in 1954 from the Italian Government for her news on the Italian fashion. She told a friend that she "was secretly pleased, because the medal was green and gold and looked well on the orange evening dress she had wear for the show". Together with Grace Kelly and Vera Maxwell, Kirkland received a Neiman-Marcus award in 1955 for her contribution to fashion. Hook (music) A hook is a musical idea that is used in popular music to make a song appealing and to "catch the ear of the listener". It is usually a short riff, passage, or phrase. The term generally is used for popular music, especially rock, R&B, hip hop, dance, and pop. In these genres, the hook is often in the chorus. A hook can be either melodic or rhythmic, and often uses the main motif for a piece of music. Henniez, Switzerland Henniez is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is known for its mineral water Henniez. Henniez Henniez can mean: Roane County Roane County may refer to two counties in the United States: Vans Vans is an American manufacturer of skateboarding shoes. They also make similar apparel. They are based in Santa Ana, California. They are owned by VF Corporation. The company also sponsors surf, snowboarding, BMX, and motocross teams. Since 1996, the company has been the primary sponsor of the annual Vans Warped Tour traveling rock festival. Missy, Switzerland Missy is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Moudon Moudon (; ) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It was the capital of the Moudon District and is now in the Broye-Vully District. History. Montmagny was known as "Minnodunum" or "Minnidunum" during the Roman era. Around 1100, 1154 and 1180 it was mentioned as "Meldun", in 1161 it was "Moudon" and in 1167 as "Meldunum" or "Mildunum". As ancient Minnodunum, during Roman times, the city was in the country of the Helvetii, on a road from Viviscus (modern Vevey), on the Lake of Geneva, to Aventicum (modern Avenches). Angst Angst is an emotion. It is an emotion of fear or anxiety ("anguish" is its Latinate equivalent. "Anxious" and "anxiety" have similar beginnings). The dictionary definition for angst is a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or insecurity. It is used in English to describe a strong feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil. Oleyres Oleyres was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud in the district of Broye-Vully. On 1 July 2011, became part of the municipality of Avenches. Fidlar Fidlar, stylized as FIDLAR, is a punk rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band's name is an acronym for Fuck It Dog, Life's a Risk. Garage punk (fusion genre) Garage punk is a rock music genre. It combines the sounds of garage rock, punk rock, and other forms, that started in the indie rock underground between the late 1980s and early 1990s. Bands were influenced from stripped-down 1970s punk rock and Detroit proto-punk. They used many other styles in their sound, such as power pop, 1960s girl groups and garage rock, hardcore punk, early blues and R&B, and surf rock. Internet censorship Internet censorship is censorship except only over the internet. This may include websites censoring information, or entire websites being censored. Google is known for changing its search results to censor information. As more people in more places begin using the Internet for important activities, there is an increase in online censorship, using increasingly sophisticated techniques. The motives, scope, and effectiveness of Internet censorship vary widely from country to country. The countries engaged in state-mandated filtering are clustered in three main regions of the world: east Asia, central Asia, and the MENA: Middle East & North Africa. Oulens-sur-Lucens Oulens-sur-Lucens was a municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 it became part of the municipality of Lucens. Worden, Kansas Worden is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, Kansas, United States. It is seven miles west of Baldwin City and nine miles east of Overbrook. It is along U.S. Highway 56. History. Worden had a post office from 1884 until 1904. The abandoned SM-65 Atlas-E missile site 548–2 is about 1.9 miles southwest of Worden. Until 2011, USD 348 in Baldwin maintained the Marion Springs Elementary School. That school was in Worden. Prévonloup Prévonloup is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Trey, Vaud Trey is a municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Villars-le-Comte Villars-le-Comte is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Villarzel Villarzel is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2006, the municipalities of Rossens and Sédeilles became part of Villarzel. Vucherens Vucherens is a municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vulliens Vulliens is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Daniel Schorderet has been mayor since 2002 and there are four municipal councillors. Ballaigues Ballaigues is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Weekend View Weekend View was a weekend morning show on The Weather Channel that aired from 5:00 to 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Saturday and Sunday mornings. It gave the forecast for the weekend, as well as the week ahead. Program history. Weekend View was supposed to debut on September 17, 2005, but it was delayed to October 1, 2005 due to the busy Atlantic hurricane season. Initial plans included a primetime talk show in the second quarter of 2006, but that never came to function. In fall 2006, Stephanie Abrams left the show for "Abrams & Bettes Beyond the Forecast" with Mike Bettes and was not replaced. A year later, Samantha Mohr joined The Weather Channel to replace Kelly Cass, who moved to "PM Edition". Cass returned to the program in May 2008. In April of that year, Dao Vu (who was the second non-meteorologist to host a live program, the other being Liz Jarvis-Fabian, who was with The Weather Channel from 1986 to 1989) left and was not replaced. In March 2009, "Weekend View" was extended to 5-11 a.m. ET, replacing "Weekend Outlook". By this point Bill Keneely was moved to "PM Edition", and Betty Davis joined Kelly Cass on the 7-11 a.m. block. Jeff Morrow and Alex Wallace hosted the new 5-7 a.m. block. In July 2010, Betty Davis left the show and The Weather Channel. She was replaced by Maria LaRosa. In November 2010, Cass moved to "Weather Center" and Maria LaRosa joined Todd Santos for "Weekend Now". Jen Carfagno and Eric Fisher were their replacements on the 7-11 a.m. block. In July 2012, Wallace left for "First Outlook", and was replaced by Danielle Banks. In October, Morrow left The Weather Channel, and was replaced by Ray Stagich. In November, Banks left for "Weekend Now" and "Weather Center Live", but was not replaced. In July 2013, Eric Fisher left The Weather Channel, and was replaced by Reynolds Wolf. On November 10, 2013, Weekend View aired its last broadcast. It was replaced by "Weather Center Live" on November 16, as part of the 2013 relaunch of The Weather Channel. Alicia Lemke Alicia Lemke (February 3, 1987 August 9, 2015) was an American singer. Biography. Lemke was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Her mother was Gale Lemke. She went to Shorewood Hills Elementary School, Blessed Sacramant School, and West High School. In 2013, she opened for Fleetwood Mac. In 2013, she had also played at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in Tennessee. In December 2013, she was diagnosed with a rare form of leukemia while she was on vacation in France. She appeared in Eminem's 2017 album, "Revival" in the song, "Revival (Interlude)". The vocals were taken from an unreleased song sent to Eminem in 2012. Death. She died on August 9, 2015 from leukemia. Stuart B. Levy Stuart B. Levy (November 21, 1938 – September 4, 2019) was an American researcher and physician. He worked at Tufts University. He was among the first to advocate for greater awareness of antibiotic resistance and founded the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Levy was born in Wilmington, Delaware. Levy died on September 4, 2019 in Boston, Massachusetts of Parkinson's disease at the age of 80. Imata Kabua Imata Jabro Kabua (20 May 1943 – 17 September 2019) was a Marshallese politician. President of the Marshall Islands from 14 January 1997 to 10 January 2000. He became the Iroijlaplap of Kwajalein after the death of his cousin, Amata Kabua. Kabua was born in South Pacific Mandate, Empire of Japan. Kabua died on 17 September 2019 in Honolulu, Hawaii at the age of 76. Irina Bogacheva Irina Petrovna Bogacheva (Богачёва, Ирина Петровна; 2 March 1939 – 19 September 2019) was a Soviet-born Russian mezzo-soprano. She was a professor of singing at the St Petersburg State Conservatory. She was a People's Artist of the USSR, recipient of the State Prize of the USSR, State Prize of the Russian Federation, Order For Services to the Fatherland IV Class, and Honorary Citizen of St Petersburg. Charles Gérard Charles Gérard (1 December 1922 – 19 September 2019) was a French actor and director. He appeared in more than fifty movies between 1957 through 2019. He worked with director Claude Lelouch in many movies. He was a close friend of Jean-Paul Belmondo for over 60 years. His best known movies were "The Toy", " Animal" and in "". Gérard died on 19 September 2019 in Paris at the age of 96. Bert Hellinger Anton "Bert" Hellinger (16 December 1925 – 19 September 2019) was a German psychotherapist. He worked with a therapeutic method best known as Family Constellations and Systemic Constellations. He was born in Leimen, Baden, Germany. In 1973, he left Germany for a second time and traveled to the United States to be trained for 9 months by Arthur Janov. Robert Boyd (journalist) Robert Skinner Boyd (January 11, 1928 – September 20, 2019) was an American journalist. He was born in Chicago. He spent most of his career working for the Knight Newspaper Group. He and Clark Hoyt won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973 for discovering the fact that Senator Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern's choice for vice president, had had severe psychiatric problems and undergone three shock treatments. Instead of publishing their scoop, they told their findings to McGovern's top advisor, and Eagleton withdrew as the Democratic nominee. Boyd died from congestive heart failure at a nursing home in Philadelphia on September 20, 2019 at the age of 91. Howard Cassady Howard Albert "Hopalong" Cassady (March 2, 1934 – September 20, 2019) was a professional American football running back. He won the Heisman Trophy in 1955. He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1979. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons, seven of them for the Detroit Lions, with whom he won the 1957 NFL Championship Game. He briefly played for the Cleveland Browns and the Philadelphia Eagles. Cassady was born in Columbus, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University. Cassady died on September 20, 2019 at his home in Tampa, Florida at the age of 85. Séamus Hegarty Séamus Hegarty, D.D. (26 January 1940 – 20 September 2019) was an Irish Roman Catholic prelate. He was Bishop of Raphoe from 1982 to 1994, then as Bishop of Derry from 1994 to 2011. Hegarty was born in Kilcar, County Donegal, Ireland. In November 2011, Hegarty was diagnosed with a "neurodegenerative disease" which forced him to resign from his job. The Holy See announced on 23 November 2011 that his resignation had been accepted. Hegarty died on 20 September 2019 in Letterkenny, County Donegal, Ireland at the age of 79. Gregorio Martínez Sacristán Gregorio Martínez Sacristán' (19 December 1946 – 20 September 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. Martínez Sacristán was ordained to the priesthood in 1971. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora in Spain from 2006 until his death in 2019. Martínez Sacristán died on 20 September 2019 in Madrid at the age of 72. Yonrico Scott Yonrico Scott (October 6, 1955 – September 20, 2019) was an American drummer and percussionist. He was a longtime member of the Grammy winning The Derek Trucks Band. He was the bandleader of the Yonrico Scott Band, and later worked with the Royal Southern Brotherhood, with Cyril Neville. Su Beng Su Beng (9 November 1918 – 20 September 2019) (), whose given name was Shih Chao-hui (), was a Taiwanese dissident and political activist. He was born in Shirin Town, Taihoku Chō, Japanese Taiwan (modern-day Shilin District of Taipei, Taiwan). He was known as the “Che Guevara of Taiwan". In April 1994, he began the Taiwan Independence Action motorcade, which he conceived as a way to raise the Taiwanese people’s political awareness. He fought for Taiwanese independence. Su died in Taipei on 20 September 2019 of pneumonia at the age of 100. Marina Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (; 31 August 1941) was a Russian-Soviet poet. Her work is thought to be some of the greatest in twentieth century Russian literature. Life. She lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it. In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger. Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family in increasing poverty in Paris, Berlin and Prague before returning to Moscow in 1939. Her husband Sergei Efron and her daughter Ariadna Efron (Alya) were arrested on espionage charges in 1941; her husband was executed. Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging hereself in 1941. Francesca Sundsten Francesca Sundsten (1960-Seattle,2019) was an american painter and wife of Bill Rieflin,member of King Crimson. Oui, oui, oui, oui "Oui, oui, oui, oui" (, "Yes, yes, yes, yes") is a song by French singer Jean Philippe. Pierre Cour and Hubert Giraud wrote it. The song was released as an EP and a single in 1959. It represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1959. Eurovision Song Contest 1959. Selection. "Oui, oui, oui, oui" participated in a national final organized by French broadcaster RTF in 1959. The song won it. For that reason, RTF sent it to represent France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959. In the contest. The song competed in the contest. It was held in the Palace of Festivals and Conferences in Cannes, France, on 11 March 1959. Jean Philippe performed it. Franck Pourcel conducted the orchestra. It was performed first, before Denmark's Birthe Wilke with "Uh, jeg ville ønske jeg var dig". In the end, the song received 15 points. It placed third out of 11. Fontanezier Fontanezier was a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin joined together to become the new municipality of Tévenon. Romairon Romairon was a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin joined together to become the new municipality of Tévenon. Villars-Burquin Villars-Burquin was a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin joined together to become the new municipality of Tévenon. Tévenon Tévenon is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin merged to form the new municipality of Tévenon. Corcelles-près-Concise Corcelles-près-Concise is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Agiez Agiez is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Arnex-sur-Orbe Arnex-sur-Orbe is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois. Baulmes Baulmes is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bavois Bavois is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Pomy, Switzerland Pomy is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Belmont-sur-Yverdon Belmont-sur-Yverdon is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bioley-Magnoux Bioley-Magnoux is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bofflens Bofflens is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Child World Child World was a toy store founded by "Sid Shneider" and "Joseph Arnesano who" opened the first store in Quincy Massachusetts in 1962. They founded the store inspired by the popularity of Toys "R" Us, which had already been around for a few decades and was favoured by most parents Stores and Marketing. In 1977, they took over ""Children's Palace"," another toy store founded in 1968, and became the second biggest toy store behind Toys R Us, who in some areas were located nearby of other stores. Their flagship store opened in 1989 in Framingham near the Shoppers World mall. The store was a success, and Child World attempted to change the layout of 11 other stores to match up with the store. But things started to fall for Child World in the 1990s. Mascot. In 1979, Child World introduced a mascot, Peter, a panda wearing overalls with his name on them. Bankruptcy. Toy makers stopped shipping to Child World stores, making it hard to keep toys on shelves, and many people working for Child World were fired and replaced by some people who formerly worked for Toys R Us who tried to save Child World. Child world filed for bankruptcy in May 1992 and closed half of its stores. Soon they discovered another toy store, Kiddie City, who was also having the same problems. They tried to merge Kiddie City with Child World while holding clearance sales on all 71 Child World stores. Child World says it's their only plan left of staying open. The July 12 deadline came and passed with no merger announcement, and the inventory clearance sale was now a going out of business sale. Despite this, merger talks continued in the hopes that they might be able to pull off a last-minute deal. However, on August 2, Child World announced that the plan failed and continued the process of shutting down the last 71 stores in the next 6 weeks. List of 100 Days to Heaven episodes This is a list of episodes of "100 Days to Heaven" which aired on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block from May 9, 2011 to November 18, 2011. The series was directed by Malu L. Sevilla, Jojo A. Saguin, and Don M. Cuaresma. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Islam in Assam Islam is the second largest and fastest growing religion in Assam. Assam is also home to a large number of Indian Muslims. According to the 2011 census, 35% of Assam's population is Muslim. According to the more late estimates 2021, 40% of the population could be Muslim now. 12 out of 32 districts of Assam is now Muslim majority and 5 districts have high Muslim population concentration. Malin Krastev Malin Krastev (; born 23 April 1970) is a Bulgarian actor and director. He is known for his movies "Stonehearst Asylum" (2014) and "The Petrov File" (2015). He is also known for his role as Storch on the television series "Magna Aura". He was born in Sofia. Ford Doolittle W. Ford Doolittle (born February 21, 1941 in Urbana, Illinois) is Professor Emeritus at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.   Doolittle is an evolutionary and molecular biologist. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and other awards. Doolittle studied cyanobacteria. He found evidence for the endosymbiont origins of chloroplasts. He has a theory for the initial evolution of eukaryotes. He has shown why horizontal gene transfer is important to prokaryotic evolution. In 1981, Doolittle received notice for his article in "The CoEvolution Quarterly" entitled "Is Nature Really Motherly?". This was a criticism of J. E. Lovelock's formulation of the Gaia Theory. Doolittle's article is often cited by Lovelock's critics. Doolittle thinks the idea of an all-encompassing Tree of Life is wrong. However, he is not a supporter of intelligent design. A "single" common ancestor and tree of all of life on Earth is not the only way evolution could have happened. René-Huguenin Hospital The Hôpital René-Huguenin is a well-known hospital in the Saint-Cloud, close to Paris. It has been created in 2010. He is partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Aron Eisenberg Aron Eisenberg (January 6, 1969 – September 21, 2019) was an American actor. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Eisenberg was known for his role as Nog on '. He appeared on "Tales from the Crypt", ', "Parker Lewis Can't Lose", "The Wonder Years", and "General Hospital". Eisenberg died on September 21, 2019 in Los Angeles from a heart attack caused by kidney disease at the age of 50. Nashua, New Hampshire Nashua is a city in southern New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, Nashua had a population of 86,494. It is the second-largest city in the state and in northern New England after nearby Manchester. Nashua is, along with Manchester, one of two seats of New Hampshire's most populous county, Hillsborough County. Woo Hye-mi Woo Hye-mi (; April 6, 1988 – September 21, 2019), also known by her stage name Miwoo (), was a South Korean singer. She was well known as one of the final four contestants from the first season of the South Korean talent show series "The Voice of Korea". On 21 September 2019, Woo Hye-mi, aged 31, was found dead at her home in Seoul. Ibrahim El-Orabi Ibrahim Abdel Ghafour El Orabi (, ); 20 May 1931 – 18 September 2019) was an Egyptian Army Lieutenant General. He was the 13th and former Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces from 1983 through 1987. He was a member of the Free Officers Movement. El-Orabi was born in El-Gharbeyya, Egypt. El-Orabi died on 19 September 2019 in Cairo at the age of 88. Chet Baker Chesney Henry Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter, pianist and singer. He was born in Yale, Oklahoma. He was known for his albums "Chet Baker Sings" and "It Could Happen to You". He was also known for his drug problems. Baker was in and out of jail before enjoying a career surge in the late 1970s and '80s. Baker died after falling off a balcony from his Amsterdam apartment on May 13, 1988 while under the influence of heroin and cocaine at the age of 58. Jim Jarmusch James Robert Jarmusch (; born January 22, 1953) is an American movie director, screenwriter, actor, producer, editor, and composer. He directed "Stranger Than Paradise" (1984), "Down by Law" (1986), "Mystery Train" (1989), "Dead Man" (1995), "" (1999), "Coffee and Cigarettes" (2003), "Broken Flowers" (2005), "Only Lovers Left Alive" (2013), and "Paterson" (2016). Independence Day (India) Independence Day has been celebrated every year on 15 August since 15 August 1947. On that date, British India became an independent country, the Dominion of India. (The Dominion of India became today's Republic of India in 1950, on Republic Day.) Mahatma Gandhi is one of those who served the country as a father and so he is called the father of the nation. Many times our freedom fighters were beaten and sent behind bars but they did not lose their confidence to fight for Indian Independence. Apart from Gandhiji, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Dr Rajendra Prsad, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and many others had to face the exploitation of Britishers. After a lot of struggles and difficulties, we got freedom from British rule. Bonvillars Bonvillars is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bretonnières Bretonnières is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bullet, Switzerland Bullet is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Grandevent Grandevent is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Fiez Fiez is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Giez Giez is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Sergey, Switzerland Sergey is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mauborget Mauborget is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Suchy Suchy is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mutrux Mutrux is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The Addams Family (1991 movie) The Addams Family (1991) is an American movie based on the cartoon by Charles Addams and the TV series by David Levy. It was the first movie directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. A sequel was released in 1993. Plot. Gomez Addams (Raul Julia) misses his brother Fester (Christopher Lloyd), who left 25 years earlier after they had a big fight. Gomez's lawyer, Tully Alford (Dan Hedaya), owes money to Abigail Craven (Elizabeth Wilson), and notices that her adopted son, Gordon looks like Fester. Tully tells Gordon to pretend to be Fester to get close to the Addams family and find their riches. Tully and his wife, Margaret (Dana Ivey), join Grandmama to try to talk to Fester's ghost. Gordon arrives, pretending to be Fester, and Abigail tells the family Fester has been in the Bermuda Triangle. Gomez takes him to the family vault to watch home movies from their childhood. Gordon learns that Gomez was jealous of Fester, and he dated the Amor twins to get even with Fester. Gomez starts to think that this is not the real Fester. Gordon tries to return to the vault, but can't get past a booby trap. Gomez's wife, Morticia (Anjelica Huston), threatens the fake Fester, saying how much the Addamses love family, and don't trust outsiders. Gordon grows closer to the Addams family, particularly the children Wednesday (Christina Ricci) and Pugsley (Jimmy Workman), and he teaches them about swords for a school play. Fake Fester goes to the play, even though Abigail told him not to do so. After the play, Abigail says fake Fester must go away again, so the Addamses throw a large party. Wednesday hears Abigail and Gordon talking about plans to break into the vault. Tully learns that Fester, as the biggest brother, owns all of the Addams property. The Addamses' neighbor, Judge George Womack (Paul Benedict), helps the bad guys kick the Addamses out of their house. Abigail, Gordon and Tully try and fail many times to get past the booby trap blocking the vault. The Addams family must move to a motel and get jobs. Morticia tries being a preschool teacher, Wednesday and Pugsley sell poisoned lemonade, and Thing (Christopher Hart)—the family's living hand—becomes a "delivery hand." Gomez is too sad to work. Morticia returns to the Addams home and Abigail and Tully catcher her and punish her, trying to learn how to get in the vault. Thing sees them and tells Gomez. The Addamses rush to save Morticia. Abigail threatens to kill Morticia unless they give her their money. Gordon stops Abigail. He uses a magic book to make a storm hit the house. Lightening strikes his head and launches Tully and Abigail out a window and into graves Wednesday and Pugsley had dug. Gordon's memory returns after the lightening strike, and he remembers that he was the real Fester all along. Morticia tells Gomez that she is pregnant. Music score. The soundtrack for "The Addams Family" features the song "Addams Groove" by MC Hammer. My Michigan "Michigan, My Michigan" is a popular anthem in the State of Michigan, and erroneously believed by many to be Michigan's official state song. The actual state song, "My Michigan", was formally adopted in 1937 but remains relatively obscure, due in part to the misconception that the official song is "Michigan, My Michigan." Sándor Sára Sándor Sára (28 November 1933 – 22 September 2019) was a Hungarian cinematographer and movie director. He directed 16 movies between 1962 and 2004. His movie "The Upthrown Stone" was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival. His other works include: "Ten Thousand Days" (1967), "Szindbád" (1971) and "80 Hussars" (1978). Ivan Kizimov Ivan Kizimov (; 28 May 1928 – 22 September 2019) was a Soviet-born Russian equestrian and Olympic champion. He was born in Novocherkassk. He won a gold medal in dressage at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, and a gold medal in team dressage at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Patchur, Karaikal Patchur, Karaikal is a small revenue village (hamlet). It belongs to the Karaikal taluk, Karaikal district, Puducherry, India. This area is mostly famous for the Sri Dharmasasta Ayyapan Temple. This is the only Ayyapan temple in the Karaikal region. Anastasia Zavorotnyuk Anastasia Yuryevna Zavorotnyuk (; born April 3, 1971) is a Russian actress and television presenter. She was known for her role in the "My Fair Nanny" television show. Zavorotnyuk was born in Astrakhan, Russia. In 2018, Zavorotnyul was diagnosed with glioblastoma. On 13 September 2019, Zavorotnyuk was hospitalized for multiple organ failure and was in a coma. The next day, her cancer treatment stopped and was placed on a ventilator. Jevan Snead Jevan Bryce Snead (September 2, 1987 – September 21, 2019) was an American football quarterback. He played college football at Mississippi after sitting behind Colt McCoy for Texas. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent and then cut. Snead was also a pre-season member of the Tampa Bay Storm. Snead died on September 17, 2019 in Austin, Texas at the age of 32. Jean-Claude Narcy Jean-Claude Narcy (born 16 January 1938) is a French journalist and news anchor. He has presented the daily news in the evening and at night on TF1. Narcy was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France. Narcy was named Commander of the Legion of Honor in 2009. Alice Belaïdi Alice Belaïdi (born 18 March 1987) is a French actress. She has appeared in more than 20 movies and television shows since 2010. She is known for her roles in "The Gorillas" (2015), "Jailbirds" (2015), "Odd Job" (2016), and in the Netflix movie "The Climb" (2017). Madhav Apte Madhavrao Laxmanrao Apte (5 October 1932 – 23 September 2019) was a former Indian cricketer. He played in 7 Tests from 1952 to 1953. He was elected to the office of the President of the Cricket Club of India in 1989. Apte was born in Bombay. Apte died on 23 September 2019 at a Mumbai hospital from cardiac arrest at the age of 86. Carl Ruiz Carl "The Cuban" Ruiz (April 4, 1975 – September 21, 2019) was a Cuban-American restaurant-owner and celebrity chef. He was born in Passaic, New Jersey. Ruiz was best known as a judge on many cooking competition shows on Food Network in the United States. He was also known for working with Guy Fieri and was a judge on his shows, including "Guy's Grocery Games" and "Guy's Ranch Kitchen". Ruiz died in his sleep on September 21, 2019, of a suspected heart attack while visiting friends in Maryland, aged 44. Guy Fieri Guy Ramsay Fieri (, ; né Ferry; born January 22, 1968) is an American restaurateur, author, game show host, and an Emmy Award winning television personality. He co-owns three restaurants in California, licenses his name to restaurants in New York City and Las Vegas, Nevada, and is known for hosting many television series on the Food Network. By mid-2010, the Food Network had made Fieri the "face of the network". Power bloc In international relations, a power bloc is an association of groups, especially nations, having a common interest and acting as a single political force. Epoch (reference date) An epoch is the time that begins a calendar and is one of the things that defines a calendar, along with what the units of time are and how they fit into the calendar. The epoch could be called Year Zero, or Second Zero, or other names like that. Günter Kunert Günter Kunert (; 6 March 1929 – 21 September 2019) was a German writer and political commentator. Born in Berlin, he left the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) to live in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). He joined the main political party of East Germany, the Socialist Unity Party (SED) in 1948. A poet, Kunert also wrote short stories, essays, autobiographical works, aphorisms, satires, fairy tales, science fiction, radio plays, speeches, travel writing, movie scripts, a novel, and a drama. In the 1970s, he was a writing lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2009, Kunert won the America Award in Literature. Life. Kunert was born in Berlin. Kunert died in Kaisborstel on 21 September 2019 at the age of 90. Awards. Kunert was an honorary doctor of several universities in Italy and the United States. He was awarded the Heinrich Heine Prize of Düsseldorf in 1985, the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2012 and the Kunstpreis of Schleswig-Holstein in 2014. Mack Mack may refer to: 9/11 (2002 movie) 9/11 is a 2002 documentary about the September 11 attacks in New York, where two planes crashed into the buildings of the World Trade Center. The movie was directed by Jules and Gédéon Naudet and James Hanlon. Butene Butene is the third occurring chemical compound in the alkene series of compounds. It has the chemical formula C4H8. Butene is made in laboratories. Butane is formed from covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon atoms. There are four isomers, and all are gases at room temperature. All four of these hydrocarbons have four carbon atoms and one double bond in their molecules, but have different chemical structures. The IUPAC and common names, respectively, of these chemical compounds are: Jan Merlin Jan Merlin (born Jan Wasylewski; April 3, 1925 – September 20, 2019) was an American character actor, screenwriter, and author. Merlin was born in New York City. His best known roles were "Hell Bent for Leather", "Guns of Diablo" (1965), "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre" (1967), "Take the Money and Run" (1969), "The Twilight People" (1972), "I Escaped from Devil's Island" (1973), "The Slams" (1973), "The Hindenburg" (1975) and "Time Trackers" (1989). Merlin died on September 20, 2019 in Burbank, California at the age of 94. Alberto Fernández Alberto Ángel Fernández (born 2 April 1959) is an Argentine lawyer and politician. Fernández has been the 57th President of Argentina since 2019. He was the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers during Néstor Kirchner's presidency, and the early months of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's. His tenure as Cabinet Chief from 2003 to 2008 remains the longest since the post was created in 1994. In May 2019, Fernández announced his candidacy for president for the 2019 election. He was elected president in October 2019, beating incumbent President Mauricio Macri with a 48% to 40% vote count. Roberto Lavagna Roberto Lavagna (born 24 March 1942) is an Argentine economist and politician. He was Minister of Economy and Production from April 27, 2002 until November 28, 2005. Eduardo Duhalde Eduardo Alberto Duhalde (; born 5 October 1941) is an Argentine politician. He was the President of Argentina from 2002 to 2003. He also was the Vice President between 1989 to 1991 during the Carlos Menem presidency. Adolfo Rodríguez Saá Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (born 25 July 1947) is an Argentine Peronist politician. He was an interim President of Argentina between 23 December 2001 through 30 December 2001. Louisiana (New France) Louisiana () or French Louisiana was an administrative district of New France. It was under French control 1682 to 1762 and 1801 (nominally) to 1803 when France sold it in the Louisiana Purchase. The area was named after King Louis XIV by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. The area included most of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River, and it went from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and it went from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. Louisiana included two regions. These regions are now known as Upper Louisiana (), which began north of the Arkansas River, and "Lower Louisiana" (). Most of the French people in Upper Louisiana came from Canada. The U.S. state of Louisiana is named for the historical region. Although it is only a small part of the vast lands claimed by France. Louisiana (New Spain) Louisiana () was an administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1763 to 1801. It included the area west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans. Spain got the territory from France, which had named it La Louisiane after King Louis XIV in 1682. It is sometimes called Spanish Louisiana. The district was given back to France, under the terms of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) and the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801). In 1802, King Charles IV of Spain wrote a royal bill on 14 October. This changed the transfer and outlined the conditions. However, Spain agreed to still run the colony until French officials came and made the transfer official (1803). The ceremony happened at the Cabildo in New Orleans on 30 November 1803. This was just three weeks before the formalities of cession from France to the United States pursuant to the Louisiana Purchase. Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) The Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) was signed on 21 March 1801 by France and Spain. It confirmed the terms of the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso dated 1 October 1800. That treaty said Spain would give its North American colony of Spanish Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. Chamblon Chamblon is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Champagne, Switzerland Champagne is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Baxter Springs, Kansas Baxter Springs is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. It is along the Spring River. In 2010 census, 4,238 people lived there. It is the biggest city in Cherokee County. History. One of the largest Osage bands was led by Chief Black Dog ("Manka - Chonka"). His men finished what became known as the Black Dog Trail by 1803. It started from their winter territory. This territory was east of Baxter Springs, and it went southwest to their summer hunting area at the Great Salt Plains in present-day Alfalfa County, Oklahoma. The Osage regularly stopped at the springs for healing on their way to summer hunting area. They made the trail by clearing it of brush and big rocks. They built ramps from the ground to the fords. The trail was the first improved road in Kansas and Oklahoma. It was big enough for eight horsemen to be riding side-by-side. Geography. Baxter Springs is at (37.023062, -94.734762). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. People. 2010 census. The census of 2010 says that there were 4,238 people, 1,754 households, and 1,151 families living in Baxter Springs. Champvent Champvent is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The former municipalities of Essert-sous-Champvent and Villars-sous-Champvent merged on 1 January 2012, into Champvent. Chanéaz Chanéaz was a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. 1896 United States presidential election The 1896 United States presidential election was the 28th presidential election in the United States. It happened on Tuesday, November 3, 1896. Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican candidate, defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 campaign happened during an economic depression called the Panic of 1893. The election is considered to mark the change from the "Third Party System" to the "Fourth Party System". Chavannes-le-Chêne Chavannes-le-Chêne is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Rovray Rovray is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is in the Jura-Nord vaudois district. On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Arrissoules merged into the municipality of Rovray, which kept the name Rovray. Odawa The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa ) are an Indigenous American ethnic group. Their name means "traders". They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands cultures. Their language is part of the Algonquian language family. They mostly live in the northern United States and southern Canada. The US Government federally recognizes these Native Americans as a tribe. They have numerous recognized First Nations bands in Canada. They are one of the Anishinaabeg. They are related to but different from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples. History. The Odawa may have come from some Hopewell traditions. The Odawa were historically grouped with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi. The three were allied in the Council of Three Fires. The fought against other tribes like the Iroquois and Dakota. The Odawa were important in the fur trade. They traded beaver, deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. The Odawa got metal tools, cloths, weapons, jewelry and alcohol in return. The Odawa fought wars over trading. They fought against the powerful Mohawk and Iroquois in the Beaver Wars. Many Natives later died from European diseases. The natives were not immune to these new diseases. In 1752, the French Charles Langlade attacked the Miami people at Pickawillany with Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe. The Miami surrendered and handed over Englishmen for negotiations. The Odawa ate one Englishman and the Chief of the town. This was one of the events that led to increased tension in the Ohio Country. This eventually led to the French and Indian War between France and Britain. The Odawa were together with the French against the British in the French and Indian War or Seven Years' War (1756-1763). Pontiac was an important Odawa chief. Chief Egushawa allied with the British during the American Revolution (1775-1783). After the American Revolution, Odawa and other tribes fought against the United States in the Northwest Indian War. The natives lost this war and had to give up much land The Odawa gave lands in the Treaty of Greenville (1795). They gave up more land in the Treaty of Detroit (1807). After the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the remaining Odawa moved to Kansas. Valeyres-sous-Montagny Valeyres-sous-Montagny is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gressy, Switzerland Gressy was a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gressy became part of the municipality of Yverdon-les-Bains on on 1 July 2011. Gressy Gressy is the name of two places in Europe: L'Abbaye L'Abbaye is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the Vallée de Joux. Its name is from Lac de Joux Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery. Geography. L'Abbaye is located on the eastern shore of the Lac de Joux at an elevation of between and . It is at the heart of the Vallée de Joux in the Jura. It includes also the villages of Les Bioux and Le Pont. The municipality was part of the La Vallée District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and L'Abbaye became part of the new district of Jura-Nord vaudois. 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) The 3rd United States Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. It currently has three active battalions. It's sometime called The Old Guard, as well as Escort to the President. The regimental motto is "Noli Me Tangere" (from Latin: – "Touch Me Not"). The regiment is a major unit of the Military District of Washington (MDW). The regiment is the oldest active duty regiment in the US Army. It was first created as the First American Regiment in 1784. It has been the official ceremonial unit of the US Army since 1948. Zhuang people The Zhuang people (; ) are a Kra-Dai speaking ethnic group who mostly live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Some also live in the Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan provinces. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. With the Buyi, Tay–Nùng, and other northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the Rau or Rao. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, makes them the largest minority in China. References. Sources. A Senior City Police Officer Pursues His Roots In China, By Marvine Howe, New York Times, November 14, 1985. Henry Leavenworth Henry Leavenworth (December 10, 1783 – July 21, 1834) was an American soldier. He was active in the War of 1812 and early military actions against the Plains Indians. He created Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. Leavenworth, Kansas, Leavenworth County, Kansas, and the Leavenworth Penitentiary are named after him. Ojibwe The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people of Canada and the United States. They are one of the biggest indigenous peoples north of the Rio Grande. In Canada, they are the second-biggest First Nations group. The only group bigger are the Cree. In the United States, they have the fifth-biggest number of people among Native American peoples. The only groups bigger are the Navajo, Cherokee, Choctaw and Sioux. Most of the Ojibwe people live in the United States. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux; and 8,770 Mississauga, organized in 125 bands. They live from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia. , the US census says that there are 170,742 Ojibwe people. Squatting Squatting is when someone starts living on empty land or in an empty building (usually a residential building) which the squatter does not own, rent or have permission to use. Author Robert Neuwirth suggested in 2004 that there were one billion squatters in the world. Most squatting is residential. Squatting usually happens when a poor and homeless population sees old property or land. Freetown Christiania is enough popular place for squatters. By Country. United States. In the United States, squatting laws are different from state to state and city to city. For the most part, it is not tolerated for long, especially in cities. Community organizations have helped the homeless to take over empty buildings. It is done not only to change the building to be a place to live but also a part of bigger campaign to let people know about inequality in housing. They also do it to help get change in housing and land issues. Olof Thunberg Fritz-Olof Thunberg (21 May 1925 – 24 February 2020) was a Swedish actor and director. He was known for his deep voice and for his radio horror programs such as "Mannen i svart" ("The Men in Black"). He was also known as the voice of Bamse and Agaton Sax in children's movies and recordings. He also dubbed many Disney movies to Swedish. His granddaughter is environmentalist youth activist Greta Thunberg. Thunberg died on 24 February 2020 at his home in Nacka, Sweden at the age of 94. Harry Joseph Flynn Harry Joseph Flynn (May 2, 1933 – September 22, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis from September 8, 1995 to May 2, 2008, when his resignation was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI. He was born in Schenectady, New York. Flynn died on September 22, 2019 from bone cancer in Saint Paul, Minnesota at the age of 86. J. Michael Mendel J. Michael "Mike" Mendel (September 24, 1964 – September 22, 2019) was an American television producer. He was a four-time Emmy Award winner for his works on "The Simpsons" and "Rick and Morty". He also produced "The PJs", "The Oblongs", "Drawn Together", "Sit Down, Shut Up", and "Napoleon Dynamite". Mendel died suddenly on September 22, 2019 in Los Angeles, two days before his 55th birthday. Al Alvarez Alfred Alvarez (5 August 1929 – 23 September 2019) was an English poet, novelist, essayist and critic. He published under the name A. Alvarez and Al Alvarez. He was best known for his 1962 poetry anthology "The New Poetry". Death. Alvarez died of pneumonia on 23 September 2019 in London at the age of 90. Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, PC, GBS (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African-British judge. He was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009. Donald Nicholls, Baron Nicholls of Birkenhead Donald James Nicholls, Baron Nicholls of Birkenhead, PC (born 25 January 1933), is a British lawyer. He was a Law Lord (Lord of Appeal in Ordinary). From 1998 to 2004, he was a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. He retired from the membership of the House of Lords on 3 April 2017. David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead James Arthur David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead, (born 27 June 1938) is a retired Scottish judge. He was the first Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2009 until his retirement in 2013. He was on the Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. In 2015, he became the Convenor of the Crossbench peers in the House of Lords. Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond Brenda Marjorie Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond , known as Lady Hale (born 31 January 1945), is a British judge. She was President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2020. In 2004, she joined the House of Lords as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. She is the only woman to have been appointed to this position. Curt Wittlin Curt Wittlin (13 April 1941 – 23 September 2019) was a Swiss philologist. He was an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature. In 1997 he became a member of the Institute of Catalan Studies and from 1990 to 1993 he was president of the North American Catalan Society. Wittlin was born in Basel, Switzerland. He died on 23 September 2019 in Tortosa, Spain at the age of 78. Toxic metals Many metals, particularly heavy metals are toxic, but some heavy metals are essential, and some, such as bismuth, have a low toxicity. Most often the definition of toxic metals includes at least cadmium, manganese, lead, mercuryand the radioactive metals.These are quite harmful and hazardous. Harmful effects of metals: The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Heavy Metal Poisoning Heavy metal poisoning is the accumulation of heavy metals, in toxic amounts, in the soft tissues of the body. ... The heavy metals most commonly associated with poisoning of humans are lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. How do you know if you have heavy metals in your body? Nash, North Dakota Nash is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 32 at the 2010 census. It was founded in 1890. Nash is located at (48.470556, -97.513056). Phil Hardberger Phillip Duane Hardberger (born July 27, 1934) is an American politician, lawyer, and jurist. He was Mayor of San Antonio, Texas from 2005 through 2009. He is a Democrat, but he was elected on a non-partisan ballot. Ron Nirenberg Ronald Adrian Nirenberg (born April 11, 1977) is an American politician. He is the Mayor of San Antonio, Texas since 2017. He was a member of the San Antonio City Council for District 8 for two terms. He was sworn into office on June 21, 2017. Red Bay Castle Red Bay Castle () is located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on a piece of land projecting into the sea north of Glenariff located on the road to Cushendall. History. It was built by the Bissett family in the 13th century on the site of an earlier motte-and-bailey outpost of the Kingdom of Dál Riata. The Bissett family were stripped of their lands in Scotland and fled for their lives to Ireland after Walter de Bisset was accused of the murder of Patrick, Earl of Atholl, at Haddington, East Lothian in 1242. King Henry III of England granted Bisset large possessions in the Barony of Glenarm, Ireland. John Mor MacDonald 1st of Dunnyveg married Margery Bissett of the Glens of Antrim, and acquired as a result the castle of Red Bay. His descendants known as the MacDonnells of Antrim extended and rebuilt the castle in the 16th century. In 1565, the castle was burned to the ground by Shane O'Neill, chief of the O'Neills of Tyrone; it was rebuilt by Sorley Boy MacDonnell, however later fell into disrepair. In 1604 the castle was restored and was later destroyed by Oliver Cromwell in 1652 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The Bronx (band) The Bronx is an American punk rock band from Los Angeles, California. It was created in 2002. The band's current line-up is vocalist Matt Caughthran, guitarists Joby J. Ford and Ken Horne, bass guitarist Brad Magers, and drummer Joey Castillo. The band have released five studio albums. They have also also released three more albums of mariachi music under the moniker of Mariachi El Bronx. The original group of The Bronx consisted of Caughthran, Ford, bassist James Tweedy, and drummer Jorma Vik. Cheseaux-Noréaz Cheseaux-Noréaz is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Juriens Juriens is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Australia (continent) The continent of Australia is the land mass which sit on Australia's continental plate. This includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, and the island of New Guinea. It is in the geographical region of Oceania. The continent is sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul, Australinea or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia. Elaine Feinstein Elaine Feinstein (born as Elaine Coolin; 24 October 1930 – 23 September 2019) was an English poet, novelist, short-story writer, playwright, biographer and translator. She was born in Bootle, Lancashire. She wrote 14 novels, many radio plays, television dramas and five biographies, including "A Captive Lion: the Life of Marina Tsvetaeva" (1987) and "Pushkin" (1998). "Ted Hughes: The Life of a Poet" (2001) was shortlisted for the biennial Marsh Biography Prize. Feinstein died on 23 September 2019 at the age of 88. Cronay Cronay is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Lone Wolf, Oklahoma Lone Wolf is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Battle of Marais des Cygnes The Battle of Marais des Cygnes was a battle during Price's Missouri Raid in the American Civil War. It happened on October 25, 1864, in Linn County, Kansas. It is also called the Battle of Osage, or the Battle of Trading Post. It was the first of three related actions on the same day. All three of those actions involved elements of Major General Sterling Price's Confederate Army of Missouri, and the Union's Provisional Cavalry Division commanded by Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Thomas Ewing Jr. Thomas Ewing Jr. (August 7, 1829 – January 21, 1896) was an attorney, the first chief justice of Kansas and leading free state advocate, Union Army general during the American Civil War, and two-term United States Congressman from Ohio, 1877–1881. He barely lost the 1880 campaign for Ohio Governor. Civil War. Ewing was responsible for General Order № 11. The Order was issued in response to William Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas, where 450 raiders shot and killed 150 men and boys. Column (periodical) A column is a recurring article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication. It is where a writer writes their own opinion in few columns given to them by the newspaper organization. Columns are written by columnists. Advice column An advice column is a column in a question and answer format. Usually, a reader writes to the media outlet with a problem in the form of a question. The media outlet gives an answer or response. The responses are written by an advice columnist. An advice columnist is someone who gives advice to people who send in problems to the media outlet. "The Athenian Mercury" had the first known advice column in 1690. District of Louisiana The District of Louisiana, or Louisiana District, was an official, temporary, United States government designation for the part of the Louisiana Purchase that had not been organized into the Orleans Territory. It officially existed from March 10, 1804, until July 4, 1805, when it was incorporated as the Louisiana Territory. On March 3, 1805, Congress passed a bill that organized the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory. It started on July 4, 1805. The territorial government was organized in a way similar to the Indiana Territory. Concise Concise is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Corcelles-sur-Chavornay Corcelles-sur-Chavornay was a municipality of the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017 the municipalities of Corcelles-sur-Chavornay and Essert-Pittet joined to become the municipality of Chavornay. Essert-Pittet Essert-Pittet is a former municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Essert-Pittet and Corcelles-sur-Chavornay merged into the municipality of Chavornay. Cuarny Cuarny is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Federal Emergency Relief Administration The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA). President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created it in 1933. FERA was created from the Federal Emergency Relief Act. In 1935, it was replaced by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). From May 1933 until December 1935, FERA gave states and cities $3.1 billion (the equivalent of $55.4 billion in 2017). FERA provided work for over 20 million people and developed facilities on public lands across the country. Agricultural Adjustment Act The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a United States federal law of the New Deal era. it was designed to raise agricultural prices by having fewer surpluses. The Government bought livestock to kill, and they paid farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land. The money for these subsidies was generated through a tax on companies which processed farm products. The Act created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to oversee the distribution of the subsidies. Croy, Switzerland Croy is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Démoret Démoret is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Donneloye Donneloye is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 11 March 2007, the community decided to merge their municipality with those of the neighbouring Gossens and Mézery-près-Donneloye municipalities, with effect from 1 January 2008. On 1 January 2012, the former municipality of Prahins merged into Donneloye. Black bean Black bean may refer to a number of edible seeds: Black bean may also refer to: Jackie Speier Karen Lorraine Jacqueline "Jackie" Speier (born May 14, 1950) is an American politician. She is a United States Representative for the California 14th congressional district. Speier is a former member of the California State Senate. She was elected to that office on April 8, 2008. She represented parts of San Francisco and San Mateo counties. Speier was shot five times in 1978 while she worked with Leo Ryan. Unfortunately, Ryan was killed; this was during the Jonestown massacre. Speier ran in the Democratic primary for the Lieutenant Governor of California against the insurance commissioner John Garamendi. However, the latter won the race. Garamendi got 42.5% of the vote. Speier got 39.7% of the vote. Speier supports abortion, same sex marriage and LGBT rights. She is a member of the United States Democratic Party. Speier endorsed Hillary Clinton for President of the United States. Speier was born in San Francisco, California. Kaskaskia The Kaskaskia were one of the Native American tribes of the Northeastern Woodlands. They were one of about a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation (also called the Illinois Confederation). They mostly lived in the Great Lakes region. Their first contact with Europeans happened in 1667 near present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin at a Jesuit mission station. The descendants of the Kaskaskia, along with the Wea and Piankeshaw, are in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. That means they are a federally recognized tribe in Oklahoma. Otoe The Otoe (Chiwere: "Jiwére") are a Native American people of the Midwestern United States. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family, and it is related to that of the Iowa and Missouri tribes. Historically, the Otoe Tribe lived as a semi-nomadic people on the Central Plains along the bank of the Missouri River in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa and Missouri. They lived in elm-bark houses while they farmed. They used tipis when they traveled, like many other Plains tribes. They often left their villages to hunt buffalo. Kickapoo people The Kickapoo People (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American and Indigenous Mexican tribe. "Anishinaabeg" say the name "Kickapoo" ("Giiwigaabaw" in the Anishinaabe language and its Kickapoo cognate "Kiwikapawa") means "Stands here and there." This may have referred to the tribe often moving around. The name can also mean "wanderer". There are three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes in the United States: Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. The Oklahoma and Texas bands are politically linked with each other. The Kickapoo in Kansas came from them being moved from southern Missouri in 1832 as a land exchange from their reservation there. Around 3,000 people are tribal members. Sauk people The Sac or Sauk are a group of Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture group. They lived mostly in the region of what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin. This was when they were first met by the French in 1667. They have three federally recognized tribes, together with the Meskwaki (Fox), in Iowa, Oklahoma and Kansas. Piankeshaw The Piankeshaw, Piankashaw or Pianguichia Indigenous Peoples are Native Americans and members of the Miami Indians. They lived away from the rest of the Miami nation, therefore they were known as Peeyankihšiaki ("splitting off" from the others, Sing.: "Peeyankihšia" - "Piankeshaw Person"). They live in an area that now includes western Indiana and Ohio. They are closely allied with the Wea Indians. Piankeshaw villages have been found along the White River in central Indiana, and along the Vermilion River in Illinois, near Ouiatenon. The Piankashaw were living along the Vermilion river in 1743. Bertha Holt Berta Marian Holt (February 5, 1904 – July 24, 2000) was the founder of the Holt International Children's Services. She created the organization around 1956. Bertha Holt was also a nurse. She was known as Grandma Holt. Holt was born in Des Moines, Iowa. She died after having a stroke at age 96 in Creswell, Oregon. Ingrid Aune Ingrid Johansen Aune (Stavanger, October 19, 1985-Namsos, August 1, 2019) was a Norwegian politician and politologist, mayor of the city of Malvik since 2015. She earned a degree in International Relations and Economics from the University of Oslo in 2010, later completing her studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States. She died on August 1, 2019 in a boat accident on the outskirts of Namsos. She was 33 years old. Martina Gasparovič Bezoušková Martina Gasparovič Bezoušková (born January 9 1961, Prague) is a Czech theatre and film actress and teacher. Biography. Martina Gasparovič Bezoušková was born in Prague, Malá Strana, into an artistic family of the painter Ema Blažková (1924–2003) and Martin Gasparovič (1923–1989) as one of four children: sister Jana (* 1951), brother Lukáš (* 1953) and brother Marek (* 1954). From pre-school age, she devoted herself to classical ballet in the Ballet Preparatory School of the National Theater, tap dance, and she sang in the Czech Radio Children's Choir. Later she competed in ballroom dancing. In 1976–1980 she studied dental laboratory at the Secondary Medical School in Prague. Subsequently, she was admitted to the Department of Dramatic Theater of the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts (DAMU), where she graduated in 1984. Since 2014 she has been teaching stage speech at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts. Since 2016, she has been teaching at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague at „University of the Third Age“ two programs: "Speak or not to speak" and "The road to success is paved with words". In 2018 she commenced her engagement as teacher at the Jan Deyl Conservatory and High School and also at the Prague International Conservatory. She was featured in theatre and film as "Martina Gasparovičová", "Martina Gasparovičová-Bezoušková" or "Martina Bezoušková". Family. Her husband was Martin Bezouška (* 1955), a Czech screenwriter. They have four children together: Jan (* 1985), Patrik (* 1993), Anna (* 1996) and Jáchym (* 1998). Ependes, Vaud Ependes is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Essert-sous-Champvent Essert-sous-Champvent was a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the former municipalities of Essert-sous-Champvent and Villars-sous-Champvent became part of the municipality called Champvent. Orbe Orbe is a small town in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It was the capital of the former district of Orbe and is now part of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois. The town lies on the river of the same name and has about 6,000 people. The town has a coffee factory owned by Nestlé, a marionette museum, Roman ruins, and a late-Gothic church. Fontaines-sur-Grandson Fontaines-sur-Grandson is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. L'Abergement L'Abergement is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Grandson, Switzerland Grandson is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. La Praz La Praz is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Les Clées Les Clées is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump An impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump began on September 24, 2019, when Nancy Pelosi, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, announced in a televised speech the beginning of a formal impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States. It began after President Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani repeatedly wanted the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of former vice president and 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden, in what was seen as an attempt to hurt Biden's candidacy for president and for Trump to gain advantages in the 2020 election. In July prior to the phone call with Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky, Trump stopped military aid to Ukraine; he released the hold in September. Further revelations have been revealed, including; President Trump claiming to Russian officials in 2017 that he was unconcerned with Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo participating in the phone call to the Ukrainian President despite not being present in the released memo from the Trump Administration, as well as President Trump also pressuring Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison in a phone call to investigate the origins of the Mueller Report in an attempt to discredit it. On October 28, 2019, Speaker Pelosi announced she would hold a floor vote on a resolution to formally establish the procedures for the impeachment hearings. On October 31, 2019, the House voted 232–196 to create procedures for public hearings. The inquiry ended on December 3. On December 5, Nancy Pelosi asked the Judiciary Committee to draft articles of impeachment against President Trump. On December 16, the House Judiciary Committee released a report specifying criminal bribery and wire fraud charges as part of the abuse of power charge. The house voted to impeach Trump on December 18, 2019. On February 5, 2020 the Senate acquitted Trump on both count. The votes were 52-48 to acquit on the first count and 53-47 to acquit on the second count. First impeachment of Donald Trump The first impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States, began on September 24, 2019, after a whistleblower alleged that Trump had pressured foreign leaders. The scandal was about Trump telling Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Hunter Biden and his father Joe Biden, a former vice-president and a candidate for the 2020 presidential election. It ended on February 5, 2020. House trial. The inquiry stage of Trump's impeachment lasted from September to November 2019. In October 2019, three Congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses. In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report. A set of impeachment hearings before the Judiciary Committee began on December 4, 2019. On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to recommend two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Judiciary Committee also released a report on the articles of impeachment on December 16. The first hearing, held on December 4, 2019, was an academic discussion on the definition of an impeachable offense. The witnesses invited by Democrats were law professors Noah Feldman from Harvard, Pamela S. Karlan from Stanford, and Michael Gerhardt from the University of North Carolina. Republicans invited Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at George Washington University. On December 18, the full House approved the articles of impeachment, making Trump the third president in U.S. history to be impeached. Senate trial. On January 10, 2020, Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that she had "asked Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler to be prepared to bring to the Floor next week a resolution to appoint managers and transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate". At the end of the January 21 session, the Senate voted along party lines to pass Mitch McConnell's proposed trial rules and reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats. The prosecution's opening arguments and presentation of evidence took place between January 22–24. Trump's defense presentation began on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing, and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election. Under the U.S. Constitution, a two-thirds majority of the Senate is required to convict the president. Verdict. On February 5, 2020 the Senate acquitted Trump on both count. The votes were 52-48 to acquit on the first count and 53-47 to acquit on the second count. Le Chenit Le Chenit is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the Vallée de Joux. Tom Polanic Thomas Joseph Polanic (April 2, 1943 – September 22, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was born in Toronto. Polanic played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Minnesota North Stars between 1965 through 1977. He was born in Toronto. Polanic died on September 22, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 76. Robert Hunter (lyricist) Robert C. Hunter (June 23, 1941 – September 23, 2019) was an American lyricist, singer-songwriter, guitarist, translator, and poet. He was best known for his work with the Grateful Dead. Over the years Hunter wrote lyrics to a number of the band's signature pieces, including "Dark Star", "Ripple", "Truckin'", "China Cat Sunflower", and "Terrapin Station". Hunter was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the Grateful Dead in 1994. Hunter died on September 23, 2019 at his home in San Rafael, California at the age of 78. He was recovering from surgery at the time of his death. Arroyo Grande, California Arroyo Grande is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. The population was 17,908 as of 2014. Artūras Rimkevičius Artūras Rimkevičius (14 April 1983 – 23 September 2019) was a Lithuanian footballer. He played as a striker. He was born in Kaunas. Rimkevičius played for FK Tauras Tauragė, FBK Kaunas, FK Liepājas Metalurgs, FK Silute, FK Šiauliai, FK Bekentas, Atlantis FC. and Asteras Tripoli F.C.. He made his international debut against Latvia in June 2010, scoring three times for his country in seven caps, one against Estonia and two against Armenia. Rimkevičius shot himself at his Kaunas apartment on 23 September 2019, aged 36. Arne Weise Arne Georg Fredrik Weise (28 February 1930 – 25 September 2019) was a Swedish journalist and television personality. He was known as one of SVT's most famous broadcasters. He worked at Sveriges Radio from 1952 and started working for SVT in 1979. He was born in Malmö. On 25 September 2019, Weise died in his sleep, at the age of 89. Donald L. Tucker Donald Leonard Tucker (July 23, 1935 – September 24, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Tallahassee, Florida. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives between 1966 through 1978 and between 1975 through 1978, he was Speaker of the House. Tucker was a member of the Democratic Party. Tucker died on September 24, 2019 at his Tallahassee home of cancer at the age of 84. Onnens Onnens is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. T. Terrell Sessums Thomas Terrell Sessums (June 11, 1930 – June 6, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in Daytona Beach, Florida. Sessums was the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1974. Sessums was a member of the state house from 1963 through 1972. He is a member of the Democratic Party. From 1979 through 1988, he was Chair of the Florida Board of Regents. Sessums died on June 6, 2020 in Tampa, Florida at the age of 89. Richard A. Pettigrew Richard Andrew Pettigrew (born June 10, 1930) is an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Pettigrew was born in Charleston, West Virginia. He was in the Florida House of Representatives for the 97th district from 1963 to 1972. From 1971 to 1972, he was Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. Ralph Turlington Ralph Donald Turlington, Sr. (October 5, 1920 – May 14, 2021) was an American politician. He was born in Gainesville, Florida. Turlington was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives between 1950 through 1975. Between 1967 through 1969, he was the Speaker of the State House. Turlington died on May 14, 2021 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina at the age of 100. Fort Larned National Historic Site Fort Larned National Historic Site is a place that preserves Fort Larned. Fort Larned was a fort that was used from 1859 to 1878. It is about west of Larned, Kansas, United States. History. The Camp on Pawnee Fork was built on October 22, 1859. it was created to protect people along the Santa Fe Trail from angry American Indians. Le Lieu Le Lieu is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the Vallée de Joux. Premier, Switzerland Premier is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Alfred Pleasonton Alfred Pleasonton (July 7, 1824 – February 17, 1897) was a United States Army officer and major general of volunteers in the Union cavalry. This was during the American Civil War. He led the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac during the Gettysburg Campaign. This would also include the biggest cavalry battle of the war, Brandy Station. Early life. Pleasonton was born in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1824. Villars-Epeney Villars-Epeney is a municipality in the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Meskwaki The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquaki) are a Native American people. They are often called the Fox tribe. They are related to the Sauk people of the same language family. In the Meskwaki language, the Meskwaki call themselves "". This means "the Red-Earths". This is related to their creation story. Historically they lived in the Great Lakes region. They are part of the Northeast Woodlands. Wea The Wea were a Miami-Illinois-speaking Native American tribe. They were in western Indiana. They were related to the Miami Tribe. The name "Wea" is used today as the a shortened version of their many recorded names. The Wea name for themselves in their own language is "waayaahtanwa". This came from "waayaahtanonki", 'place of the whirlpool', where they were first recorded being seen and where they were living at that time. Peoria people The Peoria (or Peouaroua) are a Native American people. They are in the federally recognized Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. Historically, they were part of the Illinois Confederation. Traditionally, the Peoria spoke a dialect of the Miami-Illinois language. The name "Peoria" comes from their autonym (name for themselves) in the Illinois language, "peewaareewa" (modern pronunciation "peewaalia"). It first meant "Comes carrying a pack on his back." No speakers of the Peoria language are alive. Prahins Prahins was a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The former municipality of Prahins merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Donneloye. Boone's Lick Road The Boone's Lick Road or Boonslick Trail was an early 1800s transportation route. It went from eastern to central Missouri in the United States. It went east-west on the North side. It went along the Missouri River. The trail started in the river port of St. Charles. The trail was important in the westward expansion of the United States and the development of Missouri becoming a state. The trail ended at Franklin. Franklin was the start of the better-known Santa Fe Trail. First mapped by the sons of Daniel Boone, the path ended at a salt lick in Howard County used by the pair to manufacture salt. Today the lick is maintained as Boone's Lick State Historic Site. Towns created along the trail include Franklin, Smithton, Columbia, Fulton, Williamsburg, and Warrenton and others. Lignerolle Lignerolle is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mathod Mathod is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois, in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Molondin Molondin is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Potawatomi The Pottawatomi , also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language. That language is part of the Algonquian family. The Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word "Anishinaabe". The Potawatomi are part of a long-term friendship, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). Montagny-près-Yverdon Montagny-près-Yverdon is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Montcherand Montcherand is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Arapaho The Arapaho (; , ) are a tribe of Native Americans in the Great Plains. They used to live on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close friends of the Cheyenne tribe. They were barely friends with the Lakota and Dakota. History. Early history. Around 3,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Arapaho-speaking people ("Heeteinono'eino") lived in the western Great Lakes region. They lived there along the Red River Valley. This would be in what is present-day Manitoba, Canada and Minnesota, United States. The Arapaho were an agricultural people. They grew crops, including maize. Language. The Arapaho language is currently spoken in two different dialects. It is considered to be a part the Algonquian language family. There are only about 250 fluent speakers of Northern Arapaho. Most of them live on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. There are even fewer fluent Southern Arapaho speakers. All of them are very old. Novalles Novalles is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Fort Wise Treaty The Treaty of Fort Wise of 1861 was a treaty signed between the United States and six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Southern Arapaho Indian tribes. Many Cheyenne people hated this treaty because only a minority of Cheyenne chiefs had signed. They were also angry because those chiefs signed asking the rest of the tribe what they wanted. Different responses to the treaty were a reason why there was conflict between whites and Indians. This led to the Colorado War of 1864, including the Sand Creek Massacre. Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851). The 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States and various tribes including the Cheyenne and Arapaho says that the Cheyenne and Arapaho were supposed to have a very big amount of territory in the area between the North Platte River and Arkansas River and eastward from the Rocky Mountains to western Kansas. This area included present-day southeastern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, most of eastern Colorado, and the westernmost parts of Kansas. However, in November 1858, people found gold in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (then part of the western Kansas Territory). This created a gold rush. A lot of white people went across Cheyenne and Arapaho lands. Colorado territory officials asked federal authorities to change the size of Indians lands in the treaty. In Fall 1860, A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, came to Bent's New Fort along the Arkansas River to make a new treaty. Treaty of Fort Wise (1861). On February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the Treaty of Fort Wise with the United States. This was at Bent's New Fort at Big Timbers. This was near what is now Lamar, Colorado. Lamar had been recently leased by the U.S. Government, and the name changed to Fort Wise. The Native Americans gave most of the lands given to them by the Fort Laramie treaty to the United States. Wichita State University football team plane crash On Friday, October 2, 1970 at 1:14 p.m. MDT in Colorado a chartered Martin 4-0-4 airliner crashed into a mountain eight miles (13 km) west of Silver Plume. It happened in clear weather. The twin-engined propliner carried 37 passengers and a crew of three; 29 were killed at the scene and two later died of their injuries while under medical care. It was operated by Golden Eagle Aviation. It was one of two aircraft carrying the Wichita State University football team to Logan, Utah. They were going to Utah for a game against Utah State University. The other plane flew a normal route and arrived safely in Utah. Pilot errors, including bad in-flight choices and bad pre-flight planning, were officially reported as what caused the crash. Wichita State Shockers The Wichita State Shockers are the athletic teams that represent Wichita State University. They compete in the NCAA Division I. They are members of the American Athletic Conference. Varsity sports. A member of the American Athletic Conference, Wichita State University sponsors teams in seven men's and eight women's NCAA sanctioned sports. Football team plane crash. On October 2, 1970, the first plane carrying players and staff of the WSU football team took off from a Colorado airport after refueling. It was supposed to go to Logan, Utah for a game against Utah State University. It flew into a mountain valley too narrow to allow it to turn back. It crashed into a mountainside. This killed 31 of the 40 players, administrators and fans near a ski resort away from Denver. President Richard Nixon sent the president of the university a note which read, "Our thoughts and prayers go out to you in this time of sorrow." Spiro, Oklahoma Spiro is a town of Oklahoma in the United States. Meridian, Texas Meridian is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Bosque County. Cravant Cravant is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Orges, Switzerland Orges is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vugelles-La Mothe Vugelles-La Mothe is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Aliweb ALIWEB (Archie Like Indexing for the Web) is considered the first search engine, as it was the first that allowed you to search for web pages. It was announced in November 1993. by the website maker Martijn Koster, and shown in May 1994. Leipziger Messe The Leipzig Trade Fair is a major trade fair in Germany Kansas State Wildcats The Kansas State Wildcats (variously "Kansas State", "K-State", or "KSU") are the athletic teams for Kansas State University. The official color of the teams is Royal Purple. This makes Kansas State one of very few schools (as well as Syracuse and Harvard) that have only one official color; white and silver are generally used as complementary colors. Sports sponsored. Football. Kansas State's football team officially started playing in 1896 with a 14–0 loss to Fort Riley on November 28, 1896. Missouri Tigers football The Missouri Tigers football program represents the University of Missouri (often referred to as Mizzou) in college football. It competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Since 2012, Missouri has been a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is currently in its Eastern Division. Home games are played at Faurot Field ("The Zou") in Columbia, Missouri. 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game The 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game was a college football game between the University of Kansas and the University of Missouri. It was played on November 25, 1911 at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri. It is considered to be the first college football homecoming game ever played. 1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game The 1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game was an American college football game. It was between the team of the University of Kansas and the team of Baker University. It was played on November 22, 1890 in Baldwin City, Kansas. The game ended with Baker winning 22–9. It was the first college football game played in the state of Kansas. 1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game The 1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game was a college football game. It was between Cooper College (now the Sterling College) and (now Wichita State University). It was played on October 6, 1905, at Association Field in Wichita. The game was played at night under gas lamps as a demonstration by the Coleman Company. It was the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River. Fairmount won by a score of 24–0. 1939 Nebraska vs. Kansas State football game The 1939 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1939 college football season. The Wildcats finished the season with a 4–5 record with a 1–4 record in conference play. The Wildcats scored 107 points and gave up 108 points. Homecoming game against Nebraska. Kansas State played the Nebraska Cornhuskers on October 28, 1939. This game was the first college football homecoming game ever shown on television. It was also the second ever televised college football game and the first televised game west of New York City. Kansas State scored first with a field goal. Two minutes later Nebraska took the lead. Nebraska won the game 25–9. Nebraska entered the game a 12–5 favorite. The matchup was considered to be important to the outcome of the Big Six Conference championship. Nebraska ended the game as one of ten college teams in the nation that were unbeaten up to that point. Asma al-Assad Asma Fawaz al-Assad (, ; , : ; born 11 August 1975) is the First Lady of Syria since 2000. She was born and raised in London to Syrian parents. She is married to the 19th and current President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad. Black Sunday (storm) Black Sunday refers to a very bad dust storm that happened on April 14, 1935. The storm happened as part of the Dust Bowl. It was one of the worst dust storms in American history. It caused a lot of economic and agricultural damage. It is estimated to have moved 300 million tons of topsoil from the prairie area in the US. Jesus water miracle Jesus water miracle is the so called miracle in which statue of Jesus was weeping at Mumbai. People rushed to collect the 'holy water' and thus, police were called to manage the situation. Later, Indian rationalist, Sanal Edamaruku had proved that the so called holy water was actually weeping due to faulty sewage system. Sainte-Périne - Rossini - Chardon-Lagache Hospital The Hôpital Sainte-Périne - Rossini - Chardon-Lagache is a well-known hospital in Paris. It was created in 1807. It is a partner of Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Windshield The windshield (North American English) or windscreen (Commonwealth English) is the front window of a vehicle. It lets drivers see out while at the same time protecting passengers and the driver from weather. Aircraft, cars, buses, motorbikes or trams can all have windshields. Windshields on cars and aircraft are designed to protect the vehicle against wind and flying debris (such as dust, rocks, and insects). Windshields on motorbikes are designed to shield the driver from wind, though it doesn't protect as much as other vehicle windshields do. Modern windshields are generally made of laminated safety glass, a type of treated glass. The laminated safety glass used for vehicles is made of two curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer between them. This laminated safety glass is then joined into the window frame. Motorbike windshields are different to the ones found on cars or aircraft. Motorbike windshields are often made of high-impact polycarbonate or acrylic plastic. History. Before laminated safety glass, vehicles used ordinary window glass as a windshield. However, ordinary window glass can shatter if the vehicle had a massive physical impact, which would produce flying sharp pieces of glass that can injure people. On 1917, Henry Ford developed the laminated safety glass from the French, which would help prevent broken glass from shattering. Modern windshields were developed from Ford's developments. Archaic period (North America) In the classification of the , the Archaic period or "Meso-Indian period" in North America, starts from about 8000 BC, and it ends at about 1000 BC. In the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the "archaic stage" of cultural development. The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies. These economies were supported through the use of nuts, seeds, and shellfish. Because it ended when people started using sedentary farming, this date can be different by a lot across the Americas. The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period. Classifications. This classification system was first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in the widely accepted 1958 book "Method and Theory in American Archaeology". In the organization of the system, the Archaic period is after the Lithic stage. THe Archaic period is before the Formative stage. Thatching Thatching is building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, reeds, sedge ("Cladium mariscus"), rushes, heather, or palm branches. The vegetation is put on top of each other so as to make sure water stays away from the inner roof. Orzens Orzens is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Provence, Switzerland Provence is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Rances Rances is the name of two places in Europe: Rances, Switzerland Rances is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Fort Orleans Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort D'Orleans) was a French fort in colonial North America. It was the first fort on the Missouri River built by any Europeans on the Missouri River. It was built near the mouth of the Grand River near present-day Brunswick. The fort was occupied from 1723 to 1726. It was the first multi-year European settlement in what is today the U.S. state of Missouri. History. The fort was built on November 9, 1723. 40 French soldiers were supposed to be there. Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679 – 1734) was a French explorer. He wrote about his travels on the Missouri and Platte rivers in North America. He made the first European maps of these areas in the early 18th century. He wrote two accounts of his travels, which included descriptions of the Native American tribes he encountered. In 1723, he built Fort Orleans, the first European fort on the Missouri River, near the mouth of the Grand River and present-day Brunswick, Missouri. In 1724, he led an expedition to the Great Plains of Kansas to create trading relations with the Padouca (Apache Indians). 37th parallel north The 37th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 37 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude, the sun can be seen for 14 hours, 42 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 37 minutes during the winter solstice. This is about the northern limit of the visibility of Canopus, the second-brightest star of the night sky. Around the world. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 37° north passes through: United States. In the United States, the parallel is the southern borders of Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, and the northern borders of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. The border comes from the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 when Congress divided Indian Territory into Kansas and Nebraska north of the 37th parallel. They gave the rest to the Indian Territory to the south. Villars-sous-Champvent Villars-sous-Champvent was a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The former municipalities of Essert-sous-Champvent and Villars-sous-Champvent merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Champvent. 40th parallel north The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. At this latitude, the sun can be seen for 15 hours, 1 minute during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 20 minutes during the winter solstice. Around the world. Starting in Spain at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 40° north passes through: United States. The parallel 40° north forms the boundary between the states of Kansas and Nebraska. On 30 May 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the Territory of Kansas and the Territory of Nebraska divided by the parallel 40° north. Sainte-Croix, Switzerland Sainte-Croix is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Suscévaz Suscévaz is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Treycovagnes Treycovagnes is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Tony Xia Tony Xia () is a Chinese businessman and the current chairman of English football team, Aston Villa F.C.<br> Tony is 48 years old Ursins Ursins is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Parallel 36°30′ north The parallel 36°30′ north is a circle of latitude that is 36 and one-half degrees north of the equator of the Earth. This parallel of latitude is very important in the history of the United States. This is because it was the line of the Missouri Compromise, which was used to divide the slave and free states west of the Mississippi River, with the exception of Missouri, which is mostly north of this parallel. Around the world. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 36°30′ north passes through: Valeyres-sous-Rances Valeyres-sous-Rances is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Lyle Yost Lyle E. Yost (March 5, 1913 – April 5, 2012) was an American agriculture equipment manufacturer and inventor. Yost was the designer and inventor of the 1947 unloading auger, the catalyst for the development of Hesston Manufacturing in Hesston, Kansas. The device was used to unload grain from farm combines. The company's controlling stake was sold to Italian corporation Fiat Trattori in 1977. Fiat Trattori bought the rest of Hesston Manufacturing in 1987. In 1991, a year after being created, AGCO Corporation bought the rights to Hesston Manufacturing. Yost's success in the agriculture industry led to multiple awards and accolades. This included articles of his success in "Fortune" and "Forbes". AGCO AGCO Corporation is an American agricultural equipment manufacturer. Their headquarters are in Duluth, Georgia, United States. History. AGCO was created in 1990 when executives at Deutz-Allis bought out Deutz-Allis North American operations from the parent corporation KHD (Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz). KHD was a German company that owned the Deutz-Fahr brand of agriculture equipment. KHD had bought parts of the Allis-Chalmers agricultural equipment business five years earlier. In March 1991, AGCO bought the Hesston Corporation.<ref name="AGCO-Jul-1996-S-4/A"></ref> Because of this, they gained hay and forage equipment as well as technologies such as the grain auger (used to unload grain quickly from combines), invented in 1947 by Lyle Yost. Hesston had a 50 percent joint venture with Case International, now a part of CNH Global. AGCO bought the White Tractor line from the Allied Corporation's White-New Idea company. In 1993, AGCO bought the rest of White-New Idea, gaining New Idea hay equipment and manure spreaders, and White planters. White New Idea had a big manufacturing plant in Coldwater, Ohio, USA. In 2013, AGCO’s GSI acquired Johnson System, a manufacturer of catwalks and towers. In 2017, AGCO acquired Precision Planting, LLC, a planting equipment and technology business. Valeyres-sous-Ursins Valeyres-sous-Ursins is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vallorbe Vallorbe is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vaulion Vaulion is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vuiteboeuf Vuiteboeuf is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Yvonand Yvonand is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of Lausanne. Epalinges Epalinges is a municipality of the district of Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. Jouxtens-Mézery Jouxtens-Mézery is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Le Mont-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. Romanel-sur-Lausanne Romanel-sur-Lausanne is a municipality of the district Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. 1951 Central Missouri State vs. Southwestern football game The 1951 Central Missouri State vs. Southwestern football game was a college football game between the Central Missouri State Mules and the Southwestern Moundbuilders. It was played on September 14, 1951. The game was played at Sonner Stadium in Winfield, Kansas. The game is known for a team rejecting a touchdown awarded by the game officials. Central Missouri's head coach Tate C. Page called it "the finest act of sportsmanship" that he ever saw. In the third quarter, Southwestern halfback Arthur Johnson completed a long run down the sidelines nearest Southwestern's bench. The referee signaled a touchdown. The crowd of 2,000 cheered. Southwestern's head coach Harold Hunt ran out on the field to shout, "Southwestern rejects the touchdown!" He then told the officials that Johnson had stepped out of bounds. This would undo the touchdown. None of the referees had seen this happen, but they agreed to undo the touchdown. They put the ball back to the place where Coach Hunt said Johnson had stepped out. A photo of the run later showed Coach Hunt was correct. It was published in the Winfield Daily Courier. Referee W. P. Astle noted that there had been only three officials at the game instead of the regulation four. He later said, "If the fourth official had been present to cover what was impossible for me to cover ... I would never have discovered the ‘biggest’ man I ever met." Southwestern's Coach Hunt was nominated for "Football's Man of the Year" by This Week magazine. This was because he showed so much sportsmanship. Southwestern Moundbuilders The Southwestern Moundbuilders are the athletic teams that represent Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). They compete in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC). Accomplishments. The school boasts the following accomplishments: 1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game The 1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game was a college football game between Fairmount College (now called Wichita State University) and the Washburn Ichabods. It was played on December 25, 1905, in Wichita, Kansas. It was the first experiment with the forward pass. It was also the first experiment with the ten-yard requirement for first downs. It is unclear if the game was considered "regular season", "post season", or "exhibition" in classification. Game play. Fairmount college was coached by Willis Bates. The head coach for Washburn that season was John H. Outland. However, since he was officiating, it is likely that the coaching job was given to assistant coach (and next year's head coach) Garfield Weede. The game ended in a 0–0 tie. The weather for the game were good, but neither side was able to get close to the other team's goal except by a punt. Only seven first downs were made the entire game—four by Washburn and three by Fairmount. Most of the game was played in the middle of the field. The fans were upset. New rule test. Safer but not "conducive". Both teams had played a previous game that same season. What made this second game different was that it was a test of a different way to play. During the game, each team's offense was required to gain ten yards in three downs instead of four to earn a new first down. The experiment was considered a failure. Football legend John H. Outland officiated the game and said, "It seems to me that the distance required in three downs would almost eliminate touchdowns, except through fakes or flukes." The "Los Angeles Times" said that there was much kicking and that the game was considered much safer than regular play, but that the new rule was not "conducive to the sport." Impact. Three days later, 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer. As a result of that meeting, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was created. Several other rule changes were made to make the game safer for players, including the addition of the forward pass. First forward pass. In his history of the sport of football, David M. Nelson said that "the first forward passes were thrown at the end of the 1905 season in a game between Fairmount and Washburn colleges in Kansas." Nelson says that Washburn did three passes, and Fairmount did two. Credit for the first pass goes to Fairmount's Bill Davis, who did a pass to Art Solter. Harold Hunt (coach) Harold Seymore Hunt (December 12, 1907 – November 1, 1992) was an American football and basketball coach. He got nationwide exposure as an example of sportsmanship when he rejected a touchdown that would have won a game for his team. Football. Hunt was the 13th head football coach for the Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas. He was coach for three seasons, from 1949 to 1951, and compiled a record of 6–18–3 Washburn Ichabods The Washburn Ichabods are the athletic teams that represent Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. They are named after Ichabod Washburn. The Ichabods are a member of the NCAA Division II and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. Independence Producers The Independence Producers were a minor league baseball team based in Independence, Kansas, United States. They played from 1921 to 1925 and from 1928 to 1932. From 1921 to 1924, they played in the Southwestern League, and in 1925 they played in the Western Association. They played in the Western Association from 1928 to 1932 as well. The 1921 Producers were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Perhaps their most notable alumnus was Cy Blanton. Glenn Wright, another notable Producer, made an unassisted triple play when playing Major League Baseball in 1925. History. A historical marker says that the first night game in organized baseball was played in Independence on April 28, 1930, between the Independence Producers and the Muskogee Chiefs. Sterling Warriors The Sterling Warriors are the athletic teams that represent Sterling College in Sterling, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). They compete in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC). Football. Football at Sterling finished the 2009 season with a fourth-place finish in the conference. They had a 6–4 record. Chuck Lambert is the program's current head coach, succeeding his brother Andy, the new coach at Southern Nazarene, Okla. Notable former athletes include actor Clarence Gilyard. During the 1905 season, the Coleman Company set up temporary gas-powered lighting for a night game against Fairmount College (now called Wichita State University). It was the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River. Fairmount won the game 24–0. AGA cooker The AGA cooker is a heat storage stove and cooker. The heavy frame is made of cast iron and absorbs heat from a low-intensity source. Originally, AGAs burnt coke or anthracite. Later versions used gas as the heat source. The heat is used for cooking. It was invented and initially produced in Sweden. From 1957 all production has been in the United Kingdom. The cast-iron parts were cast at the Coalbrookdale foundry in the 1940s. They were still made there by the Aga Rangemaster Group until November 2017 when the company closed the site. Owners often talk about how the AGA actually makes their homes more energy efficient. The AGA does a number of jobs: it replaces several radiators, a tumble dryer, electric kettle and toaster. It is not just a cooker. The company which makes AGAs also makes other stoves, such as the Rayburn range. It is the Aga Rangemaster Group, which was taken over by the US company Middleton Corporation in 2015. El Quartelejo Ruins El Quartelejo, or El Cuartelejo (from Spanish "cuartelejo", meaning "far quarter or district"), is the name given to the archeological ruins of the northernmost Indian pueblo. It is the only known pueblo in Kansas. It is in Lake Scott State Park. The ruins of the stone and adobe pueblo are north of Scott City, Kansas, on Ladder Creek. United States House Committee on Territories The United States House Committee on Territories was a committee of the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1946 (19th to 79th Congresses). Its job was to report on a variety to topics related to the territories. This would include legislation about them, and their admission as new states. Gossens Gossens was a municipality in Yverdon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It became part of neighbouring Donneloye on 1 January 2008. It is on the main road between Yverdon and Moudon. The economy is mostly agricultural. Mézery-près-Donneloye Mézery-près-Donneloye was a municipality in Yverdon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008, it joined together with Donneloye and Gossens to become one municipality called Donneloye. Berlin Tegel Airport Berlin Tegel Airport () was the main international airport of Berlin, the capital of Germany. It formerly served West Berlin. The airport had the IATA Airport Code TXL. It was referred to as the "Frequent Flyer Airport". The airport was named after Otto Lilienthal and was the fourth busiest airport in Germany, with 20.5 million passengers in 2017 and about 22 million in 2018. The airport was a hub for Eurowings as well as a base for EasyJet. It is in Tegel, a part of the northern borough of Reinickendorf, northwest of the city centre of Berlin. The airport had its last flight on 8 November 2020. Traffic was redirected to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport until this date. Tegel was decomissioned on 4 May 2021. Thierrens Thierrens was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become one new municipality called Montanaire. Montilliez Montilliez is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become one new municipality called Montilliez. William Levada William Joseph Levada (June 15, 1936 – September 26, 2019) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. From May 2005 until June 2012, he was Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope Benedict XVI. He was the Archbishop of Portland (Oregon) from 1986 to 1995, and then Archbishop of San Francisco from 1995 to 2005. Levada died on September 26, 2019, in Rome at the age of 83. Vytautas Briedis Julius Vytautas Briedis (27 August 1940 – 22 September 2019) was a Lithuanian rower. He finished fifth and third at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics. Briedis died on 22 September 2019 in Vilnius. Topeka Constitution The Topeka Constitutional Convention met from October 23 to Nov 11, 1855 in Topeka, Kansas Territory at Constitution Hall. It wrote the Topeka Constitution that would have made slavery in Kansas illegal. The convention was organized by Free-Staters to go against the pro-slavery Territorial legislature elected March 5, 1855. The territorial legislature was elected in polling that had a lot of electoral fraud and the intimidation of free state settlers. The Topeka Constitution was the first effort to create a Kansas governmental structure and write its basis in law. Free-State people passed the constitution on December 15, 1855. The constitution was sent to Washington. They really wanted the U.S. Congress to pass it. President Pierce hated the document. It was presented in the Senate by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and in the House by Representative Daniel of Indiana. It passed the House by two votes on July 2. However, it was held in committee by the Senate. On July 8, Senator Stephen A. Douglas took up the Topeka Constitution in a bill counter to Senator Cass. Cass sent the issue back to the people of Kansas to follow the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Leavenworth Constitution The Leavenworth Constitution was one of four Kansas state constitutions written during the era of Bleeding Kansas. The Leavenworth Constitution was written by a convention of Free-Staters. It was the most progressive of the four proposed constitutions. Important parts of this Constitution were a Bill of Rights that referred to ""all men" (making no distinction between the rights of white men and black men), making slavery in the state illegal, and a basic framework for the rights of women. The constitutional convention that wrote the Leavenworth Constitution was provided for by an act of the Territorial Legislature passed in February 1858, while the Lecompton Constitution was being debated in Congress. The constitution was adopted by the convention at Leavenworth April 3, 1858. It was also chosen by the people at an election on May 18, 1858. The Leavenworth Constitution did not have a big impact on the history of Kansas since the US Senate did not approve of the laws in the document. The other proposed state constitutions were the Topeka Constitution (1855), the Lecompton Constitution (1857) and the Wyandotte Constitution (1859). Rachel Bloom Rachel Leah Bloom (born April 3, 1987) is an American comedian, writer, actress and singer-songwriter. She played the lead role of Rebecca Bunch in the CW comedy-drama series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend". For this, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress-Television Series Musical or Comedy. For that same act, she also won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. In May 2013, Bloom released her first musical comedy album "Please Love Me". Bloom was born in Los Angeles. Mid-Continent oil province The Mid-continent oil field is a big area that has hundreds of oil fields in Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. The area, which has various geological strata and diverse trap types, was discovered and used during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the crude oil found in the onshore mid-continent oil field is the mixed base or intermediate type (a mix of paraffin base and asphalt base crude oil types). Bud Fowler John W. "Bud" Fowler (March 16, 1858 – February 26, 1913) was an African-American baseball player, manager, and club organizer. He is the earliest known African-American player in organized professional baseball; that is, the major leagues and minor leagues. Early life. The son of a fugitive hop-picker and barber, Bud Fowler was christened John W. Jackson. Professional baseball career. Early career. Fowler first played for an all-white professional team based out of New Castle, Pennsylvania in 1872. He was 14 years old. He is documented as playing for another professional team on July 21, 1877. He was 19. On April 24, 1878, he pitched a game for the Picked Nine, who defeated the Boston Red Caps, champions of the National League in 1877. He pitched some more for the Chelsea team, then finished that season with the Worcester club. Baseball color line The color line, also known as the color barrier, in American baseball stopped players of black African descent from playing Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established). Racial segregation in professional baseball was sometimes called a gentlemen's agreement. This means an understanding, as there was no written policy at the highest level of organized baseball, the major leagues. There was minor league's vote in 1887 against allowing new contracts with black players within its league. It sent a powerful message that eventually led to blacks not being allowed to play at all. The color line was broken for good when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization for the 1946 season. Origins. The beginning of segregation followed the baseball season of 1867. On October 16, the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg denied admission to the "colored" Pythian Baseball Club. Leavenworth Soldiers The Leavenworth Soldiers was the first professional baseball team from Leavenworth, Kansas. The club played in the Western League from 1886 to 1888. Their first year, they tied the Lincoln Tree Planters for last place at 31-49. In 1887, the Soldiers were 27-27 when they disbanded on July 8 due to poor attendance. In 1888, Leavenworth returned to the loop and went 7-7 under L. M. Cretors. They were in second place when the league stopped operations on June 21. A J. Curran was leading the club in batting average at .300. Western League (1885–1899) The Western League of Professional Baseball Clubs, also called the Western League, was a minor league baseball league. It created on February 11, 1885. It focused on the Midwestern United States. History. Before its most famous version in November 1893, the Western League existed in various forms. The League was created as a minor league on February 11, 1885. The original clubs were in Indianapolis‚ Kansas City‚ Cleveland‚ Milwaukee‚ Toledo and Omaha/Keokuk, Iowa. Barn raising A barn raising, also historically called a raising bee or rearing in the U.K., is a collective action of a community, in which a barn for one of the members is built or rebuilt by members of the community. Barn raising was common in 18th- and 19th-century rural North America. A barn was a necessary building for any farmer. Yet a barn was also a big and expensive building. Building a farm needed many people than a typical family could provide. Barn raising addressed the need by getting members of the community, unpaid, to help in the building of their neighbors' barns. Because each member was entitled to recruit others for help, the favor would eventually return to each participant. One or more people with experience or with specific skills are chosen to lead the project. Young people helping for the first time have watched many barn raisings and know what is expected of them. Greensburg, Kansas Greensburg is a city in, Kiowa County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Kiowa County. In 2010, 777 people lived there. Before the tornado, in 2000, 1,544 people lived there. In the evening of May 4, 2007, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado that traveled quickly through the area. It destroyed at least 95 percent of the city. It killed eleven people between the ages of 46 and 84. Greensburg today is a model "green town". It is often described as the greenest in America. The hospital, city hall, and school have all been built to the highest certification level issued by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Greensburg is also home to the world's largest hand-dug well. History. 21st century. At 9:45 p.m. CDT on May 4, 2007, during a deadly tornado outbreak, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado. The tornado was estimated to be in width — wider than the city itself — and traveled for nearly . Tornado sirens sounded in the city twenty minutes before the tornado struck, and a tornado emergency was issued, which undoubtedly saved many lives. Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius and President George W. Bush both declared Kiowa County a disaster area, which opened up the affected areas for national and international aid. The tornado killed 10 people in Greensburg and two more in neighboring towns. Geography. Greensburg is at (37.6027963, -99.2926131). The United States Census Bureau says taht the city has a total area of . All of it is land. Demographics. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 777 people, 355 households, and 212 families living in Greensburg. Education. Greensburg is served by USD 422 Kiowa County Schools. The Kiowa County High School mascot is Mavericks. Other websites. Official sites 2007 tornado Other sites Coronado, Kansas Coronado was an unincorporated community in Wichita County, Kansas, United States. It was platted in 1885. Coronado was involved in the bloodiest county seat fight in the history of the American West. The shoot-out on February 27, 1887, with boosters—some would say hired gunmen—from nearby Leoti left several people dead and wounded. Coronado had a post office from 1886 until 1899. County seat war A county seat war is an American phenomenon that happened mostly in the Old West as it was being settled. Although, there were similar events elsewhere, such as in southeastern Ohio. As new towns were created and county lines were drawn, there was intense competition for the status and tax benefits received by becoming a county seat. These "wars" often involved nothing more than lining up at the ballot box. However, sometimes people from a particular town would use voter fraud, intimidation or violence. Transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is a network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass. It must be continuous. It has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Pacific Railroad Acts The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that supported the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States. This happened through authorizing issuing government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. The War Department under then-Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress in 1853 to do surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi. These surveys ranging from north to south and submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants. This change when the secession of the southern states in 1861 ended their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were changed, expanded, or repealed by four more amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (). The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 started federal government land grants directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations. Pee Wee Gaskins Donald Henry "Pee Wee" Gaskins Jr. (March 13, 1933 – September 6, 1991) was an American serial killer. He was executed by electrocution by South Carolina in 1991. Gaskins was born in South Carolina, the last in a string of illegitimate children. Due to his smallness, he was nicknamed "Pee Wee". His youth was characterized by considerable neglect; for instance, when he was one year old, he drank a bottle of kerosene. He grew to 5 foot 2 inch and 130 pounds. Gaskins' serial crime began before the concept was even realized, as a juvenile, which included along with a group of other youths: robberies, assaults and a gang rape. In prison, he was regularly raped. He escaped from prison in 1955 by sitting in the back of a garbage truck and fled to Florida; he was re-arrested, remanded and paroled in August 1961. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Gaskins murdered several teenaged girls and young women. He was later found guilty of eight counts of murder and sentenced to death by South Carolina. While on death row, Gaskins murdered a fellow death row inmate, earning him the title "Meanest Man in America". Gaskins was put to death in the electric chair by South Carolina on September 6, 1991. Harvey Glatman Harvey Murray Glatman (December 10, 1927 – September 18, 1959) was an American serial killer active during the late 1950s. He was known in the media as "The Lonely Hearts Killer" and "The Glamour Girl Slayer". He would use several pseudonyms, posing as a professional photographer to lure his victims with the promise of a modelling career. Glatman was later found guilty of two counts of first-degree murder by California and sentenced to death, a sentence that he accepted willingly. He specifically asked the warden to do nothing to save his life. He was executed in the gas chamber of San Quentin State Prison on September 18, 1959. Fuzhou dialect The Fuzhou dialect (, FR: ), also Foochow, Hokchew, Hok-chiu, or Fuzhounese, is the prestige variety of the Eastern Min branch of Min Chinese spoken mainly in the Mindong region of Eastern Fujian Province. Fuzhou dialect history. Fuzhou dialect is also a dialect of Mindong. Unlike Minnan dialect, Fuzhou dialects say that there are fewer people. This is mainly because the social development model of Fuzhou and Minnan is different. Therefore, the two languages spread differently. The eastern part of the country is dominated by agriculture, while southern Fujian has a large number of fisheries. Fuzhou dialect is popular in the seven counties of Fuzhou in the eastern part of Fujian, Ningde City and Nanping City, as well as Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore. In addition, Fuzhou dialect is also popular in many Chinese communities in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. Fuzhou dialect is derived from ancient Chinese and medieval Chinese. Due to the large-scale immigration of Han, Jin and Tang Dynasty, these ancient languages merged into the current Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou dialect has experienced slow and obvious changes in pronunciation and vocabulary in the last 200 years. In ancient times, Yue people lived along the banks of the Li River. Since the kingdom of Chu destroyed the country, the descendants of the king led some of the subjects to migrate to Fujian and merged with the Yue people into the Yue ethnic group. In 110 BC, the Yue dynasty against Han and was settled by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, after which most of the Yue people were moved to the Jianghuai area. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Central Plains Han people entered the shackles for the first time, and merged with the Yue and Yue people. Fuzhou dialect was integrated into the Central Plains dialect. During the Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains people entered the country for the second time. The Han people and the Yue people further merged. The Han people became the main residents of Fuzhou, and the Central Plains dialect was once again integrated into the Fuzhou dialect. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Han people of the Central Plains entered the country for the third time. Wang tried to establish the Shu Kingdom and strengthened the integration of the Central Plains dialect and the Gan dialect. Fuzhou dialect was basically formed in the Tang Dynasty and is gradually developing. The Mandarin language movement in recent decades has led to fewer and fewer people in Fuzhou. Recently, the government and civil society have realized this problem and have taken many measures to promote it. According to statistics, half of Fuzhou young people now speak Fuzhou dialect. The first book on the pronunciation of Fuzhou is the 'Yulin Sounds', which was published in the 17th century and provides a standard for Fuzhou dialect. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Western scholars studied Fuzhou dialect, compiled a dictionary, and translated the Bible into Fuzhou dialect. Japanese scholars published a series of books on Fuzhou dialect in the 1940s. The efforts of Western scholars have developed the use of the Latin alphabet to write Fuzhou dialect, which was standardized in 1890. This set of standards is mainly used in churches. Tony Costa Antone Charles "Tony" Costa (August 2, 1944 – May 12, 1974) was an American carpenter who achieved notoriety for committing serial murders in and around the town of Truro, Massachusetts in 1969. Costa preyed on either teenaged girls or young women, although it is unclear which, which resulted in the victims' deaths. Costa would then remove the corpses' hearts and dismember the corpses. Costa was convicted of two of the murders and sentenced to life imprisonment by Massachusetts. Four years into his imprisonment, Costa hanged himself in his prison cell. Tomiris (movie) Tomiris is a commercial movie about Queen Tomiris. This historical drama is about the ruler of the Massagetae in the sixth century B.C. The movie was released in September 2019. Its plot is based on material from Herodotus as told through Al-Farabi. It tells how Tomiris led her nomadic people to victory over Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire when he invaded her land. The movie's director was Akan Satayev. "The historical drama was filmed based on order of the Kazakh Ministry of Culture and Sports." The producer was Aliya Nazarbayeva. The movie was made by the Kazakhfilm Film Studio with participation of Sataifilm. The movie's director of props was Kuat Tleubaev. It cost 2.259 billion tenge (about 6,500,000 US$) to make. It was filmed in Kazakhstan. Running time is 155 minutes. According to the "Astana Times" online, the movie "earned 480 million tenge (US$1.2 million) by the end of October and was screened more than 800 times throughout Kazakhstan." "Tomiris" was one of three Kazakhstani movies in the Golden Globes long list of candidates for the Foreign Language Film category. At France’s 26th L’Étrange Festival, 20202, it won the Nouveau Genre Great Prize in the International Feature Film Competition. The movie was scheduled to be released in Turkey in April 2020. Languages. The narrative is in Russian with Kazakh subtitles. The characters speak in ancient Turkic and Persian languages. Victor Licata Victor Licata (c. 1912 – December 4, 1950) was an American murderer who killed most of his family with an axe. On October 16, 1933 in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, Licata used an axe to murder his parents, two brothers, and a sister while they were asleep. All died from blows to the head. The killings, which were reported by the media as the work of an "axe-murdering marijuana addict", were used as prima facie evidence that there was a link between recreational drugs, such as cannabis, and crime. This led to the killings being used in 1930s anti-drug campaigns against marijuana. At trial, Licata was found criminally insane and committed to an insane asylum, where he later hanged himself in 1950. DWAQ-TV SMNI TV 40 of Sonshine Media Network International (DWAQ-DTV channel 40), is a flagship television station of Philippine religious television network Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI). Its studios is located at ACQ Tower, Sta. Rita Street, EDSA, Guadalupe Nuevo, Makati City and its transmitter is located at KJC Compound, Barangay Sauyo, Novaliches, Quezon City. DWAQ-DTV now operates 24 hours daily, 365 days a year non stop operation. James S. Gracey James Steele Gracey (born August 24, 1927) is a former United States Coast Guard admiral. He was the 17th Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1982 to 1986. He was born in Newton, Massachusetts. He was active during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Paul A. Yost Jr. Paul Alexander Yost Jr. (born January 3, 1929) is a retired United States Coast Guard admiral. He was the 18th Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1986 to 1990. James Loy James Milton Loy (born August 10, 1942) is a retired United States Coast Guard admiral. He was Acting United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005 and U.S. Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (DHS) from December 4, 2003, to March 1, 2005. He was the second administrator of the Transportation Security Administration from 2002 to 2003, and before that as the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard from 1998 to 2002. Joseph P. Hoar General Joseph P. Hoar (born December 30, 1934) is a retired U.S. Marine Corps officer. He was Commander in Chief of United States Central Command. He retired from the Corps on September 1, 1994. Joseph J. Went Joseph J. Went (born September 16, 1930) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general. His final job was as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps and Chief of Staff. He retired in 1990 after 38 years of service. New Milford, Connecticut New Milford is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is the largest town in the state in terms of land area at nearly . The population was 28,142 according to the 2010 Census. Thomas R. Morgan General Thomas R. Morgan (born January 6, 1930) is a retired American military personnel. He was the Assistant Commandant of the United States Marine Corps from June 1986 until he retired on July 1, 1988 after completion of more than 36 years of active service. Awards and decorations. General Morgan's personal awards and decorations include: George B. Crist George B. Crist (born January 23, 1931) is a retired four-star general of the United States Marine Corps. He was the first Marine to be promoted as a Unified Commander — serving as Commander in Chief, United States Central Command from 1985 to 1988. Awards. His military decorations include: John K. Davis John Kerry Davis (March 14, 1927 – July 31, 2019), also known as J.K. Davis, was a United States Marine Corps four-star general. Davis, a Vietnam War veteran, was the Commanding General of the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (1977–1978) and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1978-1978). He died from cancer on July 31, 2019, at the age of 92. His final job was as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from July 1, 1983 to June 1, 1986. Paul X. Kelley Paul Xavier Kelley (November 11, 1928 – December 29, 2019) was a United States Marine Corps general. He was the 28th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps from July 1, 1983, to June 30, 1987. In February 1980, Kelley was promoted to lieutenant general and named as the first Commander of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force. Kelley died on December 29, 2019 at a care facility in McLean, Virginia from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 91. John W. Foss John William Foss (February 13, 1933 – April 25, 2020) was a retired United States Army four-star general. He was a commander of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Foss died on April 25, 2020 at the age of 87. Hutchinson, Minnesota Hutchinson is the largest city in McLeod County, Minnesota, United States, and is located along the South Fork of the Crow River. The population was 14,178 at the 2010 census. Arthur E. Brown Jr. Arthur Edmon Brown Jr. (born November 21, 1929) is an American military personnel. He was a United States Army four-star general who was Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (VCSA) from 1987 to 1989. Frederick F. Woerner Jr. Frederick F. Woerner Jr. (born August 12, 1933) is a retired four-star general of the United States Army. He was Commander-in-Chief of United States Southern Command, former Chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission, and Professor Emeritus of Boston University. Louis C. Wagner Jr. General Louis Carson Wagner Jr. (born January 24, 1932) is a retired United States Army four-star general. He was Commanding General, United States Army Materiel Command (CG AMC) from 1987 to 1989. James J. Lindsay James Joseph Lindsay (born October 10, 1932) is a retired United States Army four-star general. He was the first commander of the United States Special Operations Command. Carl E. Vuono Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army general. He was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Monongahela, Pennsylvania Monongahela is a city in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is south of Pittsburgh. The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census. William D. Smith William Dee Smith (born February 9, 1933) is a retired United States Navy four star admiral. He was United States Military Representative, NATO Military Committee (USMILREP) between 1991 & 1993. Smith retired in 1993. Carlisle Trost Carlisle Albert Herman Trost (April 24, 1930 – September 29, 2020) was a United States Navy officer. He was the 23rd Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1 July 1986 to 29 June 1990. He retired from active naval service on 1 July 1990, following completion of a four-year term as CNO. Valmeyer, Illinois Valmeyer is a village in Monroe County in the U.S. state of Illinois, on the Mississippi River. The population was 1,263 at the 2010 census. James B. Busey IV Admiral James Buchanan Busey IV (born October 7, 1932) is a retired United States Navy four star admiral. He was Vice Chief of Naval Operations, from 1985 to 1987 and as Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe/Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe from 1987 to 1989. Sylvester R. Foley Jr. Sylvester Robert "Bob" Foley Jr. (born September 19, 1928) is a retired four star admiral in the United States Navy. He was Commander in Chief Pacific from 1982 to 1985. He was born in Manchester, New Hampshire. Thomas B. Hayward Admiral Thomas Bibb Hayward (May 3, 1924 – March 3, 2022) was Chief of Naval Operations for the United States Navy from July 1, 1978, until June 30, 1982, after which he retired from military service. Hayward endorsed the re-election campaign of Donald Trump in 2020 and said that the United States was becoming a socialist-Marxist tyrannical government. Hayward died on March 3, 2022 at the age of 97. Harry D. Train II Harry Depue Train II (born November 5, 1927) is a retired United States Navy admiral and a Senior Fellow at the Joint Advanced Warfighting School at the Joint Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. Ronald J. Hays Ronald Jackson Hays (born August 19, 1928) is a retired United States Navy four star admiral. He was Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO) from 1983 to 1985; and as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Command (USCINCPAC) from 1985 to 1988. Urania, Louisiana Urania is a small town in La Salle Parish, Louisiana United States. The population was 1,313 at the 2010 census. "Urania" is taken from the Greek muse of astronomy. Hardtner served in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature from La Salle Parish as well as long service on the La Salle Parish Police Jury. List of mayors of Paris The Mayor of Paris () is the chief executive of Paris, the capital and largest city in France. The Mayor is responsible for the administration and management of the city, adds proposals and recommendations to the Paris City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city’s laws. List. Notes † "Died in office" Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French politician and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic. Halsey (singer) Ashley Nicolette Frangipane ( ; born September 29, 1994), known professionally as Halsey ( ), is an American singer. She was signed by Astralwerks in 2014 and released her debut EP, "Room 93", later that year. In 2015, she released her album "Badlands", peaking at number two on the "Billboard" 200 album chart. She released "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" in 2017, which reached number one. Halsey was featured on the Chainsmokers' 2016 single "Closer", which topped charts in several countries worldwide. She released "Without Me" in October 2018 as the lead single from her 2020 studio album, "Manic". "Without Me" became her second US number-one hit after "Closer". "Manic" peaked at number two in the US. In December 2020, she revealed the use of "she/they" pronouns in her Instagram bio. She released a makeup line, About-Face, in January 2021. She gave birth to her son, Ender Ridley Aydin, born on July 14, 2021, with boyfriend Alev Aydin, a Turkish-American filmmaker. Òscar Ribas Reig Òscar Ribas Reig (, 26 October 1936 – 18 December 2020) was the first prime minister of Andorra in 1982. He twice was head of government, firstly from 8 January 1982 to 21 May 1984 with National Liberal party and then from 12 January 1990 to 7 December 1994 with the National Democratic Agreement party. Reig died on 18 December 2020 at the age of 84 in Sant Julià de Lòria. Democratic Party (Italy) The Democratic Party (Italian: "Partito Democratico", "PD") is an Italian political party. It's secretary is Enrico Letta. From the birth of the Conte II Cabinet, the Democratic Party formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement. Since 2014, the party has been a member of the Center-left Party of European Socialists group in the European Parliament. CD Vision CD Vision is a Bangladeshi record label company, which is contributed production and distribution of the television programs, recording artists and full-length bengali feature movies released on Audio & Video and Online Platforms. CD Vision is also a film production house produce content including, short film, drama, telefilm, fiction, music video and documentary. CD Choice CD Choice is a record label from Bangladesh. CD Choice produces cassettes, CDs, VCDs and DVDs of dramas, television films, movies, and music. CD choice is the largest record label company in Bangladesh. The owner of the company is Jahirul Islam Sohel and the CEO is Ashikul Islam. G-Series (record label) G-Series is a Bangladeshi record label. The company produces cassettes, CDs, VCDs, and DVDs of dramas, telefilms, movies, and music. It is one of the largest companies in Bangladesh. The owner of the company is Nazmul Haque Bhuiyan. The Daily Star described it a major record label in Bangladesh. Jaaz Multimedia Jaaz Multimedia is a movie production and distribution house in Bangladesh. Rosewood Rosewood is wood from trees of the genus Dalbergia. The wood of "Dalbergia nigra" is known as "Brazilian rosewood", and also as "Bahia rosewood".It has a strong, sweet smell, which lasts for many years. Another rosewood comes from "Dalbergia latifolia" known as (East) Indian rosewood or "sonokeling" (Indonesia). It is native to India and is also grown in plantations elsewhere in Pakistan (Chiniot). Madagascar rosewood ("Dalbergia maritima"), known as "bois de rose", is highly prized for its red colour. It is overexploited in the wild. A 2010 moratorium on trade and illegal logging is being ignored. Throughout southeast Asia "Dalbergia oliveri" is harvested for use in woodworking. It has a fragrant odour. "Dalbergia cultrata" is being used and sold as "D. olvieri". Soundtek Soundtek is a record label company from Bangladesh. The owner of the company is Sultan Mahmud. Marsha P. Johnson Marsha P. Johnson (August 24, 1945 – July 6, 1992) was an American gay and transgender rights activist. They are best known for participating in the Stonewall riots in 1969. A founding member of the Gay Liberation Front, Johnson co-founded the advocacy group S.T.A.R. (Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries), alongside their friend Sylvia Rivera. From 1987 through 1992, Johnson was an AIDS activist with ACT UP. Early life. Johnson was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey on August 24, 1945. They wer one of seven children. Their father, Malcolm Michaels Sr, worked for General Motors. Their mother, mother, Alberta Claiborne, was a housekeeper. Johnson attended an African Methodist Episcopal Church as a child. Johnson was very religious. They were very interested in Catholicism, and kept a private altar at home. Johnson began wearing dresses at the age of five but stopped due to bullying from boys in their neighborhood. Johnson did not come to terms with being gay until the age of 17. Their mother was reportedly very homophobic, but Johnson has said that their mother was unaware of the LGBT community. After graduating from high school, Johnson moved to Greenwich Village, New York on their own. They supported themself by waiting tables. After meeting other gay people in the city, Johnson gained the confidence to come out themself. Working as a performer. Johnson began working as a drag queen after coming out as gay. They chose the drag name "Marsha P. Johnson". "Johnson" comes from the restaurant Howard Johnson's. They said that the "P" stood for "pay it no mind," a phrase they would use when people asked their gender. Johnson referred to themself as gay, a transvestite, and a drag queen interchangeably and preferred "they," rather than "she," to be used as a pronoun. Although they never referred to themself as being transgender, many modern scholars believe that was only because the term still was rarely used during their lifetime. Johnson said that their style of drag was not serious because they could not afford expensive clothes. They made flower crowns out of leftover flowers from the Flower District of Manhattan, which they began well known for wearing. Johnson was tall, thin and wore long flowing clothes, red high heels and bright wigs. This tended to draw a lot of attention. Their style was often described as being masculine and feminine at the same time. In 1972, Johnson became a member of the New York-based drag performance troupe Hot Peaches. Johnson also performed with the troupe The Angels of Light. In 1975, Johnson was photographed by famous artist Andy Warhol, as part of a series called "Ladies and Gentlemen". Stonewall riots and activism. The Stonewall riots were a series of riots in New York City in 1969. They happened after the police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village. Johnson is often said to have been one of the first people to begin rioting against the police, some going as far to say they "threw the first brick at Stonewall". Johnson denied this, but they did become heavily involved in gay rights activism after the police raid. After the Stonewall uprising, Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front, which worked to fight against homophobia. They participated in a rally on the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots in 1970. Also in 1970, Johnson and their fellow GLF members staged a sit-in protest at New York University after the university staff canceled a dance when they learned it was sponsored by gay organizations. Johnson and their close friend Sylvia Rivera co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization. STAR advocated for transgender rights and also provided shelter for gay and transgender youth in the "STAR House", which also provided shelter for sex workers. Johnson worked to provide food, clothing, emotional support and a sense of family for homeless gay and transgender youth. The two were banned from participating in the gay pride parade in 1973 when the staff running the event stated they were not going to allow drag queens at marches because they were "giving them a bad name". Their response was to march defiantly ahead of the parade. They believed it was their right to participate in pride alongside other members of the LGBT community. Mental health and death. When they first came to New York City, Johnson became a sex worker to make money. They were arrested many times due to laws against prostitution. Johnson spoke of first having a mental breakdown in 1970. They would purposefully get themself arrested so that they would be given antipsychotic medication. Though remembered by most as a kind and generous person, they were known to have occasional bouts of anger and aggression. It is believed that they may have suffered from a mental illness which caused mood swings. Johnson was found dead shortly after the 1992 pride parade. Their body was discovered floating in the Hudson River. According to their friend, Randy Wicker, a witness saw Johnson fighting a man who later bragged about killing a drag queen named "Marsha". No arrests were made following this. Many locals believed that the law enforcement was unwilling to investigate Johnson's death because of their status as a drag queen and a sex worker. Johnson was cremated and their ashes were released over the Hudson River by her friends following a funeral at the local church. In November 2012, activist Mariah Lopez was able to get the New York police department to reopen the case as a possible homicide. Tributes and legacy. Johnson is remembered by many as an important figure in the fight for gay liberation. The 2012 documentary "Pay It No Mind – The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson" features segments from a 1992 interview with Johnson, which was filmed shortly before their death. Many of their friends from Greenwich Village are interviewed for the documentary. In 2018 the "New York Times" published a belated obituary for them. On May 30, 2019, it was announced that Johnson and Sylvia Rivera would be honored with monuments at Greenwich Village, near the site of the Stonewall club. In June 2019, Johnson was one of fifty American “pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes” inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City’s Stonewall Inn. Anupam Recording Media Anupam Recording Media is a production company and record label company in Bangladesh, producing, purchasing and broadcasting entertainment contents in all platform that entertain to all viewers. The owner of the company is Anowar Hossain. History. Anupam Recording Media was established by Anowar Hossain. The YouTube channel crossed the milestone of 3 million subscribers and received Golden Play Button award from YouTube. Other websites. "Anupam Recording Media, a Production Company and record label involved in producing, purchasing and broadcasting entertainment contents in all platform that entertain viewers." === But we are not found physically any company as per providing direction. It is virtual activity. Eagle Music Eagle time Music is a leading record label company in Bangladesh, basically acquisition, production and distribution of Bengali movie, drama, video, and also contributed television program as well. The owner of the company is Kachi Ahmed. History. Eagle Music established by Kachi Ahmed. Eagle Music YouTube channel crossed the milestone of 2 million subscribers and received Golden Play Button award from YouTube authorities. On 21 October, 2013 Eagle Music Company YouTube channel was launched. Since its inception, over 1000 Bengali films and over 500 music albums and television drama have been released. The song Oporadhi is the first Bangladeshi song, which has secured its place in YouTube global ranking. Spirit AeroSystems Spirit AeroSystems, Inc. ("Spirit") is the world's biggest first-tier aerostructures manufacturer. They are in Wichita, Kansas. Spirit's main competition comes from Triumph Aerostructures - Vought Aircraft Division, UTC Aerospace Systems, Leonardo, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900. A place with a humid continental climate has big seasonal temperature differences. It has warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes very cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation usually happens throughout the year. In a humid continental climate, the average temperature of the coldest month must be below (or ) and there must be at least four months whose average temperatures are at or above . Humid continental climates are usually found between latitudes 40° N and 60° N, within the central and northeastern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Sangeeta Music Sangeeta Music is a renowed record label company and distribution house in Bangladesh since 1982. The owner of the company is Selim Khan. History. In 1982, Sangeeta Music was established by Selim Khan. The company is one of the oldest record level company in Bangladesh, contributing since 1982. Assens, Switzerland Assens is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The community decided to merge their municipality with Malapalud, with effect from 1 January 2009. Chapelle-sur-Moudon Chapelle-sur-Moudon was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality called Montanaire. Neyruz-sur-Moudon Neyruz-sur-Moudon was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality called Montanaire. Correvon Correvon was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality called Montanaire. Fort Leavenworth Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army installation in Leavenworth County, Kansas. It was built in 1827. It is the oldest active United States Army post west of Washington, D.C., and it is the oldest permanent settlement in Kansas. Fort Leavenworth has been historically known as the "Intellectual Center of the Army." It became a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Denezy Denezy was a municipality of the Gros-de-Vaud in the canton district of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. Martherenges Martherenges was a municipality of the Gros-de-Vaud district　in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. Peyres-Possens Peyres-Possens was a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. Saint-Cierges Saint-Cierges was a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. Montanaire Montanaire is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2013 when the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become the new municipality of Montanaire. Penthalaz Penthalaz is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Kansas Board of Regents The Kansas Board of Regents is an organization that governs six state universities in the U.S. state of Kansas. It also supervises and coordinates nineteen community colleges, five technical colleges, six technical schools and a municipal university. It has nine members. Member selection. The Kansas Board of Regents has nine members. All of them are chosen by the Governor of Kansas. Each Board Member also serves on committees that help solve higher education issues. The Big Short (movie) The Big Short is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Adam McKay. It was written by McKay and Charles Randolph. It is based on the 2010 book "The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine" by Michael Lewis that shows how the financial crisis of 2007–2008 was started by the United States housing bubble. The movie stars Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Brad Pitt, Melissa Leo, Hamish Linklater, John Magaro, Rafe Spall, Jeremy Strong, Finn Wittrock, and Marisa Tomei. The movie had a limited release in the United States on December 11, 2015. It had a wide release on December 23 by Paramount Pictures. Release. On September 22, 2015, Paramount set the movie for a limited release on December 11, 2015 and a wide release on December 23, 2015. Hacksaw Ridge Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama movie. It was directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan. It was based on the 2004 documentary "The Conscientious Objector". The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who did not carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kind. This was because he was a Seventh-day Adventist Christian. Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor, for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa. Andrew Garfield stars as Doss, with Sam Worthington, Luke Bracey, Teresa Palmer, Hugo Weaving, Rachel Griffiths, and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles. The movie was released in the United States on November 4, 2016. It made $175.3 million worldwide and received mostly positive reviews, with Gibson's direction and Garfield's performance getting praise. "Hacksaw Ridge" was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of its top ten Movies of the Year. It got many awards and nominations. Oulens-sous-Echallens Oulens-sous-Echallens is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Dommartin, Switzerland Dommartin was a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become the new municipality of Montilliez. Naz Naz was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become one new municipality called Montilliez. Monique Coleman Adrienne Monique Coleman (or Monique Jordan; born November 13, 1980) is an American singer, actress, entrepreneur and dancer. She co-starred in Disney's "High School Musical" movies; she played Taylor McKessie. On ABC's "Dancing with the Stars", she finished in the fourth place. In Columbia, South Carolina, at a very young age, Coleman started her acting career in theatre and television. Monique Coleman was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Cardinal numeral A cardinal numeral (or 'cardinal number word') is a part of speech used to count. Examples are the words "one", "two", "three", and also compounds like "three hundred and forty-two" (Commonwealth English) or "three hundred forty-two" (American English). Cardinal numbers are definite numerals. They are related to ordinal numbers, such as "first", "second", "third", etc. Hiatal hernia A hiatal hernia is a kind of hernia in which abdominal organs, usually the stomach, slip through the diaphragm. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (or GERD) or heartburn. There are other symptoms, like dysphagia (or trouble swallowing) and chest pain. Other problems may include bowel obstruction and iron deficiency anemia. The most common risk factors are obesity and older age. Other risk factors are scoliosis, injury and several types of surgery. Between ten and eighty percent of people in the United States are affected with hiatal hernias. The symptoms from a hiatal hernia might be improved by changes, like weight loss, changing eating patterns and raising the head of a bed. Types of hiatal hernia. Sliding hiatal hernia:- This happens when part of the stomach and the place where the stomach and esophagus meet slide up into chest through the opening (hiatus). Paraesophageal hernia:- Happens when part of stomach pushes up through the opening (hiatus) into chest and is next to the esophagus. Scoliosis Scoliosis is a medical condition in which the human or animal spine has a sideways curve. The curve is usually S-shaped or C-shaped. In some, the curve is stable. In others, though, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not often cause problems. Severe cases, however, can interfere with breathing and can cause pain. The cause of most cases is unknown. However, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include having affected family members. Diagnosis is often confirmed with x-rays. Scoliosis usually occurs between ages 10 and 20. Males can be affected, although females are more often affected. List of Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig episodes This is a list of episodes of "Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig" which aired on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block from November 21, 2011 to January 27, 2012. The series was directed by Jerome Chavez Pobocan, Jojo A. Saguin, and Erick C. Salud. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Environmental factor An environmental factor (also called eco factor) is any factor which influences living organisms. Abiotic factors include ambient temperatures, the amounts of sunlight and PH of water soil in which organisms live. Biotic factors include the availability of food organisms and the presence of predators, parasites and competitors. Cancers are often related to environmental factors. Having a healthy diet, healthy weight, limiting alcoholic drinks and quitting or not starting smoking cuts down the risks of getting cancer. Environmental triggers for asthma and autism have been studied also. Consortium A consortium (which may also be called syndicate) is formed by two or more independent companies, individuals, or other economic actors that work together for a limited amount of time, usually to fulfill a purpose. Consortia are common in the building industries, roads and bridges are often built by consortia. Overview. Very broadly speaking there are two kinds of consortia: The term can be traced to the 16th century, where it developed from "con sortes", which is the plural of Latin "consors". It can roughly be translated as "united by fate". The english word consort probably has the same origin. The company Airbus started as a consortium of different companies with the aim of building airplanes. In 1970, they officially formed a "groupement d'intérêt économique" (which is a consortium, in the French legal system). Today, Airbus is a Societas Europaea, a shareholding company under European law. Not all consortia are done for profit: The Unicode consortium wants to promote the Unicode standard. It is a non-profit organisation, based in California. Graph coloring Graph coloring is the name for a number of problems from graph theory. These problems are concerned with coloring (or labelling) the vertices of a graph, given certain conditions. A simple problem in this context might look for the minimal number of colors needed to color the vertices, when two connected vertices cannot have the same color. In the graph shown, the circles are called vertices and the lines connecting them are called edges. The minimum number of colors needed to color a graph is called its chromatic number. Cabbage Patch Kids The Cabbage Patch Kids are a line of soft-sculptured dolls. They were registered in the United States' copyright office in 1978 as 'The Little People'. When the dolls went into mass production in 1982, they were then renamed 'Cabbage Patch Kids'. The doll brand was one of the most popular toy trends of the 1980s. It was one of the longest running doll franchises in the United States. The characters showed up in many other Cabbage Patch products, including animated cartoons, board games and record albums. Over the years, the Cabbage Patch Kids have been produced by different companies. Infidelity People who form a couple, or who are married, very often have an agreement that they will only have sex with each other, and with no one else. If one of the two has sex with someone else, this is called infidelity. Infidelity is common: About half of the men, and a quarter of women reported having an extra-marital affair, according to the Kinsey Reports, done in the 1950s. In many countries, where religion is still present in everyday life (mostly in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia), being untrue to the one you love is a criminal offense. In most European countries, and the Americas, it is no longer a crime punishable by law. Bercher Bercher is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria Carlos Maria Alfonso Marcelo de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y de Borbón-Parma, "Infante" of Spain, Duke of Calabria (16 January 1938 – 5 October 2015) was, at his death, the last "infante" of Spain during the reigns of his cousins King Juan Carlos I and King Felipe VI. Additionally, he was also one of two claimants to the headship of the dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies before to its incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, in which capacity he was also the Grand Master of one of the three branches of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. List of Lorenzo's Time episodes This is a list of episodes of "Lorenzo's Time" which aired on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block from July 2, 2012 to October 5, 2012. The series was directed by Jerome Chavez Pobocan and Claudio "Tots" Sanchez-Mariscal IV. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Orange River The Orange River (officially called Oranje) is a river in Southern Africa. It is long. It starts in Lesotho, and is the longest river there. For large parts of its course, it forms the border between South Africa and Namibia. Geography. The Orange river basin extends into South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana. The river starts in the Drakensberg mountains. It passes only through the city of Upington: it does not run through other major cities. Economic usage. The river is important for the South African economy. Its water is used for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The river was named the Orange River in honor of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. Lariboisière Hospital Lariboisière Hospital (French: "Hôpital Lariboisière") is a hospital in Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1854. It is a partner of the "Université Paris Cité". George Peter Alexander Healy George Peter Alexander Healy (1813–1894) was an American painter. He is mostly known for the portraits he made, He made portraits of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Arnold Henri Guyot, William H. Seward and Louis Philippe. He also made portraits of the US presidents from John Quincy Adams bis Ulysses S. Grant. His works also include "The Peacemakers" (1868) and "Abraham Lincoln" (1869). He died, aged 80, on June 24, 1894 in Chicago. Bettens Bettens is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bioley-Orjulaz Bioley-Orjulaz is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Goumoens-la-Ville Goumoens-la-Ville was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Eclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux joined together to become one new municipality called Goumoëns. Goumoëns Goumoëns is a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Eclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux merged to form the new municipality of Goumoëns. Bottens Bottens is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Boulens Boulens is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bournens Bournens is a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Boussens, Switzerland Boussens is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Etagnières Etagnières is a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Valerie Van Ost Valerie Van Ost (25 July 1944 – 10 September 2019) was an English actress. Acting career. At school, Van Ost became the youngest adult dancer at the London Palladium before moving into films and television at age 18. She appeared in four Carry On films - "Carry On Cabby" (1963), "Carry On Don't Lose Your Head" (1967), "Carry On Doctor" (also 1967) and "Carry On Again Doctor" (1969). Her other film roles included "The Beauty Jungle" (1964), "Mister Ten Per Cent" (1967), "Casino Royale" (1967), "Corruption" (1968), "The Smashing Bird I Used to Know" (1969), "Incense for the Damned" (1971), and the Hammer horror film "The Satanic Rites of Dracula" (1973). She appeared as the dim-witted Penny in an episode of "The Avengers" entitled "Dead Man's Treasure" (1967), and a year later was considered for the part of Diana Rigg's replacement as Steed's sidekick. Post-acting. Van Ost retired from performing in 1982 to form a casting company with her husband, Andrew Millington. Death. Van Ost died from liver cancer on 10 September 2019 at the age of 75. Goumoens-le-Jux Goumoens-le-Jux was a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Eclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux merged to form the new municipality of Goumoëns. Arrissoules Arrissoules is a village of the district Yverdon of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Arrissoules merged into the municipality of Rovray, which kept the name Rovray. The Arrissoules Tunnel of the A1 motorway is found near the village. Crissier Crissier is a municipality of the Ouest lausannois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of Lausanne. Poliez-le-Grand Poliez-le-Grand was a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become the new municipality of Montilliez. Merkel, Texas Merkel is a town in Taylor County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,590 at the 2010 census. Hamilton, Texas Hamilton is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Texas, United States, in the state's central region. The population was 3,095 at the 2010 census. Daillens Daillens is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is in the district of Gros-de-Vaud. Yuriy Meshkov Yuri Alexandrovich Meshkov (, ("Yuri Alexandrovich Meshkov"); October 25, 1945 – September 29, 2019) was a Crimean politician. He was a leader of the pro-Russian movement in Crimea. Meshkov was the only President of Crimea from 1994 to 1995. Yuri Meshkov was born on October 25, 1945 in Synelnykove, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine (now Ukraine) of a mother of Ukrainian origin and a Russian father of Kossan Cossacks. He grew up in Simferopol, where he finished high school. When he was about eight years old, the Crimea region was officially transferred from the Russian RSFS to the Ukrainian SSR. For his military duties, he served in the Border Guard. In 1967 (in some sources in 1977), he graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Moscow State University. Until 1982, he worked as a detective and then as chief inspector in the district attorney's office. From 1982 to 1985, he spent time on the Skif scientific research yacht. After 1985 and until 1990, he worked privately as a legal consultant. At that time, he was also one of the heads of the "Memorial" department of the Crimean Illuminating Society "All-Union" and president of the Crimean kick-boxing Federation. In 1990, Meshkov was elected deputy to the Supreme Council of Crimea (the parliament of the republic). There, he became the co-founder of the RDK (Republican Crimean Movement) party. In 1994, he headed the electoral block "Russia" for the Republican presidential elections, where he easily defeated Mykola Bahrov in the second round. Mykola Bahrov was at that time head of the Supreme Council of Crimea. In the second round of the presidential elections in Crimea in 1994, Meshkov won 72.9% and was elected only president of the republic. Its main political program was to facilitate much closer relations with the Russian Federation until the possible reunification of Crimea with Russia. Mechkov tried to initiate a political-military union with Russia and completely ignored the positions of the Ukrainian government. He also tried to force the rotation of the Russian currency, issue Russian passports to the population of Crimea and even transfer Crimea to the same time zone as Moscow. Due to the unexpected resistance of the local opposition, Meshkov only managed to place his autonomous republic in the Moscow time zone. He also appointed the Deputy Prime Minister, Russian economist Yevgeny Saburov, who has practically become the head of government. He then said in confrontations with other government officials about the legitimacy of his designee that he did not even have a Ukrainian passport. Because of this, Yevgeny Saburov was forced to resign. After that, he managed to paralyze the work of the Supreme Council of Crimea. In 1995, the Ukrainian Parliament repealed the Crimean Constitution and abolished the office of president on March 17, 1995. After some previous warnings in September and November 1994 on March 17, 1995, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma , signed the law of Ukraine that repeals the amended Constitution of Crimea and some other laws of the Republic of Crimea, because they were contrary to the Constitution of Ukraine and jeopardized the sovereignty of Ukraine. Mark Zakharov Mark Anatolyevich Zakharov (; 13 October 1933 – 28 September 2019) was a Soviet and Russian theater and movie director and playwright. He was best known for his Soviet-era fantasy movies. He was also known for his productions of plays at Moscow's Lenkom Theatre. He was also a professor of the Moscow Theatre Institute (GITIS). Prime Minister of Crimea The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea (; ; ) is the head of government of the Republic of Crimea, (previously the Autonomous Republic of Crimea located in the southern region of Ukraine). President of Crimea The President of the Republic of Crimea (; ) was the head of the state of the Republic of Crimea, Ukraine from February 16, 1994 to the time of its end on March 17, 1995. The post was ended as it had problems with the Constitution of Ukraine. The first round of voting in the Crimean presidential elections was held on January 16, 1994, and on January 30, the second round was held. With 72.9% of the vote, the pro-Russian politician Yuriy Meshkov was declared the winner. He was the only person to hold the post of President of the Republic of Crimea. Kelantan Sultanate The Sultan of Kelantan is the constitutional head of Kelantan state in Malaysia. The executive power of the state is vested in him as the monarch of the state. The current sultan, Muhammad V, is the 29th Sultan of Kelantan. He is the Head of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities of its people. He was the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong. His reign as the monarch and head of state of Malaysia or Yang di-Pertuan Agong began on 13 December 2016, after his election on 14 October 2016 at the 243th (special) Conference of Rulers. Ismail Petra of Kelantan Sultan Ismail Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Yahya Petra (11 November 1949 – 28 September 2019) was the Sultan of Kelantan, Malaysia from 30 March 1979 until 13 September 2010. He was replaced by his son, Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra, as Sultan Muhammad V. Sultan Ismail Petra died on 28 September 2019 at 8:11 am at the Raja Perempuan Zainab II Hospital, aged 69. Suad Beširević Suad Beširević "Suljo" (4 March 1963 – 28 September 2019) was a Slovene football manager and a professional football player. He was thought to be as one of the best players of FK Borac Banja Luka, where he spent most of his career and where he won the 1987–88 Yugoslav Cup. He also won the 1990–91 Cypriot First Division and the 1991–92 Cypriot Cup with Apollon Limassol FC. As a manager Beširević won the Slovenian Cup in the 2002–03 season. He also won the Slovenian Third League (West Group) with NK Šenčur in the 2008–09 season. On 28 September 2019, Beširević died at the age of 56 after a long illness in his hometown of Ljubljana. José Aldunate José Aldunate Lyon (June 5, 1917 – September 28, 2019) was a Society of Jesus and Chilean teacher, worker, priest and human rights activist. He was awarded the National Prize for Human Rights in 2016. Joachim Messing Joachim Wilhelm "Jo" Messing (September 10, 1946 – September 13, 2019) was a German-American biologist. He was a professor of molecular biology and the fourth director of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University. Messing died at his home in Somerset, New Jersey on September 13, 2019, three days after his 73rd birthday. Somerset, New Jersey Somerset is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Franklin Township, in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 22,083. Henry Buttelmann Henry "Hank" Buttelmann (June 26, 1929 – September 16, 2019) was an American fighter pilot of the United States Air Force in the Korean War and Vietnam War. He had seven victories over enemy aircraft in Korea, making him a flying ace. He gained his fifth kill on June 30, 1953, just after his 24th birthday, which made him the youngest ace of the war. Buttelmann died on September 16, 2019 in Frankfort, Illinois at the age of 90. Karin Larsson Anna Karin Larsson (later "Ahlström", 30 August 1941 – 21 September 2019) was a Swedish swimmer. She won a bronze medal at the 1958 European Aquatics Championships in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. She competed in the same event at the 1956 and 1960 Summer Olympics and finished sixth in both games. She was eliminated in the preliminaries of the 100 m and 400 m freestyle. Chrissy Teigen Christine Diane Teigen (born November 30, 1985) is an American model, television personality and author. She made her debut in the annual "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue in 2010 and, alongside Nina Agdal and Lily Aldridge, appeared on the cover in 2014. Since 2015, she co-hosts "Lip Sync Battle" with LL Cool J on Paramount Network. Teigen married the singer John Legend on September 14, 2013. Delta, Utah Delta is a city in Millard County, Utah, United States. The population was 3,436 at the 2010 census. Lauren Lapkus Dorthea Lauren Allegra Lapkus (born September 6, 1985) is an American actress and comedian. She is known for playing Susan Fischer in the Netflix original series "Orange Is the New Black" and Jess in the HBO series "Crashing". She has also made appearances on such television shows as "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "The Middle", "Hot in Cleveland", "The Big Bang Theory", and "@midnight" and movies such as "Jurassic World". Jesper Hoffmeyer Jesper Hoffmeyer (21 February 1942 – 25 September 2019) was a professor at the University of Copenhagen Institute of Biology. He was the President of the International Society for Biosemiotic Studies (ISBS) from 2005 to 2015, co-editor of the journal "Biosemiotics" and the Springer Book series in Biosemiotics. He authored the books "Biosemiotics: An Examination into the Signs of Life and the Life of Signs" and "Signs of Meaning in the Universe" and edited "A Legacy for Living Systems: Gregory Bateson as Precursor to Biosemiotics". Hoffmeyer died on 25 September 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 77. Giovanni Bramucci Giovanni Bramucci (15 November 1946 – 26 September 2019) was an Italian road cyclist. He was born in Civitavecchia, Italy. In 1968 he won bronze medals in the team time trial at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and UCI Road World Championships. He finished eighth at the Olympics and tenth at the world championships. After that he turned professional, but had little success and retired in 1971. Édith Cresson Édith Cresson (; born Édith Campion, 27 January 1934) is a French politician. She is the first woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France from 1991 through 1992. During her tenure, many criticized her for being racist. Jean-Pierre Raffarin Jean-Pierre Raffarin (; born 3 August 1948) is a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005. He was also Vice President of the Senate from 2011 to 2014. Alain Juppé Alain Marie Juppé (; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. He was a member of The Republicans. He was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997 under President Jacques Chirac. He was President of the political party Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) from 2002 to 2004 and mayor of Bordeaux from 1995 to 2004. He was Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs from 2010 to 2011 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2011 to 2012. He announced in 2015 his plan to run his party's primary election ahead of the 2017 presidential election. He came in second place in the first open primary of the right and centre, and in the run-off, he lost to François Fillon. Laurent Fabius Laurent Fabius (; born 20 August 1946) is a French politician of Jewish descent. He was President of the Constitutional Council since 8 March 2016. He has been a member of the Socialist Party. He was the Prime Minister of France from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. Fabius was 37 years old when he was appointed and is, so far, the youngest Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic. Fabius was also President of the National Assembly from 1988 to 1992 and again from 1997 to 2000. He was Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2002 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. Ronald L. Schlicher Ronald Lewis Schlicher (September 16, 1956 – September 26, 2019) was an American diplomat and career foreign service officer. He was the Deputy Chief of Mission in Lebanon "(chargé d'affaires)" 1994–96 and United States Consul-General in Jerusalem in 2000–02. He also served as ambassador to Cyprus in 2006–08. He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Schlicher died on September 26, 2019 in Brentwood, Tennessee at the age of 63. Brentwood, Tennessee Brentwood is a suburb of Nashville, Tennessee, located in Williamson County, part of Middle Tennessee. The population was 37,060 as of the 2010 U.S. Census, and estimated at 42,505 in 2018. Rob Garrison Robert Scott Garrison (January 23, 1960 – September 27, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Tommy in the 1984 movie "The Karate Kid" and the second season of its spinoff "Cobra Kai", the 2018 YouTube web series. Garrison began his acting career in 1977 in "Starship Invasions". He also had roles in the television shows "Coach", "St Elsewhere", and "MacGyver". Garrison died on September 27, 2019. He was 59. Ruby Rose Ruby Rose Langenheim (born 20 March 1986) is an Australian model, actress, and television presenter. She is known for her role as Stella in "Orange Is the New Black". She also starred in action movies ' (2016), ' (2017) and "" (2017) and has co-starred in the musical comedy "Pitch Perfect 3" (2017) and the monster movie "The Meg" (2018). In August 2018, Rose had been cast as Batwoman in the upcoming Arrowverse crossover and in the television series of the same name. Rose is openly a lesbian. Aja Naomi King Aja Naomi King (born January 11, 1985) is an American actress. She began her career in guest-starring roles on television, and starred as Cassandra Kopelson in The CW medical comedy-drama "Emily Owens, M.D.". In 2014, King began starring as Michaela Pratt in the ABC legal drama series "How to Get Away with Murder". John J. Snyder John Joseph Snyder (October 25, 1925 – September 27, 2019) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the ninth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine from 1979 through 2000. Snyder was born in New York City. Snyder died on September 27, 2019 in St. Augustine, Florida at the age of 93. Joseph C. Wilson Joseph Charles Wilson IV (November 6, 1949 – September 27, 2019) was an American diplomat. He was best known for his 2002 trip to Niger to investigate allegations that Saddam Hussein was attempting to purchase yellowcake uranium. His "New York Times" op-ed piece, "What I Didn't Find in Africa"; and the leaking by the Bush administration of information about the identity of his wife Valerie Plame as a CIA agent. He also was the CEO of a consulting firm he founded, JC Wilson International Ventures, and as the vice chairman of Jarch Capital, LLC. From 1992 through 1995, he was the Ambassador of Gabon under the Bill Clinton presidency. Wilson was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He studied at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Wilson died of multiple organ failure in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 69. Viju Khote Viju Khote (17 December 1941 – 30 September 2019) was an Indian actor. He was known for his work in more than 300 movies in Hindi and Marathi cinema. He was known for his role as Kalia in the movie "Sholay". He also starred as Robert in movie "Andaz Apna Apna" and on the television series "Zabaan Sambhalke" (1993). He had also acted in Marathi theatre over the years. He was born in Bombay. Khote died on 30 September 2019 at his Mumbai home due to multiple organ failure at the age of 77. Kate Gallego Kate Gallego (née Widland, October 21, 1981) is an American politician. She is the 61st and current Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona since 2019. Gallego is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Phoenix City Council from 2014 to 2018. Ruben Gallego Ruben Marinelarena Gallego (born November 20, 1979) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for Arizona's 7th congressional district since January 3, 2015. He is a Democrat. He was the National Chair of Eric Swalwell’s 2020 presidential campaign. Katreese Barnes Katreese Barnes (January 3, 1963 - August 3, 2019) was a musician, musical director, and song writer, best known for being half of the pop duo Juicy with her brother Jerry Barnes, and her work on the music of "Saturday Night Live", including the hit "Dick in a Box". She died on August 3, 2019 at the age of 56, following a decades-long battle against breast cancer. Beatriz Aguirre Beatriz Aguirre (March 21, 1925 – September 29, 2019) was a Mexican movie and television actress. Chris Patten Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, (; born 12 May 1944) is a British politician. He is the 28th and final Governor of Hong Kong from 19 July 1992 until the end of British administration over the territory on 30 June 1997. He has been a Conservative member of the House of Lords since 2005. He represented Bath in the House of Commons from 1979 to 1992. Governor of Hong Kong The Governor of Hong Kong was the representative in Hong Kong of the British Crown from 1843 to 1997. In this office, the governor was president of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The governor's roles were seen in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. After the end of British rule and the transfer of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997 the office was abolished (ended) and replaced with the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. David Akers-Jones Sir David Akers-Jones KBE (, 14 April 1927 – 30 September 2019) was a British retired colonial administrator. He was the Chief Secretary of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1987, and was briefly Acting Governor of Hong Kong from December 1986 through April 1987. Akers-Jones was born in Worthing, Sussex. Akers-Jones died on 30 September 2019 at a hospital in Hong Kong from colon cancer at the age of 92. Chief Secretary for Administration The Chief Secretary for Administration (), commonly known as the Chief Secretary of Hong Kong, is the most senior principal official of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Chief Secretary is head of the Government Secretariat which is in charge of the administration of the Region to which all other ministers belong, and is responsible for his or her policies and actions to the Chief Executive and to the Legislative Council. Under Article 53 of the Basic Law, the position is known as "Administrative Secretary". Matthew Cheung Matthew Cheung Kin-chung, GBM, GBS, JP (; born 20 November 1950) is a Hong Kong government official. He was the Chief Secretary for Administration from 2017 to 2021. He was the Secretary for Labour and Welfare from 2007 through 2017. Carrie Lam Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor, GBM, GBS (; "née" Cheng, born 13 May 1957) is a Hong Kong politician. She was the 4th Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2017 to 2022. She was the Chief Secretary for Administration, from 2012 to 2017, and as Secretary for Development from 2007 to 2012. Chief Executive of Hong Kong The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is the representative of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and head of the Government of Hong Kong. The office was created to replace the Governor of Hong Kong. The office, followed by the Hong Kong Basic Law, was created on 1 July 1997 when the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. List of Chief Executives of Hong Kong. Political party: Leung Chun-ying Leung Chun-ying, GBM, GBS, JP (; born 12 August 1954), also known as CY Leung, is a Hong Kong politician. He was the third Chief Executive of Hong Kong between 2012 and 2017. Donald Tsang Donald Tsang Yam-kuen, GBM (; born 7 October 1944) is a former Hong Kong civil servant. He was the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2005 to 2012. Rafael Hui Rafael Hui Si-yan (born 8 February 1948) is a Hong Kong politician. He was the Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong from 2005 through 2007. In March 2012, Hui was arrested for corruption. In December 2014, he was convicted of corruption and sentenced to 7.5 years in prison. Tung Chee-hwa Tung Chee-hwa, GBM (; born 7 July 1937) is a Shanghai-born Hong Kong businessman and politician. He was the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty on 1 July 1997 to 12 March 2005. He is currently a vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Kornel Morawiecki Kornel Andrzej Morawiecki (3 May 1941 – 30 September 2019) was a Polish politician and theoretical physicist. He was born in Warsaw. Morawiecki was the founder and leader of Fighting Solidarity (Polish: "Solidarność Walcząca"). He was also a member of the 8th legislature of the Sejm, of which was also the Senior Marshal from 12 November 2015 until his death. He was one of the candidates in the 2010 Polish presidential election, but received only 0.13% of the vote and did not make it into the second round. His son Mateusz Morawiecki is the Prime Minister of Poland. Morawiecki died on 30 September 2019 of pancreatic cancer in Warsaw at the age of 78. Ilkka Laitinen Ilkka Pertti Juhani Laitinen (22 August 1962 – 29 September 2019) was a Finnish military officer and poilitician. He was the lieutenant general and the Chief of the Finnish Border Guard from 2018 to 2019. He was the first Executive Director of Frontex, the European Union’s border protection agency, from 2004 until 2014. He was born in Nurmes, Finland. Laitinen retired from the Finnish Border Guard due to ill health on 31 August 2019. He died on 29 September 2019, aged 57, due to illness. Kåre Tønnesson Kåre Dorenfeldt Tønnesson (1 January 1926 – 26 September 2019) was a Norwegian historian and professor at the University of Oslo. He was born in Ski, Norway. Career. He finished his secondary education at Valler in 1944. After enrolling in philological studies at the University of Oslo in 1945 he graduated with the cand.philol. degree in history in 1952. His master's thesis into causality in the writings of Alexis de Tocqueville. In 1959 Tønnesson took the dr.philos. degree with the thesis "La défaite des sans-culottes", "The Defeat of the Sans-culottes". He was a lecturer in history at the University of Oslo from 1958, research fellow from 1960, docent from 1964 and professor from 1969 to 1991. From 1973 to 1975 he was the dean at the Faculty of History and Philosophy. From 1970 to 1974, he was the Chair of the Norwegian Historical Association. After retiring from the professorship, he was a scholar in NAVF and the Research Council of Norway. Death. Tønnesson died on 26 September 2019 in Bærum, Norway at the age of 93. Bærum Bærum () is a city in Akershus County, Norway. The city was created as a municipality on 1 January 1838. It is a suburb of Oslo, Bærum is located on the west coast of the city. Bærum has the highest income per capita in Norway and the highest proportion of university-educated individuals. The municipality has been voted the best Norwegian place to live in considering governance and public services to citizens. Ski, Norway Ski is a town in the Follo district of Norway. Ski is located south of Oslo. Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball The Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball program is the intercollegiate men's basketball program of the University of Kansas. The program is in the NCAA's Division I. The team competes in the Big 12 Conference. Kansas is considered one of the best college basketball programs in the United States because they have won 5 overall National Championships (3 NCAA Tournament championships, 2 Helms National Championships), as well being a National Runner-Up six times. They also have the most conference titles in the United States. Kansas is the all-time record holder for most consecutive conference titles as they have 14 consecutive titles, a streak that ran from 2005 through 2018. The Jayhawks also own the NCAA record for most consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances with an active streak of 30 consecutive appearances. In 2008, ESPN ranked Kansas second on a list of the best programs of the modern college basketball era. Kansas currently has the longest streak of consecutive NCAA tournament appearances of all-time (30). It also has the longest current streak of consecutive NCAA winning seasons (35), the most winning seasons in Division I history (97), the most non-losing seasons (.500 or better) in NCAA history (100), the most conference championships in Division I history (61), the most consecutive regular season conference titles in Division I (14), the most First Team All Americans in Division I history (22), and the most First Team All American Selections in Division I history (29). As of the last complete season, the program ranks third in Division I all-time winning percentage (.725) and second in Division I all-time wins (2,217). Since Allen Fieldhouse opened (which is the Jayhawks home arena), in 1955, the Jayhawks have earned a well established home court advantage. Allen Fieldhouse is often considered one of the best home court advantages in college basketball. Bretigny-sur-Morrens Bretigny-sur-Morrens is a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Cugy, Vaud Cugy is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Echallens Echallens is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Rafael Trujillo Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina ( , ; 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed "El Jefe" (, "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican politician, soldier, and dictator. He ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He was President from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952. On 30 May 1961, Trujillo was shot and killed when his blue 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air was ambushed on a road outside the Dominican capital. Eclagnens Eclagnens was a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Eclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux merged to form the new municipality of Goumoëns. Héctor Trujillo Héctor Bienvenido ‘Negro’ Trujillo Molina (April 6, 1908 – October 19, 2002), was a general, and political figure. He was the President of the Dominican Republic from 1952 through 1960. He was the brother of Rafael Trujillo. Manuel Alejandro Manuel Álvarez-Beigbeder Pérez (born 20 February 1933), better known as Manuel Alejandro, is a Spanish composer. He is known for writing Latin love songs, which are better known as "ballads". He has written, composed, and arranged songs for Luis Miguel, Plácido Domingo, Nino Bravo, Julio Iglesias,Raphael, Hernaldo Zúñiga, José José, José Luis Rodríguez, Emmanuel, Enrique Guzmán, Isabel Pantoja, Rocío Jurado, Rudy Marquez, and Jeanette, among many others. He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. Fey, Switzerland Fey is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. John Lynch John Harry Lynch (born November 25, 1952) is an American businessman and politician. He was the 80th Governor of New Hampshire from 2005 to 2013. Lynch was first elected governor in 2004, beating incumbent Craig Benson. Lynch won re-election in landslide victories in 2006, 2008, and in 2010. Lynch is the most popular governor in New Hampshire history and, while in office, and was ranked among the nation's most popular governors. Essertines-sur-Yverdon Essertines-sur-Yverdon is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Froideville, Switzerland Froideville is a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Egyptian fraction A unit fraction is a fraction with 1 in the numerator. A fraction that is the sum of a limited number of unit fractions is an Egyptian fraction. Lussery-Villars Lussery-Villars is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 1999, Lussery and Villars-Lussery joined together to become this new municipality. Arnex Arnex can mean: Dan Warner Daniel Lawrence Warner (April 22, 1970 – September 4, 2019) was an American Grammy Award- and Latin Grammy Award-winning guitarist, producer and songwriter. Early life and career. Warner was born and grew up in South Florida. He recorded with numerous artists and musicians, including Michael Jackson, Shakira, Madonna, Celine Dion, Barbra Streisand, and Barry Gibb, and wrote for artists like Enrique Iglesias, Lil Wayne and Mika. He was the governor of The Recording Academy starting from 2005 and was the President of Recording Academy Florida Chapter from 2010 to 2012, and a Trustee for the period 2013 - 2017. Awards and recognition. During his career, Warner worked on five Grammy Award-winning projects. Warner received a Grammy for Best Latin Pop album for his work as a producer and engineer on Alejandro Sanz's 2009 album at the 53rd Grammy awards, and received four Latin Grammy awards for his work on Calle13's album, "Entren Los Que Quieran", Amaury Gutierrez's "Sesiones Intimas", Diego Torres's "Distinto" and the aforementioned "Paraíso Express." Death. Warner died on September 4, 2019 at the age of 49 in Hollywood, Florida of a heart attack. Hunting horn The hunting horn has no keys or valves. All tones and effects have to be produced using lips, cheeks, tongue and air pressure. Some tones are created by stopping the sound with the hand (“Ton Bouché”). The French hunting horn was developed around 1817. It is called the “Trompe d’Orléans”. This natural horn is tuned in the D major key and has a 3 octave range. All musicians play the same kind of instrument, only the mouthpiece can be different. The hunting horn is made of a brass alloy, and weights only 750 gr. The total length of the tube measures about 4.54 metres. Deaths in October 2019 The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in October 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting. Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source. Bonnie and Clyde (movie) Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American neo-noir biographical crime movie directed by Arthur Penn. It stars Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway as characters Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. It also stars Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons. The movie won Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress (Estelle Parsons) and Best Cinematography (Burnett Guffey). It was among the first 100 movies selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Cool Hand Luke Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama movie directed by Stuart Rosenberg. It stars Paul Newman and George Kennedy, who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the role. Newman stars as Luke, a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to work by rules and the system. Wayne Fitzgerald Wayne Fitzgerald (March 19, 1930 – September 30, 2019) was an American main title designer. He designed close to a thousand motion picture and television main and end title sequences for top directors. He worked with many directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, John Huston, Mike Nichols, Robert Redford, Roman Polanski, Arthur Penn, Michael Cimino, Warren Beatty, Herbert Ross, John Hughes, and Quentin Tarantino. Fitzgerald designed the titles for "Cool Hand Luke", "Bonnie and Clyde", "Annie", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "Footloose", "Tootsie", "The Big Chill", "Sixteen Candles", "The Breakfast Club", "Groundhog Day", "Ghost" and "Basic Instinct". Fitzgerald died on September 30, 2019 in Whidbey Island, Washington at the age of 89. The cause was problems caused by the flu. Whidbey Island Whidbey Island (historical spellings Whidby, Whitbey, or Whitby) is the largest of the islands making up Island County, Washington, in the United States. Whidbey is about north of Seattle, and lies between the Olympic Peninsula and the I-5. It is home to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. Whidbey Island is home to 67,000 residents (according to the 2000 census). Herbert Ross Herbert David Ross (May 13, 1927 – October 9, 2001) was an American stage actor, choreographer, director and producer. He worked in the stage and movies. He was known for working with Neil Simon. He directed the movies "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1969), "The Owl and the Pussycat" (1970), "T.R. Baskin" (1971), "Play It Again, Sam" (1972), "The Last of Sheila" (1973) and "Funny Lady" (1975). On October 9, 2001, Ross died from heart failure in New York City at the age of 74. Ben Pon Bernardus Marinus "Ben" Pon (9 December 1936 – 30 September 2019) was a Dutch vintner and Olympian and motor racing driver. He competed in one Formula One race, the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix, but had a far longer career in sports car racing, before turning his back on the track to concentrate on the wine trade. He also represented the Netherlands in clay pigeon shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics, finishing 31st. Pon was born in Amersfoort, Netherlands. He died on 30 September 2019 at the age of 82. Michael J. Pollard Michael John Pollard (born Michael John Pollack Jr.; May 30, 1939 – November 20, 2019) was an American character actor. He was best known for playing C.W. Moss in the 1967 movie "Bonnie and Clyde". The role earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination. Pollard died of cardiac arrest on November 20, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80. Bisexual. Pollard claimed to be Bisexual in 2010. Kylie Rae Harris Kylie Rae Harris (May 15, 1989 September 4, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter. She was born in Wylie, Texas. Career. At age twelve, Harris was enrolled in a vocal camp and began crafting her own songs and playing guitar. By the time she graduated from high school, Harris earned a music scholarship and a welding scholarship, but took neither and decided to press on with her musical career. She was one of the featured artists in "Troubadour, TX", a television show documenting her rising career as a Texas country singer/songwriter. On July 1, 2010, Harris released her debut album titled "All the Right Reasons", followed by an EP in 2013 titled "Taking It Back". In 2013, Harris began working on material for a second full-length album and toured with fellow "Troubadour, TX" star Zane Williams throughout the state. Then in March, 2019, she released a new self titled EP. Death. Harris died on September 4, 2019, when her car collided with another near Taos, New Mexico. She was 30 years old. She is survived by her daughter. Taos County Sheriff’s Office claimed that Harris caused the accident. The other fatality of the crash was a teenager, Maria Elena Cruz, whose vehicle Harris hit head-on. Hypocrisy Hypocrisy is not following a principle while telling someone else that they did not follow a principle. The person who does hypocrisy may not necessarily know that he is not following the principle. A hypocrite is a person who does hypocrisy. A person who is a hypocrite will criticize at someone else not to do a certain behavior or activity but still do the same behavior or activity. For example, if Person A shouted at Person B that Person B should not talk loudly, then Person A is a hypocrite. Busbee Michael James Ryan (June 18, 1976 – September 29, 2019), known professionally as busbee, was an American songwriter, record producer, publisher, record label executive and multi-instrumentalist. Biography. Busbee was born in Walnut Creek, California and began playing music when he was seven years old, living in Los Angeles with his family. He later wrote and produced music, and was nominated for a Grammy Award. Busbee marched with the World Class Drum Corps, Blue Devils Busbee worked with a broad range of artists including Gwen Stefani, P!nk, Maren Morris, Timbaland featuring Katy Perry, Keith Urban, Jon Bellion, Kelly Clarkson, and Lady Antebellum. Busbee died of brain cancer on September 29, 2019, in San Francisco, California, at age 43. Susan Landau Finch Susan Meredith Landau Finch (born August 13, 1960) is an American film producer, writer, and director. She has an independent film company called Wildwell Films, based in Los Angeles. She has been married to Roy Finch since November 28, 1999. They have one daughter born in 2009. Early life. Landau is the daughter of actors Barbara Bain and Martin Landau. Both her parents were Jewish. Her younger sister is American actress, director, producer and ballerina Juliet Landau. The sisters spent their early childhood in a Tudor style house in West Los Angeles. Laura Regan Laura Regan (born 17 October 1977) is a Canadian actress. She has had leading and supporting roles in the films "Saving Jessica Lynch" (2003), "My Little Eye" (2002), "They" (2002), "Dead Silence" (2007), and "" (2014). She had a recurring role as Jennifer Crane in the TV series "Mad Men" and starred as Agatha on "Minority Report" (2015). Personal life. Regan was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the youngest in a family of seven. Regan is the daughter of Anita Carole Regan (née Harrison) and former Nova Scotia premier Gerald Regan, and sister of Geoff Regan, Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons and former federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and "Live at Five's" Nancy Regan. Her maternal grandfather was Saskatchewan MP John Harrison. Career. Regan's first role was in M. Night Shyamalan's "Unbreakable". She landed her first starring role in Robert Harmon's "They". Strasbourg Airport Strasbourg Airport () () is an international airport in Entzheim. It is 10 km (6.2 miles) west-southwest of Strasbourg. In 2018, the airport had 1,297,177 passengers. Sion Airport Sion Airport (Military: LSMS) is the airport of the city of Sion, Switzerland. It is 2.5 km southwest of the city of Sion in the Rhône Valley. The airport was opened in 1935. EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg is an international airport northwest of the city of Basel, Switzerland, southeast of Mulhouse in France, and south-southwest of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany. It is in France in Saint-Louis near the Swiss and German borders. The airport is an hub for easyJet Switzerland with mainly flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations. In 2018, the airport had 8,578,064 passengers. C. K. Menon Cheril Krishna Menon alias C. K. Menon, (18 September 1949 – 1 October 2019) was an Indian businessman and philanthropist. He was the chairman and chief executive officer of Behzad Corporation, headquartered in Doha, Qatar. He was awarded the 2006 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman. Menon was honored again by the Government of India, in 2009, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. He was born in Thrissur, Kerala. Menon died at a hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on 1 October 2019 at the age of 70. Villars-Mendraz Villars-Mendraz was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat joined to become the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. Eric Pleskow Eric Pleskow (April 24, 1924 – October 1, 2019) was an Austrian-born American movie producer. He was President of the movie studios United Artists and Orion Pictures. He was born in Vienna. Under his presidency at United Artists, the company won the Academy Award for Best Picture three years in a row: "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975), "Rocky" (1976) and "Annie Hall" (1977). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he ran until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were "Amadeus", "Dances with Wolves" and "The Silence of the Lambs". From 1998 until his death, he was the President of the Vienna International Film Festival. Pleskow died on October 1, 2019 in Westport, Connecticut at the age of 95. Vienna International Film Festival The Vienna International Film Festival, or Viennale, is a movie festival taking place every October since 1960 in Vienna, Austria. The average number of visitors is about 75,000. At the end of the festival, the "Vienna Film Prize" is awarded. During the festival, the "Fipresci Prize" is awarded by international movie critics. Another prize is awarded by the readers of the Austrian newspaper "Der Standard". Arto Tchakmaktchian Arto Tchakmakchian (, 26 June 1933 – 1 October 2019) was an Egyptian-born Canadian-Armenian sculptor and painter. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. He was awarded by the Armenian Order of Honor in 2015. He was born in Cairo, Egypt and raised in Yerevan, Armenia. His career was based in Montreal, Canada. In 1984 Tchakmaktchian won First Prize in the Wilfrid Pelletier Competition in Montreal for his bust of the competition's namesake. The work is on permanent display in the entrance hall of Place des Arts in Montreal. His works have also been exhibited at known museums internationally, notably in the Louvre. A notable exhibition was held at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris in 2010. Tchakmakchian died on 1 October 2019 in Montreal at the age of 86. Mex, Vaud Mex is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Montaubion-Chardonney Montaubion-Chardonney is a former municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. Morrens Morrens is a municipality of the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Corey Knebel Corey Knebel is a Major League Baseball player. He was MVP. Turkish delight Turkish delight or lokum is a type of sweet originating from modern day Turkey. It is mainly made out of rose water and several types of nuts. Traditionally they are served after a meal with Turkish coffee. There are a variety different flavours of Turkish delights for example rose water, lemon and chocolate. Ogens Ogens is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Oppens Oppens is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vermilion County Vermilion County or Vermillion County is the name of several counties in the United States: George Docking George Docking (February 23, 1904 – January 20, 1964) was the 35th Governor of Kansas, serving between 1957 and 1961. Biography. Docking was born in Clay Center, Kansas. Docking was educated in the public schools of Lawrence, Kansas. He graduated from the University of Kansas in 1925. He married Mary Virginia Blackwell, and they had two children. Career. Docking was elected Governor of Kansas in 1956. He was elected again in 1958. This makes him the first member of the Democratic Party to serve more than a single term as governor in Kansas. Death and legacy. Docking died from emphysema in 1964 in a hospital in Kansas City, Kansas. He is interred at the Highland Park Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas. Richardson, Texas Richardson is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. Pailly, Switzerland Pailly is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Pailly Pailly is the name of three municipalities in Europe: Ronald Evans (astronaut) Ronald Ellwin Evans Jr. (November 10, 1933 – April 7, 1990), (Capt, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He was one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Biography. Early life and education. Evans was born on November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas. His parents were Clarence Ellwin Evans (1911–1985) and Marie A. Evans (; 1913–1992). He had two siblings, Larry Joe Evans (1935–1951) and Jay Evans. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America. He achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. He graduated from Highland Park High School in Topeka, Kansas in 1951. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Kansas in 1956. He received a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1964. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi, Society of Sigma Xi, and Sigma Nu. NASA career. Evans was one of the 19 astronauts chosen by NASA in April 1966. He served as a member of the astronaut support crews for the Apollo 7 and Apollo 11 flights. He was in the backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 14. Later years. Evans retired from NASA in March 1977. He wanted to get a career in the coal industry. Later, he worked with Western American Energy Corporation in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was Director of Space Systems Marketing for Sperry Flight Systems. He died in his sleep of a heart attack in Scottsdale, Arizona, on April 7, 1990. He was survived by his widow Jan; his daughter, Jaime D. Evans (born August 21, 1959); and his son, Jon P. Evans (born October 9, 1961). Danny Manning Daniel Ricardo Manning (born May 17, 1966) is an American college basketball coach and retired NBA player. He is the current men's head coach at Wake Forest. Manning played high school basketball at Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Kansas, college basketball at The University of Kansas, and played in the NBA for 14 years. After he retired from professional basketball, Manning became an assistant coach at the University of Kansas. He won the national championship with the Jayhawks in 1988 as a player. He won it again as an assistant in 2008. He is the all-time leading scorer in Kansas basketball history with 2,951 points. The next closest player to his point total is Nick Collison, who is 854 points behind Manning. Early life. Manning is the son of Ed Manning, who was a longtime NBA and ABA player and professional and college coach. When he was a junior at Page High School in Greensboro, North Carolina, Manning averaged 18.8 points and nine rebounds per game. He led the Pirates to a 26–0 record and the state title. When Ed Manning became an assistant coach at the University of Kansas before Manning's senior year, the family moved to Lawrence, Kansas. Manning went to Lawrence High School. While he was there as a senior, he was named Kansas Player of the Year. While in Lawrence High, Manning played along future United States federal judge Sri Srinivasan. College coaching. Wake Forest. On April 4, 2014, Manning agreed to become the head coach at Wake Forest University. Personal life. Manning is the son of former NBA player, Ed Manning. Manning's own son, Evan, accepted a walk-on invitation for the men's basketball team at Kansas for the 2012–13 season. His daughter, Taylor, is a member of the Kansas volleyball team. Crystal oscillator A crystal oscillator, or system crystal, is a part of a computer. The computer uses it like a clock to keep track of time. It makes use of the mechanical resonance of the vibrating crystal, which has piezoelectric properties, in order to obtain an electric signal with a high-precision frequency. Crystal oscillators are considered superior to ceramic resonators as they have higher stability, higher quality, lower cost and are smaller in size. These oscillators are usually made of Quartz crystal, even though other substances like Rochelle salt and Tourmaline exhibit the piezoelectric effect because, quartz is inexpensive, naturally-available and mechanically-strong when compared to others. Linear combination In math, a linear combination is the sum of multiplying each value in a set by a constant. Example. For a set formula_1, the linear combination can be anything in the pattern formula_2. In this example, formula_3 and formula_4 are the constants. Sophie Grégoire Trudeau Sophie Grégoire (; born April 24, 1975), also known as Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, is the wife of the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau. She is a former television host and is involved in charity work and public speaking, focusing mainly on women's and children’s issues. On March 12, 2020, Grégoire isolated herself, along with her husband, after she showed flu-like symptoms during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The Prime Minister's Office announced later that day that she had tested positive for COVID-19. She had recovered by March 28. Soft-tissue sarcoma A soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), is a form of sarcoma that develops in connective tissue, The term is sometimes is used for soft tissue which is not connective tissue. There are a number of types. Sarcoma A sarcoma is a cancer that comes from transformed cells of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin. Connective tissue is a term that includes bone, cartilage, fat, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues, and sarcomas can arise in any of these types of tissues. As a result, there are many subtypes of sarcoma. The word sarcoma is derived from the Greek σάρξ "sarx" meaning "flesh". Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs. The skin lesions are usually purple in color. They can appear singularly, in a limited area, or be widespread. Lesions may be flat or raised. Lesion A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma. "Lesion" is derived from the Latin "laesio" "injury". Lesions may occur in plants as well as animals. Clear-cell sarcoma Clear-cell sarcoma is a rare form of cancer called sarcoma. It is known to happen mainly in the soft tissues and dermis. Recurrence is common. Clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissues in adults is not related to the pediatric tumor known as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Synovial sarcoma A synovial sarcoma (also known as: malignant synovioma) is a rare form of cancer which occurs mainly in the arms or legs. It is a type of soft-tissue sarcoma. The name "synovial sarcoma" was created early in the 20th century, as some researchers thought that the microscopic similarity of some tumors to synovium. New York Post The New York Post (sometimes abbreviated as NY Post) is a daily newspaper in New York City. The "Post" also runs the celebrity gossip site PageSix.com and the entertainment site Decider.com, and co-produces the television show "Page Six TV". It was created in 1801 by Federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. In 1976, Rupert Murdoch, creator of Fox News, bought the "Post" for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, the "Post" has been owned by News Corporation and its replacement, News Corp. Its distribution ranked 4th in the US in 2018. Martin Bernheimer Martin Bernheimer (September 28, 1936 – September 29, 2019) was a German-born American music critic. Bernheimer was born in Munich. He studied at Brown University. He worked for the "New York Post" and "The Los Angeles Times". During his thirty years with that paper, he was twice the recipient of ASCAP's Deems Taylor Award (1974 and 1978) and in 1982 won the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. Bernheimer died one day after his 83rd birthday on September 29, 2019 of sarcoma at his Manhattan home. Brett Cullen Peter Brett Cullen (born August 26, 1956) is an American actor. He was born in Houston, Texas. Cullen played Dan Fixx in the 1980s CBS drama "Falcon Crest" for two seasons (1986–88). In 2009, he had a recurring role in the ABC Family television series "Make It or Break It". In 2011, he played stepfather to Selena Gomez's character in the romantic comedy "Monte Carlo", and in 2012, appeared as a congressman in the Batman movie "The Dark Knight Rises". In 2019, Cullen starred as Thomas Wayne in the 2019 movie "Joker". The Suicide Squad (movie) The Suicide Squad, also known as Suicide Squad 2, is an American superhero movie based on the DC Comics antihero team Suicide Squad. It is being distributed Warner Bros. Pictures. It is a standalone sequel to "Suicide Squad" (2016) and the eleventh movie in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The movie, written and directed by James Gunn, stars Margot Robbie, Idris Elba, John Cena, Jai Courtney, Joel Kinnaman, Nathan Fillion, Michael Rooker, Pete Davidson, Sylvester Stallone, Storm Reid, Taika Waititi, Sean Gunn, David Dastmalchian, Peter Capaldi, and Viola Davis. Principal photography began on September 20, 2019, at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. Filming in Atlanta is expected to last three months before moving to Panama for a month. "The Suicide Squad" was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on August 6, 2021. Michael Rooker Michael Rooker (born April 6, 1955) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Henry in "" (1986), Terry Cruger in "Sea of Love" (1989), Rowdy Burns in "Days of Thunder" (1990), Bill Broussard in "JFK" (1991), Hal Tucker in "Cliffhanger" (1993), Jared Svenning in "Mallrats" (1995), Merle Dixon in AMC's "The Walking Dead" (2010–2013) and Yondu Udonta in "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014) and "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" (2017). Hayley Atwell Hayley Elizabeth Atwell (born 5 April 1982) is a British-American actress. She is best known for her role of Peggy Carter in various many and television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and her appearance as Evelyn Robin in Disney's live-action "Winnie the Pooh" movie "Christopher Robin" (2018). James Gunn James Francis Gunn Jr. (born August 5, 1966) is an American director, screenwriter, producer and musician. He is known for directing the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014) and its sequel, "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" (2017) and the DC Extended Universe movie "The Suicide Squad" (2021) and the spin-off television series "Peacemaker" (2022). He is also known for writing both "Scooby-Doo" (2002) and "" (2004). Tallulah Bankhead Tallulah Brockman Bankhead (January 31, 1902 – December 12, 1968) was an American actress. Always known as just "Tallula", she was one of the most famous actresses of her time. She was born into a wealthy and influential Alabama family. Her father was a leading 'Southern Democrat', and in the 1930s became Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. She was a childhood friend of Zelda Fitzgerald, the wife of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Tallula was an actress from the beginning to the end of her life. She acted in nearly 300 film, stage, television, and radio roles. Her personal life was wild. She struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction. She was infamous for her sex life, which included both men and women. Tallulah was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1972, and the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1981. In her 1932 movie "Devil and the Deep" there were three major co-stars, with Tallulah getting top billing over Gary Cooper, Charles Laughton, and Cary Grant. David O. Selznick, producer of "Gone with the Wind" (1939) called her the "first choice among established stars" to play Scarlett O'Hara. According to a memo from Selznick, November 11, 1936: Bankhead is first choice among established stars – and many votes coming in for her. Although her screen test for the role in black-and-white was superb, she photographed poorly in Technicolor. Selznick also thought that at age 36, she was too old to play Scarlett, who is 16 at the beginning of the film. The role eventually went to Vivien Leigh. Also notable was her performance in the Alfred Hitchcock film "Lifeboat" (1943–1944). It was her best on film and won her the New York Film Critics Circle award. Onstage, Tallula appeared in a revival of Noël Coward's "Private Lives", taking it on tour and then to Broadway for the better part of two years. The play's run made her a fortune. On her death, she was worth $2 million, a vast sum in those days. Eloisa Cianni Eloisa Cianni, born Eloisa Aloisa Stukin Cianni (Rome, 21 June 1932), is a former Italian actress elected Miss Italy 1952 and Miss Europa 1953. Biography. After being elected Miss Italy in 1952 in Merano, and Miss Europe in 1953 in Istanbul, she got a part in the film "Villa Borghese" directed by Gianni Franciolini, imposing herself for her beauty. Linked by friendship with the stylist Vincenzo Ferdinandi, she posed for him on the catwalk and in photo shoots. In the next ten years she continued to work in the cinema and as model until she gave up his film career when she was not yet thirty. List of My Dear Heart episodes This is a list of episodes of "My Dear Heart" which aired on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block from January 23, 2017 to June 16, 2017. The series was directed by Jerome Chavez Pobocan and Jojo A. Saguin. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Nephrology Nephrology (from Greek" nephros" "kidney", combined with the suffix "-logy", "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatric medicine that about the kidneys. It is the study of normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960. Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine." Lucy Hawking Catherine Lucy Hawking (born 2 November 1970) is an English journalist, novelist, educator, and philanthropist. She is the daughter of the late theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking and writer Jane Wilde Hawking. She lives in London, and is best known as a children's novelist and science educator. Whamola The Whamola is a bass instrument used in funk-jazz styles of music. The name is a portmanteau of whammy bar and viola. The Whamola is a direct descendant of the washtub bass, an American folk instrument popular with skiffle and jug bands, and features a single string which is manipulated via a pulley-and-lever system. Stent In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent. "Stent" is also used as a verb to describe the placement of such a device, particularly when a disease such as atherosclerosis has pathologically narrowed a structure such as an artery. A stent is different from a shunt. A shunt is a tube that connects two previously unconnected parts of the body to allow fluid to flow between them. Stents and shunts can be made of similar materials but perform two different tasks. Pechino Express Pechino Express is the Italian TV version of the reality show Peking Express created by Ludo Poppe. It has been broadcast on Rai 2 since 2012. Saint-Géréon Saint-Géréon was a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it became part of the new commune of Ancenis-Saint-Géréon. Joseph Bismuth Joseph Roger Bismuth (4 November 1926 – 1 October 2019) was a Tunisian businessman and politician. He was elected into the newly formed upper chamber, the Chamber of Advisors in July 2005. He was also a member of the International Council of Jewish Parliamentarians, formed in 2002. He founded the Tunisian-American Chamber of Commerce. Bismuth died in Tunis on 1 October 2019 at the age of 92. Karel Gott Karel Gott (14 July 1939 – 1 October 2019) was a Czech pop singer. He was thought to be the most successful male singer in the former Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. He was voted the country's best male singer in the annual "Český slavík" over forty times, most recently in 2017. Gott was born in Pilsen, Czech Republic. 100 albums and 100 compilation albums, and sold an estimated 50–100 million records worldwide, 23 million of them in the German-speaking market, and about 15 million in Czechoslovakia and its successor states (the Czech Republic and Slovakia). In 1968, he competed in the Eurovision Song Contest with his song "Tausend Fenster". On 12 September 2019 it was announced that Gott was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). He died on 1 October 2019 from the disease at a Prague hospital at the age of 80. Peter Sissons Peter George Sissons (17 July 1942 – 1 October 2019) was an English broadcast journalist. He was the presenter of the "BBC Nine O'Clock News" and the "BBC Ten O'Clock News" between 1993 and 2003, and earlier a newscaster for ITN. He also presented the BBC's "Question Time" programme. He retired from the BBC in 2009. Sissons died at the age of 77 on 1 October 2019, at the Maidstone Hospital in Kent. Mathew Knowles Mathew Knowles (born 1952) is an American record executive, talent manager, and businessman. He is best known for being the manager of Destiny's Child. He also managed his daughters Beyoncé and Solange Knowles. He is the ex-husband of Tina Knowles and father-in-law of Jay-Z. He was born in Gadsden, Alabama. In October 2019, Knowles announced that he is suffering from male breast cancer. Tina Knowles Célestine Ann Beyincé (born January 4, 1954), known as Tina Knowles-Lawson, is an American businesswoman and fashion designer. She is known for her House of Deréon and Miss Tina by Tina Knowles fashion brands. She is the mother of singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles. Until 2011, she was married to Mathew Knowles, the manager of Destiny's Child as well as Beyoncé. Richard Lawson (actor) Richard Lee Lawson (born March 7, 1947) is an American actor. He has starred in movies and on television. Lawson is perhaps best known for his roles as Ryan in the 1982 movie "Poltergeist" and Dr. Ben Taylor in the 1983 NBC miniseries "V". He served 21 months in Vietnam during the Vietnam War and was wounded in action. Tiny Hill (rugby union) Stanley Frank "Tiny" Hill (9 April 1927 – 2 October 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player and selector. Hill represented Canterbury and Counties. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1955 to 1959. He played 19 matches for the All Blacks, two of which were as captain, including 11 internationals. After retiring as a player, Hill was New Zealand Army and Canterbury selector, and as an All Black selector from 1981 to 1986. Hill was born in New Plymouth, New Zealand. In 1996, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Hill died in Rolleston, New Zealand on 2 October 2019 at the age of 92. Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi, better known as H. L. Trivedi, (31 August 1932 – 2 October 2019) was an Indian nephrologist, immunologist, transplantation medicine and stem cell researcher. He was a known physician of transplantation medicine in India. He was a founding director of the Kidney Hospital in Ahmedabad. He performed more than 5200 kidney transplantations. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2015. He was born in present-day Gujarat, India. Trivedi died on 2 October 2019 in Ahmedabad, India from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 87. Peney-le-Jorat Peney-le-Jorat was a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. Penthaz Penthaz is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mordicai Gerstein Mordicai Gerstein (November 24, 1935 – September 24, 2019) was an American artist, writer, and movie director. He was best known for illustrating and writing children's books. He illustrated the comic mystery fiction series "Something Queer is Going On". He directed the NBC television movie "The Berenstain Bears' Christmas Tree". He won the 2004 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, recognizing "The Man Who Walked Between the Towers", which he also wrote. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Gerstein died on September 24, 2019 in Westhampton, Massachusetts of cancer at the age of 83. 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis The 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis began when President Martín Vizcarra dissolved the Congress of Peru on 30 September 2019. Congress responded by declaring Vizcarra's presidency suspended and appointed Vice President Mercedes Aráoz as interim president, moves that were largely seen as null and void. The next day, on 1 October 2019, Aráoz announced her resignation while Vizcarra issued a decree for legislative elections to be held on 26 January 2020. Mercedes Aráoz Mercedes Rosalba Aráoz Fernández (born 5 August 1961) is a Peruvian economist, professor and politician. She was the second Vice President of Peru of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski from July 2016 through March 2018. After his resignation, she acted as the only Vice President of Martín Vizcarra from 23 March 2018 until her resignation on 1 October 2019. Aráoz also was the Prime Minister, from 17 September 2017 to 2 April 2018. On 30 September 2019, the Congress of the Republic of Peru suspended the presidency of Martín Vizcarra and named Aráoz as acting president of Peru through a disputed process. The decision was soon seen as null and void. The Peruvian Armed Forces continue to recognize Vizcarra as president of Peru and head of the armed forces. Aráoz resigned as vice president on 1 October 2019. Penthéréaz Penthéréaz is a municipality of the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Salvador del Solar Salvador Alejandro Jorge del Solar Labarthe (; born 1 May 1970) is a Peruvian actor, lawyer and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Peru from being appointed by President Martín Vizcarra on 11 March 2019 until his resignation on 30 September 2019. He was Minister of Culture of Peru from 5 December 2016 to 27 December 2017 under President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. Vicente Zeballos Vicente Antonio Zeballos Salinas (born 10 May 1963) is a Peruvian politician. On 30 September 2019, he was appointed Prime Minister of Peru by President Martín Vizcarra. He replaced Salvador del Solar following the constitutional crisis. He was the Minister of Justice until his appointed of Prime Minister. Born in the southern region of Tacna, Zeballos began his political career as mayor of Mariscal Nieto Province in Moquegua, from 2003 to 2006. Subsequently in 2011, he was elected to Congress in for the National Solidarity Alliance, representing Moquegua and the only congressman from Union for Peru. Zeballos was reelected in 2016, running this time as an independent within Peruvians for Change. He left the parliamentary caucus in December 2017, in protest to the pardon granted to former president Alberto Fujimori by the leader of the party and then-President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In Martín Vizcarra's administration, Zeballos was appointed Minister of Justice and Human Rights, serving in the position until his appointment as Prime Minister after Salvador del Solar's resignation due to the denied confidence given by Congress, prompting its constitutional dissolution. His tenure was marked by controversy and subject of extensive media scrutiny regarding his management skills, specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Zeballos was succeeded in office by former Prime Minister Pedro Cateriano on July 15, 2020. Poliez-Pittet Poliez-Pittet is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Rueyres, Switzerland Rueyres is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Muff A muff is a tube made of fur or other warm material into which the hands are placed for warmth. They are rarely used today. Changes in fashion might be one reason. Also, vehicles which transport people today are usually heated. Saint-Barthélemy, Switzerland Saint-Barthélemy is a municipality in the of Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Sottens Sottens was a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat joined together to become the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. It is known for its radio transmitter for the French language Swiss radio, built in 1931. Jorat-Menthue Jorat-Menthue is a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the former municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. Sugnens Sugnens was a municipality in the Gros-de-Vaud district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become the new municipality of Montilliez. Sullens Sullens is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is in the Gros-de-Vaud district. Village-Neuf Village-Neuf is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Lowndes County, Mississippi Lowndes County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 59,779 people lived there. Its county seat is Columbus. The county is named for U.S. Congressman William Jones Lowndes. Mississippi University for Women is located here. Paddy Roy Bates Paddy Roy Bates (19212012) was a major in the British Army during WWII. He became a pirate radio broadcaster. This is one which broadcasts without a licence. The broadcasting was based on a platform in the North Sea, which he called the Principality of Sealand. Shigeru Miyamoto gameography The Shigeru Miyamoto gameography includes all video games directed, produced, or designed by Shigeru Miyamoto. Hired in 1977 at Nintendo Co, Ltd. by president Hiroshi Yamauchi for his toy creations, Miyamoto's video game career began as Nintendo entered the arcade video game market in the late 1970s, and continued to grow the company itself and take an increasing leadership role. His video game contributions began with arcade cabinet art, then pixel art design as in the arcade "Sheriff" (1979), full game codevelopment roles as in the arcade "Radar Scope" (1979), primary concept and development roles as in Nintendo's first phenomenal hit "Donkey Kong" (1981), and his first console-only game "Devil World" (1984). Miyamoto has become one of the most influential video game designers of all time, having started video game franchises such as "Super Mario" and "The Legend of Zelda". Bill Bidwill William Vogel Bidwill Sr. (July 31, 1931 – October 2, 2019) was an American businessman, philanthropist, and the owner of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He had co-owned the team from 1962 for ten seasons with his brother Charles Jr. and had been sole owner from 1972 until his death in 2019. Bidwill died at age 88 on October 2, 2019 in Phoenix, Arizona. Armando Villanueva Armando Villanueva Del Campo (25 November 1915 – 14 April 2013) was a Peruvian politician. He was the leader of the Peruvian American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Villanueva was born in Lima. He was the Prime Minister of Peru from 17 May 1988 through 15 May 1989 during Alan García's first presidency. Political career. At the age of 15 Villanueva became a member of APRA's "Juventud Aprista Peruana" in opposition to the military dictatorship of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. At the age of 18 he was imprisoned in El Frontón prison (located on the small island of "San Lorenzo" off the coast of Callao, Lima's main port) for his subversive activities in Peru. He was a political ally and personal friend of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, the founder and most prominent leader of the APRA party. Villanueva spent most of his early life in different prisons for his political activities. In 1940, along with other APRA political activists, Villanueva was exiled to Chile. Between the 1940s and 1960s Villanueva spent his time in between Peruvian prisons and deportations to Chile and Argentina. While living in Santiago he met and married Lucia Ortega. They had a daughter: Lucia del Pilar Villanueva Ortega. In late 1961, before a general amnesty was granted to members of APRA, Villanueva entered Peru clandestinely. He needed to start organizing the multiple party cells in preparation for their return to full political activities. Afraid that he would be caught, he sought refuge at his cousin's house in San Isidro. Ana Maria Villanueva de Riva-Vercellotti was married to an Italian, and Armando was convinced that Peru's secret police would never find him there. He was able to stay there, unperturbed, till full amnesty was granted. From 1963 to 1968 Villanueva served as a deputy in the lower house of the Peruvian legislature representing Lima, serving as President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1967 to 1968. Villanueva led the Aprista opposition to the military government of Juan Velasco. The death of Haya de la Torre in 1979 propelled Villanueva to the leadership of the APRA party. As leader of the party Villanueva ran for the presidency in 1980 resulting in a second-place loss to the "Popular Action" party candidate Fernando Belaúnde. It is said that he lost the elections because the opposition mounted a negative campaign against him, claiming that he was married to a Chilean-born citizen. Chile's victory in the "Guerra del Pacifico" in 1883, which resulted in Peru losing a large chunk of its southern border to Chile, is still a subject of bad feeling in Peru. In 1985 Villanueva was elected to the Peruvian Senate and elected as the President of the Senate from July 1986 to July 1987. During the presidency of Alan García, he served as prime minister from 1988 to 1989. In 1990, Villanueva was elected to his last term in the Senate, from 1990 to 1992 when Alberto Fujimori shut down Congress. Last years. Villanueva retired in 2005, at the age of 90, to dedicate the rest of his life to his family and writing. In May 2005, with the death of his cousin Ana Maria, he also assumed the title of family patriarch. Villanueva died of a heart attack in Lima on 14 April 2013 at the age of 97. Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo Pallás (born March 26, 1948) is a Mexican comedian, actor, movie director, screenwriter, television producer and host. He was born in Mexico City. He is known for his telenovela roles in "Dos mujeres en mi casa" (1984), "Dr. Cándido Pérez" (1987), "Cero en conducta" (1999), "Humor es... los comediantes" (1999), "La escuelita VIP" (2004), "La casa de la risa" and "Dos hogares" (2011). In 2013, Ortiz de Pinedo was diagnosed with lung cancer. He retired in July 2019. Edward Cassidy Edward Idris Cassidy AC (5 July 1924 – 10 April 2021) was an Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest. He was the President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. He was in charge of the Commission of the Holy See for Religious Relations with the Jews. He was made a cardinal on 28 June 1991. He spent most of his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. Cassidy was born in Sydney. Cassidy died on 10 April 2021 in Newcastle, New South Wales at the age of 96. Kim Shattuck Kimberly Dianne Shattuck (July 17, 1963 – October 2, 2019) was the lead punk rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. She was known for her works with the band The Muffs. From 1985 to 1990, she was a member of The Pandoras. In 2001, she was a singer, guitarist and songwriter for "The Beards", a superpop side project composed of Shattuck, Lisa Marr, and Sherri Solinger. Shattuck was born in Los Angeles, California. She was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2017. Shattuck died from problems relating to the disease on October 2, 2019 at the age of 56. Adam Maida Adam Joseph Maida (born March 18, 1930) is an American cardinal prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania. He was the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit, Michigan, from 1990 to 2009. He was elevated to Cardinal in 1994. Cardinal Maida was the bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin, from 1984 to 1990. East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania East Vandergrift is a borough in Westmoreland County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The population was 742 at the 2000 census. Juan Sandoval Íñiguez Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (; born 28 March 1933) is a Mexican Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Yahualica de González Gallo, Jalisco. He was Archbishop of Guadalajara from April 1994 through December 2011. North American F-82 Twin Mustang The North American F-82 Twin Mustang is the last American propeller fighter ordered into production by the United States Air Force. Based on the P-51 Mustang, the F-82 was originally designed as a long-range escort fighter in World War II. The war ended well before the first produced units were operational. Then Haydn Douglas Griffiths Completed the first restoration of the aircraft making it fully operational, he did this amazing feat with his co-partner Eryk Alexander Deryniowski Who was Russian refugee after Destalinization Who Then went on to become a worker in Lockheed. Canton, Massachusetts Canton is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 21,561 at the 2010 census. It is part of Greater Boston, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) southwest of downtown Boston. Guilford, Vermont Guilford is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The town was named for Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford. The population was 2,121 at the 2010 census. Selz, North Dakota Selz is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Pierce County, North Dakota, United States. Its population was 46 as of the 2010 census. Jayankondam Jayankondam is the town in Udayarpalayam taluk. It is near Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the famous Brihadeshwara Temple. It is 10 km away from Jayankondam. It was ruled by Cholas. Jayankondam is well known the cashew nuts. Villars-le-Terroir Villars-le-Terroir is a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Villars-Tiercelin Villars-Tiercelin was a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat merged to form the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue. Vuarrens Vuarrens is a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vufflens-la-Ville Vufflens-la-Ville is a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Diogo Freitas do Amaral Diogo Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (; 21 July 1941 – 3 October 2019), known as Freitas do Amaral, was a Portuguese politician, writer and law professor. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 12 March 2005 to 3 July 2006. He also was the Prime Minister in an acting role from 4 December 1980 through 9 January 1981. He was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal. Frietas do Amaral was a candidate for president in 1986 and lost to Mário Soares by a small percentage. He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1995 through 1996. In September 2019, Frietas do Amaral was hospitalized in critical condition for bone cancer at a Cascais hospital. He died at the hospital on 3 October 2019 at the age of 78. Arnex-sur-Nyon Arnex-sur-Nyon is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Cascais Cascais () is a municipality in the Lisbon District of Portugal, located on the Portuguese Riviera. The population in 2011 was 206,479. It has an area of 97.40 km2. Cascais is an important tourist city. Arzier Arzier is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim (, ) is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto. In 2001, there were 63,470 inhabitants, with 42,396 living in the city proper. It is the seventh-largest cities in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal. Aračinovo Municipality Aračinovo Municipality ( , ) is a municipality in the northern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. "Aračinovo" is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is in the Skopje Statistical Region. In 2002, 11,597 people lived there. Geography. Aračinovo Municipality borders with Lipkovo Municipality to the north, the City of Skopje to the west, Petrovec Municipality to the south and Kumanovo Municipality to the east. Jafar Kashani Jafar Ashraf Kashani (, March 21, 1944 – October 2, 2019) was an Iranian football player. He played for Persepolis F.C. until 1974 when he was captain. Then he was hired by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and worked in embassies in Germany and UAE. He was also a member of board of directors at IRIFF and Persepolis. From 1968 through 1974, he played for the national team. Kashani was born in Tehran. He died on 2 October 2019 from a heart attack in Tehran at the age of 75. Gevgelija Municipality Gevgelija (, "Opština Gevgelija") is a municipality in the southern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. "Gevgelija" is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Gevgelija Municipality is in the Southeastern Statistical Region. In 2002, 22,988 people lived there. Geography. The municipality borders Kavadarci Municipality to the west, Demir Kapija Municipality to the northwest, Valandovo Municipality to the northeast, Bogdanci Municipality to the east, and Greece to the south. Richard Jewell Richard Allensworth Jewell (born Richard White; December 17, 1962 – August 29, 2007) was an American police officer and security guard. He was born in Danville, Georgia. He was known for working as a security guard for AT&T during the Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He found a backpack filled with three pipe bombs on the park grounds, Jewell called the police and helped to evacuate the area before the bomb exploded, saving many people from injury or death. After the bombing, Jewell was seen as a hero but later he was viewed as a suspect, before being cleared. Jewell's case is considered an example of the damage that can be done by media reporting based on unreliable or incomplete information. Despite never being charged, the media continued to criticize Jewell and calling him the suspected bomber. Jewell was eventually found not guilty, and Eric Rudolph was later found to have been the bomber. In 2006, Governor Sonny Perdue publicly thanked Jewell on behalf of the State of Georgia for saving the lives of those at the Olympics. Jewell died on August 29, 2007 of heart failure caused by diabetes in Woodbury, Georgia at age 44. In 2019, Clint Eastwood directed a movie about him titled "Richard Jewell". Detroit, Oregon Detroit is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. The population was 202 at the 2010 census. In September, 2020, the city was burned to the ground by a wildfire. Danville, Georgia Danville is a town in Twiggs and Wilkinson counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. The population was 238 at the 2010 census, down from 373 in 2000. Woodbury, Georgia Woodbury is a town in Meriwether County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,184 at the 2000 census. Aumsville, Oregon Aumsville is a city in Oregon in the United States. Turner, Oregon Turner is a city in Oregon in the United States. Tyrone, Oklahoma Tyrone is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Lake County, Indiana Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. In 2010, its population was 496,005, making it Indiana's second-most populous county. The county seat is Crown Point. This county is part of the Chicago metropolitan area. Belle Rive, Illinois Belle Rive is a village in Illinois in the United States. Vœgtlinshoffen Vœgtlinshoffen is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It is about south of Colmar. Vogelgrun Vogelgrun is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Walbach Walbach is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Walheim, Haut-Rhin Walheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Waltenheim Waltenheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Wentzwiller Wentzwiller is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. In 2016, 745 people lived there. Westhalten Westhalten is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. The D18BIS and D5 roads pass through Westhalten. Baden, Morbihan Baden ("Baden" in Breton) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in northwestern France. Madison County, Mississippi Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 95,203 people lived there. Its county seat is Canton. The county is named for James Madison, 4th President of the United States (1809–1817). Belgium, Illinois Belgium is a village in Illinois in the United States. Crainville, Illinois Crainville is a village in Illinois in the United States. Energy, Illinois Energy is a village in Williamson County, Illinois in the United States. In 2010, it had a population of 1,146. Bassins Bassins is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Begnins Begnins is a municipality in Nyon, in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Andalusia, Illinois Andalusia is a village in Illinois in the United States. Milan, Illinois 'Milan ( ) is a village in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,099 at the 2010 census. The village is located near the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa. Campus, Illinois Campus is a village in Illinois in the United States. Widensolen Widensolen is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Wickerschwihr Wickerschwihr is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Bogis-Bossey Bogis-Bossey is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Tsada Tsada is a Village in Cyprus in the Paphos District. Paphos is 8 kilometres south of Tsada. Climate. The Climate in Tsada is classified as Csa "Meditteranean" and has an average annual temperature of 16.7° C . Topography. Tsada is 8 kilometres north of Paphos and lies at an altitude of 600 metres above sea level. Nearby villages. Tsada is connected on the northeast by the villages Kallepia, (3.5 km) Letimbou, (6 km) and Polemi (8 km). In the south it is connected with the village of Armou (6 km).  In the southwest it is connected with Tala and the monastery of Agios Neophytos. Paphos Paphos is a city in west Cyprus. It is the capital of Paphos District. In 2018, 63,600 people lived in the urban area. The town is a UNESCO World Heritage site for the ancient Greek and Roman city ruins. Kallepia Kallepia is a village in Cyprus in the Paphos District. The village is very near Tsada Village. Topography. The village is located at an altitude of above sea level. Kili Kili is a village in Cyprus in the Paphos District. Nearby villages. Akoursos is west of Kili and Kathikas north of Kili. Safety razor A safety razor is a shaving implement with a protective device put between the edge of the blade and the skin. The reason for the protective devices was to make it easier for people to shave without getting hurt. This made professional barbers less needed. The term was first used in a patent issued in 1880. Plastic disposable razors and razors with replaceable blade attachments are in common use today. Razors commonly include one to five cutting edges, which are sharp. Design. Safety razors first had an edge protected by a comb patterned on different types of protective guards that had been placed to open-blade straight razors during the preceding decades. Lifespan. To maintain the sharpness, razors can be stropped using an old strip of denim. Safety razors are usually made of razor steel. That is a low chromium stainless steel, and it can be made very sharp. However, it corrodes easily. Drying the blades after using them can make them last longer. Salt from human skin also can corrode the blades, but washing and carefully drying them can make them last longer. Kathikas Kathikas is a village in Cyprus in the Paphos District. Topography. Kathikas is located approximately 650 metres above sea level. Nearby villages. Theletra is to the East of Kathikas. Disposable product A disposable (also called disposable product) is a product designed to be used only once, and then it would be recycled or is thrown away as solid waste. The word often implies cheapness and short-term convenience instead of something that will last for a long time. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months (e.g. disposable air filters) to distinguish from similar things that last forever (e.g. washable air filters). Word meaning. "Disposable" is an "adjective" meaning "something not reuseable but is disposed of after use". Many people now use the word as a noun or substantive (i.e. "a disposable") but it is still an adjective. This is because the "noun" (product, nappy, etc.) is implied. Cannonball Run Cannonball Run is a 1981 American Hong Kong action comedy movie starring Burt Reynolds, Jackie Chan, Dom DeLuise and Farah Fawcett. Disposable and discretionary income Disposable income is the income someone has after they have paid their taxes. Mathematically, it is total personal income minus personal current taxes. In national accounts definitions, personal income minus personal current taxes equals disposable personal income. Autonomous consumption Autonomous consumption (also exogenous consumption) is when people are paying for things when they have no income. In other words, it is the consumption expenditure that happens when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when spending on these consumables does not change much income is changed; generally, it may be needed to pay for things that are needed and pay off debt. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption is called dissaving. This is because it is paid for by borrowing or using up savings. Autonomous consumption is different from induced consumption because it does not consistently change with income, whereas induced consumption does. The two are related, for all households, through the consumption function: where Consumption function In economics, the consumption function shows a relationship between consumption and disposable income. It is believed that John Maynard Keynes introduced the idea in macroeconomics in 1936. He used it to develop the idea of a government spending multiplier. Details. Its simplest form is the "linear consumption function". It is used often in simple Keynesian models: where formula_2 is the autonomous consumption that is independent of disposable income; in other words, consumption when there is no income. The term formula_3 is the induced consumption that is influenced by the economy's income level. It is generally assumed that there is no correlation or dependence between formula_4 and "C". Induced consumption Induced consumption is the part of consumption that changes with disposable income. It is when there is a change in disposable income “induces” (persuades or makes someone want to do something) a change in consumption on goods and services. In contrast, spending for autonomous consumption do not change with income. For example, spending on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced. In the simple linear consumption function, formula_1 induced consumption is represented by the term formula_2, where formula_3 shows disposable income. formula_4 is called the marginal propensity to consume. Ferrodraco Ferrodraco lentoni, "Lenton's Iron Dragon", is a species of pterosaur. The only known fossil of the pterosaur was found in 2017 north east of Winton, Queensland, Australia. The pterosaur had a wingspan of about four metres, and when on the ground walked on its four limbs. The name, "Ferrodraco lentoni", comes from the Latin word, "ferrum" (iron), for the ironstone in which the fossil was found, and "draco", the Latin word for dragon. The species also is named after Graham Thomas 'Butch' Lenton, who was the mayor of Winton. Only small parts of 15 different pterosaurs have been found in Australia. "Ferrodraco" is the most complete specimen found. Scientists have been able to identify five vertebrae, eight limb bones, a large part of the jaw and skull, and 40 teeth. They believe that the pterosaur lived about 96 million years ago. That is in the Upper Cretaceous. The fossil is similar to pterosaurs found in England, except that it has much smaller teeth. This might be because of the type of food it ate, perhaps a diet of fish. Bones of pterosaurs were thin, and hollow, and because of this, very few have survived. Winton is well known as an area where dinosaur fossils are found, but this was the first pterosaur discovered here. Marginal propensity to consume In economics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is a measurement that can put induced consumption into numbers. Induced consumption is the idea that an increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) happens with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). The proportion of disposable income which people spend on consumption is called the propensity to consume. MPC is the proportion of more income that a person spends. For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then the household will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents of that dollar. Obviously, the household cannot spend "more" than the extra dollar (without borrowing). John Maynard Keynes says that the marginal propensity to consume is less than one. The MPC is higher for poorer people than in rich. Background. Mathematically, the formula_1 function is written as the derivative of the consumption function formula_2 with respect to disposable income formula_3, i.e., the instantaneous slope of the formula_2-formula_3 curve. or, approximately, Marginal propensity to consume can be found by dividing change in consumption by a change in income, or formula_10. The MPC can be explained with the simple example: Here formula_11; formula_12 Therefore, formula_13 or 83%. For example, suppose you receive a bonus with your paycheck, and it's $500 on top of your normal annual earnings. You now have $500 more in income than you did before. If you decide to spend $400 of this marginal increase in income on something, your marginal propensity to consume will be 0.8 (formula_14). Consumer spending Consumer spending, consumption, or consumption expenditure is when people buy goods and services. It is the biggest part of aggregate demand in macroeconomics. There are two parts of consumer spending: induced consumption (which is changed by the level of income) and autonomous consumption (which is not). Data. United States. In the United States, the Consumer Spending figure published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis includes three big categories of personal spending. Aggregate demand In macroeconomics, Aggregate Demand (AD) or Domestic Final Demand (DFD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a time. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It shows the amount of goods and services that will be bought at all possible different prices. Tommy Douglas Thomas Clement Douglas (20 October 1904 – 24 February 1986) was a Canadian socialist politician from Saskatchewan. Douglas founded a political party called the CCF representing socialism and the working class. Douglas was elected Premier of Saskatchewan and created universal healthcare for it. Douglas’s health plan was copied by other provinces and spread to all of Canada. Douglas also created a Socialist political party called the New Democratic Party or NDP. Douglas is generally very respected because he created Canada’s universal healthcare system but recently some people have suggested that he should not be that praised because in the 1930’s he was a supporter of eugenics. Douglas died of cancer on 24 February 1986, at the age of 81 in Ottawa. His daughter, Shirley Douglas, was an actress. Isaac Promise Promise Isaac (2 December 1987 – 2 October 2019) was a Nigerian football player. He last played for Austin Bold FC in the USL Championship. He was the captain of the football team representing Nigeria that won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He played professionally for 14 seasons, much of which was spent in Turkey. He scored a total of 77 club goals during his career. Promise was born in Zaria, Nigeria. Isaac died of a heart attack on October 2, 2019 in Austin, Texas, at age 31. Hu Yamei Hu Yamei (; 27 April 1923 – 3 October 2019) was a Chinese physician and medical researcher. She was President of Beijing Children's Hospital, and co-founded Beijing Hu Yamei Children's Medical Research Institute (BHI). She was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering from 1994 through 2019. She researched leukemia and she cured more than 700 children. Hu died of illness in Beijing on 3 October 2019, aged 96. Pedro Passos Coelho Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university teacher. He was the 118th Prime Minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018. Pedro Santana Lopes Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC (; born 29 June 1956), a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005. José Sócrates José Sócrates Carvalho Pinto de Sousa, GCIH (born 6 September 1957), commonly known as José Sócrates (), is a Portuguese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 12 March 2005 to 21 June 2011. In 2007, he acted as the President-in-Office of the Council of the European Union. In April 2021, the court ruled José Socrates will be tried for acts of money laundering and falsification of documents but was dismissed for three charges of corruption. Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva de Matos Pintasilgo, (); (Abrantes, São João Baptista, 18 January 1930 – Lisbon, 10 July 2004) was a Portuguese chemical engineer and politician. She was the first and to date only woman to serve as Prime Minister of Portugal, and the second woman to serve as Prime Minister in Western Europe, after Margaret Thatcher. Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo died of cardiac arrest at her home in Lisbon on 10 July 2004, aged 74. Carlos Mota Pinto Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto, , , (; Pombal, 25 July 1936 – Coimbra, 7 May 1985) was a Portuguese professor and politician. Alfredo Nobre da Costa Alfredo Jorge Nobre da Costa, (Lisbon, Lapa, 10 September 1923 — Lisbon, 4 February 1996), commonly known just by Nobre da Costa (), was a Portuguese engineer and politician. Mountain View Unit The Mountain View Unit is a women's prison in Gatesville, Texas, USA. The murderer of Selena Quintanilla was held there. Europa Universalis IV Europa Universalis IV (EU4 in short) is a video game in the Europa Universalis set of games. It is made by Paradox Interactive. It came out in August 2013. The game is a strategy game. Players can play as a country between the years of 1444 and 1821. Players can trade, build colonies, and fight other countries in war. Eisenhower Executive Office Building The Eisenhower Executive Office Building, formerly known as the Old Executive Office Building, and the State, War, and Navy Building, is a U.S. government building situated just west of the White House in the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. The building was commissioned by President Ulysses S. Grant. It was built between 1871 and 1888, on the site of the original 1800 War/State/Navy Building and the White House stables. It is built in the French Second Empire style which caused a lot of criticism at the time. It did not fit in with other government buildings in the city which were designed in the neoclassical style. Mark Twain said it was "the ugliest building in America." President Harry S. Truman called it "the greatest monstrosity in America." Historian Henry Adams called it Mullett's “architectural infant asylum.” It is now listed as a National Historic Landmark. It was for years the world's largest office building, with 566 rooms and about ten acres of floor space. In 1981, work began to restore the building. The main office of the Secretary of the Navy was restored in 1987 and is now used as the ceremonial office of the Vice President of the United States. Many White House employees have their offices in the EEOB. Congerville, Illinois Congerville is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is in Woodford County. Ord, Nebraska Ord is a city in Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 2,112 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Valley County. Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff Sr. Hubert Blaine Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff Sr. (a.k.a. Hubert Wolfstern, Hubert B. Wolfe + 988 Sr., Hubert Blaine Wolfe+585 Sr., and Hubert Blaine Wolfe+590 Sr., among others) is the shortened name of a man who has had the record for the longest personal name ever used. Hubert's given name is made up from 27 names. Each of those names start with a different letter of the alphabet in alphabetical order; these are followed by an very long single-word surname. No one can agree on the exact length and spelling of his name because people are confused about it. This is because it has been spelled differently over the years. Many of those spellings have mistakes in them. One of the longest and most reliable published versions, with a 988-letter surname, is: Biography. Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff was born in Bergedorf (now part of Hamburg), Germany. Later, he moved to Philadelphia in the United States. His birthdate has been given as February 29, 1904. However, he was also reported to be age 47 in a 1964 story. Philadelphia County death records list a birthdate of August 4, 1914. He became a typesetter according to Bennett Cerf. He is also known to have been a member of the American Name Society for a while. His name first got attention when it was shown in the 1938 Philadelphia telephone directory on page 1292, column 3, line 17, and in a court order of judge John Boyle of May 25, 1938: "Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff, Jr., etc., vs. Yellow Cab Co., petition for compromise settlement granted"—with people believing that the case was settled because "they couldn't pronounce it". In the 1970s and 1980s, Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff appeared in the "Guinness Book of World Records" as having the longest personal name. His picture was taken for the book in front of a New York City marquee displaying his name. His name was misspelled. Lucy Flores Lucy Flores (born October 24, 1979) is an American lawyer and politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Nevada State Assembly representing the 28th district from 2011-2015. She was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 2014. She was born in Glendale, California. In March 2019, Flores wrote an op-ed for "New York" magazine's "The Cut" alleging then Vice President Joe Biden "inappropriately kissed and touched her after he offered to help her with her 2014 campaign" while the two were at a Las Vegas campaign rally. Iliad Italia Iliad Italia S.p.A. is an Italian telephone company, part of the Iliad SA group. In March 2022, with 8.82 million active lines, it is the fourth mobile operator in Italy following Wind Tre, TIM and Vodafone Italy. History. Iliad Italia was founded in 2016 as an Italian subsidiary of the French group Iliad SA. In 2017, in view of the launch and in compliance with the provisions of the European Commission, the acquisition of the frequencies ceased by Wind Tre began following the merger of Wind and 3 Italy; as of 31 December 2017, Iliad has acquired almost 300 of the sites abandoned by Wind Tre, while the remaining will be transferred, according to the agreements, by the end of 2019. The French holding said it would invest more than €1 billion for the launch and development of the new Italian mobile operator (including those to win the new 5G frequencies in Italy) and also expected about a thousand hires. On 16 January 2018 the name of the Italian administrator of Iliad Italia, Benedetto Levi, was officially announced, together with the presentation of the new logo and the institutional website. As part of the implementation of the infrastructures required to cover the Italian territory with its own network, on 16 February 2018, an agreement was reached with the Spanish group Cellnex, which provides Iliad Italia with over 7700 cellular antennas in Italy. Finally, on 29 May 2018, the official launch of the operator takes place, in conjunction with the presentation of the commercial offer and the start of the sale of SIM cards with new numbers or to carry out the number portability from other phone operators. On 18 July 2018, just under two months after its launch, Iliad Italia officially announced that it had reached one million customers between requests for portability and new subscriptions. On 4 September 2018, the Iliad group releases the results of the first half of 2018, reporting the achievement – by early August – of one and a half million customers in Italy; actually, on 6 September 2018, Iliad Italia issues a press release confirming the achievement of two million customers. Simbox distributions. Iliad introduced the Simboxes in Italy, a new type of sales point, conceived and created by the French group, "Aures" and already in use since 2014 on the French market by Free Mobile; these are SIM card vending machines, which allow customers to register and purchase it independently. Network. Iliad signed an agreement, respectively, with Cellnex (February 2018) and INWIT (February 2019) in order to install its antennas on their towers. Iliad Italia utilises, inter alia, CommScope telecommunications equipment and collaborates with Cisco Systems (April 2019) and Nokia (September 2019) to implement a state-of-the-art national network (IPv6) in Italy based on segment routing (SRv6) and to achieve its 5G network. Paisley (design) Paisley means a distinctive intricate pattern of curved feather-shaped figures based on an Indian pine-cone design. For example "a paisley silk tie" Body positivity Body positivity is a social movement that believes that people should have a positive body image. The movement says that people should accept their body, no matter what it looks like. Society has always had certain expectations, what a body is supposed to look like. Fashion designers in particular have expectations of what a human body is supposed to look like. Most people look different, and according to body positivity they should not feel bad because they do. Varsity Blues Varsity Blues is a 1999 American comedy and drama sports movie. It is about a small town high school football team and their coach. Plot. Jonathan "Mox" Moxon is an intelligent and academically talented quarterback on the West Canaan High School football team. But although he is popular at school, has a smart girlfriend and has easy friendships with other players, he isn't satisfied with his life. He wants to attend Brown University in Rhode Island. He is constantly disagreeing with his football-obsessed father Sam. The verbally abusive Bud Kilmer cares just for winning, and at all costs. Kilmer has won two state titles and 22 district championships. His philosophy, though, begins taking a toll on the team's all state starting quarterback, Lance Harbor. Harbor is Jules's brother. Reception. The movie opened at #1 at the United States' box office. It made $17.5 million in its opening week. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" said in his review: "Scenes work, but they don't pile up or build momentum." John Kirby (lawyer) John Joseph Kirby Jr. (October 22, 1939 – October 2, 2019) was an American attorney. He was known his successful defense for Nintendo against Universal City Studios over the copyrights of the character of Donkey Kong in 1984. In return, Nintendo named the character Kirby to honor him. Kirby died on October 2, 2019 in New York City from myelodysplastic syndrome-related problems at the age of 79. John Buchanan John MacLennan Buchanan, (April 22, 1931 – October 3, 2019) was a Canadian lawyer and former politician. He was the 20th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1978 to 1990 and as a member of the Senate of Canada from 1990 to 2006. Buchanan was born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Buchanan died on October 3, 2019 at the age of 88. Ignacio Noguer Carmona Ignacio Noguer Carmona (13 January 1931 – 3 October 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guadix, Spain from 1976 to 1990. He then was coadjutor bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huelva, Spain from 1990 to 1993 and was bishop of the Huelva Diocese from 1993 to 2006. Noguer Carmona was born in Seville, Spain. He died on 3 October 2019 in Huelva, Spain at the age of 88. Alberto Testa (dancer) Alberto Testa (23 December 1922 – 4 October 2019) was an Italian dancer, choreographer, dance critic and teacher. He was born in Turin. He choreographed many ballets of operatic music, and worked on movies mainly with Franco Zeffirelli and Luchino Visconti. Testa died in Turin on October 4, 2019 of pneumonia at the age of 96. 2019 college admissions bribery scandal The 2019 college admissions bribery scandal was a conspiracy for influencing undergraduate admissions decisions at several American top universities. The investigation into the conspiracy was called Operation Varsity Blues (it was named after the movie "Varsity Blues"). The Federal Bureau of Investigation said that starting in 2011, at least 51 parents of high school school students conspired to use bribery and other forms of fraud to illegally have their children admitted to top universities and colleges. The case is the largest of its kind to be prosecuted by the US Justice Department.<ref name="USA today Huffman/Loughlin"></ref> Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874-1878) Marie of Hesse and by Rhine was the youngest child of Princess Alice and Louis IV of Hesse. In 1878, diphtheria swept through Hesse. Marie, together with her brother Ernst, and her sisters Victoria, Irene and Alix, fell ill. She died of diphtheria at the age of four and was buried with her mother, who died a few weeks later of the same disease. Apostasy Apostasy is a term used in a religious context, for leaving one's religion. Usually it means moving to another religion. Someone who does this is called an apostate. Apostasy is different from heresy: A heretic only questions one (or more) of the traditions and beliefs of their religion. An apostate questions all of them. The word was first used in Christianity: In the Roman Catholic Church the punishment for apostasy is excommunication. Today, the word is used mostly in the context of apostasy in Islam. Sometimes the term is used as a metaphor to refer to changing a non-religious belief or cause, such as a political party or a sports team. Apostasy in Islam; A person who rejects, underestimates, mocks or disrespects religious orders defined as fard or sunnah in fiqh or speaks words called "alfaz-i kufr" is called apostate. According to the Sharia law, the penalty is death. Masum Babul Masum Babul is a Bangladeshi film dance director and Choreographer. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Choreography twice for the film "Dola" (1993) and "Ki Jadu Karila" (2008). He also best known for the film Beder Meye Josna (1989), Koti Takar Kabin (2006) and Bikkhov (1994). Todor Burmov Todor Stoyanov Burmov (; 14 January 1834 – 7 November 1906) was a Bulgarian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party and the first Prime Minister of Bulgaria when it became independent, in 1879. House of Orange-Nassau The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the European house of Nassau. Eastern cottontail The Eastern cottontail ("Sylvilagus floridanus") is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. It is the most common rabbit species in North America. Brasso, Trinidad and Tobago Brasso is a city in Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo region. Yosemite Sam Yosemite Sam is an Academy Award-winning cartoon character who starred in the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series of Warner Bros.. He was created by Friz Freleng. He's small man with an reddish orange mustache. He is one of Bugs Bunny's enemies. Herry Monster Herry Monster is a Sesame Street Muppet with light blue fur, long, purple nose, and the black bushy eyebrows. Herry was a Sesame Street star for three decades. Once 2000's came, Herry Monster is no longer a Sesame Street star. Borex Borex is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bursinel Bursinel is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bursins Bursins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Burtigny Burtigny is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Chavannes-de-Bogis Chavannes-de-Bogis is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Chavannes-des-Bois Chavannes-des-Bois is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Chéserex Chéserex is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Coinsins Coinsins is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bonfield, Illinois Bonfield is a village of Illinois in the United States. Harrisburg, Nebraska Harrisburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Banner County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 100 at the 2010 census. Broadlands, Illinois Broadlands is a village in Illinois in the United States. Savoy, Illinois Savoy is a village in Illinois in the United States. Garden City, Texas Garden City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Glasscock County. The population was 334 at the 2010 census. Alma, Illinois Alma is a village in Illinois in the United States. The population was 386 at the 2000 census. Crans-près-Céligny Crans-près-Céligny (French for "Crans near Céligny") is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Coulterville, Illinois Coulterville is a village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. The population was 945 at the 2010 census. Pine marten The pine marten ("Martes martes") is an animal native to Northern Europe. Alternative names (less often used) are European pine marten, baum marten, sweet marten.It belongs in the mustelid family, which also includes mink, otter, badger, wolverine, and weasel. Martens are small predators which also eat berries, birds' eggs, nuts, and honey. They move on the ground and in trees. Their natural habitat is in pine forests. Their main enemies are said to be the gamekeepers on highland estates. In the United Kingdom, pine martens and their dens have protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Calzedonia Ocean Girls Calzedonia Ocean Girls was an Italian reality television series. The show, presented by Simone Annicchiarico, was broadcast on Sky Uno/Cielo in 2014. Geometer moth Geometer moths are a large family of moths in the Lepidoptera. Over 23,000 species have been described. Most of them are nocturnal: only a few are active during the day. The imagos (adults) have wingspans between and . Their caterpillars move in a special way, they seem to "measure the earth". For this reason, the caterpillars are sometimes called inchworms. A well-known species is the peppered moth ("Biston betularia"). Many species are classified as pests. Adults. Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. They look a bit like butterflies, but in most respects they are typical moths. Most fly at night. They have a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They blend into the background with camouflage. In some species, females have reduced wings. Caterpillars. Most caterpillars have four pairs of feet in their central section but geometer moth caterpillars only have two. This means that they are unable to move like the other caterpillars. They use the front pair of feet to hold on to a support, and then they pull the rest of their body up close. Next, they use the pairs of feet in the back part of their body to hold on, and push the front part forward. This means they are often in a position which looks like the Greek letter Omega, as can be seen in the photo. Key derivation function In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) makes a long secret key (which is called a "hash") from a secret phrase, like a password. The output of a key derivation function will look common to another result made from a random phrase. They are also used to re-use secret keys in a specific format, like using a shared secret key from the Diffie–Hellman key exchange for sending secrets in AES. Use. Key derivation functions are important in security. They allow a smaller "secret phrase" to be expanded into a larger key (of a fixed length decided by the KDF's digest size). This makes trying to find the original "secret phrase" more difficult. The length of the key makes it more difficult to discover the phrase or the hidden secret by trial and error (i.e. through brute-forcing), by making it difficult for a computer to guess. Sometimes, a small piece of random data (called a "salt") is added to the secret phrase before it is used with a KDF to make it more difficult guess the original "secret phrase" with a list of known "hashes". It makes checking passwords safer without using the real password. Instead of keeping the real password, a "hash" of the key is kept and when checking the password, the "hash" of the real password is checked with the input. Some software put a limit on the length of a password and is sometimes used to make larger secret phrases smaller. KDFs are also made in a way so that, it takes a computer some effort to make the "hash". This makes making a list of potential combinations difficult. Addieville, Illinois Addieville is a village in Washington County, Illinois, in the United States. Its population was estimated to be 241 in 2018. Addison, Illinois Addison is a village in the Chicago metropolitan area, in DuPage County, Illinois in the United States. It had a 2018 estimated population of 36,724. Jah Jah or Yah () is a short form of YHWH (יהוה), one of the personal names of God according to the Hebrew Bible. Paddy Paddy () are Belgian-French animated series from 1988. It has 26 episodes. The main character is a boy named Paddy, who lives with his sister Melodie on his grandparents' farm. Paddy experiences a variety of weird adventures with the animals around him, such as the talking raven Loewie, who constantly makes funny jokes. He also often has trouble with a neighboring boy, Fred. Only Paddy can evoke a mysterious blue man, Onyx, who has magical abilities and solves problems for Paddy. Mondo Media Mondo Media is an American company that produces animation targeted at young adults. Piedmontese language The Piedmontese language is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers. History. Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people. Browns, Illinois Browns is a village of Illinois in the United States. Inverness, Illinois Inverness is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Ford Heights, Illinois Ford Heights (formerly East Chicago Heights) is a village of Illinois in the United States. Stickney, Illinois Stickney is a village of Illinois in the United States. Riverside, Illinois Riverside is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. London Stadium London Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in the Stratford, London. It was the main stadium for the London 2012 Olympic Games. It used to be called Olympic Stadium and the Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. On 22 March 2013, West Ham United secured a 99-year lease on the Olympic Stadium, with it planned to be used as the football club's home ground from the 2016-17 season. In September 2015, the British Government rejected holding an inquiry into the arrangement that was pressed for by rival clubs who argued West Ham United were being given an unfair advantage. On 8 May 2018, Major League Baseball announced a two-year deal to host a series of baseball games at the London Stadium in 2019 and 2020. The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees (a major rivalry in the American League) played a two-game series at the stadium from 29 to 30 June 2019, branded as the 2019 MLB London Series. The London Stadium has occasionally held concerts since the end of the Olympics in 2012. Northern goshawk The northern goshawk "Accipiter gentilis") is a medium-large raptor in the family Accipitridae. There are other species in this genus, but this bird is spoken of as "the" goshawk because it has a wide range over most of Europe, Eurasia and North America. Probably only the golden eagle has a wider range. The goshawk is a "true hawk", and its scientific name in Latin is "Accipiter", which means "hawk". In the Middle Ages only the nobility were permitted to fly goshawks for falconry. It is mainly a resident bird, but those from colder regions migrate south for the winter. In North America, migratory goshawks are often seen migrating south along mountain ridge tops at nearly any time of the fall, depending on latitude. Lake Aluma, Oklahoma Lake Aluma is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. Milburn, Oklahoma Milburn is a town in Johnston County in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. It is along the Blue River. There were 317 people living there at the 2010 census. Russellville, Illinois Russellville is a village in Illinois in the United States. COX-2 inhibitors COX-2 inhibitors are a special type of analgesic. Cyclooxygenase (commonly abbreviated as COX) is an enzyme that has an important role in starting an inflammation and pain. There are many different types of COX; the most common are known as COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs work by blocking COX. The problem with blocking all COX is that COX-1 is also used to regulate kidney function. Blocking COX-1 runs the risk of bleeding of the stomach, and reduction of the kidney function. COX-2 inhibitors only block COX-2, and do not have an effect on COX-1.. Clinical studies have shown that they increase the risk of a heart attack, and of a stroke. Several COX-2 inhibitors have been taken off the market, because of these side-effects. Other than as an analgesic, COX-2 inhibitors have also been used in the treatment of cancer, and of some neurological conditions, such as depression, and schizophrenia. Because of the severe side-effects, COX-2 inhibitors are usually only available with a prescription. Cornelia Cole Fairbanks Cornelia "Nellie" Cole Fairbanks was the wife of Charles W. Fairbanks from 1874, who served as the 26th Vice President of the United States of America from 1905 to 1909 during United States President Theodore Roosevelt's term. During her husband's tenure she held the unofficial position at the time as Second Lady of the United States. She was born on January 14th, 1852, in Marysville, Ohio. She died on October 24th, 1913, in Indianapolis, Indiana. She was buried at the Crowne Hill Funeral Home and Cemetery in Indianapolis. She had five children. Her children were Adelaide, Robert, Richard, Frederick, and Warren. She studied at Ohio Wesleyan University and Ohio Wesleyan Female College once it merged with Ohio Wesleyan University in 1877 in Delaware, Ohio. Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd was the 35th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He reigned from 27 April 1909 to 3 July 1918. He was born in Istanbul in 1844 and died in 1918 at the age of 73. From 1911-1913 the Italian’s took Libya and the Balkan’s started a war with the Ottoman Empire and it pushed the Ottoman’s away back to Turkey and Egypt . He was involved in World War 1 in the Caucasus Campaign (Russo-Turkish War : 1914-1918) as well the Gallipoli Campaign fighting the British Empire . He was also involved in the Russian Revolution during The Great War but was not involved in the Armenian genocide by Enver Pasha. Economic surplus An economic surplus is when you have more of something in the economy than people demand. There are two types: Consumers' surplus is the gain by consumers who can buy a product for less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producers' surplus is the amount got by producers who sell at a market price higher than the least they would be willing to sell for. Mino Caprio Mino Caprio born as Guglielmo Caprio (Rome, November 1955) is an Italian actor and voice actor. He is the Italian voice of Peter Griffin from the cartoon Family Guy. Davide Garbolino Davide Garbolino (1968) is an italian voice actor. He voiced many young characters in fiction as Ash Ketchum from Pokémon and Nobita Nobi from Doraemon. Simone D'Andrea Simone D'Andrea (Milano,1973) is an Italian voice actor. He is the italian voice of James from Pokémon. He is married with the voice actress Cristiana Rossi. Cristiana Rossi Cristiana Rossi (1973) is an Italian voice actress. She is the wife of the voice actor Simone D'Andrea. Gianluca Iacono Gianluca Iacono (Turin,1970) is an Italian voice actor and speaker. He is better know for his role as Vegeta from Dragon Ball. Alessandra Karpoff Alessandra Karpoff (Milan,1963) is an Italian voice actress. She is better known for her roles in Italian dubs of various anime as Misty from Pokémon. Franco Zucca Franco Zucca (Trieste, 26 August 1952 – Rome, 24 July 2022) was an Italian voice actor. Pietro Ubaldi Pietro Ubaldi (Milan,1955) is an Italian voice actor and singer. He is the italian voice of Patrick Star from Spongebob, Doraemon from Doraemon and Reinhardt from Overwatch. Tex Willer Tex Willer is a fiction character from the comic Tex. He is a fictional Texas Ranger. He is one of the most famous italian comic characters. Martin Mystère Martin Mystère is a fiction character from The Martin Mystère comics,where is the main character. Martin is a fictional detective from New York born on 26th june 1942,his job is to investigate weird cases,usually accompanied with the caveman Java. He is one of the most known italian comic characters. Martin appared also in the animated series Martin Mystery,where is a student. Gino the Chicken Gino the Chicken (Gino il Polo in italian) is an Italian Television Series. Originally was a internet meme,only later it become a television series. VIP my Brother Superman VIP: My Brother Superman (Italian: VIP, mio fratello superuomo) is a 1968 Italian animated film directed by Bruno Bozzetto. It is a parody of superheroes and enjoyed a good commercial and critical success. In 2008 it was produced a spin-off TV-series in 3D animation, PsicoVip. PsicoVip PsicoVip is an italian 3D animated cartoon from 2008. It's based on 1968 movie VIP my Brother Superman. Il mondo di Stefi Il Mondo di Stefi (Stefi's World) is an Italian animated series produced by Rai Fiction and The Animation Band and directed by Alessandro Belli. It premiered on Rai 3 on 19 April 2008 and was added to Rai Gulp in March 2009 and RaiSat Smash Girls in May 2009. It is based on the Stefi comics by Grazia Nidasio. Monster Allergy (TV series) Monster Allergy is an Italian 2005 animated television series, produced by Rainbow S.p.A.. Monster Allergy is based on the comic book series of the same name. The series follows 12-year-old Ezekiel Zick (called Zick) who suffers from various allergies and has the ability to see the invisible monsters that live among us. Along with help of his best friend, Elena Potato and his talking cat, Timothy, Zick hopes to hone his powers to one day become a Monster Tamer just like his dad, Zobedja Zick. Prisočka Prisočka (Присочка) is populated place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Kotor Varoš Municipality. The administrative area of Prisočka includes a dozene villages; the larger is Palivuk. List of Starla episodes This is a list of episodes of "Starla" which currently airs on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" evening block since October 7, 2019. The series is directed by Onat Diaz, Darnel Joy R. Villaflor, and Jerome Chavez Pobocan. Series overview. <onlyinclude> Robert Edmond Grant Robert Edmond Grant MD FRCPEd FRS FRSE FZS FGS (11 November 1793 – 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist. Mad scientist A mad scientist is a fictional character who is a genius, but who wants to find out and do what no one else ever has and often what he should not. The character Victor Frankenstein is often said to be the first mad scientist, though Coppelius from The Sandman (short story) could also be called a mad scientist and The Sandman was published a year before Frankenstein was. They often work with fictional technology, they either fail to recognise the dangers of their actions or don't care about the consequences, and some attempt to play God. Mad scientists are often shown as evil (evil genius) or insane. Some may be neutral or good, even if their actions are dangerous and irresponsible, which can make them mad scientists. Victor Frankenstein Victor Frankenstein is a fictional character in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. He creates a monster by putting together dead parts into a body and then bringing the body to life, but is scared by how ugly the monster is and abandons it. The Monster comes back and asks for a wife. Victor creates a female monster but then destroys her instead of bringing her to life. The Monster gets revenge by killing everyone Victor Frankenstein ever cared about. Victor wants revenge on the Monster but dies of pneumonia before he can get it. Bushwhacker Bushwhacking was a kind of guerrilla warfare. It happened a lot during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War and other wars in which there were big areas of disagreeable land and few governmental resources to control them. This was very common in rural areas during the Civil War where there were disagreements between those who liked the Union and Confederacy in the war. The perpetrators of the attacks were called bushwhackers. The term "bushwhacking" is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the goal of attrition. Gungnir Gungnir is the mighty spear of the major Norse mythology god, Odin, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the "Sons of Ivaldi" and is said to never miss its target. Memories (Maroon 5 song) "Memories" is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5. It was released on September 20, 2019. The song is about loss and remembering people who have died. It uses the chord progression of Pachelbel's "Canon" but in B major instead of D major. On the October 7, 2019, episode of "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", frontman Adam Levine revealed that he was inspired to write the song after his close friend and Maroon 5's manager, Jordan Feldstein, died in 2017. Feldstein was also the older brother of actor Jonah Hill. Spencer Breslin Spencer Breslin (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin. Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films "Disney's The Kid" (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), "The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause" and ' (as Curtis the Elf), "Return to Neverland", "The Cat in the Hat", "Raising Helen", ', "The Shaggy Dog", "Harold", 'The Happening', and "Perfect Sisters". His television credits include "Teamo Supremo", "Stephen King's Storm of the Century", and "Law & Order". Movies in which he has acted have taken in a worldwide box office of over $1.3 billion. William Kaelin Jr. William "Bill" G. Kaelin Jr. (born November 23, 1957) is an American professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. His laboratory studies tumor suppressor proteins. Kaelin Jr. won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza. Peter J. Ratcliffe Sir Peter John Ratcliffe, FRS, FMedSci (born 14 May 1954) is a British physician and scientist. He is trained as a nephrologist. He was a practicing clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford from 2004 to 2016. In 2016 he became Clinical Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute, retaining a position at Oxford as member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research and Director of the Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford. Ratcliffe was born in Morecambe, Lancashire. Ratcliffe is best known for his work on cellular reactions to hypoxia, for which he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza. Hypoxia (medical) Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a part of the body is lacking oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either "generalized", affecting the whole body, or "local", affecting a region of the body. Gregg L. Semenza Gregg Leonard Semenza (born July 1, 1956) is an American professor of pediatrics, radiation oncology, biological chemistry, medicine, and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is the director of the vascular program at the Institute for Cell Engineering. He is a 2016 recipient of the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. He is known for his discovery of HIF-1, which allows cancer cells to adapt to oxygen-poor environments. Semenza was born in New York City. Semenza received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" with William Kaelin Jr. and Peter J. Ratcliffe. Cain Hope Felder Cain Hope Felder (June 9, 1943 - October 1, 2019) was an American biblical scholar. He was professor of New Testament language and literature and editor of "The Journal of Religious Thought" at the Howard University School of Divinity. He also was chair of the Doctor of Philosophy program and immediate past chair of the Doctor of Ministry program. He had been on Howard's faculty from 1981 until his retirement in 2016. Felder died on October 1, 2019 at his Mobile, Alabama at the age of 76. Stephen J. Lukasik Stephen Joseph "Steve" Lukasik (March 19, 1931 – October 3, 2019) was an American physicist. He worked in multiple high-level defense and scientific related jobs for advancing the technologies for national defense. He was the second longest serving Director of DARPA - the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He was also the first Chief Scientist of the Federal Communications Commission where he created its Office of Science and Technology and which facilitated the commercial deployment of new technology that included spread spectrum technology. He was born in Staten Island, New York. Lukasik died on October 3, 2019 in Fairfax, Virginia of respiratory failure at the age of 88. Bill McKnight William Hunter McKnight, (July 12, 1940 – October 4, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1993, and also was the Treaty Commissioner for the Province of Saskatchewan from 2007 through 2012. McKnight was born in Elrose, Saskatchewan. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. McKnight died in Saskatoon on October 4, 2019 at the age of 79. Pepe Oneto José Manuel Oneto Revuelta (14 March 1942 – 7 October 2019), better known as Pepe Oneto, was a Spanish journalist and writer. He was one of the greatest journalists during the Spanish transition to democracy. He was born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain. In 1974 he joined the staff of the magazine "Cambio 16", becoming its director in 1976. In 1986 he joined the Zeta Group, going on to run the magazine "Tiempo", until 1996. He was also Director of Informational at Antena 3 Televisión between 1996 and 1998. In 2000, and again in 2016, he was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Telemadrid. Oneto died on 7 October 2019 at a hospital in San Sebastián, Spain at the age of 77 from sepsis caused by peritonitis. Dennis Day (Mouseketeer) Dennis W. Day (July 12, 1942 — July 17, 2018) was an American actor, singer, dancer and theater director. He was best known as one of the original cast members of "The Mickey Mouse Club". After ending his career as a child actor, he went on to work as a theater director before relocating to Oregon in the 1980s. Day disappeared in July 2018 and was found dead several months later at his home in Phoenix, Oregon. A roommate was charged with his death in 2019. Phoenix, Oregon Phoenix is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The population was 4,538 at the 2010 census. Phoenix is a part of the Medford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the town burned down on September 8, 2020 because of the Almeda fire. In 2019, a movie with the same name was released, becoming the highest grossing film during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Jackson County, Oregon Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 203,206. The county seat is Medford. The county is named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. Andy Buckley Andrew P. Buckley Jr. (born February 13, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter, and stockbroker. He is best known for his role as David Wallace on the American comedy series "The Office" from 2006 to 2013. First battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. In this babur used the Rumi (Ottoman) device of lashing a large number of carts to form a defending wall with breastwork in between to rest guns (Tughlama system of welfare). His artillery was led by Ustad Ali and Mustafa. It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gun powder firearms and field artillery. The Mughal forces of Babur, the Timurid ruler of Kabulistan, defeated the much larger ruling army of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi. The battle was fought on 21 April near the small village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a number of decisive battles for the control of Northern India since the twelfth century. The use of guns by troops of Babur helped them claim victory in the battle. The Lodi troops were lagging in terms of artillery skills and the sound emitted by canons frightened the war elephants of Lodi. Luke Luke may refer to: Electronic Frontier Foundation The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit based in San Francisco, United States. It was started in July 1990 by John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor to promote Internet freedoms. The EFF sponsors legal defense, defends individuals and new technology from unfair legal threats. It also monitors proposals that may weaken internet freedoms and liberties. It also monitors for possible weakening of fair use. Activities. Early Cases. One of the first high profile cases of the EFF was "Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service." In early 1990, Steve Jackson Games was under a massive search and seizure operation. Copies of the game GURPS Cyberpunk was considered as proof by mistake. Emails were also modified and were a new technology at the time. It was not considered to be protected by the right to personal privacy at the time. "Bernstein v. United States" was the second large case of the EFF. Programmer Daniel J. Bernstein had sued the US Government for permission to release his cryptographic software against limits put by the government. DES Cracker. During the mid-1990s, the United States Government did not allow for international use of any cryptographic product unless the ciphertext could be decrypted by a third-party with a promise that the government could not read messages protected by the Data Encryption Standard (DES) even after it was shown as weak and broken. The EFF had made a piece of hardware called the "EFF DES Cracker" that could crack a message within 24 hours. The plans and source code were made public. Software. The EFF has made software and browser add-ons like Switzerland, HTTPS Everywhere, and Privacy Badger. Photocopier A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine) is a machine that copies words or pictures from one paper to another. Jim Peebles Phillip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is a Canadian-American physicist and theoretical cosmologist. He is currently the Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science at Princeton University. Peebles was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. In November 2019, Peebles noted, in his award presentation, that he does not support the Big Bang Theory, due to the lack of concrete supporting evidence, and stated, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning." Michel Mayor Michel Gustave Édouard Mayor (born 12 January 1942) is a Swiss astrophysicist. He was professor emeritus at the University of Geneva's Department of Astronomy. He retired in 2007, but works as a researcher at the Observatory of Geneva. He is co-winner of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics, the 2010 Viktor Ambartsumian International Prize, and the winner of the 2015 Kyoto Prize. Together with Didier Queloz in 1995 he discovered 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star, 51 Pegasi. Because of this, Mayor and Queloz won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star". Didier Queloz Didier Patrick Queloz (born February 23, 1966) is a Swiss astronomer. He is a professor at the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity. He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics with Michel Mayor and Jim Peebles. E. D. Hirsch E. D. Hirsch is Eric Donald Hirsch Jr. (; born March 22, 1928. He is an American educator and academic literary critic. He is professor emeritus of education and humanities at the University of Virginia. In the 1960s Hirsch's "Validity in Interpretation" made an important work to contemporary literary theory and he was called "the founder of contemporary intentionalism". In popular culture Hirsch is best known for his work on cultural literacy, and is the founder and chairman of the Core Knowledge Foundation. He is a long-term critic of American schools, and promotes ideas for improving the education of children. His "The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them" (1996) was hated by the liberal left. It also managed to annoy the right wing because it attacked the local control of schools. in 2016 he published " Why Knowledge Matters: Rescuing our Children from Failed Educational Theories". This outlined three major problems with education in the United States. These are, according to him, the emphasis on teaching skills, such as critical thinking skills, rather than knowledge, individualism rather than communal learning, and developmentalism, that is, teaching children what is "appropriate" for their age. Beginning in 1990s, Hirsch began publishing books in the "Core Knowledge Grader Series" which the Foundation describes as "an engaging, illustrated guide to the essential knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence". This series of books was received well by parents educating children at home, and it has been adopted by many school systems. Sol Stern, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute who has written extensively on education reform, wrote in 2013 that Hirsch was "the most important education reformer of the past half-century." Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro (10 January 1924 – 8 October 2019) was a Spanish scuba diver, underwater cameraman and photographer. He was the designer of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) and also was the tester of scuba diving gear for the Nemrod trade mark. He was born in Barcelona. He wrote five books describing his underwater experiences: "La llamada de las profundidades", "Mis amigos los peces", "¡Fondo!", "Tierras y profundidades" and "Mi aventura submarina". Admetlla i Lázaro died on 8 October 2019 in Barcelona at the age of 95. Municipalities of Spain The municipalities of Spain (, , , , , ; sing. "municipio") are towns or cities that have a ruling governor or mayor. If you have one of those your town or city is a municipality in Spain. Vlasta Chramostová Vlasta Chramostová (17 November 1926 – 6 October 2019) was a Czech movie actress. She appeared in 35 movies from 1950 until her death. She starred in the 1950 movie "The Trap" which was entered into the 1951 Cannes Film Festival. She was born in Brno. Other movie roles include: "The Secret of Blood" (1953), "The Cassandra Cat" (1963), "The Cremator" (1969), "Sekal Has to Die" (1998) and "Leaving" (2011). Chramostová died in Brno on 6 October 2019 at the age of 92. Masaichi Kaneda was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He was one of the best-known pitchers in Japanese baseball history, and was the only Japanese pitcher to have won 400 games. He was added in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. Kaneda was born in Heiwa, Aichi. Kaneda died on October 6, 2019 in Tokyo of sepsis at the age of 86. Martin Lauer Karl Martin Lauer (2 January 1937 – 6 October 2019) was a West German sprinter. He won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen. Lauer died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 82. Karen Pendleton Karen Anita Pendleton (August 1, 1946 – October 6, 2019) was an American child television actress. She was the original "Mickey Mouse Club" Mouseketeer on ABC television from 1955 to 1959. She was one of only nine Mouseketeers who were on the show during its entire original run. Pendleton was born in Glendale, California. Pendleton died in Fresno, California on October 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 73. David Petel David Petel (, 6 September 1921 – 6 October 2019) was an Iraqi-born Israeli politician. He was a member of the Knesset for Mapai from 1959 until 1969. He was born in Basra, Iraq. He was a member of the Alignment after the Mapai party ended. Petel died in Ramat Gan on 6 October 2019 at the age of 98. Estimator In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given amount based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the amount that is being measured (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are different. An estimator of a parameter formula_1 is often written as formula_2. If the expected value of the estimator is equal to the parameter, then the estimator is called unbiased. Otherwise, it is called biased. Statistical parameter A statistical parameter or population parameter is an amount put into the probability distribution of a statistic or a random variable. It can be thought of as a numbered amount of a trait of a statistical population or a statistical model. A statistical parameter is different from its estimator in that the parameter is a fixed amount, while the value of an estimator changes according to some probability distribution. The notations formula_1 (for the parameter) and formula_2 (for the estimator) are often used to clarify this distinction. Efficiency (statistics) In the comparison of statistical procedures, efficiency is a measure of an estimator's quality. This would be about the estimator of an experimental design, or of a hypothesis testing procedure. Basically, a more efficient estimator, experiment, or test needs fewer observations than a less efficient one to get a given performance. Method of moments (statistics) In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. Method. Suppose that the problem is to estimate formula_1 unknown parameters formula_2 describing the distribution formula_3 of the random variable formula_4. Suppose the first formula_1 moments of the true distribution (the "population moments") can be expressed as functions of the formula_6s: Suppose a sample of size formula_8 is drawn, and it leads to the values formula_9. For formula_10, let be the "j"-th sample moment, an estimate of formula_12. The method of moments estimator for formula_13 denoted by formula_14 is defined as the solution (if there is one) to the equations: Reasons to use it. The method of moments is simple and gets consistent estimators (under very weak assumptions). However, these estimators are often biased. IPhone 11 The iPhone 11 is a smartphone sold by Apple Inc. It replaced the iPhone X that was released in 2018. The iPhone 11 has two rear camera lenses but still has a 6.1-inch screen, like the X. It is available in purple, white, yellow, green, black, and PRODUCT(RED) finishes, with 64 GB, 128 GB, and 256 GB storage options. The starting price is US $699. It is the least expensive 2019 iPhone model, when compared to the iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max. FightAIDS@Home The FightAIDS@Home project uses the technique of distributed computing to find a way to eradicate the HIV. FightAIDS@Home has been running since 2002 and joined World Community Grid on 21 November 2005. The project uses the World Community Grid distributed computing platform that uses the well-known Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing distributed computing platform. Andy Etchebarren Andrew Auguste "Andy" Etchebarren (June 20, 1943 – October 5, 2019) was an American professional baseball player and minor league manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) for a total of 15 seasons for the Baltimore Orioles (1962 and 1965–75), California Angels (1975–77) and Milwaukee Brewers (1978). Etchebarren died on October 5, 2019 in Santee, California at the age of 76. Santee, California Santee is a suburban city in San Diego County, California, with a population of 53,413 at the 2010 census. Marcello Giordani Marcello Giordani (born Marcello Guagliardo; 25 January 1963 – 5 October 2019) was an Italian operatic tenor. He sang leading roles of the Italian and French repertoire in opera houses throughout Europe and the United States. He worked with the New York Metropolitan Opera, where he sang in over 240 performances from the time of his debut there in 1993. He founded the Marcello Giordani Foundation to help young opera singers. Giordani died on 5 October 2019 in Augusta, Sicily from a heart attack at the age 56. Ella Vogelaar Catharina Pieternella "Ella" Vogelaar (23 December 1949 – 7 October 2019) was a Dutch politician. She was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA) and trade union leader. Vogelaar was born in Steenbergen, Netherlands. She was the Minister for Housing, Communities and Integration from February 2007 through November 2008. Vogelaar killed herself on 7 October 2019 in Utrecht at the age of 69. Black, Illinois Black is an unincorporated community in Edwards County, Illinois, in the United States. Adair, Illinois Adair is an unincorporated census-designated place in McDonough County, Illinois, in the United States. It had a population of 210 in 2010. Adams Corner, Illinois Adams Corner is an unincorporated community in Wabash County, Illinois. PlayStation 5 PlayStation 5 (also known by the abbreviated name PS5) is the fifth home video game console made by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released at the end of 2020. Most games from the PlayStation 4 work with it. There are two versions of the console, one with a Blu-ray optical disc drive that costs $500. The second version costs $400 and does not have the disc drive. On the version with no disc drive, games can only be bought and downloaded from the PlayStation Store. 10.1 million PlayStation 5 consoles were sold (Thursday, January 27, 2022). Both the PS5 and the Xbox Series X/S are known to be widely unavailable, with many people paying much above the original price for them. John B. Goodenough John Bannister Goodenough (born July 25, 1922) is an American professor and solid-state physicist. He is currently a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at The University of Texas at Austin. He is known for his creation of the lithium-ion battery, which is used on cellphones such as iphones. Career. In 2014, he won the Charles Stark Draper Prize for his works to the lithium-ion battery. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino. At age 97, he is the oldest person to win a Nobel prize. His other works also focus on the field of magnetism. Since 1986, Goodenough has been a Professor at The University of Texas at Austin. During his time there, he has worked on research on ionic conducting solids and electrochemical devices. He wanted to study to fix materials for batteries to help create electric vehicles and help end the use of fossil fuels. Goodenough discovered the polyanion class of cathodes. They showed that positive electrodes having polyanions, sulfates, create higher voltages than oxides because of the inductive effect of the polyanion. In 2011, Goodenough was honored with the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama. Personal life. Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, to American parents. During and after graduating from Yale University, Goodenough was a U.S. military meteorologist in World War II. He got a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago. He became a researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and later the head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford. Goodenough turned 100 in July 2022. M. Stanley Whittingham M. Stanley Whittingham (born 22 December 1941) is an English-American chemist. He is currently a professor of chemistry and director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University, part of the State University of New York. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. Akira Yoshino is a Japanese chemist. He is a professor of Meijo University. He is the inventor of lithium-ion battery (LIB) often used in cellular phones and notebook computers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. Cession The act of cession is the transfer of property to another entity (person, country, etc.). In international law, it commonly refers to land transferred by a treaty. It is different from annexation, where property is taken by force. Cession is voluntary or is supposed to be. Retrocession. Retrocession is to return something (e.g., land) that was ceded. Spring River (Missouri) The Spring River is a river in southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma. It is Deficit spending Deficit spending is when someone is spending more money than they have. In other words, it is when there is more spending than there is revenue. It is also called simply deficit, or budget deficit. The opposite of a deficit is a budget surplus. The term may be used for the budget of a government, private company, or person. Government deficit spending is a point of controversy in economics, with important economists having different views. Monument Rocks (Kansas) Monument Rocks (also Chalk Pyramids) are a series of big chalk formations in Gove County, Kansas. It has many fossils. The formations were the first landmark chosen by the US Department of the Interior as a National Natural Landmark. The chalk formations reach a height of up to . It includes formations such as buttes and arches. The carbonate deposits were laid down during the Cretaceous Period in what was then the Western Interior Seaway. It split the continent of North America into two landmasses. They are estimated to have been formed 80 million years ago. History. On January 29, 2008, Monument Rocks, 25 miles south of Oakley, Kansas, and Castle Rock, 31 miles to the east, together were named as one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas. Marija Pejčinović Burić Marija Pejčinović Burić (; born 9 April 1963) is a Croatian politician. She was the 14th Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia and Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia from 19 June 2017 to 19 July 2019. On 26 June 2019, she was elected as the 14th Secretary General of the Council of Europe. Pejčinović Burić's term began on 18 September 2019. Halle and Landsberg attack The 2019 Halle and Landsberg attack was a shooting incident that happened on 9 October 2019 in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Two people were killed, and two others were severely injured. The suspect was arrested later the same day. He is 27-year-old German, Stephan Balliet from Saxony-Anhalt. Federal investigators called the attack a far-right and antisemitic crime. References. 2019 Ecuadorian protests The 2019 Ecuadorian protests are an ongoing series of protests and riots against the end of fuel subsidies and austerity measures by President of Ecuador Lenín Moreno and his administration. The protests began on 3 October 2019, as taxi, bus and truck drivers came out in protest against the planned fuel subsidy abolition. Indigenous peoples groups joined the protests shortly thereafter, along with university students and labour unions. The protesters declared their plan to hold an indefinite general strike, which would last until the government overturned its decision. President Moreno declared a state of emergency on October 4, 2019, amid nationwide protests against a hike in fuel prices. The protests had weakened the country's transport network with all major roads and bridges blocked in the capital Quito. Shortly thereafter, President Lenín Moreno refused to discuss a potential reversal of the fuel plans and called protesting crowds as "criminals". On 8 October 2019, President Moreno said his government had relocated to the coastal city of Guayaquil after anti-government protesters had overrun the capital Quito. On the same day, President Moreno accused his predecessor Rafael Correa of creating a coup against the government with the help of Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro, a charge which Correa denied. During the late-night hours of 13 October, the Ecuadorian government and CONAIE reached an agreement during a televised negotiation. Both parties agreed to collaborate on new economic measures to combat overspending and debt. The austerity measures were reversed. John M. Kosterlitz John Michael Kosterlitz (born June 22, 1943) is a British-American physicist. He is a professor of physics at Brown University and the son of biochemist Hans Kosterlitz. He was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics along with David Thouless and Duncan Haldane for work on condensed matter physics. Crassier Crassier is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Messier 52 Messier 52 or M52 is also known as NGC 7654. It is an open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Charles Messier on September 7, 1774. M52 can be seen from Earth with binoculars. Messier 38 Messier 38 or M38, also known as NGC 1912, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Auriga. It is about away from Earth. Drummond (provincial electoral district) Drummond was an electoral district in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada, which elected members to the National Assembly of Quebec. Its last election had most of the city of Drummondville and all of Saint-Edmond-de-Grantham, Saint-Eugène, Saint-Germain-de-Grantham and Saint-Majorique-de-Grantham. Olga Tokarczuk Olga Nawoja Tokarczuk (; born 29 January 1962) is a Polish writer and activist. In 2018, she won the Man Booker International Prize for her novel "Flights", becoming the first Polish writer to do so. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for the year 2018 (awarded in 2019). Dully Dully is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Mikhail Biryukov (tennis) Mikhail Sergeyevich Biryukov (; 28 April 1992 – 4 October 2019) was a Russian junior tennis player. His highest ATP singles ranking was 292. After his retirement from professional tennis at age 22, he was a coach of under 16 player Alexey Zakharov. He was the son of four-time World Champion in modern pentathlon, Irina Kiseleva. He won the silver medal in the inaugural Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore. On 4 October 2019, Biryukov was found dead in Moscow at the age of 27. Yevgeny Bushmin Yevgeny Viktorovich Bushmin (, 4 October 1958 – 6 October 2019) was a Russian politician. He was a Deputy of the 1st State Duma and Deputy Finance Minister. He was the member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly as the representative of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Bushmin died on 6 October 2019, two days after his 61st birthday, after a long-illness. Ugo Colombo Ugo Colombo (22 February 1940 – 10 October 2019) was an Italian racing cyclist. He rode the Giro d'Italia in 1964–1974 with Filotex, with the best result of third place in 1971, and the Tour de France in 1966–1968, placing tenth in 1968. Colombo died on 10 October 2019 at the age of 79. Andrés Gimeno Andrés Gimeno Tolaguera (3 August 1937 – 9 October 2019) was a Spanish tennis player. In 1972, when he won the French Open and he was the oldest first-time grand slam champion of the open era at 34 years of age. Gimeno died of cancer, on 9 October 2019, at the age of 82. Jan Szyszko (19 April 1944 – 9 October 2019) was a Polish forester, educator and politician. He was Minister of Environment from 1997 through 1999, from 2005 through 2007 and again from 2015 through 2018. Szyszko was born in Warsaw. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005. Szyszko died on 9 October 2019 in Warsaw of a heart attack at the age of 75. Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (born Ludwik Krzysztof Zamenhof, 23 January 1925 – 9 October 2019) was a Polish-French civil and marine engineer of Jewish descent. He worked in the design of structural steel and concrete construction. Zaleski-Zamenhof wrote a foreword to "L'homme qui a défié Babel" ("The man who defied Babel", 2003), a French-language biography, by René Centassi and Henri Masson, of the originator of Esperanto. Writings. J. P. Bonin, G. Deleuil and L. C. Zaleski-Zamenhof. "Foundation analysis of marine gravity structures submitted to cyclic loading." Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas (1976). pp. 571–579 Tony Hoar Tony Hoar (10 February 1932 – 5 October 2019) was a British racing cyclist. He represented England in the road race at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada. He finished in last place in the 1955 Tour de France. Hoar died on 5 October 2019 of cancer at the age of 87. Blaine Lindgren Harold Blaine Lindgren (June 26, 1939 – October 5, 2019) was an American sprinter. He competed mainly in the 110 m hurdles. He won this event at the 1963 Pan American Games. He won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Lindgren died on October 5, 2019 in Salt Lake City, Utah at the age of 80. Rolle Rolle is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It was the capital of the district of Rolle until 2006, when it became part of the district of Nyon. It is on the northwestern shore of Lake Geneva ("Lac Léman") between Nyon and Lausanne. Rolle is about northeast of Geneva (Genève) in the La Côte wine-growing region, and has views of the high Alps. It has a population () of . Essertines-sur-Rolle Essertines-sur-Rolle is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Eysins Eysins is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Founex Founex is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Matteson, Illinois Matteson is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States and southern suburb of Chicago. The population was 12,928 at the 2000 census and 19,009 in 2010. Westchester, Illinois Westchester is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a western suburb of Chicago. The population was 16,718 at the 2010 census. Worth, Illinois Worth is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 10,789 at the 2010 census. Genolier Genolier is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gilly Gilly is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gingins Gingins is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bo Horvat Bo Horvat (born April 5, 1995) is an ice hockey player and the current captain of the Vancouver Canucks. He has played for the Canucks since 2014. Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement in 1762. In this treaty, France ceded Louisiana to Spain. The treaty happened shortly after the last battle in the French and Indian War in North America. This battle was the Battle of Signal Hill, and it happened in September 1762. This battle strengthened British control of Canada. In Europe, the related Seven Years' War continued. Because France already lost Canada, King Louis XV of France proposed to King Charles III of Spain that France should give Spain "the country known as Louisiana, as well as New Orleans and the island in which the city is at." Louis proposed the cession on November 13 and Charles accepted on November 23, 1762. Givrins Givrins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Alsey, Illinois Alsey is a village in Illinois in the United States. It was originally called Smithfield. Manchester, Illinois Manchester is a village in Illinois in the United States. List of County Highways in Douglas County, Kansas Douglas County, Kansas, keeps many county highways to serve the rural areas and state parks of the county. It is one of a few of Kansas counties to do so. The major county highways are built on a grid. East–west-oriented roads have a three-digit number beginning with the number "4" and ending in an even number. The further north the road, the lower the number; the further south, the higher the number. North–south-oriented roads have a four-digit number beginning with "10" and ending in an odd number. The further west the road, the lower the number; the further east, the higher the number. There are also minor county roads with one or two digits that go a short distance or serve a state park. None of the county highways enters Lawrence, the county seat. The maximum speed limit on all county highways in Douglas County is . Black Hills Corporation Black Hills Corporation is an energy company that is an electric and gas utility in South Dakota and Wyoming. They sell power throughout the American West. They are in Rapid City, South Dakota. It gets its name from its home in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Exede Exede Internet was launched in 2012 through ViaSat. It provides broadband internet to the United States. Exede service is powered by the ViaSat-1 satellite. ViaSat-1 earned the Guinness World Record title for the highest capacity communications satellite. The Exede service currently serves 687,000 customers in the U.S. History. Launched in 2012, Exede Internet is a broadband internet service that covers areas traditional internet service providers do not reach. In 2013, Exede introduced Exede Voice home service as a companion to the data service. Exede also offers Exede Business. It launched in 2014. It also offers Exede Enterprise for live events, field operations, and disaster response. Hughes Network Systems Hughes Communications is a subsidiary of EchoStar. It is headquartered in Germantown, Maryland. It provides a high-speed satellite internet service. That service is called HughesNet. It is the biggest service of its kind because it has more than 1.3 million subscribers in the Americas. Company history. HughesNet. In 1996, Hughes created a satellite Internet service for people and small businesses. The service was called DirecPC. It was renamed to Direcway in May 2002. In 2012, with Hughes' first offering of broadband satellite Internet, it was renamed HughesNet. Gitanas Nausėda Gitanas Nausėda (born 19 May 1964) is a Lithuanian politician and economist. He is the 9th and current President of Lithuania since July 2019. He is an Independent. Electric utility An electric utility is a company in the electric power industry (often a public utility). This kind of company does electricity generation and distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market. The electrical utility industry is a major provider of energy in most countries. Electric utilities are facing increasing demands including aging infrastructure, reliability, and regulation. Enrique Moreno Enrique Moreno (December 28, 1955 – October 10, 2019) was a Mexican-American attorney. His career was based in El Paso, Texas. Moreno was once a federal judicial nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit by President Bill Clinton in 1999. The Republican controlled United States Senate denied to approved his nomination twice. Early life. Moreno was born in Chihuahua, Mexico and the son of a carpenter and a seamstress, Moreno earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1978 and a law degree from Harvard Law School in 1981. Career. Moreno began his career as a personal injury and product liability attorney in 1981 in El Paso, Texas. He has worked for four different law firms in his career. He has been the practitioner of the Law Offices of Enrique Moreno since 1999. Moreno won several large judgments in his legal career. In August 2001, Moreno was one of five lawyers to win a $55,515,000 judgment for an El Paso man against Kelly-Moore Paints for placing asbestos-containing fibers in a joint compound product that caused pleural mesothelioma in a patient. On April 12, 2006, Moreno won a $27.5 million judgment for an Iran-born American citizen against Southwest Airlines in a landmark racial profiling case after Southwest's flight attendants had her arrested after she had complained about poor service on the airline. Death. Moreno died of cancer-related problems in El Paso on October 10, 2019 at the age of 63. Lightspeed (magazine) Lightspeed is an American online fantasy and science fiction magazine. John Joseph Adams edits and publishes the magazine. The first issue was published in June 2010 It is published every month. The magazine publishes four new, original stories and four reprints in every issue. It also includes interviews with the authors and other nonfiction. All of the content published in each issue is sold as as an ebook and for free on the magazine's website. "Lightspeed" also makes a free podcast with some stories. Stefan Rudnicki produces the podcast. History. "Lightspeed" was started by publisher Sean Wallace of Prime Books with John Joseph Adams as editor. Wallace also published "Fantasy Magazine." Adams also started to edit "Fantasy Magazine" from March 2011. "Lightspeed" became an SFWA-qualifying market in July 2011. In November of 2011 Adams purchased "Lightspeed" and "Fantasy Magazine" from Wallace. From January 2012 issue, both magazines were combined with the name "Lightspeed." "Fantasy Magazine" stopped publishing. The "Fantasy Magazine" staff was also absorbed into "Lightspeed". In September 2013, "Lightspeed" published their first Special Issue. It was called "Women Destroy Science Fiction", an anthology entirely written and edited by women. Lightspeed got $53,136 from a Kickstarter to pay for the special issue. This was much more than their goal of $5,000. The additional funds allowed "Lightspeed" to publish further volumes, entitled "Women Destroy Fantasy" and "Women Destroy Horror." Awards and recognition. "Lightspeed" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine in 2011 and 2012, and, 2013, and won the Hugo in 2014. In 2011 its podcast was awarded a Parsec award for Maggie Clark's "Saying the Names." In 2010 two Lightspeed stories were finalists for the Nebula Award for Best Short Story: Adam-Troy Castro's "Arvies" and Vylar Kaftan's "I'm Alive, I Love You, I'll See You in Reno." In 2011 "Amaryllis" by Carrie Vaughn was a finalist for the Hugo Award for Best Short story. Also in 2011, Adam-Troy Castro's "Her Husband's Hands" and Tom Crosshill's "Mama, We are Zhenya, Your Son" were finalists for the Best Short Story Nebula. Jake Kerr's "The Old Equations" was nominated for Best Novella. In 2012, Maria Dahvana Headley's "Give Her Honey When You Hear Her Scream" and Ken Liu's "The Bookmaking Habits of Select Species" were both finalists for the Best Short Story Nebula. In 2014, Ken Liu's "The Litigation Master and the Monkey King" and Christopher Barzak's "Paranormal Romance" were both finalists for the Best Novelette Nebula. In 2014, Matthew Kressel's "The Sounds of Old Earth" and Sylvia Spruck Wrigley's "Alive, Alive Oh" were both finalists for the Best Short Story Nebula. Some stories were nominated for the Theodore Sturgeon Award: Yoon Ha Lee's "Flower, Mercy, Needle, Chain" in 2011, Jake Kerr's "The Old Equations" in 2012, and Ken Liu's "The Bookmaking Habits of Select Species" in 2013 Several stories from the magazine have been printed again in anthologies showing excellent writing: The Paris Review The Paris Review is an English-language literary magazine. It started in Paris in 1953. It is published four times a year. by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton. In its first five years, "The Paris Review" published works by Jack Kerouac, Philip Larkin, V. S. Naipaul, Philip Roth, Terry Southern, Adrienne Rich, Italo Calvino, Samuel Beckett, Nadine Gordimer, Jean Genet, and Robert Bly. Ansible An ansible is a kind of fictional device or technology. Ansibles can communicate faster than light. It can send and receive messages to and from a corresponding device over any distance or obstacle whatsoever with no delay, even between star systems. As a name for such a device, the word "ansible" first appeared in a 1966 novel "Rocannon's World" by Ursula K. Le Guin The word shortened from "answerable." It allowed users to receive answers to their messages quickly, even over interstellar distances. In Le Guin's works. Any ansible may be used to communicate through any other, by setting its coordinates to those of the receiving ansible. They have a limited bandwidth which only allows for at most a few hundred characters of text to be communicated in any transaction of a dialog session, and are attached to a keyboard and small display to perform text messaging. Other writers. Many other writers have ansibles in their fiction. Examples include: University of California, Riverside The University of California, Riverside (UCR or UC Riverside), is a public research university in Riverside, California. It is part of the University of California system. Nalo Hopkinson Nalo Hopkinson (born 20 December 1960) is a Jamaican-born Canadian speculative fiction writer and editor. She lives and teaches in Riverside, California. Her novels ("Brown Girl in the Ring", "Midnight Robber", "The Salt Roads", "The New Moon's Arms") and short stories such as those in her collection "Skin Folk" often use Caribbean history and language. Hopkinson's favorite writers include Samuel R. Delany, Tobias S. Buckell, and Charles Saunders. Awards. Hopkinson won the 1999 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer and the Ontario Arts Council Foundation Award for Emerging Writers. "Brown Girl in the Ring" was nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 1998, and received the Locus Award for Best First Novel. "Skin Folk" received the World Fantasy Award and the Sunburst Award for Canadian Literature of the Fantastic in 2003. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA ( or ) is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. SFWA is based in the United States but membership is worldwide. Damon Knight started the organization in 1965 with the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. The president of SFWA as of 2019 is Mary Robinette Kowal. SFWA has about 1,900 professionally published writer members worldwide. SFWA Active members vote for the Nebula Awards. They are some of the most important English-language science fiction awards. Board and administrative staff. SFWA's Board of Directors includes the current president, vice president, secretary, chief financial officer, and five directors-at-large. Raoni Metuktire Raoni Metuktire (born ), also known as Chief Raoni or Ropni, is a Brazilian leader and environmentalist. He is a chief of the Kayapo people, a Brazilian Indigenous group from the plain lands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil. He is internationally famous as a living symbol of the fight for the preservation of the Amazon rainforest and indigenous culture. Landsberg, Saxony-Anhalt Landsberg is a town in the Saalekreis in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The town is between the cities of Halle, about in the southwest, Leipzig, about in the southeast, and Bitterfeld-Wolfen, about in the north. The oldest known trace of early settlements in what is now Landsberg dates from the Neolithic. Bitterfeld-Wolfen Bitterfeld-Wolfen is a town in the district Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is in south-eastern Saxony-Anhalt, west of the river Mulde. The average air temperature in Bitterfeld is and the yearly rainfall . More than 40,000 people live there. Selkirk, New York Selkirk is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York. It is located south of the city of Albany, and is a suburb of that city. Gaston Bussière Gaston Bussière (April 24, 1862 in Cuisery – October 29, 1928 or 1929 in Saulieu) was a French Symbolist painter and illustrator. Biography. Bussière studied at l'Académie des Beaux-Arts in Lyon before entering l'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He studied under Alexandre Cabanel then under Pierre Puvis de Chavannes . In 1884, he won the Marie Bashkirtseff Prize. In 1885, he displayed his works at the Salon. He was close to Gustave Moreau. Bussière was inspired by the works of Hector Berlioz, William Shakespeare and Richard Wagner. He made the illustrations of the works of Honoré de Balzac, Théophile Gautier, Oscar Wilde and Gustave Flaubert. He also contributed to the magazine "Le Monde moderne" . He has been close to Joséphin Péladan for a short period of time, which allowed him to display his works at the Salon of the Rose-Cross between 1893 and 1895. The Museum of Ursulines in Macôn keeps a collection of his works. Demeke Mekonnen Demeke Mekonnen Hassen (; born 27 September 1963) is an Ethiopian politician and has served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia, since 2012. Demeke has assumed the position of the Acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia on 23 November 2021, following Abiy Ahmed's decision to engage in the ongoing Tigray War at the frontlines. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 fantasy movie directed by Chris Columbus. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 1998 novel of the same name. The movie stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger. It was the last movie to have Richard Harris as Professor Albus Dumbledore, because of his death that same year. "Chamber of Secrets" was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002. It was nominated for many awards, including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design, Best Sound, and Best Special Visual Effects. Northfield, Illinois Northfield is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is about north of downtown Chicago. As of the 2010 census, the village's population was 5,420. The headquarters of Kraft Foods used to be in Northfield. Arenzville, Illinois Arenzville is a village in Illinois in the United States. Grens Grens is a municipality in the district Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Grens politics include the Green Party. Cisco, Illinois Cisco is a village in Illinois in the United States. Bement, Illinois Bement is a village in Illinois in the United States. Ivesdale, Illinois Ivesdale is a village in Illinois in the United States. Jacksepticeye Seán McLoughlin (born 7 February 1990), better known as Jacksepticeye, is an Irish YouTuber. He is best known for his vlogs and comedic Let's Play series. He is the most-subscribed Irish channel. He is also known for his charity streams in which he raises money for good causes. "Business Insider" has called McLoughlin "one of YouTube's most [well known] philanthropists". In October 2018, McLoughlin posted a video announcing Cloak, a clothing brand aimed at gamers which he created with Markiplier. In June 2020, Cloak welcomed the Twitch streamer Pokimane as a third partner and creative director for the brand. In 2020, he created his own coffee company, named Top of The Mornin' Coffee. As well as YouTubers, McLoughlin's channel has had celebrities, including interviews with Jack Black, Karen Gillan, Tom Holland, Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Brad Pitt, Chris Hemsworth and Margot Robbie. Each of his videos begins with an intro in which he gives a high five to the camera and says "Top of the morning to ya, laddies". Keith Whitley Jackie Keith Whitley (July 1, 1954 – May 9, 1989) was an American country music singer. During his career, Whitley only recorded two albums but charted 12 singles on the "Billboard" country charts, and 7 more after his death. Thomas Carney Thomas Carney (August 20, 1824 – July 28, 1888) was the second Governor of Kansas. Biography. Carney was born in Delaware County, Ohio. His parents were James and Jane (Ostrander) Carney. James died in 1828, making his wife a widow, and it left four young sons without a father. Thomas stayed at home, farming with his mother, until he turned 19 years old. He studied in Berkshire, Ohio. He lived there with an uncle. He worked in mercantile businesses. He created a successful wholesale business in Leavenworth, Kansas. He was elected to the Kansas Legislature in 1861. He married Rebecca Ann Cannady on November 13, 1861. Career. After he was State Representative, Carney was elected Governor of Kansas. He was governor from 1863 through 1865. While he was governor, he focused on developing the state and solving the problems caused by the Civil War. He was elected Mayor of Leavenworth in 1865. He created the First National Bank of Leavenworth. He was also director of the Lawrence and Fort Gibson Railroad Company. He continued in business until 1875. Death. Carney died on July 28, 1888 in Leavenworth, Kansas. He died of apoplexy. He is buried in Leavenworth in Mount Muncie Cemetery. Cutler, Illinois Cutler is a village in Illinois in the United States. Danvers, Illinois Danvers is a village in Illinois in the United States. Mamlakat Yusupova Mamlakat Saidakhmadovna Yusupova (nee - Aripbayeva; ; born October 31, 1948, Andijan, Andijan region, Uzbek SSR, USSR ) — National Teacher of Uzbekistan (2009), Honored Worker of Public Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2006), Excellence in Public Education of Uzbekistan (2009), holder of the Order “20 Years of Independence of Uzbekistan” . Head of the kindergarten No. 9 of the city of Andijan (1990—2017). Biography. Mamlakat Yusupova was born on October 31, 1948 in Andijan. After leaving school in 1973, she entered the Andijan State University as a teacher. After training, she began teaching activities. Educational activities. In 1977, she began her career as a teacher of Uzbek and Russian at school №42 in Andijan. After 3 years, in 1980, she began working in 25 Andijan kindergarten. After working in it for 10 years, she was appointed head of kindergarten №9. She worked in it from 1990 to 2017, receiving awards for long service Family. Niece of opera singer Saodat Kabulova Husband Ulugbek Yusupov (died in 1996), married 3 children Mamlakat Yusupova now. In 2017, Mamlakat Yusupova retired, lives in Fergana Stacy's Mom "Stacy's Mom" is a pop rock song by the American rock band Fountains of Wayne. It was on their third studio album, "Welcome Interstate Managers". "Stacy's Mom" was released on the radio on May 20, 2003. The song was released as the main single from "Welcome Interstate Managers" on September 29, 2003. The album was released through S-Curve Records and Virgin Records. "Stacy's Mom" was written by bassist Adam Schlesinger and vocalist Chris Collingwood. Both of them created the song alongside Mike Denneen. The song was inspired by Schlesinger's friend when he was young, who had a crush on his grandmother. Background. "Stacy's Mom" was written by Chris Collingwood and Adam Schlesinger. It is a power pop song. it is a single told from the perspective of a young boy who has to tell his friend Stacy that he's actually attracted to her mother instead of her. Chart performance. "Stacy's Mom" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 the week of October 11, 2003, at number 59. It was their first song to appear on that chart. It peaked at number 21 the week of November 21, 2003. It stayed there for two weeks. It stayed on the chart for seventeen weeks. Formats and track listing. Europe 7" UK CD (Enhanced) US CD (Promo) Still Swingin' "Still Swingin" is a song by the American rock band Papa Roach. It was released as the first single from their album "The Connection". It was released on June 24, 2012. The single was well liked by the fans for having the rap-style vocals of the band's early songs. Parks and Recreation Parks and Recreation is a television sitcom. It was on TV from April 9, 2009 to February 24, 2015, with a special reunion episode airing on April 30, 2020. During this time, it showed 126 episodes over seven seasons. It ran on the channel NBC. It was created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur. The show is about a group of people who live in a fictional town called Pawnee in the state of Indiana. They work in the government of Pawnee, in the Department of Parks and Recreation. The main character of the show is Leslie Knope. She is an optimistic person who loves her job and the city of Pawnee. The actress who plays her is Amy Poehler. There are many other characters in the show. They are: Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones), Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider), Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari), Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza), Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt), Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott), Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe), Jerry Gergich (Jim O'Heir), Donna Meagle (Retta), and Craig Middlebrooks (Billy Eichner). The series changed as time went on. The writers wanted to make the show like real life. To do this, they learned about how governments of cities really worked. They also talked about current political issues in episodes of the show. For example, one episode has the government of Pawnee shut down. This means that there is not enough money for the government to work correctly, so it stops doing everything that is not very important. The writers put this in the show because of a real government shutdown. The real shutdown happened because of a financial crisis in 2007-2008, and this was the same time that the episode was being written. Sometimes, real politicians also acted on the show. Joe Biden, John McCain, and Michelle Obama were some of the politicians who did this. The characters in the show also changed. Some people watched the first season and thought that Leslie Knope was too ditzy—that is, unintelligent and unable to do her job correctly. So the writers changed the way they showed Leslie. They wanted viewers to know she really was smart. During the show, many of the characters have changing romantic relationships and get different jobs. They changed just like people change in real life. The first season only had six episodes. It got mixed reviews. People thought some things about it were good, and some things about it were bad. Many people thought it was too much like "The Office." Like "Parks and Recreation, The Office" was another sitcom that Daniels created. But after the first season, it got positive reviews. Many people thought it was good, and it won many awards. It was nominated for an Emmy Award 14 times. It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series—Musical or Comedy. It won a Golden Globe Award for the good job Poehler did playing Leslie Knope. Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is a lifetime honor from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. The SFWA gives up to one award each year to a writer of fantasy or science fiction. It started in 1975 when Robert Heinlein became the first SFWA Grand Master. The name Damon Knight was added in 2002. He started the SFWA and died in 2002. The award is given each year at the SFWA Nebula Awards banquet, but it is not one of the Nebulas. Only SFWA officers and past presidents suggest Grand Masters, and the final choice must be approved by a majority of that group. The winner is announced in advance. Grand Masters. There have been 34 in the 44 years from 1974/1975 to 2017/2018. May Hill Arbuthnot May Hill Arbuthnot (August 27, 1884 – October 2, 1969) was an educator, editor, writer, and critic. She worked to support children's literature. She was listed in the "American Libraries" article “100 Most Important Leaders we had for the 20th Century”. Zenaida Moya Zenaida Victoria Moya is a former mayor of Belize City, Belize. She was mayor from 1 March 2006 to 7 March 2012. She was first elected in the 2006 municipal elections. She is a former member of the United Democratic Party (UDP). Moya was Belize City’s first female mayor. Division of Burt The Division of Burt is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. History. The division was created in 2015. It was named after the Burt family, especially Sir Archibald Burt, Septimus Burt and Sir Francis Burt. The division is in the south-eastern suburbs of Perth. It covers areas that were once in the divisions of Canning, Hasluck and Tangney. The seat was first contested at the 2016 federal election. Geography. The seat includes large parts of the City of Gosnells and the City of Armadale and portion of the City of Canning. Suburbs included are: Scott Duncan Adam Scott Mathieson Duncan (2 November 1888 – 3 October 1976) was a Scottish footballer and manager. Sakya The Sakya is the name of one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Other schools are Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. Sakya is one of the Red Hat sects. Drosophilidae The Drosophilidae is a huge, widespread (cosmopolitan) family of flies, which includes the famous fruit flies. The family has over 4000 species in 75 genera. A recent publication lists the species: There is another unrelated family of flies, the Tephritidae, which includes species also known as "fruit flies". The best known species of the Drosophilidae is "Drosophila melanogaster". This species and its relatives are often used for studies on genetics, development, physiology, and behaviour. "D. melanogaster" is not so much studied in the field as in the laboratory. The best-known studies of "Drosophila" in a natural environment was done by Dobzhansky and colleagues on "Drosophila pseudoobscura" from the early 1930s to 1970. Reprints and discussions are in Lewontin "et al" 2003, and theoretical discussions in Dobzhansky, 1970. The cells of fruit flies usually do not divide after the imago is hatched. The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual ageing. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. They live longer in colder weather. Several genes can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. The Drosophilidae has two subfamilies, the Drosophilinae and the Steganinae. Sara Danius Sara Maria Danius (5 April 1962 – 12 October 2019) was a Swedish scholar of literature, aesthetics and former member of the Nobel prize in literature committee. Danius was professor of aesthetics at Södertörn University, docent of literature at Uppsala University and professor in literary science at Stockholm University. Danius was a member of the Swedish Academy and its first female permanent secretary. She was one of the central figures in the 2018 controversies resulting in the cancellation of the Nobel Prize in Literature that year and the following restructuring of the academy. She was born in Täby. Danius died on 12 October 2019, aged 57, after having suffered from breast cancer for several years. Steganinae The Steganinae is the smaller of two subfamilies in the fruit fly family Drosophilidae. The other subfamily is the Drosophilinae. Drosophilinae The Drosophilinae are the largest subfamily in the Drosophilidae. The other subfamily is the Steganinae. A huge amount of research has shown the way the fly has evolved many species as it spread across the world. The genus "Drosophila" is paraphyletic because several genera (with many species), such as "Zaprionus", "Scaptomyza" and "Lordiphosa", are within the genus. What this means is that they have evolved from more standard "Drosophila" over time. This is pretty well supported by the evidence of their genome. In taxonomy, there are two ways of solving this kind of problem: Genus "Drosophila" could be raised to a supergenus, or the related offshoot genera could be demoted to subgenera. Bantam, Ohio Bantam is an unincorporated community in Clermont County, Ohio, in the United States. Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair rugby is a team sport for athletes who are differently abled. It is played in over twenty-five countries around the world. It is a summer Paralympic game. It is also know as quad rugby in the United States. Jolene Marie Rotinsulu Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu (; born May 15, 1996) is an Indonesian-American member of the International Paralympics Games committee, Disability rights activist, TV commercial model, actress, singer, young entrepreneur, mountaineer, and a beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2019. She will represent Indonesia at the Miss International 2019 pageant at the Tokyo Dome City Hall in Tokyo, Japan. Seulgi (singer) Kang Seul-gi is a South Korean singer, actress, and model. She goes by the mononym Seulgi. She is known for being a member of k-pop girl group Red Velvet. Seulgi was born in South Korea on 20 Feburary 1994. In 2013, she joined SM Entertainment as a trainee. Later she became a member of Red Velvet in 2014. In 2015, she made her first appearance as an actress. Sugarcane juice Sugarcane juice is the liquid extracted from pressed sugarcane. Especially, in places where sugarcane is grown commercially, it is a popular drink. Today, most sugarcane comes from Southeast Asia, India, Northern Africa, and Latin America. In Spanish-speaking countries, sugarcane juice is usually called Guarapo, or guarapa. In Portugese, it is called garapa. These names can also refer to palm syrup. In the United States where processed sugarcane syrup is used as a sweetener in food and beverage manufacturing, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers "evaporated cane juice" to be a misleading term for "sugar" on product labels. The FDA regards "juice" as a liquid derived from fruits or vegetables, so the preferred term is "cane sugar". In Brazil, laboratories use sugarcane juice to make ethanol fuel. Chalermpol Malakham Chalermpol Malakham () is a singer from the Isan area of Thailand. Known mostly for the Luk Thung and Mor lam styles, he is also considered a talented performer of Kantrum. Although the majority of Chalermpol's songs are in Thai, he often sings in Northern Khmer as well. John Saldivar John Birchman Saldivar is a Belizean politician. A member of the United Democratic Party (UDP), Saldivar is currently serving as the Minister of National Security and Defence since 8 March 2012. He is also the Member of Parliament (MP) for Belmopan constituency in the House of Representatives (Belize) since it’s creation on 7 February 2008. He was previously Area Representative for Cayo South from 29 October 2003 to 7 February 2008. Early life. John Birchman Saldivar was born in 1967 in Belmopan, then known as British Honduras. He is a current Resident of Belmopan and has lived there since Birth. Electoral history. Saldivar first joined the UDP in 1993 and officially entered Electoral politics in 1997 after he submitted his Nomination to be endorsed as the new UDP Standard Bareer for Cayo South constituency in a convention and election. The former Standard-Bareer, Melvin Hulse Sr. was thought to contest the Convention (meeting), but declined the offer and resigned from the UDP to join the National Alliance for Belizean Rights (NABR). Leaving Saldivar to be endorsed. Saldivar went on to face PUP Standard-Bareer, Agripino Cawich. Both Saldivar and Cawich were political newcomers. The PUP was at the helm of Cayo South for over 3 decades. So Saldivar knew that defeating Cawich would not be easy, despite the lack of his political Experience. Erwin Contreras Erwin Rafael “Winchi” Contreras (born 9 July 1966, Benque Viejo del Carmen, British Honduras) is a Belizean Politician and former Footballer. A member of the United Democratic Party (UDP), he served as Minister of Economic Development and Minister of Commerce, Industry and Consumer Protection from 8 February 2008 to 8 March 2012. After the 2012 election he was made Minister of Trade Investment, Minister of private sector Development and Minister of Consumer Protection, he served in those positions until 9 March 2018. On 9 March 2018, he was appointed as Minister of Economic Development, Minister of Petroleum and Minister of Investment, Trade and Commerce. Contreras is a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Representatives (Belize) for Cayo West constituency since 27 August 1998. Biography Erwin Rafael “Winchi” Contreras was born on 9 July 1966 in Benque Viejo del Carmen, Cayo District in the then, British Honduras. Contreras is currently second in the Line of succession to Prime minister Dean Barrow who will retire as Prime minister on 1 April 2020 behind Deputy prime minister, Patrick Faber. He belongs to the UDP. In addition, Barrow has also decided not to seek another term in his Queen’s Square constituency and will officially resign from Electoral politics on 2 November 2020, once the results for the 2020 general election is out. On 7 February 2006, Barrow told 7 News that he will resign if the UDP losses the upcoming Municipal elections. Contreras was at that time one of the two choices who would succeed Barrow as Leader of the UDP, if he were to resign then. The other choice was Shadow Minister of Police and the Army, Michael Finnegan. After the UDP won the 2006 municipal election, Barrow kept his promise and remained as UDP Leader. Contreras is a former member of the Belize national football team. He first joined the team in 1993. After a determined training, he played in both of Belize’s 1998 Wold Cup qualification games against Panama in March 1996. Although, his team made it through the qualification Round. They would eventually lose the World Cup that year. After the loss for his team, Contreras announced his resignation from the Team and that he no longer aspires to enter the Soccer arena. He also said that he will be looking for another opportunity to serve the People of Belize. Electoral history Contreras first joined the UDP in 1997 when he submitted his Nomination to contest the UDP Standard Bareer convention and election in Cayo West against Guillermo Valdez, who contested the 1993 election under the UDP ticket. Contreras had the support of Prime minister, Manuel Esquivel and Former UDP Leader, Dean Lindo, while Valdez was backed by Deputy prime minister, Barrow and Minister of Police and the Army, Michael Finnegan (Belizean politician). In the end, Contreras won 1,537 votes to Valdez’s 1,527 votes. Contreras then prepared himself to face Amin Hegar of the People’s United Party (PUP) in the 1998 Belizean general election who had been the MP for Cayo West for over five years. Contreras had a disadvantage and new that the road to Cayo West was not easy. He was even criticised for “lack of experience”. When Esquivel called the election, Contreras led his People in a March from Cinderella Plaza through downtown Belize City to the Island. It was a very Successful March which energised his Party. After the March concluded, Lindo spoke to News 5 and said that he has full confidence that Contreras will win and deliver Cayo West for his People. Public support for Contreras indicated that he was going to win his Constituency with a Landslide victory. However that all changed on Election Day. It was found that Contreras had allegedly handed out leases to over four hundred lots on Election Day and this constituted Bribery under the Election laws. The written Opinion in the case has not yet been released. After a determined Campaign, Contreras emerged Victorious, gaining 1,537 votes to Hegar’s 1,527 votes retiring the one term MP. Bucking a National trend, Contreras as the Only UDP Candidate to defeat a PUP House Incumbent In 1998 and one of the only three UDP members elected nationwide that Year. After the UDP’s Landslide lost in the 1998 election, Esquivel resigned as UDP Leader and the Party had only three suitable candidates for the post. A The first being Front-runner, Barrow who was considered favourite in the race and the others being, Finnegan and Contreras. Both declined the offer to run for Party Leader and instead Contreras submitted his Nomination to run for Second Deputy Leader of the UDP and so the Party had no other option but to elect Barrow as their Leader. Barrow formed his Shadow cabinet comprising with just three Opposition Ministers. He appointed Contreras as Shadow Minister of Economic Development, Investment and Traderesponsible for aguing with Minister, Ralph Fonseca on issues concerning the Budget planning and management, Economic development, Investment and Trade. Contreras discharged his duties in the portfolio faithfully and eagerly. In 1999, he provided free Petrol to cars in his Constituency and reduced the sales of Vechicals by $1000. As a result, many of his constituents were able to afford them. In 2000, he officially opened a Sewing shop in Benque Viejo del Carmen. Soon the 2003 general election came, and it was time for Contreras to secure another term in Cayo West. He was endorsed unopposed as Standard-Bareer for the Constituency In 2002. He then went on to go neck-a-neck against PUP Newcomer Kendall Mendez. During the campaign, Contreras sited his major Achievements in his first term and embodied the road ahead for Cayo West. Contreras was once again Victorious In Cayo West, acquiring 2,180 votes to beat Mendez, whose votes totalled 1,800. Although Cayo West remained a UDP Stronghold, it lost the election that year and was sent back to opposition. This time with a larger Shadow cabinet of 7 ministers, Barrow selected Contreras to be Shadow Minister of Economic Development, Shadow Minister of Commerce, Industry and Consumer Protection. This time with double the responsibilities. In 2005, Contreras wrote a stimulase plan on how to tackle the Economic downfall and create more industries. Two issues that the Musa Administration failed to Address during his 10-year term. The UDP was on Chinatown, Singapore Chinatown (, , ) is a subzone and ethnic enclave located within the Outram district in the Central Area of Singapore. Featuring distinctly Chinese cultural elements, Chinatown has had a historically concentrated ethnic Chinese population. Chinatown is considerably less of an enclave than it once was. However, the precinct does retain significant historical and cultural significance. Large sections of it have been declared national heritage sites officially designated for conservation by the Urban Redevelopment Authority. Fear of the dark Fear of the dark is a common fear or phobia among children and, to some degree, adults. In severe cases, it has the name of nyctophobia or scotophobia or lygophobia. California Pines, California California Pines is a census-designated place (CDP) in Modoc County, California, United States. The population was 520 at the 2010 census. It is found at an elevation of . Eagleville, Modoc County, California Eagleville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Modoc County, California, United States. It is about east-southeast of Alturas, at an elevation of . The population was 59 at the 2010 census. La Rippe La Rippe is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Longirod Longirod is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Luins Luins is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Marchissy Marchissy is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is in the district of Nyon. Dompierre Dompierre can mean: Dompierre, Oise Dompierre is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. Dompierre-en-Morvan Dompierre-en-Morvan is a commune. It is in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. Tekirdağ Tekirdağ is a city in the European part of Turkey. It is a part of the region historically known as East Thrace. Tekirdağ is the capital of Tekirdağ Province. The city population is 176,848 mostly Turkish people, Pomak, Crimean Tatars and Romanlar. There are honorary consulates of Hungary and Bulgaria in Tekirdağ. Tekirdağ is on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, west of the city of Istanbul. 700 (number) 700 (seven hundred) is the natural number after 699 and before 701. 79 (number) Seventy-nine is a natural number. It comes between seventy-eight and eighty, and is an odd number. It is also the 22nd prime number, between 73 and 83. Cool, Texas Cool is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. 82 (number) Eighty-two is a number. It comes between eighty-one and eighty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 41, and 82. Mount Vernon, Texas Mount Vernon is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Franklin County. Beverly Hills, Texas Beverly Hills is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in McLennan County. Saint-Cergue Saint-Cergue is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gouverneur (village), New York Gouverneur is a village in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 3,949 at the 2010 census. Luhansk People's Republic Luhansk People’s Republic is an partially recognised state in the Donbas region of Ukraine. When the War in Donbass started in 2014, a few hundred separatists proclaimed it in part of the Luhansk Oblast. Luhansk Oblast is to the east of Ukraine, at the Ukrainian border with Russia. Approximately at the same time, other rebels formed the Donetsk People's Republic in Donetsk Oblast. In both parts, there are many ethnic Russians. There was a claim that Russia helped start these unrecognized states. The country is loyal to Russia. In 2022 Russia, Syria and DPRK officially recognised the state along with the Donetsk People's Republic, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Saraswati Chaudhary Saraswati Chaudhary () is a Nepali politician. She is one of the representative of "Nepali Congress" political party. She is also a member of the Province No. 2 Provincial Assembly of Nepal. Spit (landform) A spit is a stretch of land or sand which projects out to sea. It is joined to the mainland at one end. Spits are created by deposition of sand. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline. The sand on the beach is moved by the waves along the shore, which is called 'longshore drift'. The sand collects at the end to form a spit. An example of a spit is Spurn Head, along the Holderness coast in Humberside. Flag of the United Nations The flag of the United Nations was created on December 7, 1946, and is made up of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background. It was designed by Donal McLaughlin. The olive branches are a symbol for peace, and the world map represents all the people and the countries of the world. White and blue are the official colours of the United Nations. Flag of Europe The Flag of Europe or European Flag, is an official symbol adopted by two separate organisations, the Council of Europe (CoE) as a symbol for the whole of Europe, and the European Union (EU). Its made up of a circle of twelve five-pointed yellow stars on a blue ("azure") field. The design was created in 1955, and officially adopted later that year by the Council of Europe as a symbol for the whole of Europe. Abhijit Banerjee Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee (; born February 21, 1961) is an Indian-American economist. Banerjee shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with his wife Esther Duflo and fellow economist Michael Kremer, "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." He is the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He along with wife Esther Duflo are the sixth married couple to jointly win a Nobel Prize. Esther Duflo Esther Duflo, FBA (; born 25 October 1972) is a French-American economist. She is the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is the co-founder and co-director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. Duflo shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer, "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty". She is the youngest person and the second woman to win this award. Michael Kremer Michael Robert Kremer (born November 12, 1964) is an American development economist of Jewish descent. He is the Gates Professor of Developing Societies at Harvard University. In 2019 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, together with Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." Sulli Choi Jin-ri (March 29, 1994 – October 14, 2019), better known by her stage name Sulli, was a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and model. She played the young Princess Seonhwa of Silla in the SBS drama "Ballad of Seodong" (2005). In 2009, Sulli became a member of the South Korean girl group f(x). She left the group in 2015 to focus on her acting career. She made her solo debut album in June 2019 with the single album "Goblin". Sulli killed herself at her Seongnam apartment on October 14, 2019 at the age of 25. She suffered from depression and was a victim of constant cyber bullying. Henry Keizer Judicus Marinus Henricus Jacobus "Henry" Keizer (4 November 1960 – 5 October 2019) was a Dutch businessman. He was Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the leading political party in the Netherlands. Philippe Vandevelde Philippe Vandevelde, working under the pseudonym Tome (24 February 1957 – 5 October 2019), was a Belgian comics script writer. He was known for works with Janry on "Spirou et Fantasio" and "Le Petit Spirou", and with Luc Warnant and later Bruno Gazzotti on "Soda". He also worked with Ralph Meyer on "Berceuse assassine", and with Marc Hardy on "Feux". Earlier in his career he was an assistant-artist for Dupa. England national under-21 football team The England national under-21 football team is one of the youth teams of England’s national football team. Their current head coach is Aidy Boothroyd. The team is for English players that are 21 years of age or younger. It is also possible for older players to be eligible because FIFA allows 3 or 5 over-aged players maximum. Records. Most capped players. Note: "Club(s)" represents the clubs the player was at during the player's time in the Under-21s. Those players in bold are still eligible to play for the U21's. Leading goalscorers. Note: "Club(s)" represents the clubs the player was at during the player's time in the Under-21s. Those players in bold are still eligible to play for the U21's. Neale Lavis Neale John Lavis (11 June 1930 – 6 October 2019) was an Australian equestrian and Olympic champion. He won a team gold medal in eventing at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, and a silver medal in individual eventing. He also participated at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, but did not win any medals there. Ted Green Edward Joseph "Terrible Ted" Green (March 23, 1940 – October 8, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and player. Green played defence in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins and in the World Hockey Association (WHA) for the New England Whalers and Winnipeg Jets. He was a head coach with the Edmonton Oilers, and was an assistant coach with the Oilers and the New York Rangers. Green died in Edmonton on October 8, 2019 after a long-illness at the age of 79. John Giorno John Giorno (December 4, 1936 – October 11, 2019) was an American poet and performance artist. He founded the not-for-profit production company Giorno Poetry Systems. He was known for his works with Andy Warhol's and appeared in Warhol's movie "Sleep" (1963). Giorno died of a heart attack at age 82 on October 11, 2019, at his home in Manhattan. Sture Allén Sture Allén (31 December 1928 – 20 June 2022) was a Swedish linguist and professor. He worked at the University of Gothenburg. He was the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy between 1986 and 1999. He was born in Gothenburg. Allén was elected to chair 3 of the Swedish Academy in 1980. Allén was also a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Allén died on 20 June 2022 in Gothenburg, Sweden at the age of 93. Anger management Anger management is a psychotherapeutic program for anger control. It has been described as using anger successfully. Seongnam Seongnam is a city in South Korea. Martin F. Conway Martin Franklin Conway (November 19, 1827 – February 15, 1882) was a U.S. congressman, consul to France, abolitionist, and supporter of the Free-State movement in Kansas. Career. Conway moved to the Kansas Territory in 1854. He first started working as a special correspondent for the "Baltimore Sun". In 1860, Conway was elected as representative to the U.S. Congress under the Wyandotte Constitution. When Kansas entered the Union in January 1861, he was the new state's first congressman. He served as a Republican until March 3, 1863. Conway died on February 15, 1882. Multirole combat aircraft A multirole combat aircraft (MRCA) is a military airplane designed for more than one purpose. A multirole fighter is a multirole combat aircraft that can be used to attack enemy airplanes. The term "multirole" is the ability for the airplane to perform more than one task or combat role. Many times airplanes will be designed for one task, and later someone will make small changes to the airplane to perform a different task. For example, the F-15 Eagle was first designed as an air superiority fighter to destroy other enemy fighters. Many years later its designers made changes to allow it to carry bombs and missiles and attack targets on the ground. There are many roles that combat airplanes may fill: Chicken Run Chicken Run is a 2000 stop motion animated movie produced by Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation. The film stars Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Mel Gibson, Julia Sawalha, Lynn Ferguson, Imelda Staunton, Jane Horrocks, Benjamin Whitrow, Tony Haygarth and Miranda Richardson. Chicken Run was the final acting work that Madeline Kahn completed before her death on December 3, 1999. The film is dedicated to her memory. Sherry Lynn Sherry Lynn is an American voice actress who has played roles in anime, animated television series and video games. She portrayed Sasami Jurai in the "Tenchi Muyo!" franchise. Bob Bergen Robert Snelgrove “Bob” Bergen (born March 8, 1964) is an American voice actor. He is the current voice of the Warner Bros. cartoon character Porky Pig and formerly hosted "Jep!", a kids' version of the popular game show "Jeopardy!". He is also known for voicing characters in the English dubs of various anime. Life and career. Bergen is best known for his work with the Warner Bros.' "Looney Tunes" franchise as the current voice of Porky Pig; however, he has also voiced Marvin the Martian, Tweety Bird and Speedy Gonzales. Defunctland Defunctland is a documentary series about defunct theme park rides. There are currently 3 seasons, with seasons 1 and 2 currently finished. Season 3 currently has 2 episodes. Sixty-six episodes are planned, with 46 past episodes and 20 planned episodes. There is also a spin-off called "DefunctTV" with a few episodes. They also have a Jim Henson miniseries. Candyman (1992 movie) Candyman is a 1992 American supernatural slasher movie written and directed by Bernard Rose. It stars Virginia Madsen, Tony Todd, Xander Berkeley, Kasi Lemmons, and Vanessa Williams. It is based on the short story "The Forbidden" by Clive Barker. The movie is about a graduate student in Chicago finishing a thesis on urban legends, which leads her to the legend of "Candyman", the ghost of an artist and son of a slave who was murdered in the late 19th century. "Candyman" was released theatrically by TriStar and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment on October 16, 1992. It made over $25 million domestically. It was followed by two sequels, ' (1995) and ' (1999). The movie received a 74% on Rotten Tomatoes with generally positive reviews. However, the movie was controversial at the time due to many racial stereotypes being shown in the movie about African-Americans. Tony Todd Anthony Tiran Todd (born December 4, 1954) is an American actor and movie producer. He is best known for playing Sergeant Warren in "Platoon" (1986), Kurn in ' (1990–1991) and ' (1996) and the main character in the "Candyman" horror trilogy (1992–1999). Candyman (character) Daniel Robitaille, mainly known as [the] Candyman, is a fictional character and slasher icon mainly in the "Candyman" series of movies. He is the main antagonist, but originates from Clive Barker's short story "The Forbidden" in 1985. In the movie series he is the evil ghost of an African-American man who was brutally lynched for a forbidden interracial love affair in the 19th century, and will haunt and kill anyone who calls the name of Candyman before a mirror five times in a row. He sometimes also targets those who openly deny the urban legend of his existence as a ghost. He kills people with a hook for a hand and slashes their chest or back open causing them to bleed to death. He is ninth in the list of slasher icons per kill count, with a total of 22 kills. He is played in "Candyman" (1992), ', ' and "Candyman" (2021) by actor Tony Todd. Fernsehturm The Berliner Fernsehturm or Fernsehturm Berlin (English: Berlin Television Tower) is the tallest television tower in central Berlin, Germany at and the fourth highest television tower in Europe. It is located in the park at the television tower in Berlin's Mitte district ("Bezirk"). When it was completed in 1969, it was the second highest television tower in the world. In 2021, it is one of the 10 most popular attractions in Germany with over one million visitors annually. The international-style television tower was built in 1965-1969 by Deutsche Post in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the park next to the demolished Marienviertel. On October 3, 1969, the opening took place. The building is over 220 meters higher than the old Berlin radio tower from the 1920s in the western part of the city. As a landmark visible from far away, it shapes the skyline of the city. In opening scenes of movies related to Berlin, the capital next to buildings such as the Brandenburg Gate, the Victory Column and the Reichstag building is often symbolized by the television tower. Luca Bottale Luca Bottale (1967) is an italian voice actor. He is involved in dubbing various Anime and cartoon characters as Brock from Pokémon and Usopp from One Piece Patrizio Prata Patrizio Prata (1972) is an Italian voice actor from Milan. He voiced several fictional characters in cartons, Anime and Videogames as C17 in Dragon Ball Z and Terry Bogard . Dylan Dog (character) Dylan Dog is a fictional character from the "Dylan Dog". He was created by Tiziano Sclavi and designed by Claudio Villa in 1986 for Sergio Bonelli Editore. Bruno Munari Bruno Munari (October 24, 1907 in Milan – September 30, 1998 in Milan) was an Italian artist, designer, and inventor. He contributed fundamentals to many fields of visual arts (painting, sculpture, movie, industrial design, graphic design) in modernism, futurism, and concrete art, and in non visual arts (literature, poetry) with his research on games, didactic method, movement, tactile learning, kinesthetic learning, and creativity. Francesco Pannofino Francesco Pannofino (born November 14, 1958) is an Italian actor and voice actor. Emir Abdelkader Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; '), known as the Emir Abdelkader or Abdelkader El Djezairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century. Early life. In his childhood, he learned and memorized the Holy Quran and studied linguistics. When Algeria was invaded by France in 1830, he began a rebellion against the French for a decade until 1842 with a number of tribes. In 1837, he signed the Treaty of Tafna with Marshall Bugeaud. But King Louis-Philippe broke the treaty two years later, leading Emir to declare against Jihad on October 15, 1839. In 1847, he was exiled to France from 1847 to October 1852. When he was released by Napoleon III, Emir then took up his residence in Damascus. In July 1860, he ceased a conflict between Muslims and Christians. While he was in Damascus, he wrote books and composed poesy. Emir Abdelkader died on the May 26, 1883 and was buried in Damascus. On July 5, 1966, the Algerian government brought his remains back to Algeria to be interred on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of independence and the 136th anniversary of the French conquest. A mosque bearing his name has been constructed as a national shrine in Constantine. He is seen by the Algerians as their national hero. Iranian Space Agency The Iranian Space Agency (abbreviated as ISA) is the national space agency of Iran. It was founded in 2004 and it is based in Tehran. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable country in 2009. Iran had become one of the 24 founding members of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which was set up in 1958. Kerbal Space Program Kerbal Space Program (abbreviated as KSP) is a 3D space flight simulator video game. It is developed by a Mexican company called Squad. It is based on real life physics. The characters in the game are called “Kerbals” which are astronauts. KSP is available for PlayStation, Xbox and Microsoft Windows platforms. Devilman Devilman (Debiruman) is a manga created by Go Nagai in 1972. Its success led to a series of Anime and spin-off as Devilman Crybaby in 2018. Steel Jeeg Steel Jeeg (Kotetsu Jeegu ?) is a Manga Series created in 1975 by Go Nagai and drawn by Tatsuya Yasuda . After the manga was published an Anime series was released in the same year. Nessma El Jadida Nessma TV (, translation: Breeze channel) is a television channel from Tunisia. It is available in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Mauritania. Mediaset owns 25% of it. All programs broadcast on the channel have subtitles in French or Maghrebi Arabic. It broadcasts such programs as the Maghreb version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, which is called Man sa yarbah al malyoon. The TV channel was launched on March 16, 2007, by Nabil karoui and Ghazi Karoui in partnership with Tarak Ben Ammar and Silvio Berlusconi. It was created it as a subsidiary of Karoui & Karoui World Group. On March 11, 2022 it was inaugurated on the Iraqi satellite Shabab Sat on , Nessma TV has made an agreement between Family TV, and is continuing. Yukichi Chuganji Yukichi Chuganji (中願寺 雄吉; "Chūganji Yūkichi", 23 March 1889 - 28 September 2003) was a Japanese supercentenarian who at the time of his death at age 114 years, 189 days, the world's oldest living person. However, he was only verified as the oldest living man, as the oldest living person was believed to be Kamato Hongo, who claimed to be almost one and a half-year older but is nowadays debunked as evidence suggests she was most likely at least four years younger than she claimed. Biography. Chuganji, born in Fukuoka Prefecture on 23 March 1889, graduated from a technical school in the early 1900s and worked as a silkworm breeder, instructor in the agricultural specialty, as a bank employee, and community welfare officer. He had 4 sons and one daughter, who was 74 years old at the time of his death and his only living child, 7 grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. He did not like to eat vegetables but liked beef, pork and chicken, and daily ate toffee and drank a glass of milk and the occasional apple juice and only drank alcohol in moderation, which he believed as the secrets to a long life. During the last years of his life, he had failing eye sight and was bedridden. Chuganji became the oldest living Japanese man after Sadayoshi Tanabe's death on 18 January 2000. On 23 March 2003, Chuganji became the first Japanese man, and only the second man in the world after 115-year-old Christian Mortensen who died almost 5 years earlier, to become at least 114 years old (although the claimed 120-year-old Shigechiyo Izumi was still believed to have been older, and Denzo Ishizaki who died a year after Christian Mortensen at age 112 years, 191 days claimed to have been two years older, asserting that his birth register which showed a birth year of 1886 rather than 1884 was "delayed by two years"). On the evening of Sunday 28 September 2003, after being served a glass of apple juice by his daughter, Chuganji died of natural causes at age 114 years and was the oldest Japanese man ever, though until 25 October 2011 when his record was broken by Jiroemon Kimura. Chuganji was succeeded as the oldest living person by Mitoyo Kawate of Hiroshima and as the oldest living man by Spaniard Joan Riudavets. June Bacon-Bercey June Esther Bacon-Bercey ("née" Griffin, October 23, 1928 – July 3, 2019) was an American international expert on weather and aviation. She worked for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Weather Service and the Atomic Energy Commission. She was believed to be the first African-American woman to gain a degree in meteorology and was confirmed to be the first African-American woman to be a televised meteorologist. Bacon-Bercey died under hospice care in Burlingame, California from frontotemporal dementia on July 3, 2019 at the age of 90. President of Nicaragua The President of Nicaragua () officially known as the President of the Republic of Nicaragua () is the head of state of Nicaragua. The office was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1838, the head of state of Nicaragua was known simply as Head of State ("Jefe de Estado"). Henry Gray (musician) Henry Gray (January 19, 1925 – February 17, 2020) was an African-American blues pianist and singer. He was born in Kenner, Louisiana. His career began in the 1930s and had performed with many artists, including Robert Lockwood Jr., Billy Boy Arnold, the Rolling Stones, Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf. He created more than 50 albums. He was known for the creation of the distinctive sound of the Chicago blues piano. In 2017, Gray was added in to the Blues Hall of Fame. On October 10, 2019, it was confirmed by Gray's family that he had entered hospice care in Baton Rouge. Gray died at the age of 95 on February 17, 2020. Billy Boy Arnold William "Billy Boy" Arnold (born September 16, 1935) is an American blues harmonica player and singer-songwriter. In the early 1950s, he joined forces with street musician Bo Diddley and played harmonica on the March 2, 1955 recording of the Bo Diddley song "I'm a Man" released by Checker Records. Arnold signed a solo recording contract with Vee-Jay Records, recording the originals of "I Wish You Would" and "I Ain’t Got You". Robert Lockwood Jr. Robert Lockwood Jr. (March 27, 1915 – November 21, 2006) was an American Delta blues guitarist. He recorded for Chess Records and other Chicago labels in the 1950s and 1960s. He was the only guitarist to have learned to play directly from Robert Johnson. Lockwood is known for his longtime works with Sonny Boy Williamson II and for his work in the mid-1950s with Little Walter. He was honored with the National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the United States in 1995. Lockwood died at the age of 91 in Cleveland from a cerebral aneurysm caused by a stroke on November 21, 2006. Turkey Scratch, Arkansas Turkey Scratch is an unincorporated community within Phillips County, Arkansas, United States. Coventry University Coventry University is a university in Coventry, England. It was known as Lanchester Polytechnic until 1987. From 1987 it was known as Coventry Polytechnic. It became a university in 1992. History. Coventry School of Design was created in 1843. It was renamed Coventry School of Art. Then it was renamed Coventry Municipal Art School in 1902. another name change took place in the 1950s. It became known as Coventry College of Art. Lanchester College of Technology opened in 1961. It was named after the engineer Frederick Lanchester. In 1970, three organisations were merged. These were Lanchester College of Technology, Coventry College of Art, and Rugby College of Engineering Technology. The new organisation was called Lanchester Polytechnic. In 2010, the university opened a campus in London. This was done to attract more international students. In July 2017, the university announced Margaret Casely-Hayford as its new chancellor. She replaced Sir John Egan. Organisation. Management. The "Chancellor" is the formal head of the university. This is a mostly ceremonial role. The current chancellor is Margaret Casely-Hayford. The Chancellor is appointed by the university's Board of Governors. The Chancellor is supported by six Pro-Chancellors. The Chancellor and Pro-Chancellors are appointed for a five year period. The Chancellor can serve for several of those periods. Pro-Chancellors are limited to two periods. The day-to-day management of the university is by the Vice-Chancellor. There are also four Deputy Vice-Chancellors and three Pro Vice-Chancellors. The is Vice-Chancellor John Latham. He has been Vice-Chancellor since March 2014. Faculties and schools. Coventry is divided into four faculties. Each faculty is divided into different schools: Faculty of Arts and Humanities Faculty of Business and Law Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Notable people. Principals (Polytechnic). The head of the polytechnic was titled "Principal", and later "Director": Alumni. Notable students of Coventry University (and its previous incarnations Lanchester Polytechnic and Coventry Polytechnic) include: Wikimedian in Residence A Wikimedian in Residence is somebody who works with an organisation. They can also be known as a Wikipedian in Residence. The name is also shortened to WiR. They help the people at the host organisation to understand Wikipedia. They also help them to understand Wikipedia's sister projects. The sister projects include Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata and Wikisource. Usually, WiR do not write about the organisation where they work. Instead, they help experts at their organisation to write about the things they know. WiRs work with different types of organisations. These are most often GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums). Some residents work in educational institutions such as universities. Sometimes they work across several organizations. If they do, then they can be called a "Wikimedian at Large". one worked across New Zealand. Some WiRs are paid by the organization where they work. Or they can be paid by a Wikimedia-related organization. Some are volunteers. History. The first WiR was at the British Museum. That was in 2010. By 2016, more than 100 people had been a WiRs. By 2020 there were more than 220. Richard Askey Richard Allen Askey (June 4, 1933 – October 9, 2019) was an American mathematician. He was known for his expertise in the area of special functions. The Askey–Gasper inequality for Jacobi polynomials is essential in de Brange's famous proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. In 1999 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Beppe Bigazzi Giuseppe Bigazzi (Terranuova Bracciolini, 20 January 1933 – Arezzo, 7 October 2019) was an Italian executive, journalist, television presenter and writer. He was a television presenter for the RAI show "La prova del cuoco". Jeffrey Wright Jeffrey Wright (born December 7, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for his Tony- and Emmy-winning role as Belize in the Broadway production and HBO miniseries "Angels in America". He is also known for his roles as Felix Leiter in the "James Bond" movies "Casino Royale", "Quantum of Solace" and "No Time to Die", Narcisse in the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire", and Beetee in "The Hunger Games" movies. He also played Commissioner James Gordon in the 2022 movie "The Batman". Lorand Gaspar Lorand Gaspar (28 February 1925 – 9 October 2019) was a Hungarian–born French poet. He was born in Târgu Mureș, Hungary. He published his first verse collection in 1966, "Le Quatrième État de la matière" (Flammarion) and published a number of prose works and travel books as a photographer. Gaspar died on 9 October 2019 in Paris at the age of 94. Filippo Penati Filippo Luigi Penati (30 December 1952 – 9 October 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Monza. He was mayor of Sesto San Giovanni between 1994 and 2001 and president of the Province of Milan between 2004 and 2009. He died in Sesto San Giovanni, aged 66. Richard Jeranian Richard Jeranian () 17 July 1921 – 10 October 2019) was an Armenian painter, draftsman and lithographer active in France. His works were figurative, surrealist, cubist or abstract periods covering the themes of music, woman and Armenia through figures, landscapes, genre scenes or still lifes in oil and ink. Jeranian died on 10 October 2019 at the age of 98. Tarek Kamel Tarek Kamel (8 May 1962 – 10 October 2019) was an Egyptian politician and computer engineer. He was Minister of Communications and Information Technology from 2004 through 2011. Kamel died on 10 October 2019 in Cairo at the age of 57. Juliette Kaplan Marlene Juliette Kaplan (2 October 1939 – 10 October 2019) was a British actress. She was most famous for playing the role of battle-axe Pearl Sibshaw in the BBC comedy "Last of the Summer Wine", from 1985 to 2010. Kaplan died of cancer of unknown primary origin on 10 October 2019, aged 80. Marie-José Nat Marie-José Benhalassa (22 April 1940 – 10 October 2019), known professionally as Marie-José Nat, was a French actress. Her best known roles were in ' and ' (1963), directed by André Cayatte. In 1974, she received a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for her performance in the movie "Violins at the Ball". Nat died of cancer in Paris on 10 October 2019 at the age of 79. Carlo Croccolo Carlo Croccolo (9 April 1927 – 12 October 2019) was an Italian actor, director and screenwriter. He appeared in more than 100 movies since 1949. His debut came in the 1949 movie "The Firemen of Viggiù". Croccolo died of pneumonia in Naples on 12 October 2019 at the age of 92. Yoshihisa Yoshikawa Yoshihisa Yoshikawa (吉川 貴久, September 4, 1936 – October 12, 2019) was a Japanese shooter. He competed at the 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics in the 50 m pistol event. He won bronze medals in 1960 and 1964. Angelique Rockas Angelique Rockas (born in Boksburg, South Africa) is an actress, producer and activist. Rockas founded Internationalist Theatre in the UK with patron Athol Fugard. The company featured multi-racial and multi-national productions of great European classics starting in 1981. "a historic example of theatre work addressing representation in the most valuable manner" As an actress Rockas played roles that challenged casting cliches. Career. Stage. "Rockas attracted admiration as an actress for her strong interpretation of roles".,'Medea' with Theatro Technis 'Miss Julie' with her own company Internationalist Theatre. Other key performances are: Emma in The Camp by Griselda Gambaro and Annabella in 'Tis Pity She`s a Whore' which was also Rockas`s first theatre production under the banner of 'New Theatre' directed by Declan Donnellan ,and now listed as one of the major productions of Tis Pity for the decade of the 1980`s in the 20th century Further stage roles include Carmen in 'The Balcony' , Yvette in 'Mother Courage ' ,Miriam in 'In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel' , Lady Macbeth , Tatiana in Gorky`s 'Enemies'. Work at London`s Theatro Technis under the name of Angeliki : Io in 'Prometheus Bound', Myrrhine in 'Lysistrata', Paphlagoonia in the adaptation of Aristophanes 'The Knights' 'Oh Democracy', 'Dowry with 2 White Doves', and Kyproula in 'The National Engagement', all directed by George Eugeniou. Film and Television. She played Ms Ortiki in Thodoros Maragos TV Film 'Emmones Idees' on Greek television ERT. Films: Prelude. As stated in the British Library archives Rockas first production was Ford`s `Tis Pity She`s a Whore ` under the name of New Theatre in 1980 and was a prelude to her creating Internationalist Theatre. Declan Donnellan was commissioned to direct the play. "it is something of a triumph. Naked passion is as raw under a three piece suit as draped in Renaissance brocades". She herself portrayed Annabella as a sinister teenager and not the compliant passive beauty. Various accents from a Scottish, American and South African cast mixed seamlessly in this production as a start to the challenge of contemporary theatre mores Productions of Internationalist Theatre. The company was first named New Internationalist Theatre then changed to Internationalist Theatre ", , whose attack on the practice of war could not— with South Atlantic news filling the front pages— have been more topical.." "The cast ..is made of experienced actors from all over the world and perhaps their very cosmopolitanism helps to bring new textures to a familiar dish ." Breaking racial casting barriers: Why is a Pakistani actor playing the role of the Pastor ? was the question posed by Time Out Magazine critic Malcolm Hay Personal life. Rockas is a Greek Orthodox Christian. She continues her activism on several internet websites where she counteracts attacks on Christianity, offers free online education material , defends womens`, Palestinian and Greek rights Denis O'Hare Denis Patrick Seamus O'Hare (born January 17, 1962) is an American actor. He plays Russell Edgington on HBO's fantasy series "True Blood". He is known for his multiple roles on "American Horror Story". Steve Zahn Steven James Zahn (; born November 13, 1967) is an American actor and comedian. His movies include "Reality Bites" (1994), "That Thing You Do!" (1996), "SubUrbia" (1996), "Out of Sight" (1998), "Happy, Texas" (1999), "Riding in Cars with Boys" (2001), "Shattered Glass" (2003), "Sahara" (2005), "Rescue Dawn" (2007), the first three "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" movies, "Dallas Buyers Club" (2013), and "War for the Planet of the Apes" (2017). Marshall, Minnesota Marshall is a city in Lyon County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,680 at the 2010 census. Marshall is a regional center in southwest Minnesota, and the county seat of Lyon County. Ron Woodroof Ronald Dickson Woodroof (February 3, 1950 – September 12, 1992) was an American activist and businessman who created what would become known as the Dallas Buyer's Club in March 1988. He was born in Dallas, Texas. After being diagnosed with (HIV) in 1985, he created the group as part of his efforts to find and sell drugs to treat HIV at a time when the disease was poorly understood. He sued the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over a ban on peptide T, a drug he was using. Woodroof's final years became the plot of the 2013 movie "Dallas Buyers Club" where Matthew McConaughey played Woodroof. Woodroof died on September 12, 1992 from pneumonia brought on by AIDS in Dallas at the age of 42. Paolo Bonaiuti Paolo Bonaiuti (7 July 1940 – 16 October 2019) was an Italian politician and journalist. He was born in Florence. Bonaiuti worked for "Il Giorno". He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1996 to 2013 and Senate from 2013 to 2018. Bonaiuti died on 16 October 2019 in Rome after a long-illness at the age of 79. Chamber of Deputies (Italy) The Chamber of Deputies () is a house of the bicameral Parliament of Italy (the other being the Senate of the Republic). The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Toney Anaya Toney Anaya (born April 29, 1941) is an American Democratic politician. He was the 26th Governor of New Mexico from 1983 to 1987. Moriarty, New Mexico Moriarty is a city in Torrance County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,910 at the 2010 Census. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. Moriarty is located at (34.999815, -106.046667). Garrey Carruthers Garrey Edward Carruthers (born August 29, 1939) is an American politician. He was the 27th Governor of New Mexico from 1987 through 1991. He was special assistant to the United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1974 to 1975, director of the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute at NMSU, state chair of the Republican Party of New Mexico from 1977 to 1979, and assistant Secretary of the Interior for land and resources from 1981 to 1984. Senate of the Republic (Italy) The Senate of the Republic () or Senate () is a house of the bicameral Italian Parliament (the other being the Chamber of Deputies). The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. It was created in its current form on 8 May 1948, but existed during the Kingdom of Italy as "Senato del Regno" (Senate of the Kingdom), itself a continuation of the "Senato Subalpino" (Subalpine Senate) of Sardinia created on 8 May 1848. Members of the Senate are styled "Senator" or "The Honourable Senator" (Italian: "Onorevole Senatore") and they meet at Palazzo Madama, Rome. Wellington Webb Wellington E. Webb (born February 17, 1941) is an American politician. He was in the Colorado House of Representatives and was the first African American mayor of Denver, Colorado, from 1991 to 2003. Michael Hancock (politician) Michael B. Hancock (born July 29, 1969) is an American businessman, author and politician. He was the 45th mayor of Denver, Colorado. He was easily reelected with no significant opposition in 2015. James F. Conway James F. Conway (born June 27, 1932) is an American businessman and Democratic politician. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was elected as the 41st Mayor of the city. He served from 1977 to 1981. Francis Slay Francis Gerard Slay (born March 18, 1955) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the 45th Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri from 2001 to 2017. Slay is the longest-serving mayor in St. Louis history. His fourth term started in April 2013. He announced on April 8, 2016 that he would not seek another term as mayor. He is registered in the Democratic Party. Lyda Krewson Lyda Krewson (born November 14, 1953) is an American Democratic politician. She was the 46th Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri from 2017 until 2021. From 1997 and 2017, she was the alderman of St. Louis's 28th ward. She is the first female mayor of St. Louis. Hossein Dehlavi Hossein Dehlavi () (September 30, 1927 – October 15, 2019) was a Persian composer. He was born in Tehran. For ten years, Dehlavi was the director of and professor at the Persian National Music Conservatory in Tehran. In 1979, he wrote an opera for children called "Mana and Mani". On October 15, 2019, Dehlavi died at his home in Tehran from Alzheimer’s disease-related problems at the age of 92. Cacho Castaña Humberto Vicente Castagna (June 11, 1942 – October 15, 2019), better known as Cacho Castaña, was an Argentine singer-songwriter, composer and actor. He was born in Buenos Aires. He was known for his role in the 2000 movie "Merry Christmas". His best known composition works were "Los Hijos de López" and "El Cabo Tijereta". Castaña died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related problems on October 15, 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 77. Tamara Buciuceanu Tamara Buciuceanu-Botez, (August 10, 1929 – October 15, 2019) was a Romanian actress. She was one of the most successful Romanian actresses of the 1960s–2000s who worked at Odeon Theatre. She was known for "Liceenii" (1986), (1992), "Silent Wedding" (2008) and "Everybody in Our Family" (2012). Buciuceanu was born in Tighina, Moldova, Romania. Buciuceanu died of cardiovascular disease at a Bucharest hospital on October 15, 2019 at the age of 90. Ruben Salazar Ruben Salazar (March 3, 1928 – August 29, 1970) was a Mexican-American civil rights activist and a reporter for the "Los Angeles Times". He was the first Mexican-American journalist from mainstream media to cover the Chicano community. He was born in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Salazar was killed, aged 42, on August 29, 1970, in Los Angeles, California after he was hit by a tear-gas projectile fired by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy. No criminal charge was filed, but Salazar's family reached an out-of-court financial settlement with the county. Ivory (color) Ivory is a color that is mostly white, but with a small amount of yellow. It looks like ivory, the material from which the teeth and tusks of animals (such as, notably, the elephant and the walrus) is made. It has a very slight tint of yellow. Doc Rivers Doc Rivers is a basketball coach for the Los Angeles Clippers. Whirlwind A whirlwind is a vortex of wind (a straight rotating column of air) that forms because of turbulence created by heating and flow (current) differences. Whirlwinds happen all over the world and in any season. US Ben Guerdane Union Sportive de Ben Guerdane () or USBG , is a Tunisian football club, based in the city of Ben Guerdane in southeast Tunisia. Founded in 17 July 1936, the team plays in yellow and black colors. Their ground is Stade du 7 Mars, which has a capacity of 10,000. He managed to reach for the first time in its history in Tunisian Professional League 1 during the season 2015. The club is chaired in 2016 by Mehdi Dbouba with which the team took a new dimension both on the national and continental level. Green Eyes (song) Green Eyes is a popular song. It was originally written in Spanish under the title Aquellos Ojos Verdes ("Those Green Eyes") by Adolfo Utrera and Nilo Menéndez, 1929. The English translation was made by Eddie Rivera and Eddie Woods in 1931. The song was a bolero, written in 1929 and recorded in Cuba the same year. The English version of the song, written in 1931, became a major hit ten years later when recorded by the Jimmy Dorsey orchestra. On 78 rpm records, "Green eyes" was backed by "Maria Elena", which was also a hit.The record first reached the "Billboard" charts on May 9, 1941 and lasted 21 weeks on the chart, peaking at #1. Both numbers have been covered many times, especially in Latin music circles. Fix You "Fix You" is a song by the English band Coldplay. English-speaking world Over two billion people speak English. It is the largest language by number of speakers. It is the third largest language by number of native speakers. What this mean is, English is the most widely spoken second language. Overview. The United States of America is the largest English-speaking country, with 300 million native speakers. There are 60 million native speakers in the United Kingdom, 29 million in Canada, 25.1 million in Australia, 4.7 million in the Republic of Ireland, and 4.9 million in New Zealand. In the European Union, English is one of 24 official languages and is widely used by institutions, and by almost all of the population as the native language in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is a second language in other member states. Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 2 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.p69 When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide. Besides the main dialects of English, countries such as South Africa, India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago have millions of native speakers of dialect continua. These versions range from English-based creole languages to Standard English. Other countries such as Ghana and Uganda also use English as their primary official languages. India now claims to be the world's second-largest English-speaking country. The most reliable estimate is about 10% of its population or 125 million people, second only to the US. It may be four times larger in the next decade from 2012. Countries by English-speaking percentage. Below is a list of some countries by the rank proficiency in English (listed alphabetically), according to the English Proficiency Index. Janaki Mandir Janaki Mandir () is a Hindu temple in Janakpur. This temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sita. It is widely known as the Nau Lakha Mandir (meaning "nine lakhs"). It was built by the Queen Vrisha Bhanu of Tikamgarh. Alpha Persei Cluster The Alpha Persei Cluster (also known as Melotte 20 or Collinder 39) is an open cluster in the constellation of Perseus. To the naked eye, the cluster has several blue spectral type B type stars. The most luminous member is the ~2nd magnitude white-yellow supergiant Mirfak, also known as Alpha Persei. Bright members also include Delta, Sigma, Psi, 29, 30, 34 and 48 Persei. The Hipparcos satellite and infrared color-magnitude diagram fitting show the cluster as about ~172 parsecs away from us. Since the distance by the independent analyses agree, the cluster is an important rung on the cosmic distance ladder. The age of this cluster is about 5070 million years. Gould Belt The Gould Belt is a partial ring of stars local to us in the Milky Way. It is about 3000 light years across, tilted from the galactic plane by 16 to 20 degrees. It has many large and bright O- and B-type stars. The belt may be the local spiral arm to which the Sun belongs. At present the Sun is about 325 light years from the arm's centre. The belt is thought to be from 30 to 50 million years old, and of unknown origin. Benjamin Gould identified it in 1879. The belt contains bright stars in many constellations including (in order going more or less eastward) Cepheus, Lacerta, Perseus, Orion, Canis Major, Puppis, Vela, Carina, Crux (the Southern Cross), Centaurus, Lupus, and Scorpius (including the Scorpius-Centaurus Association). Overview. Star-forming regions with bright O and B stars make up the Gould Belt. These regions include the Orion Nebula and the Orion molecular clouds, the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association, Cepheus OB2, Perseus OB2, and the Taurus-Auriga Molecular Clouds. A theory proposed around 2009 suggests that the Gould Belt formed about 30 million years ago when a blob of dark matter collided with the molecular cloud in our region. There is also evidence for similar Gould belts in other galaxies. Drosophila subobscura Drosophila subobscura is a species of fruit fly in the family Drosophilidae. It was originally found around the Mediterranean, but it has spread to most of Europe and the Near East. It has been introduced into the west coasts of Canada, the United States, and Chile. This species is in the "Sophophora" subgenus. Study organism for evolutionary biology. In 1933, A.H. Sturtevant captured a species of Drosophila in England. It was a member of "Drosophila subobscura". "D. subobscura", with others in its species group, is a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies. Its genetics and ecology have been studied for over fifty years. They have served as favourable models ever since Dobzhansky and his colleagues published their influential works in the 1930s and 40s. Their use as a regular laboratory fly was promoted by J.B.S. Haldane and John Maynard Smith at University College London over a period of about 30 years. There it was used for research into population genetics, and for teaching genetics. For many years this species was the European "rival" to the "D. pseudoobscura" favoured by the group in California led by Dobzhansky. Elijah Cummings Elijah Eugene Cummings (January 18, 1951 – October 17, 2019) was an American politician and civil rights activist. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for from 1996 until his death in 2019. Before, he was in the Maryland House of Delegates. He was a member of the Democratic Party and chair of the Committee on Oversight and Reform. Cummings had surgery to fix his aortic valve in May 2017 and two months later he developed a surgery-related infection. Cummings was later hospitalized for a knee infection. On October 17, 2019, Cummings died at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 68. Morton Mandel Morton Leon Mandel (September 19, 1921 – October 16, 2019) was an American business magnate, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He founded the Premier Automotive Supply Company in 1940. It later became one of the world's leading industrial parts and electronic distributors. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Mandel died on October 16, 2019 in Florida at the age of 98. Francisco Guterres Francisco Guterres, popularly known as Lú-Olo (born 7 September 1954) is an East Timorese politician. He was the 6th President of East Timor from 2017 to 2022. He lost re-election to former President José Ramos-Horta in 2022. President of East Timor The President of East Timor, officially the President of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (, ), is the head of state in East Timor. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Their powers are somewhat limited, though they are able to veto legislation. Following elections, the president usually appoints as the prime minister, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition. Vicente Guterres Vicente da Silva Guterres (born 22 January 1956) is an East Timorese politician. He is a member of the National Parliament of East Timor and its Vice-President since 2007. He was elected President of the National Parliament without opposition in July 2012. Francisco Xavier do Amaral Francisco Xavier do Amaral (3 December 1937 – 6 March 2012) was an East Timorese politician. Amaral was sworn in as the first President of East Timor when the country, then a Portuguese colony, made a unilateral declaration of independence on 28 November 1975. He was a member of the National Parliament for the Timorese Social Democratic Association from 2001 until his death. Nicolau dos Reis Lobato Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (24 May 1946 – 31 December 1978) was an East-Timorese politician and national hero. Lobato was the 1st Prime Minister of East Timor from 28 November to 7 December 1975. On 31 December 1978, Lobato was ambushed by Indonesian special forces and was killed after being shot in the stomach. Prime Minister of East Timor The Prime Minister of Timor-Leste (, ) is the head of government in East Timor. The President is the head of state and appoints the Prime Minister. Rui Maria de Araújo Rui Maria de Araújo (born 21 May 1964) is an East Timorese politician. He was the Prime Minister of East Timor from 2015 to 2017. He is a member of Fretilin. He was Minister of Health from 2001 to 2006 and Deputy Prime Minister from 2006 to 2007. Mari Alkatiri Mari bin Amude Alkatiri, GCIH ( "") (born 26 November 1949) is a Timorese politician. He was Prime Minister of East Timor from May 2002 until his resignation on 26 June 2006 and again from September 2017 until May 2018. He is the Secretary-General of the Fretilin party, as well as President of the Special Administrative Region of Oecusse. Estanislau da Silva Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician. He was a key member of the Fretilin. He was the 4th Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007. He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list. Baby Saroja Saroja Ramamrutham (Tamil: சரோஜா ராமாமிருதம், 28 January 1931 – 14 October 2019), better known by her screen name Baby Saroja, was an Indian actress. She was known for her roles as a child actor in Tamil movies of the late 1930s. She was known as the "Shirley Temple of India" due to her popularity. Her best known roles were "Balayogini" (1937), "Thyagabhoomi" (1939) and "Kamadhenu" (1941). Saroja died on 14 October 2019 at her Chennai home at the age of 88. Anke Fuchs Anke Fuchs (5 July 1937 – 14 October 2019) was a German lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She was Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health in 1982 and as Vice President of the Bundestag from 1998 through 2002. From 2003 until 2010, she was the President of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Fuchs was born in Hamburg. Fuchs died on 14 October 2019 Wilhelmshaven, Germany at the age of 82. Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche Khenpo Karma Tharchin Rinpoche (3 April 1924 – 6 October 2019), widely known Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche, was a senior lama of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. He was abbot of Karma Triyana Dharmachakra (KTD) Monastery in Woodstock, New York from 1976 until his death in 2019. He was born in Kham, Tibet. Rinpoche died at his home in Woodstock on 6 October 2019 at the age of 95. Louis Frey Jr. Louis Frey Jr. (January 11, 1934 – October 14, 2019) was an American politician and radio personality. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 until 1979. He represented Florida's 5th district from 1969 to 1973 and the 9th district from 1973 to 1979. He ran unsuccessfully in 1978 for the Republican nomination for governor. Frey died under hospice care in Winter Park, Florida from dementia-related problems on October 14, 2019 at the age of 85. Rutherford, New Jersey Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 18,061. Don Fuqua John Donald Fuqua (born August 20, 1933) is an American Democratic politician. He was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 9th district from 1963 through 1967 and 2nd district from 1967 through 1987. Bill Gunter William Dawson "Bill" Gunter Jr. (born July 16, 1934) is an American politician. He was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Gunter was a member of the Democratic Party. Gunter represented Florida in the United States House of Representatives from the 5th district from 1973 through 1975. From 1976 through 1989, Gunter was Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, and Fire Marshal of Florida. He unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic rally for the United States Senate three times, all were failed candidacies. The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican primary elections took place on March 20, 2018 and the Libertarian Party state convention was held on March 4th. Incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner ran for re-election to a second term against Democrat J. B. Pritzker and Libertarian Kash Jackson. In March 2018, the primary results concluded with J. B. Pritzker winning the Democratic nomination with Rauner winning the Republican nomination. Meanwhile, Kash Jackson won the Libertarian Party nomination during a state convention in Bloomington, IL. Pritzker defeated incumbent Rauner in the general election by a landslide. Daniel Biss Daniel Kálmán Biss (born August 27, 1977) is an American mathematician and politician. Biss is the Mayor of Evanston, Illinois since 2021. He was a member of the Illinois Senate from the 9th district, serving from January 2013 to January 2019. The district includes Chicago's northern suburbs, including Evanston, Glencoe, Glenview, Golf, Morton Grove, Golf, Northbrook, Northfield, Skokie, Wilmette, and Winnetka. Biss previously served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election. Biss announced his candidacy for Mayor of Evanston, Illinois in the 2021 election in November 2020. He won the election in a landslide victory in February 2021. Scott Drury Scott Drury (born 1972) is an American politician. He is the Illinois state representative for the 58th district and a Democratic candidate for governor. The 58th district includes all or parts of Bannockburn, Deerfield, Glencoe, Highwood, Highland Park, Lake Bluff Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Northbrook and North Chicago. He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election. Ameya Pawar Ameya Pawar (born April 22, 1980) is an American politician. He is the alderman for the 47th Ward of the City of Chicago. He was first elected in the 2011 municipal elections, and was elected to a second term on February 24, 2015. Pawar's 2015 re-election was secured with over 82% of the vote, the largest margin in the election cycle. Pawar is the first Indian American and Asian American in Chicago City Council history. He is a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election. Kent Lee Kent Liston Lee (July 28, 1923 – August 11, 2017) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy. The 36-year veteran of the Navy saw combat in World War II and commanded the aircraft carrier during the Vietnam War. He was best known for his work in driving the development and procurement of the F/A-18 Hornet. Lee died in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11, 2017 at the age of 94. Perch Zeytuntsyan Perch Zeytuntsyan (, July 18, 1938 – August 21, 2017) was an Egyptian-born Armenian playwright and screenwriter. He served as Minister of Culture of Armenia from 1990 to 1991. In 1975, Zeytuntsyan became the executive secretary of the Writer’s Union of Armenia, a position he held until 1981. He went on to become the Minister of Culture in the first post-Soviet administration of the Republic of Armenia. Vicente Iturat Vicente Iturat Gil (22 August 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a Spanish cyclist. He won the Points classification in the 1957 Vuelta a España. He was born in Alcalà de Xivert, Spain. Iturat died on 18 August 2017 in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain at the age of 88. Chicago City Council The Chicago City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Chicago in Illinois. It is made up of 50 aldermen elected from 50 wards to serve four-year terms. Background. The Chicago City Council is set into session regularly (usually monthly) to consider ordinances, orders, and resolutions whose subject matter includes traffic code changes, utilities, taxes, and many other issues. The presiding officer of the Chicago City Council is the Mayor of Chicago. The secretary is the City Clerk of Chicago. Both positions are popularly elected offices. The Chicago City Council Chambers are located in Chicago City Hall. Also located in the building are the downtown offices of the individual aldermen and staff. Susana Mendoza Susana Mendoza (born May 13, 1972) is an American politician and the current Comptroller of Illinois. She formerly served as Chicago City Clerk and as a Illinois State Representative, representing the 1st District of Illinois – which included the Chicago communities of Brighton Park, Little Village, Gage Park and Back of the Yards. She was first elected in 2001 and served into her sixth term, when she won the election for Chicago City Clerk in February 2011. On November 2, 2018 a video leaked from Mendoza’s campaign showing her plans to run for Mayor of Chicago in 2019 even though she successfully ran for re-election as Comptroller in 2018. Eight days after winning her re-election on November 14, Mendoza launched her mayoral campaign. She lost in the first round of the election. City Clerk of Chicago The City Clerk of Chicago is in charge of record-keeping for the city of Chicago and its elections. When the Chicago City Council is in session, the City Clerk serves as council secretary. This position is a citywide elected office. The City Clerk's office is responsible for maintaining official city government records, distributing approximately 1.3 million vehicle stickers and residential parking permits, and issuing city business licenses. The current city clerk is Anna M. Valencia since 2017. Toni Preckwinkle Toni Preckwinkle (née Reed; March 17, 1947) is an American politician. She is the current Cook County Board President and a former alderman in the Chicago City Council representing Chicago's 4th ward in Cook County, Illinois, United States. She was elected on November 2, 2010, as President of the Cook County Board, the Executive Branch of Cook County government. Preckwinkle first sought office in 1983 and was defeated twice before securing election in 1991 and being re-elected as alderman four times. On September 20, 2018, Preckwinkle announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 election to replace Rahm Emanuel. She advanced to the runoff election on April 2. She was defeated by Lightfoot by nearly 50%. Premier Guitar Premier Guitar is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in 2007. . Tove Alsterdal Tove Kerstin Alsterdal, born on the 28th of December 1960 in Malmö, is a Swedish author, journalist and playwright. In 2009 she made her debut with her first book in the thriller genre, ‘The Forgotten Dead‘, and has since been published in many countries worldwide. She has also written manuscripts for movies and theatre, and been an editor for author Liza Marklund’s bestselling crime novels. Biography. Alsterdal was born year 1960 in Malmö. Her father was the journalist and author Alvar Alsterdal (1926-1991) from Alster in Värmland, Sweden. Alsterdal’s mother Elsa Bolin (1928-2009) was from Tornedalen, the northernmost part of Sweden bordering Finland. Alsterdal grew up in Umeå in northern Sweden and in Jakobsberg, a suburb in Stockholm that she has depicted in her novel, ‘"Let me take your han"d’. During her first years of her career after graduating from high school she worked as a psychiatric nurse at Beckomberga hospital, a mental institution that recurs in the novel ‘Do not turn around’. In the years 1984-1985 Alsterdal studied journalism at Kalix Folkhögskola in the north of Sweden. There she met Liza Marklund with whom she would come to work closely with, author to author. Alsterdal lived in the town Luleå in Norrbotten for many years as an adult, where she among other things worked as a journalist for radio and TV, and started off her career as a playwright. Nowadays she lives in Stockholm. She has three daughters with her previous husband Nikolaj Alsterdal (née Andersen), the oldest born in 1999 and twins born in 2002. Authorship. Tove Alsterdal worked as a freelance journalist when she started writing drama for the fringe theatre Teater Scratch in Luleå in the beginning of the 1990s. Later she wrote manuscripts for county theatres, opera, radio, TV and movies. In the spring of 2000, Alsterdal bought Alfred Nobel’s former laboratory in Vinterviken, Stockholm and ran her own cabaret theatre with her ex-husband. With the actress and director Helena Bergström she wrote the manuscript to the movie ‘Så Olika’ (English translation: ‘So Different’) that premiered towards the end of 2009. In September 2009 Alsterdal made her debut as a novelist with the thriller ‘Women on the beach’. The idea of the novel was at first meant to be a movie manuscript but the possible producers found it would be too expensive as the story is set in seven countries. The story centres itself around people who drown when fleeing over the Mediterranean Sea and people who are taken advantage of as slave labour in Europe. The novel was praised by critics and has been published in nineteen languages. The movie rights to ‘Women on the beach/The Forgotten Dead’ are sold to the British Filmwave AB who are developing a six part TV miniseries based on the story. All of Alsterdal’s thrillers are standalone novels. She has been compared to the likes of Dennis Lehane and Dan Brown, and has been called “the John Le Carré of Sweden”. In 2012 her second novel, ‘Grave of silence’, was published. It is set in Tornedalen, in the north of Sweden, and is about the Swedes who emigrated to the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Alsterdals relative Nils Bucht was one of the people who disappeared under Stalin’s terror. The novel was nominated as the best crime novel of the year in Sweden, the Netherlands and France. Alsterdals third novel, ‘Let me take your hand’, was awarded the prize for the best crime novel by the Swedish Crime Writer’s Academy in 2014. The novel is set in the Stockholm suburb that the author grew up in, Jakobsberg, and in Argentina where a Swedish woman disappears during the military dictatorship in the 1970s. “An elaborate and linguistically nuanced weave of mystery and contemporary history” read the motivation for the award. In ‘Do not turn around’, published in 2016, Alsterdal returns to the mental hospital where she worked when she was younger. The novel depicts the collision between the place’s dark past and the new residence idyll that is growing in the area. The only witness to a murder is a Romani beggar. “Not many authors would succeed in tying together a normal townhouse life with a society in free fall, combine big politics with murder mysteries with a gripping depiction of feeling alone within one’s family. But Tove Alsterdal does just that”, wrote best selling author and critic Malin Persson Giolito in the magazine ‘Amelia’. Tove Alsterdal has been author Liza Marklund’s editor since ‘Sprängaren’ (The Bomber, 1998). She met Marklund at the school of journalism in 1984. Marklund has also been the first reader of all of Alsterdal’s novels. Together, they have written the manuscript for the movie based on the New York Times No 1 bestselling novel ‘Postcard Killers’ by Liza Marklund and James Patterson. The movie is expected to go into production in 2017 (George Films), directed by Janusz Kaminski, a cinematographer and academy award winner for ‘Schindler’s List’ and ‘Saving private Ryan’. Bibliography. Chosen dramaturgy and movies Stanisław Tym Stanisław Tym born 17 July 1937) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Tym has directed one movie "Ryś" in 2007. He is best known for his role Ryszard Ochódzki in cult polish movie "Teddy Bear" and two sequels: "Controlled Conversations" and "Ryś". Tym was born in Małkinia Górna, Poland. Mercedes-Benz O309 The Mercedes-Benz O 309 was the bus version of the Düsseldorfer Transporter, It was built by Mercedes-Benz from 1967 to 1986. Willamette River The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia. Originally created by plate tectonics about 35 million years ago and subsequently altered by volcanism and erosion, the river's drainage basin was significantly modified by the Missoula Floods at the end of the most recent ice age. Humans began living in the watershed over 10,000 years ago. There were once many tribal villages along the lower river and in the area around its mouth on the Columbia. Indigenous peoples lived throughout the upper reaches of the basin as well. Tony deBrum Tony deBrum (February 26, 1945 – August 22, 2017) was a Marshallese politician and government minister. From 2012 and 2014, he was the Minister in Assistance to the President of Marshall Islands. He was an activist relating to climate change, and has been part of many conferences and demonstrations, including the People’s Climate March in New York City in September 2014. In mid December 2015, he took part in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. He succeeded to form a new coalition between developed countries and developing countries called "High Ambition Coalition". He was Foreign Minister of the Marshall Islands from 1979 till 1987, 2008 till 2009 and 2014 till 2016. deBrum died at his home in Majuro, Marshall Islands on August 22, 2017 at the age of 72. Litokwa Tomeing Iroij Litokwa Tomeing (14 October 1939 – 12 October 2020) was a Marshallese politician. He was the President of the Marshall Islands from January 2008 until October 2009. Tomeing died on 12 October 2020 in Springdale, Arkansas, two days before his 81st birthday. Emlain Kabua Emlain Kabua (born February 1928) is a Marshallese artist and political figure. She is the former First Lady of the Marshall Islands and the widow of former Marshallese President Amata Kabua. Kabua served as the first First Lady of the Marshall Islands from 1979 until 1996. She is known for being the designer of the Flag of the Marshall Islands. Flag of the Marshall Islands The flag of the Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific, was adopted upon the start of self-government, May 1, 1979. The flag was designed by Emlain Kabua, who was the first First Lady of the republic. Rules about the flag are set forth in the Official Flag of the Marshall Islands Act 1979 (Public Law 1979-1). Amata Kabua Amata Kabua (November 17, 1928 – 20 December 1996) was a Marshallese politician. He was the first President of the Marshall Islands from 1979 to 1996. Kabua died in office after a long illness, on December 20, 1996, in Honolulu, Hawaii, aged 68. Margot Hielscher Margot Hielscher (29 September 1919 – 20 August 2017) was a German singer and actress. She appeared in over fifty movies between and 1939 and 1994. Hielscher was born in Berlin. In 1957, she was chosen to represent Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 with the song "Telefon, Telefon" "(Telephone, Telephone)". The song finished fourth out of ten, with eight points. Hielscher was chosen again to represent Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 1958 with the song "Für Zwei Groschen Musik" "(Music For Two Pennies)". The song finished seventh out of ten, with 5 points. In 1989, she starred in the TV series "Rivalen der Rennbahn". Hielscher died in Munich on 20 August 2017, aged 97. 1970 California gubernatorial election The California gubernatorial election, 1970 was held on November 3, 1970. The incumbent, Republican Ronald Reagan, won re-election over Democrat and Speaker of the Assembly Jesse "Big Daddy" Unruh. Reagan won 3,439,174 (52,83%) of the vote while Unruh won 2,938,607 (45.14%) of the vote. Jesse M. Unruh Jesse Marvin Unruh (September 30, 1922 – August 4, 1987), also known as Big Daddy Unruh, was an American Democratic politician. He was California State Treasurer. Unruh unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California against Ronald Reagan int the 1970 gubernatorial election. In 1973, Unruh ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Los Angeles. Unruh died of prostate cancer at his home in Marina Del Rey, California on August 4, 1987. He was 64 years old. 1966 California gubernatorial election The California gubernatorial election, 1966 was held on November 8, 1966. The election was a race between incumbent Governor Pat Brown, the Democratic candidate, and actor Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate. Background. After his re-election victory over former Vice President Richard Nixon in 1962, Brown was strongly considered for Lyndon Johnson's 1964 ticket, a spot that eventually went to Hubert Humphrey. However, Brown's popularity began to sag amidst the civil disorders of the Watts riots and the early anti-Vietnam War demonstrations at U.C. Berkeley. The Republicans seized upon Brown's sudden unpopularity by nominating a well known and charismatic political outsider – actor Ronald Reagan. With Richard Nixon working tirelessly behind the scenes and Reagan trumpeting his law and order campaign message, Reagan received almost 2/3 of the primary vote over George Christopher, the moderate Republican former mayor of San Francisco. Results. Reagan won the election in a landslide victory with 3,742,913 (57.55%) of the vote to Brown's 2,479,174 (42.27%). Madhukar Hiralal Kania Madhukar Hiralal Kania (M. H. Kania) (born 18 November 1927) is an Indian politician. He was the 23rd Chief Justice of India, serving from 13 December 1991 until his retirement on 17 November 1992. His uncle was Harilal J. Kania, the first Chief Justice of India. He was born in Bombay, India. He began his legal career in 1964, and was appointed as a Judge of Bombay High Court in November-1971. In June 1986 he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. In May 1987, he was appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in December 1991. Furna Furna is a municipality of the district Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah (born 25 October 1929) is an Indian politician. He was the 25th Chief Justice of India. He served as Chief Justice from 1993 to 1994. Post retirement, he has continued to work on anti-corruption and human rights issues, including support for the launch of the Initiatives of Change Centre for Governance in 2003. He served as the Chairman of National Human Rights Commission from 1996-1998 and in 2000 he headed National Commission to review the working of the Constitution. Dipak Misra Justice Dipak Misra (born 3 October 1953) was the Judge of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of India. He took over as the 45th Chief Justice of India (CJI), succeeding the 44th CJI, Justice J. S. Khehar. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of India and a former Chief Justice of the Patna and Delhi High Courts. He's the nephew of Justice Ranganath Misra, who was the 21st CJI during 1990-91. Rishang Keishing Rishang Keishing (25 October 1920 – 22 August 2017) was an Indian politician. He was a senior politician of the Indian National Congress party was a Member of the Parliament of India representing Manipur in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Keishing served as Chief Minister of Manipur from 1980 to 1988 and from 1994 to 1997. He was from Bungpa village, Ukhrul District, Manipur. He was the oldest serving parliamentarian in the world, his term at Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament ends 9 April 2014. Keishing died on 22 August 2017, aged 96, in Imphal, Manipur of multiple organ failure. Boris Spremo Boris Spremo (Serbian Cyrillic: Борис Спремо; October 20, 1935 – August 21, 2017) was a Yugoslavian-born Canadian photojournalist. Career. Spremo found work with "The Globe and Mail", and finished his career with the "Toronto Star". The "Toronto Star" later called him "a legend in the business". Some of his photographs appeared in both Canadian and American magazines. He was known for his collages depicting life in Toronto. Death. Spremo died of complications of multiple myeloma in Toronto on August 21, 2017 at the age of 81. Awards. Spremo won many regional and international awards for his work, including being the first Canadian ever to win a World Press Photo award. He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 1997. Matthew Kia Yen-wen Matthew Kia Yen-wen, (Chinese language: 賈彥文; January 17, 1925 – August 22, 2017) was a Chinese Bishop of Hualien and Chiayi, and served as Archbishop of Taipei. From 2015 until his death in 2017, he was the Archbishop Emeritus of Taipei. He was born in Yuenshi Hsien. Kia was ordained on July 15, 1951 in Tainan, Taiwan. He was appointed the first Bishop of Chiayi on May 21, 1970 and installed on July 16, 1970. He was appointed Bishop of Hualien on December 14, 1974. He became the Archbishop of Taipei on November 18, 1978. He resigned on February 11, 1989. Kia died on August 22, 2017 in Taipei, Taiwan at the age of 92. Gordon M. Williams Gordon Maclean Williams (20 June 1934 – 20 August 2017) was a Scottish author. He was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He wrote for television and was the author of more than 20 novels, including "From Scenes Like These" (1969), shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1969, "Walk Don't Walk" (1972) and "Big Morning Blues" (1974). Other novels include "The Camp" (1966), "The Man Who Had Power Over Women" (1967) and "The Upper Pleasure Garden" (1970). He was a ghostwriter for the autobiographies of association footballers Bobby Moore, Terry Venables and manager Tommy Docherty. In 1971, his novel "The Siege of Trencher's Farm" was controversially filmed as "Straw Dogs". Williams died on 20 August 2017 in Glasgow, Scotland at the age of 83. Gordon Williams Gordon Williams may refer to: Gordon Williams (footballer) Gordon Williams (born 22 February 1929) is an English former footballer. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Williams played as a centre forward in the Football League for Sheffield United and Darlington. He made five league appearances for each club and scored once, for Darlington, on 4 November 1950 in a 3–2 home win against Scunthorpe United in the Third Division North. Gordon E. Williams Gordon E. Williams (born 1935) is a retired United States Air Force officer. He was a command pilot with more than 4,000 flying hours, he flew numerous Air Force and Navy aircraft. Upon his retirement on 1 August 1988, he was the director for plans and policy, J-5, Headquarters United States European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, West Germany. He was the commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, being stationed at RAF Bentwaters, England, in 1980 at the time of the Rendlesham Forest incident. Thomas Meehan Thomas Edward Meehan (August 14, 1929 – August 21, 2017) was an American writer. He was best known for "Annie", "The Producers", and "Hairspray". Meehan wrote books for musicals "Young Frankenstein" and "Cry-Baby". Meehan also co-wrote the book for ' and '. Meehan won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1970, six Drama Desk Awards, and three Tony Awards. Meehan was born in Ossining, New York, but grew up in Suffern, New York. He graduated from Hamilton College. Meehan died on August 21, 2017 in Greenwich Village, New York City from cancer and surgical complications at the age of 88. James Joseph Dresnok James Joseph Dresnok (November 24, 1941 – November 2016) was an American-born North Korean actor, translater and teacher. One of six American soldiers to defect to North Korea after the Korean War. After defecting, Dresnok worked as an actor in propaganda movies, some directed by Kim Jong-il, and as an English teacher in Pyongyang. He was featured on the CBS magazine program "60 Minutes" on January 28, 2007, as the last United States defector alive in North Korea. He was also the subject of a documentary movie, "Crossing the Line" which was shown at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. In April 2017, a Western news organization that focuses on North Korea reported that Dresnok had died the previous year. On 21 August 2017, Dresnok's sons confirmed that he had died of a stroke in November 2016. Wilhelm Killmayer Wilhelm Killmayer (21 August 1927 – 20 August 2017) was a German composer of classical music, a conductor and an academic teacher of composition at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München from 1973 to 1992. He composed symphonies and song cycles on poems by Friedrich Hölderlin, Joseph von Eichendorff, Georg Trakl and Peter Härtling, among others. Killmayers first composition was "Lorca-Romanzen" after Federico García Lorca, premiered at the Donaueschingen Festival. In 1954 he composed a Missa brevis, which was recorded and reviewed:Young (29) Munich-born Composer Wilhelm Killmayer's Missa Brevis ripples with exciting, shifting rhythms and rises skillfully to a colorful series of blasting choral climaxes occasionally more reminiscent of the bandstand than the choir. Cautín Province The Cautín Province () is one of two provinces of the Chilean region of Araucanía (IX). The provincial capital is the city of Temuco. Geography. The Cautín province is in the southern half of the Araucanía region with an area of . The capital, Temuco, is in the central part of the province. Cautín is bordered to the north by the Arauco and Malleco provinces, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Los Ríos region and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Climate. The climate in Temuco is a Mediterranean climate (Marine West Coast Climate), Cfb in the Köppen climate classification. The average amount of precipitation for the year in Temuco is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of . The average temperature for the year in Temuco is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of . Population. (last national census), there were 667,920 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 449,147 persons ( of the total population). The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Temuco, with 227,086 inhabitants. Other cities are Padre Las Casas (33,697 inhabitants) and Villarrica (27,408 inhabitants). Administration. As a province, Cautín is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 21 communes ("comunas"). The city of Temuco serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor. Jim Whelan Jim Whelan (November 8, 1948 – August 22, 2017) was an American Democratic Party politician. He served in the New Jersey State Senate where he represented the 2nd Legislative District, from January 8, 2008, until his death. Whelan died at age 68 of a heart attack as complications from kidney surgery on August 22, 2017 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Greg Evers Robert Gregory "Greg" Evers (June 16, 1955 – August 21, 2017) was a Republican American politician. He served as a member of the Florida Senate from 2010 to 2016, representing parts of Northwest Florida. Before to his election to the Senate, he served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 1st District from 2001 to 2010. Evers was killed in a car crash on August 21, 2017, near his home in Baker, Florida, aged 62. Dean Rusk David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was an American politician. He served as the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull and tied with William H. Seward. As Secretary of State he believed in the use of military action to combat communism. On March 24, 1961, Rusk released a brief statement saying his delegation was to travel to Bangkok and the SEATO nations' responsibility should be considered if peace settlements are not realized. In 1964, Rusk said the US would not be pushed out of the Gulf of Tonkin and that the prevention of it becoming a "communist lake" would be assured by the continued presence of American forces there. During his later years, Rusk showed his support of Richard Nixon and his handling of the Cold War. Rusk died of heart failure in Athens, Georgia on December 20, 1994, at the age of 85. Tom Pritchard Thomas Leslie "Tom" Pritchard (10 March 1917 – 22 August 2017) was a New Zealand cricketer. He was born in Kaupokonui, Taranaki, New Zealand. Pritchard played most of his first-class cricket in England. Pritchard was a genuinely fast right-arm bowler and a useful lower order right-handed batsman who played in several matches for Wellington before the Second World War. He said in 2013 that his 1939 memories of a game at the Basin Reserve and of playing for his country were still strong. In March 2017 he became only the third New Zealand first-class cricketer, after John Wheatley and Syd Ward, to reach 100 years of age. Pritchard died at the age of 100 on 22 August 2017 in Levin, New Zealand of pneumonia-related complications. John Abercrombie (guitarist) John Laird Abercrombie (December 16, 1944 – August 22, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist, composer and bandleader. His work explored jazz fusion, post bop, free jazz and avant-garde jazz. Abercrombie studied at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. He recorded his debut album, "Timeless" with Manfred Eicher's ECM label, and recorded principally with this label since then. Abercrombie played with Billy Cobham, Ralph Towner, Jack DeJohnette, Charles Lloyd, Michael Brecker and Randy Brecker. He was known for his spare, understated and eclectic style and his work with organ trios. Abercrombie died of heart failure in Cortland, New York on 22 August 2017 at the age of 72. Roberto Gottardi Roberto Gottardi (30 January 1927 – 21 August 2017) was an Italian architect. He was known for designing buildings across Cuba in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution. He designed the National Art Schools, which was commissioned by Fidel Castro. Jerzy Leśniak Jerzy Leśniak (August 14, 1957 – August 20, 2017) was a Polish journalist and historian. He was born in Nowy Sącz, Poland. His best-known book, "Encyklopedia Sądecka" (published in 2000, co-authored with Augustyn Leśniak and Karol Leśniak), has been so far the most comprehensive source and compendium of the region's history, as well as personal biographies and rare illustrations. He was also an editor-in-chief of a weekly regional magazine "Echo" and a quarterly "Nowy Sącz". During the years 2003-2006 he was a spokesman of the president of the city of Nowy Sącz. Leśniak died in Warsaw, Poland on August 20, 2017 of a heart attack at the age of 60. Mirosława Litmanowicz Mirosława Litmanowicz (Mirosława Kałęcka; 6 September 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a Polish chess player. She won the Polish Women's Chess Championship in 1968 and the FIDE Woman International Master in 1967. She was born in Warsaw. Litmanowicz died on 18 August 2017 at the age of 89. Joe Klein (baseball executive) Joseph Anthony Klein III (August 22, 1942 — August 23, 2017) was an American professional baseball executive. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Klein was the executive director of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, an independent circuit that operates in the Northeast United States. Klein was a farm director, scouting director, and general manager in Major League Baseball from 1976 through 1995. Klein served as the baseball executive for the Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, and Detroit Tigers. Klein died on August 23, 2017 at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from complications of heart surgery at the age of 75. Lateef Raji Lateef Oludare Raji (12 October 1962 – 14 August 2017) was a Nigerian politician. He was the former special adviser on Information and Strategy to former Lagos State Governor, Babatunde Raji Fashola. He was also a commissioner to former Lagos state Governor Bola Tinubu. Raji was a serving member of the Lagos State Independent Electoral Commission committee (LASIEC) before his death. Raji died of throat cancer at his home in Magodo, Nigeria on 14 August 2017 at the age of 54. Joe Klein Joe Klein (born September 7, 1946) is an American political columnist, writer, critic, historian and journalist. He works for "Time" magazine and is known for his novel "Primary Colors". Klein is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is a former Guggenheim Fellow. He has also written articles and book reviews for "The New Republic", "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "Life", and "Rolling Stone". Klein was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in New York City and in New Rochelle, New York. Klein studied at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1967, he married Janet Eklund. They divorced in 1975. They had 2 children. He is now married to Victoria Kaunitz. They have two children. Jay Van Andel Jay Van Andel (June 3, 1924 – December 7, 2004) was an American businessman and billionaire. He was best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He also served as chairman of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1979 to 1980 and later as a member of its Senior Council from 1980 to 1985. He was also known for funding religious missions and conservative political causes, including the Republican Party. Van Andel was a member of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. He died of Parkinson's disease in Ada Township, Michigan on December 7, 2004, at the age of 80. Amway Amway (short for "American Way"; ) is an American company specializing in the use of multi-level marketing to sell health, beauty, and home care products. Amway and its sister companies under Alticor reported sales of $9.5 billion in 2015. It conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than a hundred countries and territories. Amway was ranked No. 29 among the largest privately held companies in the United States by "Forbes" in 2015 based on revenue, and No. 1 among multi-level marketing companies by "Direct Selling News" in 2016. It was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos and is based in Ada Township, Michigan. Malleco Province The Malleco Province () is one of two provinces of the Chilean region of Araucanía (IX). The provincial capital is the city of Angol. Geography. The Malleco province is in the northern half of the Araucanía region with an area of . The capital, Temuco, is in the northwestern part of the province. Malleco is bordered to the north by the Bío Bío provinces, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Cautín province and to the west by the Arauco province. Climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year in Angol-Los Estanques, at an altitude of , is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . Population. (last national census), there were 201,615 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 139,261 persons ( of the total population). The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Angol, with 43,801 inhabitants. Administration. As a province, Malleco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 11 communes ("comunas"). The city of Angol serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor. Troisdorf Troisdorf is a town in the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (district) in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is south of Cologne and northeast of Bonn. Kirtland, Ohio Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census. Kirtland was the headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1838. Cock Lane Cock Lane is a small street in Smithfield, London which runs east to Giltspur Street and west to Snow Hill. It was known as "Cokkes Lane" during the Middle Ages - when the lane was known for its legal brothels. However, it is most well known for the ghost that is said to be around the area since 1762. It is also known for being where Christian preacher and writer John Bunyan died of a fever in 1688. The junction between this lane and Giltspur Street marks an area known as Pye Corner which serves as a marker for the furthest reach of the Great Fire of London. A monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks this location. Mass-to-charge ratio The mass-to-charge ratio is a physical quantity (it is an amount that can be measured). The SI unit is kg/C, which is kilograms divided by the coulomb. Sometimes the charge-to-mass ratio is used instead. In a vacuum, all particles with the same mass-to-charge ratio move in the same path, when in the same strength of electric and magnetic fields. It is important for things like mass spectrometry. Alain Berbérian Alain Berbérian (; July 2, 1953 – August 22, 2017) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He was known for directing "La Cité de la peur", "Le Boulet", and "The Corsican File". He was also known writing the screenplay of "Paparazzi". Berbérian died on August 22, 2017 at the age of 63. Jason Clarke Jason Clarke (born 17 July 1969) is an Australian actor. Clarke is known for playing Tommy Caffee on the television series "Brotherhood". He has also appeared in many movies such as "Death Race" (2008), "Public Enemies" (2009), "Zero Dark Thirty" (2013), "White House Down" (2013), "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014), "Terminator Genisys" (2015), "Everest" (2015) and "Chappaquiddick" (2017). Heinz Lieven Heinz Lieven (born April 18, 1928) is a German actor. He was born in Hamburg, Germany. His career began in the 1950s. Lieven made his international movie debut in Aleksandar Petrovic's "Group Portrait with Lady" and played a former SS Officer named Aloise Lange in the 2011 movie "This Must Be the Place". Rachna Khatau Rachna Khatau (born 29 January 1981) is an British-American actress, singer and television host. She is known for her role as Sondra in the Freeform sitcom "Baby Daddy" appearing in the series from 2013 through 2017. As a singer, Rachna was previously signed to a record deal with a subsidiary label of Universal Records. She has hosted live shows and worked as a red carpet correspondent for "Extra". Khatau was born in London, England. She was raised in Chicago, Illinois. She received a master's degree in journalism at the University of Southern California. Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy started in the 6th century BC and continued during the Hellenistic period and Roman Empire. Philosophy was a way to think about the world. The term was invented in Greece. Back then it included the sciences, maths, politics, and ethics. Greek philosophy is one of the foundations of Western culture. It has been referred to in Rome, Islamic philosophy, and the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment. Greek philosophy may have been somewhat influenced by the ancient Near East. Some of the most important philosophers are Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. Alexander the Great even learned Greek philosophy before conquering the Persian empire. Many philosophers thought mathematics was important to all knowledge, and Euclid was one of the founders of mathematical thought. He wrote a famous book on geometry called The Elements. Before Socrates. Many sophists were active, including Protagoras. They are known mostly from what Socrates said against them. Pythagoras may have been a mystic or a rationalist. We do not know that much. He is known for the Pythagorean theorem. Classical Greek philosophy. Socrates. Socrates may have been born in Athens in the 5th century BCE. He was very important. Athens was a center of learning. People went there to talk about ideas. However, it became a crime to philosophize. Some people were accused. But Socrates was the only one who was killed in 399 BCE (see Trial of Socrates). In his defense speech (presented by Plato), he says it's because others were jealous. He is considered the founder of political philosophy. Many of his conversations end without a conclusion. So he is known for the Socratic method. Socrates taught that no one wants what is bad, and so if anyone does something bad, it must be unintentional out of ignorance; he concludes that all virtue is knowledge. He often talks about his own ignorance. Aristotle influenced Plato's dialogues and Plato's student Aristotle. Their ideas influenced the Roman empire, the Islamic Golden Age, and the Renaissance. Plato. Plato was from Athens. He came a generation after Socrates. He wrote thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters to Socrates, though some may be fake. Plato's dialogues have Socrates. Along with Xenophon, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life. Socrates was known for irony and not often giving own opinions. Plato wrote the "Republic", the "Laws", and the "Statesman". The Republic says there will not be justice in cities unless they are ruled by philosopher kings; those who enforcing the laws should treat their women, children, and property in common; and the individual should tell noble lies to promote the common good. The "Republic" says that such a city is likely impossible as it thinks philosophers would refuse to rule and the people would refuse to be ruled by philosophers. Plato is known for his theory of forms. It says that there are non-physical abstract ideas that have the highest form and most real kind of reality. Aristotle. Aristotle moved to Athens in 367 BC and began to study philosophy. He studied at Plato's Academy. He left Athens twenty years later to study botany and zoology. He became a teacher of Alexander the Great and returned to Athens ten years later to create his own school: the Lyceum. At least twenty-nine of his books have survived, known as the "corpus Aristotelicum." He wrote about logic, physics, optics, metaphysics, ethics, rhetoric, politics, poetry, botany, and zoology. Aristotle disagreed with his teacher Plato. He criticizes the governments in Plato's "Republic" and "Laws", and refers to the theory of forms as "empty words and poetic metaphors." He cares more about empirical observation and practical concerns. Aristotle was not that famous during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was still popular. But later people popularized his work, which influenced Islamic, Jewish, and Christian philosophy. Avicenna referred to him simply as "the Master"; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas referred to him as "the Philosopher." Hellenistic philosophy. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many different schools of thought developed in the Hellenistic world and the Greco-Roman world. Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Syrians and Arabs who contributed. Persian philosophy and Indian philosophy also had an influence. The spread of Christianity followed by the spread of Islam further spread Hellenistic philosophy. It influenced the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy. Islam. During the Middle Ages, Greek ideas were largely forgotten in Western Europe due to the Migration Period, which caused a decline in literacy. In the Byzantine Empire Greek ideas were kept and studied. After the expansion of Islam, the Abbasid caliphs started translating Greek philosophy. Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) reinterpreted these works. During the High Middle Ages Greek philosophy re-entered the West through translations from Arabic to Latin and also from the Byzantine Empire. The re-introduction of these philosophies, plus new Arabic commentaries, had great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas. Still Arab translators threw away books that disagreed with Islam. For example, Al-Mansur Ibn and Abi Aamir burned the Al-hakam II library in Córdoba in 976. Amelyn Veloso Amelyn Jean Veloso (April 25, 1974 – August 24, 2017) was a Filipina broadcast journalist of CNN Philippines. She was the anchor of morning show New Day, Morning Newsroom, and public service program Serbisyo All Access. She was born in Cebu City, Philippines. She was a co-anchor of "Solar Daybreak" from 7 January 2013 until her death in 2017. until 2014. On August 24, 2017, Veloso died due to complications from liver cancer in Manila at the age of 42. Michał Żebrowski Michał Jan Żebrowski (born 17 June 1972) is a Polish actor and dramatist. He owns the theater 6 Piętro. Żebrowski was born in Warsaw, Poland. Lorain, Ohio Lorain is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie. It is about 30 miles west of Cleveland. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 64,097, making it Ohio's tenth largest city, the third largest in Greater Cleveland, and the largest in Lorain County by population. Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 A total solar eclipse happened on August 21, 2017. It could be seen in the United States. A partial eclipse could be seen from northern Canada to northern South America, and in northwestern Europe, northwestern Africa, and the most eastern part of Asia. East Lancs EL2000 The East Lancs EL2000 is single-decker bus body built by East Lancashire Coachbuilders from 1989 to 1996 . It could be built on the Volvo B10M, Volvo B6, Dennis Falcon, Dennis Dart, Dennis Lance, Scania K93 and Scania N113 chassis It's had various facelifts through the years Jay Thomas Jon Thomas Terrell (July 12, 1948 – August 24, 2017), professionally known as Jay Thomas, was an American actor, comedian, and radio talk show host. His well known television work included his role as Remo DaVinci on "Mork & Mindy" (1979–81), the recurring role of Eddie LeBec on "Cheers" (1987–89), the lead character Jack Stein on "Love & War" (1992–95), and a repeat guest role as Jerry Gold on "Murphy Brown". Thomas won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991 for playing Gold. In 1997, he starred in the television movie "Killing Mr. Griffin", based on the novel of the same name. In movie, he co-starred in "Mr Holland's Opus" and portrayed The Easter Bunny in "The Santa Clause 2" and "The Santa Clause 3". He was also an annual guest on "The Late Show with David Letterman" during the Christmas season. Beginning in 2005, he hosted "The Jay Thomas Show" on SiriusXM Satellite Radio, and was on every Friday afternoon on Howard 101. Thomas died in Santa Barbara, California of throat cancer on August 24, 2017 at the age of 69. Petorca Province The Petorca Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). Its capital is the city of La Ligua. Geography. The Petorca province is the largest province in the Valparaíso region with an area of . The Petorca province is the most northern of the provinces of the region and is on the coast along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered to the north by the Coquimbo region, to the east by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, to the south by the Quillota province, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Population. (last national census), there were 70,610 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The largest city of the province is La Ligua, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 17,048 inhabitants. Administration. As a province, Petorca is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes ("comunas"). The city of La Ligua serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor. Jack Rosenthal (journalist) Jacob "Jack" Rosenthal (30 June 1935 – 23 August 2017) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, editor and executive. He was born in Tel Aviv during Mandatory Palestine. He was best known for his work at "The New York Times". In 1982, he won the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished editorial writing on national politics and social policy. Rosenthal was the president of "The New York Times" Company Foundation from 2000 to 2009. Thereafter, he was a senior fellow at The Atlantic Philanthropies from 2010 to 2014. Rosenthal died on 23 August 2017 in Manhattan, New York of complications from pancreatic cancer at the age of 82. Alan Boswell Alan Henry Boswell (8 August 1943 – 24 August 2017) was an English football goalkeeper who made 479 league and cup appearances in a 12-year career in the English Football League. He was born in Walsall, England. He began his career at Walsall in 1961, before moving on to Shrewsbury Town in 1963. He spent five years at the club, before winning a move to First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1968. The next year he moved on to Bolton Wanderers, before signing with Port Vale in July 1972. He left Vale Park in May 1974, and later turned out for Oswestry Town. Boswell died on 24 August 2017 at the age of 74. Alan Sayers Alan John Sayers (6 December 1915 – 19 August 2017) was a New Zealand journalist, photographer and athlete. He was born Onehunga, New Zealand. Sayers represented "The New Zealand Herald" prior to World War II. When the war was over he was invited to join the "Auckland Star" where he was the first reporter in New Zealand to receive a personal by-line. In 1953 he was an official journalist on the tour of Queen Elizabeth 11 to the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. Sayers died in Auckland on 19 August 2017 at the age of 101. Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing, born Anne-Aymone Marie Josèphe Christiane Sauvage de Brantès on 10 April 1933 in Paris), is the widow of 20th President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Bernadette Chirac Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac (born Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel; 18 May 1933) is a French politician and the widow of the former President Jacques Chirac. Post-First Lady roles. Since 2001, Bernadette has been a leading member of the "Pièces Jaunes" (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the "Fondation Claude-Pompidou" (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, Claude Pompidou. She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in Corrèze, the couple's home "département". Brigitte Macron Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron (; "née" Trogneux, , previously Auzière, ; born 13 April 1953) is the wife and former high school teacher of Emmanuel Macron, the President of the French Republic. In 2015, to help support her husband in his political career, she ended her career as a teacher of literature at the elite lycée Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Paris. Macron ran for the city council of Truchtersheim in Bas-Rhin in 1989, but lost. It would be the only time she would run for office. In 2017, Brigitte Macron played an active role in her husband's presidential campaign; a top adviser was quoted as saying that "her presence is essential for him". Emmanuel Macron stated that upon his winning of the French presidency, his wife "will have the role that she always had with me, she will not be hidden". Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx Gladys Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx (12 January 1916 – 6 June 2018) was an English poet. She was the widow of Harold Wilson, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid- to late-1960s and mid-1970s. Her birth name was Gladys Mary Baldwin. In 1970 her volume of poetry, "Selected Poems", was published and in 1976 Wilson was one of three judges of the Man Booker Prize, the other judges being Walter Allen and Francis King. In 2013, aged 97, she attended the funeral of Margaret Thatcher. In 2016, she became the first spouse of a British prime minister to turn 100. Wilson died on 6 June 2018, of a stroke, in London aged 102. She is the longest-lived spouse of a British prime minister in history. Clarissa Eden Anne Clarissa Eden, Dowager Countess of Avon ("née" Spencer-Churchill; 28 June 1920 – 15 November 2021) was the widow of Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was British Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957. She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, and then becoming Countess of Avon in 1961 on her husband's elevation to the peerage. She is also the niece of the prime minister Winston Churchill. Her memoir, sub-titled "From Churchill to Eden", was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden. Eden turned 100 in June 2020. She died on 15 November 2021, aged 101. Double Dutchess Double Dutchess is the second studio album, by American singer-songwriter Fergie. It was released on September 22, 2017. The album will be Fergie's first to be released on her own imprint Dutchess Music, a partnership with BMG Rights Management, and first since her debut album, "The Dutchess" (2006). Singles. The album's fourth single, "You Already Know", featuring Nicki Minaj, was made available for purchase on August 25, 2017. It will be released onto Mainstream and Rhythmic radio on September 12, 2017. ÷ (album) ÷ (pronounced "divide") is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 3 March 2017 through Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. "Castle on the Hill" and "Shape of You" were released as the album's lead singles on 6 January 2017. both the album's lead singles. Critical reception. "÷" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Track listing. Notes Personnel. Adapted from AllMusic. Neunkirchen, Saarland Neunkirchen is a town-municipality in Saarland, Germany. It is the capital ("Kreisstadt") of Neunkirchen District. It had about 46,000 people in 2016. Neunkirchen lies at an altitude of 252 m, on the Blies river, and about 20 km northeast of Saarbrücken. It is the biggest settlement of Saarland after Saarbrücken. Sør-Varanger Sør-Varanger (Northern Sami: Máttá-Várjjat, "Kven": Etelä-Varenki, Finnish: Etelä-Varanki, Russian: Сёр-Вара́нгер) is a municipality in the county of Troms og Finnmark, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Kirkenes. Located west of the Norway–Russia border, Sør-Varanger is the only Norwegian municipality that shares a land border with Russia, with the only legal border crossing at Storskog. History. For some time until 1826, Sør-Varanger was a district that (at the same time) belonged to Russia and Norway; there was an Eastern Sami ("østsamisk") population; the population was under Russia's jurisdiction. A part of Norway, it became in 1826. Norway's government had a fear that the county could be lost to Finland or Russia; Finland was under Russian domination (or rule) during 1809 - 1918. Part of the fear was that Finnish-speaking Kven people would help Finland/Russia, to take Northern areas, away from [the government of] Norway. During the 19th century, the area was colonized by Sami people from Norway; people from Finland; and Norwegians. The mining industry in Kirkenes, and at Bjørnevatn, was started in 1906; the majority of the county's population then, were Norwegian. The people that were Finnish, mostly [lived] at three settlements: Bugøynes in the West, Pasvik in the East, and at Neiden (between Bugøynes and Pasvik); those who spoke Finnish, were in majority (in these 3 settlements). Economy. Media said in 2022's second quarter that the level of employment is 2,100 full-time positions. [Around] 600 people (in 2022's first quarter) work in industries related to ships and boats, including delivering supplies and services including repairs; Kimek is one of the largest companies in the municipality. Regarding the economy's benefit of trade related to Russians: media said in 2022, that around 300 jobs are directly dependent on "the co-operation with Russia", while 670 jobs have a "connection" with Russia. Settlements. Settlements in the municipality include the villages of Bjørnevatn, Bugøynes, Elvenes, Grense Jakobselv, Hesseng, Jakobsnes, Neiden, Sandnes and Kirkenes (a town). Hurricane Harvey Hurricane Harvey was a 2017 tropical cyclone, the 8th named storm, 3rd hurricane, and the 1st major hurricane of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Harvey was also the 3rd consecutive hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season—after Franklin and Gert. The storm went through the Caribbean and Mexico. It threatened southern Texas, particularly the Corpus Christi and Victoria areas. The storm struck the state as a Category 4 hurricane on August 25. The storm was the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Wilma in twelve years earlier. The storm first developed on August 17, 2017, from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles. It faded into an open tropical wave on August 19. But on August 24, Harvey redeveloped into a tropical storm, and then strengthened into a hurricane. On August 25, Harvey rapidly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of at least 130 mph, and it made landfall in Texas as a low-end Category 4 hurricane. On August 26, Harvey stalled and rapidly weakened into a tropical storm in just a few hours after making landfall, resulting of dumping heavy rainfall and caused major and catastrophic flooding in parts of southeastern Texas especially the Houston metropolitan area. Harvey was the strongest hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Carla in 1961. Damage from Harvey was set around $125 billion. This and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are both tied as the costliest tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic and the United States history. Harvey is the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States, especially in Texas with rainfall accumulations of over 60 inches. The storm killed just over 100 people in Texas alone. The name "Harvey" was retired in April 2018 by the World Meteorological Organization and was replaced with "Harold" for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season. Year 2038 problem The Year 2038 problem could affect computers that store time as the number of seconds since 1st January 1970 at 00:00 UTC, using a 32-bit number. The biggest number you can store this way is 2,147,483,647 seconds after 1 January 1970. This means 19th January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC. The problem begins one second after this time. The computer will add 1 to this 32-bit number, and the computer will set the value to "negative" 2,147,483,648 seconds. This means 13th December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC. Depending on how the computer has been programmed, the computer could behave incorrectly or even stop running. A solution to this problem is to store the time in a 64-bit value, which will work for billions of years. Many computers already store the time in a 64-bit number. Computers that store time in a 32-bit number will need to be reprogrammed before 2038. Charlie Robertson (mayor) Charles H. Robertson (April 12, 1934 – August 24, 2017) was an American Democratic politician. He was mayor of York, Pennsylvania from 1994 to January 2002. In May 2001, Robertson was charged for a murder during the York race riots in July 1969, but was acquitted in October 2002. Robertson died of cancer on August 24, 2017 in York, Pennsylvania at the age of 83. Kai Linnilä Kai Linnilä (23 July 1942 – 24 August 2017) was a Finnish editor and writer. He was born in Oulu, Finland. He is the husband of the novelist Kaari Utrio. He takes responsibility for the importation and marketing of cigars and pipes in the Oy Amanita Ltd, the Utrios' family-owned company. His best known works are "Isoäidin kermakakku" ("The Grandmother's Cream Cake"), "Oman äidin lihapullat" ("The Own Mother's Meat Balls"), "Punainen tupa ja erämaa. Rikkaan arjen allakka" ("The Red Cottage and the Wilds. The Almanac of Rich Everyday Life") (with Seppo Saraspää), "Wanhan ajan joulu" ("Christmas of the Old Time"), Olaus Magnus: "Suomalaiset pohjoisten kansojen historiassa" ("Finnish People in the History of Nordic Folks") (edited) and "Linnut" ("The Birds"). Engelbert Jarek Engelbert Jarek (7 June 1935 – 23 August 2017) was a Polish footballer. He was born in Rokittnitz, Hindenburg O.S., German Empire . Jarek competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was known for managing and playing for Odra Opole. Eduardo Angeloz Eduardo César Angeloz (October 18, 1931 – August 23, 2017) was an Argentine politician. He was a presidential candidate and Governor of Córdoba from December 11, 1983 to December 11, 1995. He was born in Río Tercero, Córdoba. Angeloz died on August 23, 2017 in Cordoba, Argentina from complications of a fall at the age of 85. Sergio Zaniboni Sergio Zaniboni (4 August 1937 – 18 August 2017) was an Italian comics artist and writer. He was especially known as the artist of numerous stories for "Diabolik". He was born in Turin, Italy. His son Paolo Zaniboni is also a comic book artist. From 1972 he also he collaborates with "Il Giornalino", for which he produced "Il Campione" (a series set in the boxing world, written by Alberto Ongaro) and the police series "Tenente Marlo", with stories by Claudio Nizzi. Arnold Koller Arnold Koller (born 29 August 1933) is a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1986-1999). He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 10 December 1986. He was member of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland from the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. He handed over office on 30 April 1999. Koller was Chairman of the Board of the Forum of Federations from 2006 to 2010. During his time in office he held the following departments: He was President of the Confederation twice in 1990 and 1997. Fürstenau, Switzerland Fürstenau () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Grono, Switzerland Grono is a municipality of the district Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Leggia and Verdabbio merged into the municipality of Grono. Guémar Guémar is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Independence, Ohio Independence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 7,133 at the 2010 Census. Lawrence County, Ohio Lawrence County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 62,450 people lived there. The county seat is Ironton. Balmaseda Balmaseda is a municipality in the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country in Spain. Fairlawn, Ohio Fairlawn is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States, and a suburb of Akron. The population was 7,437 at the 2010 census. Lightning Rod (roller coaster) Lightning Rod is a wooden roller coaster located at Dollywood near Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. It is manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction. Lightning Rod is the world's first and only launched wooden roller coaster. SheiKra SheiKra is a roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. It is a Dive Coaster which means riders experience a moment of free fall. SheiKra was the first Dive Coaster. It is floorless and features a 90 degree drop. Lin Jiamei Lin Jiamei (; born 1924) is a Chinese civil servant. She is the widow of former Chinese president Li Xiannian. She was the First Lady of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1988. Wang Yeping Wang Yeping (, born February 12, 1928), is the wife of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ("de facto" paramount leader) and President of the People's Republic of China ("de jure" head of state), and is a native of Yangzhou, Jiangsu. Quillota Province The Quillota Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). Its capital is the city of Quillota. Geography. The Quillota province is the second smallest province in the Valparaíso region with an area of ; only the Isla de Pascua province is smaller. The Quillota province is bordered to the north by the Petorca province, to the east by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province and the Santiago Metropolitan Region, and to the south and west by the Valparaíso province. Population. (last national census), there were 175,917 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The largest city of the province is Quillota, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 62,231 inhabitants. Administration. As a province, Quillota is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes ("comunas"). The city of Quillota serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor. The "comunas" Limache (number 14 in the map) and Olmué (number 16 in the map) were transferred to the Marga Marga province in 2010. Barneveld, Wisconsin Barneveld is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin. There is a public library called Barneveld Public Library. 1984 F5 tornado. On June 8, 1984, the city was hit by a deadly F5 tornado. After tornadoes broke out across the Midwest, including tornadoes that killed four people in Missouri and Iowa, a tornado watch was issued at 11:00 p.m. CT, but most residents had went to sleep. A line of thunderstorms entered Wisconsin from Iowa/Illinois border shortly after midnight. A sharp bolt of lightning followed by a loud clap of thunder cut power to the city, awakening residents. Nine people died, and two hundred were injured. Jeannie Rousseau Jeannie Rousseau (Viscomtesse de Clarens) (April 1, 1919 – August 23, 2017) was an Allied intelligence agent in occupied France during World War II. She was a member of Georges Lamarque's "Druids" network. Rousseau was born in Saint-Brieuc, France. Codenamed AMNIARIX, she evaded Gestapo agents while gathering crucial information on the Germans' emerging rocket weapons programs from behind enemy lines. Her intelligence reports, forwarded to London, led directly to the British raid on Peenemünde and to delays and disruptions in the V-1 and V-2 programs, saving many thousands of lives in the West. Rousseau was captured twice and spent time in three concentration camps. Rousseau died on 23 August 2017 in Montaigu, France, aged 98. Sardinians Sardinians (Sardinian: "Sardos" or "Sardus"; ) are the people native to the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Sardinians are noted for the distinct Nuragic civilization in ancient times. They are also known for the indigenous language many still speak, Sardinian. Sardinian is quite separate from Italian and said to be one of the languages, if not the language, keeping most archaic features of ancient Latin. Sardinians have long been active to fight for the official recognition of autonomy in Italy and the protection of their cultural and environmental heritage. Namborn Namborn is a municipality in the district of Sankt Wendel in the state of Saarland, Germany. Namborn is north of Sankt Wendel. It is southwest of Idar-Oberstein. Sardinian language Sardinian ("Sardu", "Limba" or "Lingua sarda") is a Romance language. It is native to the island of Sardinia, a Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy. About 1.2 million people speak Sardinian. The main dialects are Campidanese (Campidanian), Gallurese (Gallurian), Logudorese (Logudorian), and Sassarese (Sassarian). The standard version of the language is called Limba Sarda Comuna. Sardinian is often seen as the closest language to Latin. It fought for decades to get basic recognition by the Italian government. Eure (river) The Eure is a river in northwestern France. It is a left tributary of the Seine. The Eure and Eure-et-Loir departments are named after this river. Its main tributaries are the Avre and the Iton. Horst Sindermann Horst Sindermann (September 5, 1915 in Dresden - April 20, 1990 in East Berlin) was a German communist politician. Sindermann was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) till 1946, and afterwards a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). During the war he was imprisoned in several concentration camps. He was Prime Minister of East Germany from 1973 to 1976, and President of the Volkskammer from 1976 to 1989. Abdul Kalam Vision India Party Abdul Kalam Vision India Party is an Indian political party that was founded on 28 February 2016. The party was founded in the name of former president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, by V. Ponraj, who was the scientific adviser to Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. However, the family of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam expressed their upset over the party using the Kalam's name and portrait as their symbols. Preparation to the declaration of this political party, a two-day convention was held by United Vision India 2020, inviting V. Ponraj to lead a political party. The convention was conducted on 26 February 2016 without the presence of V. Ponraj and in the presence of V. Ponraj on 27 February 2016.This convention was conducted before the house of V. Ponraj at Thonugal village. The party has been started to achieve the vision 2020 of People's President - Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam. Dravida Kazhagam Dravida Kazhagam (or Dravidar Kazhagam, "Dravidian Organization") was one of the first Dravidian parties in India. The party was founded by Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including untouchability and to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian nation) from the Madras Presidency i.e., a separate nation from India for Dravidian people alone. Dravidar Kazhagam gave birth to many other political parties including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Dravidar Kazhagam is now headed by K.Veeramani. Foundation and Ideology. The roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the Self-Respect Movement and Justice party, founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the Indian National Congress party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1916, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians, and to denote this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the movement for upliftment.It opposed Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance, and aimed to form a separate country of Dravida Nadu, to include either all of South India or the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions. Mika Brzezinski Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (; born May 2, 1967) is an American news presenter and author who currently co-hosts MSNBC's weekday morning broadcast show "Morning Joe". Her father was National Secuity Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski. In early 2017, Brzezinski became engaged to her co-host Joe Scarborough. They were married in 2018. Edward Rowny Edward Leon Rowny (April 3, 1917 – December 17, 2017) was a United States Army Lieutenant General of Polish origin. He was a commanding officer in World War II and Korea, a military advisor to five U.S. presidents and a negotiator on the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). Rowny died in Washington, D.C. on December 17, 2017 of cardiomyopathy at the age of 100. Adam Wójcik Adam Wójcik (20 April 1970 – 26 August 2017) was a Polish professional basketball player. He was known as one of the all-time greats in Polish basketball. He was the all-time leading scorer of the Polish PLK with 10,087 points scored. He was born in Oława, Poland. He was known for playing for Prokom Sopot from 2004 through 2007. Wójcik died of leukemia on 26 August 2017 in Wrocław, Poland at the age of 47. Peter Weck Peter Weck (born 12 August 1930) is an Austrian movie director and actor. He was born in Vienna, Austria. Weck was known for his movie roles in "Herzensfeinde" (2001; he directed it) and "Die Rosenkönigin" (2007). From 1983 through 1986, he starred as the television role of Werner Schuman in the German sitcom "Ich heirate eine Familie". Weck was known for directing "Help, I Love Twins" (1969). In 2004, he was awarded the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria ("Grosses Silbernes Ehrenzeichen"). Grzegorz Miecugow Grzegorz Miecugow (22 November 1955 – 26 August 2017) was a Polish television newscaster and journalist. He was born in Kraków, Poland. He was known for presenting the news programs "Wiadomości" and "Fakty TVN". He was also a frequent columnist for "Szkło Kontaktowe". Miecugow died of cancer in Warsaw, Poland on 26 August 2017 at the age of 61. Viola Harris Viola Harris (July 5, 1926 – August 23, 2017) was an American actress. She was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was known for roles in television, theater and movies from the 1950s to the 2010s. Harris has appeared in a number of movies including "The Other Guys", "Choke", "Deconstructing Harry" directed by Woody Allen and "Sex and the City 2". In 2010, Harris starred in the short movie, "The Secret Friend", directed by Flavio Alves. Harris received positive reviews for her role in the movie. Harris was married to actor Robert H. Harris until his death in 1981. Harris died on August 23, 2017 at her home in New York City at age 91. Grüsch Grüsch is a municipality in the district Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Fanas and Valzeina. Athens County, Ohio Athens County is a county of Ohio in the United States. In 2010, 64,757 people lived there. The county seat is Athens. James Young Simpson James Young Simpson (born June 7, 1811 in Scotland) was a qualified doctor by the age of 21 but changed to work as a clerk, due to his traumatic reaction to witnessing mastectomies during his medical training. He sat in several lecture courses as a student, but the anatomical lecture by a Doctor Knox made him choose the career path of midwifery and obstetrics. He became a qualified professor of midwifery at the age of 29, in 1840. Due to his traumatizing observations of surgery as a student, he decided to experiment with anesthetics. He tried using ether and chloroform, but refused to use ether due to its bad odor. He discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform, using it in obstetrics, to make childbirth easier and safer. He also invented a new design for the forceps, to make them safer to use. They are now known as "Simpsons' forceps". He was one of the earliest doctors to use midwifes in hospitals. Chloroform was a good idea, as it put people to sleep, making surgical procedures safer, pain-free, and better for the individuals. It was recognized as an achievement when Queen Victoria herself received chloroform to give birth to her fourth child. Libertarian National Committee The Libertarian National Committee (L.N.C. or LNC) is a group of people who coordinate the activities of the U.S. Libertarian party in all fifty states. The L.N.C. headquarters is in the nation's capital, Washington, DC. It also has state Libertarian party headquarters in state capitals. In 2018, Chairperson is Nicholas Sarwark of Arizona and the Vice Chair is Arvin Vohra. The Libertarian National Committee is a separate entity from the "Libertarian National Congressional Committee", a Federal Elections Commission registered entity, now doing business as the "Libertarian National Campaign Committee." Guevenatten Guevenatten is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. David Bergland David Peter Bergland (June 4, 1935 – June 3, 2019) was an American politician. He was the United States Libertarian Party's nominee at the 1983 Libertarian National Convention for President of the United States in the 1984 presidential election. Bergland died of prostate cancer on June 3, 2019, one day before his 84th birthday. Nivigne et Suran Nivigne et Suran is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of east France. It started on January 1, 2017 and has the former communes of Chavannes-sur-Suran and Germagnat in it. Nicholas Sarwark Nicholas Sarwark (born August 27, 1979) is an American businessman and politician. Sarwark is the chairman of the Libertarian National Committee (LNC), the executive body of the Libertarian Party (LP) of the United States. Prior to his election to that position in 2014, he served on several of the LP's national committees, as well as chair of the Libertarian Party of Maryland, and as vice chair of the Libertarian Party of Colorado. Sarwark ran for Mayor of Phoenix in the 2018 mayoral election. Yingluck Shinawatra Yingluck Shinawatra (, , ; born 21 June 1967), nicknamed Pu (, , meaning "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman and politician. Shinawatra is a member of the Pheu Thai Party who became the 28th Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 general election. Yingluck was Thailand's first female Prime Minister and its youngest in over 60 years. Also, she holds the distinction as the world's first female of Chinese descent to have had led the government of a UN member state. Shinawatra was removed from office on 7 May 2014 by a Constitutional Court decision that found her guilty on a charge of abuse of power. On 2 September 2017, media said that "A search team has been set up to locate her and bring her before the Supreme Court, which issued a warrant for her arrest, to hear its ruling on Sept 27. The ex-premier faces a possible 10-year jail term if convicted of criminal negligence related to her government’s rice-pledging scheme". Englewood, Ohio Englewood is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States. It is a northern suburb of Dayton. The population was 13,465 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Leukbach The Leukbach is a river of Saarland, Germany. It is 15 m long. The drainage basin is 87.9 km². Tigrinya language Tigrinya (sometimes written as"Tigrigna"; ; ) is an Afroasiatic language of the Ethiopian Semitic branch. It is mostly spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. There are approximately 6,915,000 total speakers of this language. There are approximately 4,320,000 in Ethiopia and approximately 2,540,000 in Eritrea. Tigrinya is also spoken by emigrants from these regions, including some Ethiopian Jews. History and literature. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in Logosarda district, Southern Region, Eritrea. It is from the 13th century. Tigrinya is related to the Ethiopian Semitic language Ge'ez. However, Tigrinya has a different word order than Ge'ez, and there are some more differences in grammar. However, the two languages have similar phonology and morphology, which show they are related. Ge'ez has influenced Tigrinya literature, especially with words about Christian life. Until recent times, Ge'ez was used for writing more often than Tigrinya was. When the British ruled Eritrea, there was a newspaper written in Tigrinya. Tigrinya was one of Eritrea's official languages while it was part of Ethiopia; in 1958 it was replaced with the language Amharic. During the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930-1974), publications in Tigrinya were banned. When Selassie lost power, Amharic remained the standard language. In 1991, Eritrea became independent from Ethiopia. Tigrinya was the "working language" in Eritrea. Speakers. There are 6,915,000 total Tigrinya speakers. Of these, approximately 4,320,000 live in Ethiopia. Most Tigrinya speakers in Ethiopia live in the Tigray region. There are approximately 2,540,000 Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea. Most of these live in the southern and central areas of the country. There are also over 10,000 Beta Israel speakers of Tigrinya. Tigrinya is the fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic, Oromo, Somali and the most widely spoken language in Eritrea. It is also spoken by immigrants around the world. In Australia, Tigrinya is broadcast on public radio on the Special Broadcasting Service. There are two dialects of Tigrinya: Northern and Southern. Northern Dialect Southern Dialect Phonology. Tigrinya has a set of ejective consonants and seven vowels. A Tigrinya syllable may have a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. Writing system. Tigrinya is written in the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script), which was originally developed for the Ge'ez language. The Ge'ez script is an abugida. Each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable. Note: Symbols falling into disuse in Tigrinya are shown with a dark gray background in the table. Look What You Made Me Do "Look What You Made Me Do" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the first single from her sixth studio album, "Reputation". The song was released on August 25, 2017, along with the pre-order of the album. The song uses the rhythm of the 1991 song "I'm Too Sexy" by Right Said Fred. Because of this, the songwriters of that song are credited. This song is the first single released by Swift in almost a year, since "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" with British singer Zayn Malik in 2016. In the US, the song became Swift's fifth chart-topper when it jumped from number 77 to number one in its second week on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song entered at the top of the charts in Canada, Australia, and the UK, becoming Swift's first UK number-one hit. It was also number one in Spain and New Zealand. The RIAA certified the song triple-platinum for shipments of three million copies across the US. Music video. Swift worked again with director Joseph Kahn on the video for "Look What You Made Me Do". Throughout it, there are scenes of Swift throughout different eras of her career, such as the glasses-and-T-shirt look in the video for "You Belong with Me", holding a Moonman and microphone (referring to Kanye West interrupting her speech at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards), and her popular silver glitter guitar. A scene of Swift in a bathtub full of diamonds was controversial because some critics thought it referred to the 2016 Paris robbery of West's wife, Kim Kardashian, in which diamonds were stolen. Reputation (Taylor Swift album) Reputation is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is her first studio album in nearly three years, after "1989" in 2014. The first single, "Look What You Made Me Do", was released on August 25, 2017, along with the pre-order of "Reputation". Target Corporation released the album along with two versions of a magazine: a Volume 1 bundle and a Volume 2 bundle. Sales. The album sold over 925,000 copies in the United States alone in the first weekend of its release. It is set to be the best-selling album released in 2017. It also sold 700,000 copies in its first day. In total, the album sold over 1,238,000 copies in its first week in the United States alone. It sold 81,000 copies in its first week in Canada. Charts. "Reputation" entered the "Billboard" 200 album chart at number one. It entered at number one in Australia, Canada, and the UK. Tour. Swift announced a stadium tour in support of the album. It is set to begin on May 8, 2018, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. Murder of Adam Walsh Adam John Walsh was a 6-year-old boy from Hollywood, Florida, United States. He was the son of John Walsh. On July 27, 1981, he was with his mother at the Hollywood Mall watching two older boys play video games. He was kidnapped. His head was found two weeks later on August 10, 1981. Ottis Toole was convicted of his murder. This led to John creating a new television series called "America's Most Wanted". Amsterdam (city), New York Amsterdam is a city in Montgomery County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 18,620. The name is influenced from the city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The city of Amsterdam is surrounded on the north, east, and west sides by the town of Amsterdam. The city developed on both sides of the Mohawk River, with the majority located on the north bank. The Port Jackson area on the south side is also part of the city. Dan Rattiner Dan Rattiner (born August 15, 1939) is an American journalist and newspaper publisher. In 1965, Rattiner co-founded the Manhattan-based underground newspaper "The East Village Other" with Walter Bowart, Allan Katzman, and John Wilcock. He also founded "The Block Island Times" in 1970. Rattiner hosted a weekly radio show, "The Hamptons Report", on WQXR for six years during the 1990s. On April 24, 2015, Rattiner announced his plans to run for President of the United States as an Independent in the 2020 presidential elections. Izak Parviz Nazarian Izak Parviz Nazarian (February 24, 1929 – August 23, 2017) was a Iranian-born American billionaire businessman, investor and philanthropist. He was a managing partner of Omninet Capital, an investment company. He was born in a Tehran ghetto. He was Jewish. In 2003, Nazarian founded the Citizens Empowerment Center in Israel (CECI), a non-partisan organization which promotes election reform in Israel. Education. He had no college degree. However, he later on received an honory degree from Tel Aviv University for his philantrophic efforts for the institution. Affiliations. Nazarian founded Magbit Foundation Los Angeles which helps students struggling to finish college. Death. Nazarian died on August 23, 2017 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 88. Tobe Hooper Willard Tobe Hooper (January 25, 1943 – August 26, 2017) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and producer. Hooper best known for his work in the horror movie genre; his most recognized movie include "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" and "Poltergeist". Stuart Heritage of "The Guardian" described "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" as "one of the most influential films ever made". Hooper’s first novel, "Midnight Movie", was published on Three Rivers Press in 2011. Hooper died in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles on August 26, 2017 at the age of 74, and is survived by one son. John A. Allison IV John A. Allison IV (born August 14, 1948) is an American businessman and the former CEO and president of the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C.. Allison held a number of leadership positions in BB&T Corp. from 1987 until 2010 when he retired. He now serves as a director at Moelis & Company. Park and ride Park and ride facilities are parking lots with public transport connections. They allow people to leave their vehicles and travel on a bus, train or carpool for the remainder of the journey. Park and rides are usually in the suburbs of metropolitan areas or on the outer edges of large cities. Park and ride are shown as "P+R" on road signs in the UK. Taxicab stand A taxicab stand (also called taxi rank, cab stand, taxi stand, cab rank, or hack stand) is a queue area on a street or on private property where taxicabs line up to wait for passengers. How stands work. Stands are normally located at airports, hotel driveways, railway stations, subway stations, bus depots, ferry terminals, shopping centres, and major street intersections. Usually stands are marked by simple painted signs. Stands generally work as a first-come, first-served queue, so that the first taxicab to arrive on the stand (the one at the front of the line) serves the first passenger to arrive, and as the first taxicab leaves, each taxicab behind it moves ahead one spot, with the last taxicab to arrive taking the last spot. Request stop A request stop, flag stop, or whistle stop is a stop, railway station or airport at which buses, trains or airline flights respectively stop only on request; only if there are passengers or freight to be picked up or dropped off. Eugene Burger Eugene Burger (June 1, 1939 – August 8, 2017) was an American magician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was known for his close-up skills and his work in mentalism and bizarre magic. He was also a philosopher and a historian of religion. Burger died of liver cancer in Chicago on August 8, 2017 at the age of 78. Wilson das Neves Wilson das Neves (June 14, 1936 – August 26, 2017) was a Brazilian percussionist and singer. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was a key figure in the history of Brazilian music. Career. He played with many of Brazil's greatest musicians across many decades and featured on numerous important recordings. He was a very important artist specially for Brazilian Popular Music as a sambista (those who do samba), composer and instrumentist, with over 50 years dedicated to music. He can be heard in over 600 records from the greatest Brazilian artists. das Neves died of colorectal cancer on August 26, 2017 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81. Yitzhak Pundak Yitzhak Pundak, born Yitzhak Fundik (; 13 June 1913 – 27 August 2017), was an Israeli general, diplomat and politician. He turned 100 in June 2013. He was born in Kraków, Poland. He moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1933. Pundak received his first senior diplomatic point in November 1965, when he was made the Israeli ambassador to Tanzania. He later served as the ambassador responsible for Guatemala and El Salvador, and as the head of the Jewish Agency's delegation to Argentina at the height of the Dirty War. He was also involved in local politics. Pundak died in Tel Aviv, Israel at the age of 104. Rail replacement bus service A rail replacement bus service are buses that replace passenger train services. Rail replacement bus services are used if railway lines are being repaired or if railway stations are being upgraded. Ocean Master Ocean Master (Orm Marius) is a fictional character, a supervillain published by DC Comics, and the brother of Aquaman. He was created by Nick Cardy and Bob Haney. Oceam Master was Aquaman's fully human half-brother, the son of Tom Curry (Aquaman's father) and a woman named Mary O'Sullivan. He becomes a villain because he grows jealous of Aquaman and how he becomes King of Atlantis. Ocean Master is full human. He later has amnesia and disappears. Several years later, the self-named Orm Marius reappeared as the Ocean Master, a high-tech pirate who initially attacked ships but quickly moved on to causing natural disasters in order to hold the world at ransom. Ocean Master will make his first movie appearance in the 2018 movie "Aquaman" played by Patrick Wilson. Optare CityPacer The Optare CityPacer was a step-entrance minibus that was built by Optare between 1985 and 1992. It was based on a Volkswagen LT55 van chassis and around 300 were produced. Luis Ocaña Jesús Luis Ocaña Pernía (9 June 1945 – 19 May 1994) was a Spanish road bicycle racer. He won the 1973 Tour de France and the 1970 Vuelta a España. He was born in Priego, Cuenca, Spain. Ocaña died in Nogaro, France at the age of 48. Optare Soroco The Optare Soroco was a step-entrance minicoach body that was built by Optare between 2008 and 2012. It was built for Mercedes-Benz Sprinter chassis. Christian Reformed Church in North America The Christian Reformed Church (CRC) includes just over one thousand congregations across the United States and Canada. About 75 percent of the churches are in the United States; 25 percent are in Canada. It is one of only a few binational denominations: rather than split into different churches at the 49th parallel, it is united. Almost 300,000 people belong to the CRCNA—not a large number when you consider the population of the two countries. References. 〈〉 Pedro Pedrossian Pedro Pedrossian (13 August 1928 – 22 August 2017) was a Brazilian politician. He was born in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Pedrossian was a member of the Party of National Mobilization. He served two terms as the Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first term, from 1980 to 1983, was an appointed role, before being elected to office in 1991. His term ended in 1994. Pedrossian also served as the Governor of Mato Grosso between 1966 and 1971. Pedrossian died on 22 August 2017 in Campo Grande, Brazil of heart failure at the age of 89. Josef Musil Josef Musil (3 July 1932 – 26 August 2017) was a Czech volleyball player. He won two Olympic medals, one bronze and a silver medal, in 1964 and 1968. He also won five world and three European championships medals in 1952–1967. He was born in Kostelní Lhota, Okres Nymburk, Czechoslovakia. Musil died on 26 August 2017 in Prague, Czech Republic of a heart attack at the age of 85. Ebrahim Yazdi Ebrahim Yazdi (26 September 1931 – 27 August 2017) was an Iranian politician and diplomat. He served as deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs in the interim government of Mehdi Bazargan, until his resignation in November 1979, in protest at the Iran hostage crisis. From 1995 until 2017, he headed the Freedom Movement of Iran. Arrests. Yazdi was arrested in December 1997 for "desecrating religious sanctities" and freed on 26 December on bail. On 17 June 2009, during the 2009 Iranian election protests, it was reported that Yazdi was arrested while undergoing tests at the Tehran hospital according to the Freedom Movement of Iran website. On 22 June, he was released back to the hospital for a medical procedure. On 28 December 2009, Yazdi was arrested again in the wake of renewed protests. Yazdi and several others were arrested on 1 October 2010 in Isfahan for participating in an "illegal Friday prayer." All others were freed within days. He was released in April 2011. Death. Yazdi died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Izmir, Turkey on 27 August 2017. Vance Trimble Vance Harrison Trimble (July 6, 1913 – June 16, 2021) was an American journalist and writer. He was born in Harrison, Arkansas. He won the 1960 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting. Trimble was known for his national reporting about nepotism and payroll abuse in the U.S. Congress. In his life, Trimble has worked in the newspaper business for over fifty years. Trimble was inducted into the Oklahoma Journalism Hall of Fame in 1974. He has published numerous books since his retirement. Trimble turned 100 in July 2013. He lived in Wewoka, Oklahoma. Trimble died on June 16, 2021 at the age of 107. Divo Ivan Andres "Divo" Ramirez is a Canadian hip hop recording artist based in Toronto. Divo has released several albums featuring D. O., Classified, Dan-e-o, Eternia, D-Sisive and DL Incognito. In 2016, Divo's fourth album "Transatlantic Soul" won East Coast Rap Album of the Year at the Canadian Urban Television Hip Hop Awards. Career. Divo was born in Guatemala in 1980 and later moved with his family to Canada. In 1999, Divo released his debut hip hop music album, "Sparks of Friction". His second album, released in 2003 was titled "The Evolution Theory", followed by "This Iz Bizness" in 2004. In 2015, Divo released his fourth album, "Transatlantic Soul" which won East Coast Rap Album of the Year at the 2016 Canadian Urban Television Hip Hop Awards. "Transatlantic Soul" was shown in the Pan Am Path music compilation during the Pan American Games, 2015. Divo is also known for creating his own album artwork for "Transatlantic Soul" and Classified's Boy-Cott-In the Industry and Hitch Hikin Music. Elena Anaya Elena Anaya Gutiérrez (born July 17, 1975) is a Spanish actress. Her career dates back to 1995. She starred alongside Antonio Banderas in Pedro Almodóvar's "The Skin I Live In", for which she won the Goya award for Best Actress. She is also known for her roles in "Habitación en Roma" "(Room in Rome)" and "Wonder Woman" as Doctor Poison. Anaya is a lesbian. In November 2016, it was announced that Anaya was expecting her first child with her partner, Tina Afugu Cordero, a costume designer. In February 2017, Anaya gave birth to their son. Doctor Poison Doctor Poison is the name of two fictional characters, supervillains who appear in DC Comics publications and related media. Both villains were members of the super-villain team Villainy Inc. and have appeared as major recurring enemies for Wonder Woman. The Princess Maru incarnation of Doctor Poison first appeared in "Sensation Comics" #2 and was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter. The second Doctor Poison first appeared in "Wonder Woman" Vol. 2 #151 and was created by Eric Luke and Matthew Clark. The original Princess Maru incarnation of the character made her first movie appearance in "Wonder Woman", played by Spanish actress Elena Anaya. Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (born 18 June 1989) is a Gabonish football player. He plays for Barcelona F.C. and Gabon national team. On May 19, 2022, Patrick-Emerick Aubameyang officially announced his international retirement after 73 caps and 30 goals scored. Afridun Amu Afridun Amu was the first Afghan athlete to internationally represent Afghanistan in surfing. He participated in the International Surfing Association World Surfing Games in Biarritz, France in May 2017. Amu also won the first official Afghan surfing championship (man) in 2015 in Ericeira, Portugal. He is the reining Afghan surf champion. Amu was born in Kabul, Afghanistan on June 23, 1987. He spent his childhood in Moscow, Russia, where his father worked as a diplomate. His family moved to Germany as political refugees in 1992. He graduated in law, cultural science and design thinking. He works as an expert in Constitutional law at the Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law and is a lecturer on Design thinking at the Hasso Plattner Institute. Kven language The Kven language is a Finnic language spoken in northern Norway by the Kven people. In 2005 the language was officially given minority status in Norway. This was for political and historical reasons. The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages has rules for the signs of a minority language. Linguistically, however, it is seen as a mutually intelligible dialect of the Finnish language. Because of this it is grouped together with the Peräpohjola dialects, such as Meänkieli, spoken in Torne Valley in Sweden. Kven people Kvens (Kven language/Finnish: "kveeni", Norwegian: "kvener", Northern Sami: "kveanat") or Kven people are a Finnic ethnic minority in Norway. They are descendants from Finnish peasants and fishermen who moved from the northern parts of Finland and Sweden to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1996, the government of Norway officially said that Kvens were a minority group. In 2005, Norway officially made Kven language a minority language. Jamie Dimon James Dimon (; born March 13, 1956) is an American business executive. He is chairman, president and chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase, largest of the Big Four American banks. He served on the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Dimon was named to "Time" magazine's 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2011 lists of the world's 100 most influential people. He was also named to "Institutional Investor"s Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey from 2008 through 2011. Dimon was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2014. In March 2020, Dimon had “emergency heart surgery.” Lenke Lorán Lenke Lorán (1 May 1927 – 27 August 2017) was a Hungarian actress. She was born in Győr, Hungary. Her career began in 1935. Lorán played mostly comedies, but he also had memorable shots in more serious characters. Her best known roles were in "Nyári játék", "Entanglement", and in "7-es csatorna". Between 1945 and 1966, she was a member of the Theater of the Hungarian People's Army and the Petőfi Theater. Between 1966 and 1998, she played on the Amusement Stage. Between 1998 and 2011, she was a member of the Microscope Stage. She retired in 2014. Lorán died of heart failure on 27 August 2017 in Budapest, Hungary at the age of 90. Muzaffer İzgü Muzaffer Izgü (29 October 1933 – 26 August 2017) was a Turkish writer and teacher. He was known for his children's books and works of humour, and had authored 154 books, 98 of which were for children. He was born in Adana, Turkey. His first book, "Gecekondu", was published in 1970 by Remzi Kitabevi. This was followed by "İlyas Efendi" (1971) and "Halo Dayı" (1972). "Radical Niyazi Bey" is a 2001 collection of his stories by Milet Books, in dual Turkish and English language translation by Damian Croft. Izgü died on 26 August 2017 in İzmir, Turkey of liver cancer at the age of 83. Mireille Darc Mireille Darc (; Mireille Christiane Gabrielle Aimée Aigroz; 15 May 1938 – 28 August 2017) was a French model, director and actress. She was Alain Delon's longtime co-star and partner from 1968 to 1982. She was born in Toulon, France. Darc appeared as a lead character in Jean-Luc Godard's 1967 movie "Week End". She was also known for her role as Christine in "Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire" and "Le retour du grand blond". Darc is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Commandeur of the Ordre national du Mérite. Darc died at a Paris hospital while in a coma after suffering a stroke on 28 August 2017, aged 79. Fábio Barreto Fábio Villela Barreto Borges (June 6, 1957 – November 20, 2019) was a Brazilian movie director, actor, screenwriter, and movie producer. He was best known for directing and co-writing "Lula, o filho do Brasil", a biography based on President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's early life. Barreto slipped into a coma after being involved in a car accident in Rio de Janeiro in 2009. As of August 2014, is reported to be in a minimally conscious state. He died on November 20, 2019 after almost 10 years in a coma. Jean-Pierre Adams Jean-Pierre Adams (10 March 1948 – 6 September 2021) was a French footballer. He played as a central defender. Career. Adams started playing with RC Fontainebleau in 1967 as a striker, with whom he won the Championnat de France amateur twice. In 1970, he signed a contract with Nîmes Olympique, going on to remain in Ligue 1 for the following nine seasons, also representing in the competition OGC Nice and Paris Saint-Germain FC. In the 1971–72 campaign, Adams contributed with four goals in all 38 games to help Nîmes to a best-ever second place, also winning the Cup of the Alps. He added a career-best nine in 1973–74, for a final ninth position. On 15 June 1972, Adams made his debut for the French national team in an unofficial exhibition game against an African XI selected by the Confederation of African Football. Coma and death. On 17 March 1982, he slipped into a coma following problems caused by a knee operation in Nîmes. The surgery was to fix a torn knee tendon. He had suffered from oxygen loss in the brain after the anesthesiologist made a mistake. Adams died on 6 September 2021 at the age of 73, after being in a coma for almost 40 years. Englewood Englewood may refer to: Elaine Duke Elaine Costanzo Duke (born 1958) is an American civil servant. On January 30, 2017, she was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security under John F. Kelly. She became acting United States Secretary of Homeland Security on July 31, 2017 when John F. Kelly assumed the office of White House Chief of Staff. On February 23, 2018, she announced plans to retire from her position as Deputy Secretary in April of the same year, after serving in the federal government of the U.S. for over thirty years. Schumann resonances A Schumann resonance is a resonant frequency of a set of several Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) oscillations of the Earth's electromagnetic field between the ground and reflective regions of the ionosphere, triggered by lightning. Frank Press Frank Press (December 4, 1924 – January 29, 2020) was an American geophysicist. He was an advisor to four U.S. Presidents, and later, for two consecutive terms, was President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1981–1993). He was the author of 160 scientific papers and co-author of the textbooks "Earth" and "Understanding Earth". Press served on President's Science Advisory Committee during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and was appointed by President Richard Nixon to the National Science Board. In 1977 he was appointed President Jimmy Carter's Science Advisor and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, serving until 1981. Press died on January 29, 2020 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 95. William Robert Graham William Robert Graham (born June 15, 1937) is an American physicist. Graham was Chairman of President Reagan's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control from 1982 to 1985, a Deputy Administrator and Acting Administrator of NASA during 1985 and 1986, and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and concurrently Science Adviser to President Reagan from 1986 to 1989. He then served as an executive in national security-related companies. Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) is a department of the United States government, part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP), established by United States Congress on May 11, 1976, with a broad mandate to advise the President on the effects of science and technology on domestic and international affairs. The director of this office is also known as the President's Science Advisor. It is part of the United States Cabinet since 2021. The current acting director is Alondra Nelson since 2022. Background. Dr. John Holdren, Director, nominated in December 2008, served as Science Advisor to President Barack Obama. Holdren also co-chaired the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and supported the President's National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). President Donald Trump nominated Kelvin Droegemeier to become Director. He took office in February 2019. On January 15, 2021 President-elect Joe Biden said he promoted the office to cabinet-level. George A. Keyworth II Dr. George Albert Keyworth II (G. A. Keyworth) (November 11, 1939 – August 23, 2017) was an American physicist. He was a presidential Science Advisor (1981–1985) for President Ronald Reagan. Keyworth was a board member of Hewlett-Packard who was asked to step down in light of the controversy surrounding disclosure of sensitive information to the media. He resigned on September 13, 2006. Keyworth died at his home in Monterey, California of prostate cancer on August 23, 2017 at the age of 77. John Holdren John Paul Holdren (born March 1, 1944) is an American physicist and civil servant. Holdren was the senior advisor to President Barack Obama on science and technology issues through his roles as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) Margaret Moser Margaret Moser (May 16, 1954 – August 25, 2017), or Margaret Moser Malone, was an American journalist, music enthusiast, critic and historian, groupie and backup singer. Moser was best known for her work as the director of the Austin Music Awards (AMA) in the South by Southwest festival and for her over thirty years of music journalism and criticism. Moser also supported young artists, helping them get started and finding appropriate venues where they could play. Moser has been called the "patron saint of Austin music" by the Paramount Theatre. Moser died of colorectal cancer on August 25, 2017 at her home in San Antonio, Texas at the age of 63. Costas Simitis Konstantinos G. "Costas" Simitis (; born 23 June 1936), sometimes called Costas Simitis or Kostas Simitis (Κώστας Σημίτης), is a Greek politician. He served as Prime Minister of Greece and was leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) from 1996 to 2004. David Torrence David Torrence (November 26, 1985 – August 28, 2017) was a Peruvian-American middle-distance runner and indoor American record holder in the 1000 meters (active). He was born in Okinawa, Japan, Torrence was raised in Tarzana, California. Torrence represented Peru at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Torrence was found death at his condo in Scottsdale, Arizona on August 28, 2017 at the age of 31. Rich Piana Richard "Rich" Piana (September 26, 1971 – August 25, 2017) was an American bodybuilder. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Piana won the Mr. California title along with competitions in Los Angeles in 2003 and Sacramento in 2009. His admission in 2016 that he used anabolic steroids as part of his regimen was controversial. Piana often appeared in commercials and television series such as "Scrubs" and "Ripley's Believe It or Not". Piana died at age 45 on August 25, 2017 in Florida, after spending two weeks in an induced coma following a possible overdose. Senarath Attanayake Attanayake Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Senarath Bandara Attanayake (5 August 1966 – 28 August 2017) known as "Senarath Attanayake" was a Sri Lankan politician and lawyer. He was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Attanayake was a recipient of the 2016 Henry Viscardi Achievement Award. He is currently a member of the Uva Provincial Council, Sri Lanka and was the Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation, Livestock, Land and Forestry of the Uva Provincial Council from 2000–2005 as well as the acting Chief Minister for a brief period during this tenure. Attanayake was a known disabled rights activist because he was paralyzed due to ALS. Attanayake died on 28 August 2017 at a private hospital of ALS-relate complications in Colombo at the age 51. Killing Reagan (movie) Killing Reagan is a 2016 American television drama movie. It was directed by Rod Lurie. It was written by Eric Simonson. It was produced by Ridley Scott. It is based on the 2015 book of the same name by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard. The movie stars Tim Matheson, Cynthia Nixon, Joe Chrest, Geoff Pierson, Joel Murray, Jeff Harlan, Patrick St. Esprit, Kyle S. More and Michael H. Cole. The movie is about the months before and after the assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan. The movie premiered on October 16, 2016, on the National Geographic Channel. "Killing Reagan" received three Critics' Choice Television Award nominations in its seventh annual awards. Guthrum Guthrum or Guðrum (died c. 890 AD), christened Æthelstan when he converted to Christianity in 878 AD, was King of the Danish Vikings in the Danelaw, the part of England ruled by the Danes. He is mainly known for his conflict with Alfred the Great. Śruti (scripture) Śruti (Devanagari श्रुति, "what is heard") are the collection of vedic literature in Hinduism. Śruti is a canon of Hindu sacred texts. They do not date to a particular period, but rather stretch across the entire history of Hinduism, beginning with the some of the earliest known Hindu texts, spanning into the modern period with the Upanishads. Śruti has no author; rather, it is divine recording of the "cosmic sounds of truth", heard by rishi. They are timeless teachings transmitted to rishis, or seers, directly by God thousands of years ago. Sruti is thus said to be apaurusheya, "impersonal," or rather "suprahuman." Śruti consists essentially of the Vedas and the agama, preserved initially through oral tradition and eventually written down in Sanskrit. Among the many sacred books of the Hindus, these two bodies of knowledge are held in the highest esteem. For countless centuries Śruti has been the basis of philosophical discussion, study and commentary, and this attention has given rise to countless schools of thought. It is also the subject of deep study and meditation, to realize the wisdom of the ancients within oneself. Most mantras are drawn from Śruti, used for rites of worship, both public and domestic, as well as personal prayer and japa. It is a remarkable tribute to Hindu culture that so much of Śruti was preserved for thousands of years without alteration by means of oral instruction from guru to shishya, generation after generation. In the Veda tradition this was accomplished by requiring the student to learn each verse in eleven different ways, including backwards. Traditionally Śruti is not read, but chanted according to extremely precise rules of grammar, pitch, intonation and rhythm. This brings forth its greatest power. In the sacred language of Śruti, word and meaning are so closely aligned that hearing these holy scriptures properly chanted is magical in its effect upon the soul of the listener. Used to Love You "Used to Love You" is a song recorded by American singer Gwen Stefani for her third studio album, "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" (2016). It was written by Stefani, Justin Tranter, Julia Michaels, Jonathan "J.R." Rotem and Teal Douville, and produced by Rotem. Credits and personnel. Recorded at Westlake Studios, Los Angeles, California Credits adapted from the liner notes of "This Is What the Truth Feels Like". Friderico-Francisceum The Friderico-Francisceum is a secondary school (“gymnasium”). It is in Bad Doberan, a town in Germany. The short name of the school is FFG. Students from grade 7 to grade 12 go to the school. History. The school was founded in 1879. Its name is "Friderico-Francisceum", because the founder was named Frederick Francis II. He was the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Only boys went to the school until 1927. From 1947 to 1991 (during GDR times) the school was named “Goethe School”. Birgit Hacker is the head teacher of the school since 2011. Building. The main building of the school was built in 1889. The architect of the building was Gotthilf Ludwig Möckel. A new school building behind the old one opened in 2001. It was needed, because the number of students got bigger. Dmitri Kogan Dmitri Pavlovich Kogan (, October 27, 1978 – August 29, 2017) was a Russian violinist and an Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation. He was born in Moscow. He began playing the violin at the age of 6 in the Central Music School of Moscow State P.I. Tchaikovsky Conservatory. Kogan has been a participant of world festivals of high prestige such as the Corinthian Summer Festival (Austria), Menton Music Festival (France), Montreux Jazz Festival (Switzerland), Perth Festival (Scotland), and music festivals in Athens, Vilnius, Shanghai, Ogden and Helsinki. He has also participated in the Chereshnevy Les Open-Art Festival, Russian Winter (Russkaya Zima) Festival, Music Kremlin Festival, Andrey Sakharov International Art Festival and many others. In September 2014 the maestro was an Artistic Director of the First Arctic Classical Music Fest in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In September 2014 he was appointed as the Counsellor for Cultural Affairs to the Governor of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Kogan died in Moscow on August 29, 2017 of lymphoma at the age of 38. Natasha Yarovenko Natalia "Natasha" Yarovenko (; born 23 July 1979) is a Ukrainian actress and model. She was born in Odessa, Ukraine. In 2011 Yarovenko won two awards for the Best New Actress for her role in the movie "Room in Rome", one at the Turia Awards and the other at the 25th Goya Awards. Peerage of France The Peerage of France () the exclusive prestigious title and position of Peer of France was held by the greatest, highest-ranking members of the French nobility, was a hereditary distinction within the French nobility which appeared in 1180 in the Middle Ages, and only a small number of noble individuals were peers. The title of 'Peer of France' was an extraordinary honour granted only to a small number of princes, dukes, counts of the Roman Catholic Church. French peerage thus differed from British peerage (to whom the term "baronage", also employed as the title of the lowest noble rank, was applied in its generic sense), for the vast majority of French nobles, from baron to duke, were not peers. It was analogous to the rank of Grandee of Spain in this respect. It was abolished in 1789 during the French Revolution. List of breakout characters A breakout character is a character in serial fiction other than the one who was supposed to be the main character who becomes a more well-known, more well-liked, more talked about, more popular and/or more imitated individual. The series from which the breakout character comes may be in the form of a novel, magazine, television series, comic strip, game or combination. Ununennium Ununennium, or element 119, is a predicted chemical element. Its symbol is Uue. Ununennium and Uue are substitute names made by the IUPAC, (meaning "one-one-nine-ium" in Latin) until permanent names are made. Ununennium is the element with the smallest atomic number that has not been created yet. Qualities of Ununennium are unknown, but many are predicted. It is predicted all isotopes will be radioactive. It is thought to be an alkali metal. Many attempts have been made by American, German, and Russian teams to make ununennium but all have failed. Japanese and Russian teams plan to work on it in 2019 and 2020. Predicted chemistry. Ununennium's spot on the periodic table is a sign that it may be similar to lighter elements such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium; however, some of its properties may be different from what is expected. For example, ununennium might be less reactive than caesium and francium and will behave more like potassium or rubidium. Uses. As of 2022, it has yet to be created and therefore has no use. Bill Skarsgård Bill Istvan Günther Skarsgård (born 9 August 1990) is a Swedish actor. He is known for his roles in "Simple Simon", "", the TV series "Hemlock Grove" and for his role as the title character in "It: Chapter One" (2017) and "It: Chapter Two" (2019). Early life. Skarsgård was born on 9 August 1990 in Vällingby, Sweden. He is the son of actor Stellan Skarsgård and his first wife, My Sonja Marie Agnes. "It". In June 2016, Skarsgård was cast as popular horror villain Pennywise the Dancing Clown in the 2017 movie "It" after another actor, Will Poulter, dropped out due to other projects. He is also the role in the sequel "It – Chapter Two". Family. Skarsgård has seven brothers and sisters: Alexander, Gustaf, Sam, Valter, Ossian, Kolbjörn, and Eija. Three of these, Alexander, Gustaf, and Valter, are actors. Ossian and Kolbjörn are half-brothers from a later marriage between Stellan Skarsgård and Megan Everett. Geoff Pierson Geoffrey "Geoff" Pierson (born June 16, 1949) is an American actor. He is known for his role on The WB series "Unhappily Ever After" as Jack Malloy. He is also known for his roles on "Ryan's Hope" and "Dexter" and as James Baker in the 2016 television movie "Killing Reagan". In 2005 and 2006 he appeared in two episodes of "Veronica Mars" as Stewart Manning, the father of Meg Manning. Pierson married Cali Timmins in 1997. Hello Internet Hello Internet is a podcast made by YouTube content creators CGP Grey and Brady Haran. It was started in January of 2014 and currently has 136 episodes, two bonus episodes, one episode which was released only as a vinyl record and one as a wax cylinder. Grey said that the podcast had 600,000 to 900,000 downloads per episode in August of 2017. The podcast features discussions having to do with their lives as professional creators for YouTube, the content of their most recent videos as well as their interests and annoyances. Typical topics include how to behave on the internet, movie and TV show reviews, plane accidents, flags, future studies, Apple devices, and the differences between Grey's and Haran's personalities and lifestyles. Listeners can talk about the podcast in CGP Grey's subreddit, the Hello Internet subreddit, or Twitter, where the hosts are often active. Usually, each episode usually starts with feedback from listeners. The podcast has an official flag called the "Nail & Gear" which was decided by postal referendum. SModcast SModcast is a weekly podcast featuring filmmaker Kevin Smith and his long-time producing partner Scott Mosier, although guests are occasionally featured. Released each Sunday night/Monday morning, the episodes are generally one hour in length and feature Smith and Mosier discussing current events and other non-sequitur topics. The name was derived from taking the first letters of "Smith" and "Mosier" and replacing the "P" in "podcast". The podcast was originally distributed through Smith's entertainment website Quick Stop Entertainment. New episodes were made available for download each Sunday night or Monday morning, and are then released through the RSS feed the following Friday in order to ease bandwidth strains on the Quickstop Entertainment. On January 1, 2010, the host site was sold, the SModcasts were removed and a dedicated site was started. In addition, the one-week delay for iTunes subscribers was dropped starting with SModcast 101. In September 2009, a book of Smith's favorite SModcasts called "Shootin' the Sh*t with Kevin Smith" was released. "SModcast" guests. While the show is primarily hosted by Smith and Mosier, there have been several occasions when Mosier was unable to record, and his place was filled by one or more guests, though sometimes guests appear with Smith and Mosier. Awards and recognition. The podcast has been nominated for several awards, and has gained a great deal of recognition from various sources. In 2007, the podcast was named one of the best new podcasts by iTunes. In 2010, several of the podcasts were placed upon iTunes' Best Podcasts of 2010 list which included: "Jay & Silent Bob Get Old", "Tell 'Em Steve-Dave!", "Hollywood Babble-On", and "Highlands: A Peephole History". The Memory Palace The Memory Palace is a monthly historical podcast hosted by Nate DiMeo. The program features interesting historical narratives concerning such subjects as the Cardiff Giant and the CIA project Acoustic Kitty. It is currently distributed online by Radiotopia. History. In 2009, Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art commissioned a version of the episode "A Brief Eulogy for a Consumer Electronics Product" for its "Rewind Remix Replay" exhibit. In July 2011, design podcast "99% Invisible" commissioned the episode "A Stretch". In August 2011, "Slate" commissioned a series of "Civil War Stories" in conjunction with their "Slate Daily Podcast". In July 2012, Maximum Fun began supporting "The Memory Palace". The two parted ways in early 2015. The podcast joined Radiotopia in June 2015. Reception. "99% Invisible"'s Roman Mars described "The Memory Palace" as "sometimes heartbreaking, sometimes hysterical, and often a wonderful mix of both." "The A.V. Club" called "The Memory Palace" a "brisk and sadly infrequent podcast" whose episodes feature "a kind of precious, deadpan delivery similar to "This American Life", but more humorous, backed by a surprisingly evocative and effective musical score." "Boing Boing"'s David Pescovitz called "The Memory Palace" "terrific," "excellent," and "one of my favorite podcasts." While guest blogging for "Boing Boing", Douglas Rushkoff described "The Memory Palace" as "highly textured historical narratives about stuff we might not know or remember." "Boing Boing"'s Mark Frauenfelder called "The Memory Palace" one of his "favorite podcasts of 2012" comparing it to Paul Harvey's radio program "The Rest of the Story". Layal Abboud Layal Mounir Abboud (:; born on May 15, 1982) is a Lebanese pop-folk singer, sound-lyric poet, concert dancer, fit model, Muslim humanitarian and businesswoman. She wa born to a musical family in the Southern Lebanese Tyrian village of Kniseh. Abboud is a former ISF officer and studied English literature at Lebanese University. then, she stutied translation at Beirut Arab University and musical expression at the American University of Science and Technology. She appeared for the first time in the Studio El-Fan series debuts as a South Lebanese competitor from 2001 to 2002. Abboud's musical career got popular with the release of her first album "Fi Shouq" (: on longing) published in late 2007. She sings in different Arabic dialects. Abboud is a singer member in the Syndicate of Professional Artists in Lebanon. Personal history. Early life and education. Layal Abboud was born into a large Shia Muslim family on May 15, 1982 in the southern village of Kanisah in Lebanon's Tyre District. Abboud's father and mother, named Mounir and Maryam, had three brothers and six sisters between them. As a child, Abboud started singing and dancing and was a fan of Egyptian pop singer Amr Diab. Starting at age 14, she worked as a private tutor. Abboud studied English literature at the Lebanese University and translation in Beirut Arab University. She graduated from university with a master's degree. She went on to study music at the Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of music for two years. Abboud served as an officer for the Lebanese Police Force, where she worked security for two years in the Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport's Inspection Department. Musical career. Abboud went on to study music under Richard Najm. In 2006 She became a multi-instrumentalist skilled in the oud, organ and guitar. Abboud appeared on TV for the first time on the hit show "Studio El-Fan" as a 2001–02 competitor. Her first album, "Fi Shouq" (: "On Longing") was released in late 2007. In an interview with Egyptian media about her good favor to music, Abboud has stated, "Music is my life!" Her inspirations (or creativity) include Ammar El Sherei, Baligh Hamdi and Sabah whom Abboud called the "ideal of my art career." In July 2014 Abboud also said that she is "very much drawn to French musicians, possibly because I’m a bit of a hopeless romantic." Business and fashion. In 2014 Abboud called Akel Fakih "the mastermind" behind the way she dresses in her professional, social, and daily life. In 2015 Akel Fakih said he works with Layal Abboud "in a very characteristic and upmarket way, going on to say that, "there is a chemistry that brings me together in fashion. She trusts my opinion and tastes, and this is one of the reasons why Layal chose me in her concerts." Abboud has explained details on her fashion team, saying, "Elie Samaan does my hair and makeup; my stylist is Serene Assaad, and my photographer is Hussein Salman." Abboud is founder of Amman-based wedding planning company Loulou Secret. She also runs Layal Productions for her music. Media issues. Sometimes she is called a seduction (or charming) artist and femme fatale by critics like Al Akhbar. Abboud appeared on the program "Bala Teshfir" on the "Al Jadeed" network in 2015, and stated, "Being bold is not seduction". She believes there is a bias against her and said, "I am a normal artist and contemporary with fashion." In 2016 counterfeit images were published attributed to Abboud's likeness. She appointed attorney Haitham Tarshishi to file a lawsuit against "all those involved in the forgery of a picture attributed to her through social media sites, accompanied by words beyond the limits of fitness." In August 2016, the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation reported that a suspect had been arrested. In April 2017 as a guest on the satirical program "La-hon Wa-bas" hosted by Hicham Haddad, Abboud condemned an issue of "Nadine Magazine" for its depiction of her chest and face shape with the words, "Bigger than this chest" emblazoned on its cover. She accused the magazine of trying to increase readership by dumbing down and oversimplifying its content. Personal life. Abboud cares about her physical health and elegance. In June 2017 she publicly confirmed that she had undergone rhinoplasty, but that the rest of her features were not the result of plastic surgery. She said, "The secret of my beauty is sport". She is a supporter for a public smoking ban for Lebanon, saying, "Smoking and non-smoking areas must be allocated". She has been had an interest in sport and horseback riding since childhood. Abboud has four horses. She keeps in the village of Tanbourit in Lebanon's Sidon District. Their names are Rim, Loulou, Khaybar (named after Khaibar-1 ) and Layal (named after her given name). Abboud is a practicing Muslim. She fasts and abstains from performing during Ramadan, and holds the pre-dawn and post-sunset meals of suhur and Iftar with her family. Marriage and family. Abboud married and gave birth to her only son, Jad, in 2004. She eventually divorced her husband. She later described the marriage as "very formal," and added, "My early marriage was the result of a love story. I am a romantic and dreamy woman." In June, 2017 she said, "By respect among us, we divorced and I chose my career in art." Institut Mines-Télécom Institut Mines-Télécom is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France). Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees : Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at IMT. Research labs. Research activities at Institut Mines-Télécom relate to the following topics: Arrondissements of the Drôme department There are 3 arrondissements in the Drôme department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes. The arrondissements of Drôme are: History. Since its creation, the Drôme department has had few changes: David Tang Sir David Wing-cheung Tang, (; 2 August 1954 – 29 August 2017), was a Hong Kong businessman. He was best known for founding the Shanghai Tang fashion chain in 1994, which he sold in 1998 to Richemont. Tang's grandfather, Tang Shiu Kin, "founded the Kowloon bus company and became one of Hong Kong's greatest philanthropists". Tang died on 29 August 2017 of liver cancer at a London hospital at the age of 63. Louise Hay Louise Lynn Hay (October 8, 1926 – August 30, 2017) was an American motivational author and the founder of Hay House. She authored several New Thought self-help books, including the 1984 book, "You Can Heal Your Life". She was born in Los Angeles, California. Hay died in Los Angeles of natural causes on August 30, 2017 at the age of 90. Abdul Jabbar (singer) Mohammed Abdul Jabbar (10 November 1938 – 30 August 2017) was a Bangladeshi singer. "Tumi Ki Dekhechho Kobhu Jiboner Porajoy", "Salam Salam Hazar Salam" and "Joy Bangla, Banglar Joy" were the three of his songs made to the top 20 all-time Bangla songs in 2006 survey by the BBC Bangla. Jabbar was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1980 and Independence Day Award in 1996 by the Government of Bangladesh. Jabbar died of cardiac arrest in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 30 August 2017 at the age of 78. Károly Makk Károly Makk (December 22, 1925 – August 30, 2017) was a Hungarian movie director and screenwriter. Five of his movies have been nominated for the "Palme d'Or" at the Cannes Film Festival without success; however, he has won less awards at Cannes and elsewhere. He was born in Berettyóújfalu, Hungary. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1980, he was a member of the jury at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival. His 2003 film "A Long Weekend in Pest and Buda" was entered into the 25th Moscow International Film Festival. From 27 September 2011 until his death, he served as the President of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts. Makk died on August 30, 2017 in Budapest of a heart attack at the age of 91. Rollie Massimino Roland Vincent "Rollie" Massimino (November 13, 1934 – August 30, 2017) was an American basketball coach and player. He was born in Hillside, New Jersey. Massimino was the head men's basketball coach at Keiser University in West Palm Beach, Florida, a position he had held since 2014, and at Northwood University from 2004 to 2014. Massimino previously served as the head men's basketball coach at Stony Brook University (1969–1971), Villanova University (1973–1992), the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (1992–1994), and Cleveland State University (1996–2003). At Villanova, he led his 1984–85 team to the NCAA Championship. Entering the 1985 NCAA Tournament as an eighth seed, Villanova defeated their heavily favored Big East Conference foe, the Georgetown Hoyas, who had Patrick Ewing, in the National Championship Game. The upset is widely regarded as one of the greatest in North American sports history. Massimino died on August 30, 2017 of lung cancer in West Palm Beach, Florida at the age of 82. Sumiteru Taniguchi was a Japanese postman and anti-nuclear activist. He was known for being a survivor of the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan. He was a well known activist for a treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons. He was chairman of the Nagasaki Council of A-Bomb Sufferers. Taniguchi died of lung and skin cancer on August 30, 2017 in Nagasaki at the age of 88. Sunao Tsuboi was a Japanese anti-nuclear and anti-war activist. He was a survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. He was the co-chair of Nihon Hidankyo, a Japan-wide organisation of atomic and hydrogen bomb sufferers. In 2011 he was awarded the Kiyoshi Tanimoto peace prize. Tsuboi died on October 24, 2021 in Hiroshima at the age of 96. Lilia Dale Lilia Dale (born 18 July 1919) is a retired Italian movie and stage actress. Her career began in 1937 and she retired in 1940. She was born in Pola, Istria, Italy. Dale's movie list includes "Il signor Max" (1937), "Nonna Felicità" (1938), "Mad Animals" (1939), "Who Are You?" (1939), "Red Tavern" (1940) and in "Manon Lescaut" (1940). Clyde and Willis (characters) Clyde and Willis, created by Andrew Hendrich Wilson, are the title characters of the American-British-Chinese comedy television show The Clyde and Willis Show. The creator of the show, Andrew Wilson thought of the idea while he was drawing two stick-mans in his early years. He then thought of an idea about making the two stick-mans into a comic. He then animates the comic to the two characters we know to this very day. They first appeared in the 2015 missing pilot episode "Clyde and Willis".o Clyde Harrison. Clyde Arthur "Claude" Harrison, is a "Psychopathic", stupid and a sometimes whimsical Britain character that moved to America from England with his best friend, Willis Hennig. He is sometimes a violently psychopath who always freaks out and smash things when he is angry and he has a disorder. Clyde and his best friend Willis live in the same house and together they are roommates, or "ROOMIES" they call it. Clyde is sometimes also a jerk to his friends and will be a total punk sometimes. He is mostly related to the 90s adult-kids cartoon character Ren Hoek from the 1990s cartoon series, The Ren and Stimpy Show. They both are psychopaths and sometimes will insanely happy. Willis Hennig. Willis Thompson "William" Hennig, unlike Clyde, he is a much more intelligent, smart, and crazy person. He and Clyde are the best friends in the show. He would be crazy and loud sometimes like Clyde. He sometimes would also be a complete idiot. He is related to the 90s adult-kids cartoon character Stimpson "Stimpy" J. Cat from the 1990s cartoon series, The Ren and Stimpy Show. He is sometimes smarter and sometimes an idiot. His friend, Clyde, described him as a "idiot of intelligence". He always hates it when his friend Clyde says his catchphrase: "LOOK OVER THERE". He has two brothers and a sister. His brothers, Sammy and Johnny would sometimes annoy Willis at the same time, and Willis wish they didn't exist in his world. Janine Charrat Janine Charrat (24 July 1924 – 29 August 2017) was a French dancer and choreographer. She was born in Grenoble, France. She appeared in "Ballerina" at the age of 12, and went on to choreograph over 50 ballets. She was an officer of the Legion of Honour. Charrat died on 29 August 2017 in Paris at the age of 93. Janne Carlsson Janne "Loffe" Carlsson (12 March 1937 – 31 August 2017), sometimes credited as Janne Carlsson, Jan Carlsson or Janne Karlsson, was a Swedish movie and television actor. He was also a skilled drummer, featured on several albums in Swedish 1970s and 1980s music. He was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Carlsson was the 'Karlsson' of the Swedish jazz fusion/psychedelic rock duo Hansson & Karlsson that were active in the late 1960s. Carlsson was known for his roles in "Blushing Charlie" (1970), "Exponerad" (1971), "Repmånad" (1979) and in "Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen?" (1981). Carlsson died on 31 August 2017 of liver cancer in Kristianstad, Sweden at the age of 80. Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy I Soter (; , ; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a general in the Greek army of Alexander the Great who was the king and pharaoh of ancient Egypt from 305/304 BC until he died. He was the first king of Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Ptolemy made Alexandria the capital city of Egypt. (The old capital was Memphis.) Ptolemy's children were the next kings of the Ptolemaic dynasty. This dynasty (line of rulers) controlled Egypt until the beginning of the Roman Empire. Pougny Pougny is the name of two communes in France. Pougny, Nièvre Pougny is a commune. It is in the Nièvre department of central France. Sigy Sigy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region of north-central France. St. Marys, Pennsylvania St. Marys is a city in Pennsylvania in the United States. According to the US 2010 census, 13,070 people lived there. Guewenheim Guewenheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Almere City FC Almere City FC is a Dutch football club. The club was founded on September 14 2001, which has paid football since 2005. The Almeerse association was part of the Omniworld sports club. Until the 2009/2010 season, the club played under the name FC Omniworld. Blood draw Blood draw is when blood gets taken from a vein using a hypodermic needle. It is stored in special blood bottles. These bottles are called "vacutainers". There is usually a liquid or mist in the bottle that moves blood inside it. John Clark (actor) Ivan John Clark (born 1 November 1932) is an English actor, director, producer and playwright. He was born in London. Clark is probably best known for his role as Just William in theatre and radio in the late 1940s and as the former husband of actress Lynn Redgrave, to whom he was married for 33 years. However, he is best known as a stage actor and director after moving to the United States in 1960, and became known for his theatrical directorship of plays featuring Redgrave in the 1970s such as "A Better Place" at Dublin's Gate Theatre (1973), "The Two of Us" (1975), "Saint Joan" (1977–78), and a tour of "California Suite" (1976). In 1981, he co-directed the CBS television series "House Calls", which Redgrave starred in alongside Wayne Rogers. Marjorie Boulton Marjorie Boulton (7 May 1924 – 30 August 2017) was a British author and poet writing in both English and Esperanto. Boulton taught English literature in teacher training and (from 1962 to 1970) as a college principal for 24 years before turning to full-time research and writing. She is a well-known writer in Esperanto. Boulton in her later years was president of two Esperanto organisations, Kat-amikaro and ODES. Deaths in September 2017 The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2017. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable. Mike Cockerill Michael Cockerill (20 November 1960 – 31 August 2017) was an Australian football (soccer) journalist. He was born in Adelaide, Australia. Cockerill wrote for Fairfax newspapers, Fox Sports and formerly C7 Sport. He was also a football pundit and match commentator and appeared regularly on the football show Fox Sports FC. In 2011, he was inducted into the Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame. Cockerill died of pancreatic cancer in Adelaide on 31 August 2017 at the age of 56. Egon Günther Egon Günther (30 March 1927 – 31 August 2017) was a German movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany. His movie "Lotte in Weimar" was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival. In 1985, his movie "Morenga" was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 35th Berlin International Film Festival. He was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. Günther died in Potsdam, Germany on 31 August 2017 at the age of 90. Melissa Bell (singer) Melissa Cecelia Ewen Bell (5 March 1964 – 28 August 2017) was an English singer. From 1993 to 1996, Bell was one of the lead singers of British R&B act Soul II Soul, with whom she released a single titled "Wish". She also created her own band called Soul Explosion, which started in 1999. She also worked with Liza Minnelli, Whitney Houston, and Stevie Wonder. Early life. A native of London, Bell was of African, and East Indian descent through her Jamaican-born parents. She was a graduate of Southwark College in London Borough of Southwark. She later began working in customer service for Marks and Spencer from 1982 until 1991. Career. In 1987, she featured on Bobby E and the Midi City Crew's single "Walk on the Wild Side". In 1991, she appeared on the song "The Dancer" from the Bingoboys' album "The Best of Bingoboys". She released her debut single "Reconsider" in 1992, which received major radio play. In the same year, she released another single titled "Crystal Clear". In 1993, Bell joined British musical group Soul II Soul after Jazzie B heard her single "Reconsider" and asked her to join the group. She recorded a single called "Wish", which was released on their greatest hits album "Volume IV The Classic Singles 88–93" in 1993. The single peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The success of the song invited her to perform the song on "Top of the Pops". She continued to record and tour with the group as one of their featured singers. In 1995, she performed lead vocals on the song "Be a Man" on their fourth studio album "Volume V: Believe". In 1996, she left the group to continue her solo career. In 1997, Bell released four singles "Rumbled Sex", "Surrender", "Mixed Up", and "Nothing Gonna Stop Me Now"; which featured Potential Bad Boy. In 1999, she formed a new soul band called Soul Explosion. In 2000, she released two singles "Into My World" and "Love's in Need of Love Today" with a group called Dazz. In 2002, she released another single "(No More) Searching". In June 2010, she released her autobiography "Heart and Soul: The Emotional Autobiography of Melissa Bell". Personal life. Bell was the mother of four children including singer Alexandra Burke. She suffered from diabetes, a condition which ran in her family. She also suffered kidney failure, and struggled to attend her daughter's live performances during her time on "The X Factor". On 29 August 2017, her daughter announced the death of the singer. Weilheim an der Teck Weilheim an der Teck () is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southeast of Kirchheim unter Teck, and southwest of Göppingen. Weil der Stadt Weil der Stadt is a small town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2015, 18,652 people lived there. Cormac Murphy-O'Connor Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (24 August 1932 – 1 September 2017) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Westminster and President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. He submitted his resignation as archbishop on reaching his 75th birthday in 2007; Pope Benedict XVI accepted it on 3 April 2009. Murphy-O'Connor was born in Reading, Berkshire, England. He studied at Presentation College, Reading and at Pontifical Gregorian University. Murphy-O'Connor died on 1 September 2017 in London of bladder cancer at the age of 85. Erna Schneider Hoover Dr. Erna Schneider Hoover (born June 19, 1926) is an American mathematician from Irvington, New Jersey. She is known for inventing a computerized telephone switching method which "revolutionized modern communication" according to several reports.This architecture used "stored program control" to achieve an unprecedented level of flexibility. Hoover was awarded one of the first patents issued for software. It gave priority to processes concerned with the input and output of the switch over processes that were less important such as record keeping and billing. This provided more robust service to callers during peak calling times. Some of her work was done while she was recuperating from the birth of her second daughter in the hospital and at home. Hoover received a B.A. from Wellesley College in classical and medieval philosophy and history in 1948. After graduating with honors in 1948, she was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, an honor society of liberal arts and sciences, and was honored as a Durant Scholar. She obtained a Ph.D. from Yale University in philosophy and foundations of mathematics in 1951. She was a professor in Swarthmore College from 1951 to 1954. Upon marrying her husband, Hoover found it difficult to secure a tenure track position, so she joined Bell Labs. Later, she worked on the development of the Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Missile System and subsequently became the first woman to head a technical department in 1978. She spent the next decade working on software applications with a particular focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and IMS-IBM/Unix based system communications. In 1987, after three decades of dedication to improving telecommunications as we know it, Dr. Hoover retired. Dr. Hoover was keen on publicizing the importance of K-12 education, focusing on the lack of female representation in STEM. She created one of the first conferences for the Expanding Your Horizons program in association with the American Association of the University of Women and Girl Scouts of America. She continued with a fervent focus on education as she joined the New Jersey Board of Higher Education in 1983 and has served as a chairperson of the Trenton State College Board of Trustees since 1980. Hoover was described as an important pioneer for women in the field of computer technology. Irvington, New Jersey Irvington is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a total population of 53,926, having declined by 6,769 (−11.2%) from the 60,695 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 323 (−0.5%) from the 61,018 counted in the 1990 Census. Helli Stehle Helene Louise "Helli" Stehle (6 December 1907 – 27 August 2017) was a Swiss actress and radio presenter. Stehle was born on 6 December 1907 in Basel, Switzerland. She began working in radio in the 1920s. In 1939, she became Switzerland's first female newscaster. She was also an actress. Her most notable movie was "De Tod uf em Oepfelbaum" from 1966. She turned 100 in December 2007. When she died at the age of 109, she was one of the oldest living people in Switzerland. James Drury James Child Drury Jr. (April 18, 1934 – April 6, 2020) was an American actor and businessman. He is best known for his success in playing the title role in the 90-minute weekly Western television series "The Virginian", broadcast on NBC from 1962–1971. Drury was born in New York City, New York. He was raised in Oregon. In 1979, he married Carl Ann Head Drury. He had two children. Drury died from natural causes on April 6, 2020 in Houston, at age 85. Guarda, Switzerland Guarda was a municipality of the district Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Guarda, Ardez, Ftan, Sent and Tarasp merged into the municipality of Scuol. Yens Yens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Vaugondry Vaugondry was a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the municipalities of Fontanezier, Romairon, Vaugondry and Villars-Burquin joined together to become the new municipality of Tévenon. Walliswil Walliswil can mean: Gundolsheim Gundolsheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Gunsbach Gunsbach is a village and commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Habsheim Habsheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hagenbach, Haut-Rhin Hagenbach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hagenthal-le-Bas Hagenthal-le-Bas is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Vaux-sur-Morges Vaux-sur-Morges is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is found in the district of Morges. Kenton, Ohio Kenton is a city in Ohio, United States. It is the county seat of Hardin County. Scream (roller coaster) Scream (also known as Scream!) is a roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain. It is a floorless-type roller coaster. Monfero Monfero is a municipality found in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia in Spain. Hato Hasbún Franzi Hato Hasbún Barake (1946 – 30 August 2017) was a Salvadoran politician, sociologist and educator. He was born in San Salvador. He served as Minister of Education from 2012 until his death in 2017. He was a close advisor to former President of El Salvador Mauricio Funes. Hasbún died in San Salvador of a heart attack on 30 August 2017 at the age of 72. Motorcycle taxi A motorcycle taxi are a form of transport in some countries. The motorcycle taxi carries one passenger, who sits behind the motorcycle driver. In some countries two passengers will sit behind the driver. June 29, 2012 derecho The June 2012 derecho was a natural disaster in the United States that occurred on June 29, 2012. A line of thunderstorms formed in the Midwest in the afternoon and tracked across the Ohio Valley and the Mid-Atlantic states. 28 people were killed and thousands were left without power for days due to a heatwave in the area. Arrondissement of Die The arrondissement of Die is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Drôme "département" in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Die. History. When the Drôme department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Die was part of that original department. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Die is in the center west of the department, with an area of . It has 42,955 inhabitants, the "arrondissement" with fewest people living in it, and a population density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Die is bordered to the north and west by the "arrondissement" of Valence, to the northeast by the Isère department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Nyons. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". There are 5 cantons in the arrondissement of Die: they are: Communes. The "arrondissement" of Die has 113 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: Filippo Maria Pandolfi Filippo Maria Pandolfi (born 1 November 1927) is a former Italian politician, minister, and European commissioner. He was born in Bergamo, Italy. Pandolfi was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He was elected to the Italian parliament in 1968, heading the list in electoral district of Brescia–Bergamo in 1976, 1979, 1983, and 1987. Pandolfi was finance undersecretary in the Aldo Moro government from 1974 to 1976. In 1976 he became Minister of Finance, in 1978 Minister of the Treasury, then from 1980 to 1983 Minister for Industry and Trade, and finally from 1983 to 1988 Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. From 6 January 1989 to 5 January 1993 he was the European Commissioner in the Delors Commission, having portfolio for Research and Development. Martin Bangemann Martin Bangemann (15 November 1934 – 28 June 2022) was a German politician. He was leader of the FDP (1985–1988). Bangemann was the German Federal Minister of Economics from 1984 to 1988. In 1988, Bangemann joined the European Commission. He was Commissioner for the internal market and industrial affairs in the Delors Commission from 1989 to 1995. He was then Commissioner for Industrial affairs, Information & Telecommunications Technologies in the Santer Commission from 1995 to 1999. Bangeman studied law in Tübingen and Munich, earned a Dr. jur. (equivalent to J.S.D.) in 1962, and qualified as an attorney in 1964. Bangemann died on 28 June 2022 in Deux-Sèvres, France from a heart attack at aged 87. Gloria Whelan Gloria Whelan (born November 23, 1923) is an American poet, short story writer, and novelist. She is known for children's and young adult fiction. Her book "Homeless Bird" won the National Book Award for Young People's Fiction in 2000. Early life. Whelan was born in Detroit, Michigan. She studied at the University of Michigan. In 1948, she married Joseph Whelan. Writings. Whelan's books include many historical fiction novels, including a trilogy set on Mackinac Island and a quartet series set in communist Russia. Whelan is also the author of short stories which have appeared in "The Ontario Review, The Virginia Quarterly Review, The Gettysburg Review", and other literary quarterlies. Her collection of short stories, "Playing with Shadows", was published by the Illinois Press. Her stories have appeared in several anthologies and in "Prize Stories: the O. Henry Awards". Whelan is, according to Liz Rosenberg in the "Chicago Tribune", "an accomplished, graceful, and intelligent writer." Awards. Whelan won the annual National Book Award for Young People's Literature in 2000 for the novel "Homeless Bird". She also won the 2013 Tuscany Prize for Catholic Fiction with her short story "What World Is This?" and the work became the title for the independent publisher's 2013 collection of short stories. Denny Crum Denzel Edwin "Denny" Crum (born March 2, 1937) is an American men's college basketball coach at the University of Louisville in Kentucky from 1971 to 2001 with a 675–295 record. Crum guided the Cardinals to two NCAA championships (1980, 1986) and six Final Fours. Honored in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame since 1994, Crum is one of the major figures in the history of sports in Kentucky and in college basketball in general. Crum was born in San Fernando, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. Sam Pivnik Szmuel "Sam" Pivnik (1 September 1926 – 30 August 2017) was a Polish Holocaust survivor, author and memoirist. He was the second son of Lajb Pivnik, a tailor, and Feigel Pivnik. He was born in Będzin, Poland. Pivnik was registered in Auschwitz and tattooed with prisoner number 135913. On 27 December 1943, Pivnik was admitted to the prisoner infirmary in the Quarantine area KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau, B IIa, Block 9, with suspected typhus. On 19 January 1945 the camp at Fürstengrube was evacuated in the face of the advancing Red Army and prisoners who were fit enough to move were, initially, marched to a railhead at Gleiwitz. Pivnik spent the next three months on construction work before he – together with approximately 200 other former Fürstengrube prisoners – were evacuated by barge along the River Elbe to Holstein in northern Germany. Pivnik was liberated by the British Army in Neustadt on 4 May 1945. His memoir "Survivor – Auschwitz, The Death March and My Fight for Freedom" was published on 30 August 2012. Pivnik died in London on 30 August 2017, two days before his 91st birthday of pneumonia-related complications. Marion Marshall Marion Marshall (born Marian Lepriel Tanner; June 8, 1929 – September 24, 2018) was an American actress. From 1963 to 1971, she was married to Robert Wagner. From 1952 to 1959, she was married to director Stanley Donen. Marshall's first movie appearances were in the 20th Century Fox movies "Gentleman's Agreement" and "Daisy Kenyon" in 1947 (although they were both uncredited). She went on to play roles (many minor) in over 25 more movies until 1967. Marshall had a small but significant role in his "I Was a Male War Bride" (1949). She was featured in three Martin and Lewis comedy movies, "The Stooge", "Sailor Beware" and "That's My Boy", with stars Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Xiang Shouzhi Xiang Shouzhi (; November 28, 1917 – September 2, 2017) was a Chinese general and revolutionist. He was born in Xuanhan County, Sichuan. Xiang was promoted to the rank of major general (shao jiang) in 1955 and general (Shang jiang) in 1988. He was a member of the 11st National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 12nd CPC Central Committee. Xiang died on September 2, 2017 in Nanjing, China of heart failure at the age of 99. María Luisa Dehesa Gómez Farías María Luisa Dehesa Gómez Farías (30 June 1912 – 11 March 2009) was a Mexican architect. She was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Dehesa worked for close to 50 years in the Federal District of Mexico City, primarily designing single-family homes and apartment buildings. She was the first Mexican woman to graduate with a degree in architecture. She graduated in 1937, the first Mexican woman to graduate with a degree in architecture. Her thesis, which won honorable mention from the jurors, was entitled "Artillery Barracks Type". It was accepted in 1939 and she attained her professional designation. In 1974, she was announced as a joint winner of the Ruth Rivera Prize, together with the first Mexican female civil engineer, Concepción Mendizábal Mendoza. In 2006, the College of Architects of Mexico City, honored her for her contributions. Frantz Yvelin Frantz Yvelin is the current managing director of French airline Aigle Azur, since 2017. Yvelin started his career in Information technology as consultant. Then, he founded two French airlines : "L'Avion" in 2006 and "La Compagnie" in 2013. Also, he is a teacher in air transport at the French Civil Aviation University ("Mastère Spécialisé" degrees). Jacques Maillot Jacques Maillot (born 12 April 1962) is a French movie director and screenwriter. He has directed nine movies since 1993. His movie "Nos vies heureuses" was entered into the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Kleinbösingen Kleinbösingen is a municipality of the district See in the Swiss canton of Fribourg. Galmiz Galmiz is a municipality in See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. Oeste Futebol Clube Oeste Futebol Clube is a football club which plays in Brazil. FC Sion FC Sion is a football club which plays in Switzerland. The club was founded in 1909. Their home ground ist the Stade Tourbillon. History. FC Sion were founded in 1909 by Robert Gilliard. In 1914 they played in a league for the first time. From 1932 they played in the 4th level of Swiss football where they stayed mostly of the next 20 years.1962 they where promoted to Nationalliga A. 1965 they won the first Swiss Cup, 1974 the second. They won also in 1980, 1982 and 1986. 1992 they won the first Swiss Championship. From 1995 on they won the Swiss Cup three times in a row. 1997 they also won the double. After financial troubles they were relegated in 2001. 2003 the did not get a professional license. The club was saved by architect and former footballer Christian Constantin. 2006 they came back to Super League. Honours. Sionhas never lost a domestic cup final (13 wins in 13 appearances in the Swiss Cup) until a defeat by Basel in the 2017 edition. Swiss Super League Swiss Cup Haldenstein Haldenstein is a municipality in the district of Landquart in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Zhao Wei Zhao Wei (born 12 March 1976), also known as Vicky Zhao or Vicki Zhao, is a Chinese actress, film director, producer and pop singer. She is considered one of the most popular actresses in China and Chinese-speaking regions, and one of the highest paid actresses. Over her 20 years acting career, Zhao has starred in many box-office smash-hits, including "Shaolin Soccer" (2001), "Red Cliff" (2008-2009), "Painted Skin" (2008), "" (2012), "Dearest" (2014) and "Lost in Hong Kong" (2015). She has received numerous awards from the Shanghai International Film Festival, Huabiao Awards, Changchun Film Festival, Hundred Flowers Awards and Shanghai Film Critics Awards for films like "A Time to Love" (2005) and "Mulan" (2009). In 2014, after almost 2-year break from acting, she returned to the silver screen in Peter Chan's movie "Dearest", and won the Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award and Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress. Her directorial debut "So Young" (2013) broke the box office record for movies directed by female Chinese directors in just a week. The movie also earned her multiple awards in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, including Golden Rooster Award for Best Directorial Debut, Hundred Flowers Award for Best Director and Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film from Mainland and Taiwan. Zhao was named as member of the main Jury at the 73rd Venice Film Festival. Zhao Wei became a Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Development Programme on 20 November 2016. Młoszowa Młoszowa [] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebinia in Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. It is southeast of Trzebinia, east of Chrzanów, and west of the regional capital Kraków. In 2004, 2,610 people lived there. Bürserberg Bürserberg is a municipality of the district Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. Joseph Deiss Joseph Deiss (born January 18, 1946) is a Swiss politician. He is a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC). He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1999 to 2006, heading first the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (1999–2002) and then the Federal Department of Economic Affairs (2003–2006). He was elected President of the United Nations General Assembly for its 65th session in 2010. Martin Hub Martin Hub (born March 13, 1964) is a Czech actor and stuntman. He was born in the Prague, Czech Republic, where he continues to live today, he acts in the stunt group Filmka. In 1992, he appeared in six parts of the American series, "Young Indiana Jones". He is best known for his appearances in movies such as "Titanic" (1997) , where he played the father of a small Slovak boy, "Saving Private Ryan" (1998) as Czech Wehrmacht Soldier, and he was Russell Crowe's stuntman in "Gladiator" (2000). Free travel pass A free travel pass is when certain passengers can use buses, trains or trams without paying a fare or presenting a ticket. They may need to present an identification card produced by their employer, or by the transport provider. Types of passengers. The following are types of passenger who may receive free travel on transport services: Hinterrhein, Switzerland Hinterrhein () was a municipality in Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the municipalities Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen joined together to become the new municipality called Rheinwald. Igis Igis () was a municipality in the district of Landquart in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the former municipalities of Igis and Mastrils merged into the new municipality of Landquart. Tamara Tchinarova Tamara Tchinarova Finch (also tr. Chinarova; born Tamara Rekemchuk, July 18, 1919 – August 31, 2017) was a Romanian ballet dancer and writer. She was born in Cetatea Albă, Kingdom of Romania. During the 1940s, Tchinarova worked significantly to the development of Australian dance companies, including the Kirsova Ballet and the Borovansky Ballet. After retiring from dancing, she worked as a Russian/English interpreter for touring ballet companies, including the Australian Ballet, and as a dance writer. Tchinarova was married to Australian actor Peter Finch from 1943 until they divorced in 1959. Tchinarova died on August 31, 2017 at her home in Malaga, Spain of pneumonia at the age of 98. Hagenthal-le-Haut Hagenthal-le-Haut is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hartmannswiller Hartmannswiller () is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hattstatt Hattstatt is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Seneca County, Ohio Seneca County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 56,745 people lived there. The county seat is Tiffin. It is named for the Seneca Indians. Hagenbach (disambiguation) Hagenbach can mean: Hagenbach (river) The Hagenbach is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Miiko Taka (born Miiko Shikata June 24, 1925), is a Japanese American actress. She is best known for co-starring with Marlon Brando as Hana-ogi in the 1957 movie "Sayonara". She also worked with James Garner, Bob Hope, Cary Grant, and Toshirō Mifune (whom she also worked alongside of in the 1980 television miniseries, "Shõgun"). Taka was born in Seattle, Washington, but raised in Los Angeles, California. Fairborn, Ohio Fairborn is a city in Greene County, Ohio, United States. It is near Dayton and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. 32,352 people lived there in the 2010 census. Markethill Markethill is a village in County Armagh in Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. 1,647 people lived there in 2011. Fairview Park, Ohio Fairview Park is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in the United States. At the 2010 census, the 16,826 people lived there. Huber Heights, Ohio Huber Heights is a city in Ohio, United States. It is in Montgomery, Miami and Greene counties. The city is named for Charles Huber who built many of the houses in the area. 38,101 lived there at the 2010 census. Charles Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, 10th Duke of Lennox, 10th Duke of Aubigny, 5th Duke of Gordon (19 September 1929 – 1 September 2017), styled Lord Settrington until 1935 and Earl of March and Kinrara between 1935 and 1989, was an English peer and landowner. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of West Sussex from 1975 until 1990, and Lord Lieutenant from 1990 to 1994. James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn (born 4 July 1934) is a British nobleman, peer, and politician. Hamilton became Duke of Abercorn in the Peerage of Ireland on the death of his father in June 1979. He was the son of James Edward Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn, and Lady Mary Crichton (daughter of Lt.-Col. Henry William Crichton, Viscount Crichton (1872–1914), eldest son of John Crichton, 4th Earl Erne). He is a former politician and Lord Steward of the Household. James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose (born 6 April 1935), known as Earl of Kincardine until 1954 and Marquess of Graham between 1954 and 1992, is a Southern Rhodesia-born hereditary peer of the Peerage of Scotland and a British Conservative Party politician. The Duke of Montrose was a shadow minister for the Scotland Office before the 2010 General Election. He has also spent some time in China promoting renewable energy and environmental measures, and he is a fluent speaker of Mandarin. Helmut Oberlander Helmut Oberlander (15 February 1924 – 20 September 2021) was a Ukrainian-born Canadian citizen who was a member of the Einsatzgruppen death squads of Nazi Germany in the occupied Soviet Union during World War II. Oberlander was on the Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted Nazi war criminals. Beginning in 1994, the Government of Canada has made repeated attempts to revoke Oberlander's citizenship. In July 2017 the Government of Canada used an Order in Council to strip Oberlander of his Canadian citizenship for the fourth time. Oberlander died at his home in Waterloo, Ontario on 20 September 2021, at the age of 97. Arrondissement of Nyons The arrondissement of Nyons is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Drôme "département" in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Nyons. History. When the "arrrondissements" of France were created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Nyons was part of the department of Drôme. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Nyons is the most southern of the "arrondissements" of the department; it has an enclave of the Vaucluse department. It is the largest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of . It is the second "arrondissement" in population with 141,971 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Nyons is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Die, to the west by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the southeast by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the south by the Vaucluse department and to the west by the Ardèche department. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". There are 6 cantons in the arrondissement of Nyons: they are: Communes. The "arrondissement" of Nyons has 149 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: Disappearance of Etan Patz Etan Patz was a boy from New York City who was abducted on May 25, 1979 in the SoHo village. He was declared dead in 2001. His disappearance started the use of milk cartons for missing children in the United States. Jo Frost Jo Frost (born 27 June 1970) is a British nanny who hosted a television program broadcasted in the United Kingdom called "Supernanny", first aired in 2004. She later did the United States version, and it first aired in January 2005. Supernanny ended in March 2011 in the United States and 7 September 2012 in the United Kingdom. Frost now does "Jo Frost: Nanny on Tour" on the UP channel. Personal life. Jo Frost has a husband, his name is Darrin Jackson. She married him in 2014. Bus garage A bus garage or bus depot is a place where buses are stored and repaired. Bus garages can also be called a bus depot but in some countries a bus depot can also mean a bus station. In many areas, bus garages are on the site of former tram sheds, where trams were stored, before they were replaced with buses. In other areas, garages were built to replace horse-bus yards. The largest bus depot in the world is Millennium Park Bus Depot In Delhi India. Most bus garages will contain: Garages may also contain recovery vehicles. Bus depot Bus depot may mean: Peadar Lamb Peadar Lamb (1930 – 1 September 2017) was an Irish stage, television and voice actor. He was born in Carraroe, Galway, Ireland. Lamb was known for starring in many Irish language productions, for playing king Fin Varra in the television series "Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog" and for lending his voice to old Piggley Winks on the Children's television series "Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks". Lamb died in his sleep at his home in Glenageary, Ireland on 1 September 2017 at the age of 87. Anyang (Henan) Anyang () is a city in northern Henan in the People's Republic of China. Hebi Hebi () is a prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, China. Jiaozuo Jiaozuo () is a prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, China. In 2010, 3,540,101 people lived there. Administration. Jiaozuo administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 4 counties. Puyang Puyang (濮阳) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Henan province, China. It is on the northern shore of the Yellow River. Administration. Puyang administers 1 district and 5 counties. Xinxiang Xinxiang () is a prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, China. In 2010, 5,707,801 people lived there. Administration. Xinxiang administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 6 counties. Kaifeng Kaifeng () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, China. It was once the capital of the Song dynasty, and is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China. About 5 million people lived there in 2010. Administration. Kaifeng administers five districts and four counties: Luohe Luohe () is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, China. In 2010, 2,544,266 people lived there. Administration. Luohe administers 3 districts and 2 counties. Zhoukou Zhoukou () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, China. In 2010, 8,953,793 people lived there. Administration. Zhoukou administers 1 district, 1 county-level city and 8 counties. Pingdingshan Pingdingshan (平顶山) is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, China. It is also called Eagle City. In 2010, 4,904,701 people lived there. Administration. Pingdingshan administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 4 counties. Luoyang Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, China. It has also been spelled Loyang. It is located by the Luo River and Yellow River. In 2010, 6,549,941 people lived there. Administrative divisions. Luoyang administers 5 "built-up" urban districts, 1 additional district, 1 county-level city, and 9 more rural counties: Nanyang, Henan Nanyang () is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Henan province, China. In 2010, 10,263,660 lived there. Administration. Nanyang administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city and 10 counties. Sanmenxia Sanmenxia (三门峡) is prefecture-level city in western Henan Province, China. Its name has also been spelled Sanmenhsia. It is on the south side of the Yellow River. In 2010, 2,234,018 people lived there. Administration. Sanmenxia administers two districts, two county-level cities and two counties. Shangqiu Shangqiu (商丘) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan in the People's Republic of China. Its name has also been spelled Shangkiu. Shangqiu was the first capital of the Shang dynasty. In 2010, 7,362,975 people lived there. Administration. Shangqiu administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city and 6 counties. Xinyang Xinyang (信阳) is a prefecture-level city in southern Henan in the People's Republic of China. It has also been spelled Sinyang. The city is located on the south bank of the Huai River. In 2010, 6,109,106 people lived there. Administration. Xinyang is divided into two districts and eight counties. Xuchang Xuchang () is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, China. In 2010, 4,307,488 people lived there. Administration. The prefecture-level city of Xuchang administers 2 district, 2 county-level cities and 2 counties. Zhumadian Zhumadian (驻马店) is a is a prefecture-level city in southern Henan in the People's Republic of China. It has also been spelled Chumatien. In 2010, 7,230,744 people lived there. Administrative divisions. Zhumadian administers 1 district and 9 counties. Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury Derek Coates Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury (17 June 1918 – 21 November 2017) was a British member of the House of Lords. He also served as a senior civil servant and agricultural expert. He was born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England. He served as Chairman and later President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; President of the Gloucestershire Naturalists' Society; President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; President of the British Pig Association; and a Vice-President of the Nature in Art Trust. Barber was knighted in the 1984 Birthday Honours and was created a life peer as Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, "of Gotherington in the County of Gloucestershire", on 12 August 1992. Barber was a member of the House of Lords until his retirement on 25 March 2016. He died on 21 November 2017 at the age of 99. Jim Bridenstine James Frederick Bridenstine (born June 15, 1975) is an American politician. Bridenstine was the 13th Administrator of NASA from April 2018 to January 2021. He served as the United States Representative for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district, based in Tulsa, from 2013 to 2018. He is a member of the Republican Party. On September 1, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Bridenstine to be the next Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Export–Import Bank of the United States The Export–Import Bank of the United States (abbreviated as Ex-Im Bank or the Bank) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States Federal Government. Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, the Bank "assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services". Under its charter, the Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not occur because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its acting chairman and president is Charles J. Hall, awaiting the nomination and confirmation of a replacement for former chairman and president Fred Hochberg. Scott Garrett Ernest Scott Garrett (born July 9, 1959) is an American politician and banker. Garrett was the U.S. Representative for , serving from 2003 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1992 to 2003. Garrett chaired the powerful United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises. He lost his 2016 reelection campaign and was succeeded by Josh Gottheimer, a Democrat. On June 19, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Garrett to become chairman and president of the Export–Import Bank of the United States, a post that requires confirmation by the United States Senate. In a 10-13 vote on December 19, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee declined to advance his nomination. Other websites. Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template: Office of National Drug Control Policy The Office of National Drug Control Policy is a part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Background. The "Director of National Drug Control Policy", known as the "Drug Czar", heads the office. "Drug Czar" was a term first used in the media by then-Senator Joe Biden in October 1982. In addition to running the ONDCP, the director evaluates, coordinates, and oversees both the international and domestic anti-drug efforts of executive branch agencies and ensures that such efforts sustain and complement State and local anti-drug activities. The Director advises the President regarding changes in the organization, management, budgeting, and personnel of federal agencies that affect U.S. anti-drug efforts; and regarding federal agency compliance with their obligations under the National Drug Control Strategy, an annual report required by law. 2017 Rumored shutdown. As early as February 2017, "The New York Times" had reported that the Trump administration was considering eliminating the office, and other programs responsible for a total of $2.5 billion of domestic spending. In May, the office's website was blanked and Politico and "The Washington Post" both reported that the office was about to be drastically defunded. List of Directors. The title of Director, as well as the office, was created by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The position had cabinet-level status from 1993 to 2009. Tom Marino Thomas Anthony Marino (born August 13, 1952) is an American politician and attorney. He was the U.S. Representative for from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. On September 1, 2017, The White House announced that President Donald Trump nominated Marino as the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. He withdrew on October 17, 2017 following reports that he championed a bill that protected opioid manufacturers and prevented DEA agents from being able to battle the Opioid Epidemic. Other websites. Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template: United States Agency for International Development The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the United States Government agency which is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid. Background. President John F. Kennedy created USAID from its predecessor agencies in 1961 by executive order. USAID's programs are authorized by Congress in the Foreign Assistance Act, which Congress supplements through directions in annual funding appropriation acts and other legislation. Although it is technically an independent agency, USAID operates subject to the foreign policy guidance of the President, Secretary of State, and the National Security Council. USAID operates in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Mark Andrew Green Mark Andrew Green (born June 1, 1960) is an American politician and diplomat. He is a member of the Republican Party. Green was in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1993 to 1999. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing . He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Wisconsin in 2006. He was the United States Ambassador to Tanzania from August 2007 until January 2009. In 2014, he became the president of the International Republican Institute, and sits on the board of directors of the Millennium Challenge Corporation. On May 10, 2017, President Donald Trump chose Green to lead the United States Agency for International Development. Green was confirmed on August 3, and sworn in on August 7, 2017. He resigned in April 2020. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and health insurance portability standards. In addition to these programs, CMS has other responsibilities, including the administrative simplification standards from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), quality standards in long-term care facilities (more commonly referred to as nursing homes) through its survey and certification process, clinical laboratory quality standards under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and oversight of HealthCare.gov. Seema Verma Seema Verma (born September 27, 1970) is an American health policy consultant. She was the Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, serving under the Trump Administration from 2017 to 2021. She is the founder and CEO of SVC Inc., a health policy consulting firm. Ajit Pai Ajit Varadaraj Pai (born January 10, 1973) is an American attorney. He served as the Chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2017 to 2021. He is the first Indian American to hold the office. Early life. Pai was born in Buffalo, New York. He was raised in Parsons, Kansas. Pai studied at Harvard University and at the University of Chicago. Early political career. He has served in various positions at the FCC since being appointed to the commission by President Barack Obama in May 2012, at the recommendation of Mitch McConnell. He was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a five-year term. Chairman of the FCC. In January 2017, President Donald Trump named Pai as Chairman of the agency. In March 2017, Trump announced that he would renominate Pai to serve another five-year term at the FCC, which will require confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Before his appointment to the FCC, Pai held positions with the Department of Justice, the United States Senate, the FCC's Office of General Counsel, and Verizon Communications. On May 18, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission took the first formal step toward dismantling the net neutrality rules. Pai was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for an extra five-year term as FCC Chairman on October 2, 2017. He became well known in 2017 in his criticism and attempt to end the Obama-era policy net neutrality. It received wide criticism. On November 30, 2020, Pai announced his plans to leave the FCC. He resigned from his post as FCC Chairman on January 20, the day that Joe Biden was inaugurated as President of the United States. Personal life. Pai lives in Arlington, Virginia, with his wife Janine Van Lancker, daughter Annabelle Malathi Pai, and son Alexander Madhav Pai. Scott Gottlieb Scott Gottlieb is an American physician. Gottlieb was commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration from 2017 to 2019. Gottlieb was a clinical assistant professor at New York University School of Medicine, a resident fellow at the conservative think tank the American Enterprise Institute, and an internist at Tisch Hospital. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government. Purpose. The SEC holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws, proposing securities rules, and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other activities and organizations, including the electronic securities markets in the United States. In addition to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created it, the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and other statutes. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (now codified as and commonly referred to as the Exchange Act or the 1934 Act). Chairs. Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. was the first Chair of the SEC. Later SEC commissioners and chairmen include William O. Douglas, Jerome Frank (one of the leaders of the legal realism movement), and William J. Casey (who later headed the Central Intelligence Agency under President Ronald Reagan). The current chair is Gary Gensler serving since 2021 after being nominated by President Joe Biden. Jay Clayton Walter J. "Jay" Clayton III (born July 11, 1966) is an American attorney. He was the 32nd Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from May 4, 2017 until December 23, 2020. From 1993 to 1995, Clayton clerked for Marvin Katz, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. At Sullivan & Cromwell, Clayton was co-managing partner of the firm's General Practice Group. On January 4, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Clayton to be SEC Chairman. On May 2, 2017, the U.S. Senate voted 61-37 to confirm Clayton as Chairman of the SEC. Votes cast in favor of Clayton's confirmation included nine Democrats and one Independent alongside 51 Republican votes. On May 4, 2017, Clayton was sworn in, marking the official beginning of his role as Chairman. On June 19, 2020, United States Attorney General Bill Barr announced that President Trump would nominate Clayton to replace Geoffrey Berman as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Richard Grenell Richard Allen Grenell (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and diplomat. Grenell was the acting Director of National Intelligence from February 20, 2020 to May 26, 2020. He was the United States Ambassador to Germany from May 8, 2018 to June 1, 2020. He was the longest serving spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for Mitt Romney in his 2012 campaign for President, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate. He resigned after pressure from social conservatives. In September 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Grenell as U.S. Ambassador to Germany. He was confirmed 56–42 on April 26, 2018. He presented his credentials to the President of Germany on May 8, 2018. In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkins lymphoma and started chemotherapy. In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was in remission. Grenell is openly gay. On February 19, 2020, President Trump announced his plans to make Grenell as the acting Director of National Intelligence. This made Grenell the first openly gay politician to become a member of the United States Cabinet. Kenneth I. Juster Kenneth I. Juster (born November 24, 1954) served as the Deputy Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs and Deputy Director of the National Economic Council in the United States Government from January 2017-June 2017. According to press reports, in June 2017 he was to be nominated to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of India. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 2, 2017. Majuli Mājuli or Majoli (, is an island in the Brahmaputra River, Assam, India. The island had a total area of at the beginning of the 20th century. Much land was eroded, so it had an area of only in 2014. Majuli has shrunk as the river surrounding it has grown. However, it is recognised by Guinness Book of World Records as the World's Largest River Island. Parenchyma Parenchyma forms the bulk of plant ground tissue, where they may be specialised to function in photosynthesis, storage, or transport. Parenchyma is integral to vascular tissue, where it provides a route of exchange for materials within and between the xylem and the phloem. Parenchyma refers to both a cell type and a simple tissue and is found within all three tissue systems of vascular plants: the dermal, ground (fundamental) and vascular tissue systems. Parenchyma functions are diverse and dependant on both location within the plant and morphological specialisation. Parenchyma is composed of living cells that retain the ability to divide and hence play a key role in several developmental processes, as well in plant response to wounding. Joseph Joestar Joseph Joestar (ジョセフ・ジョースター, Josefu Jōsutā, born 27 September 1920) is a main character from the manga and anime "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". First introduced in "Battle Tendency" with his friend, Caesar Zeppeli, he appears in the later parts "Stardust Crusaders" and "Diamond is Unbreakable". After "Stardust Crusaders", Joseph's grandson, Jotaro Kujo, is the JoJo with the most major appearances in the series. From his birth he can use a special power called the "Ripple" (Hamon in the original Japanese), which is based on life energy. In Jojo's Bizarre adventure people also can have special powers that are called a "Stand". Joseph has a stand which is called Hermit Purple. It is called that because it represents the 9th tarot card: The Hermit. This stand can take spirit photos, be used as a grappling hook, and conduct the Ripple like an electric current. It appears as a lot of purple vines covered in thorns. Bayer Bayer AG is a German pharmaceutical company. It is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia. The company was founded in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and are best known for their first produced drug Aspirin. Walter Becker Walter Carl Becker (February 20, 1950 – September 3, 2017) was an American musician, songwriter, and record producer. He was best known as the co-founder, guitarist, bassist and co-songwriter of Steely Dan. Becker and Donald Fagen reformed Steely Dan in 1993 and had remained active, most notably including their 2000 "Two Against Nature" album, which won four Grammy Awards. Becker also released two solo albums, 1994's "11 Tracks of Whack" and 2008's "Circus Money". Becker died on September 3, 2017 after suffering from an unknown illness in Maui, Hawaii at the age of 67. Hausgauen Hausgauen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hecken, Haut-Rhin Hecken is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Damon Keith Damon Jerome Keith (July 4, 1922 – April 28, 2019) was an American judge. He was a Senior Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He served as Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from 1977 until his retirement in 1995. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter. Keith was born in Detroit, Michigan. He studied at Wayne State University, at Howard University and at West Virginia State University. Keith married Rachel Boone in 1953. They had three daughters. Boone died in 2007. Keith died on April 28, 2019 at his home in Detroit, at the age of 96. The cause was problems from leukemia and heart disease. Joan Colom Joan Colom i Altemir (April 1921 – 3 September 2017) was a Spanish photographer. He was born in Barcelona. Colom was known for his portraits of Barcelona's underworld and working class, especially in the infamous neighbourhood of Raval. Colom was a self-taught photographer, and produced his best-known pictures while working during the week as an accountant. In 1957 he became a member of the Agrupació Fotogràfica de Catalunya (AFC), and co-founded in 1960 the artist's group "El Mussol" ("The Owl"). Colom died in Barcelona on 3 September 2017 at the age of 96. Hégenheim Hégenheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It is on the border to Switzerland. John Ashbery John Lawrence Ashbery (July 28, 1927 – September 3, 2017) was an American poet. He has published more than twenty volumes of poetry and won nearly every major American award for poetry, including a Pulitzer Prize in 1976 for his collection "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror". Ashbery died on September 3, 2017 at his home in Hudson, New York of natural causes at the age of 90. He was survived by his husband David Kermani. Richard Sui On Chang Richard Sui On Chang (November 30, 1941–August 30, 2017) was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii from 1997 to 2006. He was ordained to the diaconate on March 5, 1966, and to the priesthood on September 4, 1966. Chang was consecrated Bishop of Hawaii on March 30, 1997 and died in Honolulu on August 30, 2017 from pneumonia at the age of 75. Horacio White Horacio White (April 2, 1927 – August 26, 2017) was an Argentine swimmer. He was born in Buenos Aires. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in the 100 m freestyle and 4×200 m freestyle relay, reaching the final in the latter and coming 6th. White died in Buenos Aires on August 26, 2017 at the age of 90. Michael J. C. Gordon Michael John Caldwell "Mike" Gordon FRS (28 February 1948 – 22 August 2017) was a British computer scientist. He was born in Ripon, Yorkshire. Gordon led the development of the HOL theorem prover. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1994, and in 2008 a two-day research meeting on "Tools and Techniques for Verification of System Infrastructure" was held there in honour of his 60th birthday. Gordon died in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire on 22 August 2017 at the age of 69. M. R. Srinivasan Malur Ramasamy Srinivasan (born 5 January 1930), is an Indian nuclear scientist and mechanical engineer. He played a key role in the development of India's nuclear power programme and the development of the PHWR. He received the Padma Vibhushan Award. He was born in Bangalore, India. Viktor Cherepkov Viktor Ivanovich Cherepkov (; April 16, 1942 – September 2, 2017) was a Russian politician. He was a Deputy of the State Duma of the third and fourth convocation. He was mayor of Vladivostok (1993–1994; 1996–1998). He was a Captain 1st rank in retirement. Cherepkov died on September 2, 2017 of lung cancer in Moscow, Russia at the age of 75. Dave Hlubek David Lawrence "Dave" Hlubek [ ] (August 28, 1951 – September 3, 2017) was an American musician and singer. He was the lead guitarist and founding member of the Southern rock band Molly Hatchet. He was born in Jacksonville, Florida. His best known song was "Flirtin with Disaster". Hlubek died of a heart attack on September 3, 2017, at the age of 66. Catalan Company The Grand Catalan Company (), officially the "Magna Societas Catalanorum", and widely known as the Catalan Company, was a free company of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor in the early 14th century. History. De Flor recruited soldiers left unemployed with the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 by the Crown of Aragon, who opposed the French dynasty of Anjou. In 1303 de Flor offered the services of his Company to the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus and his son the Basileus Michael IX Palaeologus. The Orthodox Byzantine Empire was under threat by the Turks, who were invading Anatolia and established the mighty Sultanate of Rum, whose name expressed succeeding to the '[Eastern] Roman' empire. Roger de Flor's offer was accepted by both Byzantium and by the Crown of Aragon, rulers in Sicily and southern Italy, who were quite eager to rid themselves of unemployed and unruly soldiers. Roger de Flor departed with 39 galleys and transports carrying around 1,500 knights and 4,000 Almogavars, special foot soldiers employed mainly serving the kingdom's interests in the Mediterranean Sea, especially from Catalonia, Valencia and Aragon. Roger de Flor arrived in Constantinople with the help of king Frederick III of Sicily in 1303, and married the niece of Andronicus, daughter of the Tsar of Bulgaria, and was named Megas Doux ('Great Dux', i.e. head of the fleet). Roger de Flor campaigned with his Company in Anatolia, defeating the Turks but also engaging in widespread violence and looting of the Byzantine inhabitants. By this point, the Catalans, were considered by the Byzantines to be little better than brigands and freebooters. End of Roger de Flor. This put him at odds with the Byzantine Emperor, and the indiscipline of the Almogavars marked the end of Roger de Flor. On 30 April 1305, he was slain along with 300 cavalry and 1,000 infantry by the Alans, another group of foreign mercenaries at the service of the Emperor. The Company proceeded to devastate the Balkanic regions of Thrace and Macedonia for the next two years, including an attack on Thessalonica by land and sea, and raids against the monasteries on Mount Athos. Until recently no Catalans were allowed on the Athos peninsula by the Athonite monks.The struggle ended with the departure of both the Infante and Ferran, and with Bernat de Rocafort becoming leader of the Company. Bernat de Rocafort offered the Company's services to Charles of Valois to strengthen his claim to the Byzantine Empire and whom the Count of Barcelona had expelled from Sicily before founding the Company in a dynastic war for the Crown of Aragon. In 1309, Charles of Valois' deputy Thibault de Chepoy ended the leadership of Rocafort, arresting him and sending him to Naples where he died of hunger the same year. In 1318 the Company expanded its power into Thessaly, taking control of the Duchy of Neopatria. End of the Company. The Catalan rule was to last until 1388–1390, when they were defeated by the Navarrese Company under Pedro de San Superano, Juan de Urtubia, and allied with the Florentines under Nerio I Acciaioli of Corinth. His descendants controlled them until 1456 when they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire. By that time, like many military enterprises, the Great Company had faded out of history. Chronicle of muntaner. The early history of the Catalan Company was chronicled by Ramon Muntaner, a former member of the company, in his "Crònica". Joris Vercammen Joris August Odilius Ludovicus Vercammen (born October 14, 1952 in Lier) is a Belgian priest of an Old Catholic Church denomination. Vercammen was a Roman Catholic priest in his native country. He went to the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands in 1988. He has been archbishop of this church since 2000. Joris Vercammen is married with three children. Johnny Gaudreau John Michael "Johnny" Gaudreau (born August 13, 1993) is an American professional ice hockey left winger currently playing for the Calgary Flames in the National Hockey League (NHL). Mount Cook Mount Cook also known in the local Maori language as Aoraki or Aorangi is the highest mountain in New Zealand with a height of . Geology. It is part of the Southern Alps Mountain Range and is flanked by the Hooker Glacier to the southwest and the Tasman Glacier to the east. The mountain has three peaks: The south peak being the lowest at 3,593m/11,788 ft., The middle peak at 3,717m/12,195 ft. and the North peak being the highest at 3,724m/12,218 ft. This is the height of the north peak after the landslide of December 1991 which took 30 meters off the top and also turned the summit into a knife-edge ridge. History. The mountain was named by Captain John Lort Stokes in honour of Captain James Cook who travelled around the islands of New Zealand in 1770 however the first Europeans to see Mount Cook were probably members of Abel Tasman's crew. Climbing. It was first climbed by Tom Fyre, George Graham and Jack Clarke. Mount Cook is a favourite destination for climbers and was used by Sir Edmund Hillary as training for his historic climb of Mount Everest. London Bridge (Fergie song) "London Bridge" is the debut single recorded by American singer and rapper Fergie. It was on her debut studio album, "The Dutchess" (2006). It was written by Fergie, Mike Hartnett, Sean Garrett, and producer Polow da Don. Arrondissement of Valence The arrondissement of Valence is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Drôme "département" in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Valence. History. When the Drôme department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Valence was part of that original department. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Valence is the most northern of the "arrondissements" of the department; it is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of , but the one with more people living in it, with 314,233 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Valence is bordered to the north and east by the Isère department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Die and to the west by the Ardèche department. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". There are 12 cantons in the "arrondissement" of Valence: they are: Communes. The "arrondissement" of Valence has 105 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group D was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Austria, Georgia, Republic of Ireland, Moldova, Serbia, and Wales. Serbia won the group and qualified for the world cup, while the Republic of Ireland finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group E is one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group is made up of six teams: Armenia, Denmark, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, Poland and Romania. Poland won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Denmark finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group C was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Croatia, Finland, Iceland, Kosovo, Turkey, and Ukraine. Iceland won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Croatia finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. David Consunji David M. Consunji (October 18, 1921 – September 4, 2017) was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman of a publicly listed holding firm, DMCI Holdings, Incorporated. He was a former secretary of the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications from 1970 to 1975, during the Marcos administration. In 2014, Forbes listed him as the 6th richest Filipino, with a net worth of US$3.9 billion. Consuji's death was announced on September 4, 2017. His cause of death was not given. Sultan Ahmed Sultan Ahmed (6 June 1953 – 4 September 2017) was an Indian politician. He was born in Kolkata, India. He served as the Union Minister of State for Tourism in the Council of Ministers of the Republic of India. He was elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency) on a Trinamool Congress ticket. He had previously been a 2-time Congress MLA for Entally ( in1987–91 and once again in 1996–2001). Ahmed died at a hospital in Kolkata after suffering from cardiac arrest on 4 September 2017 at the age of 64. Mountaga Diallo Mountaga Diallo (1942 – 4 September 2017) was a Senegalese diplomat and former army general. He was the Ambassador of Senegal to Russia from presenting his credentials to Russian President Vladimir Putin on 17 February 2005 until his death in 2017. He previously served as the Force Commander of MONUC from 2000 to 2004. He was born in Kolda, Senegal. Diallo died on 4 September 2017 in Dakar, Senegal of a heart attack at the age of 74 or 75. Rosey Grier Roosevelt "Rosey" Grier (born July 14, 1932) is an American actor, singer, Protestant minister, conservative politician and former professional American football player. Early life. Grier was born in Cuthbert, Georgia. He was named after President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Grier was raised in Roselle, New Jersey. He studied at Pennsylvania State University. Football years. Grier was a notable college football player for Pennsylvania State University who earned a place in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 100th anniversary list of 100 most influential student athletes. As a professional player, Grier was a member of the New York Giants and the original Fearsome Foursome of the Los Angeles Rams. He played in the Pro Bowl twice. Bodyguard for Robert F. Kennedy. After Grier's professional sports career, he worked as a bodyguard for Robert Kennedy during the 1968 presidential campaign and was guarding the senator's wife, Ethel Kennedy, during the Robert F. Kennedy assassination. Although unable to prevent that killing, Grier took control of the gun and subdued the shooter, Sirhan Sirhan. Entertainment career. Grier appeared in movies and television shows such as "Desperate Mission" (1969), "Carter's Army" (1970), "Skyjacked" (1972), "The Thing with Two Heads" (1972), "The Treasure of Jamaica Reef" (1975), "The Glove" (1979), "" (1979) and "The Seekers" (1979). As a singer, Grier first released singles on the A label in 1960, and over the following twenty-five years he continued to record on various labels including Liberty, Ric, MGM, and A&M. Politics. Grier was also a featured speaker at the 1984 Republican National Convention; during its evening session on August 20, 1984, he endorsed President Ronald Reagan for re-election. 2018 California gubernatorial campaign. On January 5, 2017, Grier announced his intention to run for Governor of California as a Republican in the 2018 gubernatorial election. He ended his candidacy in July 2017. Personal life. Grier was married to Bernice Lewis until they divorced. Then he married Margie Grier in 1972. They divorced in 1978, but remarried in 1980. Margie Grier died in 2001. In 2013, he married teacher Cydnee Seyler. Grier has three children (one daughter from an early relationship, one adopted daughter from Bernice and one son with Margie). Grier released his autobiography 'Rosey: The Gentle Giant' in 1986. United States presidential elections in New Mexico Below is a table of all United States presidential elections in New Mexico since it became a state in 1912. New Mexico voted for the winning Presidential candidate from 1912 until 1976. This gave the state a bellwether reputation. 2017 German federal election The 2017 German federal election was held in Germany on 24 September 2017. The Christian Democratic Union won 33% of the vote, but both them and the Social Democratic Party lost many seats. The Alternative for Germany and Free Democratic Party both entered parliament and made great gains. Parties. Major. These parties have received at least 4% of the national vote in the last German federal election, and are predicted to win seats in this next election. Minor. These parties received at least 1% of the national vote in the last German federal election. Opinion polls. Below is the monthly average of opinion polls towards the election. Folder Folder may mean: Willy Borsus Willy Borsus (born 4 April 1962 in Ciney) is a Belgian politician of the Mouvement réformateur. He is the current Minister-President of Wallonia. Borsus was both a councillor and mayor of the Somme-Leuze municipality, a councillor of the Namur Province, a member of the Parliament of Wallonia and the Parliament of the French Community, and also a government minister in the Michel Government. He has been Minister-President of the Walloon Government since July 28, 2017, succeeding Paul Magnette. Ancient slaughterhouses of Casablanca The ancient slaughterhouses of Casablanca were constructed under the French protectorate in Morocco in 1912 in the neighbourhood of Hay Mohammadi in Casablanca. History. The ancient slaughterhouses of Casablanca were constructed by architect George-Ernest Desmarest in 1912 and modernist in 1922 by Henri Prost. They were expanded in 1951, then closed in 2002, substituted by new slaughterhouses in the periphery of Casablanca, they were inscribed in 2003 on The List of Historical Monuments and inscribed buildings. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group F was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: England, Slovakia, Scotland, Slovenia, Lithuania, and Malta. England won the group and qualified for the world cup. Pampa, Texas Pampa is a city of Texas in the United States. 17,994 people lived there in the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Gray County. Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma was a Category 5 hurricane in 2017, the 9th named storm, 4th hurricane, 2nd major hurricane, and a 1st Category 5 hurricane of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Irma is also the 4th consecutive hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season—after Franklin, Gert, and Harvey. The storm threatened the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Irma was also forecast to threaten the East Coast of the United States, but later forecast to hit Southwest Florida. Irma was the first major hurricane to develop in the eastern Atlantic since Hurricane Julia in 2010. The storm developed on August 30, 2017 near the Cape Verde islands. On September 5, 2017, the storm became a Category 5 hurricane. It had maximum sustained winds of 180 miles per hour since Hurricane Wilma in twelve years earlier. As it hit landfall, Irma went down to a Category 2 hurricane. Irma was the easternmost Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane or tropical storm watches and warnings were issued from Haiti to Dominica. Hurricane Irma inflicted $77 billion worth of damage especially in Florida after making landfall in Florida. Due to significant amount of damage and loss of life from the storm especially in Florida, the name "Irma" was retired in April 2018 by the World Meteorological Organization, and it was replaced with "Idalia" for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season. Ilanz Ilanz () is a town and former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Ilanz, Castrisch, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Heidwiller Heidwiller is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Findlay, Ohio Findlay is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Hancock County. It is 64 km south of Toledo. In 2010, 41,202 people lived there. Hancock County, Ohio Hancock County is a county in Ohio in the United States. In 2010, 74,782 people lived there. The county seat is Findlay. Rogéria Rogéria (Astolfo Barroso Pinto; 25 June 1943 – 4 September 2017) was a Brazilian actress and drag queen. She was born in Cantagalo, Brazil. She was known for her performances as a drag queen on "TV Rio". She was known for her movie roles in "A Maldição do Sanpaku", "Ambitious Women", and in "Mulheres no Poder". Rogéria died in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from sepsis caused by urinary tract infection on 4 September 2017 at the age of 74. Bus terminus A bus terminus is a place where a bus or coach starts or ends its scheduled route. The terminus is the designated place that a timetable is timed from. Terminuses can be located at bus stations, interchanges, bus garages or bus stops, and also at train stations or airports. Terminuses can start and end at the same place, or may be in different locations for starting and finishing a route. Victor Krasin Victor Aleksandrovich Krasin (also spelled Viktor Krasin, , 4 August 1929 – 3 September 2017) was a Russian human rights activist, economist, a former Soviet dissident and a political prisoner. At the time of his death Krasin was a US citizen. He was the founder of Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR. He was born in Kiev, Ukraine. Krasin died in Nahariya, Israel on 3 September 2017 at the age of 88. Mary MacKillop Mary MacKillop (born 15 January 1842, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia, died 18 August 1909, Sydney, Australia) was the first saint and nun in Australian history. She was a member of the Religious Sisters of Joseph. She is properly known in the Catholic Church as "Saint Mary of the Cross Mary MacKillop". Hybrid drive A hybrid drive is a data storage device that combines the features of an HDD and an SSD into one unit. It contains a large HDD and a smaller SSD cache that lets it quickly find and store computer files that are frequently accessed. A hybrid drive can offer almost the same performance as an SSD and it can contain more capacity, However a SSD will usually be faster. K. W. T. Nissanka K. W. T. Nissanka (October 21, 1971 - November 1993 in Pooneryn) was a Sri Lankan army officer. Nissanka was a platoon commander and had the rank of second lieutenant. He served in the Sri Lankan Army from 1990 till his death in 1993. He was killed in action during the Sri Lankan Civil War. After his death, he was given the Parama Weera Vibhushanaya, the highest award of the Sri Lankan Army. Emirate of Fujairah Fujairah is an emirate on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates. The emirate lies along the Gulf of Oman. Notable features. Fujairah is known for its beaches and the Hajar Mountains, which run through much of the emirate. In the south, the city of Fujairah is home to the massive Sheikh Zayed Mosque, known for its towering white minarets. Overlooking the city is the Fujairah Fort, a reconstructed 17th-century fortress featuring round and square towers. Monika Samtani Monika Samtani is an American broadcast journalist. She is best known for directing a documentary movie "Suma's Story: It's Her Turn" (2015). Career. Samtani attended George Washington University and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Radio and Television Communications. She was a fill-in disc jockey on Essex Radio/Breeze AM in 1989. She joined as a morning traffic anchor on WUSA9 in 1997. She appeared in the film "An American Affair (2008)". Samtani founded LAUNCH Network from 2011 to 2013, a networking organization for women entrepreneurs. In 2014, she started her company "Ms. Media", with a focus on helping businesses and non-profits market themselves, including Sahara Deepika Foundation for Education In 2016, Samtani became a TEDx talker. Beibeilong Beibeilong is an extinct genus of oviraptor-like dinosaur. The genus contains a single species B. sinensis, named in 2017 by Pu and colleagues based on a nest with an embryo (nicknamed "Baby Louie") and eggs. It was similar to "Gigantoraptor", and may have been of similar size as an adult. Allosauroidae Allosauroids were a clade of theropod dinosaurs. The oldest-known allosauroid, "Shidaisaurus", appeared in the early Middle Jurassic (probably Bajocian stage) of China. The last known surviving members of the group died out around 93 million years ago in Asia ("Shaochilong") and South America ("Mapusaurus"), though the megaraptorans, including the late-surviving "Orkoraptor". Allosauroids had long, narrow skulls, large orbits, three-fingered hands, and usually had "horns" on their heads. The most famous and best understood allosauroid is the "Allosaurus". Roxas Boulevard Roxas Boulevard is one of the distinguished roads in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is a boulevard, or a wide road, that runs along the shores of Manila Bay. It is famous for its sunsets and stretch (or line) of coconut trees. It is now a trademark of tourism. It is also famous for its yacht club, hotels, restaurants, commercial buildings, and parks. History of the name. The old name of the road is "Cavite Boulevard". It was then changed to "Dewey Boulevard" after the American Admiral George Dewey. Dewey's men defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898. The name was changed to "Heiwa Boulevard" in 1941 during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. It was changed again to "Roxas Boulevard" in the 1960s after Manuel Roxas, the former president of the Philippines. Europelta Europelta is an extinct genus of nodosaurid dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous (early Albian stage) of northeastern Spain. It contains a single species, Europelta carbonensis. It is the most complete ankylosaur known from Europe. Tom Horn Thomas Horn, Jr. (November 21, 1860 – November 20, 1903) was an American Old West scout, who carried out various lines of work, including hired gunman, detective, cowboy, and soldier. He is believed to have committed 17 killings throughout the West as a hired gunman. In 1902 Horn was convicted of the murder of 14-year-old Willie Nickell near Iron Mountain, Wyoming, for which crime he was hanged. Kiyoshi Ogawa Kiyoshi Ogawa ( "Ogawa Kiyoshi", October 23, 1922 – May 11, 1945) was a Japanese naval aviator ensign () of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. As a kamikaze pilot, Ensign Ogawa's final action took place on May 11, 1945, during the Battle of Okinawa. References. None USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) USS "Bunker Hill" (CV/CVA/CVS-17, AVT-9) was one of 24 Essex Aircraft Carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was named for the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War and was commissioned in May 1943. While covering the invasion of Okinawa, "Bunker Hill" was struck by two kamikazes in quick succession, setting the vessel on fire. Casualties exceeded 600, including 346 confirmed dead and an additional 43 missing, Sinosaurus Sinosaurus (meaning "Chinese lizard") was a tetanuran theropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic Period. Its fossils were found in China. It was a bipedal carnivore. It was approximately 5.6 meters long. Sino-Vietnamese War The Sino-Vietnamese War was a war fought between China and Vietnam from February 17, 1979 to March 16, 1979. It is also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief border war fought between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in early 1979. Invisible Touch Invisible Touch is the thirteenth studio album by Genesis released on 6 June 1986 through Atlantic Records. Track listing. All music written and arranged by Tony Banks, Phil Collins and Mike Rutherford. Lyricists specified below. John P. White John Patrick White (February 27, 1937 – September 3, 2017) was an American politician and military personnel. He was born in Syracuse, New York. He served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from June 22, 1995 through July 15, 1997. He was a First Lieutenant at the United States Marine Corps. White died at a retirement center in Great Falls, Virginia from complications of Parkinson's disease on September 3, 2017 at the age of 80. Holger Czukay Holger Czukay (, Holger Schüring; 24 March 1938 – 5 September 2017) was a German musician. He was born in the Free City of Danzig . He was probably best known as a co-founder of the krautrock group Can. Czukay was also known for having created early important examples of ambient music, for having explored "world music" well before the term was coined, and for having been a pioneer of sampling. Czukay was found dead at his apartment in Weilerswist, Germany on 5 September 2017 at the age of 79. Gauri Lankesh Gauri Lankesh ( "Gauri Laṅkēś", 29 January 1962 – 5 September 2017) was an Indian journalist-turned-activist from Bangalore, Karnataka. She worked as an editor in "Lankesh Patrike", a Kannada weekly started by her father P. Lankesh, and ran her own weekly called "Gauri Lankesh Patrike". Lankesh was known for advocating freedom of the press. She had written about the wrongdoings of the Indian National Congress leader, D. K. Shivakumar, a close associate of the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, S. M. Krishna. Death. Lankesh died after being shot by three unidentified gunmen outside her home in Rajarajeshwari Nagar on September 5, 2017 at night of 8. She was 55 years old. At the time of her death, Gauri was known for being a critic of right-wing Hindu extremism. Carlo Caffarra Carlo Caffarra (1 June 1938 – 6 September 2017) was an Italian cardinal and Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bologna. He was created Cardinal in the consistory of 24 March 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI. He was born in Busseto, Italy. Caffarra died on 6 September 2017 in Bologna, Italy of brain cancer at the age of 79. Walter Brandmüller Walter Brandmüller PhD (born 5 January 1929) is a cardinal of the Catholic Church and president Emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences. As required by canon law for cardinals, he was appointed a bishop. On 22 July 1990, he received the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany from president Richard von Weizsäcker. He served as President of the International Commission for Contemporary Church History from 1998 until 2006. He is a canon of the chapter of the Saint Peter's Basilica since 1997. Brandmüller was born in Ansbach, Germany. Brandmüller, along with three other cardinals, has issued a request to Pope Francis, entitled "Seeking Clarity: A Plea to Untie the Knots in "Amoris Laetitia"", seeking clarification on various points of doctrine in the Pope's apostolic exhortation, "Amoris laetitia". In June 2017 after seven months of not receiving a response from Pope Francis to their request that he clarify highly disputed parts in his apostolic exhortation Amoris Laetitia (The Joy of Love), four cardinals asked the Holy Father for an audience in April but the Pope has yet to respond, it has emerged. In an April 25 letter hand-delivered to the Holy Father on May 6, Cardinals Carlo Caffarra, Brandmüller, Raymond Burke and Joachim Meisner wrote to Francis asking for an audience, having received no response to the dubia they sent him on Sept 2016. Nicolae Lupescu Nicolae Lupescu (17 December 1940 – 6 September 2017) was a Romanian football defender and manager. He was born in Bucharest, Romania. Lupescu earned 21 caps and scored 2 goals for the Romanian national team. He represented his country at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Lupescu died on 6 September 2017 of liver cancer in Bucharest at the age of 76. Mike Neville Mike Neville, MBE (17 October 1936 – 6 September 2017) was a British broadcaster. He was a best known as a veteran anchorman on regional TV news in North East England. In a 43 year career with the BBC and ITV franchisee Tyne Tees Television. He became an iconic figure in the region and was remembered for his solid representational style. He was born in Willington Quay, Northumberland, England. In 1990, Neville was awarded the MBE for services to broadcasting. Neville died on 6 September 2017 of pancreatic cancer at the age of 80. Mongoloid (race) Mongoloid was a word for a person from East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, the Americas or the Pacific Islands. The group of these persons was called "Mongoloid race". In former times, many people divided human beings into three races. These races were called "Mongoloid", "Caucasoid", and "Negroid". Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of three races was wrong. German anthropologists invented the name "Mongolian race" in the 18th century. Later, the name changed to "Mongoloid". This means "looking like a Mongol". The word "mongoloid" was once also used to mean a person with Down syndrome. This was an offensive term used because people said it was like "Mongolian idiocy" or "Mongolian imbecility". Down syndrome has nothing to do with the "Mongoloid race": it is a genetic condition found in all types of humans. Australoid (race) Australoid race was a word for the aboriginal people of Australia, Melanesia, and parts of Southeast Asia. In former times, many people divided human beings into four races. These races were called "Australoid", "Mongoloid", "Caucasoid", and "Negroid". Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of four races was wrong. Margaret River, Western Australia Margaret River is a town in the South West of Western Australia. Castizo Castizo (ca-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Caucasian and 1/4 Indigenous ancestry. Castizos are mostly found in the Southern cone region of Latin America (especially Chile, Argentina and Brazil), Costa Rica, as well as parts of Northern and Western Mexico, many of the Canadian Metis (those of mixed French-Canadian and First Nations ancestry) and Mixed-Blood Americans (those who mixed of Anglo-American and Native Americans from the United States) are Castizos. Castizos usually have more Caucasian traits, but many can have light features, but with heavy Native American features, while many can have a dark Native American-like pigmentation, but totally Caucasian features. Famous Castizos include Johnny Depp, Gael Garcia Bernal, and Enrique Peña Nieto, it's unknown whether they are genetically Castizo, but based on their phenotype, they appear to be. Harnizo Harnizo (har-NEE-so) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 2/3 Caucasian and 1/3 Indigenous ancestry. Harnizos are mostly found in Northern and Western Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile, Brazil as well as Mexican American population in the Southwestern United States. Harnizos usually have more Caucasian traits, but with obvious Native American traits, Harnizos usually have a mixed pigmentation, much like Mestizos, but with more Caucasian traits, Harnizos can be confused for Mestizos sometimes. Famous Harnizos include Jay Hernandez, Felipe Calderon, and Hugo Sanchez, it's unknown whether they are genetically Harnizo, but based on their phenotype, they appear to be. Griffe Griffe is a word that was used in slave societies in the Americas to describe some mixed-race people. It meant someone who was 3/4 black and 1/4 white. Quadroon Quadroon is a word that was used in slave societies in the Americas to describe some mixed-race people. It meant someone who had three white grandparents and one black grandparent. Octoroon Octoroon is a word that was used in slave societies in the Americas to describe some mixed-race people. It meant someone who was 7/8 white and 1/8 black. Sami literature Sami literature has been written at least since 1673. Prose (in Sami language) has been written since 1910. Prose. The first prose (in a Sami language) came in 1910: ["a story about the life of the Sami ]" Muitalus samiid birra. It was written by a wolf hunter, Johan Turi. The financing of the book, was by a Swedish captain of industry, Hjalmar Lundbohm. The first novel (in a Sami language) came in 1912: ["dawn"] "Beaivi-álgu" - by Anders Larsen. Despacito "Despacito" (; English: "Slowly") is a song by Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi featuring Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee from Fonsi's upcoming studio album. On January 12, 2017, Universal Music Latin released "Despacito" and its music video, which shows both artists performing the song in La Perla neighborhood of Old San Juan, Puerto Rico and the local bar La Factoría. The song's music video is the first video to reach over three billion views on YouTube. The song was written by Luis Fonsi, Erika Ender and Daddy Yankee, and was produced by Andrés Torres and Mauricio Rengifo. By being certified Diamond in the US only a year after its release, it reached this level faster than any other song since Elton John's double A-side single "Candle in the Wind 1997/Something About the Way You Look Tonight". This certification means the song has shipped and streamed over 10 million equivalent copies in the US. Remixes. Justin Bieber remix. On April 17, 2017 a remix version featuring vocals by Canadian singer Justin Bieber was released, who sang in Spanish for the first time in his career. The remix was released as a single by Universal Music Latin, Republic Records, Def Jam Recordings, RBMG and School Boy Records. The song maintained the original rhythms and Luis Fonsi translated some lines to English, singing a verse in Spanglish, while Daddy Yankee's verses were kept from the original version. It was the first collaboration between Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee with Bieber. The remix's official audio video garnered 20 million views on YouTube on its first 24 hours, making it the highest debut for a music-related video in 2017 as of April. The song became Bieber's fifth chart-topper on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, after "What Do You Mean?", "Sorry", "Love Yourself", and "I'm the One". In the US, UK, and Canada, it replaced "I'm the One" at the top spot. "Despacito" became Bieber's sixth British and seventh Canadian chart-topper. Soriatitan Soriatitan ("Soria titan") is a genus of sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of Spain. It is known from one species, "S.golmayensis". Kunbarrasaurus Kunbarrasaurus is a genus of plant eating ankylosaur dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Australia. Description. Kunbarrasaurus was a small armoured dinosaur that was quadrupedal and had a long tail. Sword of Reinheimen The Sword of Reinheimen is a sword that was found in Norway in 2017 - in the county of Oppland. The age of the sword: Some archeologists think it is from 800 A.D. to early 10th century. The sword was found at an altitude of 1640 m; and the sword is thought to be in a good condition, in part because it was found in a scree, without the sword being in contact with soil. The sword was found by a reindeer hunter (while hunting), in the county of Oppland. A "viking sword", it has been called. On 4 September 2017 archeologists were taken to the exact place, where the sword was found. The find was reported by media, later that week. Studying the sword. On 4 September 2017, "archeologists from Lillehammer" looked closely at the sword. The sword is expected to come to Museum of Cultural History, Oslo [later in 2017]. Possible reasons for why the sword came to rest. The sword could have belonged to somebody who died outside. The sword could have belonged to somebody traveling across snow, and the sword could have been lost in snow. The area where the sword was found, is a place used for hunting reindeer. Reindeer hunters often sneak up on reindeers, and sometimes the hunters leave things somewhere outside (while trying to sneak towards reindeer), and sometimes those things can not be easily found, especially when there is snow on the ground. Style of the British sovereign The precise style of British sovereigns has varied over the years. style is officially proclaimed in two languages: Heimersdorf Heimersdorf is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Heimsbrunn Heimsbrunn is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Howard Hawks Howard Winchester Hawks (May 30, 1896December 26, 1977) was an American movie director, producer and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era. The classic Hollywood era was the time between 1917 and 1960 when American films first started to be created. During the classical Hollywood era, directors learned how to make films tell stories in ways that are still used today. Hawks made many different kinds of films. He made funny films, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, and westerns. He made many popular movies. Some of them are "Scarface" (1932), "Bringing Up Baby" (1938), "Only Angels Have Wings" (1939), "His Girl Friday" (1940), "To Have and Have Not" (1944), "The Big Sleep" (1946), "Red River" (1948), "The Thing from Another World" (1951), and "Rio Bravo" (1959). Hawks often included strong women who talked a lot in his films. This kind of woman was in so many of Hawks's films that people now call that type of woman a "Hawksian woman." In 1942, other movie people in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Hawks for the Academy Award for Best Director for his work making "Sergeant York." In 1975 the Academy gave Hawks an Honorary Academy Award Hawks's work has influenced some of the most popular movie directors such as Martin Scorsese, Robert Altman, John Carpenter, and Quentin Tarantino. Early life and education. Family. Howard Winchester Hawks was born in Goshen, Indiana, the first child of Frank W. Hawks (1865–1950), who made his money making paper, and his wife, Helen (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a businessman with money. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers and his old family member John Hawks had come from England to Massachusetts in 1630. The family lived in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the richest families in the Midwest, because the Goshen Milling Company made a lot of money. The dad of Hawks's mom, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), lived in Neenah, Wisconsin in 1862 at age 17. In 15 years he had made his money in the town's paper mill and other business moves. Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the oldest of five kids and his birth was followed by Kenneth Neil Hawks (August 12, 1899 – January 2, 1930), William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927) and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, the family moved to Neenah, Wisconsin where Frank Hawks started working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company. Education. Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family started to live in Pasadena, California because of the cold Wisconsin winters. This helped Helen Hawks's ill health. Little by little they started to live in Wisconsin only in the summers. They then moved to Pasadena for good in 1910. The family lived in a house down the street from Throop Polytechnic Institute (later known as the California Institute of Technology). The Hawks children started going to the school's Polytechnic Elementary School in 1907. Hawks did okay in school. He did not do well in sports, but by 1910 he made up coaster racing, an early kind of soapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's younger sister Helen died suddenly of food poisoning. From 1910 to 1912, Hawks went to Pasadena High School. But in 1912, the Hawks family moved to Glendora, California. Frank Hawks had orange trees there. Hawks ended his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora. When there he flew planes for performers. He was then sent to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire from 1913 to 1914. His family's money may have been a part his being let into the high-end private school. He was only seventeen, but he was let in as a student the same level of a sophomore. While in New England, Hawks went to the movie houses in Boston. In 1914, Hawks went back to Glendora and graduated from Pasadena High School that year. That same year, Hawks was let into Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He studied mechanical engineering and was a part of Delta Kappa Epsilon. School friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playing craps and drinking alcohol than studying. Hawks also loved reading popular American and English books in school. While working in the movie industry in his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an attempt to change schools to Stanford University. He was not let in. He went to Cornell that September. He left in April 1917 to join the Army when the United States joined World War I. Like a lot of students who joined the armed services in the war, he got a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks went to war, he went back to Hollywood and by the end of April 1917 was working on a Cecil B. DeMille movie. Early film career. In 1916, Hawks met Victor Fleming, a Hollywood filmmaker who had fixed cars and flown planes. Fleming started in the movie industry when a friend, Marshall Neilan, told movie director Allan Dwan that Fleming could fix his car. (Fleming left an impression on Dwan by quickly fixing his car and a broken camera.) By 1916, Fleming was a cinematographer. Hawks met Fleming when he started racing and working on a Mercer race car—bought for him by his grandfather, C.W. Howard—during his 1916 summer vacation in California. They say he met Fleming when the two men raced on a dirt track and caused an accident. Fleming gave Hawks's his first job in the movie industry, as a prop boy on the Douglas Fairbanks movie "In Again, Out Again" (on which Fleming worked as the cinematographer) for Famous Players-Lasky. Hawks said, a new place to be filmed needed to be made quickly when the studio's set designer could not be there, so Hawks offered to do the job. He did a good job. Fairbanks was happy. He then worked making things used in the movie and general helper on an unknown movie put together by Cecil B. DeMille. (Hawks never said what film in interviews and DeMille made five movies about in that time). Gin D. Wong Gin Dan Wong (September 17, 1922 – September 1, 2017) was a Chinese-born American architect. During his career, he was the chief of the Architectural Guild for the School of Architecture and Fine Arts at University of Southern California, the founder and chairman of Gin Wong Associates, and the president of William L. Pereira Associates. He was known as the designer of numerous buildings and centers in Southern California and the Pacific Rim: LAX Theme Building; the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) Headquarters Building in Downtown Los Angeles; the Columbia Broadcasting System Television City; the Crean Tower and Mary Hood Chapel on the Crystal Cathedral campus; the Jack Colker's 76 Station in Beverly Hills; Hyatt Regency International Airport in Inchon, Korea; and the Pan Pacific Tower in Honolulu, Hawaii. Wong died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on September 1, 2017 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 94. Jim McDaniels James Ronald McDaniels (April 2, 1948 – September 6, 2017) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Scottsville, Kentucky. McDaniels was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1971 NBA draft and by the Utah Stars in the ABA Draft, but he began his professional career with the Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association. McDaniels died in Bowling Green, Kentucky on September 6, 2017 from a long-illness at the age of 69. Noel Picard Joseph Jean-Noel Yves Picard (December 25, 1938 – September 6, 2017) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He was the brother of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Roger Picard with whom he briefly played in St Louis, Missouri for one season. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He played for the Montreal Canadiens, St. Louis Blues and the Atlanta Flames. Picard died in Montreal, Quebec on September 6, 2017 at the age of 78. Kim Ki-duk (director, born 1934) Kim Ki-duk (29 September 1934 – 7 September 2017) was a South Korean movie director and professor. He was best known outside of Korea for his 1967 giant monster movie "". Kim directed 66 movies in total from his directorial debut in 1961 until his retirement from the movie industry in 1977. Along with Kim Soo-yong and Lee Man-hee, Kim was one of the leading young directors of the Korean cinematic wave of the 1960s. The most distinctive and successful genre of this period was the melodrama (청춘영화 - "cheongchun yeonghwa"). He was not related to Kim Ki-duk, the South Korean director of "3-Iron". Kim died on 7 September 2017 at the age of 83 from lung cancer in Seoul, South Korea. Kim Ki-duk Kim Ki-duk ( ; December 20, 1960 – December 11, 2020) was a South Korean movie director and screenwriter. His movies have received many awards in the festival awards, making him one of the most important contemporary Asian movie directors. Career. He won the Golden Lion at 69th Venice International Film Festival for "Pietà", Silver Lion for Best Director at 61st Venice International Film Festival for "3-Iron", Silver Bear for Best Director at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival for "Samaria" and Un Certain Regard prize at 2011 Cannes Film Festival for "Arirang". His best known movie was "Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring" (2003). Two of his movies were official submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film as South Korean entries. Kim wrote scripts to many of his former assistant directors including Juhn Jai-hong ("Beautiful" and "Poongsan") and Jang Hoon ("Rough Cut"). Death. On December 11, 2020, Kim died in Riga, Latvia from problems caused by COVID-19, just nine days before his 60th birthday. Jeremiah Goodman Jeremiah Goodman (October 22, 1922 – September 7, 2017) was an American illustrator. He was born in Buffalo, New York. Goodman signed his work with his first name only. Goodman used his unique painting style to create the essence of a building's interior. His painting interprets the plans of both architects and interior designers. He paints original portraits of spaces for both commercial and private clients. For almost twenty years he created the covers for "Interior Design" magazine, and also books on interiors and for murals. Goodman died on September 7, 2017 of complications from pneumonia in New York City at the age of 94. Tomás Villanueva Tomás Félix Villanueva Rodríguez (25 February 1953 – 7 September 2017) was a Spanish politician. He was born in Valladolid, Spain. He served as a politician for the region of Castile and León. He served as the region's Vice President from 2001 through 2003. Villanueva died of a heart attack on 7 September 2017 in Valladolid, Spain at the age of 64. Gene Michael Eugene Richard "Gene" Michael (June 2, 1938 – September 7, 2017), nicknamed "Stick", was an American shortstop, coach, scout, manager and executive in Major League Baseball. He was born in Kent, Ohio. Michael played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, and Detroit Tigers from 1966 to 1975. After his playing career, Michael managed the Yankees and Chicago Cubs, and served as the Yankees' general manager. Michael built the Yankees team that became a dynasty in the late 1990s. Michael died of a heart attack on September 7, 2017, in Oldsmar, Florida at the age of 79. 2017 Chiapas earthquake The 2017 Chiapas earthquake was a strong earthquake that hit Mexico and Guatemala on September 7, 2017. The quake scored a magnitude of 8.4 Mw on the magnitude (or strength) scale. At least sixty people died. Christchurch earthquake (disambiguation) Christchurch earthquake may refer to a number of earthquakes that affected Christchurch, New Zealand. Aérospatiale SA-341 Gazelle The Aérospatiale SA-341 Gazelle is a French helicopter designed and built by Aérospatiale. It was also built under licence in UK by Westland as Westland Gazelle for Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Some were built and used by Yugoslavia as SOKO SA-341 Partizan. It was used for anti-tank, reconnaissance and training. Many are also used for private helicopter. Training helicopter A training helicopter is a light helicopter used specially for training. Some are civilian but most are military. Agathaumas Agathaumas ("great wonder") is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous (65 million years ago). The name comes from Greek, "αγαν" - 'much' and "θαυμα" - 'wonder'. It was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery and might be a synonym of "Triceratops". It was related to "Ceratops". Bajocian In the geologic timescale, the Bajocian is an age or stage in the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 170.3 Ma to around 168.3 Ma (million years ago). The Bajocian age succeeds the Aalenian age and precedes the Bathonian age. God in Judaism Jews believe in only one god, because they believe that that one god was not only the creator of the world, but also that they can have an individual and personal relationship with him. The name of that god is God, meaning “The Name” or “My Master”. The religion started in Mesopotamia, later on moving to Canaan, and near the Middle East. It developed gradually around 1800 BCE. During this time, God talked to Abraham, and told him to go to Canaan with his followers. Once they arrived, they became sheep herders. But one day, famine caused them to flee to Egypt, where they eventually became slaves. After all that happened, God talked to another spiritual leader in Judaism to help Abraham and his followers get back to Canaan, which he eventually did. The religion spread widely after that. The spread is called the Jewish Diaspora. The Jews spread to other countries and took their religion with them. The Jews have to follow specific rules from their bible. One of them is the 10 commandments. They also have to live near their Synagogue because they don't believe in taking transportation on Shabbat. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group A was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Netherlands, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Belarus, and Luxembourg. Innerferrera Innerferrera () is a village and former municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008 the former municipalities of Innerferrera and Ausserferrera merged into the new municipality of Ferrera. Jenaz Jenaz () is a municipality of the district of Prättigau/Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Jenins Jenins () is a municipality in the district of Landquart in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Ferrera Ferrera is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. History. It was formed on 1 January 2008 through the merger of Ausserferrera and Innerferrera. Villars-Sainte-Croix Villars-Sainte-Croix is a municipality in the district of Ouest lausannois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Die, Drôme Die () is a small city and commune in southeastern France in the Drôme department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Geography. Die is in the eastern part of the Drôme department. The Drôme river, a tributary of the Rhône river, flows through the "commune". It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . The distances from Die to other cities are: The "commune" of Die is surrounded by 8 "communes": Chamaloc, Romeyer, Laval-d'Aix, Molières-Glandaz, Aix-en-Diois, Barsac, Ponet-et-Saint-Auban, Marignac-en-Diois. Climate. The climate of Die, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers. Population. The inhabitants of Die are known, in French, as "Diois" (women: "Dioises"). With a population of 4,516, Die has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Die Administration. Die is a sub-prefecture in the Drôme department since 1800. It is the capital of the Die "arrondissement" and is also the administrative centre () of the "canton" of Le Diois formed by 63 "communes", with 13,617 inhabitants (2014). Twin towns. Die is twinned with: Türkân Akyol Türkân Akyol (September 12, 1928 – September 7, 2017) was a Turkish politician, physician and academic. She was the first Turkish female government minister, and the first female university rector in Turkey. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey. She served as Minister of State from 1992 through 1995. Akyol died on 7 September 2017 in Ankara, Turkey of a lung infection at the age of 88. Don Williams Don Williams (May 27, 1939 – September 8, 2017) was an American country singer, songwriter, and 2010 inductee to the Country Music Hall of Fame. He began his solo career in 1971, singing popular ballads and amassing 17 number one country hits. His straightforward yet smooth bass-baritone voice, soft tones, and imposing build earned him the nickname: "Gentle Giant" of country music. On September 8, 2017, Williams died after a short battle with emphysema in Mobile, Alabama at the age of 78. Jerry Pournelle Jerry Eugene Pournelle (; August 7, 1933 – September 8, 2017) was an American science fiction writer, essayist, and journalist. He contributed for many years to the computer magazine "Byte". Pournelle served as President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1973. Les McDonald Les McDonald, CM (30 April 1933 – 4 September 2017) was a Canadian athlete and administrator. He was the founding President of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) from 1989-2008, and was made an Honorary President for the organization until his death in 2017. McDonald is largely credited with getting the sport of triathlon into the Olympic Games, with the inaugural race taking place at the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney, Australia, in 2000. He is a member of the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame (2007), the BC Sports Hall of Fame (2009), and the ITU Hall of Fame (2014). He was awarded the Olympic Order in 2010, in Vancouver, by the International Olympic Committee. McDonald was inducted as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2013 by His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada. Myopathy Myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" simply means muscle disease (Greek myo- "muscle" + patheia < -pathy "suffering"). This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy. Muscular disease can be classified as neuromuscular or musculoskeletal in nature. Some conditions, such as myositis, can be considered both neuromuscular and musculoskeletal. Pierre Bergé Pierre Bergé (; 14 November 1930 – 8 September 2017) was a French industrialist and patron. He was the co-founder of Yves Saint Laurent Couture House and onetime life partner and longtime business partner of the late fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent. Bergé was recognized with the Order of Orange-Nassau, Officer of the Ordre National du Mérite, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, and Legion of Honor. Bergé died of myopathy on 8 September 2017, in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, at the age of 86. United States National Health Care Act The United States National Health Care Act, or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act () is a bill introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI). The bill had 49 cosponsors in 2015. As of August 12, 2017, it had 116 cosponsors, which amounts to a majority of the Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives and is the highest level of support the bill has ever received since Conyers began annually introducing the bill in 2003. The act would create a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the Government of the United States, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and probably recasting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought. The bill was first introduced in 2003, when it had 25 cosponsors, and has been reintroduced in each Congress since. During the 2009 health care debates over the bill that became the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 676 was expected to be debated and voted upon by the House in September 2009, but was never debated. The bill was introduced again recently by Rep. Conyers in the House of Representatives. Senator Bernie Sanders has said that he intends to introduce a parallel bill in the United States Senate in the future. Energy policy Energy policy means the way of usage and conservation of energy and the means to conserve it. Energy has bought immense changes in human life. Thus energy conservation is gaining much momentum. Blake Heron Blake Heron (January 11, 1982 – September 8, 2017) was an American actor. He starred as Marty Preston in the 1996 movie "Shiloh". He was born in Sherman Oaks, California. He also appeared in "Cheaters", "Boston Public" (2000), "Family Law" (1999) and "The Guardian", he took on the role of Specialist Galen Bungum in "We Were Soldiers" (2002). He also appeared in "Dandelion" (2004). Heron was found dead at his apartment by his girlfriend in Los Angeles, California on September 8, 2017, aged 35. In the days before his death, he was recovering from his heroin addiction and suffered from the flu. Toshi Ichiyanagi was a Japanese composer of avant-garde music. Ichiyanagi was born in Kobe, Japan. One of his best known works is the 1960 composition "Kaiki", which combined Japanese instruments, "shō" and koto, and western instruments, harmonica and saxophone. Another work, "Distance" (1961), required the performers to play from a distance of three meters from their instruments. "Anima 7" (1964) stated that chosen action should be performed "as slowly as possible". Ichiyanagi was married to Yoko Ono from 1956 to 1963. Ichiyanagi won the 33rd Suntory Music Award (2001). He has been honored with Japan's Order of Culture. Ichiyanagi died on 7 October 2022, at the age of 89. Michael Moriarty Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and a jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award, a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award. He is known for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series "Holocaust". Moriarty played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) on the television show "Law & Order." Moriarty is also known for his roles in movies such as "Bang the Drum Slowly", "Who'll Stop the Rain", "Q: The Winged Serpent", "The Stuff", "Pale Rider", "Troll", "Courage Under Fire", and "Shiloh". Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh (; born 20 August 1930) is an Irish Gaelic games commentator for the Irish national radio and television, Raidió Teilifís. In a career that has lasted 60 years, he has come to be regarded as the "voice of Gaelic games." His prolific career has earned him a place in "Guinness World Records". Megaflora Megaflora (from Greek μέγας "megas" "huge" and Latin "Flōra" goddess of flowers, from "flōs" "flower") is the collective name of extremely large plant species. Examples of megaflora include the sequoias of California and a number of extinct plant species from the Mesozoic. Luna Shamsuddoha Luna Shamsuddoha (4 October – 17 February 2021) was a Bangladeshi Women Entrepreneur. She was the Chairman of the software firm Dohatec New Media, in Dhaka Bangladesh, which she founded in 1992. She was the first woman to head any state-owned bank in Bangladesh. She is the founder President of Bangladesh Women in Technology (BWIT). She has got ‘Bangladesh Business Award-2017’ for her exceptional contribution to the country’s economy and honored with `Annona Best 10 award' for her remarkable execution in local software industry as a women entrepreneur She serves as board member of SME Foundation, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Director of state-owned Janata Bank Limited. She has joined as chairman of the state-owned Janata Bank Limited. Early life and education. Shamsuddoha was born to Lutfar Rahman and Hasina Rahman on 4 October in Dhaka. She got her Secondary School certificate from Viqarunnisa Noon School and College and Higher Secondary School certificate from Holy Cross College. She has a master's degree in International Relations (IR) from University of Dhaka. Career. She began business in 1985 as the Managing Partner of The Executive Center. Prior to that, she functioned as English Language Teacher at British Council Language Resource Center and as Lecturer, English Language, Institute of Modern Languages, Dhaka University. Her company is an Independent Software Vendor (ISV) and System Integrator. Dohatec provides software solutions to institutions, government agencies and corporations in USA, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and Bangladesh. Dohatec’s key clients are The World Bank, World Health Organisation, US Postal Service, Government of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Army. Personal life. Shamsuddoha was married to A. K. M. Shamsuddoha, a businessman in Dhaka. The couple had a daughter Reem Shamsuddoha. Shamsuddoha died on 17 February 2021 in Dhaka. University of Dhaka The University of Dhaka (ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়), also known as Dhaka University or simply DU), is the oldest university in modern Bangladesh. It was created in 1921 during the British Raj. It is important to the modern history of Bangladesh. After the Partition of India, the university was important to the progressive and democratic movements in Pakistan. Its students and teachers played a central role in the rise of Bengali nationalism and the independence of Bangladesh. Today, it is the largest public university in Bangladesh, with a student body of 33,000 and a faculty of 1,800. Heiteren Heiteren is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Chingleput District (Madras Presidency) Chingleput district was a district in the Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur and parts of Chennai city. It was sub-divided into six taluks with a total area of 7,970 square kilometres (3,079 sq mi). The first capital was the town of Karunguzhi, with an interruption between 1825 and 1835, administrative headquarters were transferred to Kanchipuram. In 1859 the region of Saidapet, now a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai, was made the administrative headquarters of the district. History. Excavations made by Robert Bruce Foote indicate that the region was inhabited in the Stone age. During the end of first millennium B. C, it was under the Thondaiman kings. The Pallavas with their capital at Kanchi came to power in about 500 A. D. When the Pallava kingdom began to decline, the region was conquered by the Western Gangas in about 760 A. D. Chingleput was ruled by the Rashtrakutas, Cholas and the Kakatiyas of Warangal until the 13th century AD when it fell to the Delhi Sultanate. Chingleput area was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire which ruled the region from 1393 till 1565 and from 1565 till 1640 as the kingdom of Chandragiri. The area was annexed by the Mughals in 1687 and was later conquered by the Nawab of the Carnatic. In 1763, Chingleput was ceded to the British East India Company by Mohammad Ali, the then Nawab of the Carnatic. It was the site of the Carnatic Wars and was frequently taken by Tipu Sultan during the last years of the 18th century.After the independence of India, the district became part in 1950 of the newly named Madras State. As a result of the 1956 States Reorganisation Act, the state's boundaries were re-organised following linguistic lines. Population. As of 1901, Chingleput had a total population of 1,312,222. 96 percent of the population were Hindus while the rest where Christians and Muslims. About three-fourths of the people spoke Tamil as their mother tongue the remainder spoke Telugu. Due to its proximity to Madras city, there were also large numbers of Europeans in the district. Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency) Coimbatore district was one of the districts of the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the areas of the present-day districts of Coimbatore, Erode and Tirupur and the Kollegal taluk of present-day Karnataka. It covered a total area of 20,400 square kilometres (7,860 sq mi) and was sub-divided into 10 taluks. The administrative headquarters was Coimbatore city. Most of Coimbatore's inhabitants were Tamil-speaking but there were also large numbers of Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada speaking people. History. Coimbatore was a part of the ancient Chera kingdom during the Sangam Age. After the Chera kingdom fell, the region was ruled by the Western Gangas and the Hoysalas. Coimbatore came under Muslim rule in the 13th century AD and was a province of the Vijayanagar Empire. After the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire, Coimbatore was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks till 17th century. A series of wars between the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Mysore of Madurai Nayak dynasty resulted in the region coming under the control of Mysore kings till the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Third Mysore War in 1792, Coimbatore became a part of British India. The district was founded in 1805. In 1868 Nilgiri District was segregated. The Avinashi taluk was formed when Karur was separated from the district and merged with Trichinopoly District. In 1927 and 1929 other readjustments were made. In 1956 the Kollegal taluk was transferred to Mysore State. Madura District (Madras Presidency) Madura District was one of the districts of the Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the present-day districts of Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and parts of Virudhunagar District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. History. Madura district was the centre of the Pandya kingdom and its capital city of Madurai was flourishing ever since the Sangam period. In the 10th century AD, the region was conquered by the rising Chola power. The Pandyas governed as subordinate from the 10th to the 13th century AD when they asserted their independence and established their supremacy over the declining Cholas. After a short and progressive rule, the Pandyas were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate whose ruled Alauddin Khilji sacked Madura. The region was ruled by the Madurai Sultanate for some time before it was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire. The Vijayanagar kings were succeeded by the Madurai Nayak kingdom whose demise in 1736 left behind a huge void. After a short period of anarchy, Madura was conquered by the British East India Company and the district of Madura was carved out. Taluks. Madura district was sub-divided into 15 taluks, including 5 zamindari taluks of Ramnad estate and 3 zamindari taluks of Sivaganga estate. Gyposaurus Gyposaurus (meaning "vulture lizard", referring to the outdated hypothesis that prosauropods were carnivores) is a genus of prosauropod from the early Jurassic of South Africa and China. It is usually considered to represent juveniles of other prosauropods, but "G." "sinensis" is regarded as a possibly valid species. Ibadan Ibadan is the capital of Oyo State, Nigeria. There are over 3 million people living in Ibadan which makes it the most populous city in Oyo state. It is the third most populous city in Nigeria, after Lagos and Kano. It is the largest city in the country by land size. Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria. Ibadan was the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of the British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The major inhabitants of the city are Yoruba, as well as various communities from other parts of the country. Citipati Citipati (pronounced in Hindi, meaning 'funeral pyre lord') is a genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. The type species, "Citipati osmolskae", was described in 2001. A second, as yet unnamed species may also exist. "Citipati" is often confused with the similar "Oviraptor" Zapalasaurus Zapalasaurus is a genus of dinosaur named after the city of Zapala. The type species, "Zapalasaurus bonapartei", was found in Neuquén Province, Argentina. It was a diplodocoid, a long-necked herbivore, and it lived during the Early Cretaceous. Limaysaurus Limaysaurus is a herbivorous rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur from Argentina. Telmatosaurus Telmatosaurus (meaning "marsh lizard") is a genus of basal hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was about five meters (16 ft) long. It was found in what is now Romania. Dakotaraptor Dakotaraptor is a genus of large carnivorous theropod dromaeosaurid dinosaur. It lived in the Late Cretaceous of North America. Description. Size. "Dakotaraptor" was about long. That makes it one of the largest dromaeosaurids known. Latenivenatrix Latenivenatrix (meaning "hiding hunter") is a genus of troodontid. It was previously identified as "Troodon". "Latenivenatrix" has an estimated skull length of and a size . This makes it the largest troodontid known. Guarinisuchus Guarinisuchus is an extinct genus of crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene periods, 66-62 million years ago of the María Farinha Formation, Brazil. It was a dominant predator in its environment, and reached a length of 3 m (10 ft). "Guarinisuchus" appears to be closely related to marine crocodylomorphs found in Africa, which supports the hypothesis that the group originated in Africa and migrated to South America before spreading into the waters off the North American coast. Tangvayosaurus Tangvayosaurus (meaning "Tang Vay lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Aptian-Albian age Lower Cretaceous Grès Supérior Formation of Savannakhet, Laos. It was a basal titanosaur, about 15 m long, and is known from the remains of two or three individuals. Material. It is based on TV4-1 to TV4-36, consisting of a partial pelvis, several back vertebrae and a tail vertebra, ribs, and an upper arm bone (humerus). P. J. Kennedy Patrick Joseph "P. J." Kennedy (January 14, 1858 – May 18, 1929) was an American businessman and politician. Kennedy was a major figure in the Democratic Party in Boston. He was the father of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969) and the grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). The son of Irish immigrants, he was the only surviving male in the family after two outbreaks of Cholera. He started work at fourteen as a stevedore in the docks. Kennedy owned three saloons and a whisky import house, and eventually had major interests in coal and banking. He moved successfully into politics, as a sociable man able to mix comfortably with both the Irish and the Protestant elite, and he sat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and in the Massachusetts Senate. His particular talent was for the behind-the-scenes machinations for which Boston politics became so notorious. Early life. P. J. was the youngest of five children born to Irish Catholic immigrants Patrick Kennedy (1823–1858) and Bridget Murphy (1821–1888), who were both from New Ross, County Wexford, and married in Boston on September 26, 1849. The couple's elder son, John, had died of cholera in infancy two years before P. J. was born. Ten months after P. J.'s birth, his father Patrick also succumbed to the infectious cholera epidemic that infested the family's East Boston neighborhood. As the only surviving male, P. J. was the first Kennedy to receive a formal education. His mother Bridget had purchased an East Boston stationery and notions store where she had worked. The business took off and expanded into a grocery and liquor store. At the age of fourteen, P. J. left school to work with his mother and three older sisters, Mary, Joanna, and Margaret, as a stevedore on the Boston Docks. In the 1880s, with money he had saved from his modest earnings, he launched a business career by buying a saloon in Haymarket Square downtown. In time, he bought a second establishment by the East Boston docks. Next, to capitalize on the social drinking of upperclass Boston, Kennedy purchased a third bar in an upscale East Boston hotel, the Maverick House. Before he was thirty, his growing prosperity allowed him to buy a whiskey-importing business. By the time he died in 1929, Kennedy held an interest in a coal company and a substantial amount ofstock in a bank, the Columbia Trust Company. His wealth afforded his family of one son and two daughters an attractive home on Jeffries Point in East Boston. Political career. Kennedy was "always ready to help less fortunate fellow Irishmen with a little cash and some sensible advice." He enjoyed the approval and respect of most folks in East Boston, living on the hill of a mixed Boston neighborhood of upscale Irish and Protestant elite. Beginning in 1884, he converted his popularity into five consecutive one-year terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, followed by three two-year terms in the Massachusetts Senate. Establishing himself as one of Boston's principal Democratic leaders, he was invited to give one of the seconding speeches for Grover Cleveland at the party's 1888 national convention in St. Louis. However, he found campaigning, speech making, and legislative maneuvering, to be less appealing than the behind-the-scenes machinations that characterized so much of Boston politics in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. After leaving the Senate in 1895, Kennedy spent his political career as an appointed elections commissioner, an appointed fire commissioner, as the backroom boss of Boston's Ward Two, and as a member of his party's unofficial Board of Strategy. Marriage and children. On November 23, 1887, he married Mary Augusta Hickey (1857-1923), daughter of James Hickey and Margaret Martha Field. P. J. and Mary had four children: Death. P. J. Kennedy died on May 18, 1929 from natural causes at age 71. Filippo Reef Filippo Reef is a coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. It is located at , east of Starbuck Island in the Line Islands. The reef was reported by the master of the Italian barque "Filippo" who saw it on 28 June 1886. From an unidentified report of breakers dated 1926, it was estimated to have a water depth of only , and appeared to be about long northwest to southeast, and less in width. The only sighting referenced shows a date of 1926. The topographic data supplied by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), however, shows a sea depth of . It is therefore likely that this 1926 report is an error, and that Filippo Reef is a phantom island. Maps showing the reef rely on the report of 1926, and are likely in error. Nevertheless, it is marked in the 2005 edition of the "National Geographic Atlas of the World". FC Schaffhausen FC Schaffhausen is a football club which plays in Switzerland. Wood fuel Wood fuel is a type of energy that is burnt down to create energy, such as heat or light. Klosters-Serneus Klosters-Serneus is a ski resort and municipality of the district Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is a popular ski location and the slopes are easily accessible via a large cable car. Küblis Küblis is a municipality in the district of Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Drôme (river) The Drôme () is a river in southeastern France. It is a left tributary of the Rhône river. It gives its name to the French department of Drôme. Geography. The Drôme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of . Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Saillans in the Drôme department. Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Saillans (108 years) Course. The Drôme starts in the "Col de Carabès", in the western foothills of the Alps, in the "commune" of La Bâtie-des-Fonds, (Drôme department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Drôme flows first to the northwest and then to the west. The Drôme river flows within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, 2 departments and 37 "communes". It flows through the following "communes", among others: Finally, it flows into the Rhône river in the "commune" of Loriol-sur-Drôme, on the border with the Ardèche department. Main tributaries. The main tributaries of the Drôme river are: Left tributaries: Right tributaries: Air Transat Air Transat is a Canadian leisure airline based in Montreal, Quebec. It was founded in December 1986. In 2016 there were about 2,500 employees. Selima Ahmad Selima Ahmed (born 7 July 1960) is a Bangladeshi politician and businesswoman. She is the Vice Chairperson of Nitol-Niloy Group and started and is the President of the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BWCCI). She is part of the board of Janata Bank Limited. She was a board member of Sonali Bank Limited, but is not any more. In 2014 she won the Oslo Business for Peace Award for her work in Business. She is a Global Ambassador of The International Alliance for Women (TIAW) and also a Course Teacher of MBA class in University of Dhaka. Early life and education. Ahmed earned her graduation and Masters in Business Management from Dhaka University and did short courses from USA, Japan, Denmark and Canada. She is a fellow of Stanford University. She has been working to help businesses for over 28 years and has helped many women entrepreneurs. Career. Ahmad, is Vice Chairperson of the Nitol-Niloy Group. She is the Key person of the Bangladesh chapter of Women Democracy Network. She is a member of the Civil Society Advisory Group of UN Women. She also holds positions in different committees of various national and international organizations. Personal life. Ahmad is married to Abdul Matlub Ahmad, a Business Leader and former President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries (FBCCI). Haleh Afshar, Baroness Afshar Haleh Afshar, Baroness Afshar OBE FAcSS (; 21 May 1944 – 12 May 2022) was a British professor and a life peer in the House of Lords. She was a prominent Muslim feminist, and characterises herself as a Socialist and a Shi'a Muslim. Her background is in equal opportunities in Britain, and before that, land reform and development in Iran, where she grew up, and journalism in both countries. Afshar died on 12 May 2022 at the age of 77. Ramnad estate The estate of Ramnad was a permanently settled zamindari estate that existed in the Ramnad subdivision of the Madura district and later Ramnad district of the erstwhile Madras Presidency in British India from 1801 to 1949. The seat of administration was the town of Ramanathapuram. The Zamindari had its origins in the Kingdom of Ramnad established by Raghunatha Kilavan in the late 17th century. In 1803, the Kingdom was converted to a Zamindari by the British. The male rulers of Ramnathapuram also bore the title of Sethupathi or "protector of the bridge", the bridge here referring to the legendary Rama's Bridge while female rulers bore the title "Nachiyar". Details. The estate covered an area of 2,104 square miles (5,450 km2) and had a population of 723,886 in 1901. It was one of the largest and most populous zamindari estates in the Madras Presidency. The zamindar of Ramnad paid a tribute of Rs. 3.75 lakhs for the year 1903-04 to the British government. List of Sethupathis. Ruler of princely state under the paramountcy of the British Raj. (1795-1803) Alina Janowska Alina Janowska (16 April 1923 – 13 November 2017) was a Polish actress. She was known for her roles in "Zakazane piosenki" and in "Samson" (by Andrzej Wajda). From 1970 to 1974, she starred in the comedy series "Czterdziestolatek". Biography. Janowska was born in 1923 in Warsaw, Poland. She came from a wealthy family. She was arrested on the night of 23 April 1942 for helping a Jewish family. She was imprisoned for 7 months in Pawiak in Warsaw. She was a member of the Warsaw Uprising. In 1963, she married fencer Wojciech Zabłocki. Janowska died on 13 November 2017 in Warsaw from Alzheimer's disease, aged 94. Justice Party (India) The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was established in 1917 by T. M. Nair and P. Theagaraya Chetty as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. Elections Conducted and aftermath. In 1920, it won the first direct elections in the presidency and formed the government. For the next seventeen years, it formed four out of the five ministries and was in power for thirteen years. It was the main political alternative to the nationalist Indian National Congress in Madras. After it lost to the Congress in the 1937 election, it never recovered. It came under the leadership of Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy and his Self-Respect Movement. In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into the social organisation Dravidar Kazhagam and withdrew it from electoral politics. A rebel faction that called itself the original Justice Party, survived to contest one final election, in 1952. Ideology. The Justice Party was isolated in contemporary Indian politics by its many controversial activities. It opposed Brahmins in civil service and politics, and this anti-Brahmin attitude shaped many of its ideas and policies. It opposed Annie Besant and her Home rule movement, because it believed home rule would benefit the Brahmins. The party also campaigned against the non-cooperation movement in the presidency. It was at odds with M. K. Gandhi, primarily due to his praise for Brahminism. Its mistrust of the Brahmin–dominated Congress led it to adopt a hostile stance toward the Indian independence movement. Although it professed to represent all non-Brahmins, the Justice Party eventually lost the support of Muslims and Untouchables, who accused it of serving the interests of only a few castes like Vellalars (Mudaliars, Pillais), Balija Naidus, Beri Chettis, Kapus and Kammas. The Justice Party's power period is remembered for the introduction of caste-based reservations, and educational and religious reform. In opposition it is remembered for participating in the anti-Hindi agitations of 1937–40. The party was responsible for creating Andhra and Annamalai universities and for developing the area around present-day Theagaroya Nagar in Madras city. List of scientists from Africa This is a list of scientists from Africa. List of scientists from Asia This is a list of scientists from Asia. List of scientists from Europe This is a list of scientists from Europe. List of scientists from North America This is a list of scientists from North America B. V. Radha Bengaluru Vijaya Radha (August 1948 – 10 September 2017) was an Indian actress and movie producer. Starting her career in the 1964 movie "Navakoti Narayana". She went on to play mostly supporting roles in over 300 movie, 250 of which were in Kannada, and the rest in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu and Hindi. She was born in Bangalore, Mysore State, India. Radha died of a heart attack on 10 September 2017 in Bangalore at the age of 69. Nancy Dupree Nancy Hatch Dupree (; October 3, 1927 – September 10, 2017) was an American-Afghan historian whose work primarily focused on the history of modern Afghanistan. Dupree went to Barnard College and Columbia University to study Chinese. Dupree was the director of the Afghanistan Center at Kabul University in Afghanistan and author of five books that she compiled while studying the history of Afghanistan from 1962 until the late 1970s. Michael Friedman (composer) Michael Friedman (September 24, 1975 – September 9, 2017) was an American composer and lyricist. He was a founding associate artist of The Civilians. He received a 2007 Obie award for excellence. His musical "Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson" opened on Broadway in October 2010. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Friedman was openly gay. Friedman died on September 9, 2017 in Manhattan, New York from complications of AIDS at the age of 41. Frank Aarebrot Frank Henrik Aarebrot (19 January 1947 – 9 September 2017) was a Norwegian political scientist. He was born in Bergen, Norway. He was professor of comparative politics at the University of Bergen and adjunct professor of democracy development at the Örebro University. He regularly lectured at Institut des Sciences Politiques and at the Humboldt University. Aarebrot has written 69 books on the democratisation of Europe, following the fall of the Berlin Wall. In Norway, Aarebrot was known as a political commentator. Aarebrot died in Bergen from heart surgery-related problems for a heart attack he suffered on 9 September 2017 at the age of 70. Solomon Efimovich Shulman Solomon Efimovich Shulman (January 20, 1936 – September 6, 2017), also known as Sol Shulman and Semion Shulman, was a Belarusian author, screenwriter, movie director and adventurer. He was the writer of more than forty documentary movies, five feature movie scripts, plus a host of literary and publicist works, published in many countries worldwide. His best known book was "Power and Destiny". His movies include "In Broad Daylight", "On the Slopes of Elbruce" and "In Ancient Khiv". Shulman died on September 6, 2017 in Melbourne, Australia of heart failure, aged 81. Nick Theodore Nick Andrew Theodore (born September 16, 1928) is an American politician. He was a State representative from 1963-66 and 1970-78, a South Carolina state senator from 1967-68 and from 1981-86, and the 85th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995. Theodore is a member of the Democratic Party. W. Brantley Harvey Jr. William Brantley Harvey Jr. (August 14, 1930 – December 12, 2018) was an American lawyer and politician. He was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1958, and served until 1975, when he was installed as Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina. He served in that position until 1983. Harvey later served on the South Carolina Commission of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, as well as the South Carolina Department of Transportation. Harvey died on December 12, 2018 in Beaufort, South Carolina at the age of 88. Hugh Leatherman Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. (April 14, 1931 – November 12, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the South Carolina Senate, from 1981 until his death. He was the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Leatherman and sat on the state's Budget and Control Board. He was President Pro Tempore of the South Carolina Senate for all but one day from 2014 through 2019. On October 22, 2021, it was announced that Leatherman was in hospice care in Florence, South Carolina for colorectal cancer. He died from the disease on November 12, 2021 at the age of 90. HIV Drug Resistance Database HIV Drug Resistance Database, also named "Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database" is a database at Stanford University that shows 93 versions of HIV. The latest list uses data from other laboratories in Europe, Canada and the United States including more than 15,000 pieces of data. History of the sword The different types of swords have been of great importance throughout history. In addition to its use as a weapon, the sword has been the object of special considerations forming part of funerary rituals, mythology and other ancient traditions. Chronology details. The present chronology includes diverse and relatively uneven documents. The need to group them into a single list responds to the desire of simplicity. Chronology (until the Christian Era). Bronze Swords. The manufacturing process is summarized as follows: The bronze swords were cast into moulds, heated to a certain temperature and allowed to cool slowly. Finally they cold hammered (hitting them with a hammer on a type anvil) to increase its hardness. Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin is a Bangladeshi Business leader. He is the President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI). He led the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector of the country over thirty years and became the President of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), the largest export earning sector of the country. Early life and education. Md. Shafiul Islam (Mohiuddin) obtained B.Com (Hon’s) and M.Com degree in Accountancy from University of Dhaka. Career. Mohiuddin involve with RMG sector of the country over thirty years. He entered garment industry in 1992 by establishing Onus Apparel Ltd. Since he started his export oriented garments industry named Onus Group, the largest export earning sector of the country. He has also successfully diversified his business in other business sectors like Garment Accessories, Real Estate, Shipping, Fishing, Trawler, Dredging, Solar Energy, Auto Bricks, Handicrafts, etc. He has currently employed over six thousand people in his business group. He is the Director of Trustee Board, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT). He is also the Vice President of Society for Anti addiction Movement (SAAM), Centre of Excellence for Bangladesh Apparel Industry (CEBAI) and Rugby Federation, Director of Mohammedan Sporting Club Limited, Director of BGMEA Apparel Club. Personal life. Mohiuddin is married to Leesa Khalid Islam. The have four daughters and one son. Kunwar Singh Kunwar Singh (13 November 1777 – 26 April 1858) belonged to a royal Ujjainiya Rajput house of Jagdispur, which is currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 he led soldiers against the troops of the British East India Company. He was the chief organizer of the fight against the British in Bihar. Legacy. The Republic of India issued a commemorative stamp on 23 April 1966. The Kunwar Singh University in Arrah is named after him. Gadi Eizenkot Gadi Eizenkot, Hebrew: גדי איזנקוט, (born May 19, 1960 in Tiberias) has been the Chief of General Staff ("Ramatkal") of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) since February 16, 2015. Eizenkot has the rank of lieutenant general ("rav aluf"). He has been an Israeli soldier since 1978. He commanded the following units: the Northern Command, the Golani Brigade, the Judea and Samaria Division, and the Operations Directive. In between he was military secretary to prime minister Ehud Barak from 1999 to 2001. He fought in several wars, like the 1982 Lebanon War, the 2006 Lebanon War and the Gaza War. Eizenkot is a Maghrebic Jew (he is of Jewish-Moroccan descent). During his youth he lived in Eilat. He studied history at Tel Aviv University and political science at Haifa University. He also studied at the United States Army War College. He is married with five children, and lives in Herzliya. Chabana Chabana (茶花, literally "tea flowers"), is a general word used in the Japanese language, for the arrangement of flowers at a Japanese tea ceremony. The flowers are not arranged in any special way, the method for arranging these flowers is known as "thrown in". This style of flower arranging is recognised as a particular type of Ikebana (生け花, "arranging flowers"), also known as Kādo (華道, the "way of flowers"), which has its beginnings in Buddhist flower offerings. Chabana in particular, refers to a flower display for the room where the tea ceremony is to be held, the Chashitsu (茶室, literally "tea rooms"). Tatya Tope Tatya Tope also spelled Tantia Tope (16 February 1814 — 18 April 1859), was an Indian freedom fighter. He was a General in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. His full name is Ramachandra Pandurang Tope. Tope was a close associate of Nana Saheb. Tope and Sahib led the Indian forces in the Siege of Cawnpore. The British East India Company surrendered and were told they could have safe passage. But they were attacked by Indian forces and all but 210 women and children were killed. He fought valiantly against the British in 1857. He was very loyal to Nana Sahib. References. Notes Single non-transferable vote The single non-transferable vote (often Abbreviated to S.N.T.V.) is an electoral system for multiple member electoral districts. It is an electoral system which can produce an proportional result but it will depend on the district's magnitude (the number of representatives in the electoral district) if there is more members in each electoral district the more proportional the result will be. In many cases the single non-transferable vote has been replaced by other voting systems. In certain cases S.N.T.V. is thought to be similar to Plurality-at-large voting, commonly refereed as Bloc Voting, but is different because in S.N.T.V electors are only allowed to vote for one candidate but in Plurality-at-large voting the voter have as many votes as there are seats to win. Example. This example has three winners in the electoral district Current Usage. Today there are very few places which use the Single Non Transferable Vote: Green fluorescent protein Green florescent protein (GFP) is a protein that is found in moon jellyfish. It helps scientists look at cell molecules. There is another substance the is called RFP that serves the same purpose but is red, and is found in coral. For GFP scientists have learned that if you take away one molecule it can change the whole color of the substance, along with if you add a molecule to the original substance it will also change the color. Scientists have made the colors cyan (ECFP) and pink (mRaspberry). The GFP is a florescent substance that is kind of like a highlighter. Helen Foster Snow Helen Foster Snow (September 21, 1907 – January 11, 1997) was an American journalist. She lived in China in the 1930s. Early life. Helen Foster was born in Cedar City, Utah. She grew up in the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Her parents were John Moody Foster and Hannah Davis. They met while working as teachers at Ricks Academy, a school connected with the LDS Church. Hannah went to school at Ricks Academy. John went to Stanford University. Both of Helen's parents were the children of Mormon pioneers. The pioneers came to Utah in the mid-1800s. When Helen was young, the Foster family moved a lot. After Helen was born, the Fosters moved to Chicago so John could go to law school. Many years later, the family moved back to Idaho. Moving a lot made Helen more outgoing. She cared about what her new classmates thought of her. Because she was the oldest child and only daughter of the family, she had to help a lot as the family grew. She often worked with her mother to care for her three younger brothers and do chores. This was needed even more when the Fosters did not have a lot of money. Helen moved to Salt Lake City when she started high school. She lived with her grandmother and aunt. She went to West High School and did many school activities. She worked on the school's yearbook. She was the student vice president of her senior class. Helen planned to go to college at Stanford, like her father. But the cost of school was too much for her parents. Helen said her parents thought that girls could only get married. They thought it was a waste of money for her to go to school. But Helen's father did pay for her to go to the University of Utah. She went to school there for many years, but she did not graduate. Instead of going to school, Helen worked. She got a job as a secretary for the Utah chapter (a part of a large group in one area) of the American Silver Mining Commission. While working there, she learned that she wanted to work in other countries. She also dreamed of writing her own "great American novel". Helen took the civil service exam and passed. First, she wanted to work in Europe. But there were no places open for her to work in civil service in Europe. Her boss had a connection in China. This helped Helen get a job with the president of an American company in Shanghai. In August 1931, Helen moved to Asia with hopes of becoming a writer. Aldus Manutius Aldus Pius Manutius (ca. 1452 – February 6, 1515) was a person who printed books in Venice, Italy during the Italian Renaissance. He started a company to print books called the Aldine Press in 1494. He was one of the first people to use modern printing ideas. He also printed small books that were easy to carry. Early life and printing press. Manutius was born in Bassiano, in the Papal States, in what is now the province of Latina, about 100 km south of Rome. He was born during the Italian Renaissance period. His family was well off, and in the early 1470s Manutius was sent to Rome to be taught as a scholar of human society and culture. He studied Latin under Gaspare da Verona and was also taught by Domizio Calderini. In 1475–1478 he studied Greek in Ferrara, under Guarino da Verona. Manutius became a citizen of the town Carpi in March 1480. In 1482 he went to live in Mirandola with his old friend and fellow student, Giovanni Pico, while staying away from the Venetian army. He lived there for two years, learning about Greek literature. Before Pico moved to Florence, he made Manutius the teacher to his sister's sons, Alberto and Leonello Pio, who were young royal sons of the town of Carpi. In Carpi, Manutius grew close with his student, Alberto Pio. At the end of the 1480s Manutius created two works addressed to his two students and their mother, Caterina Pico. Both works were printed by Baptista de Tortis in Venice — "Musarum panagyris" with its "Epistola Catherinae Piae", March/May 1487 – March 1491 and the "Paraenesis", 1490. This would serve as Manutius's start in publishing. Aldine Press. In 1494 Manutius made the Aldine Press in Venice. The Aldine Press printed its first material in February 1495. Pier Francesco Barbarigo owned half of the Aldine Press. Andrea Torresani owned the other half. Manutius shared part of what Torresani owned with him. Aldus Manutius wanted to save ancient Greek literature. He wanted to make it so that everybody could read what the Greeks had written a very long time ago. He did this by printing copies of things they had written. He wanted to make the letters he used in printing to look like the handwriting of Latin and Greek humanists. People in Venice usually wrote in curly connected letters. Printing presses only used square looking letters back then. By making letters that were all connected and curly, Manutius could make the things he printed more personal. Manutius paid Francesco Griffo of Bologna to make the new letters used in the printing press. The letters that Griffo made were used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembo's "De Aetna" in 1495. These letters were also the first model of italic type. The letters were used until 1501. Samuel Brannan Samuel Brannan (March 2, 1819 – May 5, 1889) was an American businessman. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called "The California Star". He was the first person to tell everyone about the gold in California during the California Gold Rush. He was also the first person millionaire of the Gold Rush Brannan moved to Yerba Buena, a place in northern California. He talked with the people who lived there and decided that the land by the Sacramento River would be a safe place for the Mormons to live. A lot of people didn't agree with him, so the new city didn't work. Brannan was the first person to do a lot of things there, like building a flour mill (a place that makes bread) and teaching in English. Brannan started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called "The" "California Star", on January 9, 1847. Brannan sold the newspaper to a friend, and then it was called "The Daily Alta California". In June 1847, Brannan went to Green River, Wyoming, to meet with Brigham Young, who was the head of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Young was leading a group of Mormons to the Great Basin area. Brannan wanted Young to bring the Mormons to California, but Young wanted to stay in Utah. Brannan wasn't happy about that, and went back to California. Brannan was the only church leader in California, so the Mormons paid him their tithes (a small part of their money). But there is no record of Brannan sending the money to his church leaders in Utah, so it's possible that he kept it for himself. Many members stopped paying him and moved to the Salt Lake valley, where most of the other Mormons were. René Laurentin Father René Laurentin (October 19, 1917 – September 10, 2017) was a French theologian. He was born in Tours, France. Laurentin was known as an expert in the field of Mariology and is the author of numerous books and scholarly articles on topics including Marian apparitions such as Lourdes and Medjugorje; visionaries and mystics including Bernadette Soubirous, Thérèse de Lisieux, Catherine Labouré, and Yvonne Aimée de Malestroit; as well as biblical exegesis, theology, and Vatican II. Don Ohlmeyer Donald Winfred "Don" Ohlmeyer Jr. (February 3, 1945 – September 10, 2017) was an American television producer and president of the NBC network's west coast division. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was a professor of television communications at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California. He served as ombudsman for ESPN.com for 18 months; that term ended in January 2011. Ohlmeyer died in Indian Wells, California on September 10, 2017 of cancer at the age of 72. Len Wein Len Wein (; June 12, 1948 – September 10, 2017) was an American comic book writer and editor. He was born in New York City, New York. Wein was best known for co-creating DC Comics' Swamp Thing and Marvel Comics' Wolverine, and for helping revive the Marvel superhero team the X-Men (including the co-creation of Nightcrawler, Storm, and Colossus). Additionally, he was the editor for writer Alan Moore and illustrator Dave Gibbons' influential DC miniseries "Watchmen". Wein was added into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2008. Wein died of a heart attack on September 10, 2017 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 69. Thomas Morrow Reavley Thomas Morrow Reavley (June 21, 1921 – December 1, 2020) was an American judge. He served as Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from July 13, 1979 until his death. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter. Reavley was born in Quitman, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin, at Harvard University and at the University of Virginia. He was in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946. Reavley was married to fellow Fifth Circuit judge Carolyn Dineen King from 2004 until his death. Reavley died on December 1, 2020 in Houston, aged 99. Frosinone Frosinone is a city and a "comune" in the Lazio region of Central Italy, the capital of the province of Frosinone. The city is about southeast of Rome. Geography. The "comune" of Frosinone has an area of and its altitude is above sea level. The "comune" borders with the "comuni" Alatri, Arnara, Ceccano, Ferentino, Patrica, Supino, Torrice, Veroli. "Frazioni". The following "frazioni" (hamlets) are part of the "comune" of Frosinoneː Capo Barile Nicolia, Cerreto, Cinque Vie, Colle Cannuccio, Farnito, Fontana Grande, Impratessa, La Cervona, Lago Maniano, Le Noci, Le Pignatelle, Le Rase, Pratillo, San Liberatore, Selva Dei Muli, Valle Contessa, Vetiche I. Population. , there are 46,120 persons (22,004 males and 24,116 females) living in the "comune", for a population density of inhabitants/km². Twinned and partner towns. Frosinone is twinned with: Robert J. Cenker Robert Joseph "Bob" Cenker (born November 5, 1948) is an American engineer, and former astronaut. In January 1986, Cenker was a crew member on the seventh flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia". Cenker was a type of astronaut called a Payload Specialist. This mission was the final flight before the Challenger explosion, which ended the Space Shuttle program until 1988. As a result, Cenker's mission was called "The End of Innocence" for the Shuttle. Following the end of his space mission, Cenker returned to work as an engineer, and also makes appearances for NASA. Early life and education. Cenker was born on November 5, 1948, and raised near Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He started his education at St. Fidelis College Seminary in Herman, Pennsylvania, leaving in 1962. He later attended Uniontown Joint Senior High School and graduated in 1966. Cenker enrolled at Penn State University in 1970 where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering. He continued his studies at Penn State and earned a Master of Science degree in 1973, also in aerospace engineering. Cenker earned a second Master of Science (M Sc.) degree in Electrical Engineering from Rutgers University in 1977. Pre-spaceflight career. Cenker worked for 18 years at RCA Astro-Electronics and its successor company GE Astro Space. Cenker worked on hardware design and systems design concerning satellite attitude control. He also worked on in-orbit operations, as well as spacecraft assembly, test control, and pre-launch operations. He spent two years on the Navy navigation satellite program, but spent most of his career working on commercial communications satellites. Cenker's positions included integration and test manager for the Satcom D and E spacecraft, where he was responsible for all launch site activities. He also served as spacecraft bus manager on the Spacenet/GStar programs. He was responsible for ensuring the spacecraft bus could interface with multiple rockets, including the Delta, Space Shuttle, and Ariane launch vehicles. Spaceflight experience. As an incentive for a spacecraft owner to contract with NASA to use a Shuttle launch instead of an unmanned, commercial launch system, NASA permitted contracting companies to apply for a Payload Specialist seat on the same mission. When RCA contracted with NASA to launch Satcom Ku-1, RCA Astro-Electronics' manager of systems engineering for the Satcom-K program Bob Cenker, and his co-worker Gerard Magilton, were selected to train as Payload Specialists. Cenker and Magilton trained with career astronauts as well as other Payload and Mission Specialists, including those scheduled for the next scheduled flight, that of the "Challenger" mission, STS-51-L. This flight of "Columbia" was originally scheduled to occur in August 1985, but the timeline slipped. In July 1985 the payload was finalized to include the RCA satellite, and Cenker was assigned to the mission, now designated as STS-61-C. Magilton was assigned as the back-up.Prior to its successful launch, "Columbia" had several aborted launch attempts, including one on January 6 which was "one of the most hazardous in the shuttle’s operational history" to that point, as well as a near-catastrophic abort three days later. Referring to the January 9 abort, pilot Charlie Bolden later stated that it “...would have been catastrophic, because the engine would have exploded had we launched.” "Columbia" ultimately launched and achieved orbit on January 12, 1986, with a full crew of seven. Along with Cenker, the crew included Robert L. "Hoot" Gibson, future NASA Administrator Charles F. Bolden, George D. Nelson, Steven A. Hawley, Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, and US Representative Bill Nelson. Cenker and his crewmates traveled over 2.1 million miles in 96 orbits aboard Columbia and logged over 146 hours in space. During the six-day mission, January 12–18, Cenker performed a variety of physiological tests, operated a primary experiment – an infrared imaging camera – and assisted with the deployment of RCA Americom's Satcom Ku-1 satellite, the primary mission objective. Satcom K-1 was deployed nearly 10 hours into the mission, and Satcom later reached its geostationary “slot” at 85 degrees West longitude where it remained operational until April 1997, the last major commercial satellite deployed by the space shuttle program. In a 2014 video of the "Tell Me a Story" series titled "Close My Eyes & Drift Away", posted to the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex YouTube channel, Cenker tells a humorous story regarding a zero-g sleeping problem that he faced on his mission. The next Shuttle launch, ten days after the return of "Columbia," resulted in the destruction of "Challenger" with the loss of all aboard, including Cenker's counterpart from Hughes Aircraft, civilian crew member and Payload Specialist Greg Jarvis. Accordingly, commander Gibson later called the STS-61-C mission "The End of Innocence" for the Shuttle Program. Following the Challenger disaster, the shuttle fleet was grounded until 1988. Even after Shuttle missions resumed, civilian Payload Specialists like Cenker were excluded until the Payload Specialist program was reinstated on December 2, 1990 when Samuel T. Durrance, an Applied Physics Laboratory astrophysicist and Ronald A. Parise, a Computer Sciences Corporation astronomer, flew aboard STS-35. By that time, RCA had been purchased by General Electric, and RCA Astro-Electronics became part of GE. Following two additional ownership transitions, the facility was closed in 1998. As a result, Cenker was the only RCA Astro-Electronics employee, and only employee in the history of the facility under all of its subsequent names, to ever fly in space. NASA's Payload Specialist program has been criticized for giving limited Shuttle flight positions to civilian aerospace engineers such as Cenker and Greg Jarvis (killed aboard "Challenger"), politicians such as Bill Nelson, and others civilians such as Teacher in Space Christa McAuliffe (also killed aboard "Challenger"). Even the flight of former Mercury astronaut and US Senator John Glenn was questioned. The concern was that these people had replaced career astronauts in very limited flight opportunities, and some may have flown without fully understanding the level of danger involved in a Shuttle mission. Post-spaceflight. Following the completion of his shuttle mission, Cenker returned to work in the civilian aerospace field. Cenker's last two years with RCA Astro-Electronics and it's successor GE Astro Space were spent as Manager of Payload Accommodations on an EOS spacecraft program. After leaving GE, Cenker served as a consultant for various aerospace companies regarding micro-gravity research, and spacecraft design, assembly and flight operations. Cenker supported systems engineering and systems architecture studies for various spacecraft projects, including smallsats, military communications satellites, and large, assembled-in-orbit platforms. His contributions included launch vehicle evaluation and systems engineering support for Motorola on Iridium, and launch readiness for the Globalstar constellation. Other efforts include systems engineering and operations support for INTELSAT on Intelsat K and Intelsat VIII, for AT&T on Telstar 401 and 402, for Fairchild-Matra on SPAS III, for Martin Marietta on Astra 1B, BS-3N, ACTS, and for the Lockheed Martin Series 7000 communications satellites. Cenker continues to make periodic public appearances representing NASA and the shuttle astronaut program, including one at the Kennedy Space Center in March 2017. In 2017, Cenker's STS-61C crewmate former US Senator Bill Nelson spoke at a session of the US House of Representatives. In an address, titled "Mission to Mars and Space Shuttle Flight 30th Anniversary", he read into the Congressional Record the details of the mission of STS-61C, as well as the names and function of each crew member including Cenker. Personal life. Bob Cenker is married to Barbara Ann Cenker; they have two sons and a daughter. Richard Petty Motorsports Richard Petty Motorsports is a NASCAR team that is owned by Richard Petty. They currently field the #43 Chevrolet Camaro for driver Darrell Wallace Jr. in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Joe Gibbs Racing Joe Gibbs Racing is a professional NASCAR team owned by former Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs. Their current drivers are Denny Hamlin, Kyle Busch, Daniel Suarez, and Matt Kenseth. AFL Grand Final The AFL Grand Final is a football match (Australian Rules Football) held between the teams who won in the Preliminary Final the week before. This match normally takes place at the MCG on the last Saturday of September. The winner of this match is crowned as the best team of the season and gets the Premiership Cup. Girl Guides Today, about 10 million girls around the world are in an organization called Girl Guides. It started over 100 years ago. Around 1907 in England, Robert Baden-Powell started an organization called Boy Scouts. He taught boys how to camp and live outdoors. In 1909, Baden-Powell held a big event for Boy Scouts. Many girls said they wanted to join, too. Baden-Powell wanted to have boys and girls in different groups, so he started Girl Guides that year. In 1910, his younger sister Agnes became the leader. The girls learned how to camp, and they also learned how to take care of children. By 1912, there were Girl Guides in many other countries such as Australia, Denmark, and the United States. All Girl Guides learn a lot about life and things that are not taught at school. They have special rules about the way to live. They have to try and do something nice for someone else every day. When something bad happens, they must be strong. They must be ready for anything, so their slogan is "Be Prepared." In 1926, leaders of the Girl Guides from around the world met in a town in New York. At the meeting, they decided to make a special day for Girl Guides in all countries. They chose February 22 because it was the birthday of Robert Baden-Powell. It is called World Thinking Day. Now, on this day every year, Girl Guides around the world celebrate with special events and study about other countries and cultures. Tanjore District (Madras Presidency) Tanjore District was one of the districts in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam and the Aranthangi taluk of Pudukkottai District in Tamil Nadu.Thanjavur was a centre of Chola cultural heritage and one of the richest and most prosperous districts in Madras Presidency. Tanjore district was constituted in 1799 when the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II ceded most of his kingdom to the British East India Company in return for his restitution on the throne. Tanjore district, which is situated on the Cauvery Delta, is one of the richest rice-growing regions in South India. It was scarcely affected by famines such as the Great Famine of 1876–78. Demographics. Tanjore District covered a total area of 9,600 square kilometres (3,710 sq mi). It had a population of 2,245,029 in 1901. The population density was 234 inhabitants per square kilometre (605/sq mi). As per the 1901 census statistics, Tanjore was the fifth most populous district in the Madras Presidency and the second most densely populated after Madras city. According to the 1901 census, 91 percent of the population was Hindu, 5 percent Muslim and 4 percent Christian. Among Hindus, Paraiyars (310,391), Vanniyars (235,406), Vellalars (212,168), Kallars (188,463), Pallars (159,855), Valaiyars (137,216), and Brahmins (118,882) were the most numerous. Kallars were mainly found in the western part of Tanjore and Pattukkottai taluks. Tanjore had the third highest Brahmin population in the Madras Presidency (more than 6%) after South Canara and Ganjam and the highest among the Tamil-speaking districts. Most of the Muslims were Marakkayars or Labbais and concentrated in Kumbakonam taluk where they formed the majority in the towns of Ayyampettai, Rajagiri and Pandaravadai apart from Koothanallur in Mannargudi taluk. They were also found in large numbers in the Negapatam and Pattukkottai taluks. More than a third of the total Christian population of the district lived in Tanjore taluk. There were a total of about 600 Jains chiefly concentrated in the Tanjore and Mannargudi taluks.The chief Muslim places of worship were located in Tanjore and Muttupet apart from the Nagore dargah. Tamil was spoken as mother tongue by an overwhelming majority of the population while Telugu was spoken by about 3%. Other languages spoken include Marathi (13,651) and Saurashtrian or Patnuli. Maghrebi Jews Maghrebi Jews "/ Maghrebic Jews / Maghrebim" are Jews who live(d) in the Maghreb countries. Many Maghrebi Jews have a Sephardic background. Mannargudi taluk Mannargudi taluk is a taluk in Thiruvarur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Mannargudi. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Mannargudi had a population of 308,059 with 152,132 males and 155,927 females. There were 1025 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 75.15. Child population in the age group below 6 was 13,403 Males and 12,729 Females. Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi is a in Tamil Nadu, India.Its chairman is Thol. Thirumavalavan, a lawyer from Chennai.The party's main principle is the abolition of the Hindu caste system and the institution of equality among Tamil people. The political party believes that true social equality lies in the unification of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, Other Backward Classes, and minorities such as the Christians and Muslims of Tamil Nadu.The Party is against capitalism, caste domination, and Brahminism. Against TASMAC. Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Party is one among the parties along with Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Paataali Makkal katchi which Campaigned against government liquor shops of Tamil Nadu popularly known as TASMAC. Principles of the Party. The main aim of the party is to abolish the differences among Tamil people and to lift up the economically weaker sections of society. The party supported the freedom movement of Tamil people in Tamil Eelam, as well as the security of Tamil people living abroad.The party also declared that Mahinda Rajapaksa should be charged with war crimes for the alleged assassination of thousands of innocent Tamil people during war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Controversies. The Political party is accused of extra promoting Tamil nationalism and supporting Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam which is banned in India.Although major Tamil political parties DMK and ADMK both are accused for indirectly supporting LTTE, VCK is accused of supporting LTTE leader Prabakaran openly in its party posters. It is alleged that LTTE involved in the assassination of Former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi.VCK Party is demanding release of the Rajiv Gandhi murder accusers along with major Tamil parties like NTK,MDMK,PMK,SMK,AIADMK and DMK.VCK Party also celebrated the birth day of Slain LTTE Leader Prabakaran along with other Tamil parties. Patrick Kennedy Patrick Kennedy left Ireland in (February 16, 1823 – November 22, 1858) was an Irish farmer, businessman, and politician who moved to East Boston, Massachusetts from County Wexford, Ireland. He was born in New Ross, Ireland. He was the father of businessman/politician P. J. Kennedy (1858-1929), the grandfather of businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888-1969), and the great-grandfather of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Early life. Patrick Kennedy was the youngest son of farmer James Kennedy Sr. (1770-1840), and Maria Maiden (1779-1836). Adulthood. At the age of 26, Kennedy decided to leave Ireland, largely because he knew that a third-born son had virtually no hope of running his family's farm. His good friend at Cherry Bros. Brewery in New Ross, Patrick Barron, who taught Kennedy the skills of coopering, had come to that conclusion months earlier and left for America. In October 1848, Patrick Kennedy decided to follow. Patrick Kennedy arrived in Boston on April 22, 1849, having sailed from Liverpool, England on the Washington Irving, a substantial packet ship from the East Boston yard of Donald McKay. Patrick Barron helped settle him into Boston life and organized his coopering job on Noddle's Island (present-day East Boston). Not long after, Barron's cousin Bridget Murphy (1821-1888), who was the daughter of Phillip Murphy (1771-1850) and Mary Barron (1776-1846), made her way to Boston. She and Kennedy were married in the Holy Redeemer Church on September 26, 1849, by Father John Williams, who later became Boston's Roman Catholic Archbishop. Children. Patrick and Bridget had five children: Death. Patrick Kennedy died on November 22, 1858, from tuberculosis at age 35. List of Romanian scientists This is a list of notable Romanian scientists. List of scientists from Oceania This is a list of scientists from Oceania. Ehud Barak Ehud Barak, born as "Ehud Brog", Hebrew: אהוד ברק , (born in February 12, 1942 in Mishmar HaSharon) is a former Israeli general and politician. He was a member of HaAvoda (Labor Party) till 2011. Barak was Prime Minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001. He was also the Chief of General Staff from 1991 to 1995, minister of foreign affairs from 1995 to 1996, and minister of defense from 2007 to 2013. He studied physics, mathematics and economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Stanford University. RAS syndrome RAS syndrome is when someone repeats a part of an acronym after using the acronym, such as ATM machine. Heiwiller Heiwiller is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Cajibio, Cauca Cajibio is a municipality in the Cauca Department, Colombia. Xavier Atencio Francis Xavier Atencio, also known as X Atencio (September 4, 1919 – September 10, 2017), was an American animator and Imagineer for The Walt Disney Company. Atencio served as a photo interpreter in the U.S. Army Air Forces from 1941 to 1945 during World War II, reaching the rank of captain in the 2nd Photo Tech Squadron. Stationed in England, he was part of team that would analyze aerial surveillance for military intelligence. Atencio retired from The Walt Disney Company in 1984 and was named a Disney Legend in 1996. Siegfried Köhler Siegfried Köhler (July 30, 1923 in Freiburg im Breisgau – September 12, 2017 in Wiesbaden) was a German conductor and composer of classical music. He worked as general music director of opera houses such as Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden and the Royal Swedish Opera. He conducted premieres of works by Hans Werner Henze and Volker David Kirchner, among others, and revived rarely performed operas. He also composed music for the stage and taught at universities of music in Cologne and Saarbrücken. António Francisco dos Santos António Francisco dos Santos (21 February 1948 – 11 September 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordain to the priesthood in 1972, dos served as auxiliary bishop of the Archbishop of Braga, Portugal, from 2004 to 2006. He then served as bishop of the Diocese of Aviero from 2006 to 2014 and as bishop of the Diocese of Porto from 2014 until his death. dos Santos died of a heart attack in Porto, Portugal on 11 September 2017 at the age of 69. Alfred Gadenne Alfred Gadenne (31 January 1946 in Luingne – 11 September 2017 in Luingne) was a Belgian politician. He was a member of the Centre démocrate humaniste and Mayor of Mouscron in Hainaut from 2006 until his death in September 2017. Gadenne was found dead on 11 September 2017 at the age of 71 after having his throat slashed at a graveyard close to his home in Mouscron. Local news report a suspect had handed himself in to police. The suspect is an 18 years inhabitant of Mouscron. He murdered Gadenne because his father (a fireman) had committed suicide after being fired by Gadenne. Gadenne was an alderman of Mouscron from 1982 to 2006. He was also a member of the Parliament of Wallonia and the Parliament of the French Community from 2009 to 2014. Liri The Liri is one of the main rivers in central Italy that flows through the Abruzzo and Lazio regions. It flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea under the name Garigliano. Geography. The Liri river has a length of ( as Garigliano), and a drainage basin with an area of approximately . The Liri-Garigliano system has a total drainage basin of . Course. The Liri river starts on the sides of the "Monte Camiciola", part of the "Monti Simbruini" of central Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the "comune" of Cappadocia, L'Aquila province, Abruzzo region. It flows at first to the southeast through a long valley, parallel to the general direction of the Apennines, until it gets to the city of Sora. Before Isola del Liri "Liri Island"), the Liri is joined by the Fibreno river and then it divides into two branches which then rejoin, surrounding the lower part of the town. One branch makes a high waterfall. A dam is built on the river after the confluence with the Sacco river, its main tributary, at Ceprano. The last important tributary of the Liri is the "Melfa", with which it joins near Aquino. The river forms the border between Lazio and Campania regions and, after Cassino, it joins the "Gari" river and then it is known as "Garigliano". After , the river flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Liri river flows through 2 regions and 2 provinces. It flows through the following "comuni", among others: Main tributaries. The main tributaries of the Liri river are: Left tributaries: Right tributaries: Dawn redwood The dawn redwood ("Metasequoia glyptostroboides") is a deciduous conifer that was discovered in 1941. It is native to some parts of China where people called it the "Water Fir". Although this fast-growing tree is planted around arboretums across the world, it is still endangered. It is in the family Cupressaceae. Chennai Super Kings The Chennai Super Kings (abbreviated as CSK) is a franchise cricket team standing for Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India), playing in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Founded in 2008, the team played its home matches at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai. On 14 July 2015, the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee suspended the Super Kings from the IPL for a period of two years for the alleged involvement of their owners in the 2013 Indian Premier League betting case.Prior to the suspension, the team was captained by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming.It has most fans in instagram around 8.5 million follwers. The Super Kings had won the title Four in succession (2010, 2011and 2018,2021).In 2010, they won the Champions League Twenty20 for the first time and repeated the feat in 2014. The leading run-scorer of the team is Suresh Raina, while the leading wicket-taker is Ravichandran Ashwin.CSK has most records of appearance in playoffs (11) and finals(9) The team has one of the strongest fan base in india. They are current defending champions Franchise History. In September 2007, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008.In January 2008, the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city-based franchises. The Chennai franchise was sold to the India Cements for $91 million, making it the fourth most expensive team in the league behind Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad.India Cements acquired the rights to the franchise for 10 years. Team history. 2008–2009: First seasons. During the first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in January 2008, the Chennai franchise bought a number of contemporary star cricketers such as Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Matthew Hayden, Stephen Fleming, Muttiah Muralitharan and Michael Hussey. Dhoni became the costliest player of the auction, as the Chennai franchise bought him for $1.5 million.The franchise named Dhoni as the captain of the team and appointed Kepler Wessels as the head coach.They played their first game on 19 April 2008 against Kings XI Punjab at Mohali. The Super Kings won the game by 33 runs after posting 240/5 in 20 overs, which was the highest total of the tournament, a record surpassed by themselves in 2010.The Super Kings ended the league stage with eight wins from 14 games and finished third on the points table.They beat the Kings XI Punjab by 9 wickets in the semifinal.The Super Kings faced the Rajasthan Royals in the final of the IPL at Mumbai. Batting first, the Super Kings scored 163/5 in 20 overs and lost the game by 3 wickets off the final delivery of the match. In 2009 season, The Super Kings finished with 17 points from 14 matches and earned a second place at the league table.However, at the semi-finals, their hopes of entering the final for a second time were crushed by the Royal Challengers who beat them by 6 wickets.The Super Kings opener Matthew Hayden, who scored 572 runs in 12 innings with 5 half-centuries at an average of 52 and strike-rate of 145, won the Orange Cap for the leading run-scorer of the season and was also adjudged Player of the Tournament. 2010: IPL and CLT20 double wins. In 2010, the Super Kings struggled in the first half of the regular season, winning only two matches out of seven. They won four of their next five games in the season mainly due to the efforts of Murali Vijay and Suresh Raina. After a defeat at home to the Delhi Daredevils, the Super Kings were left with a must-win match against Kings XI Punjab at Dharamsala. The Super Kings won the match by six wickets as they chased down the target of 193 with two balls to spare with skipper Dhoni scoring an unbeaten 54 from 29 balls.Chennai got the third place as they had the better net run rate of the four teams which finished on 14 points.In the semifinal, the Super Kings scored a modest 142/7 in 20 overs against the defending champions Deccan Chargers. But an inspired bowling spell from Doug Bollinger (4/13 in four overs) did the most damage as the Chargers were bowled out for 104. This gave the Super Kings a 38-run victory that took them to the final. The Super Kings faced the tournament favorites Mumbai Indians at their home ground in the final.Suresh Raina's 57 (35) helped the Super Kings recover from 68/3 after 12 overs to put up 168/5 at the end of their 20 overs. Then, their spin duo of Ravichandran Ashwin and Muralitharan conceded only 41 runs in the 8 overs bowled between them to help the Super Kings won the game by 22 runs and secure their first ever IPL title.With this, the Super Kings also qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 that was held in South Africa. At the Champions League, the Super Kings were placed in Group A along with champions of Twenty20 competitions from Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Sri Lanka. The Super Kings were at the top of the Group table with three wins and a Super Over defeat to the Victorian Bushrangers.In the semi-final at Durban, the Super Kings comprehensively defeated IPL rivals Royal Challengers Bangalore by 52 runs. Raina won the Man of the match for his unbeaten 94 off 48 balls.The Super Kings played their first CLT20 final at Johannesburg where they beat the Chevrolet Warriors by 8 wickets, becoming the first IPL team to win the CLT20. Murali Vijay won not only the Man of the Match in the final for his 58 but also the Golden Bat for scoring the most runs in the tournament and Ashwin, who was the leading wicket-taker, was adjudged the Player of the Series. At the end of the season, Matthew Hayden decided to retire from the IPL. 2011-2015 seasons. In 2011, as two new teams were added to the IPL, the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad, only three of whom can be Indian players, and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction. The Chennai franchise, keen to have the same set of core players, retained captain MS Dhoni, vice-captain Suresh Raina, Murali Vijay and all-rounder Albie Morkel for a total of $4.5 million. At the auction, they bought back some of their star players of previous seasons such as Hussey, Ashwin, Bollinger and Subramaniam Badrinath. In the 2011 IPL, they lost three of their first five games which placed them at the bottom of the ten-team points table.But then, they went on to win seven of their next eight games to finish second and register a spot in the knockout stages. They faced the top-ranked team Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifying final which they won by 6 wickets thanks to an unbeaten 73 from Suresh Raina. In the final, they faced the same opponents again, which was held at their home ground Chepauk. Vijay and Hussey put on a 133-run first-wicket partnership that helped the Super Kings to post a total of 205/5. Their bowlers, then, restricted Bangalore to only 147 to take the Super Kings to second consecutive title in the IPL. Vijay was awarded Man of the Match for his match-winning innings of 95.CSK also won all their home games that season becoming the first team in IPL to achieve the feat. However at the Champions League later that year, they won only one out of their four group matches and finished at the bottom. In 2012, the franchise signed up Indian all-rounder Ravindra Jadeja for $2 million at the players' auction.They got off to a rather slow start in the regular season, winning only five of their first 12 games which put them in doubt of qualifying for the Playoffs. Then they won three of their last four matches and qualified for the Playoffs with a better net run rate than the Royal Challengers who also finished with the same number of points.In the Eliminator, they beat the Mumbai Indians by 38 runs before comprehensively beating the table-toppers Delhi Daredevils in the Qualifying final by 86 runs. Murali Vijay, who struck his second IPL hundred (113 off 58 balls), won the Man of the Match.At the final, the Super Kings were defeated by 5 wickets by the Kolkata Knight Riders who chased down the target of 191 with two balls to spare, thus denying the Super Kings a hat-trick of titles in the IPL. At the Champions League, once again they could not progress past the group stage with two wins and two defeats. In 2013, the Super Kings strengthened their bowling attack by signing up five overseas and five Indian bowlers. In the IPL season, they finished first in the points table with 11 wins from 16 matches and qualified for the Playoffs and 2013 CLT20. This was the first time in six seasons that the Super Kings had was at the top of the league table of the IPL. During the season, they also equaled Royal Challengers Bangalore's 2011 record for most wins in succession in the IPL (7 wins on trot). In the first Qualifier at Delhi against Mumbai Indians, the Super Kings posted 192/1 in 20 overs riding on unbeaten half-centuries from Hussey (86* off 58 balls) and Raina (82* off 42 balls) before bowling out their opponents for 144. Thus they entered the final of the IPL for the fourth time in succession where they would play the same opponents, Mumbai Indians, at Kolkata. At the final, batting first, the Mumbai Indians made 148/9 in their 20 overs. In reply, the Super Kings were reduced to 39/6 at one stage before an unbeaten half-century from skipper Dhoni took them close to the target. However, Mumbai Indians won the match by 23 runs to win their first ever IPL title. Super Kings opening batsman Michael Hussey, who scored 733 runs that season at an average of 52, won the Orange Cap for the most runs in the season while all-rounder Dwayne Bravo won the Purple Cap for bagging the most wickets (32). The Super Kings gained direct qualification for the 2013 CLT20 which was held in India in September–October. They were placed in Group B alongside Brisbane Heat, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Titans and Trinidad & Tobago. They won their first three games before losing the final group match against Trinidad & Tobago. With 12 points from four matches, the Super Kings progressed to the semifinals where they suffered a 14-run defeat at the hands of the Rajasthan Royals at Jaipur. In 2014,The Super Kings started the season with a defeat in the opening match, after which they went on to win eight of their next nine matches to take the first spot in the points table. However, they suffered a loss of form towards the end of the regular season which resulted in three consecutive defeats. They won their last league fixture and finished third in the points table and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth-placed Mumbai Indians. They won the Eliminator at Mumbai by 7 wickets and qualified for the Qualifier. At the Qualifier against Kings XI Punjab, the Super Kings won the toss and elected to field. Punjab went on to score 226/6 in their 20 overs. The Super Kings, in reply, could manage only 202/7 despite a 25-ball 87 from Raina. They crashed out of the IPL, but, on account of finishing third, qualified for the main event of the 2014 CLT20. In the group stage of the CLT20, the Super Kings won two matches, lost one while another match was a no result. Thus with 10 points they finished second in the group table and qualified for the semifinal where they met the unbeaten team of the other group, Kings XI Punjab. After being put in to bat, the Super Kings posted 182/7 in 20 overs thanks to Bravo who scored a 39-ball 67. Then their bowlers reduced Punjab to 34/6 in the eighth over, and Punjab were eventually bowled out for 117. At the final in Bangalore, the Super Kings faced the IPL champions Kolkata Knight Riders who set them a target of 181 in 20 overs. Raina guided the run-chase with an unbeaten 109 off 62 balls, helping the team to an eight-wicket win and their second CLT20 title. Super Kings spinner Pawan Negi who took 5/22 during Kolkata's innings won the Man of the Match, and Raina, who finished as the highest run-getter of the tournament, was awarded Man of the Tournament. In 2015, before the players' auction, Chennai Super Kings gave away Ben Hilfenhaus, John Hastings, Vijay Shankar and David Hussey. At the auction they bought back Michael Hussey for a price of Rs.1.5 crores. They also bought Kyle Abbott, Irfan Pathan, Andrew Tye, Eklavya Dwivedi, Ankush Bains, Pratyush Singh and Rahul Sharma. In the final, they lost against Mumbai. Controversies. In May 2013, Gurunath Meiyappan, son-in-law of Srinivasan, was arrested by Mumbai Police on charges of placing bets on IPL matches Meiyappan, who was the Team Principal of the Super Kings, was issued a summons by the Mumbai Police and on interrogation it was found that Meiyappan was in contact with bookies through actor Vindu Dara Singh. Following this, Srinivasan, on 2 June 2013, decided to step aside as BCCI President temporarily until the inquiry into the betting case completed. In February 2014, the three member panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India enquired into the betting case indicted Meiyappan for illegal betting during the 2013 IPL. On 25 March 2014, the Supreme Court of India issued an ultimatum to the BCCI demanding that Srinivasan either step down as President or be removed from his position. On 14 July 2015, the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee suspended the owners of Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings from the Indian Premier League for a period of two years. On 24 February 2016, the Supreme Court of India agreed to hear a plea for lifting the ban on the Chennai Super Kings. Awards and Achievements. 2008 Indian Premier League 2009 Indian Premier League 2010 Indian Premier League 2010 Champions League 2011 Indian Premier League 2012 Indian Premier League 2013 Indian Premier League 2014 Indian Premier League 2014 Champions League 2015 Indian Premier league Chepauk Stadium Chepauk Stadium (M. A. Chidambaram Stadium) is a cricket stadium in Chennai, India. The stadium, most commonly known as Chepauk, was established in 1916 and it is the oldest continuously used cricket stadium in the country. Its alternative name is after M. A. Chidambaram, former President of BCCI and the stadium was formerly known as Madras Cricket Club Ground. It is the home ground of the Tamil Nadu cricket team and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings. Chepauk hosted its first Test match on 10 February 1934, the first ever Ranji Trophy match in 1936 and Indian cricket team's first ever test victory in 1952 against England. The 1986 India-Australia match held at Chepauk was only the second ever Tied Test in the history of the game. As of 19 Aug, 2017 it has hosted 32 Tests, 21 ODIs and 1 T20I. Crowd. The Chepauk crowd is known to be amongst the most appreciative in the country. The crowd gave a standing ovation to Saeed Anwar after scoring the highest ever ODI score of 194 against India in 1997. The crowd was again appreciative when Pakistan won a Test match in 1999 and the Pakistani team made a lap of honour in appreciation of the spectators' sporting behaviour. Records of the stadium and in the stadium. India hold the record for the highest score on the ground when they hit 759-7d runs against England in 2016. India hold the record for the lowest score at the ground when England restricted them to just 83. Sunil Gavaskar (1018 runs) had scored the most number of runs in this stadium followed by Sachin Tendulkar (876 runs) and Gundappa Vishwanath (785 runs) in Tests. Anil Kumble (48 wickets) had taken the most wickets in this stadium followed by Kapil Dev (40 wickets) and Harbhajan Singh (39 wickets) in Tests. The highest ODI score here was made by Pakistan in 1997 when Pakistan scored 327–5, India replied with 292 all out, which is the third highest score here. The second highest score is 299–8 made by India on 22 October 2015 against South Africa which India defended successfully. The fourth highest score is 289–4 made by Australia against New Zealand. Yuvraj Singh has scored the most number of runs here with 255 runs in ODIs. Mohammad Rafique has taken the most number of wickets (14 wickets), followed by Ajit Agarkar, who is the highest wicket taking Indian cricketer. Notable events. Sachin Tendulkar has scored more runs in Chepauk than any other venue in India with 876 runs in nine Tests at an average of 87.60. Luingne Luingne, Picard: Lœne or Lœgne, West Flemish: Lowiegn, Dutch: Lowingen, is a village in the Belgian province of Hainaut. Luingne is a former municipality. It has been a part of the municipality of Mouscron since 1977. It borders France. About 4,000 people are living in this village, which has an area of 554 hectares. List of historians by continent This is a list of historians. It is sorted by continent. List of European historians This is a list of European historians (by nation). Fluid pressure Fluid pressure is a measurement of the force per unit area. Fluid pressure can be caused by gravity, acceleration, or forces in a closed container. Since a fluid has no definite shape, its pressure applies in all directions. Fluid pressure can also be amplified through hydraulic mechanisms and changes with the velocity of the fluid. In a fluid column, as the depth increases, the pressure increases as well. Pressure (P) increases because as you go deeper, fluid at a lower depth has to support fluid above it as well. Therefore to define fluid pressure, we can say that it is the pressure at a point within a fluid arising due to the weight of the fluid. Pressure in liquids is equally divided in all directions, therefore if a force is applied to one point of the liquid, it will be transmitted to all other points within the liquid. The pressure in fluids can be calculated using the following relation: P = "hρg (Pressure = Height or Depth of the liquid × Density of the liquid × Gravitational pull (9.81m/s))". Pressure is a scalar quantity. The SI Unit (International System of Unit) of pressure is the Pascal, or Newton per meter squared (N/m^2). Points along the same depth will have the same pressure, while points at different depths will have different pressure. An object that is partly, or completely submerged in fluid experiences a greater pressure on its bottom surface than on its top surface. This causes a resultant force upwards. This force is called upthrust, and is also known as buoyancy For moving containers, the pressure changes,(Acceleration is the acceleration of the container)-. For a vertical acceleration in the upward direction, the pressure in fluids= P = ρh (g+a) For a vertical acceleration downward, the pressure in fluids= P = ρh (g-a) For a horizontal acceleration, the pressure in fluids= tan θ For any random angle of acceleration, the pressure in fluids= ρh (g + a sinθ) Pascal's law for pressure at a point. The pressure at a point for a fluid at rest is the same in all directions This isPascal's law. However, it is only valid under the continuum medium assumption, i.e, the point must be small but large enough in order that the hypothesis of continuum medium to be valid. If the point is smaller, then thermal fluctuations become important and the pressure (if can be defined at such a level) becomes anything but fluctuation (Brownian motion). DWRK DWRK (96.3 FM), branded as 96.3 Easy Rock, is a 24/7 Soft AC FM radio station. It is owned and operated by Cebu Broadcasting Company in the Philippines. The station is an affliate station of the Manila Broadcasting Company. The studio is in Star City Complex, Pasay City. Its transmitter is on the BSA Twin Towers in Mandaluyong City. Subcutaneous tissue The Subcutaneous tissue is sometimes also called the hypodermis. It is the bottom layer of skin of an animal or plant, right below the dermis, which is below the epidermis. The diagram is incorrect by a typo error: The stratum germinativum is the stratum granulosum layer, the stratum basale is also called the stratum germinativum. The stratum lucidum is located below the stratum corneum. The stratum spinosum is also the stratum mucosum. Below the basal later is the papilla, then the dermis layers, below that is hypodermis also known as subcutaneous later which is the adipose (fat) location just above the vessels of lymph and veins and arteries, attaching to the muscles. However, adipose can become expansive and encapsulate around vessels of the lymphatic, veins and the arteries. In humans, this is where the body mostly stores fat cells, called adipocyte, and there are also white blood cells and blood vessels. The hypodermis also connects the muscles of the body to the skin, with something called deep fascia, or connective tissue. University of Western Ontario The University of Western Ontario is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. Popularly known as "Western University", it is a co-educational university, It has more than 24,000 students and 306,000 living alumni. History. The university was founded on 7 March 1878. The supporter was Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron. The name was "The Western University of London Ontario". List of places burned during the Balkan wars List of places burned during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) is a list of places totally or partly burned during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). Yasmin Altwaijri Yasmin Ahmed Almubarak Altwaijri is a Senior Scientist and the Head of Epidemiology Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. She looks at the number of times conditions such as obesity and mental illness occur in Saudi society. She also wants to make changes in the political and social system of Saudi Arabia to promote better health. Education. Altwaijri studied Community Health at King Saud University in Riyadh, receiving her B.Sc. in 1992. After marrying, she and her husband moved to the United States to attend graduate school. Altwaijri studied with Johanna Dwyer, director of the Frances Stern Nutrition Center at Tufts University's Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. She received her M.Sc. from Tufts University in 1996 and her Ph.D in 2002. Her parents strongly encouraged her to have a professional career that would enable her to be financially independent. Career. Altwaijri moved from Boston to Saudi Arabia in 2002. She joined King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and started to work for King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh where she leads the epidemiology research center. She is considered one of the top senior scientists in the country. Altwaijri is concerned with epidemiological studies of the Saudi population, with particular attention to women, children and adolescents. One area she is working on is to develop pubertal growth standards for Saudi children. The only standards available to Saudi pediatricians have been based on pubertal characteristics of children in the United States. The problem is that Saudi children are different from American ones. Altwaijri is developing studies of Saudi children that will be sensitive to factors in Saudi life such as socioeconomic standards, diet, and geography. She also researches risk factors such as obesity, smoking, hypertension, high blood cholesterol and lack of exercise, which affect chronic diseases. She emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health and strongly advocates for social and political changes that would promote more healthy lifestyles. She is particularly concerned about women, who are at a higher risk of developing obesity than Saudi men, in part because socio-cultural factors restrict opportunities for women to exercise and discourage women's participation in sports. Altwaijri advocates for the inclusion of a physical curriculum for girls as well as boys in schools; creation of safe neighborhood play spaces for both male and female children; safe areas where adult men and women can be physically active; and affordable health clubs for both women and men. She also supports regulation of food prices to promote the choice of healthy over unhealthy foods. To keep her children active, she enrolled them in competitive team swimming, where they became eligible to attend the AAU Junior Olympic Games. Altwaijri is a Principal Investigator for the Saudi National Mental Health Survey, a broad-based investigation assessing the impact of mental illness in Saudi communities. No research into this area had been done previously in Saudi Arabia, even though the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that five of the ten most burdensome diseases in the world involve mental health. In addition to Saudi government and educational institutions, this research involves international collaboration with Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the World Health Organization. The study, which was initiated in 2009, had the goal of visiting the homes of 5,000 men and women to interview people from across the country. 86% of interviewees were willing to participate. Women in science. Altwaijri chairs the Saudi Women in Science Committee, a national network of female scientists from Saudi Arabia. She encourages Saudi women to enter scientific and technological fields, arguing that women scientists can use electronic forms of communication to collaborate and do significant work without "cross[ing] the boundaries of our societal norms and customs." She indicates that restrictions such as the ban on women drivers make it difficult for women to go to work or to visit a fitness center. Altwaijri is one of thirty-five women featured in the book "Arab Women Rising", which includes women from Tunisia to Saudi Arabia. She was included in the BBC's 2014 list featuring 100 Women internationally. Halimah Yacob Halimah binti Yacob (Jawi: حاليمه بنت ياچوب; born 23 August 1954) is a Singaporean politician She is the 8th President of Singapore since September 2017. Before, she was the Speaker of Parliament between 2013 until 2017. Early life. Halimah is an Indian Muslim as her father is also an Indian Muslim. She has Malay blood. Her father was a guard. He died of a heart attack when she was eight. So she and her four siblings grew up with their mother. Her family was poor. She helped her mother sell nasi padang outside the Singapore Polytechnic (now Bestway Building) along Prince Edward Road. Halimah went to Singapore Chinese Girls' School and Tanjong Katong Girls' School. She then went to the University of Singapore and got a Bachelor of Laws in 1978. In 1981, she went to the Singapore Bar. In 2001, she completed an Master of Laws at the National University of Singapore (NUS). She got an honorary Doctor of Laws by NUS on 7 July 2016. Political career. Yacob was a member of the country's governing (PAP), she was the ninth Speaker of Parliament, from January 2013 to August 2017. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing Jurong Group Representation Constituency between 2001 and 2015, and Marsiling-Yew Tee Group Representation Constituency between 2015 and 2017. On 7 August 2017, she resigned from her positions as Speaker and MP, and from her membership in the PAP, to stand as a candidate for the 2017 Singapore presidential election. Presidency. In the 2017 presidential election, Yacob was the only candidate, thus winning the election. President Halimah started off her statement by reminding people that COVID-19, is a huge threat, and that contamination is picking up rapidly in other parts of Asia. The number of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had been on the rise and imported cases will continue to be a concern. Hansford Rowe Hansford Rowe (May 12, 1924 – September 5, 2017) was an American character actor. He was born in Richmond, Virginia. He appeared in television and movie roles. His career began in 1967. In 1968, he had a non-speaking role as a judge in three episodes of the cult series "Dark Shadows". In 1969, he played a judge on the long-running CBS daytime drama "The Guiding Light". Rowe played in the 1983 NBC miniseries "V" as Arthur Dupres. Rowe was also known for playing President Harry S. Truman in "Dark Skies". His movie roles include "Gordon's War" (1973), "Missing" (1982) and "Baby Boom" (1987). Rowe died was killed in a car crash in Newhall, California on September 5, 2017 at the age of 93. Alex Hawkins Clifton Alexander "Alex" Hawkins (July 2, 1937 – September 12, 2017) was a retired American football player. He played professionally as a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts and Atlanta Falcons. He was known as a special teams player. He was a co-captain with the Colts. He was born in Welch, West Virginia. Hawkins died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on September 12, 2017 in Columbia, South Carolina at the age of 80. Slavko Goldstein Slavko Goldstein (22 August 1928 – 13 September 2017) was a Croatian Jewish writer, Holocaust survivor, publisher, and politician. He was born in Sarajevo, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party and served as the party's president from 1989 through 1990. Goldstein worked as a journalist, editor and writer in many Croatian newspapers. He wrote screenplays for several Yugoslav World War II movies such as "Signal Over the City" ("Signali nad gradom", 1960) and "Operation Stadium" ("Akcija stadion"; 1977, co-written with Dušan Vukotić). He edited more than 150 books, and as a publisher, he worked on about 400 titles. Goldstein died on 13 September 2017 in Zagreb, Croatia of pneumonia at the age of 89. Frank Vincent Frank Vincent Gattuso Jr. (August 4, 1937 – September 13, 2017), known professionally as Frank Vincent, was an American actor, musician and writer. He played well-known roles in the HBO series "The Sopranos" and in several movies for director Martin Scorsese: "Raging Bull" (1980), "Goodfellas" (1990), and "Casino" (1995). He was born in North Adams, Massachusetts. In 2001, Vincent voiced the character of Mafia boss Salvatore Leone in the controversial computer and video game "Grand Theft Auto III" and played the character again in ' (2004) and ' (2005). Vincent died of complications from heart surgery in Nutley, New Jersey on September 13, 2017 at the age of 80. Jake Paul Jake Joseph Paul (born January 17th, 1997) is a American YouTube personality who rose to significant fame on the now-defunct video application Vine. Paul first came into prominence for playing the role of Dirk on the Disney Channel series "Bizaardvark". In 2018, Jake had a boxing match against YouTube star Deji in which Jake stopped Deji in the sixth round. Many boxing experts and pundits such as Tony Bellew, Matthew Macklin, Tim Storer, Carl Froch, and more credited Jake, as he performed excellent for a novice boxer. His professional boxing record currently stands at 6-0-0. Early life. Paul was born in Cleveland, and grew up in Westlake, Ohio. He is the son of Pamela Ann Stepnick ("née" Meredith) and realtor Gregory Allan Paul. His older brother, YouTuber Logan Paul, claims that Jake is of Austrian-Jewish, English, German-Jewish, Hungarian-Jewish, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. Career. Paul began his career in September 2013 posting videos on Vine. By the time Vine shut down, Jake Paul had 5.3 million followers and 7 million plays on the app. In 2015, it was announced that Paul would be starring as Dirk in Disney Channel's new comedy series "Bizaardvark". On January 5, 2017, Paul was among the invited guests at an event at the White House centering on social media. As a stunt for his YouTube vlog channel, he hid in a bathroom there before sneaking out of the White House at 3:30am without being confronted by security. On January 17, 2017, it was reported Paul had launched Team 10 with $1 million in financing to create influencer marketing management and creative agency around teen entertainment. Investors include Danhua Capital, Horizons Alpha, Vayner Capital, Sound Ventures & A-Grade Investments, and Adam Zeplain. On May 30, 2017, Paul released a song and music video alongside Team 10, titled "It's Everyday Bro", which achieved over 70 million views on YouTube in its first month and has become the second most disliked video on YouTube, behind "Baby" by Justin Bieber. The song peaked at number 94 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the chart dated June 24, 2017. Legal issues and controversies. Disturbances in Beverly Grove. On July 18, 2017, it was reported that Paul's neighbors in the Beverly Grove neighborhood of Los Angeles were meeting with city council members and police officials regarding whether to file a class-action public nuisance lawsuit against Paul. This came after Paul made his home address public, leading crowds of fans to gather outside Paul's residence, and noise complaints by neighbors. On April 24, 2018, it was reported that Paul was sued by Cobra Acquisitions; the company that owns the house, for $5 million. Separation from Disney. On July 22, 2017, during the middle of filming the second season of "Bizaardvark", the Disney Channel announced that Paul would be leaving the series, saying in a statement "We've mutually agreed that Jake Paul will leave his role on the Disney Channel series 'Bizaardvark'. On behalf of the production company, the cast and crew, we thank Jake for his good work on the TV series for the past 18 months and extend our best wishes to him." The announcement followed a KTLA 5 news report about public complaints from Paul's neighbors regarding the noise generated by Paul's pranks, parties, fire hazards and the large crowds of Paul's fans congregating in their neighborhood. Paul later confirmed the news on his Twitter page, saying he would now focus more on his personal brand, his YouTube channel, his business ventures, and more adult acting roles. Paul later revealed in an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter" that he was actually fired from "Bizaardvark" by Disney who wanted to expedite the process of weaning him off the show due to the KTLA segment. Explicit YouTube video. On January 3, 2018, Paul uploaded a video to his YouTube channel titled "how to fist" which caused controversy for being too sexually explicit and inappropriate for his younger audience. The video was criticized for its thumbnail which featured Paul and his then girlfriend Erika Costell semi-nude on a bed with Costell on top of Paul in a sexual position. The thumbnail was later changed with both Paul and Costell fully clothed and not touching each other. Later, a video had been leaked by TMZ which featured Paul explicitly using the word "nigga" whilst rapping. In the video, Paul uses the word twice, saying "little ass nigga" and "I whip it like my nigga Richie Vetter, he make the man's ass so wet it gets wetter." Personal life. Paul has English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish and German ancestry. Paul has a net worth of approximately $17–30 million. In November 2016, Paul started dating YouTuber and internet personality Alissa Violet. They broke up in February 2017. In April 2018, Paul started dating model Erika Costell. They ended their relationship in November 2018. Paul began dating YouTuber and internet personality Tana Mongeau in April 2019. In June 2019, they were engaged to be married. Many people did not believe that the engagement was real. On July 28 of that year, they got married in Las Vegas. "InTouch" later reported that the couple had not gotten a marriage license before the ceremony. They said that it was not a legal marriage. Buzzfeed said that Paul and Mongeau left the ceremony separately. The ceremony, which was available on pay-per-view for $50, was recorded by MTV. Mongeau said that the ceremony was something "fun and lighthearted that we're obviously doing for fun and for content." The couple broke up in January 2020. Later that month, Paul started dating Julia Rose. They said that they are dating as of February 2022. J. P. Donleavy James Patrick "J. P." Donleavy (23 April 1926 – 11 September 2017) was an Irish-American novelist and playwright. His first novel is "The Ginger Man". Another novel, "A Fairy Tale of New York", provided the title of the song "Fairytale of New York". He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Donleavy died on 11 September 2017 in Mullingar, County Westmeath, Ireland from a stroke at the age of 91. Per Fugelli Per Fugelli (7 December 1943 – 13 September 2017) was a Norwegian physician and professor of medicine. He was professor at the University of Bergen from 1984 to 1992, and at the University of Oslo from 1992. He was born in Stavanger, Norway. Among his early books are "Tilbake til huslegen" from 1975, "Doktor på Værøy og Røst" from 1977, and "Helsetilstand og helsetjeneste på Værøy og Røst" from 1978. He published the essay collections "Med sordin og kanon" and "Helse og rettferdighet" in 1990, "0-visjonen" in 2003, and "Nokpunktet" in 2008. Fugelli was the editor or co-editor of several works, including "Huslegen" from 1985, "Medisinsk leksikon" from 1990, "Medisin og helse" from 1993, and "Verdier og penger i helsetjenesten" from 2009. Fugelli died in Jæren, Norway on 13 September 2017 at the age of 73. Randolph Quirk Charles Randolph Quirk, Baron Quirk, CBE, FBA (12 July 1920 – 20 December 2017) was a British linguist and life peer. He was the Quain Professor of English language and literature at University College London from 1968 to 1981. He used to sit as a crossbencher in the House of Lords. Quirk was born in Michael on the Isle of Man. He studied at University College London, at Yale University, at Michigan State University and at Durham University. In 1985, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the University of Bath. Quirk was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1976 New Year Honours and was knighted in 1985. Quirk was a Labour supporter openly all his life. He was President of the British Academy from 1985 to 1989. Quirk died in London on 20 December 2017 at the age of 97. Suhad Bahajri Suhad Bahajri () is a Saudi chemist. She is a medical scientist and educator presently working as a professor of clinical biochemistry and clinical nutrition at the faculty of medicine at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Her research centers on diet, lifestyle and chronic diseases. Darley Dale Darley Dale, or just Darley, is a town and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire, England. About 6000 people live in the town. It is north of Matlock, on the River Derwent and the A6 road. The town forms part of the urban area of Matlock. It is a commuter town for workers in Matlock. Euler's homogeneous function theorem Euler's theorem is one of the theorems Leonhard Euler stated: There are certain conditions where a firm will neither make a profit, nor operate at a loss. The theorem is also known as Euler's homogeneous function theorem, and is often used in economics. Euler's theorem Euler's theorem might refer to: Abdul Karim Mustaghni Abdul Karim Mustaghni (July 11, 1911 – January 13, 2004) was an Afghan scientist and politician. From 1973 to 1977, Mustaghni was Defense Minister of Afghanistan. He helped Mohammed Daoud Khan to remove King Mohammed Zahir Shah from power. Mil Mi-38 The Mil Mi-38 is a civil and military helicopter. It was designed by the USSR and built in Russia. The Mil Mi-38 is both used for civil and military purposes. The Mil Mi-38 was meant to replace the Mi-8. It flew for the first time on 22 December 2003 and was certified on 30 December 2015. Janet Gibson Janet Gibson is a biologist and zoologist from Belize. Gibson was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1990. The prize is for a person who organizes an environmental effort in their region. Gibson won the prize because of her efforts on conservation of the marine ecosystems along the Belizean coast. Between 1985 and 1987, she worked to establish the Hol Chan Marine Reserve. Her efforts were successful and the official sanctuary was established in 1987. It was the first marine reserve in Central America. Because of her work, along with others, the Belize Barrier Reef was given UNESCO World Heritage status in 1996. Andrea Gill Andrea Gill is a politician and biologist from Belize. Gill was President of the Senate of Belize from 2008-2012. Between 2008 and 2009, she served as president of the Forum of Presiding Officers of National Parliaments of Central America and the Caribbean (FOPREL). Between 1997 and 2001, Gill was part of a manatee research project. Louis L. Mowbray Louis Leon Arthur Mowbray (born 19 August 1877 on St. George's, Bermuda; died 5 June 1952) was a naturalist. He was the founding curator of the Bermuda Aquarium. In around 1907 the Bermuda Natural History Society asked Mowbray to create Bermuda’s first aquarium and a marine research centre. He became known to American scientists and eventually moved to Boston, creating an aquarium there. In 1914, he became superintendent of the New York Aquarium. He also worked to build a new aquarium in Miami. In 1926 Mowbray returned to Bermuda and built the Bermuda Aquarium. Dr. Charles Townsend, an American zoologist, organized several overseas trips for Mowbray to collect new fish specimens. The trips were paid for by Vincent Astor. He and Astor traveled to the Galapagos Islands in 1933. They brought back tortoises and penguins, expanding the aquarium to a zoo. Mowbray then became the first person to successfully breed both the Galapagos tortoises and penguins in captivity. David B. Wingate David Balcombe Wingate OBE (born October 11, 1935, in Bermuda) is an ornithologist, naturalist and conservationist. In 1951 he and Robert Cushman Murphy and Louis S. Mowbray found the Bermuda petrel, also called a cahow. The bird species was thought to be extinct since the 1620s. The discovery inspired him to study Zoology at Cornell University. When he returned to Bermuda 1958, he began work to save the cahow. He went on to become the Conservation Officer for the Bermuda Government Parks Department from 1966 to his retirement in 2000. He was credited with rediscovering the black-capped petrel in Haiti in 1963. Human geography Human geography is a branch of geography. It studies how people and environment have an effect on each other. The study of people includes their communities, cultures, economies. The environment studied is mostly about locations. Locations include where people live, when people move, where they move to, what customs they have, what recreations they have. Human societies develop in relation to the environment they are in. The relationship between people and the environment can change over time and across different locations. Human geography studies these changes. The field of geography can be divided into physical geography and human geography. Human geography is also closely associated with social sciences and philosophy. Nucleoid The nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. Reed Smoot Reed Smoot (January 10, 1862 – February 9, 1941) was a republican senator from 1903–1933. He was also a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a businessman. As a senator he is known for the 1930 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act. Smoot was an important leader of the LDS Church. He was chosen to serve as an apostle in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1900. Smoot's role in the LDS Church led to a controversy in the United States Senate. There were also rumors of polygamy and a secret oath against the United States A Senate committee questioned Smoot's authority in the Reed Smoot hearings. The committee suggested Smoot's removal, but the full Senate voted to keep Smoot. He lost the vote for office in 1932. Smoot returned to Utah in 1933. Smoot stopped working in politics and business and spent his time working in the church. At the time of his death, he was third in line to lead the LDS Church. Early life, family, and religious activity. Smoot was born in 1862 in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He was the son of a Mormon pioneer from Kentucky and Iowa, Abraham O. Smoot, who was a mayor of the city from 1856 to 1862. His mother was Anne Kristina Morrison Smoot, also known as Anne Kirstine Mauritzen before her marriage. Anne Kristina Morrison Smoot was Smoot's father's fifth wife of six plural marriages and 27 children, three of whom Abraham O. Smoot adopted. The family moved to Provo, Utah, when his father was called by Brigham Young to head the stake there. Smoot went to school at the University of Utah (then a religious school) and graduated from Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University) in Provo in 1879. After school, Smoot worked as a Mormon missionary in England. After returning to Utah, Smoot married Alpha M. Eldredge of Salt Lake City on September 17, 1884. They had six children together. Thereafter, Smoot became a successful businessman in the Salt Lake City area. In 1895, he became very involved in the government of the LDS Church and achieved more authority. On April 8, 1900, Smoot was chosen as an LDS Church apostle and member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. United States Senate. After becoming an apostle in 1900, Smoot got permission from the LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith to run for office in 1902. He had joined the Republican Party. Smoot was voted by the Utah legislature to the United States Senate on January 20, 1903, as a Republican Senator representing the state. Smoot was introduced to the United States Senate by Utah's senior U.S. Senator, Republican Thomas Kearns, a Catholic who was elected in 1901. Kearns, an important mining leader, newspaper owner, banker, and railroad owner, had competed with Smoot for election to the Senate in 1900. Kearns was elected. Two years later Smoot ran again and won. Political career. Smoot was elected again in 1908 and continued to be elected over and over again until 1932. He worked in the Senate until March 1933. A Constitutional amendment required the popular election of US Senators after 1913. Smoot lost 1932 election, the year in which Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency. In 1916, William Kent was the lead supporter in the House of Representatives of a law to establish the National Park Service. Smoot sponsored the law in the Senate. The law passed the House of Representatives on July 1, 1916. The law passed the Senate on August 5. The law was signed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916. The National Park Service was placed within the cabinet Department of Interior. Smoot was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1923 to 1933, and worked on the Senate Appropriations Committee. He worked on the national Republican Party and served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention every four years between 1908 and 1924. He was Chairman of the 1928 Resolutions Committee at the 1928 Republican National Convention and Chairman of the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee. Smoot was a co-sponsor of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930. This act raised U.S. import tariffs on over 20,000 items to higher than they had ever been. Many historians believe that it made the Great Depression worse. U.S. President Herbert Hoover signed the act and it became a law on June 17, 1930. Mormon folklore Mormon Folklore is a group of stories and things that express the culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It includes personal stories and shared stories, music, jokes, and art. Mormon folklore has stories in it, told by word of mouth. Missionaries will tell stories as a part of initiation, or to try and tell others to do the right thing. People will tell stories about early people in the Church, people in the scriptures, and help from God. These stories are supposed to help people's belief. In the early days of the Church, songs would say both good things and bad things about leaders such as Brigham Young. Common practices for Mormons include sharing testimonies during fast and testimony meeting. Members testify of the things they know to be true and occasionally share personal stories how they gained their testimony. In Mormon culture, marriage and family are very important. Pioneer Day is a state holiday in Utah, where members honor the early pioneer saints. Early settlers in the Church were influenced by many cultures that came together in Utah. Handicrafts were part of this influence. They had many different projects, and the Relief Society said they were good for the mind. Lots of these can still be seen around Utah. Mormon fundamentalists have different folklore than Latter-day saints do. Their experience in government raids makes them feel more together, and they like folk dancing. Research into Mormon folklore. Austin E. and Alta S. Fife are called the founders of research into Mormon folklore. This research has been done much more since the couple’s first work on it in the 1930s. Although people had looked at the issue a little before, the Fifes made the field better, through the Fife Folklore Archive, now at the library at Utah State University. Their book on Mormon folklore, called "Saints of Sage and Saddle", came out in 1956. This book, says someone who studies folklore named Jill Terry Rudy, "remains the most complete book-length treatment of Mormon folklore" - which means that it is the best book on Mormon folklore that there is. References. Missionary lore. Missionaries have their own set of folklore. Missionaries tell stories or sing church hymns, to connect with people they meet, to build friendship with those they teach, to inspire each other in missionary efforts, and to strengthen their own faith. In many missions around the world missionaries use church art, music and missionary stories as finding tools in proselytizing. Most young people in the church plays at least one musical instrument, the most common one is the piano. Pioneer lore. Mormons often retell stories about early church members who went through extremely difficult challenges, and made many sacrifices in order to build God’s church. The purpose of those stories is to educate people about the historical events that took place at the beginning of the church history and the historical figures who were part of it. So, those who are currently members of the church can better understand the LDS heritage and the changes that occurred over the past years. Thus, they develop a deeper appreciation and gratitude for the early pioneers’ efforts to establish God's church and the legacy they left behind. Alice Reynolds Alice Louise Reynolds (April 1, 1873 – December 5, 1938) was the first woman professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). BYU magazine put her in a list of the 10 best BYU professors of the 20th century. She was the second woman in Utah to be a full professor. Childhood and education. Alice was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States. Her father was George Reynolds and her mother was Mary Ann Tuddenham. Her father was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and worked as secretary to the First Presidency of the church for many years. When Alice was six years old, her father went to jail because he had more than one wife (plural marriage). Her father's sister, her aunt Julia Reynolds, helped raise Alice. Alice liked reading and being around grownups. When she was 12, her mother died while giving birth to one of her siblings. Alice's father sent her and her younger sister Florence to the Brigham Young Academy (BYA) for their high school education. Alice was inspired by one of her teachers, Academy Principal Karl G. Maeser. She graduated from BYA in 1890. Alice had taught for two years when the president of BYA, Benjamin Cluff, asked her to start a literature department at BYA. Reynolds went to the University of Michigan to study literature from 1892 to 1894. When she came back she became a full-time teacher at BYA. Later in her life Reynolds received more education in Chicago, Cornell, Berkeley and Columbia. She also traveled to Europe four different times. Career. Teaching. Reynolds was a Professor of English for 44 years. She became the first female to be a full professor at BYU. She taught approximately 5,000 students in 20 different English courses. Reynolds's absent-mindedness was famous at BYU. According to her students, she once walked through a herd of cows while reading a book and brought a teakettle to work instead of her purse. Reynolds was an editor for the "Relief Society Magazine" from 1923 to 1930 and a writer for other LDS magazines. She also served in the General Board of the Relief Society of LDS Church for seven years. Contributions to library. While working at BYA, Reynolds became the chairperson of the committee to establish the library. She was the chairperson of the committee for 19 years. She held a large fundraiser to obtain 1,200 books to add to the school's library. Over the course of her life, she organized several other campaigns to help the library grow to 100,000 volumes. Through the efforts of the club, over 10,000 volumes were donated to the BYU library. Helfrantzkirch Helfrantzkirch is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Forest Park, Ohio Forest Park is a city in Ohio in the United States. Thomas L. Kane Thomas L. Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883) was an American lawyer. He was friends with Brigham Young, a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon church, or LDS Church. Kane helped Brigham Young and the Mormons travel to Utah. "Friend of the Mormons". Mormon Battalion. Kane met with members of the LDS Church at a meeting in Philadelphia in May 1846. Kane gave them his advice (told them what he thought they should do) and helped with their conflicts (arguments) with the U.S. government. He also helped them when they tried to emigrate (move) to western areas (places) in the US. , an LDS religious leader in the East, was asking for help with the Latter-day Saints' move to the West. Kane was able to get letters of recommendation (letters that say Kane can be trusted) from people who knew his father. Kane later joined Little in , and they met the secretary of state, secretary of war, and President . After they negotiated (shared and talked about ideas), the United States agreed to send 500 LDS men, in five groups of 75 to 100 men each, called the , to help in the . With his fathers help, Kane got U.S. government permission for the refugee (people who have lost or had to leave their homes) Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie and Omaha Indian lands along the Missouri. Kane carried letters to , and looked for Little in the Latter-day Saint camps on the . On July 17, 1846, Kane met with LDS leaders and Army Captain to make the Mormon Battalion. Kane met many leaders of the Church, and became a popular figure among Mormon emigrants (people who moved). Miller's Hollow, the main Iowa settlement (colony) of the LDS group at what is now , was renamed Kanesville to honor Kane for his help. During this time, Kane became really ill with a fever. Although he got help from both an army physician (doctor) from Fort Leavenworth and church members, his health was not good for the rest of his life. Christie Davies Christie Davies (1941 – 5 September 2017) was a British sociologist, professor emeritus of sociology. He was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. He worked at the University of Reading, England. He was the author of many articles and books on criminology, the sociology of morality, censorship, and humour. He was also visiting professor in India, Poland, United States, and Australia. Professor Davies died in August 2017. Davies died on 5 September 2017 from a short-illness in Reading, Berkshire at the age of 76. Isabelle Daniels Isabelle Frances Daniels (later "Holston"; July 31, 1937 – September 8, 2017) was an American sprinter. He was born in Jakin, Georgia. Daniels competed for the United States in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, where she won the bronze medal in the 4×100 metres with her team mates Mae Faggs, Margaret Matthews and Wilma Rudolph, in a race where all three teams beat the existing world record. She was initially placed third in the 100 meters, but was moved to fourth after photos of the finish were examined. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Nasopharynx cancer or nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer which is formed in the nasopharynx, most commonly in the postero-lateral nasopharynx or pharyngeal recess or 'Fossa of Rosenmüller' accounting for 50% cases. NPC happens in children and adults. NPC differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck in its occurrence, causes, clinical behavior, and treatment. It is vastly more common in certain regions of East Asia and Africa than elsewhere, with viral, dietary and genetic factors implicated in its causation. It is most common in males. It is a squamous cell carcinoma or an undifferentiated type. Squamous epithelial cells are a flat type of cell found in the skin and the membranes that line some body cavities. Differentiation means how different the cancer cells are from normal cells. "Undifferentiated cells" are cells that do not have their mature features or functions. Kazimierz Ryczan Kazimierz Ryczan (10 February 1939 – 13 September 2017) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood on 16 June 1963, Ryczan was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kielce, Poland on 17 July 1993. Ryczan died on 13 September 2017 in Kielce, Poland at the age of 78. Arnold Chan Arnold Chan (June 10, 1967 – September 14, 2017) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was elected to represent the riding of Scarborough—Agincourt in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2014 by-election. Chan was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. Chan died on September 14, 2017 in Scarborough, Ontario of nasopharynx cancer at the age of 50. Grant Hart Grantzberg Vernon "Grant" Hart (March 18, 1961 – September 13, 2017) was an American musician. He was best known as the drummer and co-songwriter for the alternative rock and hardcore punk band Hüsker Dü. After the band's breakup in 1988, he formed the alternative rock trio Nova Mob, where he moved to vocals and guitar. His solo career became his main focus after the dissolution of Nova Mob in 1997. Hart died on September 13, 2017 of liver cancer at his home in St. Paul, Minnesota at the age of 56. Otto Wanz Otto Wanz (June 13, 1943 – September 14, 2017) was an Austrian professional wrestler and boxer. He made his professional wrestling debut in 1968. Wanz was a one time American Wrestling Association champion and former operator of the Catch Wrestling Association. Among his most famous international opponents were Antonio Inoki, Bull Power and André the Giant. He was one of only a few to bodyslam both André the Giant and Yokozuna. Wanz also organized strong men competitions in Austria called "Austrian Giants". He also held several records for tearing telephone books. Arnold Schwarzenegger has called Wanz as an influence on his fitness and bodybuilding career. Wanz died on September 14, 2017 in Styria, Austria of heart failure at the age of 74. List of Iranian musicians This is a list of Iranian (Persian) musicians and musical groups. Yokozuna (sumo) A in the sport of Sumo is the highest rank any wrestler (Rikishi) can attain. The word means "Horizontal Rope" and it comes from one of the symbols that Yokozuna wear; a thick rope (綱 "tsuna") which is worn around the waist. It is a sign of their rank. This rope can be very heavy, weighing around . It is not worn for fights, but only for the wrestler's entrance ceremony into the ring at the start of a tournament. The rope is similar to that which is used in Shinto religion for purification and to mark off sacred areas of the temple. Yokozuna are stars in Sumo. They are in many ways, the "public face" of Sumo and their behaviour is watched very closely. Clarke Carlisle Clarke James Carlisle (born 14 October 1979) is an English former footballer. He played as a defender between 1997 and 2013. He played for many teams including Blackpool, Queens Park Rangers, Leeds United, Watford and Burnley. Carlisle was born in Preston. He is of Dominican ancestry. He has three children. List of scientists from South America This is a list of scientists from South America. Rosen Rosen may refer to the following people: Last names: First name: Niels Henrik Abel Niels Henrik Abel (5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician. He died in 1829. He did the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals. Legacy. The Abel Prize ("Abel-prisen") is named after him. La Punt-Chamues-ch La Punt-Chamues-ch is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Dompierre, Vaud Dompierre is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is found in the district of Broye-Vully. Parsons Green train bombing On 15 September 2017, at around 8:20 am BST (07:20 UTC), an explosion occurred on a District line train at Parsons Green tube station, in London, England. Twenty-nine people were injured and later treated in hospital. The main injuries were burn injuries. The incident is being treated by the Metropolitan Police as a terrorist attack. It was one of several attacks to occur on British soil in 2017 which are being treated as terrorism. The bomber had placed the device in a white plastic bucket inside a shopping bag, according to images and videos posted on social media just after the attack. Wires were visible hanging out, as well as a black towel. Reports also indicate the device had a timer attached. In a statement after the incident, Prime Minister Theresa May said: "My thoughts are with those injured at Parsons Green and the emergency services who, once again, are responding swiftly and bravely to a suspected terrorist incident." Marcel Herriot Marcel Paul Herriot (18 May 1934 – 14 September 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Moussey, Vosges, France. Herriot was ordained to the priesthood in 1960. He served bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun, France, from 1987 to 1999. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Soissons from 1999 to 2008. Herriot died on 14 September 2017 in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, Vosges, France at the age of 83. Dwijen Sharma Dwijen Sharma (May 29, 1929 – September 15, 2017) was a Bangladeshi naturalist and science writer. He was awarded Bangla Academy Award in 1987 and Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh for his work in language and literature. In 1962 he left Barisal to join the faculty of Notre Dame College, Dhaka and worked until 1974. Then, he moved to Moscow to work for Progress Publishers as a translator. Sharma died of kidney disease on September 15, 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh at the age of 88. Peter Brook Peter Stephen Paul Brook, CH, CBE (21 March 1925 – 2 July 2022) is an English theatre and movie director. He has been based in France since the early 1970s. He has won multiple Tony and Emmy Awards, a Laurence Olivier Award, the Praemium Imperiale, and the Prix Italia. He has been called "our greatest living theatre director". Brook died on 2 July 2022 in Paris, France at the age of 97. Ata Kandó Ata Kandó (born Etelka Görög; 17 September 1913 – 14 September 2017) was a Hungarian-Dutch photographer of Jewish descent. She was born in Budapest, Hungary. Beginning her photography practice in the 1930s with children's photography, Kandó later worked as a fashion photographer, photographed refugees and travelled to the Amazon to photograph landscapes and indigenous people. In the 1930s she stayed two times in Paris. During the war she lived in Hungary, but after the war she returned to Paris.She moved to the Netherlands in 1954. In 1959, she won a silver medal in Munich for fashion photography and then in 1991, received the Pro Cultura Hungarica Medal. This was followed in 1998 with the Imre Nagy Prize and that same year, she and her husband received the Righteous Among the Nations, awarded by Israel for saving Jews during the Holocaust. In 1999 she was awarded the Hungarian Photographers Association Lifetime Achievement Award. Kandó died at the age of 103 in Bergen, Netherlands on 14 September 2017. Bruce Glover Bruce Herbert Glover (born November 2, 1932) is an American character actor. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He is of English and Swedish descent. He is best known for his role of the assassin Mr. Wint in the James Bond movie "Diamonds Are Forever". He is the father of actor Crispin Glover. Giuseppina Projetto Giuseppina Projetto-Frau (30 May 1902 – 6 July 2018) was an Italian supercentenarian who was the oldest living person in Europe after the death of Ana María Vela Rubio on 15 December 2017. She was also the oldest living person in Italy since the death of Marie Josephine Gaudette on 13 July 2017. Projetto was the oldest living person born in Italy since the death of Emma Morano on 15 April 2017, as Gaudette was born in the United States. Projetto was born in La Maddalena. In 1946, she married Giuseppe Frau, a widower with three children. Projetto lived in Tuscany with her daughter-in-law and grandchildren. She was the second oldest living person in the world after Chiyo Miyako, who died only 16 days after Projetto's death. She was the last person known to have been born in 1902. Projetto died on 6 July 2018 at the age of 116. Giuseppina Projetto was succeeded as the Europe's oldest living person by Maria Giuseppa Robucci, also from Italy. Marie Josephine Gaudette Marie-Josephine Clarice Gaudette (25 March 1902 – 13 July 2017) was an American-born Italian supercentenarian. She was the oldest living person in Italy from the death of Emma Morano, who was the oldest living person in the world and the oldest Italian person ever on 15 April 2017 until her own death three months later. Gaudette was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States, and was the oldest living person born in the United States from the death of Susannah Mushatt Jones on 12 May 2016 and the oldest emigrant from the U.S. ever. A nun known as Mother Cecilia, she lived in the Italian convent from 1958 until her death and was considered "the world's oldest nun". She lived in Canada and France before settling in Italy. Gaudette died on 13 July 2017, aged 115 years, 110 days. Rhys Hoskins Rhys Dean Hoskins (born March 17, 1993) is an American professional baseball first baseman and left fielder for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2017. Before playing for the Phillies, he played college baseball for the Sacramento State Hornets. He is the fastest player in history—in terms of games played—to hit the following number of career home runs: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. Independence Day Award The Independence Day Award is the highest state award given by the government of Bangladesh. It is also termed Independence Award, Swadhinata Padak, and Swadhinata Puroskar. The award was introduced in 1977 and since then it has been given to Bangladeshi citizens or organizations in recognition of substantial contribution to one of many fields, including the War of Liberation, the Language Movement, education, literature, journalism, public service, science and technology, medical science, social science, song, games and sports, fine arts, rural development, and other areas. Each awardee receives a gold medal, a certificate of honour, and a sum of cash. The amount of the cash reward was originally taka 20 thousand, but later in 2004, it was increased to taka one lac (.10 million in Bangladeshi currency). Laax Laax () is a municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Ladir Ladir was a municipality in the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Ladir, Castrisch, Ilanz, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Ilanz/Glion Ilanz/Glion is a new municipality of the district Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Riein Riein is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Riein, Castrisch, Ilanz, Luven, Pitasch, Ladir, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Luven Luven was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is part of the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Ruschein Ruschein was a municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is part of the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion. Schluein Schluein is a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Amazonas Department Department of Amazonas (, ) is a department in the southern Colombia. The capital is Leticia. The name comes from the Amazon River that drains much in the department and the rainforest that covers a large part of the department. Antioquia Department The Department of Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia. It is located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Medellín. Sucre Department Sucre is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. The capital is Sincelejo. La Sierra, Cauca La Sierra is a municipality in the Cauca Department, Colombia. Almaguer, Cauca Almaguer is a municipality in the Cauca Department, Colombia. Basil Gogos Basil Gogos (March 12, 1929 – September 13, 2017) was an Egyptian-born American illustrator. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was best known for his portraits of movie monsters which appeared on the covers of "Famous Monsters of Filmland" magazine in the 1960s and 1970s. Gogos died in Manhattan, New York of a heart attack on September 13, 2017 at the age of 88. Savognin Savognin was a municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Savognin, Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Mulegns, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged into the new municipality of Surses. Arjan Singh Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh, DFC (15 April 1919 – 16 September 2017) was an Indian Air Force Officer. He served as Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969. He was born in Lyallpur, Punjab, British India (). After retiring from the IAF, he served as a diplomat, politician and advisor to the Indian government. In 2002, he became the first and only officer of the Indian Air Force to be promoted to five-star rank as Marshal of the Indian Air Force, equal to the army rank of Field Marshal. In 1971 (after his retirement) Singh was appointed as the Indian Ambassador to Switzerland. He concurrently served as the Ambassador to the Vatican. He was also appointed as the High Commissioner to Kenya in 1974. Singh died of a heart attack on 16 September 2017 in New Delhi, India at the age of 98. Henflingen Henflingen is a former commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Illtal. Portage County, Ohio Portage County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 161,419 people lived there. The county seat is Ravenna. Albert Speer Jr. Albert Speer (; 29 July 1934 – 15 September 2017) was a German architect and urban planner. He was the son of Albert Speer (1905–81) who was Adolf Hitler's chief architect. He was born in Berlin, Germany. In 1984 he founded the company Büro Albert Speer & Partner in Frankfurt am Main. He was responsible for the design of Expo 2000 in Hanover, design of the Shanghai International Automobile City, and the central axis in Beijing created while serving as lead designer for the 2008 Olympics. Speer Jr. died in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 15 September 2017 at the age of 83. Keely Smith Keely Smith (born Dorothy Jacqueline Keely, March 9, 1932 — December 16, 2017) was a Grammy Award-winning American jazz and popular music singer. She performed and recorded many times in the 1950s with then-husband Louis Prima, and throughout the 1960s as a solo-artist. With her former husband Prima, their songs included Johnny Mercer's and Harold Arlen's "That Ol' Black Magic", which was a Top 20 hit in the US in 1958. At the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, Smith and Prima won the first Grammy for Best Performance by a Vocal Group for "That Ol' Black Magic". Smith died of apparent heart failure in Palm Springs, California on December 16, 2017 at the age of 85. Redfoo Stefan Kendal Gordy (September 3, 1975, Los Angeles, California) is better known for his scene, Redfoo's art was an American Singer, songwriter, rapper, DJ, record producer, dancer, and the son of an American record executive, the founder of Monotow Records, Berry Gordy. In 2006, he created the band LMFAO with its worldwide success in 2011 with the album Sorry Party Rocking before they were removed in 2012. In 2016, he released his album Party Rock Maison. Acknowledgments. The first artist to reach 1 million like on YouTube with Videoclip Party Rock Anthem on November 15, 2011 (under the pseudonym LMFAO.) Nabeel Qureshi Nabeel Qureshi (April 13, 1983 – September 16, 2017) was an American Christian apologist writer and speaker, converted from Islam to Christianity. He was born in California. Qureshi was a speaker with Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM) and the author of three books, "Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity" (Zondervan, February 2014), "Answering Jihad: A Better Way Forward" (Zondervan, March 2016), and "No God But One—Allah or Jesus" (Zondervan, August 2016). Qureshi died of advanced stomach cancer on September 16, 2017 at the age of 34. Peter Lassally Peter Lassally (born 1933) is a German-born American executive television producer and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Hamburg, Germany. He is a former Carson Productions executive. He was the executive producer of "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", "Late Night with David Letterman", the "Late Show with David Letterman" and the "Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson". Jaspillite Jaspillite, or "jaspilite", is a chemical rock formed similar to chert. It is usually iron rich. It also has the name "jasper taconite". Jaspillite is typically a layered mixture of hematite and quartz. It is common in the banded iron formation rocks of Proterozoic and Archaean age in the Canadian shield of North America. Jaspillite is also a sedimentary rock.in certain lead-zinc ore deposits. It is used as a gemstone. Bautista Álvarez Bautista Goyel Álvarez Domínguez (1933 – 16 September 2017) was a Spanish nationalist politician and historian. He was born in San Amaro, Spain. He served as the President of the Galician People's Union from 1964 through 1977. Álvarez died of a heart attack on 16 September 2017 at his sister's home in Beariz, Spain at the age of 84. María Cristina Arango Vega María Cristina Arango Vega (15 October 1928 – 15 September 2017) was the widow of the 23rd President of Colombia, Misael Pastrana Borrero. She served as First Lady of Colombia from 1970 to 1974. She was also the mother of the 30th President Andrés Pastrana Arango. She was born in Bogota. Arango Vega died in Bogota on 15 September 2017 at the age of 88. Misael Pastrana Borrero Misael Eduardo Pastrana Borrero (14 November 1923 – 21 August 1997) was the 23rd President of Colombia from 1970 to 1974. During his four years in office, Pastrana was cautiously progressive. He sought to increase employment opportunities with a famous four-point strategy. He attempted to boost national savings as a way of moving away from dependency on foreign investment and credit, and he extended pensions rights for many people. His son, Andrés Pastrana Arango, later became the 30th President of Colombia. Pastrana died in Bogotá, Columbia on 21 August 1997 of a stroke at the age of 73. Ted Christopher Ted Christopher (June 5, 1958 – September 16, 2017), sometimes called "Teddy" Christopher, was an American racing driver. He was born in Plainville, Connecticut. Career. Christopher has raced and won in many different types of race cars, including Modifieds, SK Modifieds, ISMA, Camping World East Series, Late Models, Pro Stocks, and Midgets. Christopher also raced in NASCAR's Nextel Cup, Busch, and Craftsman Truck Series. He is best known for competing in NASCAR's Whelen Modified Tour, where he has over 40 victories and a championship in 2008. He is also well known for his success on the 1.058 mile New Hampshire Motor Speedway where Christopher has won five Camping World East Series events and 5 Whelen Modified Tour events. Christopher was an aggressive driver, known for his infamous "Three Tap Rule" when passing cars in front of him, though his driving style changed in his later career and has brought more success to his racing career. Christopher was killed in an airplane crash near North Branford, Connecticut on September 16, 2017 at the age of 59. Mitchell Flint Mitchell Flint (June 27, 1923 – September 16, 2017) was an American lawyer and a veteran aviator. He was a U.S. Navy Fighter pilot during World War II, and later served as an American Volunteer pilot in Israel's first fighter squadron during its War of Independence. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Flint died on September 16, 2017 in Los Angeles, California from complications of pneumonia at the age of 94. Carl Duering Carl Duering (born 29 May 1923) is a German-born British actor. He was born in Berlin, Germany. He is best known role is as Dr. Brodsky in Stanley Kubrick's 1971 movie "A Clockwork Orange". Steven Berkoff Steven Leslie Berks (born 3 August 1937), known professionally as Steven Berkoff, is an English character actor, author, playwright and theatre director. As an actor, he is best known for his performances in villainous roles, such as Lt. Col Podovsky in "", General Orlov in the James Bond movie "Octopussy, "Victor Maitland in "Beverly Hills Cop" and Adolf Hitler in the TV mini-series "War and Remembrance". He also played Det. Const. Tom in the 1971 movie "A Clockwork Orange". Marcelo Rezende Marcelo Luiz Rezende Fernandes (November 12, 1951 – September 16, 2017) was a Brazilian journalist and television presenter. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He began his career as a sports journalist in Rio de Janeiro in the coverage of several major games in the 1970s. Rezende worked at Rede Globo for 23 years as a reporter, where he was hired to present the Linha Direta police program until December 2000. The last program he worked in was called "Cidade Alerta" (Alert City) and was presented on RecordTV. Rezende died of multiple organ failure complicated by pancreatic cancer in Rio de Janeiro on September 16, 2017 at the age of 65. Cecilia Caballero Blanco Cecilia Caballero Blanco (30 September 1913 – 13 August 2019) was the widow of the 24th President of Colombia, Alfonso López Michelsen, and served as First Lady of Colombia from 1974 to 1978. Caballero Blanco was born on 30 September 1913 in Bogotá. She married Alfonso López Michelsen on 23 October 1938. They had three children: Alfonso, Juan Manuel, and Felipe. Caballero Blanco turned 100 in September 2013. She died on 13 August 2019 in Bogotá at the age of 105. Alfonso López Michelsen Alfonso López Michelsen (30 June 1913 – 11 July 2007) was the 24th President of Colombia from 1974 to 1978. López was the son of former two time president of Colombia, Alfonso López Pumarejo. He was born and raised in Bogotá. Presidency. In 1974, López was selected by the Liberal Party in as their candidate for president after defeating former president Carlos Lleras Restrepo in the party presidential primaries. He won the general election by a large margin against the Conservative Party candidate Álvaro Gómez Hurtado and the ANAPO candidate, María Eugenia Rojas. In his inaugural speech on August 7, 1974, López was mostly remembered for calling the border disputed area in the Gulf of Venezuela by its native name "Gulf of Coquibacoa" given by the wayuus. On September 14, 1977 in Bogotá a bloody riot started in all sections of the city, the riot was called The National Civic Strike. The two days riot left a death toll of 80 people, and 2000 people injured. Post-presidency. Upon the end of his term in 1978, he again became the leader of Liberal Party. He ran for president again in 1982, but was defeated by the Conservative Party candidate, Belisario Betancur. Death. Lopez Michelsen died in Bogotá on July 11, 2007 after suffering a heart attack. President of Colombia The President of the Republic of Colombia () is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, when Colombia was "la Gran Colombia". The first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was ratified by Congress. The current president of the Republic of Colombia is Gustavo Petro, who took office on 7 August 2022. Living former presidents. As of , there are five living former presidents: The most recent death of a former president was that of Belisario Betancur (1982–1986) on ; he was 95 years old. Nydia Quintero Turbay Nydia Quintero Turbay (born 28 August 1932) is a Colombian philanthropist and the ex-wife of the 25th President of Colombia, Julio César Turbay Ayala, and served as First Lady of Colombia from 1978 to 1982 when they were still married. She is the President of "Fundación Solidaridad por Colombia", a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the condition of impoverished Colombian families through educational and nutritional programs for children, the disabled and the poor. Gustavo Balcázar Monzón Gustavo Balcázar Monzón (born 10 August 1927) is a Colombian lawyer and retired politician. Balcázar Monzón is a member of the Colombian Liberal Party. He served as Member of both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, presiding over both chambers of Congress. He also served in the administrations of President Guillermo León Valencia as the 48th Governor of Valle del Cauca, and as the 16th Minister of Agriculture, and in the administration of President Julio César Turbay Ayala as the 18th Ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom, and Non-Resident Ambassador to Algeria. Émile Idée Émile Idée (born 19 July 1920) is a former French professional road bicycle racer. He was born in Nouvion-le-Comte, France. Idée is a five-time winner of the Critérium International, a record shared with Raymond Poulidor and Jens Voigt. He finished in second place in the 1948 Paris–Roubaix. Chris Wallace Christopher W. Wallace (born October 12, 1947) is an American television anchor and political commentator. He is the host of the Fox Broadcasting Company/Fox News Channel program "Fox News Sunday". Wallace has won three Emmy Awards and the Dupont-Columbia Silver Baton Award. Wallace has been with Fox News since 2003. As a previous moderator of "Meet the Press" on NBC, Wallace is the only person to date to have served as host/moderator of more than one of the major Sunday morning political talk shows. French Stewart Milton French-Stewart (born February 20, 1964), known professionally as French Stewart, is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Harry Solomon on the 1990s sitcom "3rd Rock from the Sun" and for his role as Chef Rudy on the sitcom "Mom". Xiaolongbao Xiaolongbao (小笼包) are small steamed buns, originally from the Jiangnian region in China, especially connected to Shanghai and Wuxi. Traditionally they are filled with pork, but this can be mixed with other things, like crab meat and roe (eggs). Modern versions of these buns are often contain other meats, seafood or vegetarian fillings. The buns are wrapped in a dough, which sometimes gets bigger by rising (called a "leavened" dough), or they're wrapped in a dough which doesn't do this (called an "unleavened" dough). The buns are then steamed over boiling water to cook them. It is possible to buy deep frozen Xiaolongbao worldwide, normally in special shops or supermarkets which sell ingredients for Chinese cooking. List of Ekushey Padak winners in Arts The Ekushey Padak in Arts winners are listed here. Herrlisheim-près-Colmar Herrlisheim-près-Colmar is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. Huron County, Ohio Huron County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 59,626 people lived there. The county seat is Norwalk. Sandusky County, Ohio Sandusky County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 60,944 people lived there. The county seat is Fremont. Penny Chenery Helen Bates "Penny" Chenery Tweedy (January 27, 1922 – September 16, 2017) was an American sportswoman. She was born in New Rochelle, New York. Chenery bred and raced Secretariat, the 1973 winner of the Triple Crown. In addition to breeding Secretariat, Chenery bred Saratoga Dew, who became the first New York-bred horse to ever win an Eclipse Award when the filly was voted the 1992 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. In March 2011, Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia awarded Chenery an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree. Chenery died on September 16, 2017 at her home in Boulder, Colorado from complications from a stroke at the age of 95. John Tilley John Tilley (1571 - 1621) was a Mayflower passenger and one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. He died during his first winter in America. Secretariat (horse) Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. He was born in Caroline County, Virginia. His record-breaking win in the Belmont Stakes, where he left the field 31 lengths behind him, is widely known as one of the greatest races of all time. He was bred and owned by Penny Chenery. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o' War (racing career 1919–1920), who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname "Big Red". Secretariat was euthanized after suffering from laminitis, a hoof disease, at a farm in Paris, Kentucky on October 4, 1989 at the age of 19. Eugenio Bersellini Eugenio Bersellini (10 June 1936 – 17 September 2017) was an Italian football player and manager. He was born in Borgo Val di Taro, Kingdom of Italy. He was known for playing with Brescia Calcio, Monza and Lecce. He managed Como, Internazionale and Torino. Bersellini died on 17 September 2017 in Prato, Italy of pneumonia at the age of 81. Bob Holland Robert George Holland (19 October 1946 – 17 September 2017) was an Australian cricketer. He was, because of his surname, nicknamed "Dutchy". He was born in Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. Holland, who spent the majority of his cricketing life in Newcastle, was a late bloomer, and his Test debut aged 38 made him the oldest Australian debutant in more than half a century. Holland was part of the team that won the Sheffield Shield in 1982–83, 1984–85 and 1985–86. Holland finished his first class career with a season with Wellington in New Zealand’s domestic league. In April 2017, Hollan was diagnosed with brain cancer. He later died from the disease on 17 September 2017 in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia at the age of 70. Petr Šabach Petr Šabach (August 23, 1951 – September 16, 2017) was a Czech novelist. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at Charles University. Šabach was known for his novels "Jak potopit Austrálii" (1986), "Hovno hoří" (1994), "Zvláštní problém Františka S." (1996), "Putování mořského koně" (1998), "Babičky" (1998), "Opilé banány" (2001), "Čtyři muži na vodě" (2003), "Ramon" (2004), "Občanský průkaz" (2006), "Tři vánoční povídky" (2007) and "Škoda lásky" (2009). Šabach died on September 16, 2017 in Prague at the age of 66. Charles Dance Walter Charles Dance, OBE (born 10 October 1946) is an English actor, screenwriter, and movie director. He is known for playing strict, authoritarian characters and villains. Dance is known for his roles as Tywin Lannister in HBO's "Game of Thrones", Guy Perron in "The Jewel in the Crown" (1984), Sardo Numspa in "The Golden Child" (1986), Jonathan Clemens in "Alien 3" (1992), Benedict in "Last Action Hero" (1993), the Master Vampire in "Dracula Untold" (2014), Lord Havelock Vetinari in "Terry Pratchett's Going Postal" (2010), Legantir in "Justin and the Knights of Valour" (2013) and Alastair Denniston in "The Imitation Game" (2014). Dance was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 17 June 2006. He lives in Kentish Town in north London. Joan Ganz Cooney Joan Ganz Cooney (born Joan Ganz; November 30, 1929) is an American television producer. She is one of the founders of Sesame Workshop (originally "Children's Television Workshop" or CTW), the organization famous for the creation of the children's television show "Sesame Street", which was also co-created by her. Aleksandar Vučić Aleksandar Vučić (, born 5 March 1970) is a Serbian politician. He has been the President of Serbia since 31 May 2017. He is also the chairman of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Before he became president, Vučić served as Prime Minister of Serbia from 2014 until 2017. Vučić served as Minister of Information from 1998 to 2000 and later as Minister of Defence from 2012 to 2013, as well as First Deputy Prime Minister from 2012 to 2014. In April 2017, Vučić was elected President of Serbia with 55% of the vote in the first round, thus avoiding a second round. He became president from 31 May 2017, taking over from Tomislav Nikolić. His was sworn in on 23 June 2017. Solicitor General of the United States The United States Solicitor General is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the U.S. Department of Justice. The United States Solicitor General is the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. The current Solicitor General, Elizabeth Prelogar on October 28, 2021. The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court. In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party, the office of the Solicitor General also files "amicus curiae" briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest in the legal issue. The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party, and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an "amicus" brief. Noel Francisco Noel John Francisco (born August 21, 1969) is an American attorney and the 47th Solicitor General of the United States from September 19, 2017 to July 3, 2020. He served as Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States. Francisco was nominated to be Solicitor General of the United States in the Donald Trump administration in March 2017. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 50-47 on September 19, 2017. He took office the same day. Charles Fried Charles Fried (born April 15, 1935) is a Czech-born American jurist and lawyer of Jewish descent. He served as United States Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan from 1985 to 1989. He is a professor at Harvard Law School and has been a visiting professor at Columbia Law School. Fried is the author of nine books and over 30 journal articles, and his work has appeared in over a dozen collections. Protected area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations with special protection. They are protected because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural importance. Areas are usually protected by law. The law can be local, from the country of the protected area, or even internationally. Protected areas are important for biodiversity. They often provide an area safe from hunting or changes to the environment. This provides a safe habitat for threatened and endangered species. They are also important to protect naturally formed areas, like the Grand Canyon, from damage by humans. There are many types of protected areas. One type is a marine protected area. A marine protected area is for seas, oceans, estuaries or large lakes. Northeast Greenland National Park is an example of a protected area. The park protects a large variety of animals, such as musk oxen, walrus, and King Eider. Another example of a protected area is the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. This area is protected because it is an important archaeological site. Bonnie Angelo Veronica Estelle "Bonnie" Angelo (January 29, 1924 – September 17, 2017) was an American journalist and author. She was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was known for being the author of "First Mothers". During her more than twenty-five years with "Time", yet served as a Washington correspondent from 1967–1978, she has reported on the White House and has covered newsmakers and events across America and the world. Angelo died at a nursing home in Bethesda, Maryland of complications from dementia on September 17, 2017 at the age of 93. Nutley, New Jersey Nutley is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 28,370. What is now Nutley was originally incorporated as Franklin Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 18, 1874, from portions of Belleville Township. Nutley was incorporated as a Town on March 5, 1902, replacing Franklin Township. "New Jersey Monthly" magazine ranked Nutley as its 38th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. Katt Williams Micah Sierra "Katt" Williams (born September 2, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, rapper, singer and actor. He acted as Money Mike in "Friday After Next" (2002). He also played Bobby Shaw in "My Wife and Kids". In 2007, he played Lord Have Mercy in "Norbit". Williams was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Antonio Ibáñez de Alba Antonio Ibáñez de Alba (born Chiclana de la Frontera, 1956) is a Spanish engineer, researcher and scientist. He is known mainly for his project of Artificial Palm Trees in Libya for the creation of microclimates in the deser at the Great Man-Made River. The Libyan government invested in this project nearly one billion dollars for the installation of 50,000 palm trees.. During the summer of 2017 his patent of floating water whitout salt was reflected by worldwide media. His investigations are quoted in scientific publications as well as in the media. Main investigations. • Self-heating beverages • Plastic palm trees in the desert. • Anti-Drowning System • Fire detection • Studies on tides • Electric vehicles without batteries • Safety in trains • Hydro Taco • Piracy protection • Technological canvas for sports fields • Tunnel for trains in desert areas • Explosives power station • Transmission of brain waves • Floating water without salt • Breast Cancer Screening Capsule • Underwater highways Hurricane Jose (2017) Hurricane Jose was a 2017 Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm threatened the Mid-Atlantic States of Maryland, Delaware, New York and New Jersey, and the New England states of Connecticut, Rhode Island and southeast Massachusetts. Jose had earlier threatened the Leeward Islands, the same areas hit by Hurricane Irma. Jose's winds went as high as 155 miles per hour before threatening the Leeward Islands. Tropical cyclone notices were issued from the Maryland/Delaware border to eastern Massachusetts on September 17, 2017. Sevendust Sevendust is an American heavy metal band formed in 1994. Marine reserve A marine reserve is a type of marine protected area. The protection is for seas, oceans, estuaries or large lakes. Laws protect the plants and animals in a reserve. The area is kept safe for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. In a marine reserve people are not allowed to take plants or animals, except for research. This includes fishing. People are still allowed to swim or scuba dive. The Ningaloo Reef in Australia is an example of a marine reserve. This reef includes six of the seven types of sea turtles in the world. Another example is Hol Chan Marine Reserve in Belize. Hol Chan includes coral reefs and a mangrove forest. Stanislav Petrov Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov (; 9 September 1939 – 19 May 2017) was a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. On September 26, 1983, just three weeks after the Soviet military had shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Petrov was the duty officer at the command center for the Oko nuclear early-warning system when the system reported that a missile had been launched from the United States, followed by up to five more. Petrov judged the reports to be a false alarm, and his decision is credited with having prevented an erroneous retaliatory nuclear attack on the United States and its NATO allies that could have resulted in large-scale nuclear war. Investigation later confirmed that the Soviet satellite warning system had indeed malfunctioned. Central Link Central Link is a train line in Seattle, Washington. It runs from the city's airport to Downtown Seattle and the University of Washington. The train started running in 2009. Mike Hicks Mike Hicks (August 1937 – 7 September 2017) was a British former politician, former executive member of printers’ union SOGAT, and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of Britain from 1988 through 1998. He was also a members of the Labour Party. He was born in Wapping, London, England. Hicks died on 7 September 2017 in Bournemouth, Dorset, England of a heart attack at the age of 80. José Florencio Guzmán José Florencio Guzmán Correa (22 June 1929 – 16 September 2017) was a Chilean politician. He was born in Santiago de Chile. He was Minister of Defense from 1 August 1998 until 22 June 1999. Guzmán died on 16 September 2017 in Santiago at the age of 88. The Secret Life of Pets The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 American movie distributed by Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainment. The movie is all about pets. Louis C.K. plays Max. Eric Stonestreet plays Duke. Kevin Hart plays Snowball. Jenny Slate plays Gidget. Ellie Kemper plays Katie. Nicolaas Jouwe Nicolaas Jouwe (24 November 1923 – 16 September 2017) was a Papuan leader. He was elected Vice President of the New Guinea Council that governed the Dutch colony of Netherlands New Guinea. As the president of the New Guinea Council, Jouwe was the highest ranking Papuan politician in the colony. After the colony was ceded to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in October 1962 and later to Indonesia six months later, Jouwe left New Guinea for the Netherlands, where he settled in the town of Delft. He vowed never to return to his native land if it were still occupied by Indonesia, but nevertheless resettled to West Papua in 2010 to die there. Jouwe died in West Papua on 16 September 2017 at age 93. Mary Fairfax Mary Fairfax (formerly Symonds, born Marie Wein; 15 August 1922 – 17 September 2017) was a Polish-born Australian philanthropist. As the third wife of Sir Warwick Fairfax she became known as Lady Fairfax upon his knighthood in 1967. She inherited most of his vast fortune upon his death in 1987, becoming one of Australia's richest women. Fairfax's personal wealth in 2012 was estimated by the "BRW" at A$418 million. Lucy Ozarin Lucy Ozarin (August 8, 1914 – September 17, 2017) was an American psychiatrist. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She served in the United States Navy. She was one of the first women psychiatrists commissioned in the Navy, and she was one of seven women Navy psychiatrists who served during World War II. During her late nineties, Ozarin wrote over fifty brief biographies of psychiatrists on Wikipedia. Ozarin died in Bethesda, Maryland on September 17, 2017 of respiratory failure at the age of 103. René Drucker Colín René Raúl Drucker Colín (15 May 1937 – 17 September 2017) was a Mexican scientist, investigator and journalist. He was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He worked in the fields of physiology and neuroscience. From 1985 through 1990, he was the Director of Neuroscience at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He served as President of the Mexican Academy of Sciences from 2000 through 2002. Drucker Colín died on 17 September 2017 in Mexico City at the age of 80. Jean Plaskie Jean Plaskie (24 August 1941 – 18 September 2017) was a Belgian former football player. He was born in Brussels, Belgium. He played for R.S.C. Anderlecht and the Belgium. He played in the match Belgium-Netherlands in 1964 with 10 fellows from the Anderlecht team after the substitution of goalkeeper Delhasse by Jean Trappeniers. Plaskie died on 18 September 2017 in Brussels at the age of 76. William F. Goodling William Franklin "Bill" Goodling (December 5, 1927 – September 17, 2017) was an American Republican politician. He was born in Loganville, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district from 1975 through 2001. At the time of his death, he was the Chairman of the Board of the Goodling Institute for Research in Family Literacy. Goodling died from complications of a cerebral aneurysm on September 17, 2017 in York, Pennsylvania at the age of 89. Richard V. Allen Richard Vincent Allen (born January 1, 1936) was the United States National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1982, having been Reagan's chief foreign policy advisor from 1977. He has been a fellow of the Hoover Institution since 1983. He was a member of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee. John Poindexter John Marlan Poindexter (born August 12, 1936) is a retired United States naval officer and Department of Defense official. He was Deputy National Security Advisor and National Security Advisor for the Reagan administration. He was convicted in April 1990 of multiple felonies as a result of his actions in the Iran–Contra affair, but his convictions were reversed on appeal in 1991. Robert McFarlane Robert Carl "Bud" McFarlane (July 12, 1937 – May 12, 2022) was an American Marine Corps officer. He served as National Security Advisor to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from 1983 through 1985. McFarlane was involved in, and pleaded guilty to charges for actions related to, the Iran-Contra affair, but received a pardon from President George H. W. Bush. McFarlane died on May 12, 2022 at a hospital in Lansing, Michigan from problems caused by lung disease at the age of 84. Saliva (band) Saliva is an American rock band from Memphis. They were signed to Island Records. The band was formed in 1996 and released their first album in 1997. Nanyang Nanyang is a way of writing two common Chinese place names. It may refer to: Sikorsky S-92 Sikorsky S-92 is an American civil helicopter. When it's used by militaries it's called H-92 Superhawk. CH-148 Cyclone is a special variant built for Canadian services. Grumman F11F Tiger Grumman F11F Tiger is an American fighter jet. It was used by the US Navy, in particular by the Blue Angels. After September 1962 it was called F-11 Tiger. None were sold to foreign countries. Ásynja Ásynja (plural: asynjur) refers to Norse mythology. Female gods in Norse mythology are called Ásynja. The male gods are called Æsir; there are 14 Æsir, and there are also 14 asynjur. List of Chinese mathematicians This is a list of noted mathematicians from China. List of ecologists This is a list of noted ecologist by country. Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle The Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle is a statue carved out of ivory, the tusks of elephants. The statue was made in about 1270 in France, and was made for the cathedral (or church) named the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, France. It is 41 centimetres tall, and is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding the baby Jesus. The statue is now in the Louvre museum in Paris, France. Morphallaxis Morphallaxis is the when some living things regenerate or regrow tissue after the original tissue dies. The word comes from the Greek "allazein", which means "to exchange". For example, if a Cnidarian hydra, a microscopic animal, is cut in half, two new hydra grow. Around the year 1930, scientists Wilson and Child showed that if the hydra was smashed to pulp and put through an instrument with tiny holes in it to separate each cell individually but without breaking any one cell, the hydra completely reformed itself. Most tissue in Morphallaxis grows from material already present material. Not much new tissue is created . Hésingue Hésingue is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hettenschlag Hettenschlag is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hindlingen Hindlingen is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hirsingue Hirsingue is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. List of biologists This is a list of noted biologists. Hirtzbach Hirtzbach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hirtzfelden Hirtzfelden is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hochstatt Hochstatt is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hohrod Hohrod is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Holtzwihr Holtzwihr is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Porte-du-Ried. Anglards-de-Saint-Flour Anglards-de-Saint-Flour is a commune. It is in the Cantal department. Albepierre-Bredons Albepierre-Bredons is a commune. It is in the Cantal department. 2017 Puebla earthquake The 2017 Puebla earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with a magnitude estimated to be 7.1 on the seismic scale approximately south of Puebla. It has caused damage in the Mexican state of Puebla and the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of over twenty buildings. The quake occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed about 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated on its anniversary with a national earthquake drill at 11 a.m. local time, two hours before the earthquake struck. False alarm A false alarm is an alert that is caused in error. False alarms can happen because of a problem with a technical system (like a faulty fire alarm), or they happen because someone alerted the emergency services in error. Many countries have laws that make causing a false alarm with bad intent (such as making hoax calls to the Police or Fire department) illegal. If there is no bad intent, in general there is also no punishment. List of Ekushey Padak winners in Education and research The Ekushey Padak in Education and research winners are listed here. Electronic paper Electronic paper and e-paper are display devices that look like ordinary ink on paper. Many electronic paper technologies keep the same text and images indefinitely without electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic for the display. Horbourg-Wihr Horbourg-Wihr is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It is near Colmar. Aspach-Michelbach Aspach-Michelbach is a commune of the Haut-Rhin department in France. It was made on 1 January 2016 from the communes of Aspach-le-Haut and Michelbach. Michelbach, Haut-Rhin Michelbach is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Aspach-Michelbach. Houssen Houssen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Gerd Bollmann Gerd Friedrich Bollmann (28 September 1947 – 17 September 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Wanne-Eickel, Herne. He was a member of the SPD. In the German Bundestag he was one of the top voted SPD members in Germany's national parliament, where he represant the Herne-Area. Bollmann died on September 17, 2017 at the age of 69. Langwies Langwies was a municipality, in the municipality of Arosa and the district Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Denens Denens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Gunningen Gunningen is a municipality in Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Hunawihr Hunawihr is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Hundsbach, Haut-Rhin Hundsbach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Fostoria, Ohio Fostoria is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is in Hancock, Seneca, and Wood counties. It is 64 km south of Toledo and 140 km north of Columbus. Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria was a hurricane of notable status that began in the Atlantic Ocean. It was part of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. The most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017. Maria was the 13th named storm and 8th hurricane of the season. Originated from easterly waves off the west coast of Africa. Maria became a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles on September 16 and quickly intensified to Category 5 before making landfall in Dominica on September 18. The World Meteorological Organization retired the Maria name in April 2018, replacing it with Margot for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season, due to the large number of deaths and destruction in Puerto Rico. Meteorological history. On September 12, originated from a tropical wave that left the west coast of Africa. It then began to develop and become more organized moving westward. On September 16, it became a tropical depression and was 580 miles (930 km) east of Barbados. The storm quickly became more tropical. It became a tropical storm the same day in 84 °F (29 °C) waters, in favorable conditions of the 80 °F (26.5 °C) that tropical storms usually require. After becoming a tropical storm, it had an eye, a clear opening at the center of the storm. 6 hours later since becoming a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) named it Tropical Storm Maria. On September 17, Maria turned to move west-northwest and quickly becomes a Category 1 hurricane. In just 12 hours, it became a Category 5 hurricane with maximum winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on September 18. On the evening of September 19, Maria landed in Dominica and other islands in the Lesser Antilles. Continues to move west-northwestward and into the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Maria weakened slightly to a Category 4 hurricane due to land interaction with Dominica, but soon re-strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane, reaching peak intensity with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h). Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico on September 20, and the eye of the wind increased significantly before making landfall on the island, resulting in a slightly weakened Category 4 hurricane with maximum winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) On September 22, Hurricane Maria began to weaken because as wind shear began to erode it. Continues to move north-northwest and the northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands with maximum winds of 126 mph (203 km/h). On September 25, Maria continues to weaken as it moves along the southeast coast of the United States. On September 27, Maria weakened to Category 1 with maximum winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), its center moved onto the coast of North Carolina, a few miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, weakened to a tropical storm the following day. Finally, Maria moved rapidly east-northwestward as an extratropical cyclone on September 30, then dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean 3 days later. Preparations and impact. On the morning of September 16, the National Hurricane Center issued its first warning that the system would become Tropical Storm Maria. Following the warnings, the government of France, Saint Lucia, and Barbados prepared for the storm. Tacoma Stars (2003) Tacoma Stars are a professional indoor soccer team located in Tacoma, Washington. Reinach, Basel-Landschaft Reinach (Swiss German: "Rynach") is a municipality of the district Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Muttenz Muttenz (Swiss German: "Muttez") is a municipality in Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Lantsch/Lenz Lantsch/Lenz (, ) is a municipality in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Lucerne-Land District Lucerne-Land District is a new district of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. These municipalities are in the district: Lucerne-Stadt (district) Lucerne-Land District is a new district of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. 81,592 people lived there in 31 December 2016. It includes only the city of Lucerne. Mergers. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Littau merged into the city of Lucerne. The district was created on 1 January 2013. Erie County, Ohio Erie County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 77,079 people lived there. The county seat is Sandusky. Washington County, Ohio Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 61,778 people lived there. The county seat is Marietta. Butler County, Ohio Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 368,130 people lived there. The county seat is Hamilton. Wood County, Ohio Wood County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 125,488 people lived there. The county seat is Bowling Green. Hereford, Texas Hereford is a city of Texas in the United States. 15,370 people lived there in the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Deaf Smith. Franklin, Ohio Franklin is a city in Ohio. In 2010, 11,771 people lived there. The Great Miami River flows through Franklin. San Carlos, California San Carlos is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. It is about halfway between San Francisco and San Jose. 28,406 people lived there in the 2010 census. Gahanna, Ohio Gahanna is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Columbus. 33,248 people lived there in the 2010 census. Galion, Ohio Galion is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is in Crawford, Morrow, and Richland counties. The population was 10,512 at the 2010 census. Galion is the second-largest city in Crawford County, after Bucyrus. Marietta, Ohio Marietta is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Washington County. 14,085 people lived there in the 2010 census. The Muskingum River and Duck Creek flow into the Ohio River at Marietta. Lillian Ross Lillian Ross (Lillian Rosovsky; June 8, 1918 – September 20, 2017) was an American journalist and author. She was born in Syracuse, New York. Ross was a staff writer at "The New Yorker" from 1945 until she retired in 2001. She was known for her interviews with author J. D. Salinger. Ross died from a stroke in Manhattan on September 20, 2017, at age 99. James Morwood James Henry Weldon Morwood (25 November 1943 – 10 September 2017) was an English Classicist, and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford University. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Morwood’s status as a teacher of Classics was recognised in the 1990s when he was appointed President of the London Association of Classical Teachers for 1995-6, and subsequently President of the Joint Association of Classical Teachers (JACT) for 1999-2001. Morwood had a long association with JACT and with its Greek Summer School, which was launched in London in 1967 Morwood died in Ouranoupoli, Greece on 10 September 2017 of a heart attack at the age of 73. David Shepherd (artist) Richard David Shepherd CBE FRSA FGRA (25 April 1931 – 19 September 2017) was a British artist. He was known as one of the world's most outspoken conservationists. He was born in London, England. Shepherd was most famous for his paintings of steam locomotives (he owned a number of them) and wildlife, although he also often painted aircraft, portraits (notably The Queen Mother) and landscapes. His work has been extremely popular since the 1960s in limited edition print reproduction and poster form, as well as other media such as Wedgwood limited edition plates. He published five books about his art, including an autobiography. Shepherd died on 19 September 2017 of Parkinson's disease in Manchester, England at the age of 86. Conservation movement The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management, water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity. Irwin Winkler Irwin Winkler (born May 25, 1931) is an American movie producer and director. He is the producer or director of 50 movies, dating back to 1967's "Double Trouble", starring Elvis Presley. The fourth movie he produced, "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969), starring Jane Fonda, was nominated for nine Academy Awards. He won an Oscar for Best Picture for 1976's "Rocky". As a producer, he has been nominated for Best Picture for three other films: "Raging Bull", "The Right Stuff", and "Goodfellas". Winkler was born to a Jewish family in New York City. He studied at New York University. Ene Mihkelson Ene Mihkelson (21 October 1944 – 20 September 2017) was an Estonian writer. He was born in Tammeküla, Imavere Parish, Viljandi County. Mihkelson has also published four novels, a selection of critical essays ("Kirjanduse seletusi", or "Explanations of Literature") and a collection of short stories ("Surma sünnipäev", or "The Birthday of Death"). In 2001 she published the novel "Ahasveeruse uni". Mihkelson's works frequently include allusions to her childhood, spent in hiding, Estonian mythology, and Estonian history. In 2006 she was awarded the Herder Prize and in 2010 the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature. Mihkelson died in Tartu, Estonia on 20 September 2017 at the age of 72. John Larroquette John Bernard Larroquette (born November 25, 1947) is an American actor and television director. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He first became known as the narrator in the 1974 horror movie "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre". His roles include Dan Fielding on the 1984–1992 sitcom "Night Court" (winning four consecutive Emmy Awards for his role), Mike McBride in the Hallmark Channel series "McBride", John Hemingway on "The John Larroquette Show", and Carl Sack in "Boston Legal". Larroquette is currently playing Jenkins/Galahad in TNT's "The Librarians". Larroquette battled alcoholism from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. On "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on March 10, 2007, he joked, "I was known to have a cocktail or 60." He stopped drinking February 6, 1982. SummerSlam (2017) SummerSlam (2017) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on August 20, 2017, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. It was the thirtieth event under the SummerSlam chronology. Thirteen matches were contested at the event, including three on the pre-show. The event featured eight championship matches, the most for a SummerSlam event, where five of the titles changed hands. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman, Roman Reigns, and Samoa Joe in a fatal four-way match to retain the Universal Championship and in the penultimate match, Jinder Mahal defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship. On the undercard, AJ Styles defeated Kevin Owens to retain the United States Championship in a match that featured Shane McMahon as the special guest referee, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to win the Raw Tag Team Championship, and John Cena defeated Baron Corbin in the opening match. Jean Fouquet Jean (or Jehan) Fouquet (1420–1481) was an important French painter of the 15th century, a master of both panel painting and manuscript illumination, and the apparent inventor of the portrait miniature. He was the first French artist to travel to Italy and experience first-hand the early Italian Renaissance. Sore throat Sore throat or throat pain is pain in a person's throat. About 7.5% or of people have sore throat in any three-month period. Most of the time, it is caused by viral pharyngitis. It can also be caused by bad tonsils, trauma, strep throat, tumors, and other problems. Treatment varies with the different causes, but the painful symptoms can be helped with medicine such as cough drops or, in China, pear-syrup candy. Simmering Simmering is a method of cooking in water, where the temperature is kept just below that where the water would boil. The temperature at which this is achieved is around . To bring water to the point where it simmers, you first heat the water to boiling point, which is , then reduce the heat so that the bubbles on top of the water have almost stopped. Manuel Mejuto González Manuel Enrique Mejuto González (born 16 April 1965) is a former Spanish football referee. His most important refereeing role was in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final in Istanbul, between Liverpool and Milan. He became a FIFA listed referee in 1999. He retired in August 2010. Mejuto was born in La Felguera, Asturias. Outside of football, he is a civil servant. Northern Norway Northern Norway is a geographical region of Norway. It is the three northernmost counties Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. Northern Norway has a total of about 35% of the Norwegian mainland. Some of the largest towns in Northern Norway (from south to north) are Mo i Rana, Bodø, Narvik, Harstad, Tromsø and Alta. Northern Norway is often described as the land of the midnight sun and the land of the northern lights. Kurów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship Kurów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbaskowo, in Police County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. It is the border to Germany. It is 20 km south of Police and 9 km southwest of the regional capital Szczecin. Sissach Sissach is the capital of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Williams County, Ohio Williams County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 37,642 people lived there. The county seat is Bryan. Lavin Lavin was a municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Lavin and Susch merged into the municipality of Zernez. Maple Heights, Ohio Maple Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. At the 2010 census, 23,138 people lived there. Allen County, Ohio Allen County is a county of Ohio in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 106,331 people lived there. The county seat is Lima. Van Wert County, Ohio Van Wert County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 28,744 people lived there. The county seat is Van Wert. Adams County, Ohio Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In the 2010 census, 28,550 people lived there. The county seat is West Union. It was founded in 1797 and named after John Adams, the second President of the United States. The county has a total area of . Loveland, Ohio Loveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Huningue Huningue is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It is a northern suburb of the Swiss city of Basel. Husseren-les-Châteaux Husseren-les-Châteaux is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Alfonso X Alfonso X (23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284), called the Wise, was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death. Tandem trike Tandem trike is a vehicle with three wheels for two or more people, who drive it together with their forces. It is not the same as a classic with clear separation between chauffeur and the passengers. By 2017, the following firms are known to produce tandem trikes: 1893 Sea Islands hurricane The 1893 Sea Islands hurricane was a very deadly tropical cyclone. It was Category 3 under Saffir-Simpson scale. The storm had winds near 120 mph. It made landfall at the Georgia-South Carolina border in late August 1893. The hurricane had a severe storm surge. It took the lives of 1,000–2,000 people when it made landfall, mostly from storm surge. Château de Nantouillet The is a ruined château at Nantouillet, a very small town in the Seine-et-Marne département of north-central France. Antoine Duprat, a French cardinal and politician, built it in the 16th century. He died in the château on 15 July 1535. There was an old fort on the land before Duprat built the château.. The château was classed as a "monument historique" (historic monument) of France in 1862. Auglaize County, Ohio Auglaize County is a county of Ohio in the United States. In 2010, 45,949 people lived there. The county seat is Wapakoneta. It is named after the Auglaize River. The county has a total area of . 1909 Monterrey hurricane The 1909 Monterrey hurricane was one of the most deadly tropical cyclones on record. The storm struck the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Mexico and southern Texas. This hurricane happened in August 1909. The winds of the storm peaked at 120 miles per hour. More than 4,000 lives were lost because of the hurricane. Prince Giovanni Natoli Giovanni Forti Natoli or Gianforte Natoli was a Sicilian nobleman, the son of Blasco Natoli Lanza and Domenica Giambruno Perna. He was baron of S. Bartolomeo and Belice. On 20 August 1597 he bought the barony of Sperlinga from Giovanni Ventimiglia, marquis of Gerace, for 30,834 ounces of gold. Natoli was granted a "licentia populandi cum privilegium aedificandi" ("licence to populate and build") by the king of Sicily, Philip II of Spain. In 1627 he was made prince of Sperlinga by Philip IV of Spain. Natoli was married twice: first to Maria Cottone Aragona, daughter of Stefano, count of Bauso; and second, to Melchiora Orioles Moncada, daughter of Orazio, baron of San Pietro di Patti. With the latter he had a son, Francesco Natoli. Giovanni Natoli died on 15 July 1633. Leggia Leggia was a municipality of the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Leggia and Verdabbio merged into the municipality of Grono. Lohn, Graubünden Lohn () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is south of Thusis. Lostallo Lostallo is a municipality of the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Scharans Scharans () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Villages. St. Agata, Stufels, Parnegl and Prin. Splügen Splügen (, ) was a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006, Splügen incorporated its neighbouring municipality of Medels im Rheinwald. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen merged to form the new municipality of Rheinwald. In 1995, the Swiss Heritage Society bestowed the Wakker Prize to Splügen. The Splügen Pass road leads from Splügen to Chiavenna and rises to a height of . Scheid Scheid () is a village and former municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Scheid, Feldis/Veulden, Trans and Tumegl/Tomils merged into the new municipality of Tomils. Mundaun Mundaun was a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Flond and Surcuolm merged into the new municipality of Mundaun. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Mundaun and Obersaxen merged into the new municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun. Veyras Veyras can mean: Husseren-Wesserling Husseren-Wesserling is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Mr. Burns Charles Montgomery Burns (known as C. Montgomery Burns and Monty Burns, but usually said as Mr. Burns) is a fictional character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". Harry Shearer is the voice actor for Burns. Christopher Collins was the voice actor for him in the first season. Waylon Smithers is his assistant. He is the owner of Springfield's power plant. Bernie Casey Bernard Terry Casey (June 8, 1939 – September 19, 2017) was an American actor, poet, and professional football player. He was born in Wyco, West Virginia. He played a version of himself, and other football players turned actors, in Keenen Ivory Wayans's 1988 comedic movie "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka". He played a high school teacher in "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", released in 1989. Casey played for the San Francisco 49ers from 1961 through 1966 and for the Los Angeles Rams from 1967 through 1968. Casey died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on September 19, 2017 at the age of 78. Teddy Taylor Sir Edward MacMillan Taylor (18 April 1937 – 20 September 2017) was a Scottish Conservative Party politician. He was a member of parliament (MP) from 1964 to 1979 for Glasgow Cathcart and from 1980 to 2005 for Rochford and Southend East. He was a leading member and vice-president of the Conservative Monday Club. Taylor died on 20 September 2017 at the age of 80. Börje Vestlund Börje Vestlund (2 February 1960 – 22 September 2017) was a Swedish social democratic politician. He was a Member of the Riksdag from 2002 until his death in 2017. He was openly gay. Vestlund died on 22 September 2017 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 67. William G. Stewart William Gladstone Stewart (15 July 1933 – 21 September 2017) was an English television producer, director, and host. He was best known as the presenter and producer of the Channel 4 general quiz show "Fifteen to One" from 1988 to 2003. He was born in Habrough, Lincolnshire, England. Stewart died on 21 September 2017 at the age of 84. Mohammed Mahdi Akef Mohammed Mahdi Akef () (July 12, 1928 – September 22, 2017) was the head of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Egypt-based Islamic political movement, from 2004 until 2010. He assumed the post, that of "general guide" () (frequently translated as "chairman") upon the death of his predecessor, Ma'mun al-Hudaybi. Akef was arrested on 4 July 2013. On 14 July 2013 Egypt's new prosecutor general Hisham Barakat ordered his assets to be frozen. Akef died on 22 September 2017 in Cairo of sepsis at the age of 89. Sicilians Sicilians (Sicilian: "Siciliani") are the people native to the island of Sicily, an autonomous region of Italy. Sicilians are the native people living in the island of Sicily. They are usually bilingual, Sicilian and Italian language are both spoken in the island. After the unification of Italy, Sicilians have been part of the country living in an autonomous region, which is also the fourth most populated of all Italy's regions. Donald J. Cram Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen. He specialized in the field of organic chemistry. Stefan Hell Stefan Walter Hell (born 23 December 1962) is a German physicist. He is one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014 "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy", together with Eric Betzig and William Moerner. He was born into a Banat Swabian family in Arad, Romania, and grew up at his parents' home in nearby Sântana. In 1981, he began his studies at the Heidelberg University. He received his doctorate in physics in 1990. Rudolf Friedrich Rudolf Friedrich (4 July 1923 – 15 October 2013) was a Swiss politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1982–1984). He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 8 December 1982 and, for health reason, resigned his office on 20 October 1984. He was a member to the Free Democratic Party. During his office time he held the Federal Department of Justice and Police. Madulain Madulain is a municipality of the district Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Illfurth Illfurth is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Illhaeusern Illhaeusern is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. 51 Trouble Hoover Crip The 51 Trouble gang is an American criminal street gang in Los Angeles, California. Most of the members of the 51 Street gang are African-Americans. The 51 Street gang is one of the oldest street gangs in Los Angeles and it has been occupying its territory since the 1990s.They are close allies with 52 Hoover gangster crips and sometimes this alliance is called 51-duece crips.They are actively at war with rollin 50s which resulted in many casualties.Also,they beef with all the Neighborhoods due to their bitter hatred for them. They protect their communities there from racism against African Americans, disrputive politics, and unjust socialism by urban warfare. The 51 street gang is a conservative movement and are backed and supported by Washington D.C. because of their ancestry in the American Indian wars and World War II. There have been branches of the 51 Street Gang in other cities, like Kansas City, Missouri. Authorities have suspected 51 Street Crips of such crimes as giving out fake money. Bush ballad The bush ballad, bush song or bush poem is a style of poetry and folk music that describes the life, character and scenery of the Australian bush. Bush ballads usually have a simple rhyme structure. They can be funny or sad. The words used are colourful, colloquial and Australian. They tell stories of action and adventure about bushranging, droving, droughts, floods, life on the frontier, and relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. The first ballads were created by British and Irish settlers and convicts who brought with them the folk music of their homelands. They were usually not written down, but passed around verbally. The ballads grew into a unique style over the years, becoming very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Australians thought they were "an authentic expression of the national spirit". Through bush poetry, newspapers and magazines, like "The Bulletin", promoted mateship, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism and a concern for the "battler" as being ideal Australian values. Bush ballads are not as popular in modern times, but the poems written up to Federation are still some of the best-known and loved poems in Australia. The "bush bards" such as Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson are regarded as giants of Australian literature. Clubs and festivals devoted to bush poetry can be found throughout the country, and the tradition lives on in Australian country music. Characteristics. The songs tell personal stories of life in Australia. The stories can include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, conflict between the working poor and the rich farmers (squatters), bushrangers such as Ned Kelly, love, and more modern themes such as trucking. Although not technically bush ballads, there are also numerous sea shanties. These were work songs sung by whalers and sailors, as well as songs about the voyage made by convicts and other immigrants from England to Australia. Modern musical styles for the ballads are different, even though the content is similar. Good examples of the older, traditional ballad style include Slim Dusty's When the Rain Tumbles Down in July or Leave Him in the Long yard. These have strong story lines in the verses, with choruses set to a Pick n' Strum beat. Modern bush ballads may use finger picking and strumming rock styles. History. Australia's musical traditions include the English, Scottish, and Irish folk songs of the convicts, as well as the work of pastoral poets of the 1880s. There was also a hymn singing tradition brought by missionaries in the 19th century. The beginnings of Australia's bush music come from the songs sung by the convicts who were sent to Australia from 1788. They tell of the harsh life of the time, and of people and events including bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen and shearers. Convict and bushranger verses often complained about the governments misuse of power. Examples include ballads like: The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drover's Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay. Later bush ballads told stories of war, droughts, floods, Aboriginality, railways and roads. Isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. They often tell of the difficulties and struggles for the working poor people. The bush ballads are often ironic and humorous, for example "Beautiful Land of Australia." They were an oral and folkloric tradition, and only later published in print, such as Banjo Paterson's "Old Bush Songs", in the 1890s. The lyrics for "Waltzing Matilda", often regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem, were written by Banjo Paterson in 1895. This type of Australian country music, with lyrics focusing on strictly Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "bush band music". The ballads continued in Australia long after popular music took hold in Great Britain. The ballad style in rural England began dying out when land clearances, industrialisation and urbanization saw people moving from the farms into the cities. English popular music began in the working-class music halls during the 1830s and 1840s. Australia, which still had a large rural population, popular music was started a lot later. As early as the 1920s, the different ethnic groups in Asutralia influenced the ballads. Poncie Cubillo introduced the rondalla with their Filipino string band in Darwin. The ballad tradition has grown to include some of these influences including Chinese and Filipino. There were also the Italians growing tobacco, the de Bortoli family, in "Texas in Queensland", adding to the mix of folk tunes and Tex Morton's hillbilly tunes. Morton, a country music singer from New Zealand, made a number of Australian-themed recordings between 1936 and 1943. These included the "Dying Duffer's Prayer," "Murrumbridgee Jack," "Billy Brink The Shearer," "Stockman's Last Bed," "Wrap Me Up in My Stockwhip and Blanket," "Rocky Ned (The Outlaw)," and "Ned Kelly Song". While these are a part of the bush ballad tradition, Morton sang without an Australian accent and used yodeling like the American singer Jimmie Rodgers. American cowboy and country songs and 1950s rock 'n' roll influenced Australian bush ballads. With increased modern communications, bush ballads share the modern Australian music scene with rockabilly, country music, blues, Texas swing, bluegrass, trail songs, and country pop. Country and folk musicians including Slim Dusty, Stan Coster, Rolf Harris, The Bushwackers, John Williamson, Graeme Connors and John Schumann of the band Redgum, still record the old bush ballads. Contemporary artists including Sara Storer and Lee Kernaghan draw heavily on this heritage. Ashley Cook, a contemporary balladeer, sings about topics relevant to life in agriculture and mining work in Australia's outback: "Cattle, Dust and Leather" and "Blue Queensland Dogs". His song "Road to Kakadu" is about killing water buffalo in Northern Territory in the 1990s to control the Brucellosis disease. "Beneath the Queensland Moon" covers the life and death as a drover. Public opinions. The bush ballad style is sometimes seen as unsophisticated and simple. This is because it uses cliched images and stereotypes. The bush ballads have influenced Australian theatre and movies. Since the mid-20th century, bush songs have often been performed by bush bands, such as The Bandicoots or Franklyn B Paverty. There have been female bush balladeers, including Shirley Thoms (1925-1999) known as Australia's yodeling sweetheart, and Indigenous singer-songwriter Yvonne Bradley. Awards. A number of awards have been set up to recognize bush balladeers. Jeff Brown was nominated for a Golden Guitar Award in the Bush Ballad of the Year category for a song he recorded "In the wings of the yard" in 2008. He said it was "...important to keep the old yarns alive through country music ballads. It's our heritage really and it needs to be kept alive somehow and the old bush ballads are the way to do it." Past winners of the Country Music Awards Australia Bush Ballad of the Year include Anne Kirkpatrick and Joy McKean. The Stan Coster Memorial Bush Ballad Award has several categories. In 2007 Reg Poole was male vocalist of the year for ‘A Tribute To Slim’, Graham Rodger was Songwriter of the Year for ‘The Battle Of Long Tan’, and Dean Perrett for Album of the Year for ‘New Tradition’ The magazine, the "Balladeers Bulletin" magazine also hold a "Bush Balladeer Starquest" competition. At the 2008 36th Country Music Awards of Australia held in Tamworth, Amos Morris became the youngest artist ever to win the Golden Guitar trophy for the Bush Ballad of the Year category with "Sign of the Times". Examples. Examples of popular bush ballads and songs include: Traditional: The Bush Bards: Modern writers and singers: Aimaq Hazara Aimaq Hazara is a group of Aimaq people of Hazara origin. They live in Afghanistan and they are Sunni Muslims. Aimaq people The Aimaq or Aimak (), are a collection of Persian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes in Afghanistan. They are a minority group in Pakistan and Iran. Aimaq dialect Aimaq () is a ethnolect of the Persian language spoken by the Aimaq people in central northwest Afghanistan (west of the Hazarajat), Tajikistan, and in eastern Iran. Novarupta Novarupta (meaning "newly erupted" in Latin) is a volcano that was formed in 1912. It is located on the Alaska Peninsula in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about southwest of Anchorage. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Eurovision Song Contest 2018 The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest and took place in Portugal's capital Lisbon, after Salvador Sobral won for his country in Kiev, Ukraine last year. Netta who represented Israel won the final. Venue. The contest happened in Altice Arena, Lisbon, Portugal. The venue holds 20,000 people. Semi-Final. First Semi-FInal. Nineteen countries participated in the first semi-final. Those countries, plus Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final. Second Semi-FInal. Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final. Those countries, plus France, Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final. Final. The final took place on 12 May 2018 at 20:00 WEST (21:00 CEST). Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote. The running order for the final was revealed after the press conference of the second semi-final qualifiers on 10 May. Big-Five (including host country Ukraine). These five countries are directly qualified for the final. Suresh Raina Suresh Kumar Raina (born 27 November 1986) is an Indian professional cricketer. An aggressive left-handed middle-order batsman and an occasional off-spin bowler, he is considered as one of the best fielders in world cricket. He plays for Uttar Pradesh in all forms of domestic cricket. He is the captain of Gujarat Lions in the Indian Premier League, and was the vice-captain of the Chennai Super Kings. He has also captained the Indian cricket team and is the second-youngest player ever to captain India. He is the first of the three Indian batsmen to ever score a century in all three formats of international cricket. He was born in Ghaziabad. Raina made his ODI debut in July 2005 against Sri Lanka at the age of 19. However, his Test debut came about five years later, in July 2010, against the same opposition. He scored a hundred on his Test debut. He was a part of the Indian squad that won the 2011 World Cup, Captained team Uttar Pradesh, India (on several occasions), India – A, Gujarat Lions and Chennai Super Kings (3 matches). Early life. He lives in Rajnagar, a town in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. He has three older brothers Dinesh Raina, Naresh Raina and Mukesh Raina and one elder sister Renu. An article by Suresh Raina was featured in the 2012 book Rahul Dravid: Timeless Steel. Career. In 2000, Raina decided to play cricket and subsequently moved from his hometown Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh (near New Delhi) to Lucknow, to attend the Guru Gobind Singh Sports College, Lucknow.He rose to become the captain of the Uttar Pradesh U-16s and came to prominence amongst Indian selectors in 2002, when he was selected at the age of 15 and a half years for the U-19 tour to England, where he made a pair of half-centuries in the U-19 Test matches. He toured Sri Lanka later that year with the U-17 team. He made his Ranji Trophy debut for Uttar Pradesh against Assam in February 2003 at the age of 16, but did not play another match until the following season. In late 2003, he toured Pakistan for the U-19 Asian ODI Championship before being selected for the 2004 U-19 World Cup, where he scored three half-centuries, including a 90 scored off only 38 balls. He was then awarded a Border-Gavaskar scholarship to train at the Australian Cricket Academy and in early 2005, he made his first-class limited overs debut, and scored 645 runs that season at an average of 53.75. 2011 Cricket World Cup. Raina was on the bench through the first half of the 2011 Cricket World Cup as captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni instead went with the in-form Yusuf Pathan. This remained so until the group game against West Indies, which Raina played in place of an injured Virender Sehwag. Against defending champions Australia in the quarter-final, Dhoni made a strategic change, omitting Yusuf Pathan in favour of Raina. Raina responded by assisting Yuvraj Singh in a successful run chase through high pressure, making 34 from 28 balls to carry India to victory. In the semi-final against Pakistan, he batted with tailenders to score an unbeaten 36, a significant contribution to India's final tally of 260. He also took Younis Khan's catch off of Yuvraj's bowling. Suresh Raina played some crucial knocks in quarter-final and semi-final of the World Cup, which helped India to win the 2011 ICC Cricket WorldCup. Gary Kirsten, the then coach of India, said 'Raina won the World Cup for us with some crucial knocks'. Captaincy and 2011 West Indies tour. India toured West Indies after the World Cup with captain MS Dhoni rested and vice-captain Virender Sehwag injured. Gautam Gambhir was named the captain for the One-dayers and T20's with Raina as his deputy. But due to injury Gambhir was ruled out, with Raina captaining with Harbhajan as his deputy. India won the series, but Raina averaged just 16.4. In the Test matches, he scored 232 runs at the average of 46.4 scoring crucial fifties in each Test. His captaincy was highly appreciated by former west-Indian legends. 2012 Tour of Sri Lanka. In the first ODI, Raina played an attacking 45 ball, 50-run knock to help India reach 314. They eventually won the match by 21 runs on 21 July 2012. In the second ODI he was out for 1 but he came back stronger in the third ODI where he played a blistering 45 balls 65 to hand India a five-wicket win and he eventually also won the man of the match award for his performance. Gambhir too scored a century in that match. He continued his good form in the 4th ODI as he scored his 3rd half-century of the series and helped India beat Sri Lanka by 6 wickets by scoring 58*.and mujeeb helped him He was out for a duck in the last ODI. After the Tour of Sri Lanka, When England team came to India, he was dropped and gave away his spot to Yuvraj Singh, Who made a comeback after suffering from Cancer. 2012–13 England tour of India. Raina registered strong performances in this series, which India won 3–2. He scored 277 runs at an average of 92.33 with four consecutive half-centuries but only two of them in a winning cause. He became 13th Indian batsman to cross 4000 international runs, in his 159th ODI and got his first Man of the Series award in this format. At the end of the series, he broke into the ICC top 10 ranked batsmen for the first time in his career. 2014. Captaincy. He was again declared captain of the young Indian cricket team after the West Indies series in 2014 Bangladesh series while all the regular players of Indian cricket were rested. He led his team for 2–0 victory in the series. His personal performance was also splendid in the low scoring series as he captained the side very aggressively throughout the series. He was praised all over the world for his captaincy skills which he displayed during the 2nd ODI of this series. India was all out scoring 104 runs while batting first and Suresh Raina and his young team defended 104 runs and won the match by 54 runs. His captaincy was the deciding factor of this match along with Stuart Binny's bowling performance. 2014–15 tour of Australia. Suresh has been included into India's test squad after almost two years. Raina was selected in the final Test match at Sydney, under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. Later on, he announced his return to form in the Tri-Series with a flamboyant 51 against Australia. 2016. Suresh Raina was not selected in India's first tour to USA, where they play West Indies for 2 T20Is. However, he made a reentry to the ODI team for a series against New Zealand. But he was ruled out due to Chikungunya . 2017. He was selected for a T20 series against England. In that series, he made a strong comeback. He scored a 63 in the 3rd T20. Indian Premier League. Raina was signed by the Chennai Super Kings for US$650,000 for the first three years of the tournament. Raina made significant contributions in the first edition of the tournament to compensate the Chennai Super Kings over the losses of key players like Matthew Hayden, Michael Hussey and Jacob Oram. He played a vital Man of the Match performance in the last league fixture to give Chennai Super Kings the win they required to qualify for the semi-finals. Ultimately the Super Kings finished Again in 2010 IPL, Raina's consistent batting throughout the series won him applause and became the all-time run-getter of the league surpassing Australian legend Adam Gilchrist halfway down the tournament. He also captained the Super Kings for three matches in skipper Dhoni's absence and took some sensational catches in the field. He scored 520 runs in all, making him the third highest run getter of the series and the first for Chennai. He also was awarded "best fielder" by the BCCI ahead of the finals. He played a vital half-century which turned the final to Chennai's tide who ultimately went on to become the champions beating the Mumbai Indians. At the end of the season, Raina set the record for most runs scored in the tournament, with 421, 434, and 520 and also taking the most no. of catches, two records that are still unbroken. Raina also hit the second maximum no. of sixes behind Adam Gilchrist in the three editions of the league. He was retained by the Super Kings for the 2011 Indian Premier League along with Murali Vijay, Albie Morkel and skipper MS Dhoni. In the 2011 IPL too, Raina maintained his reputation as the leading run-scorer with 438 runs, again being the only player to cross 400 do so for all the seven seasons. His most crucial knock came against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifier where he played a stunning innings to get the game back to Chennai's favor. Despite struggling to find form in the initial stages of the 2012 IPL, Raina found form in the latter stages and finished the tournament as Chennai's leading run scorer, scoring 441 runs and on the course became the only player to score 400 runs in every IPL. He scored a blistering 73 in the final against Kolkata Knight Riders and added 116 with Mike Hussey, who scored a magnificent 86, to help his team put a big total on board. He became the first player in the history of IPL to cross the mark of 2000 IPL runs. In 2013, IPL Raina scored 548 runs at a healthy average of 42.15 and strike rate of 150.13. At the start of the season he was struggling with his form but in the later half, he regained his form. He scored his maiden hundred in IPL against Kings XI Punjab. Raina scored an astonishing 99 not out off 52 deliveries against Sunrisers Hyderabad and helped Chennai Super Kings to score a mammoth 223 runs. This was Chennai Super Kings 3rd highest total. In the 1st Qualifier against MI he along with Hussey pounded MI bowlers to reach a score of 193 for 1. On 30 May 2014 he made 87 runs out of 25 balls against Kings XI Punjab. He missed his fastest century of the cricketing history by just 13 runs due to a run out. In Champions League Twenty20 final he played a crucial knock scoring 109* off just 62 balls and made Chennai Super Kings win 2nd CLT20 title. In 2016, Raina was signed for the Gujarat Lions after the suspension of CSK. He captained the team for the season, and remained consistent with batting, scoring 399 runs in 15 innings. Raina Had to leave for Netherlands in between of season 9 for birth of his first child thus making him miss his first ever match in nine seasons of IPL . Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad district is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India, within the National Capital Region. The town of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district is part of Uttar Pradesh's Meerut Division. It has become a major bedroom community (Commuter town) for Delhi. History. Ghaziabad District was once part of Meerut District, but was split off forming the district with an area of 2550 km2 Later, Gautam Budh Nagar district was split off as well, reducing the district's size to 1933.3 km2. In Sept 2011, 2 tehsils were again split off to form Hapur district. The revised area is 1273 km2 and revised population is 3,323,241. Geography. Ghaziabad district is bounded on the northwest by Baghpat District, on the north by Meerut district, on the east by Hapur district, on the southeast by Bulandshahr district, on the southwest by Gautam Buddha Nagar District, and on the west by Delhi state across the Yamuna River. Population. According to the 2011 Census, it is the third most populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 75), after Prayagraj district and Moradabad. According to the 2011 census of Ghaziabad district, it has a population of 4,661,452, roughly equal to the nation of Ireland or the US state of South Carolina. This gives it a ranking of 28th highest in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 3,967 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,270/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 41.66%. Ghaziabad has a sex ratio of 878 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 85%. At the 2011 census, this district had a population of 4,661,452 (3rd highest in UP), with 2,481,803 males and 2,179,649 females. It contributes 2.33% of the total population of UP. It has highest density of population in UP with 4060 persons per square km. It is second in population growth rate with 40.66%. The average literacy rate in 2011 was 85%, which is the highest in UP. This is revised to 3,323,241 after the split of Hapur district. Gautam Budh Nagar district Gautam Budh Nagar is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. It is part of the National Capital Region (India). Greater Noida is the district administrative headquarters. The city of Greater Noida is India's first ISO 160001 certified city. Gautam Budh Nagar is an important industrial district of Uttar Pradesh. The city of Greater Noida has evolved as an epicenter for technical education and industrial expansion. Population. According to the 2011 census, Gautam Budh Nagar has a population of 1,674,714. It is ranked 294th out of a total of 640 Indian districts in terms of population. Gautam Budh Nagar has a population density of 1,161 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,010/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 39.32%. Gautam Budh Nagar has a sex ratio of 852 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.2%. Due to its close proximity to Delhi, the population is highly literate with 82.2% of population in the district are literate compared to 74.04% national average. The female lieracy stands at 72.78% much higher than national average of 65.46%. Meerut district Meerut district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Meerut is the district headquarters. Meerut district is also a part of the Meerut division. The administrative head of district of Meerut is a District Magisrtate while the administrative head of Meerut Division is Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer. Demographics. According to the 2011 census Meerut district has a population of 3,443,689, roughly equal to the nation of Panama or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 94th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,346 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,490/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.89%. Meerut has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000 males, lower than the state average of 908; while the child sex ratio is 852, lower than the state average of 899. The district has a literacy rate of 72.84%, higher than the state average of 69.72%. According to the 2001 census, the district ranked 6th in terms of population density in Uttar Pradesh. The district had an average literacy rate of 65.96%, higher than the national average of 64.8% and the state average of 57.36%. 16.66% of the population was under 6 years of age. The percentage of Muslim population over 36% (one of the largest among the cities of India). Verquigneul Verquigneul is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France. Vampirina Vampirina is an American-Irish animated television series first aired on October 1, 2017. The show is based on the "Vampirina Ballerina" series of books written by Anne Marie Pace and illustrated by LeUyen Pham, published by Disney-Hyperion. Disney Junior announced the series in March, 2016; the adaptation is being worked on by executives from "Doc McStuffins". Oscar E. Huber Oscar E. Huber (August 22, 1917 – September 9, 2017) was an American politician. He was born in Edmunds County, South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1961 to 1972 and was a member of the Republican Party. Huber studied at Northern State University and the University of Minnesota. Huber was a farmer and rancher at his ranch in Bowdle, South Dakota. Huber died at his ranch in Bowdle the age of 100 on September 9, 2017. Leonid Kharitonov Leonid Mikhailovich Kharitonov () (18 September 1933 – 19 September 2017) was a Russian bass-baritone (баритональный бас) singer. He was honoured with People's Artist of Russia and Honoured Artist of Russia. In other parts of Europe, he was noted for his 1965 video of the "Song of the Volga Boatmen". He was born in Irkutsk, Soviet Union. Kharitonov died on 19 September 2017 in Moscow at the age of 84. Beaumetz (disambiguation) Beaumetz can mean: Illzach Illzach is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Ingersheim, Haut-Rhin Ingersheim is a French commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department east France. Issenheim Issenheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Forbach Forbach is a commune in the French Moselle department. It is on the border with Germany. Jebsheim Jebsheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Afzal Ahsan Randhawa Muhammad Afzal Ahsan Randhawa (, 1 September 1937 – 18 September 2017) was a Pakistani Punjabi language writer, poet, translator, playwright and a politician. He authored several short stories and novels in the Punjabi language including "Sooraj Grehan" and "Doaba". He received the Pride of Performance and "Kamal-e-Fun" awards for his literary work. On the evening of 18 September 2017, Randhawa died at the age of 80 in Faisalabad, Pakistan. José Salcedo José Salcedo (c. 1949 – 19 September 2017) was a Spanish movie editor with over 120 feature movie credits. He had an extended collaboration with the director Pedro Almodóvar, having edited all of Almodóvar's movies since 1980. He was born in Ciudad Real, Spain. Salcedo had been nominated many times for Goya Awards for movie editing, and won the award three times: for "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" (1988), "Nobody Will Speak of Us When We're Dead" (1995), and "All About My Mother" (1999). Salcedo died on 19 September 2017 in Madrid, Spain at the age of 68. Shmuel Moreh Shmuel Moreh (; December 22, 1932 – September 22, 2017) was a professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He was awarded the Israel Prize in Middle Eastern studies in 1999. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq. In addition to having written many books and articles dealing with Arabic literature in general and Iraqi Jewish Arabic literature in particular, he has been a major contributor to "Elaph", the first online independent daily journal in the Arabic language. Professor Moreh wrote in Arabic, Hebrew, and English. Moreh died on September 22, 2017 in Tel Aviv, Israel at the age of 84. Charles Bradley Charles Edward Bradley (November 5, 1948 – September 23, 2017) was an American funk/soul/R&B singer, signed to the Daptone Records label under the Dunham Records division. His performances and recording style were consistent with Daptone's revivalist approach, celebrating the feel of funk and soul music from the 1960s and 1970s. One review said he "echoes the evocative delivery of Otis Redding". Calling himself "the screaming eagle of soul", Bradley was the subject of the documentary "Soul of America" which premiered at South by Southwest in 2012. Bradley was diagnosed with stomach cancer in October 2016. He died on September 23, 2017 in Brooklyn, New York at the age of 68. Sharbat Ali Changezi Sharbat Ali Changezi (Urdu: ) is a Pakistani, Hazara retired Air Marshal. Changezi was born in Quetta, British India into a family of Hazara ethnic group, He was the Air Marshal of Pakistan Air Force and veteran of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and 1971. Bud Selig Allan Huber "Bud" Selig (born July 30, 1934) is an American baseball executive. He currently serves as the Commissioner Emeritus of Baseball. Before, he served as the ninth Commissioner of Baseball. He initially served as the acting commissioner beginning in 1992 before being named the official commissioner in 1998. Raymond Berry Raymond Emmett Berry (born February 27, 1933) is a former American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He played as a split end for the Baltimore Colts from 1955 to 1967, and after several assistant coaching positions, was head coach of the New England Patriots from 1984 to 1989. Berry also coached the Dallas Cowboys, the Detroit Lions, the Cleveland Browns, and the Denver Broncos. Berry was born in Corpus Christi, Texas. He studied at Southern Methodist University. Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara General Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara (October 20, 1908 – March 12, 1991) was a military personnel and politician in Pakistan. He was the fourth Commander in Chief of Pakistan Army from 1966 to 1969. He was the eldest son of Sardar Yazdan Khan, born in a Hazara family of Quetta, British India, in 1908. He died in 12 March 1991 in office as Governor of Balochistan. Irreligious theism Irreligious theism is the belief that there is a higher being, but doesn't follow organized religion, this belief can be often confused for deism, however irreligious theists often believe that god can still interfere in the world, also irreligious theists believe in supernatural events like miracles, while deists don't believe in that. Famous irreligious theists from history include Austrian-American mathematician, logician, and philosopher Kurt Gödel, and American author Martin Gardner. Centre (politics) In politics, centrism or the centre is a political ideology that supports a balance of social hierarchy and social equality. Centrism goes against both left-wing politics and right-wing politics. The label is used for political parties, organizations and groups that believe in centrism like the Australian Democrats. Centrism is also usually associated with centre-left and centre-right political ideologies because they are close in left-right politics. Examples of centrist political ideologies are Christian Democracy or Liberalism. Bertha Krupp Bertha Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (29 March 1886 – 21 September 1957) was a member of the Krupp family, Germany's leading industrial dynasty of the 19th and 20th centuries. As the elder child and heir of Friedrich Alfred Krupp she was the sole proprietor of the Krupp industrial empire from 1902 to 1943, although her husband, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, ran the company in her name. In 1943 ownership of the company was transferred to her son Alfried. Free Voters Free Voters (German: Freie Wähler; abbreviated as FW) is a group of politicians which takes part in the elections but is not registered as a political party. Free Voters usually only run in the local elections. The group attracts conservative voters who prefer local decisions in politics. In the 2014 European Parliament elections, the Free Voters won a seat in the European Parliament. Ulrike Müller is currently the only Free Voter MEP in the European Parliament. The Free Voters association joined the European Democratic Party (which is a centrist and pro-European Union political party in the European Parliament) in October 2015. Jordi Pujol Jordi Pujol i Soley (, born 9 June 1930) is a Spanish politician. He was the leader of the party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of Catalonia from 1980 to 2003. Arne Solli Arne Solli (6 April 1938 – 20 September 2017) was a Norwegian general. He served as Chief of Defence of Norway ("Forsvarssjef") from 31 October 1994 until 30 April 1999. He was born in Oslo, Norway In 1995 he was awarded the title of Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. Solli died on 20 September 2017 in Oslo at the age of 79. Andy Muschietti Andrés Muschietti (; born 26 August 1973), usually credited as Andy Muschietti, is an Argentine movie director and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the 2013 horror movie "Mama" and the "It" duology starting with "It: Chapter One" (2017) and the 2019 sequel "It: Chapter Two". He will also direct the 2023 DC Extended Universe movie "The Flash". Trapani Trapani (; ; ) is a city in western Sicily. It is the capital of the Province of Trapani. The city has population of around 69,000 people. History. The city was founded by the Elymians. It was created to serve as a port for the nearby city, Erice. The city was first called "Drépanon" (from the Greek word for sickle). Carthage captured the city in 260 BC, and made it an important naval base. The city was then captured by the Roman Republic after the Battle of the Aegates. The area would later be captured by the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantine Empire, Arabs and the Normans. The city was damaged from World War II. Culture. Trapani is known for its Easter-related traditions. These traditions date back to at least 1612. The city also features the longest religious festival in Sicily and in Italy. Shandong Provincial Museum of Geology Shandong Provincial Museum of Geology is a museum in the Jinan, Shandong province, China. Willemstad Willemstad is the capital city of Curaçao, an island in the southern Caribbean Sea that forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 2008, 140,000 people lived there. Pali Wikipedia Pali Wikipedia is a wikipedian edition of the language of Pali. It is an old language present in the Indian subcontinent. This language is the language used by Gautam Buddha to write his writings that is the Buddhist texts. About 2524 articles were written in Pali Wikipedia. It presently stands in the 212th place of list of wikipedias by article count. Aleksey Goman Aleksey Vladimirovich Goman (born 12 September 1983 in Murmansk, Russian SFSR, U.S.S.R.) is a Russian musician and poet. He is best known for winning Narodniy Artist-1 (a TV show based on the British Pop Idol). In 2005, he was the prize winner of the Festival of Patriotic songs. Awards. Some of his most prestigious awards include: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic country. Ethnic groups in Afghanistan include the Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimaq, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Gujjar, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Moghol and a few others. Agra district Agra district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and the historical city of Agra is the district headquarters. Agra district is a part of Agra division. Geography. Agra district is bounded by Mathura District on the north, Dholpur District of Rajasthan state on the south, Firozabad District on the east and Bharatpur District of Rajasthan State on the west. Area of the district is 4027 km². Divisions. Agra district comprises 6 tehsils. The tehsils are Etmadpur, Agra, Kiraoli, Kheragarh, Fatehabad and Bah. The headquarters of the district is Agra city. The district consists of 15 blocks, namely Etmadpur, Khandauli, Shamshabad, Fatehabad, Jagner, Kheragarh, Saiyan, Achhnera, Akola, Bichpuri, Fatehpur Sikri, Barauli Ahir, Bah, Pinahat and Jaitpur Kalan. The division comprises 3 Lok Sabha constituencies namely Jalesar, Firozabad and Agra. There are 9 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the district. They are Bah, Fatehabad, Etmadpur, Dayal Bagh, Agra Cantonment, Agra East, Agra West, Kheragarh and Fatehpur Sikri. Demographics. According to the 2011 census Agra district has a population of 4,380,793, roughly equal to the nation of Moldova or the US state of Kentucky. This gives it a ranking of 41st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of Hindus are 88.77% and Muslims are 9.30% in Agra district. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21%. Agra has a sex ratio of 859 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 69.44%. Fatehpur Sikri 'Fatehpur Sikri' or the city of victory is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city was founded in 1569 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585.Akbar founded FATEHPUR SIKRI to commemorate his victory over Mewar After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new location 23 miles (37 km) west south-west, to honour the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here, he commenced the construction of a planned walled city, which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction, with a series of royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city Fatehabad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victorious." It was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved examples of Mughal architecture in India. Demographics. Fatehpur Sikri has a population of 28,757. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Fatehpur Sikri has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 74%; male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Fatehpur Sikri, 59% of the population is under 6 years of age. <br><br> Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Oblast (Russian: Му́рманская о́бласть, "Murmanskaya oblast' ") is a federal subject in northwestern Russia. The administrative centre is Murmansk, where most of the population lives. The oblast has a population of 741,511. History. Records show people first began to populate the area sometime between 8000 BC and 7000 BC. The first permanent towns began to appear in the 15th century. These towns were mainly on the Tersky Coast. In the late 15th century, the area became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. At the time, most of the economy was based on fishing. Oblast divisions. The oblast is divided into six districts, six closed cities and six cities and towns under the oblast's control. Districts. The six districts are: Kandalakshsky District, Kolsky District, Kovdorsky District, Lovozersky District, Pechengsky District, Tersky District. Closed cities. The six closed cities are: Gadzhiyevo, Ostrovnoy, Polyarny, Severomorsk, Snezhnogorsk and Zaozyorsk. These cities are controlled by the federal government. A "closed city" is a term for a city where residents need special permission to live there. Cities and towns under the oblast's control. The six cities and towns under the oblast's control are: Murmansk, Apatity, Kirovsk, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Polyarnye Zori. These cities have their own oblast territory. Climate. Most of the oblast is in the arctic circle, meaning in summer the sun is in the sky all day, while at night the sun never rises. The entire oblast also has a subarctic climate, with very cold winters, and short, warm summers. The area isn't as cold as other locations of the same longitude because of the effects of the North Atlantic Current. The current's influence also means that the northern coast is generally "warmer" than the southern central region. Demographics. The native people of the area are the Sami, but they only make up 0.2% of the population today. Below is a list of the largest cities in the oblast: Approximately 42% of the population adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church. Another 4.5% follow another form of Christianity. 1% of the population is Muslim, 12% are atheists and 28% are "spiritual but not religious." List of districts of Uttar Pradesh This is a list of districts in Uttar Pradesh. Agra division Agra () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India. Aligarh division Aligarh division is one of the administrative divisions of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Aligarh division consists of:- Allahabad district Allahabad District, also called Prayagraj District, is one of the major & largest districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Allahabad city is the district headquarters. Allahabad district is a part of Allahabad Division. Allahabad District is divided into blocks within tehsils. As of 2011, there are 20 blocks in eight tehsils. The Allahabad division includes the districts of Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad, with the western Allahabad District becoming part of the new Kaushambi district. The administrative divisions are Phulpur, Koraon, Meja, Sadar, Soraon, Handia, Bara and Karchana. The three rivers of India - Ganges, Yamuna and the mythical river of Sarasvati - meet at a point in the Allahabad District, known as Sangam, considered holy by Hindus. Allahabad was once the capital of United Province before independence. Allahabad is one of the largest educational hub having many major educational institutes such as the Indian Institute Of Information Technology, Moti Lal Nehru National Institute Of Technology, University Of Allahabad, CMP Degree College, Ewing Christian College and Gautam Buddh Technical University affiliated number of Engineering Colleges, MotiLal Nehru Medical College, JK Institute - these provides higher education. Demographics. According to the 2011 census Allahabad District has a population of 5,959,798, roughly equal to the nation of Eritrea or the US state of Missouri. This gives it a ranking of 13th in India (out of a total of 640). As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 71). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.74%. Allahabad District has a sex ratio of 902 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74.41% which is close to the all-India average of 74%. This rate is the highest in the region. Phulpur, Allahabad Phulpur is a town and a nagar near Singra Mau panchayat in Allahabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the Lok Sabha seat from which Jawaharlal Nehru got elected to the Indian Parliament. Phulpur has given birth to religious idol 'Rameshwaranand Pandey of Singra Mau (Now his idol placed in -Shree Ganesh Mandir)' also gave the first Prime Minister to India. One of the India's agriculture industry called IFFCO is in Phulpur and upcoming Yuva Neta 'Vidyadhar Pandey from Singra Mau'. Demographics. India census, Phulpur's population was 21,066. Males are 54% of the population and females 46%. Phulpur has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 49%. In Phulpur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Moradabad Moradabad () is a city, commissionary, and a municipal corporation in Moradabad district of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1625A.D. by Rustam Khan and is named after prince Murad Baksh, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Moradabad is situated on the banks of the Ramganga river, at a distance of from the national capital, New Delhi and 344 km north-west of the state capital Lucknow. The city is known as "Pital Nagri", ("Brass City") for its famous brass handicrafts industry. It is also the divisional headquarters of Northern Railway (NR). Demographics. According to the 2011 census Moradabad city has a population of 887,871. The population of Moradabad district was 4,772,006, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. It is the 2nd Most Populated District in the state of Uttar Pradesh. This gives it a ranking of 26th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.25%. In 2011 a new district named Sambhal district is formed with two sub districts of Moradabad district. The rest of Moradabad district have a population of 3126507.The Muslim population in rest of Moradabad district is 1588297. Moradabad has a sex ratio of 903 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.67%. Kanth, Moradabad Kanth is a Nagar Palika Parishad in Moradabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is home to small-scale bandage manufacturing industries. These are sold in Uttar Pradesh and in the rest of India under various licenses. Recently manufacturing of ready-made garments has also developed, contributing to the economy of the town. Demographics. India census, Kanth had a population of 26,381. Male population is 13,757 and female population is 12,624. Kanth has an average literacy rate of 73.67%, higher than the state average of 67.68%. Male literacy is 80.60%, and female literacy is 66.08%. Varanasi cantonment Varanasi cantonment is a census town in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The census town does not have a gram panchayat. Varanasi Cantonment Census town is about 2 kilometers West of Varanasi railway station, 324 kilometers South-East of Lucknow and 12 kilometers North of Banaras Hindu University. Demography. Varanasi cantonment has 2,760 families with a total population of 14,119. Sex ratio of the census town is 824 and child sex ratio is 827. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively . Transportation. Varanasi cantonment is connected by air (Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport), by train (Varanasi railway station) and by road. Nearest operational airports is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport and nearest operational railway station is Varanasi railway station (22 and 2 kilometers respectively from Varanasi Cantonment). Braj Braj (ब्रज) also known as Brij (बृज) is a region mainly in Uttar Pradesh of India, around Mathura-Vrindavan. Brij, though never a clearly defined political region in India, is very well demarcated culturally. The area stretches from Mathura, Jalesar, Agra, Hathras and Aligarh right up to Etah, Mainpuri and Farrukhabad districts. It is considered to be the land of Krishna and is derived from the Sanskrit word "vraja". The main cities in the region are Mathura, Jalesar, Bharatpur, Agra, Hathras, Dholpur, Aligarh, Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah, Kasganj and Firozabad. Taif International Airport Ta'if Regional Airport is an airport in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. Despite its name, it also offers many international flights as well. The airport is located 30 km to the east of Taif and 70 km from Mecca. Plymouth Sound Plymouth Sound is a bay on the English Channel at Plymouth in England. The Sound has three water entrances. The marine entrance is from the English Channel to the south. There is also the River Tamar and the River Plym. List of districts of Tamil Nadu The following pages are the districts of Tamil Nadu. List of districts of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India. The state has a total of 13 districts, the Anantapur district is the largest and Srikakulam district is the smallest district. The districts are divided into two regions of the state, i.e., Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema Districts. Sources: Anantapur district Anantapur district (officially:Anantapuram district) is a district in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The district headquarters is located at Anantapur city. Census, the district had a population of 4,083,315, of which 28.09% is urban. It has a literacy rate of 64.28%. It is the largest district in terms of area in Andhra Pradesh and the eighth largest district in India respectively. Geography. It is the largest district of Andhra Pradesh spanning an area of , comparatively equivalent to Japan's Shikoku Island. It is bounded on the north by Kurnool District, on the east by Kadapa District, on the southeast by Chittoor District, and on the southwest and west by Karnataka state. It is part of Rayalaseema region on the state. Its northern and central portions are a high plateau, generally undulating, with large granite rocks or low hill ranges rising occasionally above its surface. In the southern portion of the district the surface is more hilly, the plateau there rising to . above the sea. Six rivers flow within the district: Penna, Chithravathi, Vedavathi, Papagni, Swarnamukhi, and Thadakaleru. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 381 millimetres. Anantapur city is 354 km from Hyderabad, 200 km from the neighbouring state capital of Bangalore. Anantapur connects Hyderabad and Bangalore through National Highway 7. There is an airport in the district located in Puttaparthi, known as Sri Sathya Sai Airport; however this airport currently has no scheduled service. Bangalore International Airport is nearest commercial airport to Anantapur District. Chittoor district Chittoor district (), is a district in Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Chittoor. It has a population of 4,170,468 according to 2011 census of India. Chittoor district has many major temples including Tirupati and Kanipakam and temples. It lies in the Poini river valley of southernmost Andhra Pradesh along the Chennai – Bangalore section Chennai-Mumbai highway. It is a major market centre for mangoes, grains, sugarcane, and peanuts. Demographics. According to the 2011 census Chittoor district has a population of 4,170,468. This gives it a ranking of 47th in India (out of a total of 640)and 6th in its state. The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.33%. Chittoor has a sex ratio of 1002 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 72.36%. In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1010 households in 38 villages across the district. They found that 92.7% had access to electricity, 99.6% had drinking water, 33.3% toilet facilities, and 53.8% lived in a pucca (permanent) home. 29.3% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 88.2% of interviewees carried a BPL card. Telugu is both the official and spoken language. Kurnool district Kurnool District is a district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, in the west-central part of the state and is bounded by Mahabubnagar district of Telangana in the north, Raichur district of Karnataka in the northwest, Bellary district of Karnataka in the west, Ananthapur district in the south, YSR Kadapa district in the South East and Prakasham district in the east. The city of Kurnool is the headquarters of the district. It has a population of 4,053,463 of which 28.35% were urban as of 2011. It occupies 10th and 2nd place in terms of area in Largest Districts of India and Andhra Pradesh respectively, accounting for and 53rd place in terms of Population in India. Demographics. According to the 2011 census Kurnool district has a population of 4,046,601, roughly equal to the nation of Liberia or the US state of Oregon. This gives it a ranking of 54th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.65%. Kurnool has a sex ratio of 984 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 61.13%. List of districts of Kerala The state of Kerala is divided into 14 revenue districts. Parts. On the basis of geography the state's districts are generally grouped into three parts :- The "North Kerala" districts of Kasaragod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode ; the "Central Kerala" districts of Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Idukki, Malappuram, Kottayam and the "South Kerala" districts of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta. Such a regional division occurred being part of historical Kingdoms of Kochi, Travancore and British Province of Malabar. The Travancore region is again divided into three zones as Northern Travancore (Hill Range) (Idukki and parts of Ernakulam), Central Travancore (Central Range) (Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha and Kottayam) and Southern Travancore (South Range) (Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam). Almost all districts in Kerala have the same name as the important town or city in the district. The exceptions are Idukki district, Wayanad district& Ernakulam district. Further divisions. The 14 districts are further divided into 75 taluks, and 941 Gram panchayats. Some of the districts and their towns were renamed in 1990 like Thiruvananthapuram (formerly known as "Trivandrum"), Kollam ("Quilon" or "Venad"), Alappuzha ("Alleppey"),As per GO(P) No.133/90/RD dated 7.2.90, Government of Kerala Thrissur ("Trichur" or "Thirushivaperur"), Palakkad ("Palghat"), Kozhikode ("Calicut") and Kannur ("Cannanore"). List of districts of Maharashtra The Indian State of Maharashtra came into existence on 1 May, 1960. It is also known as Maharashtra Day, It has 36 Districts,as of now.Initially with 26 districts. 10 new districts have been created since then, and currently the number of districts in the state is 36. These districts are grouped into six administrative divisions (Prashaskiy Vibhag) shown below. Regions and divisions. Maharashtra is divided into 36 districts, which are grouped into six divisions. Regions. Geographically, historically, and according to political sentiments, Maharashtra has five main regions: Districts. The table below lists important geographic and demographic parameters for all 36 districts. Population data are extracted from the 2001 Census of India. List of districts of Karnataka The Indian State of Karnataka is divided into 30 districts and 4 administrative divisions. The state is geographically consisted of 4 principal regions: the coastal region of Karavali, the hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats, Are Malnadu region of Kolar, Bengaluru and Tumakuru and the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau. List of districts of Telangana The state of Telangana, in southern India is divided into 31 districts. A 'district' in the state of Telangana is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a District collector, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. Statistics. In terms of area, Bhadradri Kothagudem is the largest district with an area of and Hyderabad is the smallest with . Hyderabad district is the most populated district with a population of 3943323 and Kumarambheem Asifabad district is the least populated with 515,805. List of districts of Puducherry Puducherry is a union territory of India. It has four administrative divisions: four districts, viz. Pondicherry, Mahé, Yanam and Karaikal. Pondicherry district has the largest area and population. Mahé district has the smallest area and population. All the four districts retained borders of the French India, and were organised as a union territory of Puducherry after the de facto transfer of French India territories to India in 1954. List of districts of Goa The Indian state Goa is divided into 2 districts: North Goa and South Goa. Administrative structure. North Goa is further divided into three subdivisions – Panaji, Mapusa, and Bicholim; and five taluks – Tiswadi (Panaji), Bardez (Mapusa), Pernem, Bicholim, and Sattari (Valpoi), South Goa is further divided into five subdivisions – Ponda, Mormugao (Vasco da Gama), Margao, Quepem, and Dharbandora; and seven "taluks" – Ponda, Mormugao, Salcete (Margao), Quepem, and Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem, and Dharbandora. (Ponda Taluka shifted from North Goa to South Goa in January 2015). List of districts of Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh, a state of India, has 33 administrative districts. At the time of separation from Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh originally had 16 districts. Two new districts: Bijapur and Narayanpur were carved out on May 11, 2007 and nine new districts on Jan 1, 2012. The new districts have been created by carving out the existing districts to facilitate more targeted, focused and closer administration. These districts have been named Sukma, Kondagaon, Balod, Bemetara, Baloda Bazar, Gariaband, Mungeli, Surajpur and Balrampur. A new District Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi came into existence on 10 February 2020 as the 28th district. Later 5 new districts of Khairagarh, Manendragarh, Mohla-Manpur, Sakti and Sarangarh were added in 2022. Districts of Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh consists of 33 districts. Surguja Division Bilaspur Division Durg Division Raipur Division Bastar Division List of districts of Odisha Odisha, a state on the eastern coast of India, is divided into 30 administrative geographical units called "districts". Administration. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a District Collector (DC) or Deputy Commissioner in some states (DC). The District Collector is dual-hatted and also holds the title of District Magistrate. As a District Magistrate he or she is responsible for maintaining law and order in that district and as a District Collector responsible for collection the revenue. Generally, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) becomes the DC but occasionally officers belonging to the Odisha Civil Service too get appointed. The DC is assisted by a number of district-level officials belonging to different state government department for administering services to the state. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. Districts. The areas and populations of the 30 districts are given below: Vampire tap A vampire tap is a connection to a coaxial cable in which a hole is drilled through the outer shield of the cable so that a clamp can be connected to the inner conductor of the cable. A vampire tap is used to connect each device to Thick net coaxial cable in the bus topology of an Ethernet 10BASE-T local area network. Doudeauville Doudeauville can mean: Drocourt Drocourt is the name of two communes in France: Longueville Longueville can mean: Longvilliers Longvilliers is the name of two communes in France: Boncourt Boncourt can mean: Jettingen, Haut-Rhin Jettingen is a French commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department in eastern France. In 2014, 506 people lived there. Jungholtz Jungholtz is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department in eastern France. Brian Barder Sir Brian Leon Barder, KCMG (20 June 1934 – 19 September 2017) was a British diplomat, author, blogger and civil liberties advocate. He was born in Bristol, England. Barder was British Ambassador to Ethiopia (1982–86); Ambassador to Poland (1986–88); High Commissioner to Nigeria and concurrently Ambassador to Bénin (1988–91) and High Commissioner to Australia (1991–94). He was awarded the in 1992. Elizabeth D. Phillips Elizabeth D. "Betty" Phillips (née Capaldi; c. 1945 – September 23, 2017) was an American educator and administrator. She was born in Rochester, New York. She was the Director of University of Florida Online. She resigned abruptly after serving only three months in that position, without explanation. She previously served as provost and executive vice president of Arizona State University (2006-2013) and provost of the University of Florida (1996-1999), among other administrative positions. Phillips died in Gainesville, Florida from brain cancer on September 23, 2017 at the age of 72. Valery Asapov Valery Grigorievich Asapov (; 1 January 1966 – 23 September 2017) was a Russian lieutenant general in the Russian military. Asapov has been described as one of the senior Russian military advisers in Syria. Asapov, then commander of an army motorised rifle brigade, was awarded the 4th Class of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" by President Vladimir Putin on 23 February 2013. Asapov was killed by mortar fire from ISIL militants near the city of Deir ez-Zor during the Syrian Civil War, according to the Russian Defence Ministry. He was 51 years old. Washington Benavides Washington Benavides (March 3, 1930 – September 24, 2017) was a Uruguayan poet and musician. He was born in Tacuarembó, Uruguay. During the 1950s he collaborated on the review "Asir". In 1955 he published his first book, "Tata Vizcacha". enavides taught literature at the secondary level. He later joined the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences in the Department of Modern and Contemporary Letters of the University of the Republic, Uruguay. Benavides died of complications from pneumonia in Montevideo, Uruguay on September 24, 2017 at the age of 87. Joseph M. McDade Joseph Michael "Joe" McDade (September 29, 1931 – September 24, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives, having represented Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district from 1963 through 1999 as a Republican. McDade died on September 24, 2017 in Fairfax, Virginia of heart failure at the age of 85. Eman Ahmed Abd El Aty Eman Ahmed Abd El Aty (9 September 1980 – 25 September 2017) was an Egyptian woman who was thought to be the heaviest living woman in the world and the second heaviest woman in history (after Carol Yager). Her initial weight was claimed to be around 500 kg (1100lb). She was born in Alexandria, Egypt. Her family has stated that she weighed 5kg (11 pounds) at birth. Suffering from a thyroid problem, she had to stop school. In May 2017, she was hospitalized and taken to India for health problems due to her weight. She was later transferred to the United Arab Emirates for further treatment. She lost around 715 pounds during her hospital stay. Abd El Aty died on September 25, 2017 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates from septic shock caused by kidney failure. She was 37 years old. Anatoly Gromyko Anatoly Andreyevich Gromyko (, 15 April 1932 – 25 September 2017) was a Soviet and Russian scientist and diplomat. He was born in Barysaw, Soviet Union. He specialized in American and African studies as well as international relations. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the . Between 1961 and 1965 worked at the Soviet Embassy to the United Kingdom. After that he took leading positions at the Institute for African Studies and Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He then returned to diplomacy and acted as the Soviet deputy ambassador in the United States (1973–74) and East Germany (1974–75). Bobby Knutt Robert Andrew Wass, known professionally as Bobby Knutt (25 November 1945 – 25 September 2017), was a English television actor and comedian, He started in entertainment as a stand-up comedian. He was best known for playing Albert Dingle in "Emmerdale". Knutt also appeared in "Last of the Summer Wine", "Heartbeat", "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates", "All Creatures Great & Small", "Our Friends in the North", and "Coronation Street" as garage boss Ron Sykes. Knutt died suddenly of a heart attack in France on 25 September 2017 at the age of 71. Jan Tříska Jan Triska or Jan Tříska (; 4 November 1936 – 25 September 2017) was a Czech actor. He was most notable for portraying Captain Henry Wirz in the American television movie "Andersonville" and as Milos in "The Karate Kid Part III". Tříska also played the assassin in Miloš Forman's "The People vs. Larry Flynt," and appeared in " (season 5, episode 10)", ', "Blizzard", "The Osterman Weekend," "Ronin", "Apt Pupil" (as Isaac Weiskopf), and Peter Hyams' '. Tříska fell off the Charles Bridge in Prague on 23 September 2017 for unknown reasons. He was taken to the hospital and later died on 25 September at the age of 80. Bo Goldman Robert "Bo" Goldman (born September 10, 1932) is an American writer, Broadway playwright and screenwriter. He has received two Academy Awards out of three nominations. He was born in New York City. He is known for writing the screenplay of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". For his work on the movie Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. List of districts of Madhya Pradesh The Indian state Madhya Pradesh has 55 districts grouped into ten divisions. List of districts of Gujarat The western Indian state of Gujarat has 33 districts after several splits of the original 17 districts at the formation of the state in 1960. Kutch is the largest district of Gujarat while Dang is the smallest. Ahmedabad district has the highest population while Dang has the lowest. Surat is the most densely populated district while Kutch is the least. There are 253 Talukas (subdivisions of districts) in Gujarat. List of districts by division. The list of districts, organized by divisions: List of districts of Rajasthan The Indian state of Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts for administrative purposes. The responsibilities of district management are carried out by All-India officials and state-appointed officials. The All-India officials in each district are a Deputy Commissioner or district Magistrate (from the Indian Administrative Service), a Superintendent of Police (from the Indian Police Service) and a Deputy Conservator of Forests (from the Indian Forest Service), each of which is assisted by officers of various Rajasthan state services. The state-appointed officials are responsible for matters such as health, education, and agriculture in each district. The 33 districts are grouped into seven divisions: List of districts of Haryana Haryana, with 22 districts, is a state in the northern region of India and is the nation's seventeenth most populous. The state borders with Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north and Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. Districts. Government of Haryana has divided Haryana state in the following 22 districts: List of districts in Bihar Bihar, a state of India, has currently thirty-eight administrative districts. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. 3 to 5 districts comprise to form a division(प्रमंडल). Each district is divided into Sub-division(अनुमंडल), which are further sub-divided into C.D. Block(प्रखण्ड) List of districts of Jharkhand Jharkhand, a state of India, has twenty-four administrative districts. Administration. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. History. At the time of formation, Jharkhand state had 18 districts. Later, six more districts were carved out by reorganizing these districts. The 23rd and 24th districts, Khunti and Ramgarh came into existence on September 12, 2007. Administrative Divisions and District. Districts as per Divisions. Presently, 24 districts of Jharkhand are grouped in to 5 divisions. These divisions are: Total Districts. Below is the list of districts. List of districts of West Bengal West Bengal is now divided into 23 districts. These includes the newly formed Jhargram district, Alipurduar district and the Kalimpong district, Paschim Bardhaman district under five divisions. Divisions. A group of districts forms a division. Divisions are administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. West Bengal is now divided in twenty three districts, grouped under five divisions: Demographics. The following is a list of the basic demographic data for the districts of West Bengal by their population rank in India List of districts of Punjab, India A district of the Punjab state of India is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Punjab Civil Service and other state services. As of May 18, 2021, there are 23 districts in Punjab, when the 23rd district of Malerkotla was formed. Overview. A senior superintendent of police, an officer who belongs to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Punjab Police Service and other Punjab Police officials. A division forest officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the forests, environment, and other wildlife-related issues in the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Punjab Forest Service and other Punjab forestry officials and Punjab wildlife officials. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Irrigation, PWD, Agriculture, Health, Education, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to various State Services. List of districts of Uttarakhand A district of Uttarakhand state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner (earlier called District Collector) or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. Four new districts are proposed in Uttarakhand: Ranikhet, Didihat, Kotdwar and Yamunotri. List of districts of Himachal Pradesh A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit. Administration. Revenue department is headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other state services. Law. A District Judge serves as the head of the Judiciary of the district. Courts subordinate to him include those of the Civil Judges, Senior Civil Judges, and Judicial Magistrates. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. He/she is assisted by the local police officials. Forests. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the Forests, environment and wild-life related issues of the district. He/she is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Forest Service, other Himachal Forest officials and Himachal Wild-Life officials. Other areas. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various State Services. List of districts of Sikkim There are 4 districts in Sikkim, an Indian state, each overseen by a Central Government appointee, the district collector, who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the districts. The Indian army has control of a large territory, as the state is a sensitive border area. Many areas are restricted and permits are needed to visit them. There are a total of eight towns and nine subdivisions in Sikkim. The four districts are: List of districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Presently, the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprises 3 districts: History. On 1 August 1974 Nicobar district was separated from Andaman district. On 18 August 2006, Andaman district was bifurcated into two districts: North and Middle Andaman district and South Andaman district. List of districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu The Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India consists of three districts. Dadra and Nagar Haveli were part of Portuguese India until 1954, and Daman and Diu until 1961. In 2020, the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli merged with Daman and Diu. Diu district Diu district () is one of the three districts of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu of India. It is the ninth least populous district in the country (out of 640). Geography. Diu district occupies an area of , It consists of Diu Island and a part on the mainland (the Ghoghla peninsula). 20 km East of Diu Island, is the village of Simbor. Diu Island. Diu Island is the place where the town of Diu is located. Diu Fort is also located on Diu Island. Mainland. The area on the mainland borders Gir Somnath district of Gujarat. It contains the village of Ghoghla. The village lies on the mainland opposite the eastern end of the island . Demographics. According to the 2011 census Diu district has a population of 52,056, roughly equal to the nation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. This gives it a ranking of 631st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.73%. Diu has a sex ratio of 1030 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.36%. List of districts of Delhi Delhi is divided into eleven revenue districts. Each district is headed by a District Magistrate and has three subdivisions. A Subdivision Magistrate heads each subdivision. The initial nine districts came into existence from January 1997. Prior to that, there used to be only one district for whole of Delhi with district headquarters at Tis-Hazari. In September 2012, two new districts, viz. South East and Shahdara were added to the city's map, taking the total count to 11. The District Administration of Delhi is the enforcement department for all kinds of Government of Delhi and Central Government policies and exercises supervisory over numerous other functionaries of the Government. Below is the list of the districts and subdivisions of Delhi: List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh On December 1, 1965 the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency was divided into five districts: Districts. As of 2016, Arunachal Pradesh comprises 20 districts. Most of them are inhabited by various tribal groups. These are: List of districts of Manipur Manipur, a state of India, has sixteen administrative districts. Administration. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. On 9 December 2016, the government created 7 new districts, bringing the total number of districts to 16. Districts. The sixteen districts of Manipur state are: List of districts of Assam Assam, a northeastern state of India, is divided into 33 administrative geographical units called "districts". Administration. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit. They are headed by the Deputy Commissioner (DC). DC combines the offices of the District Magistrate responsible for maintaining law and order and District Collector responsible for collection of the revenue. The DC is assisted by officials belonging to different wings of state administrative services. The districts of Assam are grouped together in five regional divisions. They are headed by a Commissioner. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. The police in Guwahati City is headed by the Commissioner of Police. It started functioning from 1 January 2015. Districts. The areas and populations of the 33 districts are given below: List of districts of Meghalaya The Indian state of Meghalaya is divided into 11 districts. Districts. Meghalaya currently has 11 districts. Jaintia Hills Division: Khasi Hills Division: Garo Hills Division: List of districts of Mizoram The Indian state of Mizoram is divided into 8 districts. Administrative structure. A district of Mizoram is headed by a Deputy Commissioner (DC). The DC is in charge of the administration in each district. He/she has to perform triple functions as holding three positions as the Deputy Commissioner, the District Magistrate and the District Collector. Positions. As a Deputy Commissioner he is the executive head of the district. The District Magistrate is responsible for maintaining the law and order situation in the district. As the Collector he is the Chief Revenue Officer of the district responsible for revenue collection and recovery. Police. A Superintendent of Police (SP) controls the police administration of each district. Subdivisions. A district is divided into one or more subdivisions, further divided into tehsils and blocks. List of districts of Tripura The Indian state of Tripura borders with Bangladesh and the Indian states of Assam & Mizoram. The third smallest state in India and also a princely state till 1949, It covers an area of 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi).The area of modern Tripura was ruled for several centuries by the Tripuri dynasty. It was a princely state during British rule, and joined the newly independent India.Ethnic strife between the indigenous people and Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since its integration into the country, but the establishment of an autonomous tribal administrative agency and other strategies have led to peace. Tripura was divided into 4 districts but with effect from 21 January 2012 four more new districts was divided making a total of 8 districts in the state. New list of Districts after the reorganization. For administrative purposes, the state has been divided into 8 districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks - with effect from 21 January 2012, after a Government of Tripura Decision, out of which the newly created districts are 4, subdivisions 6, development blocks 5. The four new Districts are Khowai Unakoti, Sipahijala and Gomati; the six new sub-divisions are Jirania, Mohanpur, Kumarghat, Panisagar, Jampuijala and Karbook; the five new development blocks are Yuvarajnagar, Durga Chawmuhani, Jolaibari, Silachari and Lefunga. The information here are latest updated as of 25.05.2015 Demographics. The following is a list of the basic demographic data for the districts of Tripura based on the size of the district's area, arranged in descending order (The data input here is taken from 2011 Census, however the new four districts were formed in 2012 so information on those are of 2012) Prediction interval In statistics (particularly in predictive inference), a prediction interval, or PI for short, is an interval estimate in which future observations will fall, with a certain probability, given what has already been observed. Prediction intervals are often used in regression analysis and forecasting. Mangani Festival Managani festival is a world renowned festival celebrated in Karaikal city. It is celebrated in the memory Lord Bikshantar who will be provided food by Karaikal Ammaiyar, that is Amuthu Padayal in Tamil. Reason of the celebration. This festival's history relies on Karaikkal Ammaiyar's life.One day Ammaiyar's husband, Paramathathan, had sent two mangoes to be kept for him. That day a hungry Shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar) came to her residence. Ammaiyar gave the devotee, curd rice and one of the two mangoes which her husband gave earlier. Later, when Ammaiyar's husband came home, Ammaiyar served him the other mango. The mango was very delicious, and her husband requested that the other mango be served. Ammaiyar went inside kitchen, she didn't know what to do since the Mango is already served to the shaiva devotee(Lord Bikshantar). With Lord Siva's grace a Divine Mango appeared in her palm. Ammaiyaar was very happy and served the Mango to her husband. As this fruit was divinely sweet and was infinitely delicious compared to the previous one, her husband inquired as to how Ammaiyar obtained this mango. Subsequently,Karaikkal Ammaiyar worshiped Lord's feet and revealed the truth to her husband, who didn't believe it. He asked her to show another mango with divine help. Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva for another mango. Immediately Lord Shiva gave her a similar mango,which she gave it to her husband. The mango then disappeared, and Paramathathan realised the divine nature of his wife. He understood that Ammaiyar was worthy of worship and she cannot be treated as his wife. He then deserted Ammaiyar, becoming a trader and married the daughter of a merchant who then gave birth to their child. Paramathathan named the child with the real name of Ammaiyar, Punithavathi. When the word reached Ammaiyar's family, they decided that they must take her to him. When he saw his former wife, Paramathathan addressed her reverentially, saying that he realised Ammaiyar was no ordinary human being. He worshipped her with his wife and child. Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva asking for a boon that she may worship Lord Shiva as a disembodied wraith. She received the boon, and leaving all her beauty and her body behind.This was the reason of formation of this grand festival of Mangani. Celebration. The celebration is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aani (June–July)lasting a month. Each day the Panchamurthi or the Five divine Gods idol are taken through each streets of Karaikal. On the main day of the festival the huge idol of Lord Bikshatanar is taken through the streets. On the same day, people of Karaikal throw Mangani or Mangoes from their roof towards the crowd. Goodness of eating the Mango caught in the festival are: In the 30 days each day is celebrated with orchestras, debates, bharathanatyam dance etc. The official song of Mangani festival is composed by S.Natarajan, son of Kalaikavalar Karai Subbaiya, one of the most famous musician in Karaikal, owning an orchestra named Newtone Orchestra. List of districts of Nagaland Nagaland, a state of India, has 12 administrative districts. Administration. A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit. They are headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by officials belonging to different wings of state administrative services. Districts. The twelve districts of Nagaland state are: Annals of Mathematics The Annals of Mathematics is a mathematical journal published by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. It is published every two months. History. The journal was established as "The Analyst" in 1874 and with Joel E. Hendricks as the founding editor-in-chief. Retraction in 2017, of an article from 2001. In 2017 the journal retracted (or pulled back the journal's support for an article it had printed), an article that it published in 2001. The website Retraction Watch, thinks that the retraction is the first ever, by the journal. The article "was retracted because the (mathematical) proofs in the paper were found to be incomplete", said a spokesman for the journal. The article, by Jing-Song Huang, has not been cited (as of July 2017), according to Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science. Joe the Plumber Joe the Plumber, nickname of "Samuel Joseph "Joe" Wurzelbacher", (born December 3, 1973 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American commentator, motivational speaker and political activist. He has conservative views and is a Republican. He became well-known during the United States presidential election, 2008 when he asked Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama in Ohio about his ideas about taxation of small business. Obama reacted by saying that wealth should be spread among the people, which answer the Republicans categorized as being socialist. Wurzelbacher was intending to start a plumbing business and therefore got the nickname "Joe the Plumber". He became a middle class stereotype in the campaign of the Republican presidential candidate John McCain. "Joe the Plumber" became a hit in the 2008 presidential elections, often referred to both by McCain and Obama, and being interviewed about all sorts of topics. In 2012 he tried in vain to be chosen in the United States House of Representatives on behalf of the Ohio's 9th congressional district. The same year he came with his own news site called JoeForAmerica.com. Two years after that he started working in a Jeep factory. Nagercoil Nagercoil ("Temple of the Nāgas") is a town in the southernmost Indian state of Tamil Nadu and a municipality and administrative headquarters of Kanyakumari District. The city is situated close to the tip of the Indian peninsula, locked with the Western Ghats on all sides. It was briefly part of the erstwhile Travancore state, till almost a decade after India's Independence from Britain in 1947. In 1956, it was merged with Tamil Nadu. In its earlier days, the town and its surroundings were known as Nanjilnadu. Nagercoil holds a number of educational institutions, hospitals, offices and industries. It is also the hub of industrial and commercial activity in the district, and a fertile agricultural area that produces paddy. The minerals ilmenite and monazite are mined there. The land is surrounded by hills and lush green paddy fields. It is also known for different varieties of bananas. Nagercoil is a land of great traditional and cultural significance. According to 2011 census, Nagercoil had a population of 224,849 with a sex-ratio of 1,050 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 20,241 were under the age of six, constituting 10,119 males and 10,122 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 4.19% and .17% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 95.35%. The city had a total of 59,997 households. There were a total of 76,345 workers, comprising 244 cultivators, 1,155 main agricultural laborers, 2,271 in household industries, 67,050 other workers, 5,625 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 361 marginal agricultural laborers, 447 marginal workers in household industries and 4,707 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Nagercoil had 61.06% Hindus, 8.89% Muslims, 29.94% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists, 0.02% Jains and 0.06% following other religions or not stating their position. The largest concentration of the population of the town and the District is along the coastal belt, on the eastern side, while the largely forested areas on the western side of the district (along the Western Ghats) are sparsely populated. Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram (), also known as Ramnad, is a city and a municipality in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Ramanathapuram district and the second largest town (by population) in Ramanathapuram district. census, the town had a population of 61,440.Density of population: 320 people per square kilometer; Literacy Rate: 81.48% - Male: 87.89%, Female: 74.93%; Male Female Ratio: 1000:977.Ramanathapuram is the top producer of chilli pepper in Tamil Nadu. It is connected to other cities by NH-49. Demographics. According to 2011 census, Ramanathapuram had a population of 61,440 with a sex-ratio of 988 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 6,370 were under the age of six, constituting 3,245 males and 3,125 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 4.89% and .8% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.42%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 14716 households. There were a total of 20,375 workers, comprising 115 cultivators, 178 main agricultural labourers, 262 in house hold industries, 18,773 other workers, 1,047 marginal workers, 20 marginal cultivators, 30 marginal agricultural labourers, 41 marginal workers in household industries and 956 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Ramanathapuram had 79.00% Hindus, 19.71% Muslims, 3.08% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.79% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. Sivaganga Sivaganga is the headquarters of the Sivaganga district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is also the headquarters of the Sivaganga taluk. The town is located at a distance of from Madurai and from the state capital Chennai.It is the important city in this district for official and commercial purpose. Sivagangai kingdom was founded by Sasivarna Periya Oodaya Thevar in 1730. The town was subsequently ruled by his successors and ultimately by Velu Nachiyar under the stewardship of Maruthu Pandiyar. They were against the British Empire, but ultimately lost to them in 1790. The Company appointed Gowry Vallaba Periya Oodaya Thevar as the Zamindar of Sivaganga in 1801, whose successors continued with chaos until India's independence in 1947. It was under Ramnad district until 1984 and subsequently a part of the newly formed Sivaganga district. The town is known for agriculture, metal working and weaving. The region around Sivaganga has considerable mineral deposits. Sivaganga is administered by a municipality established in 1965. As of 2011, the municipality covered an area of and had a population of 40,403. Sivagangai comes under the Sivaganga assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Sivaganga constituency which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and it also has rail connectivity. The nearest seaport, Thoothukudi Port, is located from Sivaganga, while the nearest airport, Madurai International Airport, is located from the town. Demographics. According to 2011 census, Sivaganga had a population of 40,403 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,880 were under the age of six, constituting 1,985 males and 1,895 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 9.59% and .07% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.86%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 10184 households. There were a total of 14,145 workers, comprising 164 cultivators, 294 main agricultural labourers, 246 in house hold industries, 11,406 other workers, 2,035 marginal workers, 54 marginal cultivators, 127 marginal agricultural labourers, 173 marginal workers in household industries and 1,681 other marginal workers. Sivaganga town had a growth of 25% during the decades of 1991 and 2001. The population density of the town has nearly doubled in the decades of 1981, 1991 and 2001. Spread over area of , the density increased from 3500 person per km2 in 1981 and to 4800 person per km2 in 1991. The development was largely concentrated along the whole town area. As per the religious census of 2011, Sivaganga had 84.75% Hindus, 10.07% Muslims, 4.66% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists and 0.49% following other religions. Sivakasi taluk Sivakasi taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Sivakasi. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Sivakasi had a population of 427,072 with 211,932 males and 215,140 females. There were 1015 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 72.65. Child population in the age group below 6 was 21,815 Males and 21,321 Females. Srivilliputhur taluk Srivilliputhur taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Srivilliputhur. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Srivilliputhur had a population of 292,895 with 145,763 males and 147,132 females. There were 1009 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 70.41. Child population in the age group below 6 was 13,150 Males and 12,615 Females. Srivilliputhur Srivilliputhur is a town and a municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 75,396. The most important landmark of Srivilliputhur is 11-tiered tower structure dedicated to the Lord of Srivilliputhur, known as Vatapatrasayee. The tower of this temple rises 192 feet high and is the official symbol of the Government of Tamil Nadu. It is said to have been built by Periyalvar, believed to be the father-in-law of the Temple Deity, with a purse of gold that he won in debates held in the palace of Pandya King Vallabhadeva. Srivilliputhur is well known for its ancient heritage and devotional contributions. It is on the Virudhunagar - Shenkottai line of the Southern Railway, about 74 km south of Madurai and connected by road and rail with Madurai, Sivakasi, Sankarankovil & Shenkottai, Thirunelveli and Sattur. Demographics. According to 2011 census, Srivilliputhur had a population of 75,396 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 6,884 were under the age of six, constituting 3,466 males and 3,418 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 6.21% and .01% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.84%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 21411 households. There were a total of 32,556 workers, comprising 134 cultivators, 1,241 main agricultural labourers, 3,126 in house hold industries, 25,769 other workers, 2,286 marginal workers, 18 marginal cultivators, 318 marginal agricultural labourers, 119 marginal workers in household industries and 1,831 other marginal workers. The decadal growth of population during the 1991–2001 period reduced to half of the previous decade due to migration to industrialized cities. As per the religious census of 2011, Srivilliputhur (M) had 90.7% Hindus, 2.27% Muslims, 6.62% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.38% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. As of 1994, a total (45%) of the land in Srivilliputhur was used for residential, (3%) for commercial, (3%) for industrial, (5%) for public & semi public, (2%) for educational and (24%) for non urban purposes like agriculture and irrigation. Virudhunagar taluk Virudhunagar taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Virudhunagar. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Virudhunagar had a population of 250,782 with 125,329 males and 125,453 females. There were 1001 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 76.08. Child population in the age group below 6 was 11,745 Males and 11,519 Females. Dunc Fisher Duncan Robert Fisher (August 30, 1927 – September 22, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. He played 275 games in the National Hockey League from 1947 to 1953 and again in 1958 to 1959. He played for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins, and Detroit Red Wings. Fisher died in Regina on September 22, 2017 at the age of 90. M. Cherif Bassiouni Mahmoud Cherif Bassiouni (1937 – 25 September 2017) was an Egyptian-born American Emeritus Professor of Law at DePaul University where he taught from 1964-2012. He was born in Cairo, Egypt. Bassiouni has served in numerous United Nations positions and served as the Consultant to the US Department of State and Justice on many projects. He was a founding member of the International Human Rights Law Institute at DePaul University which was established in 1990. He served as President from 1990-1997 and then President Emeritus. In 1999, Bassiouni was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in the field of international criminal justice and for his contribution to the creation of the International Criminal Court. He did not win as Médecins Sans Frontières received the award in 1999. Bassiouni died of multiple myeloma in Chicago, Illinois on 25 September 2017 at the age of 79. Nora Marks Dauenhauer Nora Marks Dauenhauer (May 8, 1927 – September 25, 2017) was an American Tlingit poet, short-story writer, and Tlingit language scholar from Alaska. She won an American Book Award for "Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 And 1804". She was born in Yakutat, Alaska. Dauenhauer died at her home in Juneau, Alaska on September 25, 2017 at the age of 90. Lie to Me Lie to Me is a television series on FOX from 2009 to 2011. Květa Fialová Květa Fialová (1 September 1929 – 26 September 2017) was a Czech actress. She was best known for her performance in "Lemonade Joe". She was born in Veľké Dravce, Czechoslovakia. She also appeared in "Dinner for Adele" (1977) and "I Enjoy the World With You" (1982). Fialová died in Prague, Czech Republic on 26 September 2017 at the age of 88. Barry Dennen Barry Dennen (February 22, 1938 – September 26, 2017) was an American actor, singer, and screen and television writer. He played Pontius Pilate on the original recording, and later in the movie, of "Jesus Christ Superstar". He also had roles in "The Shining" (1980) and in "Titanic" (1997). He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Dennen was a closeted homosexual until his later years. He died in Burbank, California on September 26, 2017 from complications of a fall at the age of 79. Francis Collins Francis Sellers Collins (born April 14, 1950) is an American physician-geneticist. He is known for his discoveries of disease genes and his leadership of the Human Genome Project. He was the director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland from 2009 until 2021. In 2022, Collins became the Acting Science Advisor to the President during the Joe Biden administration. Before being appointed director of the NIH, Collins led the Human Genome Project and other genomics research initiatives as director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH. Before joining NHGRI, he earned a reputation as a gene hunter at the University of Michigan. He has been elected to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences, and has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science. Muhammad Khwaja The Hazāra of Muḥammad Khwāja (Dari: هزاره محمد خواجه) is a Hazara tribe of Ghazni Province of Afghanistan. The Hazaras of Muḥammad Khwaja is a member of the Barlas tribal, in the past they lived around the geography of Uzbekistan, Iran and India. The main origin of this people is Samarkand city today in Uzbekistan. References. "Hassan Poladi. The Hazaras". Mughal Publishing Company. Feb 1, 1989. Helga Grebing Helga Grebing (27 February 1930 – 25 September 2017) was a German historian and university professor (Göttingen, Bochum). She was born in Berlin, Germany. A focus of her work is on social history and, more specifically, on the history of the labour movement. Grebing died in Berlin on 25 September 2017 of congestive heart failure at the age of 87. Roy Moore Roy Stewart Moore (born February 11, 1947) is an American lawyer, politician, and former judge. Moore has earned significant national attention and controversy over his strongly anti-homosexual, anti-Muslim, and far-right views, his belief that Christianity should order public policy, as well as his past ties to neo-Confederates and white nationalist groups. Early life. Moore was born in Gadsden, Alabama. He studied at the United States Military Academy and at the University of Alabama. He married Kayla Kisor. They have four children. Many women called him a hebephile and ephebophile after he courted them while they were young teens. Supreme Court of Alabama. Moore was elected to the position of Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court in 2001, but removed from his position in November 2003 by the Alabama Court of the Judiciary for refusing to remove a monument of the Ten Commandments commissioned by him from the Alabama Judicial Building, despite orders to do so by a federal court. Moore was again elected Chief Justice in 2013, but was suspended in May 2016, for encouraging judges to continue to enforce the state's ban on same-sex marriage despite the fact that it had been deemed unconstitutional. Following an unsuccessful appeal, Moore resigned in April 2017. Failed governor campaigns. Moore sought the Republican nomination for the governorship of Alabama in 2006, but lost to incumbent Bob Riley in the June primary by a nearly 2-to-1 margin. He sought the Republican nomination for the office again in 2010, but placed fourth in the Republican primary. United States special senate race, 2017. Moore defeated incumbent Luther Strange in the Republican primary to fill the United States Senate seat vacated by Jeff Sessions upon Sessions's confirmation as Attorney General of the United States. He faced Democratic nominee Doug Jones in the special election on December 12, 2017. According to Vox, if Moore is elected, he is likely to be the most far-right Senator, "far afield from even the most conservative Republican currently in the Senate." Moore lost the election to Jones with his 48.8% to Jones's 49.6%. Sexual harassment allegations. In November 2017, he was accused of sexual abuse of underage girls in the past. Republicans such as John McCain and Mitt Romney called for Moore to drop out of the race after the allegations were reported. Other senators withdrew their endorsements of Moore's Senate candidacy. Days later, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell announced that he believes the women who made the accusations and that Moore should "step aside". Speaker of the House Paul Ryan also called for Moore to abandon his campaign. President Donald Trump, however, expressed support for Moore. 2020 Senate race. Moore announced on June 20, 2019 that he would challenge for Doug Jones once again for his Senate seat in the 2020 election. He did not however win the republican primary election, losing to Jeff Sessions and senator-elect Tommy Tuberville. Ralph Northam Ralph Shearer Northam (born September 13, 1959) was the 73rd Governor of Virginia from 2018 to 2022. Before he became governor, Northam was a doctor, U.S. Army veteran and former Virginia senator. A Democrat, Northam previously served the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia from January 11, 2014 until January 13, 2018, during Governor Terry McAuliffe's term in office. His term ended when he became Governor and he was succeeded in his position by Democrat Justin Fairfax. Northam was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia in the 2017 election, facing Republican Ed Gillespie and winning the election. Early life. Northam was born in Nassawadox, Virginia. His mother, Nancy Shearer, was a nurse and his father, Wescott B. Northam, was an attorney. He was raised in Onancock, Virginia. He studied at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington and at Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk. Military career. From 1984 to 1992 he served as a United States Army medical officer. Northam left the U.S. Army in 1992 at the rank of major, having completed eight years of service. Early career. Northam first ran for office in 2007 in the Virginia 6th Senate district, which includes the Eastern Shore of Virginia; Mathews County, on the Middle Peninsula; and parts of the cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach. He was re-elected in November 2011, defeating Ben Loyola, Jr., a defense contractor, 16,606 votes to 12,622. He is best known to have led an effort to pass a ban on smoking in restaurants in Virginia. The bill failed the first time, but was passed the next year and signed into law by Governor Tim Kaine. Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Northam ran for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in Virginia's 2013 gubernatorial election. On November 5, 2013, Northam was elected as Virginia's 40th Lieutenant Governor over Republican E.W. Jackson by a 10% margin, receiving 55% of the vote to Jackson's 45%. Northam was the first Democrat since Tim Kaine in 2001 to be elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. 2017 gubernatorial election. On November 17, 2015, Northam sent a message saying that he will run for Governor of Virginia via an email to supporters. Northam faced former congressman Tom Perriello in the Democratic primary. The primary campaign seen as a battle between the Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren supporters of the Democratic Party, seen by Perriello, and the Hillary Clinton wing, represented by Northam. On June 13, 2017, Northam won the Democratic nomination with 56% of the vote to Perriello's 44%. Northam faced Republican nominee Ed Gillespie in the general election. Presidents Donald Trump and George W. Bush endorsed Gillespie in the general election. Main topics that influenced the outcome of the election were sanctuary cities, gang violence and health care. Northam was supported by former President Barack Obama and former Vice President Joe Biden. Northam was elected the 73rd Governor of Virginia on November 7, 2017, defeating Ed Gillespie in the general election. Northam won with 54% of the vote to Gillespie's 45%. Governor of Virginia (2018–2022). Northam was sworn in as Governor of Virginia at noon on January 13, 2018 at the State Capitol. He became the second Eastern Shore native to serve as Governor of Virginia. On February 1, 2019, images from Northam's medical school yearbook were published on the website Big League Politics. The photos showed an image of an unknown person in blackface and an unknown person in a Ku Klux Klan hood on Northam's page in the yearbook. A spokesman for Eastern Virginia Medical School confirmed that the image appeared in its 1984 yearbook. Shortly after the news broke, Northam confirmed he appeared in the photo and issued an apology. Many people including Donald Trump, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Elizabeth Warren, Cory Booker, Bernie Sanders and Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax believe Northam should resign. Northam's term as governor ended at noon on January 15, 2022. He was succeeded by Republican Glenn Youngkin. Personal life. Northam married Pam Northam in 1987. They have two children. They live in Norfolk, Virginia. Robert Delpire Robert Delpire (24 January 1926 – 26 September 2017) was a French art publisher, editor, curator, movie producer and graphic designer. He was born in Paris. Delpire predominantly concerned himself with documentary photography, influenced by his interest in anthropology. Delpire was editor-in-chief of the cultural review "Neuf". He published books of photography, illustration and graphic art through Éditions Delpire and Photo Poche. Photo Poche has been described as "the most successful series of photography monographs ever published", books that "have introduced successive generations to photography". Delpire died in Paris on 26 September 2017 in Paris at the age of 91. Young Dolph Adolph Thornton Jr. (July 27, 1985 – November 17, 2021), better known by his stage name Young Dolph, was an American rapper. In February 2016, Dolph released his first studio album, "King of Memphis". It peaked at number 49 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. He was featured on O.T. Genasis' hit single "Cut It". The song peaked at number 35 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Dolph was shot multiple times outside of a local retail store in Los Angeles on September 26, 2017. He received multiple gunshots wounds which upon being hospitalized were being treated as non-life threatening. A few hours later, Young Dolph was being treated under critical condition. On November 17, 2021, Young Dolph was shot and killed while at a cookie store in Memphis, Tennessee at the age of 36. Bhad Bhabie Danielle Bregoli (born March 26, 2003, also known as Bhad Bhabie) is an American social media personality and rapper. She became known for the viral video meme and catch phrase "Cash Me Ousside How Bout Dah" after appearing on the Dr. Phil show in September 2016. She appeared on the show for bad behavior. She released her debut single as a recording artist in late August 2017. Bregoli released her first single "These Heaux" (pronounced "these hoes") on August 26, 2017. The recording reached number 77 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making Bregoli the youngest female rap artist to debut on the music chart. On September 22, 2017, she released "Hi Bich" and a day after, "Whachu Know", as a single alongside the music video, which received over a million views in 24 hours. Bregoli often shocks her fans with her real age and is rarely seen without makeup. Receiver In communication a receiver is used for the reception of message or data signals. A receiver can be of any type such as rhombic,yagiuda, parabolic etc. It is a device that is designed to receive the signals which are in the form of both electric and electromagnetic form. Receiver is simply a transducer that is a energy converter which converts received electromagnetic signals into electrical signals. Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries The Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI; ) is a group for businesspeople in Bangladesh. History. The Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry was established in 1973 under the Trade Organisation Ordinance and Companies Act, 1913. Run-length encoding Run-length encoding (RLE) is a very simple form of lossless data compression. In RLE "runs" of data (that is, sequences in which the same data value occurs in many consecutive data elements) are stored as a single data value and count, rather than as the original run. Hilde Benjamin Hilde Benjamin (born Hilde Lange, February 5, 1902 in Bernburg - April 18, 1989 in East Berlin) was an East German judge and justice minister. She was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). Education and career. She studied law at the Humboldt-University of Berlin, the University of Heidelberg, and the University of Hamburg. Afterwards she worked as a lawyer, and became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). During the war she had to do forced labor. After the war she was vice president of the Supreme Court of East Germany from 1949 to 1953, a member of the Volkskammer (the East German parliament) from 1949 to 1967, justice minister from 1953 to 1967, and a member of the Central Committee of the SED from 1954 to 1989. Benjamin was notorious for her judging of "show trials" (for political effect) and ministerial activities. Because she sentenced many people to death, she was nicknamed "Bloody Hilde", "The Red Guillotine", and "Red Freisler". Later in life she gave lectures about the history of the judiciary in Potsdam. Personal life. She was married to pediatrician and resistance fighter George Benjamin, who was also Jewish and who died in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Jewish-German philosopher Walter Benjamin was her husband's brother. References. Biographies: Niederdorf, Basel-Landschaft Niederdorf is a municipality of the district of Waldenburg in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Lausen Lausen is a municipality of the district of Liestal in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Arisdorf Arisdorf (Swiss German: "Aschdrf") a municipality of the district Liestal in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. Uzbek people Uzbeks are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group who mainly live in Central Asia countries. Uzbeks are the majority of people living in Uzbekistan. They are a minority group in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Russia and China. A few live farther away. Uzbeks speak Uzbek language of the Turkic language family. Moghol people The Moghols are a Mongolic ethnic group, descendants of the Mongol Empire's soldiers in Afghanistan. They live in the Herat province of Afghanistan. and they speak the Moghol language of the Mongolic languages. Lü Lü is a village and former municipality of the district Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. In 2009 Lü merged into the municipality of Val Müstair. In 2007, 65 people lived there. Kappelen, Haut-Rhin Kappelen is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It is about northwest of Basel and east of Altkirch. In 2006, 522 people lived there. Katzenthal Katzenthal is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. Kaysersberg Kaysersberg is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Kaysersberg-Vignoble. Moghol language Moghol language or Mogholi, is a Mongolic language spoken by the Moghol people in Herat province of Afghanistan. Blue Hawaiian (cocktail) A Blue Hawaiian is an alcoholic cocktail made from pineapple juice, rum and Curaçao, with coconut cream and crushed ice. The name "Blue Hawaiian" comes from the blue colour given to the drink by Curaçao, an orange flavoured liqueur. North Canton, Ohio North Canton is a city in Stark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 17,488 at the 2010 census. Carlos Vidal Layseca Carlos Alberto Vidal Layseca (4 February 1931 – 24 September 2017) was a Peruvian physician and politician. He was born in Lima, Peru. Layseca served as Minister of Health from July 1990 through February 1991 under the Alberto Fujimori administration. He later served as Rector of Cayetano Heredia University from 1994 through 1999. Vidal Layseca died of heart disease on 24 September 2017 in Lima at the age of 86. Hiromi Hayakawa Marla Hiromi Hayakawa Salas (October 19, 1982 – September 27, 2017), known professionally as Hiromi Hayakawa, was a Mexican actress and singer. She was born in Fukuoka, Japan. She began her music career as a contestant in the reality show "La Academia". Her last well known role was as "El Chema" as Lucy Li, an Asian-Mexican prostitute. Hayakawa worked mostly in musical theatre, however she has had occasional television roles. Hayakawa was also a voice actress, whose work is primarily on the Spanish American dub of movies and series from the United States. She was best known for dubbing the Spanish version of Disney movies such as "Alice in Wonderland", "Prom", and in "Brave". Hayakawa died from complications of childbirth as her liver failed at a hospital in Mexico City on September 27, 2017 at the age of 34. Udayarpalayam taluk Udayarpalayam taluk is a taluk of Ariyalur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Jayankondam. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Udayarpalayam had a population of 384,800 with 190,974 males and 193,826 females. There were 1015 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 65.6. Child population in the age group below 6 was 20,417 males and 17,971 females. Sendurai taluk Sendurai taluk is a taluk of Ariyalur district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Sendurai. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Sendurai had a population of 111,932 with 55,414 males and 56,518 females. There were 1020 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 61.6. Child population in the age group below 6 was 6,350 Males and 5,430 Females. Tondiarpet taluk Tondiarpet taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Fort-Tondiarpet taluk. It comprises the neighbourhood of Tondiarpet. Perambur taluk Perambur taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Fort-Tondiarpet and Perambur-Purasawalkam taluks. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Kodungaiyur, Moolakadai and Perambur. Ayanavaram taluk Ayanavaram taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Perambur-Purasawalkam taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Ayanavaram, Kolathur and Peravallur. Egmore taluk Egmore taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Egmore and Nungambakkam. Guindy taluk Guindy taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Mambalam-Guindy taluk and the Mylapore-Triplicane taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Adyar, Alandur, T. Nagar, Ekkaduthangal, Guindy and Kotturpuram. Velachery taluk Velachery taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Mambalam-Guindy and Mylapore-Triplicane taluks. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Besant Nagar, Tharamani, Thiruvanmiyur and Velachery. Purasawalkam taluk Purasaiwalkam taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Fort-Tondiarpet and Perambur-Purasawalkam taluks. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Purasawalkam and Vepery. Aminjikarai taluk Aminjikarai taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Perambur-Purasawalkam taluk and the Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Aminjikarai, Anna Nagar, Arumbakkam, Koyambedu, Thirumangalam, Vada Agaram and Villivakkam. Mylapore taluk Mylapore taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Fort-Tondiarpet and Perambur-Purasawalkam taluks. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Chintadripet, Mylapore and Triplicane. Mambalam taluk Mambalam taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the former Egmore-Nungambakkam taluk and the Mambalam-Guindy taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of K. K. Nagar, Kodambakkam, Mambalam, Saligramam, Saidapet and Virugambakkam. Mettupalayam taluk Mettupalayam taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore rural district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Mettupalayam. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Mettupalayam had a population of 259,633 with 129,299 males and 130,334 females. There were 1008 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 71.93. Child population in the age group below 6 was 10,571 Males and 10,259 Females. Perur taluk Perur taluk is a taluk in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India associated with the neighbourhood of Perur. It was created by Government of Tamil Nadu in 2013. Pollachi taluk Pollachi taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore rural district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Pollachi. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Pollachi had a population of 575,478 with 285,553 males and 289,925 females. There were 1015 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 70.65. Child population in the age group below 6 was 22,399 Males and 21,464 Females. Coimbatore-North taluk Coimbatore (North) taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore City of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. On 9 May 2012, Government of Tamil Nadu announced that it will bifurcate Coimbatore North Taluk to create the new Annur Taluk. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Coimbatore (North) had a population of 641,021 with 321,922 males and 319,099 females. There were 991 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 76.37. Child population in the age group below 6 was 28,302 Males and 27,219 Females. Valparai taluk Valparai taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Valparai. Anaimalai Hills Village is the only revenue villages under this revenue. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Valparai had a population of 70,771 with 35,270 males and 35,501 females. There were 1007 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 79.07. Child population in the age group below 6 was 2,227 Males and 2,135 Females. Coimbatore-South taluk Coimbatore (South) taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Coimbatore(South) had a population of 1,605,269 with 802,641 males and 802,628 females. There were 1000 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 81.18. Child population in the age group below 6 was 73,403 Males and 70,765 Females. Sulur taluk Sulur taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Sulur. This revenue block consist of 41 revenue villages. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Sulur had a population of 320,406 with 160,677 males and 159,729 females. There were 994 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 73.9. Child population in the age group below 6 was 13,678 Males and 13,162 Females. Kinathukadavu taluk Kinathukadavu taluk is a taluk of rural Coimbatore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Kinathukadavu. Rajapalaiyam taluk Rajapalaiyam taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Rajapalaiyam. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Rajapalaiyam had a population of 347,318 with 173,202 males and 174,116 females. There were 1005 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 74.84. Child population in the age group below 6 was 15,736 Males and 14,890 Females. Kariapatti taluk Kariapatti taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kariapatti. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Kariapatti had a population of 105,329 with 52,875 males and 52,454 females. There were 992 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 68.46. Child population in the age group below 6 was 5,736 Males and 5,513 Females. Sattur taluk Sattur is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Sattur. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Sattur had a population of 168,659 with 83,113 males and 85,546 females. There were 1029 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 71.41. Child population in the age group below 6 was 8,145 Males and 7,787 Females. Tiruchuli taluk Tiruchuli taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Tiruchuli. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Tiruchuli had a population of 103,068 with 51,886 males and 51,182 females. There were 986 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 67.57. Child population in the age group below 6 was 5,406 Males and 5,081 Females. Aruppukkottai taluk Aruppukkottai taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Aruppukkottai. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Aruppukkottai had a population of 248186 with 123337 males and 124849 females. There were 1012 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 77.3. Child population in the age group below 6 was 11668 Males and 11087 Females. Gingee taluk Gingee taluk is a taluk of Viluppuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Gingee. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Gingee had a population of 422,880 with 213,162 males and 209,718 females. There were 984 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 63.41. Child population in the age group below 6 was 20,329 Males and 18,804 Females. Kallakkurichi taluk Kallakkurichi taluk is a taluk of Viluppuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kallakurichi. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Kallakkurichi had a population of 465,236 with 234,796 males and 230,440 females. There were 981 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 63.49. Child population in the age group below 6 was 26,388 Males and 23,890 Females. Sankarapuram taluk Sankarapuram is a taluk of Viluppuram district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Sankarapuram town is a headquarter for this taluk. There are presently 188 villages in sankarapuram taluk. Before the bifurcation of Chinnasalem taluk from this taluk and Kallakurichi taluk, nearly 350 Villages were under the control of Sankarapuram taluk. Tirukkoyilur taluk Tirukkoyilur taluk is a taluk of Viluppuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Tirukkoyilur. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Tirukkoyilur had a population of 438,254 with 222,295 males and 215,959 females. There were 971 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 61.02. Child population in the age group below 6 was 27,019 Males and 25,166 Females. Tindivanam taluk Tindivanam taluk is a taluk of Viluppuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Tindivanam. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Tindivanam had a population of 446,024 with 223,391 males and 222,633 females. There were 997 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 67.66. Child population in the age group below 6 was 23,196 Males and 22,445 Females. Ulundurpettai taluk Ulundurpet is in the southern region of Villupuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town of Ulundurpet is the taluk headquarters. It is co-terminus with Ulundurpet revenue block. There are fifty-three panchayat villages, and 178 villages in the taluk. The state assembly constituency for Tamil Nadu is the Ulundurpet constituency. Demographics. According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Ulundurpet had a population of 369,357 with 186,410 males and 182,947 females. There were 981 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 60.38. Child population in the age group below 6 was 23,270 Males and 21,734 Females. Sabayon Linux Sabayon Linux is a Linux distribution based on Gentoo. Editions. The versions currently available are: Börrstadt Börrstadt is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. James Madison Sr. Col. James Madison Sr. (March 27, 1723 – February 27, 1801) was a prominent Virginia planter and politician. He was a colonel in the militia during the American Revolutionary War. He inherited Mount Pleasant, later known as Montpelier, a large tobacco plantation in Orange County, Virginia and, with the acquisition of more property, had 5,000 acres and became the largest landowner in the county. He was the father of James Madison, 4th President of the United States, who inherited what he called Montpelier, and Lieutenant General William Taylor Madison, and grandfather of Confederate Brigadier General James Edwin Slaughter. Biography. Col. James Madison Sr. was the son of planter and politician Ambrose Madison and his wife Frances Taylor, and was born in 1723 in Orange County, Virginia. When he was nine, his family moved to their new plantation of Mount Pleasant in 1732. His father had hired slaves and an overseer to clear it, work that had been going on for five years to establish cultivation. That summer (1732) his father died at age 36 in August after a short illness. The family or the sheriff believed he was poisoned by slaves, and three were charged in the case and convicted by justices of the Commission of Peace. Unusually, only one slave was executed; Dido and Turk, owned by the widow Frances Taylor Madison, were returned to her to serve as laborers after being punished by whipping. James was tutored and trained to be a planter and slaveholder, and member of the landed gentry. His widowed mother never remarried, which was unusual at that time for a woman her age; she had extensive Taylor family in the county. As the eldest son, James Madison Sr. inherited Mount Pleasant when he came of age in 1744. He called the plantation Home House. Acquiring more land, he eventually owned 5,000 acres, making him the largest landowner in Orange County. By the time of his death, he owned 108 slaves. Marriage and family. Madison married Nelly Conway (Port Conway, Caroline County, Virginia, January 9, 1731 – Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, February 11, 1829), also of the planter class (her birthplace was named after her family). They had twelve children: American Revolutionary War. During the American Revolution, Madison was chairman of the Orange County Committee of Safety. He was commissioned as a colonel in the Virginia militia. Lee Hsin Lee Hsin (; 16 July 1953 – 28 September 2017) was a Taiwanese politician. He has served on the Taipei City Council since 1998. Lee joined the 2006 campaign led by Shih Ming-teh which attempted to force the resignation of President Chen Shui-bian. In 2015, Lee expressed interest in running for the Kuomintang chairmanship, but his candidacy, and that of four others, was rejected. The next year, he launched another bid for the party leadership, finishing third in a field of four candidates with 7,604 votes. Lee died from jumping out of his apartment building on 28 September 2017, aged 64. Arrondissements of the Haute-Loire department There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Loire department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes. The arrondissements of the Haute-Loire are: History. Since its creation, the Haute-Loire department has had few changes: Kembs Kembs is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department. This in the east of France. It was founded during Roman times as the city of Cambete. Kito Lorenc Kito Lorenc (4 March 1938 – 24 September 2017) was a Sorbian-German writer, lyric poet and translator. He was a grandson of the Sorbian writer and politician Jakub Lorenc-Zalěski. He was born in Schleife, Germany. Lorenc was an employee at the Institute for Sorbian People Research in Bautzen between 1961 and 1972. From 1972 until 1979, he worked as a dramaturge at the State Ensemble for Sorbian People's Culture. Kito Lorenc was a member of the Sächsischen Akademie der Künste and lived as a freelance writer in Wuischke by Hochkirch. Lorenc died in Bautzen, Germany on 24 September 2017 of a stroke at the age of 79. Joy Fleming Joy Fleming, aka of "Erna Liebenow", born as "Erna Raad", (15 November 1944 in Rockenhausen - 27 September 2017 in Sinsheim-Hilsbach) was a German singer of jazz, blues and schlager. Career. Fleming was best known for her performance in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1975. She performed the song "Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein" and was placed seventeenth out of nineteen countries. Joy Fleming died at the age of 72. Arrondissement of Brioude The arrondissement of Brioude is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Haute-Loire "département". Its capital is the city of Brioude, a subprefecture of the department. History. When the Haute-Loire department was created on 4 March 1790, the "arrondissement" of Brioude was part of that original department. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Brioude is bordered to the north by the Puy-de-Dôme department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Le Puy-en-Velay, to the south and southwest by the Lozère department and to the west by the Cantal department. It is the most western of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of , the second largest of the department but it is the one with fewest people living in it with 45,848 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km². The Allier river flows through this "arrondissement". Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Brioude, there are 5 cantons: Communes. The "arrondissement" of Brioude has 111 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: Taguig Taguig, officially the City of Taguig (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is founded in 1587, Taguig is named "taga-giik" (Tagalog for "rice thresher"). The city is covered by GMA Artist Center due to severe stardom of Yeng Constantino. 2017 Catalan independence referendum The 2017 Catalan independence referendum () is a independence referendum that occurred in Catalonia on 1 October 2017. Political parties that do not want independence will boycott the referendum. The referendum is illegal according to the Spanish constitution. The Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the referendum on 7 September 2017. The Catalonia government said the court order was not valid, and got support from 750 of 948 municipalities. This led to the 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis. The Government of Spain opposes Catalan independence. However, the Catalan government says it has the right to independence. Catalonia has not gotten any international support. Workers' Party (Brazil) The Workers' Party (; abbreviated PT) is a left-wing political party in Brazil. The party follows democratic socialist principles. Some members are followers of the Christian left, Labourism, democratic socialism and social democracy. The party was founded on 10 February 1980 in São Paulo by Paul Singer. It has been one of the most popular parties in Brazil since 2003. Two Brazilian presidents have been members of the party, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. The party won every presidential election in Rio de Janeiro from 1998 to 2014 and in Minas Gerais from 2002 to 2014. The Workers' Party is also popular in the north and northeast. In the 2010 election, Dilma Rousseff received a lot of support from poor Brazilians. She also had a majority of support from Catholics. Daniel Pe'er Daniel Pe'er, , (January 2, 1943 – September 28, 2017) was an Israeli television presenter and newsreader. Career. In 1979, Pe'er hosted the twenty fourth Eurovision Song Contest held in the Israeli capital Jerusalem alongside Yardena Arazi. Pe'er continued to be associated with Eurovision, hosting Kdam Eurovision (the Israeli heat to choose the artist to represent Israel), which he hosted from 1981 until 1983 and again in 1986, he also gave the Israeli results out in 1992 and 1995 and provided the Israeli radio commentary on several occasions. Death. Pe'er died on September 28, 2017 after a stroke at Jerusalem’s Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Hi-Five (Israeli band) Hi-Five was an Israeli boy band that operated from 1996 to 2000. Amir Fryszer Guttman was the lead. Hi-Five has released three studio albums and one mini-album. All went gold in Israel with tens of thousands of copies sold. Hi-Five also won the Festival twice. Vangunu giant rat Uromys vika, also known as the Vangunu giant rat and locally known as the vika, is a giant species of rodent that lives in trees. It is in the family Muridae. The rat was discovered in the island of Vangunu in the Solomon Islands in 2015, after years of searching based on local stories, and described in 2017. It was identified as a new species on the basis of its skull, skeleton and a detailed DNA analysis. Discovery and publication. In November 2015 a wildlife ranger (Hikuna Judge) from the Zaira Conservation Area, saw something (outside the conservation area): "a large rat, [falling] from a 10m tree felled by loggers. The fall killed the rat - but the ranger shipped it to the Queensland Museum, in Australia, where ... Lavery was a fellow". Tyrone Lavery and Hikuna Judge published a species description, in 2017. Habitat. The rat fell of a tree, outside Zaira, a village on Vangunu Island. The species is likely to be called "critically endangered", because of the small amount of forest habitat (about 80 km2) remaining on the island and ongoing logging. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group B was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Portugal, Switzerland, Hungary, Faroe Islands, Latvia, and Andorra. Portugal won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Switzerland finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group G was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Spain, Italy, Albania, Israel, Macedonia, and Liechtenstein. Spain won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Italy finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group H was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Estonia, Cyprus, and Gibraltar. Belgium won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Greece finished 2nd and moved on to the second round. Arrondissement of Le Puy-en-Velay The arrondissement of Le Puy-en-Velay is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Haute-Loire "département". Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of Le Puy-en-Velay. History. The canton has the Clervaux canton to the north, the Diekirch canton to the east and the Redange canton to the south. The canton of Wiltz borders, to the west, with the "arrondissement" of Arlon, (Belgium). Communes. The Wiltz canton has 7 communes (2016 population). Angela Paton Angela Paton (January 11, 1930 – May 26, 2016) was an American theater, TV and movie actress. She was known for her roles as Mrs. Lancaster, the innkeeper, in "Groundhog Day" (1993), Grandma in "American Wedding" (2003) and Mrs. Holmes in "Lolita" (1997). Paton died on May 26, 2016 in Oakland, California from a heart attack, aged 86. Kai G. Henriksen Kai Henning Gjesdal Henriksen (21 May 1956 – 27 May 2016) was a Norwegian businessperson. He was a former politician for the Conservative Party of Norway. He served a period as the chief executive officer of Storebrand Bank. He was born in Tromsdalen. Henriksen was CEO of the Norwegian government-owned wine and spirits retail monopoly company, AS Vinmonopolet from 2006 until his death in 2016. Henriksen died on 27 May 2016 in Oslo, Norway from complications of pancreatic cancer, aged 60. Beatenberg Beatenberg is a municipality of the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Blumenstein Blumenstein is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum Frequency hopping spread spectrum is a method of transmitting data wirelessly, using many different frequencies. After a given time, the transmitter and receiver change the frequency on which they transmit the signal. They do this in a seemingly random way, but both have agreed on the order in which they use the frequencies. Technlogies such as Bluetooth use it. It is one of the technologies generally referred to as Spread spectrum. NK Osijek N.K. Osijek is a football club which plays in Croatia. Nathaniel Lyon Nathaniel Lyon (July 14, 1818 – August 10, 1861) was the first Union general that was killed in the American Civil War. He died while leading his men at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. He is noted for his military actions in the state of Missouri in 1861. Early life. Lyon was born on July 14, 1818, in Ashford, Connecticut. He was the seventh out of nine children born to Amasa and Kezia Knowlton Lyon. His father was a farmer and also a justice of the peace. He grew up on their family farm. When his older brother died, Lyon became the object of his father's anger. Lyon hated farming and wanted to be like his ancestors who fought in the American Revolutionary War. Military career. Early career. On July 1, 1837, Lyon entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. William Tecumseh Sherman, who was a classmate and one year ahead of Lyon, described him as a "lymphatic boy, who didn't seem to have energy enough to make a man." But Lyon did well at the academy. He graduated in 1841, 11th out of a class of 52. Lyon fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida and in the Mexican-American War. During the War with Mexico, he received several promotions for gallantry under fire at the battles of Mexico City, Contreras, and Churubusco. He was then sent to California where developed a reputation as an Indian fighter. Lyon was next sent to Fort Riley in Kansas. There he began to develop strong support for the Union as a result of the political climate developing in the state. St. Louis arsenal. When the Civil War began on April 12, 1861, the entire state of Missouri was divided between pro-Confederate and pro-Union forces. Through political connections, and even though a Captain, Lyon was given command of the St. Louis arsenal. He sent almost all the gunpowder and weapons to safety in Illinois. The United States Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had sent a letter to Lyon, the temporary commander of the arsenal, authorizing him to raise more companies of Union soldiers. It was endorsed by President Abraham Lincoln and Lieutenant general Winfield Scott. Lyon then recruited thousands of untrained volunteers from among the German community in St. Louis. Most German immigrants were against slavery which made them unpopular among many of the city's pro-Confederate citizens. Tensions grew between the Union soldiers stationed there and the secessionist governor of the state, Claiborne Jackson. When the Civil War broke out, Jackson refused to send volunteers from the state to fight for Abraham Lincoln. Instead, the governor had the state militia muster outside the city to begin training in preparation to join the Confederate forces. The governor knew the most important resource in the state was the federal arsenal at St. Louis. Lyon realized what the governor was doing. On May 10, 1861, Lyon and his troops surrounded the pro-Confederate Missouri militia and forced them to surrender. While marching his captured prisoners through St. Louis, pro-Confederate citizens began to riot. When his German volunteers fired into the mob, 28 people were killed. The incident was called the Camp Jackson Affair. On May 17, Lyon was promoted to brigadier general. He was given command of the Union Army of the West. Missouri in the war. On June 13, 1861, after failed negotiations with Governor Jackson, Lyon quickly moved his army to attack the pro-confederate forces at Jefferson City, Missouri, the state capital. He moved quickly enough to catch them unprepared. On June 15, the Army of the West occupied Jefferson City. Lyon installed a pro-Union government after Jackson and most of his militia retreated to the southwest corner of Missouri. Lyon moved his army to go after the rebels. On June 17, both sides fought the Battle of Boonville which lasted only about 30 minutes. The Union forces completely routed the pro-confederates. He then lead his troops into a series of skirmishes with the Missouri State Guard and the Confederate Army. He next moved to Springfield, Missouri where the army camped. On August 10, Lyon's Army of the West was defeated by a combined force of the Missouri Militia and Confederate troops under the command of Benjamin McCulloch near Springfield, Missouri. This was called the first Battle of Wilson’s Creek. Lyon was killed while trying to rally his outnumbered soldiers. However, Lyon’s efforts prevented the State of Missouri from joining the Confederacy. Burial. When the Union army retreated from Wilson's Creek, Lyon's body was mistakenly left behind on the battlefield. Confederate soldiers found him and took his body to Springfield. There he was examined by Dr. Melcher, a surgeon with the Confederate Missouri Militia. The doctor described Lyon: Lyon was then buried on a farm outside Springfield. Later Union forces recovered the body. It was sent home to Connecticut. He was buried in the family plot at Phoenixville, now Eastford, Connecticut. An estimated 15,000 people attended his funeral. As the first general killed in the war, he was considered a hero. Bolligen Bolligen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district of the canton of Berne in Switzerland. David Bryan David Bryan Rashbaum (born February 7, 1962), better known as David Bryan, is the keyboard player of American rock band Bon Jovi. With the band, he has co-written songs and sings backing vocals. He is also the co-writer of the successful Broadway musical "Memphis". He wrote the music and lyrics. Joe DiPietro wote the book and some lyrics. "Memphis" played on Broadway from October 18, 2009 to August 5, 2012. The Broadway production won Best Musical in the Live Theatre division of the Golden Icon Awards, as well as four Tony Awards including Best Musical and four Drama Desk Awards. These make "Memphis" the most nominated show on Broadway. Second musical. Bryan also co-wrote the musical "The Toxic Avenger", also with Joe DiPietro. The musical made its off-Broadway premiere at New World Stages on April 6, 2009. Sterling Price Sterling Price (September 20, 1809 – September 29, 1867) was a soldier, lawyer, planter, and politician from the U.S. state of Missouri. He served as a United States Army brigadier general during the Mexican-American War. He was governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857. During the American Civil War Price was a Major general serving with the Confederate States Army. He is best known for his victories in New Mexico and Chihuahua during the Mexican conflict, and for his defeats at the Battles of Pea Ridge and Westport during the Civil War. Following the war, Price took his remaining troops to Mexico rather than surrender. He tried unsuccessfully to seek service with Emperor Maximilian. He finally returned to Missouri, where he died in poverty and was buried in St. Louis. Early life and career. Price was born near Farmville, in Prince Edward County, Virginia. His family was of Welsh origin. Price attended Hampden-Sydney College in 1826 and 1827, studying law and working at the courthouse near his home. He was admitted to the Virginia bar and opened a law practice. In the fall of 1831, Price and his family moved to Fayette, Missouri. A year later, they moved to Keytesville, Missouri, where he ran a hotel and mercantile. On May 14, 1833, he married Martha Head of Randolph County, Missouri. They had seven children, five surviving to adulthood. During the Mormon War of 1838, Price served as a member of a delegation sent from Chariton County, Missouri to investigate disturbance between Latter Day Saints and anti-Mormon mobs in the western part of the state. He reported the Mormons were not guilty of any offenses. Also, that the charges against them were false. Following the Mormon surrender in November 1838, Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs sent Price and a company of solders to protect the Mormons. Price was elected to the Missouri State House of Representatives from 1836–1838, and again from 1840–1844. He was chosen as its speaker. He was then elected as a Democrat to the 29th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1845, to August 12, 1846. He resigned from the House to participate in the Mexican-American War. Mexican-American War. Price raised the Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted Volunteer Cavalry and was appointed its colonel on August 12, 1846. He marched his regiment under Alexander Doniphan to Santa Fe, where he assumed command of the Territory of New Mexico after Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, departed for California. Price served as military governor of New Mexico, and put down the Taos Revolt, an uprising of Native Americans and Mexicans in January 1847. President James K. Polk promoted Price to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20, 1847. He was named military governor of Chihuahua that same month. He led 300 men from his Army of the West at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales on March 16, 1848, defeating a Mexican force three times his size. This was the last battle of the war, taking place days after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been ratified by the United States Congress on March 10. Although reprimanded by Secretary of War William L. Marcy and ordered to return with his army to New Mexico, Price was not punished. He was honorably discharged on November 25, 1848, and returned to Missouri as a hero. Governor of Missouri. Price now became a slave owner, and raised tobacco on the Bowling Green prairie. Popular because of his war service, he was easily elected Governor of Missouri in 1852, serving from 1853 to 1857. During his service as governor, Washington University in St. Louis was established, the state's public school system was restructured, the Missouri State Teachers Association was created, the state's railroad network was expanded, and a state geological survey was created. Although the state legislature passed an act to increase the governor's salary, he refused to accept anything except than the salary when he had been elected. Price became the state's Bank Commissioner from 1857 to 1861. He also secured a rail line through his home county, now forming part of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Civil War service. Early months. When the Civil War began, Price was opposed to Missouri's secession. He was elected presiding officer of the Missouri State Convention on February 28, 1861, which voted against the state leaving the Union. The situation changed drastically, however, when Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and Capt. Nathaniel Lyon seized the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis. Outraged by this, Price sided with the secessionists. Pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson appointed him to command the newly reformed Missouri State Guard in May 1861. He led his young recruits (who nicknamed him "Old Pap") in a campaign to keep Missouri for the Confederacy. The most famous battle of the conflict was the Battle of Wilson's Creek. This occurred on August 10, 1861. The Missouri State Guard along with Confederate troops under the command of Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch defeated Union troops in the Union Army of the West, under the command of General Lyon. Lyon was killed in the battle. After this victory, Price's troops launched an offensive into Northern Missouri, where they defeated Federal forces commanded by Colonel James Mulligan at the First Battle of Lexington. However, additional Union troops forced Price and Jackson's men to retreat, leaving most of the state to the Union. Pea Ridge, Iuka, and Corinth. Still operating as a Missouri militia general (rather than as a commissioned Confederate officer), Price was unable to agree with his Wilson's Creek colleague, Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch, as to how to proceed following the battle. This led to the splitting of what might otherwise have become a sizable Confederate force in the West. Price and McCullough became bitter rivals, leading to the ultimate appointment of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn as overall commander of the Trans-Mississippi district. Van Dorn reunited Price's and McCullough's formations into a force he named the Army of the West, and set out to engage Union troops in Missouri under the command of Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis. Now under Van Dorn's command, Price was commissioned in the Confederate States Army as a major general on March 6, 1862. Outnumbering Curtis's forces, Van Dorn attacked the Union army at Pea Ridge on March 7–8. Although wounded in the fray, Price pushed Curtis's force back at Elkhorn Tavern on the March 7, only to see the battle lost on the following day after a furious Federal counterattack. Price next crossed the Mississippi River to reinforce Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's army at Corinth, Mississippi. Price was able to seize the Union supply depot at nearby Iuka, but was driven back by Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans at the Battle of Iuka on September 19, 1862. A few weeks later, on October 3–4, Price (under Van Dorn's command once more) was defeated with Van Dorn at the Second Battle of Corinth. Van Dorn was replaced by Maj. Gen. John C. Pemberton, and Price, who had become thoroughly disgusted with Van Dorn and was eager to return to Missouri, obtained a leave to visit Richmond, the Confederate capital. There, he obtained an audience with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to discuss his grievances, only to find his own loyalty to the South sternly questioned by the Confederate leader. Price only barely managed to secure Davis's permission to return to Missouri. Not at all impressed with the Missourian, Davis pronounced him "the vainest man I ever met." Arkansas and Louisiana. Price was not finished as a Confederate commander, however. He contested Union control over Arkansas in the summer of 1863, and while he won some of his engagements, he was not able to move Union forces out of the state. In early 1864, Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith, in command of the Western Louisiana campaign, ordered General Price in Arkansas to send all of his infantry to Shreveport. Confederate forces in the Indian Territory were to join Price in the endeavor. General John B. Magruder in Texas was instructed to send infantry toward Marshall, Texas, west of Shreveport. General St. John R. Liddell was instructed to proceed from the Ouachita River west toward Natchitoches. With a force of five thousand, Price reached Shreveport on March 24. However, Kirby-Smith detained the division and divided it into two smaller ones. He hesitated to send the men south to fight Union General Nathaniel P. Banks, whom he believed outnumbered the Confederate forces. This decision which drew the opposition of General Richard Taylor. But the western campaign was nearing its conclusion. Price's Missouri Raid. Despite his disappointments in Arkansas and Louisiana, Price managed to convince his superiors to permit him to invade Missouri in the fall of 1864. He was hoping to win that state for the Confederacy or at the very least imperil Abraham Lincoln's chances for reelection that year. Confederate General Kirby Smith agreed, though he was forced to detach the infantry brigades originally detailed to Price's force and send them elsewhere. This changed Price's proposed campaign from a full-scale invasion of Missouri to a large cavalry raid. Price gathered 12,000 horsemen for his army, and fourteen pieces of artillery. The first major engagement in Price's Raid occurred at Pilot Knob, where he successfully captured the Union-held Fort Davidson but he needlessly slaughtered many of his men in the process. It was for a gain that turned out to be of no real value. From Pilot Knob, he swung west, away from St. Louis (his primary objective) and toward Kansas City, Missouri and nearby Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Forced to bypass his secondary target at heavily fortified Jefferson City, Price cut a swath of destruction across his home state. All the while his army steadily grew smaller due to battlefield losses, disease, and desertion. Price defeated inferior Federal forces at Glasgow, Lexington, the Little Blue River and Independence. But Price was ultimately boxed in by two Northern armies at Westport, in today's Kansas City, and forced to fight against a much larger army. This unequal contest, known afterward as "The Gettysburg of the West", did not go his way, and he was forced to retreat into hostile Kansas. A new series of defeats followed, as Price's battered and broken army was pushed steadily southward towards Arkansas. Then it was pushed further south into Texas, where Price remained until the war ended. Price's Raid would prove to be his last significant military operation, and the last significant Confederate campaign west of the Mississippi. Post-war activities and death. Instead of surrendering at the war's end, Price led what was left of his army into Mexico. There he wanted the remains of his army to serve the Emperor Maximilian, but was flatly refused. Price became leader of a Confederate exile colony in Carlota, Veracruz, but when the colony proved to be a failure, he returned to Missouri. While in Mexico Price started having severe intestinal tract problems. These grew worse in August 1866 when he contracted typhoid fever. Impoverished and in poor health, Price died of cholera (or "cholera-like symptoms") in St. Louis, Missouri. The death certificate listed the cause of death as "chronic diarrhea". Price's funeral was held on October 3, 1867 in St. Louis. The funeral procession, with his body carried by a black hearse drawn by six matching black horses, was the largest funeral procession in St. Louis up to that point. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery. Elder Tadej Štrbulović Elder Tadej (Thaddeus) of Vitovnica (10 October 1914 – 13 April 2003) was a Serbian Orthodox Christian elder (known as a staret). He was also a published author. He is best known for writing and teaching the idea that our "thoughts determine the outcome of our lives". Early life. Future Elder Thaddeus was born in Vitovnitsa village, community Petrovac-on-Mlawa, located in Braničevo district, in Serbia on October 6 (19) 1914. The boy was born during the city fair, It was a premature birth and the child was very weak, so his parents hastened to baptise him. The memory of St. Thomas was celebrated that day derfor the boy was christened Tomislav. According to the legend the child opened his eyes only after the Baptism ceremony. Tomislav's mother died when he was just a little boy and his father remarried. After some time, father's second wife died too and he got married for the third time. Tomislav's relationship to his both stepmoms were complicated which caused constant quarrels in the house. The boy did not have any friends among his peers and as he grew up, he felt more and more lonely. Despite family problems Tomislav graduated from high school with honors and intended to fulfil his childhood dream to become a monk, but at the insistence of his father he had to enter the craft and trade school to learn to tailor. He later said reflecting on his life: “Since my childhood I realized, that everyone in this world is serving somebody or something: parents serve their children, then children serve their parents and it occurred to me that as long as we all serve one another, I would rather serve God, as He is above everything.” About this time the boy was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The treatment prescribed to him was painful and complicated, but according to the doctors he would die within 5 years without it. This illness became a turning point in Tomislav’s life. He later recalled: "I made a decision to no longer live for this world but to devote my last remaining days to the Lord". Having made this decision, he left the hospital under his sole responsibility. Monastery and monastic life. By that time, it’ s been a year  since Tomislav wrote his appeal to the Gornjak monastery, now he came to the abbot asking to become  a novice. It so happened that one Russian monk overheard Tomislav’s conversation with the abbot. The next day he said to young man: “Yesterday I heard your conversation and I can tell you that there is only one monastery I know, that lives according to the rules you wish to follow. This is Milkovo monastery. There live some Russian monks, who fled from Valaam. There you will find what your soul is searching for.” On July 24, 1932 Tomislav came as  a novice to  the Milkovo Monastery. It was a Russian-Serbian monastery and living there Tomislav had to learn the Russian language. It became a great advantage for him later as he was able to read books in Russian, which he enjoyed all his life. Monks of the Milkovo monastery followed a very austere prayer life with long services and daily liturgies.  As Tomislav could not find an experienced confessor able to provide him spiritual guidance, he chose self-study by reading various works on theology and teachings of the early Church Fathers. In the Mikovo monastery the young man became acquainted with Hieromonk John Maximovich. They enjoyed each other’s company and used to have long conversations while doing numerous monastic jobs. A year after the abbot passed away and the situation in the monastery changed. Some monks made a decision to leave Milkovo and in May 1933 they moved to Gornjak monastery. Novice Tomislav went with them. 1935 was an important year in Tomislav’s life as he took his monk's vow in Gornjak monastery with the name Thaddeus.  Soon after he was ordained as a Hierodeacon. In 1938, a year when according to the doctors’ predictions he was supposed to die, Hierodeacon Thaddeus was ordained to a priesthood. When World War II began, Thaddeus together with 4 other monks fled to Belgrade. He lived in the monastery of Rakovica until 1943, when he was arrested by the occupation authorities and condemned to death.  Father Thaddeus recalled that the angel of The Lord appeared to him and showed him his future life path. Father Thaddeus went through several prisons before he in March was transferred to the monastery Voylovitsa.  Hieromonk Vasily Kostic recalled that father Thaddeus was very weak, nevertheless on March 13 he already served the Divine Liturgy together with the Bishop Nicholas (Velimirovic). After the war. From the end of 1970 up to 1981 elder Thaddeus lived in Tuman monastery where he was a spiritual guide and confessor for the sisterhood. At this time a steady stream of pilgrims and penitents came to see father Thaddeus and he often worked around the clock talking to people, hearing confessions and praying for the ill and needy. It was a burdening job for an old man not just physically. As he said “Praying for others we bring a part of their sufferings upon ourselves”. Though many people believed that elder Thaddeus had foresight, he never admitted it. He used to say ironically: “Well, yes, I definitely get some foresight after climbing on a windowsill”.   Elder’s health gradually weakened, but in spite of two heart attacks in 90s, he gave himself to the service of the people until the early 2000s. He departed this life on 13 March 2003 and was buried in the monastery of Vintovitsa. He is venerated by his many spiritual children, especially Serbians and Bosnians, including former Muslims whom he converted to Christ. Archimandrite John (Radosavljevic) says about elder Thaddeus: “People of Vitovnica and even of entire country honor him as a great, exceptional confessor, man of prayer and ascetic monk. His handsome face of a gray-haired old man was illuminated with spiritual lite and joy. Confessors like him are God’s gracious gift to us in this difficult time.” Damascus College Damascus College is the only Catholic high school in Ballarat that teaches both males and females. The school started in 1995 when three different Catholic schools, St Martin's in the Pines, Sacred Heart College and St Paul's College joined. The school is in Mount Clear, 7 km from the heart of Ballarat. Damascus College is a school for high school children in years 7 to 12. Origins. Sacred Heart College. In 1881, the "Sisters of Mercy" started Sacred Heart College in Ballarat East for children from Prep to Year 12. The younger students were moved to St Francis Xavier College in 1906. St Paul's Technical College. The Bishop of Ballarat James O'Collins started St Paul's Technical College in 1948. The Christian Brothers controlled the school. In 1987 the school moved from Lydiard Street to the old Ballarat Orphanage on Victoria Street. St Martin's in the Pines. Miss Alice Fanning gave her land in Mt Clear to the Sisters of Mercy on her death in February 1960. The nuns used the land to farm vegetables and cows. In 1967 the land came to be a school for the Year 11 and 12 girls from Sacred Heart College. The school was named St Martin's in the Pines. In 1988 boys started at the school. Most of the boys were from St Paul's Technical College. Damascus College. In 1995 Sacred Heart College, St Martin’s in the Pines and St Paul’s Technical College joined into the only male and female Catholic high school in Ballarat. Year 7 to 9 children studied in Victoria St at the old St Paul’s school and Year 10 to 12 children studied in Mt Clear at the old St Martin's in the Pines. In 2011 all children started studying in Mt Clear. Damascus College is jointly supported by the Sisters of Mercy and the parish priests of Ballarat, Ballarat East, Ballarat North, Bungaree, Cressy, Creswick, Daylesford, Gordon, Linton, Redan, Sebastopol, and Wendouree. Education. The school's educational program is supported in the "College Vision and Mission Statement", the "Teaching and Learning Policy", the "Australian Curriculum", the "Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS)", the "Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA)" and the "Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority". The children can learn French or Indonesian from Year 7 to 12. Physical Education and Health are taught in years 7 to 10. Religious Education is taught in all years. Damascus College gives the "Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE)", "Vocational education Training (VET)" and the "Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL)" to Year 10, 11 and 12 children. Extracurricular activities. Energy Breakthrough Team (EBT). Since 1998 Damascus College pupils have built Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs). The group trains and competes every year in the RACV Energy Breakthrough Challenge in Maryborough. EBT is a Year 9 subject. The school won the World Future Cycle Challenge in 2005 and 2007. The group drove 1200 km from Ceduna to Adelaide. In March 2008 Damascus College rode 1009 km in under 24 hours from Sydney. In 2009, EBT drove 3775 km by solar vehicle from Darwin to the Victorian State Parliament in Melbourne. They helped raise awareness about climate change and how people can lower their environmental impact. Drama. Students can join the senior or junior Drama Club, can participate in the annual production and the biannual Easter production "the Final Hours". Sport. Each year school swimming, athletics and ball sports carnivals are held for all pupils. Damascus College is a member of the Ballarat Associated Schools where students can choose to play for the school in: Buildings. Damascus College is divided into different school areas The Straight Dope "The Straight Dope" is a newspaper column. Its author uses the pen name "Cecil Adams." Readers send questions in to Adams, and he answers them. He often uses humor in his answers. The first "Straight Dope" column was published on February 2, 1973. As of 2013, "The Straight Dope" was published in the "Chicago Reader" and syndicated in eight newspapers in the United States. Creators and format. Most reader questions are answered by Cecil Adams. Adams describes himself as "the world's most intelligent human being." He describes "The Straight Dope's" goal this way: The name "The Straight Dope" comes from the American idiom meaning roughly "the true information; the full story". The column covers many subjects, including history, science, urban legends, myths, and inventions. The column's motto is: "Fighting ignorance since 1973 (it's taking longer than we thought)." "The Straight Dope" is illustrated by Slug Signorino. Website. As of 2016, "The Straight Dope's" website includes all of Adams' new columns, and archives of his past columns. There are also online forums where users can discuss Adams' columns, as well as many other topics. Books. To date, Adams has published five collections of his columns, and his "assistant," Ed Zotti, has published a children's collection in the Adams style, "Know It All". Television. In 1996, the A&E Network briefly aired a show based on "The Straight Dope", hosted and co-written by comedian Mike Lukas. A "Straight Dope" podcast was briefly released in November 2009, but was then cancelled. Saintpaulia Saintpaulia, African violets, are small plants from Africa which live in cloud forest habitats. They are herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are easy to distinguish from other plants by their eye-catching heart-shaped leaves and colourful bright flowers. Victoria, Hong Kong Victoria City was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a British colony in 1842. It was named after Queen Victoria, the Queen of the United Kingdom. In 1857, the British government expanded Victoria City and divided it into seven districts, including Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Tai Ping Shan and Central. These were located in the area that is now the Central, Western and Wanchai districts. Victoria City is technically the capital of Hong Kong. However, the name is rarely used today. Cloud forest A cloud forest or fog forest is a tropical or subtropical, contains mostly evergreen trees, and is high up on a mountain. There is a large amount of water in the air. Cloud forests have cloud cover for much of the year, usually at the same height as the canopy, the place where the trees' branches meet. Cloud forests often have mosses covering the ground and large plants. Such mossy forests usually grow on the saddles of mountains, where the wind cannot blow away moisture from clouds. Cloud forests grow from 500 to 4000 meters above sea level. Usually, they grow where the fog is right at the level where the plants grow, so there is less sunlight to burn away the mist. Many of the plants take water through fog drip. Fog drip is when water forms drops on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below. Bollodingen Bollodingen was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 it was merged with the municipality of Bettenhausen. Bürglen, Uri Bürglen UR is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 3,000 people live in Bürglen. It has an area of . Alessia Cara Alessia Caracciolo (born July 11, 1996), known professionally as Alessia Cara, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is best known for her hit songs "Here" and "Wild Things". Cara's singing style has been compared to that of Norah Jones and Adina Howard. Cara released her first single "Here" in April 2015. The following single, "Scars to Your Beautiful", was released from her first studio album, "Know-It-All". She collaborated with German DJ Zedd on the song "Stay". "Stay", "Here", and "Scars to Your Beautiful" all reached the top ten in the US and was at the top of the US Mainstream Top 40 radio chart. In 2018, she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, one of the "Big Four" awards. Benjamin McCulloch Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a Major general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army during the Mexican-American War. He was afterwards a U.S. marshal, and a Brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Unlike most generals in the Civil War, he was not a West Point graduate. Early life. McCulloch was born November 11, 1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee. He was one of thirteen children and the fourth son of Alexander McCulloch and Frances Fisher LeNoir. His father was an officer on Brigadier general John Coffee's staff in 1813 during the Creek War. His mother was a daughter of a prominent Virginian planter. After moving several times the family settled at Dyersburg, where one of their closest neighbors was Davy Crockett. Ben assumed the duties of "man of the house" and probably ended his formal education. This was at about age 14, although his father's library of books added to his continuing education. He helped with running the farm and also joined the local militia. He learned to be a great woodsman under his mentor Davy Crockett. He also learned something else from Crockett, that a military academy education was not necessary to command men in battle. In 1832, McCulloch headed west. He reached Independence, Missouri too late to join the fur trappers headed for the mountains for the season. He moved on to Galena, Illinois to the lead mines for a time. In the fall of 1832, he returned to Tennessee. He and his brother floated cypress logs down the Obion and Mississippi Rivers to Natchez, Mississippi and New Orleans to market twice a year until 1835. Texas career. When Davy Crockett went to Texas in 1835 McCulloch along with his brother Henry decided to go with him. They planned to meet Crockett at Nacogdoches on Christmas Day. The brothers arrived too late, however. McCulloch sent his brother Henry back home and went on to join Crockett at the Alamo in San Antonio. However, before reaching the Alamo, he came down with the measles. By the time he recovered, it was too late and the Alamo had fallen. McCulloch joined the Texas army under Sam Houston in its retreat to East Texas. At the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) he commanded one of the cannons nicknamed the "Twin Sisters". At the end of the battle Houston found him and immediately promoted him to first lieutenant. In 1837, he worked as a surveyor in the area around Gonzales, Texas. There he met and joined Jack Hays' company of Texas Rangers. He became an experienced Indian fighter. He fought in the Battle of Plum Creek in 1840. In 1841 he was part of the expedition against Indians along the tributaries of the Guadalupe River. In 1842 he was elected a first lieutenant in Captain Jack Hays' company of Rangers. Mexican War. At the start of the Mexican War, McCulloch raised a company of volunteers that became Company A of Colonel Jack Hays' First Regiment, Texas Mounted volunteers. With his skills in tracking and scouting, he was soon named General Zachary Taylor's chief of scouts. He fought at the Battles of Monterey and Buena Vista. When the war ended, he held the rank of major. McCulloch then scouted for Major General David E. Twiggs but joined the rush to the California gold fields in 1849. He never struck gold, but he was elected sheriff of Sacramento. (His old commander, Colonel Hays, had been elected sheriff of San Francisco on the same day.) His old friends Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk, both now in the U.S. Senate, tried to arrange for his appointment to command a frontier army regiment, but his lack of formal education was against him and so the appointment never went through. In 1852, President Franklin Pierce promised him command of the U.S. Second Cavalry, but U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis gave it to Albert Sidney Johnston. McCulloch was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Texas in 1852. He served during the Pierce and the Buchanan administrations. However, conscious of his lack of formal military education, he actually spent much of his term studying military science in libraries in Washington, DC. In the aftermath of the 1858 Utah War, he was one of the peace commissioners who was sent to negotiate with Brigham Young in Utah (the other being former Governor Lazarus W. Powell of Kentucky). Civil War. Texas seceded from the union on February 1, 1861, and on February 14, McCulloch received a colonel's commission. He was authorized to demand the surrender of all federal military posts in the state. U.S. Army General Twiggs turned over to McCulloch all federal property in San Antonio. In return, Twigg's troops were to be allowed to leave the state unharmed. On May 11, Davis appointed McCulloch a brigadier general. McCulloch was placed in command of the Confederate troops in Arkansas. On August 10, 1861, McCulloch's poorly-armed troops defeated the army of General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri. Afterwards, he was put under the command of Major-Heneral Earl Van Dorn. At the battle of Battle of Pea Ridge, McCulloch was killed by a Union sharpshooter. McCulloch's body was buried on the field at Pea Ridge. He was later removed to a cemetery in Little Rock. Finally, his body was later moved to the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Giorgio Albertazzi Giorgio Albertazzi (20 August 1923 – 28 May 2016) was an Italian actor movie director, screenwriter and singer. He was known for his roles in "Little World of Don Camillo", "Concert of Intrigue", "White Nights", "Last Year at Marienbad", "Eva", "Redhead", "I Married You for Fun", "The Assassination of Trotsky", "Five Women for the Killer", "Mark of the Cop", "Once a Year, Every Year", "Li chiamarono... briganti!", "The Rage" and in "Some Say No". His best known directed movies were "La governante" and "Gradiva". He sang the soundtrack for "Gli angeli del potere". Albertazzi died on 28 May 2016 in Roccastrada, Italy, aged 92. Georges Sesia Georges Sesia (8 July 1924 – 12 May 2016) was a French footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Villerupt. He made one appearance for the French national team in 1948. Sesia played for Nancy-Lorraine, FC Nancy, Stade Français Paris, Roubaix-Tourcoing, Strasbourg, Béziers and Merlebach. Sesia died on 12 May 2016 in France, aged 91. Gavyn Farr Arthur His Honour Judge Sir Gavyn Farr Arthur KStJ GCFO (13 September 1951 – 16 May 2016) was a British judge. He served as the 675th Lord Mayor from 2002 to 2003. He served as Alderman for the Ward of Cripplegate in the City from his election in 1991 until 2005. Arthur died from a heart attack in London on 16 May 2016, aged 64. John Webster (British theologian) John Bainbridge Webster DD FRSE (20 June 1955 – 25 May 2016) was a British theologian of the Anglican Communion. He was born in Mansfield, England. He wrote about systematic, historical and moral theology. He was the Chair of Divinity at St. Mary's College, University of St Andrews, Scotland. He died at his home in Aberdeen, Scotland on 25 May 2016 at the age of 60. Bryce Dejean-Jones Bryce Alexander Dejean-Jones (August 21, 1992 – May 28, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He played college basketball for Iowa State University. He played professionally for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2016. On May 28, 2016, Dejean-Jones died in Dallas, Texas when he was shot by his ex-girlfriend's neighbour, after breaking into the neighbor's apartment. He thought he was breaking into his ex-girlfriend's apartment. He was 23 years old. Stanley Burke Stanley Burke, Jr. (February 8, 1923 – May 28, 2016) was a Canadian television journalist. He was the anchor of CBC Television's "The National News" from 1966 to 1969. The show was renamed "" after he resigned to launch a public campaign on the Biafran civil war. Burke died at the Kingston General Hospital in Kingston, Ontario on May 28, 2016, aged 93. František Jakubec František Jakubec (12 April 1956 – 27 May 2016) was a Czech football player. He played for Bohemians Prague for most of his career. He also played with Veria in the Greek Super League. He was born in Český Brod, Czechoslovakia. He played for Czechoslovakia national football team (25 matches) and was a non-playing member of their squad at the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Jakubec died on 27 May 2016 in Prague from a heart attack, aged 60. David Cañada David Cañada Gracia (11 March 1975 – 28 May 2016) was a Spanish professional road racing cyclist. He was known for winning the 2006 Volta a Catalunya. He competed in the 2005 Tour de France. Cañada was unable to compete in the 2009 season, due to treatment for skin cancer which had been detected in 2007, and retired early in the 2010 season. He at the age of 41 after a fall during a cycling event, aged 41. Civil Air Patrol The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a non-profit organization that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). CAP is a volunteer organization with members from many backgrounds. It performs three missions: emergency services, which includes search and rescue (by air and ground) and disaster relief operations; aeronautics education for youth and the general public; and cadet programs for teenage youth. Membership in the organization consists of cadets ranging from 12 to just under 21 years of age. Senior members are 18 years of age and up. All members wear uniforms while performing their duties. Juicy (The Notorious B.I.G. song) "Juicy" is the first single by American rapper the Notorious B.I.G.. The song is from his first album "Ready to Die" (1994). Poke (of Trackmasters) and Sean "Puffy" Combs were the producers of the song. "Juicy" contains a sample of Mtume's 1983 song "Juicy Fruit". It is directly sampled from the song's "Fruity Instrumental" mix. The song is widely considered to be one of the greatest hip-hop songs of all time. The song charted at number 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Content. The song is a "rags to riches chronicle". The Notorious B.I.G. talks about his childhood years living in poverty, his initial dreams of becoming a rapper, early musical influences, his time dealing drugs, criminal involvement, and his eventual success in the music industry and current lavish lifestyle. The song's lyrics refer to the February 26, 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center. Clervaux Clervaux (, German: "Clerf") is a "commune" and town in northern Luxembourg, administrative capital of the canton of Clervaux. The city is in the valley of the Clerve river and is part of the Natural Park of the Our. History. The city was the site of heavy fighting during World War II, in the December 1944 Battle of Clervaux, part of the "Battle of the Bulge". In 2012, the "commune" of Clervaux was combined with the "communes" of Heinerscheid and Munshausen. Geography. The "commune" is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area. It has an area of . The highest point in the "commune" is in "Schwaarzenhiwwel" near the town of Marnach that is high, and the lowest point is high that is in the valley of the Our river near the town of Roder. The altitude is high. At the railway station, the altitude is high. To the east, the Our river forms the border with Germany and, to the north, is the "commune" borders Belgium. In this "commune" is the place where three countries meetː Luxembourg, Germany and Belgium. Population. There were 5,069 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Other towns, besides the town of Clervaux, within the "commune" are: Evolution of the population in Clervaux Don McNay Donald Joseph "Don" McNay (February 13, 1959 – May 29, 2016) was an American financial author and columnist. He was a chartered financial consultant and specialist on what to do when you win the lottery. He was born in Covington, Kentucky, but was raised in Lexington, Kentucky. He was a financial author and "The Huffington Post" contributor. McNay died of a suspected heart attack on May 29, 2016 in New Orleans, Louisiana, aged 57. Robert List Robert Frank "Bob" List (born September 1, 1936) is an American attorney and politician. He served as the 24th Governor of Nevada from 1979 to 1983. List was defeated for re-election in 1982 by Nevada Attorney General Richard Bryan. He is a member of the Republican Party. M14 rifle The M14 is an American 7.62 NATO battle rifle that was adopted in 1959 during the Vietnam War. The M14 production begin in 1959 and ended in 1964. The M14 can be used as a battle rifle, marksman rifle and a sniper rifle. The M14 was based on a WW2 M1 Garand. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the M14 got replaced by the M16A1 by the United States Army in Vietnam. Mount Kinabalu Mount Kinabalu is a high mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. This is in Malaysia. The mountain is protected as a park, named Kinabalu Park. The park was awarded the country's first World Heritage Site. Because of over 5,000 plant species, it is also one of the world’s most important biological sites. At its peak, the indigenous Kadazan people make their homes there. The mountain's name comes from the name "Akinabalu" (meaning "Revered Place of the Dead"). Spread spectrum Spread spectrum is a method in radio and other kinds of telecommunication. Its purpose is to overcome interference, noise and jamming of signals. Sending electromagnetic signals through the air became possible in the later 19th century with wireless telegraphy. The fact that signals were affected by natural interference was soon discovered. By the early 1900s, wireless telegraphy could cross the Atlantic. Intercepting the enemy's radio communications and interfering with their transmission was important in World War II. Messages in code were intercepted and recorded for decryption and translation. Not only can radio signals be detected, but those listening can be detected, since radio receivers also emit a signal. Above all, since radio direction-finding is widely used in civil and military aviation, ways are needed to reduce interference with these transmissions. The main method is spread spectrum. Spread spectrum systems transmit the message using a bandwidth that is wider than the bandwidth actually needed by the message signal. This spreading of the transmitted signal over a large bandwidth make the resulting wideband signal appear as a noise signal. This resists intentional and unintentional interference with the transmitted signal. Boltigen Boltigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Noise (electronics) In electronics, noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal. This happens in all electronic circuits. Noise made by electronic devices varies greatly. In communication systems, noise is an error or random disturbance of useful information in a communication channel. The noise is the total of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. Noise is usually distinguished from interference, such as deliberate jamming or other unwanted electromagnetic interference. If a message is transmitted in a natural language (a series of letters which make sense), then it is more resistant to noise than a spoken language. Santa Fe Trail The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th century transportation route through central North America. It connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell. The Santa Fe Trail was a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880. Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City. The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the northwestern corner of Comancheria, the territory of the Comanches. they demanded payment for allowing people to use the trail. Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico. This made the area more dependent on the American trade. It also gave the Comanches a steady supply of horses. By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas River valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land. This contributed to their decline which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region. The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War. After the U.S. took the Southwest ending the Mexican–American War, the trail helped open the region new settlement. It was important for the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had taken. Historic trail. The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail. A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path through the entire length of Kansas, the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway. It is long and takes about 12 hours to drive the trail today. Bönigen Bönigen is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is on the shore of Lake Brienz. Bowil Bowil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Claiborne Fox Jackson Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was a pro-Confederacy governor of the state of Missouri. He was elected in 1860 and sworn in on January 3, 1861 as Missouri's 15th governor. He remained in office for five months, until being effectively deposed on June 15, 1861. At that time he fled to Arkansas and joined the Confederacy. He died on December 6, 1862. Early career. On April 4, 1806, Jackson was born in Fleming County, Kentucky. His parents were Dempsey and Mary Jackson. The Jacksons were tobacco farmers who owned many slaves. In 1826, Jackson moved to Franklin, Missouri where the Santa Fe Trail began. The trail was an important link to trading with Mexico. While the economy was poor in most of the region, Franklin was growing and becoming prosperous. Jackson and his older brother opened a mercantile store in the town. Most of the new residents were from the South and brought their slaves with them. They started farms along the Missouri River. This became the center of slavery in Missouri. Political career. In 1836 Jackson entered politics representing Saline County, Missouri in the Missouri House of Representatives. Between 1838 and 1842 he was a cashier at the state bank in Fayette, Missouri. He was elected a state representative again in 1842, this time from Howard County, Missouri. In 1844 and 1846, he served as Speaker of the House. In 1848 he was elected to the Missouri State Senate. In 1852 he was elected to the House of Representatives again. From 1857 to 1860, he served as state bank commissioner. In 1860, as a Democrat, he secured his party's nomination for governor. He ran against Sample Orr in the general election and won. He was sworn in on January 3, 1861. Governor of Missouri. Jackson had won the nomination and election for governor by presenting himself as a moderate. But he quickly showed himself to be a pro-slavery activist. Following Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States Jackson began to court support for Missouri's secession from the Union. When Fort Sumter fell to the Confederates on April 14, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion. Jackson refused Lincoln's call for volunteers from Missouri. Instead, he called for 50,000 volunteers to defend the state against the Union. Jackson secretly contacted the Confederates and tried to get artillery for his militia. Jackson knew the most important resource in the state was the federal arsenal at St. Louis. There was only a small detachment of Union soldiers that guarded the arsenal and were under the command of Captain Lyon. But quietly, Lyon had sent almost all the gunpowder and weapons to safety in Illinois. Also, the United States Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had sent a letter to Lyon authorizing him to raise more companies of Union soldiers. On May 6, Jackson sent his militia to camp near St. Louis in order to provoke the Union soldiers and perhaps secure their arms for his militia. However, on May 10, Lyon marched some 6,500 Union troops to surround the militia and arrest all of them. Following the Camp Jackson Affair, Lyon was promoted to Brigadier general and took charge of all Union forces in the state. On June 13, 1861, after failed negotiations with Governor Jackson, Lyon quickly moved his army to attack the pro-confederate forces at Jefferson City, Missouri, the state capital. He moved quickly enough to catch them unprepared. On June 15, the Army of the West occupied Jefferson City. Lyon installed a pro-Union government after Jackson and most of his militia retreated to the southwest corner of Missouri. Lyon moved his army to go after the rebels. On June 17, both sides fought the Battle of Boonville which lasted only about 30 minutes. The Union forces completely routed the pro-confederates. Jackson observed the battle and retreated with the militia. Battle of Carthage. Jackson and approximately 4,000 of his untrained and poorly armed militia fled to Carthage, Missouri. In order to find Jackson and his militia, Lyon had split his forces. He sent Colonel Franz Sigel with about 1,000 soldiers into southwest Missouri to search for Jackson. On July 4 Jackson learned that Sigel was camped at Carthage. The next day Jackson led his militia to attack the smaller Union force. The battle line was about ten miles south of Carthage. He waited for Sigel to attack him. Sigel, in turn, opened the battle with artillery fire. He then attacked the militia. However, after seeing a large Confederate force moving around him on his left flank, he moved back to prevent being surrounded. He did not know the force to his left were mainly unarmed militia. Sigel fought a successful rearguard action as his small army fell back to Carthage. He then retreated to Sarcoxie, Missouri. The battle had little meaning but it encouraged the pro-Confederates in Missouri with news of their first victory. Jackson was the only sitting governor to have commanded troops in a battle. Death. After the battle, Jackson, assuming he still had his powers as governor, called together a rump legislature at Neosho, Missouri. He called for session on October 28, 1861 and, although deposed, officially claimed Missouri to have joined the Confederacy in November 1861. He was given the rank of Brigadier general in the Confederate Army. But he soon resigned due to failing health. On December 6, 1862, Jackson died in Little Rock, Arkansas from stomach cancer. He is buried at Arrow Rock, Missouri in the Sappington family cemetery. Franklin, Missouri Franklin is a city in Howard County, Missouri, United States. It is located along the Missouri River. Part of a rural area, the population was 95 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. As the starting point of the Santa Fe Trail, the community played a major part in the westward expansion of the United States. History. The town of Franklin was founded in 1816 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. William Becknell, known as the "Father of the Santa Fe Trail" lived on a farm a few miles northwest of Franklin. There was a spring near Becknell's property, Boone Lick Spring. The spring and its salt water attracted people from St. Louis and points east. They came to distill the water for its salt. They came so often that they created a trail, calling it the Boonslick Road. The Boone refers to Nathan and Daniel Morgan Boone, sons of Daniel Boone. The two brothers first operated the saltlick business. Geography. Franklin is located at (39.011316, -92.753747). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the census of 2010, there were 95 people, 42 households, and 26 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 52 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.9% White and 1.1% African-American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population. There were 42 households of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.1% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 47.1 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 36.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.7% male and 46.3% female. 2000 census. As of the census of 2000, there were 112 people, 47 households, and 28 families residing in the city. The population density was 490.1 people per square mile (188.0/km²). There were 53 housing units at an average density of 231.9 per square mile (89.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city White and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population. There were 47 households out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 32.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,542. The median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,104. There were 16.7% of families and 20.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 39.3% of under eighteens and 37.5% of those over 64. Fleming County, Kentucky Fleming County is a county located in the state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,348. Its county seat is Flemingsburg. The county was formed in 1798 and named for Colonel John Fleming, an Indian-fighter and early settler. It's a prohibition or dry county, which means drinks with alcohol are not sold there. In 1998, the Kentucky General Assembly designated Fleming County as the Covered Bridge Capital of Kentucky. History. Fleming County was established in 1798 from land given by Mason County, Kentucky. The first courthouse, possibly built of logs, was replaced in 1830 and again in 1952. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.8%) is water. Demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,792 people, 5,367 households, and 3,966 families residing in the county. The population density was 39 people per square mile (15/km²). There were 6,120 housing units at an average density of 17 per square mile (7/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.33% White, 1.41% Black or African-American, 0.14% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. 0.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 5,367 households out of which 34.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Of these, 60.30% were married couples living together, 9.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.10% were non-families. Approximately 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.99. In the county the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males. The median income for a household in the county was $27,990, and the median income for a family was $33,300. Males had a median income of $26,463 versus $19,895 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,214. About 14.80% of families and 18.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.90% of those under age 18 and 20.10% of those age 65 or over. Missouri House of Representatives The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly. It has 163 members, representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents. Members of the House are elected for a two-year term during general elections held in even-numbered years. In 1992 Missouri approved a constitutional amendment providing term limits (before this there were no limits). No Representative may serve more than eight years in the House. Each candidate for the office must be at least twenty-four years old, a qualified registered voter in the state for at least two years, and a resident of his or her district for at least one year. Missouri's house is the fourth largest in the United States although the state ranks 18th in population. Legislation was introduced in 2011 to cut its size to 103 members in 2020. States with larger legislatures in the United States are New Hampshire (400), Pennsylvania (203) and Georgia (180). Term Limits. In 1992 Missouri voters approved a constitutional amendment placing term limits on the Missouri House of Representatives. A Representative can serve no more than four two-year terms in the house (a total of eight years). The first time term limits prevented someone from running again was in 2002. Salary. As of March 2008, members of the Missouri House of Representatives receive an annual salary of $35,915.44. Adriana Lecouvreur Adriana Lecouvreur is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Francesco Cilea and libretto by Arturo Colautti, after Eugène Scribe and Ernest Legouvé's play "Adrienne Lecouvreur". It was first performed in Milan, on November 6, 1902. By far Cilea's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed. Bremgarten bei Bern Bremgarten bei Bern is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Brenzikofen Brenzikofen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Franz Sigel Franz Sigel (November 18, 1824 – August 21, 1902) was a German military officer, revolutionist and immigrant to the United States. In the US he was a teacher, newspaperman, politician, and served as a Union Major general in the American Civil War. His ability to recruit German-speaking immigrants to the Union armies got him the approval of President Abraham Lincoln. But he was strongly disliked by General-in-Chief Henry Halleck and rated overall as a poor leader. Early life. Sigel was born in Sinsheim, Baden (Germany). He attended the gymnasium in Bruchsal. He graduated from Karlsruhe Military Academy in 1843, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Baden Army. In 1848 he was a part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. When the revolution failed he fled, eventually immigrating to New York City. There he worked at a number of different jobs. These include a teacher, musician, surveyor and the owner of a cigar store. In 1854 Sigel married Elsie Dulon. Together they had five children. In 1857 he moved to St Louis, Missouri where he was one of the founders of a monthly magazine. He was the superintendent at the German Institute and joined the Republican Party. He attracted German immigrants to the Republican party because of their strong anti-slavery sentiment. Civil War. At the start of the Civil War, Sigel volunteered to support Abraham Lincoln and the Union cause. Because of his military experience, he was given command of the Third Missouri Infantry. He recruited many German-Americans to the Union cause with the slogan, "I goes to fight mit Sigel." His commission as Colonel held a date of rank of May 4, 1861. Because he was a key figure in recruiting immigrants to the Union army, President Lincoln had him promoted to Brigadier general two weeks later. In the meanwhile, he was attached to Brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon's Union Army of the West. Sigel and his soldiers helped put down a riot the St. Louis area. The incident was known as the Camp Jackson Affair. He led a Flanking maneuver at Battle of Wilson's Creek, surprising and attacking the Confederate forces from their rear while Lyon attacked them from the front. On March 8, 1862, at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Sigel commanded two division (military)s in the victory against Major General Earl Van Dorn (CSA). Sigel was promoted to major general after the battle of Pea Ridge. He served as a division commander in the Shenandoah Valley and fought unsuccessfully against Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. He commanded a Union corps at the Second Battle of Bull Run.Here he was wounded in the hand. In early 1863, Sigel lobbied the War Department for more troops. But his requests were refused. In early 1864 he was given command of the Army of West Virginia. In 1864 his army was defeated in the Battle of New Market. This loss and his failure to prevent Confederate attacks in Northern Virginia led to his removal from command. Although he remained in the army until May 1865, he was not given another command. Career after the Civil War. Sigel resigned his commission on May 4, 1865. He worked as editor of the "Baltimore Wecker" for a short time. He was then a newspaper editor in New York City. He filled a variety of political positions there, both as a Democrat and a Republican. In 1869, he ran on the Republican ticket for Secretary of State of New York. He lost to the incumbent Democrat Homer Augustus Nelson. In May 1871 he became collector of internal revenue, and then in October 1871 register of the city. In 1887, President Grover Cleveland appointed him pension agent for the city of New York. He also lectured, worked in advertising and published the "New York Monthly", a German-American magazine, for some years. Franz Sigel died in New York in 1902 and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Deaths in June 2016 The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable. Mohamed Abdelaziz Mohamed Abdelaziz (; 17 August 1947 – 31 May 2016) was the 3rd Secretary General of the Polisario Front and President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1976 until his death in 2016. Abdelaziz died on 31 May 2016 from lung cancer, aged 68. Jan Crouch Janice Wendell Bethany "Jan" Crouch (March 14, 1938 – May 31, 2016) was an American religious broadcaster. Along with her husband Paul, she co-founded the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). Crouch suffered a massive stroke on May 25, 2016 and was hospitalized. She died in Orlando, Florida on May 31, 2016 from complications of the stroke, aged 78. Kazimierz Barburski Kazimierz Zygfryd Barburski (7 August 1942 – 26 May 2016) was a Polish fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Łódź, Poland. Barburski died on 26 May 2016 in Poland, aged 73. Traveland RV Storm The Traveland RV Storm are a Canadian junior ice hockey team that began playing in 1993. They currently play in the Prairie Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Pilot Butte, Saskatchewan. The Storm won the league in 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012 and made the finals every year from 2006 to 2015. Season-by-season record. "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against" South Sask Junior Hockey League (2001–2006). "* Note: Some statistics are unknown for seasons in the SSJHL" T. Marshall Hahn Thomas Marshall Hahn, Jr. (December 2, 1926 – May 29, 2016) was an American educator. He served as President of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1962 to 1974. He was also Director of Georgia Pacific from 1983 to 1993. Hahn died on May 29, 2016 in Blacksburg, Virginia, aged 89. G. V. Loganathan Gobichettipalayam Vasudevan "G. V." Loganathan (April 8, 1954 – April 16, 2007) was an Indian-born American professor. He was a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental engineering, part of the College of Engineering at Virginia Tech, United States. He was born in Karatadipalayam, Gobichettipalayam. At age 53, Loganathan was among the 32 people killed in the Virginia Tech shootings on April 16, 2007. Loganathan taught an Advanced Hydrology class in Norris Hall's Room 206. On April 16, 2007, Cho entered Norris 206 and opened fire. Loganathan was Cho's first target. Liviu Librescu Liviu Librescu (; ; August 18, 1930 – April 16, 2007) was a Romanian-born Israeli and American scientist and engineer. He was a professor whose major research fields were aeroelasticity and aerodynamics. He was born in Ploiești, Romania. He was Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech. He was a known academic in addition to being a survivor of the Holocaust, he was most widely known for his heroic actions during the Virginia Tech shootings, in which he held off the gunman, giving all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows. Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was awarded the "Order of the Star of Romania", Romania's highest civilian honor. Kenne Fant Kenne Fant (born Carl-Henrik Fant; 1 January 1923 – 30 May 2016) was a Swedish actor, director and writer. He was born in Strängnäs. He was known for his roles as Göran Thome "The Most Beautiful on the Earth" (1948) and as Arne in "Prison" (1949). He directed the movie "Adventures of Nils Holgersson" (1962). Fant died on 30 May 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 93. Rupert Neudeck Rupert Neudeck (14 May 1939 – 31 May 2016) was a German journalist and humanitarian. Neudeck, together with a group of friends, formed the committee "A ship for Vietnam" and chartered for the rescue mission the freighter "Cap Anamur". He did humanitarian work in this project that aids refugees. He also founded "Grünhelme e.V." (Green Helmets; voluntary association) for rebuilding schools, villages, and ambulances in destroyed regions. Neudeck died on 31 May 2016 in Germany, from complications after heart surgery, aged 77. Wiltz Wiltz () is a commune with city status in north-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Wiltz. Wiltz is situated along the sides of the river Wiltz. History. During World War II, Luxembourg was occupied 10 May 1940 (the first day of the Battle of France). On 31 August 1942, a general strike began in Wiltz that spread throughout the country. On 1 January 2015, Wiltz absorbed the neighboring commune of Eschweiler. Geography. The "commune" is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area. It has an area of . The altitude is high. At the castle, the altitude is high. Wiltz is surrounded by six "communes": Wincrange to the north and northwest, Clervaux to the northeast, Kiischpelt to the east, Goesdorf to the southeast, Lac de la Haute-Sûre to the south and southwest, and Winseler to the west. Population. There were 6,730 persons living in the "commune" in January 2016, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Other towns, besides the town of Wiltz, within the "commune" are Roullingen and Weidingen. Evolution of the population in Wiltz Places of interest. One of the main features of the town is Wiltz Castle (, German: "Schloss Wiltz", ) which belonged to the former Counts of Wiltz. This castle, which is situated on of lawns and gardens, contains hundreds of rooms. It was completed in 1727, and the final Count died in 1793. Twin towns. Wiltz is twinned withː David Tod Roy David Tod Roy (; 1933 – May 31, 2016) was an American professor and scholar of Chinese literature. He taught at University of Chicago from 1967 until he took early retirement in 2006. He was known for his translation of Jin Ping Mei, or "The Plum in the Golden Vase", one of the Four Great Novels of the Ming dynasty. It was the first complete translation into a Western language. He was diagnosed with ALS (often known as Lou Gehrig's disease) just as he had finished the translation in 2012 and died of that disease in 2016. Carla Lane Carla Lane (1928 – 31 May 2016) was an English television writer. She wrote many sitcoms, including "The Liver Birds" (co-creator, 1969–78), "Butterflies" (1978–82), and "Bread" (1986–91). Tom Lysiak Thomas James Lysiak (April 22, 1953 – May 30, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was selected as the second overall pick in round 1 of the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft by the Atlanta Flames, and was selected by the Houston Aeros in round 2 of the 1973 WHA Amateur Draft (23rd overall). In each of his last two seasons at Medicine Hat, Lysiak was awarded the Bob Clarke Trophy as the Western Canada Hockey League's leading scorer (with a total of 297 points in 135 games). Lysiak died of leukemia in Roswell, Georgia on May 30, 2016 at age 63. Albinen Albinen is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Brienz Brienz is a municipality of the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is on the northern shore of Lake Brienz. Brienzwiler Brienzwiler is a municipality in Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Agonist An agonist is a type of chemical known as a ligand. It binds to a receptor. It activates (switches on) the receptor to produce a response. An agonist causes an action. There are also antagonists which block the action of the agonists, and there are inverse agonists which cause an action opposite to that of the agonist. This is typical of the systems which regulate the body. Being able to control activity is the basis of homeostasis. Types of agonists. Receptors can be activated by either endogenous or exogenous agonists. Both types result in a biological response. Endogenous agonists include hormones and neurotransmitters. Exogenous agonists include drugs. A substance which causes the same bodily responses, but does "not" bind to the same receptor is called a physiological agonist. Centovalli, Ticino Centovalli is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli Line (formation) The line formation is a standard tactical formation which was used by infantry in early modern warfare. It continued the phalanx formation or shield wall of infantry armed with polearms in use during antiquity and the Middle Ages. The line formation used soldiers standing or moving side by side forming a line. Frederick the Great. The line formation provided the best front for volley fire. However the line could not change direction easily and was open to attack by cavalry. Frederick the Great used the line formation, or “march by lines” as a part of his oblique order to fix this problem. The other part of the oblique order was the “attack in echelon” (change to column formation and angle slightly towards the enemy). This way his line of soldiers, usually two ranks deep, could easily change the direction they faced. 17th century line formation. An infantry battalion would form "in line" by placing troops in several ranks. They could range in number from two to five, with two or three being the most common. During the 17th century lines thinned out and became longer. Using this line formation required greater discipline since the two opposing armies were often only apart. American Civil War. During the American Civil War the standard formation for both attacking and defending was the line formation. The line allowed the maximum number of soldiers to fire their weapons without hitting their own men. The line formation worked best in open fields. The line could not move well in wooded areas or in rough terrain. Both sides were still using tactics that were used in the American Revolutionary War. During earlier wars including the Napoleonic Wars, single-shot smoothbore muskets were used with fixed bayonets. A line would advance to about from the enemy line and fire in volley (all at the same time). Muskets were not very accurate and by all firing at the same time they were more likely to hit enemy soldiers. After firing their one shot the soldiers would all move the line forward for a bayonet charge. The new weapons in use at the beginning of the war made the older tactic unnecessary. Newer rifles and rifle muskets were now available that could allow the defenders to start firing at to yards away. The development of the Minié ball (bullet) also increased the accuracy of rifles at longer ranges. Modern warfare. A loose line formation is also used by many modern forces during assaults. It allows the use of maximum firepower to concentrate in one direction at once. This is useful when attacking an enemy position. It also enables the use of fire and movement. Brügg Brügg is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Brüttelen Brüttelen () is a municipality in the administrative district Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. David McNiven Garner David McNiven Garner (26 November 1928 – 13 May 2016), was a New Zealand oceanographer. He worked as a published research physicist. He worked with a focus in physical oceanography and ocean circulation. In 1962, he founded the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (today known as National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), then located in Hobson Street, Wellington, New Zealand. Erika Berger Erika Berger (August 13, 1939 – May 15, 2016) was a German television presenter and author. She was born in Munich, Germany. Berger worked as television presenter on German television broadcaster RTL. As writer, she wrote several books over sexuality. Berger has two children. Berger died in Cologne, Germany on May 15, 2016, aged 76. Marion Lambert Baroness Marion Lambert (Maron von Vries; 1943 – 28 May 2016) was a Belgian-born Swiss art collector and philanthropist. She was the wife of Baron Philippe Lambert of the Bank Brussels Lambert banking dynasty. She was described as "one of the first collectors and patrons of contemporary photography". In a November 2004, she sold her entire collection of about 300 photographs mostly from the 1980s, entitled "Veronica's Revenge", at Phillips de Pury in Chelsea, New York for a total of $9.2 million. On 24 May 2016, Lambert was hit by a bus on route 73 near Bond Street tube station in London. She died from head injuries on 28 May 2016, aged 73. Bob Williams (quarterback) Robert "Bob" Allen Williams (January 2, 1930 – May 26, 2016) was an American football quarterback in the National Football League. He was born in Cumberland, Maryland. Williams played for the Chicago Bears from 1951 through 1952 and again in 1955. During his college years, he played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish team. Williams was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988. Williams died on May 26, 2016 at a retirement home in Timonium, Maryland from Parkinson's disease, aged 86. Razak Khan Razak (or Razzak Khan) (1953/1954 – 1 June 2016) was an Indian movie and television actor who was in Bollywood movies. He was known for his roles in "Baadshah", "Hello Brother" and in "Akhiyon Se Goli Maare". Khan died of a heart attack at his home in Bandra, Maharashtra on 1 June 2016, aged 62. Missouri Senate The Missouri Senate is the upper house of the Missouri General Assembly. It has 34 members, representing districts with an average population of 174,000. Its members serve four-year terms, with half the seats being up for election every two years. Composition. After the 2014 elections, the party representation in the Senate was: Missouri General Assembly The Missouri General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Missouri. The bicameral General Assembly is made up of a 32-member Senate, and a 163-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses of the General Assembly are subject to term limits. Senators are limited to two four-year terms. Representatives are limited to four two-year terms. This is a total of 8 years for members of both houses. The General Assembly meets at the State Capitol in Jefferson City. Qualifications. Members of the House of Representatives must be 24 years of age to be elected. Representatives also must be a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district they are to represent for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years. They must be a resident of the area they are to represent for one year prior to their election. Sessions and quorum. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Constitution of Missouri, the General Assembly must convene (meet) on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may call the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special message may be considered. The President Pro Tem and the Speaker may convene a 30-day special session upon petition of three-fourths of the members of each chamber. Neither the House nor Senate, without the consent of the other chamber, adjourn for more than ten days at any one time. They may not be called to any other place than that in which the two houses may be sitting. As a part-time legislature, compensation is low with the General Assembly. Most senators and representatives hold jobs outside their legislative duties. Law makers are paid $35,915 per legislative year and receive $104 per day in expenses. They also receive full health benefits Monteceneri Monteceneri is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 21 November 2010, when the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri. Howard County, Missouri Howard County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. Its southern border is the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,144. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was organized January 23, 1816 and named for Benjamin Howard, the first Governor of the Missouri Territory. History. Howard County was settled mainly from the upper Southern states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them and grew hemp and tobacco. Howard was one of several counties settled mainly by Southerners along the Missouri River in the center of the state. Because of this, this area became known as Little Dixie, and Howard County was at its heart. Following the 1848 revolutions in germany, many German immigrants also came to this region. Because of the reliance on slave labor, by 1860 African American slaves made up at least 25 percent of the county's population. Many Howard County residents supported the Confederacy during the Civil War. After the end of Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws and racial segregation were enforced in the county. Five African Americans were lynched in Howard County between 1891 and 1914. These were Olli Truxton, Frank Embree, Thomas Hayden, Arthur McNeal, and Dallas Shields. The county continued to be developed for agriculture and is still mostly rural. However, Howard has lost population since reaching its peak in 1900. The mechanization of farming reduced the demand for labor, and many people left for jobs in the cities. In 2000 African-Americans in the county had declined to less than 7 percent of the total. Nearly one-third of the residents now identify themselves as of German ancestry. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.6%) is water. Demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,212 people, 3,836 households, and 2,631 families residing in the county. The population density was 22 people per square mile (8/km²). There were 4,346 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 91.13% White, 6.84% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Approximately 0.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 32.4% were of German, 16.1% American, 8.9% English and 8.3% Irish ancestry. There were 3,836 households out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.30% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.40% were non-families. 27.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county the population was spread out with 24.00% under the age of 18, 13.30% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 21.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.40 males. The median income for a household in the county was $31,614, and the median income for a family was $40,167. Males had a median income of $26,369 versus $19,950 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,198. About 7.50% of families and 11.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.70% of those under age 18 and 14.40% of those age 65 or over. Fayette, Missouri Fayette is a city in Howard County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,688 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Howard County. Fayette is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan statistical area. History. Fayette was made county seat in 1823. It was named for Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who at the time was soon expected to pay a visit to the United States from France. It was incorporated in 1855. The original Town of Fayette was first settled by Hiram Fugate and Hickerson Burnham. Each one gave 25 s of land for the location of the county seat. The town was surveyed and laid out in 1823 by Judge Alfred W. Morrison. He later became the sheriff and county judge. The original town layout formed a rectangle, about three blocks wide and seven blocks long with a public "square" in the center. It was divided into 150 s, with numbering beginning at the southeast corner of the square. The four major streets bordered the square originally were named "First Main" (east side), "Second Main" (west side), "First Main Cross" (south side) and "Second Main Cross" (north side). In 1900, because of the confusion, the street names were changed to "Main", "Church", "Morrison", and "Davis", respectively. It should be noted that the Fayette Square configuration is an example of the "Shelbyville Square", so called from its prototype in Shelbyville, Tennessee. This plan included a central courthouse and used the block of the grid plan to lay out the streets. The Shelbyville plan and other central courthouse plans were widely adopted in Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri. "The Shelbyville Square quickly became the most frequent county seat plan in new counties in most states." The Shelbyville pattern became less popular 1900. Geography. Fayette is located at (39.145468, -92.686126). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,688 people, 949 households, and 509 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,097 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 13.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population. There were 949 households of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them. married couples living together made up 36.9% , 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.4% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the city was 26.1 years. 16.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 32% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.9% were from 25 to 44; 19.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. 2000 census. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,793 people, 976 households, and 578 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,253.6 people per square mile (483.6/km²). There were 1,133 housing units at an average density of 508.5 per square mile (196.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.16% White, 18.33% African-American, 0.47% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population. There were 976 households out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In all 41.4% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were individuals and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.79. In the city the population was spread out with 17.9% under the age of 18, 28.2% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,276, and the median income for a family was $35,694. Males had a median income of $27,768 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,451. About 9.1% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over. Education. Fayette is home to Central Methodist University, a private 4-year accredited university. It was also home to the now-defunct Howard-Payne Junior College. In its public school system, Fayette has one elementary school (L. J. Daly), one middle school (W. N. Clark) and one high school (Fayette). Interrupt An interrupt is when a microprocessor does something that it is not told to do because of things that happen outside what the program is supposed to do. Interrupts happen most often because the processor gets a signal from hardware, but they can also come from software that is running along with the program. Among the many things can cause interrupts are pressing keys on a keyboard, the built-in timer going off, a data transfer taking place, or any other event that needs an action from the processor right away. Interrupts can happen at any time while the processor is running a program, no matter where in the program's source code it is. How interrupts work. A hardware or software call for an interrupt (known as an "interrupt request", or IRQ) is taken care of by an "interrupt handler" or "interrupt service routine" (ISR) in the processor. It puts what is it doing at the time onto a stack and then follows certain instructions that does a given task on behalf of the system, which does not have to be part of the program it does. Once it is done following the instructions, the ISR then takes back what it put on the stack and continues with what it was doing before the interrupt happened. Many interrupt controllers from today's processors use an interrupt vector to sort interrupts based on where it came from, among other ways. The vector typically contains the code that has to be run when the interrupt happens. ISRs are generally responsible for dealing with, or "servicing", the interrupt, along with keeping itself in working order. Chandrasekhar limit The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. Building on work by others, the Indian physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar worked on the calculation. He published series of papers between 1931 and 1935. The Chandrasekhar limit is about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is not enough to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. Then, white dwarfs with masses over the limit would gravitationally collapse into a neutron star or black hole. However, white dwarfs usually explode before they undergo collapse. Those with masses under the limit remain stable as white dwarfs. Marianne Gaba Marianne Gaba (November 13, 1939 – May 3, 2016) was an American model, actress and beauty queen. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was Miss Illinois USA 1957 and "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its September 1959 issue. She was known for her roles as Liz in "The Choppers" (1961), as Animal in "How to Stuff a Wild Bikini" (1965) and as Robot in "Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine" (1965). Gaba died on May 3, 2016 from brain cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 76. Vianden Vianden () is a commune with city status in north-eastern Luxembourg, capital of the canton Vianden. History. The name of the town of Vianden is derived from the Gallic word vien which means "rocky". Already in the year 1256, Vianden is cited as a city, but it is only since 1308 that legally holds the title of city. Geography. The "commune" is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area. Vianden is in the valley of the river Our, a tributary of the Sauer river, near the border between Luxembourg and Germany. It has an area of . The altitude is high. At the church, the altitude is high. Vianden is surrounded by two "communes" of Luxembourg: Tandel to the south and west; and Putscheid to the northwest. To the north, west and southwest, Vianden borders with four municipalities of the Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm district of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinateː Waldhof-Falkenstein and Bauler to the north, Körperich to the east and Roth an der Our to the southeast. Population. There were 2,008 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in Vianden Places of interest. Some historic buildings in the "commune" areː Twin towns. Vianden is twinned withː Roger Enrico Roger Enrico (November 11, 1944 – June 1, 2016) was an American businessman. He was born in Chisholm, Minnesota. He was known for being the Chairman of PepsiCo from 1996 to 2001 and Chairman of DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc from 2004 to 2012. He served on the Board of Directors of the National Geographic Society, the Environmental Defense Fund, the Solar Electric Light Fund, and the American Film Institute. Enrico died of a heart attack while snorkeling at his private Cayman Islands home on June 1, 2016, aged 71. Corry Brokken Cornelia Maria "Corry" Brokken (3 December 1932 – 2 June 2016) was a Dutch singer and TV presenter. She was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1957 for her song "Net als toen". She was known for her songs "Snip en Snap", "Voorgoed voorbij" and "Heel de wereld". She presented the Eurovision Song Contest in 1976. After her singing career she studied law at Utrecht University in the 1970s. Afterwards she was a lawyer and later on a judge. Brokken died on 2 June 2016 in Laren, Netherlands at the age of 83. Yevhen Lemeshko Yevhen Lemeshko (; 11 December 1929 – 2 June 2016) was a Ukrainian football coach. He was born in Mykolaiv. He was chairman of the Council of Veteran Footballers. He started his football career as a player for FC Dynamo Kyiv, but due to an injury he continued his football career as a coach. In 1956 Lemeshko played couple of games for the Ukraine at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR. In 1980 he became a Merited Coach of Ukraine. Lemeshko died on 2 June 2016 in Kiev, Ukraine from a stroke, aged 86. Boyce F. Martin Jr. Boyce Ficklen Martin, Jr. (October 23, 1935 – June 1, 2016) was an American judge. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He was appointed by Jimmy Carter in 1979. Martin served as Chief Judge of the circuit from 1996 to 2003. He wrote more than 1100 opinions during his 34-year career. Martin, Jr. died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky from brain cancer on June 1, 2016, aged 80. Andrzej Niemczyk Andrzej Niemczyk (16 January 1944 – 2 June 2016) was a Polish volleyball player and coach. He was the coach of the Poland women's national volleyball team that competed at the 2005 Women's European Volleyball Championship. He was born in Łódź. Niemczyk died in Warsaw, Poland from cancer on 2 June 2016, aged 72. Tom Kibble Sir Thomas Walter Bannerman "Tom" Kibble (23 December 1932 – 2 June 2016), was a British theoretical physicist, senior research investigator at The Blackett Laboratory, at Imperial College London, UK and Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College. He was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to physics. His research interests were in quantum field theory (the quantum theory of elementary particles) and in the connections between high-energy particle physics and cosmology (the study of the physical universe). He is best known as one of the first to describe the Higgs mechanism (explaining how some but not all elementary particles have mass), and for his research on topological defects (roughly - points, lines or surfaces in space where there is a jump). From the 1950s he was concerned about the nuclear arms race and from 1970 took leading roles in promoting the social responsibility of the scientist. Early life and education. Kibble was born in Madras, India, and was the grandson of William Bannerman, an officer in the Indian Medical Service, and the author Helen Bannerman. He was educated at Doveton Corrie School in Madras and then in Edinburgh, Scotland, at Melville College and at the University of Edinburgh. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a BSc in 1955, MA in 1956 and a PhD in 1958. Kibble was married to Anne Allan from 1957 until her death in 2005. They had three children. Career. Kibble worked on symmetry breaking (simple example - a ball at the top of a hill might roll down in any direction), phase transitions (simple example - water turning to ice as it freezes) and topological defects (roughly - points, lines or surfaces in space where there is a jump). He is most noted for his co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism (explaining how some but not all elementary particles have mass) and prediction of the Higgs boson (a massive particle central to the Higgs mechanism) with Gerald Guralnik and C. R. Hagen (GHK). As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal recognized this discovery as one of the milestone papers in PRL history. For this discovery Prof. Kibble was awarded the American Physical Society's 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics. While widely considered to have authored the most complete of the early papers on the Higgs theory, GHK were controversially not included in the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2014, Nobel Laureate Peter Higgs expressed disappointment that Kibble had not been chosen to share the Nobel Prize with François Englert and himself. Kibble pioneered the study of the formation of topological defects in the very early times of the existence of the universe. An influential model of defect formation across a certain kind of phase transition is known as the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. His paper on cosmic strings (line defects of space on a cosmic scale) introduced the idea into modern cosmology. He was one of the two co-chairs of a research programme funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF) on Cosmology in the Laboratory (COSLAB) which ran from 2001 to 2005. He was previously the coordinator of an ESF Network on Topological Defects in Particle Physics, Condensed Matter & Cosmology (TOPDEF). These programmes studied the analogies between topological defects in the early universe and similar structural defects in liquids and solids, which may be studied in the laboratory. (For a simple example of a network of laboratory topological defects, consider the boundaries between the many small, misaligned crystallites in a metal.) In 1966 Kibble published a textbook, "Classical Mechanics", which is still in print (as of 2016), now in its 5th edition and co-authored with Frank Berkshire. Recognition. Kibble was a Fellow of the Royal Society (1980), of the Institute of Physics (1991), and of Imperial College London (2009). He was also a member of the American Physical Society (1958), the European Physical Society (1975) and the Academia Europaea (2000). In 2008, Kibble was named an Outstanding Referee by the American Physical Society. In addition to the Sakurai Prize, Kibble has been awarded the Hughes Medal (1981) of the Royal Society, the Rutherford (1984) and Guthrie Medals (1993) of the Institute of Physics, the Dirac Medal (2013), the Albert Einstein Medal (2014) and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2014). He was awarded a CBE in the 1998 Birthday Honours and was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to physics. Social responsibility of scientists. In the 1950s and 1960s, Kibble became concerned about the nuclear arms race and from 1970 he took leading roles in several organisations promoting the social responsibility of the scientist. In the period 1970-1977 he was a national committee member, then treasurer, then chair of the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science; from 1976 he was a trustee of the Science and Society Trust; from 1981 to 1991 he was a national coordinating committee member, then vice-chair, then chair of Scientists against Nuclear Arms; he was a sponsor of Scientists for Global Responsibility; and from 1988 he was chair, and later a trustee, of the Martin Ryle Trust. He was chair of the organising committee of the Second International Scientists' Congress, held at Imperial College in 1988, and was a co-editor of the proceedings. Monstercat Monstercat (also known as Monstercat Media) is a Canadian-based independent electronic dance music (EDM) record label in Vancouver, British Columbia. Monstercat was formed in July 2005 by Mike Darlington CEO, and Ari Paunonen, COO. The label signs artists on a non-exclusive single-track basis, allowing artists to freely move between other labels and brands. Monstercat follows a simple release schedule, where new music is released three times a week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, in addition to an hour-long podcast that is live streamed every Tuesday on their Twitch account, known as "Call Of The Wild". Once Monstercat has released thirty tracks consecutively, a new compilation album is created containing these tracks and two continuous mixes of the album. At several points in time, Monstercat has released a track outside of their regular release schedule for various reasons. History. In July 2005, Monstercat's current CEO - Mike Darlington - along with Ari Pauonen, Monstercat's current COO, created the Monstercat YouTube channel as a way for their friends to promote themselves and share music with each other. The two created compilation albums to provide artists with an easy method of releasing their music, as well as lessening the competitiveness between the artists. Monstercat's first compilation album, Launch Week, featured seven artists: Feint, Halo Nova (currently Varien / Koinu), Stephen Walking, Ephixa, Neilio, Arion and Going Quantum. Krewella Signs. In December 2005, Monstercat signed the very notable musical group Krewella, an American electronic dance music duo (at the time, a trio) from Chicago, Illinois. "Killin' It" was Krewella's first original song released by a label. Monstercat promoted Krewella using many social media campaigns and partnered with many EDM YouTube promotional channels for a larger platform. 2014 - 2017. During the first few months of 2014, Monstercat partnered with the electric family in aid of the Humane Society of Canada. In December 2014, Monstercat launched a 24-hour digital radio station, hosted on Twitch. Monstercat continued to release compilation albums containing thirty songs and two mixes each until 2017. 2018 - Present. Near the beginning of 2018, Monstercat announced that it would seperate into two brands: Monstercat Uncaged and Monstercat Instinct. Artists. Current Roster. The following is a list of all the artists that are on Monstercat's current roster. Please note that not all artists who've released with Monstercat are necessarily supposed to be on this list. Former Artists. The following is a list of artists who previously released music with Monstercat. Acquarossa Acquarossa is the capital of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Acquarossa was created on 4 April 2004, when the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco merged to form the new municipality of Acquarossa. Buchholterberg Buchholterberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in canton of Berne in Switzerland. Büetigen Büetigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Erstfeld Erstfeld is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 3,000 people live in Erstfeld. Its area is . Flüelen Flüelen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Flüelen and it has an area of . Maratha dynasty Chhatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj was the greatest ruler of the Maratha Empire. After Shivaji's death in 1680,the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb killed Shivaji's son Shambhaji and captured Shamabaji's infant son Shahu. Aurangazeb's successors released Shahu who occupied the Maratha throne. The Peshwa is a (Prime minister) helped him rule his empire. Gradually, Peshwa became the real ruler of Marathas and his post became hereditary. During Shahu's reign Satara was the Maratha capital. After his death, the capital was shifted to Pune. Under the Peshwas Marathas developed a very successful military campaign. Between 1720 and 1761 the Maratha empire expanded. After raiding Delhi on 1737 the frontiers of Maratha domination expanded into Rajasthan, Punjab, Bengaluru and Odisha. But these military campaigns also made other rulers hostile towards the Marathas and as a result they did not support Marathas in the third battle of Panipat. Büren an der Aare Büren an der Aare ("Bueren on the Aare", ) is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Arni, Bern Arni is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne, Switzerland. Büren zum Hof Büren zum Hof was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Remich Remich () is a commune with city status in south-eastern Luxembourg, capital of the canton Remich. It is called the "Pearl of the Moselle". History. Remich was a Roman settlement called "Remacum". This name changed to the present nameː Remich. On 24 February 1843, Remich was officially made a city together with Luxembourg City, Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Echternach, Wiltz and Vianden. Geography. Remich lies on the left bank of the Moselle river, which forms part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany. The "commune" is the smallest in Luxembourg in area. It has an area of . The altitude is high. Remich is surrounded by three "communes" of Luxembourg: Stadtbredimus to the north, Schengen to the south and Bous to the west. To the northeast, the "commune" borders the Palzem municipality of the Germersheim district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the southeast Perl of the Merzig-Wadern district in the German state of Saarland. Population. There were 3,632 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in Remich Twin towns. Remich is twinned with: Extreme Rules (2016) Extreme Rules (2016) was a wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) made by WWE. The event was held on May 22, 2016. It took place at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. It was the eighth annual Extreme Rules. Eight wrestling matches take place on the event. In the most important match, Roman Reigns beat AJ Styles in a Extreme Rules match to keep his WWE World Heavyweight Championship. The event had mixed evaluations. Critics praised the matches for the Intercontinental Championship and WWE World Heavyweight Championship. However, the rest of the show was not well received. Copa América Centenario The Copa América Centenario (English: Centennial Copa America) was a men's association football tournament that took place from 3 June to 26 June 2016. The tournament was made to celebrate 100 years of the Copa América. It was hosted in the United States for the first time. Chile won the final in penalties over Argentina (which was a repeat of the 2015 Copa América Final). The winner of the tournament will not qualify for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup because Chile already won the 2015 Copa América. Knockout stage. Quarter-finals. <br> Burgdorf, Switzerland Burgdorf () is the largest city in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Bruno Gruszka Bruno Stanisław Gruszka (6 October 1881 - 4 March 1941) was a Polish representative and politician. He worked as a councilman in Radymno. He was born in Skołoszów. He died in prison in Przemyśl. Youth. Gruszka was born in a poor family. He was the only child of Ewa Bartoszewska and Michał Gruszka. He started his education in a middle school in Jarosław. Later he went to the teacher-training college in Tarnów. He studied law at the university in Lviv and Cracow. When he studied, he joined “The Polish People's Party” (, abbreviated to PSL). In 1937 he was arrested and sent to prison in Lviv by peasant strike. (1937) Works. Bruno Gruszka took part in building-up PSL “Piast" (1913-1931). He was also a member of the Executive Board in Cracow and the District Executive Board in Jarosław. In 1922 he was the leader of the Senate committee and created the statute of the parliament. Activity. He was the founder of the Farmers and Craftspeople’s Bank in Radymno and Przemyśl and Włościański Bank in Jarosław. He led The Ropework Association in Radymno. He was the chairman of the Gymnastics Association Sokół. He was the chairman of The Agriculture Association of the Małopolska province in Lviv. Life in Radymno. There is a street named after him. He was buried in the cemetery in Radymno. 7-Eleven 7-Eleven is an international brand of convenience stores that owns around 58,300 stores (as of January 2016) in 17 different countries. The first 7-Eleven is in the city of Dallas. The company that owns it, Seven-Eleven Japan Co., Ltd., is in Tokyo. Seven-Eleven Japan is held by the Seven & I Holdings Co. holding company. Etymologies. The company's first versions were named "Tote'm Stores" because customers "toted" (carried) away their purchases. Some stores had real Alaskan totem poles in front of the store. In 1946, their names were changed to adjust to the new hours of 7:00 am to 11:00 pm. In November 1999, the name of the company was changed from The Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven Inc. History. In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr. Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson thought that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would lower the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which made sure the stores in Dallas were doing it right. In 1928, a Southland executive brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store. The pole served as a marketing tool for the company, as it gained a lot of attention. Soon, executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Inuit-inspired theme for their stores. Later on, the stores began working under the name "Tote'm Stores." In the same year, the company began making gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as a test. Joe Thompson also provided something that could only find at his store, he trained the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store. Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service men. This became a good part in the company's success as a convenience store. In 1931, the Great Depression affected the company, sending it toward losing all of its money. However, the company kept going through re-organization and receivership. A Dallas banker, W.W. Overton Jr., also helped to bring it back by selling the company's bonds for seven cents on the dollar. This brought the company's ownership under the control of a board of directors. In 1946, in an effort to continue the company's post-war recovery, the name of all the stores were changed to 7-Eleven to adjust to the stores' new hours of operation, which were never known at the time. In 1969, 7-Eleven tried to do a 24-hour plan in Austin, Texas, after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer wants. Later on, 24-hour stores were created in Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, as well as Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1971, Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak-A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman, Sr. (1903–1985), of Shreveport, Louisiana. With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California, the company entered the franchise business. The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb-Ko, Inc. of Saginaw, Michigan, which became the first US local area 7-Eleven licensee. In the late 1980s, Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover, prompting the Thompson family to take steps to turn the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer. In December 1987, John Philp Thompson, the chairman and CEO of 7-Eleven, completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company. The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing, the company was required to offer a portion of stock as a motive to invest in the company's bonds. Various things, such as the Chief Auto Parts chain, the ice division, and hundreds of store locations, were sold between 1987 and 1990 to pay off loans that were taken out during the buyout. This also meant that in numerous big cities losing 7-Eleven stores to other brands wanting the business as well. In October 1990, the Southland Corp., who owned money, filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to pass on control of 70% of the company to Japanese ally Ito-Yokado. Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991, after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito-Yokado and Seven-Eleven Japan. These two Japanese units now controlled 70% of the company, with the founding Thompson family keeping 5%. In 1999, Southland Corp. changed its name to 7-Eleven, Inc., citing the selling of operations other than 7-Eleven. Ito-Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7-Eleven became its branch in 2005. In 2007, Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations, with an additional 1,000 7-Eleven stores in the United States. For the 2010 rankings, 7-Eleven climbed to the Number 3 spot in "Entrepreneur" Magazine's 31st Annual Franchise 500, "the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world." This was the 17th year 7-Eleven was named in the top 10. Also in 2010, the first "green" 7-Eleven store opened in DeLand, Florida. The store features U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) elements. Also, the environmentally-friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs. That same year, 7-Eleven went mobile with the launch of the known Slurpee drink's iPhone and Android Application (App). The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7-Eleven stores and gives driving directions. The following year, 7-Eleven celebrated its 40,000th store opening and within two years of that goal opened its 50,000th store. Products and services. 7-Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee drinks, a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1967, and Big Gulp beverages, introduced in 1976. Other products include: 7-Select private-brand products, coffee, fresh-made daily sandwiches, salads and bakery items, hot and prepared foods, gasoline, dairy products, carbonated beverages and energy drinks, juices, financial services and product delivery services. Global. Asia. Mainland China. 7-Eleven opened its first store in Mainland China in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1992 and then later expanded to Beijing in 2004, Chengdu and Shanghai in 2011, Qingdao in 2012, and Chongqing in 2013. In Mainland China's 7-Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered, the Chinese name (sīlèbīng) is used. They also offer a lot of warm food, with items like steamed buns, and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri (饭团). Beverages, candy, and other convenience items are available as well. Most of these stores are open for 24 hours a day. Hong Kong. 7-Eleven first opened in Hong Kong in 1981. It has operated in Hong Kong since 1989 under the ownership of Dairy Farm. With most locations being in areas with many people, about 40 percent are franchised stores. In September 2004, Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop, a convenience-store chain located mainly in the territory's MTR stations, and then changed them to 7-Eleven stores. , Hong Kong has 950 7-Eleven stores and has the second-highest density of 7-Eleven stores after Macau, with one outlet per . Indonesia. In 2008, 7-Eleven said they will start more business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra. Modern Sevel Indonesia's original plans were to open stores in Jakarta first, especially in areas where there are many other commercial or business buildings. Other major cities, such as Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya were listed as possible locations to go into. There are 190 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia . Japan. Japan has more 7-Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world, where they often have the title of its current holding company "Seven & I Holdings". Of the 58,389 stores around the globe, 18,249 stores (31 percent of global stores) are in Japan, with 2,246 stores in Tokyo alone. On September 1, 2005, Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., a new holding company, became the owner of 7-Eleven, Ito Yokado, and Denny's Japan. 7-Eleven stores in Japan look different from stores in other countries as they offer a wider (more) selection of products and services. Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan, 7-Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores. Macau. 7-Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm, the same group operating Hong Kong's 7-Eleven. With only 25.9 square kilometers, Macau has 45 stores, making it the single market with the highest number of 7-Eleven stores, containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers. Malaysia. Malaysian 7-Eleven stores are owned by 7-Eleven Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., which now operates 1,855 stores nationwide (as of July 2015). 7-Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4, 1984, by the Berjaya Group Berhad. The first 7-Eleven store was opened in October 1984, in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. It's popular in Sandakan and Kota Kinabalu because their prices are cheaper. In Sandakan the Slurpee beverage is popular among teen and kids. Philippines. In the Philippines, 7-Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, in Quezon City, opened in 1984. In 2000, President Chain Store Corporation (PCSC) of Taiwan, also a license of 7-Eleven, bought most of the shares of PSC and created a plan to have all convience stores in the area be theirs. At the end of 2015, 7-Eleven stores totaled 1,602, up 25 percent from 1,282 stores in end-2014. A total of 1,391 7-Eleven stores are in Luzon, 178 in Visayas, and 33 in Mindanao. Singapore. In Singapore, 7-Eleven forms the largest group of convenience stores island-wide. There are currently 560 7-Eleven stores all over the country. Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings, franchised under a licensing agreement with 7-Eleven Incorporated. The first 7-Eleven stores were opened in 1983 with a franchise license under the Jardine Matheson Group. The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore, a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group, in 1989. 7-Eleven stores in Singapore operate 24 hours a day, with the exception of stores in Biopolis, hospitals, MRT Stations, some shopping centres, ITE College West, Singapore Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic, and Nanyang Technological University, which have shorter operating hours. South Korea. 7-Eleven can be found in the Republic of Korea convenience store market in many places, where it competes with Ministop, GS25 (formerly LG25), FamilyMart, and independent competitors. There are 7,064 7-Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea; with only Japan, the United States, and Thailand hosting more stores. The first 7-Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa-gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group. In January 2010, Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7-Eleven brand. Taiwan. In Taiwan, 7-Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation. The first store opened in 1979 and the 5,000th store was opened in July 2014. Thailand. The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok. The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited, which in turn grants franchises to operators. There are 8,334 7-Eleven stores in Thailand , with approximately 50% in Bangkok. Thailand has the 2nd largest number of 7-Eleven stores after Japan . The company plans to spend five billion Thai baht to expand its business. Two billion will be used to open 500 new outlets, one billion to make stores already around better, and the rest to develop a new center in the East. United Arab Emirates. Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7-Eleven in Dubai, United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015. The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017. The first store was opened in October 2015. Europe. The first European 7-Eleven store was opened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1978. 7-Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations, as well as some other petrol-stations across the country. 7-Eleven stores are now solely in the Scandinavian region of Europe. The owner of the master franchise for 7-Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel, an arm of the Norwegian retail group, Reitan Group. After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain, HydroTexaco (now YX Energy), in Norway and Sweden in 2006, it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7-Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell. Other stores remain under the YX brand. British Isles. During the 1980s, small 7-Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of the Southeastern UK. The company stopped trading operations in 1997, but considered starting UK trading in 2014. Denmark. The first 7-Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14, 1993. There are currently 196 stores, mostly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense, including 8 stores at Copenhagen Central Station. In Denmark, 7-Eleven has an agreement with Shell, with a nationwide network of Shell/7-Eleven service stations, and an agreement with DSB to have 7-Eleven stores at most S-train stations. Norway. The first 7-Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13, 1986. As of January 2012, there are 162 7-Eleven stores in Norway, more than 50% in Oslo. Norway has the northernmost 7-Eleven in the world, in Tromsø. On a per-capita basis, Norway has one 7–Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians, compared to Canada, which has one for every 74,000 Canadians. Sweden. Reitan Servicehandel Sverige has held the license in Sweden since December 1997. In the mid-1990s period, 7-Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then-licensee, "Small Shops," an American-based company, resulting in many stores being sold and closed down. For a time, there were only 7-Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg. 7-Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001, when a convenience store opened in Lund. Later in the 2000s, the Swedish 7-Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of Reitan Servicehandel in its management of the 7-Eleven franchise, which Reitan Servicehandel eventually admitted to on its website. Turkey. 7-Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989, opening its first store on September 11. Major stakeholder of the master franchise, Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993, after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister. In the 2010s, 7-Eleven left the Turkish market, transferring most of its stores to franchise owners. North America. Canada. The first 7-Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary, Alberta, on June 29, 1969. There are 484 7-Eleven stores in Canada . Winnipeg, Manitoba, has the world's largest number of Slurpee consumers, with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7-Eleven opened on March 21, 1970. All 7-Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated. Like its U.S. counterparts, every July 11 7-Eleven stores gives Slurpees for free on "7-Eleven Day". A limited number of 7-Eleven locations have gas stations from Shell Canada, Petro-Canada, or Esso. In November 2005, 7-Eleven started giving the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada. 7-Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMsin June 2012, these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7-Eleven left the Ottawa, Ontario, market in December 2009 after selling all of the six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores, a regional chain. Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers, Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program. 7-Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche-Tard, Boni-soir as well as independent dépanneurs. Mexico. In Mexico, the first 7-Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa (now Iconn) and 7-Eleven, Inc. under the name Super 7. In 1995, Super 7 was renamed to 7-Eleven, which has 1,552 stores in several areas of the country. When stores are located within classically designed buildings (such as in Centro Histórico buildings) or important landmarks, the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering. The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO (Femsa), Super City (Soriana), Farmacias Guadalajara and other local competitors. United States. "Supermarket News" ranked 7-Eleven's North American operations Number 11 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers," based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US$15 billion. Based on the 2005 revenue, 7-Eleven is the twenty-fourth largest retailer in the United States. , 8,144 7-Eleven franchised units exist across the United States. Franchise fees range between US$10,000 – $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies. 7-Eleven America has its headquarters in the One Arts Plaza building in Downtown Dallas, Texas. Small-size Slurpees are free on "7-Eleven Day", on July 11. 7-Eleven Stores of Oklahoma operate independently since 1953, they are under an agreement with William Brown, it is currently led by son James Brown. Fuel. In the United States, many 7-Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo, which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation (50% of Citgo was subsequently sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., with the remaining 50% acquired in 1990). Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7-Eleven, other oil companies are also co-branded with 7-Eleven, including Fina, Exxon, Gulf, Marathon, BP, Shell, Chevron (some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron, and Texaco prior to the 7-Eleven purchase in late 2012), and Pennzoil. Alon USA is the largest 7-Eleven licensee in North America. On September 27, 2006, 7-Eleven announced the impending cessation of its 20-year contract with Citgo and that the contract would not be renewed. 7-Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida. This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011. Other notable 7-Eleven fuel suppliers also include Star Fuels. Oceania. Australia. The first 7-Eleven in Australia opened on August 24, 1977, in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh. The majority of stores are in metropolitan areas, particularly in central business district areas. Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises, with a central administration. 7-Eleven bought out Mobil's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010, converting them to 7-Eleven outlets, resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand. 7-Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items, including daily newspapers, drinks, confectionery, and snack foods. They also sell gift cards, including three types of pre-paid VISA cards. The chain has also partnered with BankWest, placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide. Each year on November 7, 7-Eleven promotes "7-Eleven Day" by giving away a free Slurpee to customers. In April 2014, 7-Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia, with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years. The first store was opened on October 30, 2014 in the city of Fremantle. Wage scandal. In August 2015, Fairfax Media and the ABC's Four Corners program found out about the employment rules of certain 7-Eleven stores in Australia. They found out that many 7-Eleven employees were being paid from A$10 to A$14 per hour without adding tax, under the minimum of A$24.69 per hour. They did this by having pay records that "looked" like they were paying them the rate, however these records would only show half of the hours that the employee worked in a week. Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records, resulting in them effectively being paid half of how much they worked. It was also reported that workers were often not paid things that they legally have to be paid for, for working extra, night time, weekends, and holidays. After everyone saw these reports, some employees told Fairfax Media that they were paid high amounts, however would then be asked by the store to give half of it back. 7-Eleven said they would pay to find out about wage fraud. A separate panel led by ACCC chairman Allan Fels would investigate the fraud, with the support of professional services firm Deloitte. The inquiry will invite submissions from current and former 7-Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid, and assess each individual claim. In September 2015, chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon both announced they will stop working at the company. Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers, while Bob Baily temporarily replaced Wilmon. Busswil bei Büren Busswil bei Büren was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the municipality of Busswil bei Büren merged into the municipality of Lyss. Busswil bei Melchnau Busswil bei Melchnau is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Pepper&Carrot Pepper&Carrot is an open source webcomic series. Its author is the French artist David Revoy. The series consists of small episodes about teenage witch Pepper and her cat Carrot. The comic is translated into more than 28 different languages. The stories do not contain violence. That's because Revoy wants "Pepper&Carrot" to be accessible for everyone. Revoy says he makes the series only with free software, such as Krita and Inkscape. You can download Krita source files for every image. License. Anyone can use the images. They are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Revoy says he likes fanart and other works based on "Pepper&Carrot". List of episodes. Revoy aims to draw one episode every month. Funding. Revoy wants to change the comic book industry by removing intermediate steps in the production process. "Pepper&Carrot" is free, but Revoy lets people support him on the Patreon crowdfunding platform. You can sign up to give a small amount of money per episode that he makes. Patreon takes 5% of the money. The credit card companies take another part. This is still less than a traditional comic production, where the publisher, distributors and retailers want money. Champoz Champoz is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Champoz is on the southern slope of Moron mountain. Châtelat Châtelat was a municipality in the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val. Freddie Wadling Berndt Arvid Freddie Wadling (August 2, 1951 – June 2, 2016) was a Swedish singer, actor and opera writer. He was born in Gothenburg. His 30-year musical career extended from punk to classical ballads. In the 1980s and 1990s, he was vocalist of the Swedish alternative pop/rock duo Blue for Two. The duo started in Gothenburg in 1984 with him on vocals. After Two for Blue stopped performing by the end of the 1990s, Wadling developed a solo career. He released a great number of albums, and very notably the highly acclaimed "En skiva till kaffet" (1999) and "Jag är monstret" (2005). He also recorded songs by John Dowland with the Forge Players in 1998. Wadling died on June 2, 2016 in Västra Frölunda, Sweden at the age of 64. Luis Salom Luis Jaime Salom Horrach (7 August 1991 – 3 June 2016) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He was born in Palma, Majorca. Salom won his first Grand Prix in Indianapolis in 2012, beating Sandro Cortese and Maverick Viñales in a last-lap fight. He also won at Aragon. He finished the championship in second behind Cortese. Salom died on 3 June 2016 while racing in the 2016 Catalan Moto2 Grand Prix in Barcelona after crashing against a wall, aged 24. Göschenen Göschenen (, ) is a village in the Swiss canton of Uri. It has an area of . Gurtnellen Gurtnellen is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Uri. It has an area of . Flat lens A flat lens is a new technology . They are based on electromagnetic metasurfaces. They are ultrathin surfaces which can be coated to act like a lens. The idea has been widely reported as a major advance in imaging. WWE Raw Women's Championship The WWE Raw Women's Championship is a wrestling championship in WWE competed for by women of the "Raw" brand. It was created on April 3, 2016 at WrestleMania 32 and was originally called the WWE Women's Championship. However, this title does not share the title history of the original Women's Championship. It replaced the WWE Divas Championship as the women title in WWE. History. At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship. The title shared its name with the original Women's Championship. However, the new title does not share the same title history as the original. The first Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship in 2010. As result, they combined their lineage and history. In the draft that took place on July 19, 2016, Charlotte was drafted to "Raw" and the title was called "WWE Raw Women's Championship". Reigns. Last updated on October 26th, 2018. Combined reigns. Last updated on October 26th, 2018. Charlotte (wrestler) Ashley Elizabeth Fliehr (born April 5, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. She works to WWE under the ring name Charlotte Flair. Charlotte is a former NXT Women's Champion, a former WWE Raw Women's Champion, a former WWE Smackdown Women’s Champion and the last Divas Champion. Fliehr is the daughter of former professional wrestler Ric Flair. Clavaleyres Clavaleyres is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Corcelles, Bern Corcelles is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Adligenswil Adligenswil is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is east of the city of Lucerne and borders on canton Schwyz. Salt March The Salt March was part of the Indian independence movement. It was a non-violent protest against the salt tax by British government. The Indians were upset that the government increased the price of salt. Mahatma Gandhi led the march. It started on March 12, 1930. It went from sabarmati Ashram to the village of Dandi. Marchers took a handful of salt from the shore. They then announced that they had broken the law by making salt. This was a major but peaceful challenge against Britain colony. This move enraged the British and they called for his arrest. The British then came to the beach and beat Gandhi and anyone with him, but the Indians didn't fight back. They stood there, to prove their point. St. Louis County, Minnesota Saint Louis County (abbreviated St. Louis County) is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,226. Its county seat is Duluth. It is the largest county by total area in Minnesota. It is largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River. Saint Louis County is included in the Duluth, MN-WI Metropolitan statistical area. Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism. Surface mining of high-grade iron-ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range. Parts of the Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county. History. St. Louis County was created on March 3, 1855 by acts of the territorial legislature. It was named for the St. Louis River, the largest river entering Lake Superior. It is a major river flowing through the county. As of 1860 the population was only 406. By 1870 it was 4,561. According to the state census, by 1895 the population had grown to 78,575. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (8.9%) is water. By area, it is the largest county in Minnesota and the second largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River. St. Louis County is known for its spectacular natural beauty. It includes Voyageurs National Park,Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. It is the gateway to the North Shore of Lake Superior. St. Louis county has 1,000 lakes and hundreds of miles of rivers and trout streams. Saint Louis County has one of the most important fresh water ports in the United States, located in Duluth on Lake Superior. The county is part of the Iron Range, which has a significant taconite mining industry. Three-fourths of the iron ore in the United States comes from this area. Protoplast Protoplast in modern biology, is what is left of a cell when the cell wall is dissolved. That leaves the cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials. Definition: a protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means. Because cell walls are made differently in the different kingdoms, different enzymes are used to remove them. Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts. Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: The reason for removing the cell walls is to allow many different experimental techniques to be used. Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants. This Is What the Truth Feels Like This Is What the Truth Feels Like is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on March 18, 2016 by Interscope Records, and is her first solo album in ten years. Critical reception. "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" has received favorable reviews from music critics. Tour. On April 18, 2016; Stefani announced that she will tour with American rapper Eve to promote the album, the tour was mainly around America and Canada and started at Mansfield, Massachusetts on July 12, 2016. Can't Take Me Home Can't Take Me Home is the debut studio album by American singer Pink, released in the United States on April 4, 2000 by LaFace Records. The music on the album was "urban" and featured mainly hip hop, hip hop soul and R&B type songs, all of Pink's following albums would mainly be pop rock and R&B sounding. The UK version of the album featured the artwork in blue and two UK garage remixes on it. Reviews. "Can't Take Me Home" received mainly positive reviews from music critics. Start menu The start menu is a part of the graphical user interfaces found in many operating systems. It is well known for its use in Microsoft Windows, where it is used to start programs, open files, change system settings, and get help if a user doesn't know how to do what they want to do. Since Windows 95, the button used to show the start menu, called the "start button", is found at the bottom left corner of the screen, on the far left side of the taskbar. Clicking this button will make a list of menu items appear, from which the user can find a list of programs, documents or settings, search their computer for something by name (Find), enter the location of a file to open it (Run), get help on using Windows, or turn off the computer (Shut Down). The Start menu has, for the most part, stayed more or less like this, although there were changes in later versions of Windows such as Windows XP. But for Windows 8 (and its follow-up version, Windows 8.1), Microsoft replaced the menu with a "Start screen" that covers the entire screen rather than just part of it. Here, programs and files show up as large "tiles" that can show information from the program or the contents of the file without the need to open it. For many people, this was a big change that they did not like as they were used to the older look of the Start menu, and so when Microsoft designed Windows 10, the company brought back this look while keeping the "live tiles" from Windows 8. Diego Godín Diego Roberto Godín Leal (born 16 February 1986) is an Uruguayan professional footballer who currently plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Cagliari and the Uruguay national football team. He has also played for Atletico Madrid, Inter Milan, Cerro, Nacional and Villarreal. Air Tahiti Nui Air Tahiti Nui is a French airline, based in the French Polynesia. It was formed in 1996. The first flight was from Papeete to Los Angeles on November 20, 1998. Later on, it started going to Tokyo, Osaka, Auckland, Paris and Sydney. As of 2016, Air Tahiti Nui goes to only 4 destinations from its hub at Fa'a'ā International Airport. The airline has a fleet of 5 Airbus A340 airplanes. Vegemite Vegemite is a food commonly made in Australia. It is made from leftover yeast extract used for making beer. Vegemite is usually used as a spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits, sometimes with butter. Exo EXO (Hangul: 엑소) is a boy group of South Korea formed by S.M. Entertainment in 2011. The group was created in 2011, but at the beginning of 2012 was formed completely. It was previously composed of twelve members, which separated into two sub-groups, EXO-K and EXO-M, where each subgroup sings songs in either Korean or Mandarin, respectively. EXO gained popularity with the release of their first studio album, entitled "XOXO" (2013), which resulted in successes "Wolf" and "Growl". "XOXO" obtained great success which was why they gained positive reviews from the public. Hence they were awarded a 'Disk Daesang' at 28th Golden Disk Awards and 'Album of the Year' in 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album sold more than one million copies, what did that EXO is the South Korean artist with more sales than any other within a period of twelve years. Their third mini-album called Overdose (2014), positioned at the top of the "Billboard" 200. EXO was later named as the most influential celebrity of Korea throughout 2014 by Forbes Korea. In 2015, EXO broke the record that they had before the release of their second studio album, "EXODUS" (2015), led successfully to EXO as the group of male K-pop with the highest position on "Billboard" 200 albums lists, as well as a K-pop album with the highest sales in the first week. The first single "Call Me Baby" has also demonstrated its success to become the first songs of K-pop and the only one that got lists of Canadian Hot 100. With sales figures of "EXODUS", which surpassed 1 million copies, EXO also earned the nickname of "double million seller". Their fourth mini-album, "Sing for You" (2015), earned a record in its first week of sales getting sell more than 267,900 copies. From 2016, EXO returns to grant as the celebrity most influential in 2015 by Forbes Korea. In May 2014, Kris filed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to terminate its contract with the agency. Luhan also made a demand in November 2014, with the same goal. In April 2015, Tao ended their activities with EXO and followed the same steps as Kris and Luhan in August 2015. Following the departure of three members, EXO is now active with nine members. History. 2011: Formation. In May 2011, in a Hallyu business seminar, which was held at Stanford University, Lee Soo-man talked about strategies for "create a new boyband where they will be divided in two subgroups and the promotion of the same song simultaneously in South Korea and China, that is, with one interpretation of the language Korean or Mandarin." After several changes, in December 2011, the Group decided to be identified as EXO taken from Exoplanetin December 2011, the Group decided to be identified as EXO taken from Exoplanet. They are divided into two sub-groups, EXO-K ('K' of Korean) to Korea in the South and EXO-M ('M' for Mandarin) to China. His first appearance on television was on December 29, 2011 during the SBS's Gayo Daejun. 2012: Debut with "MAMA". The single prologue of EXO-K and EXO-M, "What Is Love" was released on January 30, 2012 in South Korea and mainland China. The single was positioned at number 88 on the Korean chart Gaon Single Chart. On March 9, the group released its second single prologue entitled «History», which was written and produced by Thomas Troelsen and Remee. The single was positioned at number 78 in Gaon Single Chart and number 6 on China's Sina Music Chart. A concert by the group took place at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul on March 31. Approximately 3,000 fans of 8,000 were selected to attend. A second concert was held in the great Hall of Beijing University of Economics and business, April 1. Both subunits released his third debut single entitled "Mama" April 8 followed by an EP of the same name the next day. The two subunits promoted the album separately in two countries. On April 8, one day before the release of the EP, EXO-K had their debut performance on the musical program of South Korea "Inkigayo", while EXO-M made its debut in China Awards 12th Yinyue Fengyun Bang Awards the same day. The Mandarin version of "Mama" headlined at the number 2 in the Chinese chart Sina.com, while the Korean version was positioned number 1 of Gaon Albums Chart and number 8 on the Billboard World Albums Chart. The Mandarin version of the music video "Mama" reached number 1 on the websites of Chinese transmission, while the Korean version was ranked number 7 on YouTube's Global Chart. At the end of April, EXO-M appeared as guests in the concert of Super Junior "Super Show 4" in Jakarta, Indonesia. In November 2012, EXO won an award as Best New Group of Asian Artists in 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards. EXO-K three nominations in 27th Golden Disk Awards gaining in the newcomer category. EXO-M awarded the Most Popular Group in 2013 Top Chinese Music Awards. 2013: "XOXO", commercial success and "Miracles in December". The group released their first studio album entitled "XOXO" in June 2013 with two versions, Korean edition "Kiss" and the "Hug" mandarin. A difference to the era of "Mama", EXO-K and EXO-M did their promotions in separate, however, with "XOXO" had their promotions jointly; mainly in South Korea. EXO recorded the single main "Wolf" but the rest of the songs they recorded them separately. The two versions collectively ranked number 1 in Billboard World Albums Chart a week after its release. The repackage album entitled "Growl", was released on August 5, 2013, with three additional new tracks. The single reissue, "Growl", was released on August 1, 2013. "Growl" achieved 10.554 points in "Inkigayo". "Growl" headlined at number 1 in the four most important music programs in Korea, winning a total of ten trophies in three consecutive weeks. The single was positioned at number 3 in Korea K-Pop Hot 100 of Billboard and number 2 in Gaon Chart. In December 2013, two versions of "XOXO", sold 1,000,000 copies, marking to EXO as the first Korean artist to sell a million copies in twelve years and broke the record for being sold faster K-pop act. "XOXO" was named the Album of the Year in 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making EXO as the youngest boyband in the prize, won the 'Disk Daesang' award at several award ceremonies such as the Golden Disk Awards and Seoul Music Awards. The second EP of the band entitled "Miracles in December" was officially released on December 9, 2013 as a special album of winter through commercial outlets in South Korea and online music stores. EXO jumped to his album promotions through their reality show "EXO's Showtime", which premiered on November 28, 2013 in the cable MBC Every 1. Baekhyun, Chen and D.O. sing the single main of the album "Miracles in December", in "M! Countdown", December 5. Luhan also joined the trio on stage for the promotions of the first single on other music programs. EXO ended 2013 with six annual albums in the Top 10 best-selling albums of Gaon, including all their releases of records, both in the Korean version in mandarin, as well as their first EP "Mama". 2014: "Overdose", lawsuit of Kris and Luhan and first tour. The third EP of the group "Overdose", was released on May 7, 2014. It was originally scheduled to be released on April 21, but was delayed by the Swreck of the Sewol on April 16. "Overdose" was promoted in the same way as "Mama", with EXO-K promoting EXO-M in China and South Korea. The album reached 660,000+ pre-orders before its release, so it is the most pre-ordered EP in history. The Korean edition was also positioned at number 2 in Billboard's World Albums Chart and number 129 on the "Billboard 200", making the male group of Korea with the highest Billboard 200 graphics to EXO. "Overdose" became the best-selling album in Sotuh Korea in 2014 and the first mini-album in finishing the annual graphics and winning the Album of the Year at Mnet Asian Music Awards. At the end of the year, EXO was the top-selling K-pop artist in Japan. On May 15, 2015, S.M. Entertainment confirmed that the EXO-M, Kris, leader signed a lawsuit against the agency, indicating violation of human rights as the main reason. On October 10 Luhan also signed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment, due to health problems and be treated differently than the Korean members. S.M. Entertainment announced that the group will continue promoting with ten members. The group held their first tour "EXO From. EXOPLANET #1 - THE LOST PLANET", beginning on may 24 in the Olympic Stadium of Seoul. Tickets of the concert is finished 1.47 seconds. 2015: "EXODUS", Tao's lawsuit, Japanese debut, collaboration with Star Wars and "Sing for You". The second tour of EXO was announced in January 2015, titled The EXO'luXion. Five concerts were held in Seoul in the Olympic Stadium, from March 7. One million fans had tried to buy tickets online. On February 4, 2015, S.M. Entertainment, signed a lawsuit against Kris and Luhan by illegally continue their promotions in China. The demand was to stop their actions and the advertisement in the use of the trademark S.M. The second album by EXO, Exodus, was released March 30 in Mandarin and Korean versions. Domestic sales for the album exceeded 500,000 within 24 hours, setting a new sales record. The main single, "Call Me Baby", was released on March 27 due to leaked versions of the song. The music video was released four days later, the Korean version received more than 4,000,000 view and the Mandarin version 2,000,000 views in just 24 hours. EXO starred in the mini-drama entitled "EXO Next Door" with Moon Ga-young actress. "Call Me Baby", proved to be successful winning eighteen times in musical programs of South Korea, making it the second most awarded song ever. "EXODUS (Korean version) " also broke records after remaining number one in Gaon Album Chart for four consecutive weeks. The album eventually came to sell more than one million copies, and is the second album of the group after "XOXO" to do so. "EXODUS" was named as 'Album of the year' in the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making this the third consecutive victory for the group from 2013. On April 22, the father of Tao issued a letter through Weibo expressing his feelings for his son to leave the group and return to China; due to the lack of support with regard to the developments of individual career and health problems. Tao had suffered previously several injuries, including a tendon torn in ankle, that they had not properly been treated more worsened, and had to leave for promotions for the second album by the group "EXODUS". On April 23, S.M. Entertainment released an official statement saying that they were going to be looking for a solution in the sense of development through negotiation with Tao and his father. Tao later confirmed that had left S.M. Entertainment and after failed negotiations, Tao presented a formal complaint against S.M. Entertainment on August 24 for the termination of his contract. On June 3, the version repackage of "EXODUS", entitled "Love Me Right", was released. The album contains the songs original of "EXODUS" and four new songs, including the single main "Love Me Right". Due to the absence of Tao, the group promoted the songs in the musical programs with nine members. Upon completion the promotions in Korea, EXO informed Japanese official debut is planned. Also would be doing in the Tokyo Dome during three days consecutive, as part of his tour "EXO PLANET # 2-The EXO'luXion". On November 4, EXO released his first single in Japanese "Love I Right ~romantic universe~", which contains the Japanese version of their Korean single "Love Me Right" as well as his Japanese song "Drop That". On the day of its launch, EXO sold a total of 147,000 copies, reaching the top of the Oricon charts. It was announced that EXO will be collaborating with "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" as part of the collaboration between S.M. Entertainment and Walt Disney. On November 9, the single "Lightsaber" was released to promote the film before its release in Korea. On December 10, EXO released his second album special winter "Sing for You" along with two singles, "Sing for You" and "Unfair". 2016: Tour in North America, "EX'ACT", Kris & Luhan contract settlement, "Coming Over" and "For Life". In February 2016, EXO led to out your tour "EXO'luXion" to North America, presenting is in Dallas, Vancouver, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York. At the end of February 2016, revealed that EXO had ranked as the most powerful celebrity by Forbes Korea by the year 2015. In June 2016, S.M. Entertainment announced that EXO released their third studio album, "EX'ACT" and two singles "Lucky One" and "Monster" at the same time. On June 3, the group released the teaser of "Lucky One" which in twelve hours got over a million views. The album's national pre-sales exceed 660,000 copies, making it the most pre-sold K-pop album of all time. The album later broke the record for the highest sales during the first week, breaking its previous record set by "Sing for You", selling 522,372 copies in a week. The album also went on to top the list of United World Albums Chart. The second single from "EX'ACT", "Monster", became the first EXO number one on Billboard World Digital Songs Chart songs and spent a total of two weeks at number one. The album's first single, "Lucky One" debuted at number three on the Billboard World Digital Songs Chart and remained in first place for two weeks. The song was also on the top of iTunes in seven countries. In June, as part of the "EX'ACT" promotions, EXO and Korea's fashion magazine "W Korea" collaborated on EXOclusive to publish fifty-four pages, ninth edition of the cover of magazine. EXOclusive finished recording the highest number of sales as a fashion magazine in Korea after selling almost a million copies. On July 15, S.M. Entertainment and Putto Entertainment launched an official mobile game of EXO, "EXORUN". On July 21, Kris and Luhan officially separated from EXO and their contractual disputes with S.M. Entertainment have come to an end. On July 22, EXO began its third tour, EXO FROM. EXOPLANET # 3 - The EXO'rDIUM. In preparation for the tour, S.M. Entertainment announced the launch of EXO's second official lightstick. The new lightsitck features a white wand with the official EXO logo on the top that shows a multicolored changing light. After holding concerts from July 22 until July 24 and 29 until July 31 with over 84,000 attendees, EXO set a record as the first artist to hold a maximum of six consecutive concerts at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena. On August 18, they published the repackaged version of "EX'ACT" titled "LOTTO". The album contains the nine songs of EX'ACT with four new songs, "Lotto (Louder)", "She's Dreaming", "Can not Bring Me Down" and "Monster (LDN Noise Creeper Bass Remix)". On September 7, EXO announced through a video that they would be releasing their second Japanese single titled "Coming Over" and a Japanese album containing three original Japanese songs in December. On October 7, the full song was made available in Japan through the AWA application, a popular Japanese streaming service, and was played over 100,000 times 12 hours before the promotional event ended. On the same day, it was announced that the official launch date for the single will be December 7. On September 17, EXO released their song "Dancing King" with Yoo Jae-suk along with a music video for SM Station. The song was ranked number two on Gaon Digital Chart and number one on Gaon Download Chart. "Dancing King" also ranked number three on Billboard's World Digital Songs Chart. On December 7, EXO released their second Japanese single "Coming Over", it contains three original singles. On December 19, 2016, "For Life" was released, the group's fifth EP and third Christmas album. 2017─present: "The War, The War: The Power of Music & Universe". In April 2017, Samsung and EXO collaborated on a special project for the Samsung Galaxy S8. On May 25, during a press conference at the Olympic Stadium of Jamsil in Seoul, the group announced their comeback in summer. Baekhyun commented that the single from the new album was ready. On June 23, S.M. Entertainment announced that Lay would not participate in the comeback of the group due to his activities in China. EXO's fourth studio album, "The War", was digitally released on July 18 and physically on July 19. The album contains nine songs including the lead single "Ko Ko Bop". On September 21, S.M. Entertainment announced that EXO would return with the reissue of "The War" in early September. The title of the reissue was revealed as "The War: The Power of Music" and was released on September 5, 2017 with twelve songs including the new single "Power". On October 19, they announced their fourth tour titled EXO Planet#4 - The EℓyXiOn, which will begin with three concerts in Seoul from November 24 to 26, 2017. It was announced on November 4, 2017 through the Japanese EXO website, that the group would release their first Japanese album entitled "Countdown" on January 24, 2018. On December 5, 2017, EXO released the short music video for Electric Kiss on YouTube, the title track for "Countdown". On December 14, 2017, SM Entertainment confirmed that EXO will be releasing a winter album titled "Universe" on December 21, 2017. What You Waiting For? "What You Waiting For?" is a single by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her first solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby.". It was the first single from the album. It was written by Stefani and Linda Perry. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Lemonade (Beyoncé album) Lemonade is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was released on April 23, 2016, by Parkwood Entertainment. "Lemonade" is Beyoncé's second "visual album", following her self titled 2013 album. It is also a concept album. Critical reception. "Lemonade" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Track listing. Credits adapted from Tidal. YaCy YaCy is a free-to-use search engine. At its core is a Java program that is run on several people's computers and constantly analyzes and indexes web pages to add to the search engine. Handshaking Handshaking is the connection between the computer and a device. Handshaking is required in order to allow both the computer and device to send protocols to each other. During a handshake, the two devices make sure that they know certain connection requirements of each other. For instance, they will need to find out a suitable bit rate and latency for each other. Examples of devices that use this method include a modem or another computer. Normally, handshaking happens between two devices. Although, a TCP three-way handshake is a special type of handshake that involves sending a connection from one computer to another, just done three times. Examples. TCP three-way handshake. This method is used to connect two hosts on a computer network together, each host known as the client (the main host) and the server (a distant host), respectively. Once the client wants to make a connection to the server, the client can start a TCP three-way handshake with the server. This will allow the client computer (the main device) to send and receive messages to and from the server (a distant device) once the process is complete. Starting a normal TCP connection requires three separate steps: In this setup, a synchronize message will request a server to make a connection with each other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received. Letting both hosts send synchronize messages to each other will allow the two hosts to connect with each other in both directions. Each acknowledgement message sent to each other ensures they are still connected with each other. Corgémont Corgémont is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking part of the canton. Corgémont is in the Jura mountains. Demographics. Corgémont has a population of 1,650 as of 2014. There are 689 families living in Corgémont. Males make up 50.1% of the population. Females make up 49.9%. The average age is 41.6 years. Tinikling Tinikling is a traditional Philippine dance which originated during the Spanish colonial era. The dance involves two people beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other in coordination with one or more dancers who step over and in between the poles in a dance.The name "tinikling" is a reference to birds close known as "tikling" The dance is made/originated in Leyte, an island in the Visayas in the central Philippines. It follows the movement of the tikling birds as they walk between grass stems, run over tree branches, or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. Dancers follow the tikling bird's legendary grace and speed by skillfully between large bamboo poles.[3] Legend has it that tinikling originated during the Spanish rule of the Philippines, when natives worked on large plantations under the control of the King of Spain. Term limit A term limit is a law that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential systems, they act as a method to reduce the potential for monopoly. This is when a leader effectively becomes a "president for life". Term limits are intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms an officeholder can serve. In other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive (one directly following the other) terms. History. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, two early civilizations which had elected offices, both imposed limits on some positions. In the ancient Athenian democracy, only offices selected by sortition were subject to terms limits. They included one term of one year for each office, except members of the Council of Five Hundred, where the council was changed every year. In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor. The annual magistrates - tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor, praetor, and consul—were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. Also there was a term limit of 6 months for a dictator. In the United States. The United States Constitution and many state constitutions have term limits for certain offices. The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the office of President of the United States. It states that "no person may be elected more than twice". It adds, "no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once." In addition, 23 states passed laws on term limits for their representatives in Congress. These laws are no longer enforceable, however. In 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned congressional term limits in "U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton". They ruled that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government. LGBT rights in Hawaii Hawaii has a law that addresses hate crime protection for both actual and/or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. According to statute: Cormoret Cormoret is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Cortébert Cortébert is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Court, Switzerland Court is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ("Jura Bernois"). Constitution of Missouri The Missouri Constitution is the state constitution of the state of Missouri in the United States. It is the highest law which forms the laws and government of Missouri. It is subject only to the United States Constitution, and the people of Missouri. The fourth and current Missouri Constitution was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government. The legislative branch is the Missouri General Assembly). The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri. The judicial branch is the Supreme Court of Missouri and the Missouri state courts. It also sets up local governments in the form of counties and cities. History. The first constitution was written in 1820 in only 38 days. In 1845 the state outgrew its own constitutional limits on creating new counties. A second convention was called in Jefferson City and met from November 1845 until January 1846. But voters would not ratify the proposed constitution in August 1846. The Missouri Constitutional Convention was elected to decide on the issue of secession. But no changes were made to the constitution. In 1865, delegates met in St. Louis from January 6 to April 8, 1865 to form a new constitution. It was called the “Draconian Constitution” and required an oath of loyalty to the Union. It was ratified on June 6, 1865. In 1867, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the loyalty oath in "Cummings v. Missouri" (71 U.S. 277 (1867)). Missouri citizens approved a new fourth constitutional convention in 1874. Delegates met in Jefferson City from May 5th to August 2nd, 1875. The changes to the Constitution were mainly about schools. It required 25% of the general revenue be used to support public schools. It also required separate schools for children of African descent. The constitution was ratified on October 30, 1875. The fifth constitutional convention met in Jefferson City from May 15, 1922 to November 6, 1923. But instead of a new constitution the convention proposed 21 amendments. But the voters refused to approve all 21 amendments at the special election called for February 26, 1924. As a result, none of the amendments were ratified. The fifth convention was called in Jefferson City on September 21, 1943. The new constitution was approved by the delegates on September 28, 1944 and ratified on February 27, 1945. It has been amended several times since then. Tor putitora Tor putitora, the Putitor mahseer, Himalayan mahseer or golden mahseer, is an endangered species of cyprinid fish that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools and lakes in the Himalayan region and south Asia, ranging from Iran south to Sri Lanka, and east to Thailand. It is a popular gamefish. Creative writing Creative writing is a type of writing that involves writing in an artistic way. Creative writing usually follows the rules of formal writing, except it may not follow the rules of formal writing to achieve effect in the writing. Within schools, creative writing typically has a focus on writing in an original style, using original ideas and writing. References. 2.Why is Article Writing Important? Music (Madonna song) "Music" is a dance-pop and electropop ballad by singer Madonna. Its lyrics are about how music can bring people together. "Music" was released in August 2000. It peaked at #1 on "Billboard" Hot 100. It also hit #1 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy. The song received many positive reviews from critics. It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Manuel Belgrano Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, general, politician, economist and journalist. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents were Domenico Belgrano Peri, he was Italian; and María Josefa González Casero, she was born in Buenos Aires but her family was from Santiago del Estero. He had 8 brothers and 7 sisters. His children were called Pedro Rosas y Belgrano and Manuela Mónica Belgrano. He studied Laws in Salamanca and Valladolid. He also studied Latin, Philosophy and Theology. He was a member of the "Primera Junta" and he participated in May Revolution. He created the Flag of Argentina on 27 February,1812. He was a great defender of colonialism and freedom of expression. He fought in the wars of Independence against the Spanish Army. He met José de San Martín, who became Commander in Chief of the Army of the North in January, 1814. Esch-sur-Alzette Esch-sur-Alzette ( , or "Esch an der Alzig", ) is a commune with city status in south-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Esch-sur-Alzette. The town is usually referred to just as Esch, but there is also a village and "commune" further north, in the Wiltz canton, named Esch-sur-Sûre from which to distinguish it. History. For a long time Esch-sur-Alzette was a small farming village in the valley of the Alzette river. This changed when important amounts of iron ore were found in the area in the 1850s. With the development of the mines and the steel industry the town's population multiplied tenfold in a couple of decades. On 29 May 1906, Esch-sur-Alzette was promoted to city. Geography. Esch-sur-Alzette is in the south-west of the country, on the border with France. It is the capital of the Red Lands region. The "commune" is in the valley of the Alzette river, a right tributary of the Sauer river and which flows through the town, and has an area of . The altitude is high. At the city hall, the altitude is high. Esch-sur-Alzette is surrounded by six "communes" of Luxembourg: Mondercange to the north, Schifflange to the northeast, Kayl to the east, Rumelange to the southeast and Sanem to the northwest. To the southwest, the "commune" borders the Audun-le-Tiche "commune" in the Moselle department of France; and to the west Russange also in the Moselle department. Population. There were 34,378 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in Esch-sur-Alzette Twinned and partner towns. Esch-sur-Alzette is twinned withː Diana Mitford Diana, Lady Mosley ("née" Freeman-Mitford; 17 June 191011 August 2003), usually known as Diana Mitford was one of the noted Mitford sisters. She was married first to Bryan Walter Guinness, son and heir to the Baron Moyne. Secondly, she married Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists. She was divorced from her first marriage on the grounds of adultery with Mosely. Her second marriage, in 1936, took place at the home of Joseph Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler as guest of honour. Later her involvement with fascist political causes resulted in three years' internment during the Second World War. She later moved to Paris and enjoyed some success as a writer. In the 1950s she contributed stories to "Tatler" magazine. She edited the magazine "The European". In 1977 she published her autobiography, "A Life of Contrasts". She died in Paris on 11 August 2003. Her son Max Mosley became president of the "Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile" (FIA), Sebastiano Castagna Sebastiano Castagna was an Italian engineer. He was born in 1868 in Aidone, Sicily. He was murdered in Ethiopia during a peace mission in 1938. Castagna designed St George's Cathedral, an Ethiopian Orthodox cathedral in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is known for its octagonal shape. It is in the northern part of the city. He built it with the work of Italian prisoners of war who were defeated at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. It is named for Saint George. Quorum A quorum is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum. In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting. The noun quorum is the plural of the Latin word "qui", meaning "of whom." A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all. Neosho, Missouri Neosho (; originally is the most populous city in Newton County, Missouri, United States, which it serves as the county seat. With a population of 11,835 as of the 2010 census, the city is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region with an estimated 176,849 (2011) residents. Neosho lies on the western edge of the Ozarks. The cost of living in Neosho is low at about 9.9% less than the Missouri average and 17.9% less than the national average. History. The name "Neosho" is generally accepted to be of Native American origin. It may be Osage language and means "clear, cold water", referring to local freshwater springs. The springs attracted several cultures of Native American inhabitants for thousands of years. It was also attracted the later white settlers. The city was founded in 1833. It was incorporated. Nicknamed "City of Springs", Neosho has long served as an agricultural center. Since 1888, it is the home of the Neosho National Fish Hatchery, the oldest in the National Fish Hatchery System. It is known locally as the "Gateway to the Ozarks". Blenio Blenio is a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 22 October 2006 when the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio. Dan Bus Garage in Tel Aviv Dan Bus Garage in Tel Aviv was a garage building designed by the Bauhaus in 1933-1934. It was in Arlozorov Street in Tel Aviv. The garage was one of the first garages in the land of Israel. It was located on the White City of Tel Aviv. The garage was destroyed in 2008. In the center of the garage was a water tower that was also destroyed. Tel Aviv Dolphinarium The Tel Aviv Dolphinarium was a sea mammals aquarium and visitors' attraction in Tel Aviv, Israel, next to the beach. The Dolphinarium opened on 21 June 1980. It was closed in 1985. In 2001, 21 people were killed next to the Dolphinarium in a terror attack. In the following years, the building was abandoned. Its demolition began on 16 May 2018. Tel Aviv Cinerama Tel Aviv Cinerama was a cinema and theatre building in Tel Aviv, Israel. The building was opened in 1966. It was the only Cinerama building in Israel until 1986. It became a theatre and television studio. In 2016, the cinerama was closed and destroyed. Tel Aviv Drive-in The Tel Aviv Drive-in was a restaurant and movie theater in Tel Aviv, Israel. The cinema was opened on 11 March 1973. It closed in 2000. The cinema was the only drive-in in Israel. Mersch Mersch () is a commune and town in central Luxembourg, capital of the canton of Mersch. Geography. Mersch is in the centre of the country, at the confluence of the Alzette, Mamer and Eisch rivers. The "commune" has an area of . The altitude is high. The altitude at the railway station is high. Mersch is surrounded by ten "communes" of Luxembourg; nine of them are part of the Mersch canton. Only the Kehlen "commune" is not part of the Mersch canton; it is part of the Capellen canton. Population. There were 9,195 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Other towns within the "communes" are Beringen, Berschbach, Moesdorf, Pettingen, Reckange, Rollingen and Schoenfels. Evolution of the population in Mersch Places of interest. The Mersch castle is one of the castles that are in the "Valley of the Seven Castles". It is in the centre of the town and its history goes back to the 13th century. Today the castle houses the administrative offices of the commune. Some north of Mersch is the Pettingen Castle, in the village of Pettingen; it is one of the best preserved fortified castles in the country. Redange Redange or Redange-sur-Attert (, German: "Redingen") is a commune and town in western Luxembourg, near the border with Belgium. It is the capital of the canton of Redange. Geography. Redange is in the valley on the Attert river, a tributary of the Alzette. It is on the border of the two natural regions of Luxembourgː the Oesling to the north and the Gutland. The area of the "commune" is . The altitude is high. The altitude at the church is high. Redange is surrounded by five "communes" of Luxembourg, all of them part of the Redange cantonː Rambrouch, Préizerdaul, Useldange, Beckerich and Ell. Population. There were 2,795 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Other towns within the "commune" are Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern and Reichlange. Evolution of the population in Redange Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Wiksott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited immune disease that happens in males. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a smaller number of platelets (blood cells that help prevent bleeding), and frequent bacterial infections. People with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome have a higher risk of developing leukemia and lymphoma. Aliya Market Aliya Market was the first wholesale market building in Israel. It was located in southern Tel Aviv, in the White City of Tel Aviv. The building was designed by the Bauhaus in 1938 in Aliya Street and was one of the first markets in Tel Aviv. The market had two buildings: a western building and an eastern building. The western building was renovated while the eastern building was destroyed. In 1952, wholesale moved to the Central Wholesale Market Wholesale market in Tel Aviv The Wholesale market in Tel Aviv was a wholesale market that opened in 1952. It was the central wholesale market of Israel after the market moved from the Aliya Market in the south of the city to the city center. It closed in 2006, and was demolished in 2010. Courtelary Courtelary is the capital of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Crémines Crémines is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Därligen Därligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Därstetten Därstetten is a municipality of the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Shunga Empire Sunga Empire was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga who betrayed his master Brihadratha Maurya and defeated him in a war. He killed the Mauryan emperor and destroyed the Mauryan empire completely. Its capital was Pataliputra. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. But after Agnimitra's death, the empire begun to broke up. The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and native powers (empires).They fought against the Kalinga, the Satavahana dynasty, the Indo-Greek Kingdom and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flourished (developed) during this period.Patanjali's "Mahābhāṣya" was composed in this period.The Kanva dynasty succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE. Korkai Korkai is a small town in Thoothukudi district. In ancient times this was the capital of the Pandya dynasty. The Thamirabarani River flows through it. The town was famous for fisheries. Ptolemy refers Korkai as Kolkhai and it is an emporium. The Periplus refers the town as the place of pearl fisheries. Porsche 918 The Porsche 918 Spyder is a mid-engined plug-in hybrid sports car. It made by Porsche. The Spyder is powered by a naturally-aspirated 4.6 litre V8 engine, developing . With two electric motors delivering an additional it has a combined output of . The 918 Spyder's 6.8 kWh lithium-ion battery pack delivers an all-electric range of under EPA's five-cycle tests. The car has a top speed of around . Issue (legal) In legal use, an "issue" means a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit. Legal issue may also refer to either a person's lineal descendants or a group of securities offered for sale. An issue of law is a question of how a law is applied rather than a question of fact. Disputed Point. evidence as well as civil and criminal procedure, there are "issues" of fact. Issues of fact are presented by statements of fact which are each put to a test: Is the statement true or false? Often, different parties have conflicting statements of fact. These statements are then presented as alternative questions. The justifications are presented by proposing evidence in favor or in opposition. Formally the issues follow the form of "this statement is true and it is true because... (or it is false because) ... ". The list of issues is the list of the questions the parties request the court to answer. The court's answers usually must be provided before a legally acceptable date and the court should give reason when it decides not to answer any of them. Plaintiffs as well as defendants sometimes do not present their issues according to these due process premises. It is then the court that must decide the probable statements of fact and assume what is in need of legal answers. Supreme Court of Missouri The Supreme Court of Missouri, is the state supreme court and the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located in Jefferson City, Missouri. Missouri voters have approved changes in the state's constitution to give the Supreme Court the sole legal power to hear five types of cases on appeal. Per Article V, Section 3 of the Constitution of Missouri, these cases involve: Unless their case involves one of those five issues, people who want a trial court's decision reviewed must appeal to the Missouri Court of Appeals. Most of these cases involve routine legal questions and end there. The Court of Appeals is divided geographically into the "Eastern District", "Western District" and "Southern District". Certain cases may be transferred to the Supreme Court at the Court's own discretion. These include cases of general interest or importance. They look at cases where the laws should be re-examined. They also review cases that the lower court's decision conflicts with an earlier appellate decision. This is similar to the process the United States Supreme Court uses in accepting cases. In addition, the Court of Appeals may transfer a case to the Supreme Court after an opinion is issued. This can be either upon request of one of the parties or at the request of one of the judges on the appellate court. History. In 1820, when it was first established, there were three judges on the Supreme Court. In 1872 the number was increased to five judges. In 1890, the court was increased again to its present size of seven judges. In 1890, the court was divided into two divisions. This allowed it to handle more cases and make quicker decisions. In 1976, the two divisions were eliminated by a constitutional amendment. The court now rules on cases "En banc" (all judges together) so decisions are made by the entire court. Judicial selection. Judges of the court are selected through the nonpartisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan. Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor. If the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the general election ballot for vote of the people to keep their seat. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years. The constitution requires that all judges retire by age 70. Brihadratha Maurya Brihadratha Maurya was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire. He was the ruler from 187 BC-180 BC. He was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BC. During his rule, the Mauryan Empire got smaller. Using this, his general Pushyamitra Sunga defeated Brihadratha with a huge army. Brihadratha Maurya died in the war. After his death, Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty controlling the Mauryan territories. Pushyamitra Sunga Pushyamitra Sunga is the founder of the Sunga dynasty in 180BCE by defeating the Mauryan army. He was the general of Mauryan emperor Brihadratha Maurya. Later defeated and killed his master in a war. He proclaimed himself king. His dynasty replaced the Mauryan empire. He performed ashvamedha yaga and brought most of the North India under him. He ruled until his death in 149 BCE. Luxurious "Luxurious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal, "Luxurious" contains a sample of The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets". The remix features rapper Slim Thug. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Jocelyn Lovell Jocelyn Bjorn Lovell (19 July 1950 – 3 June 2016) was a Canadian cyclist. He was known in the track and road cycling field. He was active in the 1970s and early 1980s. He won many of national titles as well as gold medals at the Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games. He competed at three Olympic Games. His greatest success came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton where he won three gold medals in Games record times. Later that year he won a silver medal at the world championships. He continued to race as an amateur into the early 1980s. However, on 4 August 1983 when he was involved in a collision with a dump truck while training. The truck hit him from behind and broke his neck and pelvis. He permanently became a quadriplegic. In 1985, he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. Dave Swarbrick David Cyril Eric Swarbrick (5 April 1941 – 3 June 2016) was an English folk musician and singer-songwriter. He was one of the most highly known musicians produced by the second British folk revival. His work for the group Fairport Convention from 1969 along with their album album "Liege & Lief" (1969) was thought to create the electric folk movement. Swarbrick died on 3 June 2016 from emphysema, aged 75. Sten Lundin Sten Lundin (20 November 1931 – 3 June 2016) was a Swedish professional motocross racer.<ref name="1960 Monark/Lito"></ref> He won the F.I.M. 500cc Motocross World Championship in 1959 riding a Monark. In the 1960 world championship, he finished in second place, two points behind Bill Nilsson. Lundin was also a member of the victorious Swedish team at the 1955 Motocross des Nations. Vitaliy Masol Vitaliy Andriiovych Masol (; November 14, 1928 – September 21, 2018) was a Ukrainian politician. He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 1994 to 1995. He was confirmed as Prime Minister on June 16, 1994 and resigned from that post on March 1, 1995. Masol died on September 21, 2018 in Kyiv, aged 89. Radical Republican The Radical Republicans were a political faction of American politicians within the Republican Party. They existed from 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They called themselves "radicals". They were opposed during the War by the Moderate Republicans (led by Abraham Lincoln). One of the fears of the radicals was that if Northern and Southern Democrats came back together again as they had before the Civil War the Republican party would no longer be the dominant political party. History. In 1854, the Republican party was formed as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The act split the Whig Party in two. The Northern Whigs united with the members of the Free Soil Party. Together with the Know-Nothing Party they formed the Republican Party. Between its formation in 1854 and 1861, the Republican Party had many different factions or groups. It attracted been Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Abolitionists, but by the start of the Civil War it had been reduced to just three factions: conservatives, moderates and radicals. The Republicans generally opposed slavery. At first, many opposed giving African Americans equal rights when and if slavery ended. Radical Republicans believed they should be given equal rights and have the same opportunities as white people. They also wanted the leaders of the Confederate States of America to be punished for any part they played in the Civil War. Many Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Bob Uecker Robert George "Bob" Uecker ( ; born January 26, 1934) is a retired American Major League Baseball player, later a sportscaster, comedian and actor. Uecker is also known as "Mr. Baseball". Since 1971, Uecker has served as a play-by-play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts. Uecker is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a 2003 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award for his broadcasting career. Capellen Capellen (, ) is a town in the commune of Mamer, in south-western Luxembourg, west of Luxembourg City. Despite not having a "commune" named after it, Capellen gives its name to the canton of Capellen. History. Capellen lies on the old Roman road, today's "Kiemwee", from Trier in Germany to Reims and Paris. When Luxembourg was divided into cantons in 1840, as a result of disputes between Mamer and Koerich, it was decided that the canton should be named Capellen and that Capellen should become the capital of the canton. Geography. Capellen has an area of . The altitude at the church is high. Population. There were 1,677, persons living in the "commune" in 2015, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Charles Sturt University Charles Sturt University is a large university that has multiple campuses around the world. The university has campuses at Bathurst, Canberra, Albury-Wodonga, Dubbo, Goulburn, Orange, Port Macquarie, Wagga Wagga and Burlington, Ontario (Canada). Red Fort The Red Fort (Lal Qila) is a monument built in 1648 that rises above Old Delhi. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The fort is located in the centre of Delhi, India. It is made of red stone and marble. It was built on the right bank of the Yamuna River. The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family. The layout of the Red Fort was organised to keep and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the high point in Mughal creativity which happened during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many additions after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan. It is a World Heritage Site. it is made out of red sandstone. References. The Red Fort was built as the palace for of shahjahanbad it was the fifth capital of Mughal emperor of India shahjan redfort is Indias most important place Karaikal Port Karaikal Port Private Limited is a private port in Karaikal, Puducherry, India. It was made by the Chennai-based company MARG limited. The project began in 2005. It was first used in April 2009. So far, the port has handled cargoes such as coal, petroleum coke, raw sugar, fertilizer, cement, project cargo and construction materials. Containers and liquid cargo are soon to follow. When it is finished, the port will be able to handle all types of cargo. Karaikal Port is also a hub for oil exploration activities. Companies such as Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC) and Reliance Petroleum regularly call at the port. Karaikal Port is a deep draft, all weather port. The current depth of allows for handling of Gearless Panamax size ships (up to 80000 MT). Naturally aspirated engine A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and which does not rely on air forced through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Many sports cars use naturally aspirated engines due to their lack of a turbo lag. The main advantage of a naturally aspirated engine is they are usually more reliable than turbocharged or supercharged engines. Most automobile gasoline engines, as well as many small engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally aspirated. Most modern diesel engines powering highway vehicles are turbocharged to produce a better power-to-weight ratio. They also have better fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions. Umerkot Umerkot is a town in Umerkot district of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The town is famous because the great Mughal emperor Akbar the Great born here in 14 October 1542 when Emperor Humayun fled to escape from Sher Shah Suri. The excellent artistic tourist spot of Umerkot Fort where Emperor Akbar born is here. The town is well connected with Karachi and Hyderabad Mid-engine design A mid-engine layout describes the location of an automobile engine between the front and rear axles. A physics term, moment of inertia, shows how hard it is to turn a moving object. In a front engine front-wheel drive car, the drive wheels also have to steer the car, causing torque steer (pull to one side during Acceleration). Front-wheel drive can cause the vehicle to oversteer (turn more sharply than the driver expects) in a corner. A front engine rear-wheel drive can have good weight distribution (balance front to rear), but has a higher moment of inertia than mid engine layout. The mid-engine layout has none of these disadvantages. It has better weight distribution and a lower moment of inertia. Its main disadvantage is that the engine, mounted in the middle, leaves much less room for passengers and cargo. However, in racing there is usually only a driver so passengers and cargo are not an issue. Shivaji Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji Bhonsale was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra on 19 February 1630 to mother Jijabai and father Shahaji Bhosale. It is said that mother Jijabai prayed to Lord Shiva in Shivneri Fort for a brave son and kept her son name as Shivaji after the Hindu god Shiva. Shivaji Maharaj is one of the revered historical figures of Maharashtra. He created an independent and sovereign state in the Maharashtra region. In course of time, his prominence in the political sphere of Maharashtra, as a cultural icon of Marathi pride. Shivaji was born at the Shivneri fort near Junnar in Pune district on 19th February 1630. Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. His father Shahaji Bhonsale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. He worked under the local Deccan sultanates. At the time of Shivaji's birth, most of the territory in Maharashtra was under the possession of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur who were known as the Deccan sultanates. In the coastal belt of Konkan, there were two sea powers fighting for control, the Christian Portuguese and the Muslim Siddi. The British and the Dutch who were engaged in expanding their trade also had their factories on the coast. The Mughals, since the period of Emperor Akbar wanted to expand their power in the South. The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer the Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah of Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign. Shahaji Bhonsale tried to rebel, but he could not withstand the combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi. The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an end in 1636. Thereafter Shahaji became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was posted in Karnataka. The region comprising Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shahaji as a jagir was continued by the Adilshah. Shahaji was also assigned a jagir of Bangalore. Mata Jijabai and Shivaji, stayed for a few years with Shahaji at Bangalore until Shivaji was twelve years old. Shahaji entrusted the administration of the Lakshmi jagir to Shivaji and Mata Jijabai. Shivaji grew up amidst the hills and valleys of the Pune region under the guidance of his mother Jijabai. His mother Jijabai taught Shivaji the stories of the Hindu epics and scriptures such as Mahabharata and also stories of old mighty Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara. Shivaji was also trained in guerrilla warfare. Foundation of the Maratha kingdom. Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region. The extremely rugged valleys enclosed by these are usually known as the Mavals or Khores each named after the stream running through it, or after the principal village. Collectively they are known as the Mavals. The inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people. Shivaji Maharaj started the work of founding the Swaraj in this region which is full of hills and valleys and is not easily accessible. He skillfully utilized the geographical features of the Maval region for the foundation of the Swaraj. He created a feeling of trust and affection in minds of the people. Many associates, companions, and Mavalas joined him in his work of founding Swaraj. The objective of Shivaji Maharaj in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in his official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit. Through this Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured his people that the ‘ever-increasing like the crescent moon, the kingdom of Shivaji, son of Shahaji, will always seek the welfare of the people. The Royal Seal of Shivaji Maharaj. In the medieval period, forts carried much significance. With a firm hold over a fort, one could defend as well as control the surrounding area and could rule the land. In case of an enemy’s invasion, it was possible to protect the people taking shelter in the fort. The forts situated within the jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under his control but were under the control of Adilshah. Therefore an attempt to capture the forts meant to challenge the Adilshahi power. Shivaji Maharaj decided to acquire the forts that were within his jagir. He captured the forts of Murumbdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana, Purandar and laid the foundation of the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj was steadily but cautiously aiming at extending and consolidating his power. Those sardars who appreciated his aim were brought to his side, but some sardars in the Adilshahi opposed him. It was necessary to bring them under control to found the Swaraj. The Capture of Javali. The region of Javali in the Satara district was important from the strategic point of view. Many routes to the Konkan were through Javali. For the expansion of the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to control that region. The region of Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar in the Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656. Then he also captured Rairi. This strong fort, later under the name of Raigad, was to become the capital of Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj built the Pratapgad fort in the Javali valley to protect the newly conquered territory and to control the Paar pass. The victory at Javali led to the expansion of the Swaraj in Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj then crossed the Ghats and descended into Konkan. He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on the Konkan coast which were under the control of Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, in the Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj was able to command the coast line because of his acquisition of this territory in the Konkan. He came in contact with the Portuguese, the British and the Siddi powers on the western coast. The Siddi controlled the fort of Janjira and the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri. Wherever in future these powers created obstacles in the work of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj tried to curb their activities. The Establishment of Maratha Navy. When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a long coastal strip, he deemed it necessary to undertake the construction of a Navy. Shivaji Maharaj realized that the one who had a navy, controlled the sea. To protect his own territory from the Siddi's depredations, to protect the merchant ships and ports in order to secure and enhance revenue incomes derived from maritime trade and customs duty, he concentrated on building the Navy. There were four hundred ships of various kinds in the Navy. They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Pal. The defeat of Afzal Khan and the Battle of Javali. Shivaji Maharaj had openly challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir and the territory in north Konkan. At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after the administration of Adilshahi. She sent Afzal Khan, a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General to curb Shivaji Maharaj. Afzal Khan set out from Bijapur sometime in May 1659. To isolate Shivaji Maharaj, Ali Adilshah issued Farmans to the Deshmukhs in the Mavals, ordering them to join Afzal Khan. Besides this, Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support of the Deshmukh's. A meeting between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad. At the meeting, Afzal Khan attempted treachery when he went to greet Shivaji Maharaj by stabbing Shivaji in the back with his dagger however Shivaji Maharaj had come prepared and he was wearing body armour so the dagger failed to pierce his skin. In retaliation, Shivaji Maharaj ripped at Afzal Khan's stomach with his weapon which is known as tiger-claws ("wagh-nakh") and killed Afzal Khan. The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army in the dense forests of Javali. Shivaji Maharaj secured a large booty from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate and strengthen his position. The Expedition of Siddi Jauhar. Shivaji Maharaj intended to capture as much of Adilshahi province and forts as possible. Thereafter, he was captured from the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna. He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad. In A.D. 1660, to check the rapid progress of Shivaji Maharaj, the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with a large army against Shivaji Maharaj. The Adilshah gave Siddi the title of ‘Salabatkhan’. In these circumstances, Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in the Panhala fort. Siddi’s soldiers led siege to the fort for about five months. Shivaji Maharaj found himself trapped inside the fort. Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege by 4 attacking Siddi’s army from outside. But Siddi showed no signs of relenting. Shivaji Maharaj opened overtures with him. This led to slackness in the siege around Panhalgad. Taking advantage of the situation Shivaji Maharaj escaped through siege around the Panhala fort and proceeded to Vishalgad. Siddi Jauhar’s army pursued Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj stationed Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the foot of Vishalgad and entrusted the responsibility of stopping the Siddi’s army. Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at the Ghod pass near Gajapur. He fought with the greatest valor. Baji Prabhu died a hero’s death in this battle. While going to Vishalgad, Shivaji Maharaj also crushed the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan and Surve of Shringarpur. Maharaj reached Vishalgad safely. While Shivaji Maharaj was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army invaded the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj realized that it would not be prudent to fight two enemies at the same time. Therefore Shivaji Maharaj entered into a treaty with the Adilshah. As per the treaty, he returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah. Conflict with the Mughals: Shaista Khan’s Invasion. For the expansion of the Swaraj, conflict with the Mughals was inevitable. Emperor Aurangzeb appointed Shaista khan, to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, ordering him to invade and annex Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions. Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in February 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660. He decided to capture the fort of Chakan to obtain supplies. Though the killedar of the fort of Chakan- Firangoji Narsala offered strong resistance to Shaista khan’s army, the Mughals captured the fort of Chakan. Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe. He set up his camp at Lal Mahal in Pune. The Mughal army began to ravage the regions around Pune. Shaista khan adopted the strategy to occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible. Forces were dispatched to invade the Konkan region below the Ghats. Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army. Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on an expedition to the North Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj humbled the Khan in Umbarkhind. Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the North Konkan and he marched southwards and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur. Two years had passed but Shaista khan still would not think of leaving Pune. Naturally, this harmed the population. Intending to drive Shaista khan out of Pune, Shivaji Maharaj devised a bold plan. On 5th April 1663, Shivaji Maharaj raided Lal Mahal. In this raid, Shaista khan lost his fingers. He left Pune and shifted his camp to Aurangabad. The successful attack on Shaista khan resulted in an immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame. It also had an impact on the people and their faith in the capabilities of Maharaj was strengthened even further. The Surat Campaign. In three years, Shaista Khan had ravaged the territories of the Swaraj. It was necessary to make up for this loss. Surat was the most prosperous port of the Mughal Empire on the west coast. Europeans i.e. the British, the Dutch and the French had their factories there. Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of attack on Surat. The Subhedar of Surat could not put up any resistance to the Marathas. Shivaji Maharaj obtained enormous wealth from Surat. Surat's campaign was a stunning blow to emperor Aurangzeb’s prestige. Soon after his return from Surat, Shivaji Maharaj embarked upon a vigorous naval program. Shivaji Maharaj had realized the importance of sea forts. Sea forts would protect the navy and keep in check the Siddi of Janjira and the Portuguese. He built Suvarnadurg. In 1664 he commenced the construction of Sindhudurg at Malvan. About the same time, he strengthened a fort named Vijaydurg. He also built a fort named Padmadurg on a small island in front of Rajpuri to counter the Siddi power. Jaisingh’s campaign against Shivaji Maharaj. Intending to crush the growing power of Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh of Ambar, an experienced and powerful Mughal Sardar. He left Delhi on 30th September 1664 and reached Pune on 3rd March 1665. Jaisingh's strategy was to isolate Shivaji Maharaj from his neighboring powers so that he would get neither help nor support from them, to prevent him from breaking out into the Mughal territory, to devastate his homeland, and capture his forts. As per this strategy he was trying to provoke the Adilshahi against Shivaji Maharaj. Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating local rulers in the Karnataka against the Adilshah so that the latter would be unable to help Shivaji Maharaj. To the Portuguese of Goa and Vasai, the Dutch of Vengurla, the British of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested that they should start a naval campaign against Shivaji Maharaj. He also drew up a plan of capturing the forts in possession of Maharaj. Jaisingh and Dilerkhan led siege to the fort of Purandar. Mughal forces were sent to various parts of Swaraj to devastate the territories of the Swaraj. Maharaj endeavored to resist the Mughals. When the Mughals put the fort of Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest of courage. He died a hero’s death. Realizing that in this conflict with the Mughals, Shivaji Maharaj and his subjects had to face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty with Jaisingh. A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed in June 1665 which is known as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. Under the terms of the treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding a revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals. He also assured the Mughals of help against the Adilshahi. Visit to Agra. Jaisingh’s campaign against the Adilshahi proved unsuccessful. Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt that if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji Maharaj joined forces against the Mughals, it would be a great setback to the Mughal policies in the Deccan. Both of them felt that Shivaji Maharaj ought to be kept away at least for some time from the Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji Maharaj that he should visit Agra and meet the Emperor. After making thorough arrangements to ensure effective administration of his dominions during his absence, Shivaji Maharaj proceeded to Agra with his son Sambhaji and a few of his trusted people. Shivaji Maharaj set out for Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th May 1666. Aurangzeb did not treat Shivaji Maharaj with due honor at his court. Livid with rage, Maharaj walked out of the court instantly. Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest. Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of escaping from his house arrest. He adroitly escaped from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666. While returning from Agra, he left Sambhaji at Mathura. Later, Sambhaji was brought safely to Rajgad. An offensive against the Mughals. For about four years after his return from Agra, Shivaji Maharaj concentrated his attention on putting the affairs of Swaraj in order. He re-organized the army and carried repairs to forts. In 1670, Shivaji Maharaj followed an offensive policy against the Mughals. His first aim was to clear his homeland of the Mughals. He also aimed at recapturing the forts and territories ceded to the Mughals according to the treaty of Purandar. The strategy followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts by sending a well-equipped army on one hand and on the other hand to keep the Mughals unstable by invading the Mughal territories of the Deccan. Maharaj thus attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar. Sinhgad was the first fort to be recaptured. Mavala infantry under the command of Tanaji Malusare entered the fort secretly. The fort was defended by Udai Bhan. Tanaji Malusare fought with the greatest valor. He died a hero’s death. The fort was captured on 4th February 1670. Shivaji Maharaj also recaptured several other forts such as Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala, Rohida one after another. Then Shivaji Maharaj attacked Surat for the second time. On the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani- Dindori in Nashik district. He defeated Daud Khan in the battle. The Marathas under the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad. The Maratha army then invaded Baglan, a hilly district that was guarded by nine hill forts, the strongest among these were of Salher and Mulher, the others being smaller hill forts. The Maratha army not only captured smaller hill forts of Baglan but also captured Mulher fort and Salher which lay on the border of Khandesh and Gujarat. The capture of Salher was an event of great strategic importance. Then Salher became a base of operations against the rich provinces of Gujarat and Khandesh. The Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed. In 1672, Shivaji Maharaj’s army conquered the principality of Jawhar and then Ramnagar. The offensive against the Adilshahi Sultanate. Shivaji Maharaj decided to expand his dominions at the expense of the Adilshahi Sultanate. He captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession of Adilshah on 8th March 1673. Then he captured the fort of Parali near Satara, fort of Satara, and forts like Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, and Tathavda. Fort Raigad, Capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The founding of the Maratha Swaraj involved a` relentless struggle for over thirty years. Maharaj realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general recognition as a sovereign, independent state. For legal recognition to the Swaraj, a formal coronation was necessary. On 6th June 1674, Shivaji Maharaj was coroneted at Raigad by Gagabhatt, a learned pandit of Benaras. Maharaj ascended the throne of the Swaraj. He now became the Chhatrapati of the Swaraj. As a symbol of sovereignty, Shivaji Maharaj instituted a new era commencing from the date of his coronation. It is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka. Shivaji Maharaj thus became the founder of a new era. On the occasion of the coronation, special coins were minted- a gold coin called hon and a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them. Thereafter, all royal correspondence carried the words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'. Hon Shivrai. A dictionary called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was prepared. Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, while pointing out the significance of the coronation, writes ‘It was no mean achievement for a Maratha king to become such a great Chhatrapati’. The coronation of Shivaji Maharaj was a revolutionary event in the history of medieval India. Shivaji Maharaj had his second coronation performed under the guidance of Nischalpuri Gosavi. The Campaign of the South. After the coronation, Shivaji Maharaj marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured it in April 1675. Then the Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by the annexation of Kolhapur. After that Shivaji Maharaj accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj planned to carry his army to the east coast in the South and conquer the province of Adilshahi Karnataka. He undertook the Karnataka expedition in 1677. Karnataka was long famous for its riches. At the same time, it was ill-defended by the Adilshah. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj went to Golkonda to meet the Qutubshah. He entered into a treaty of friendship with him. In April 1677 he set out for the Adilshahi Karnataka. He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore. The city withstood a long siege. The eastern portion of the south was mostly held by nobles of the Adilshahi kingdom. Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had carved out a principality for himself at Thanjavur. At Tirumalvadi, on the northern bank of the Coleroon, Vyankoji met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj tried to get Vyankoji to participate in the activities of the Swaraj. He did not get any response from Vyankoji. Later, Maharaj conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, certain other forts such as those at Vellore, and also some parts of the Adilshahi kingdom. Permanent annexation in the south increased Maharaj’s strength and most importantly he was successful in executing his plan of defense which would help him to resist the armies of Aurangzeb in the future. For the administration of the newly conquered province, Shivaji Maharaj made excellent arrangements. He appointed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the chief officer to look after these newly conquered territories. After accomplishing the mission of the south, Shivaji Maharaj returned to Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj decided to fortify the island of Khanderi, commanded a key position as it was located near Mumbai. The British then decided to lay a regular siege to the island. In this naval conflict, the English had to withdraw their fleet. This brought to an end the naval conflict between Shivaji Maharaj and the British. Within few months Shivaji Maharaj fell ill. After a short illness, he passed away at the Raigad fort on 3rd April 1680. The Samadhi of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad A Peoples’ King. The Swaraj established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comprised of large areas of Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Thane districts of Maharashtra. It also included parts of the Belgaum, Karwar, and Dharwad districts of Karnataka and Jinjee, Vellore, and their neighboring areas in the state of Tamil Nadu. He set up an efficient and sound system for the administration of this Swaraj. The administration was divided into eight departments. A minister was appointed as the head of every department. His council of eight ministers was known as the Ashta-Pradhan Mandal. Shivaji Maharaj followed a policy of encouraging agriculture. He paid attention to the welfare of the peasantry. He was also equally concerned about the growth of trade and the protection of industries. Thus he turned the Swaraj into a surajya a state which sought the welfare of all. He was a great military commander, an outstanding general, and a statesman. He had a clear concept of military organization. His military organization consisted of infantry, cavalry, and navy. Strict discipline, rapid movements, excellent intelligence service, and continuous attention to defense marked his military organization. He used to take utmost care to protect his subjects especially at the time of enemy invasions. Shivaji Maharaj was also keen to see to it that the soldiers did not in any way cause any harm to the subjects. He followed a tolerant religious policy. The greatest achievement of Shivaji Maharaj was to inculcate the spirit of independence in his people. By his great deeds and achievements, Shivaji Maharaj created an altogether new order of things. Shivaji Maharaj’s personality and message are as relevant today as they were in the past. Hanuman Jayanti Hanuman Jayanthi is a festival in India. It is the birthday of Hanuman, the Vanara god who looks like a monkey. It is celebrated on the 15th day of Chitra Pournami. It is an important festival of the Hindus. Hanuman is the symbol of strength, energy and devotion. He is worshipped as a deity with supreme powers and conquer evil spirits. Kansas in the American Civil War At the start of the American Civil War, Kansas was a new state. Kansas did not allow slavery in the state constitution. Kansas fought on the side of the Union, although there was a big pro-slavery feeling. These divisions led to some conflicts. The conflicts included the Lawrence Massacre in August 1863. Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at Mine Creek. Background. Kansas had been admitted as a state of the Union in January 1861. This was very shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war. There had been some guerrilla fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. The fighting became known as Bleeding Kansas. After three constitutions, the fourth, called the Wyandotte Constitution, was approved by the voters and sent to the United States Congress for approval and statehood. Kansas entered the Union as a free state and the 34th state on January 29, 1861. Even after it became a state, there were still hard feelings in Kansas. The Kansas-Missouri border continued to be terrorized by Guerrilla bands from both sides. But statehood did not settle the hard feelings in Kansas — or the violence. Pro-slavery people still fought at the Kansas-Missouri border throughout the war. Lawrence, a free-state place in the 1850s, was burned, and more than 150 men and boys were killed by a pro-Southern irregular army under William Quantrill in 1863. Military units. Less than three months after Kansas became a state, on April 12, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate troops and the Civil War began. In Washington D.C., there were rumors that President Abraham Lincoln would be kidnapped or even assassinated. A senator from Kansas, James Henry Lane organized 120 men from Kansas called the "Frontier Guard". For three weeks they remained in the White House to protect the President. Most Kansans favored joining the Union in the war. Governor Charles Robinson and Senator Lane recruited troops for the Union Army. During the war the federal government called for a total of 16,654 men from Kansas. But more than 20,000 enlisted and the state sent 19 regiments and four batteries to fight for the Union Army. Some of the men came from other states as Kansas only had about 30,000 men old enough to join the military. Kansas soldiers suffered a total of about 8,500 casualties during the war. Lawrence Massacre. The first action in Kansas was not between the rival armies. It was a guerrilla raid in August 1863 by pro-slavery irregular forces led by W.C. Quantrill. They attacked the city of Lawrence, a centre of anti-slavery sentiment. They killed about 180 men and boys and destroyed a number of buildings. As the raiders could be heard shouting “Remember Osceola!”, the attack was taken to be a reprisal for an earlier raid by anti-slavery jayhawkers on Osceola, Missouri. Some believed that it was also a response to the recent deaths of some of the raiders’ imprisoned womenfolk, when their jailhouse collapsed, perhaps by design. (Recent research shows that the collapse was almost certainly accidental.) The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces. Later engagements. The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle in the War. It was fought on October 6, 1863 near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas. On October 25, 1864, a series of three battles occurred. The first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. The first was the Battle of Marais des Cygnes (also called the "Battle of Trading Post"). The second was a cavalry battle called the Battle of Mine Creek. This was a significant battle between mounted cavalry for Confederate forces and several brigades of Union cavalry that were pursuing General Price. They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army was destroyed as a fighting force and withdrew into Arkansas. Ondrej Duda Ondrej Duda (born on 5 December 1994 in Snina, Slovakia) is a Slovak association football midfielder who currently plays for the Polish club Legia Warsaw and the Slovakia national football team. He played for VSS Košice from 2012 to 2014. His nicknames are "Dudinho" and "Ondrej di Maria". Mamer Mamer is a commune and small town in the Capellen canton, south-western Luxembourg. It is at west of Luxembourg City. History. The Treveri, a Gallic or Celtic tribe, inhabited the region for several hundred years until they were conquered by Julius Caesar in 54 BC. A Celtic necropolis from the 1st century was discovered in the early 1970s on the "Juckelsboesch" plateau between Mamer and Kehlen. During the Gallo-Roman era which lasted until about 450, the Romans built and maintained a number of roads in the area including the "Kiem" (Latin "caminus", road) linking Trier to Reims through what is now Mamer. "Mambra" was a small Roman settlement on the banks of the Mamer river at the eastern end of today's Mamer. The Roman settlement was burnt by Germanic invaders around 276. The road linking Luxembourg City to Brussels, passing through Mamer, was built in 1790. In 1859, the railway to Brussels was opened, with a station in Mamer. Geography. Mamer is in the south-west of the country, on the Mamer river, a tributary of the Alzette river. The "commune" has an area of . The altitude is high. At the church, the altitude is high; the highest point in the "commune" is "Juckelbösch" that is . Mamer is surrounded by seven "communes" of Luxembourg: Koerich and Kehlen to the north, Strassen to the east, Bertrange to the southeast, Dippach to the southwest, Garnich to the west and Steinfort to the northwest. The "communes" Strassen and Bertrange are part of the Luxembourg canton but the rest are part of the Capellen canton. Population. There were 9,185 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Other towns, besides the town of Mamer, within the "commune" are Capellen and Holzem. Evolution of the population in Mamer Twinned and partner towns. Mamer is twinned withː Diemerswil Diemerswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Begum Jan Begum Jan is a doctor from South Waziristan, Pakistan. In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award. Jan cares for women and children in Pakistan's dangerous tribal areas. Life. When Jan was a child, she studied with boys, because there was no school for girls. When the tribal leaders said she could not go to high school with boys, she studied with a tutor. She went to medical school in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Work. Jan worked at Pakistan Red Crescent. She worked with women and children at a mental hospital. She also worked with Afghan refugees. Jan started the Tribal Women Welfare Association. Diemtigen Diemtigen is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Paul Petersen William Paul Petersen (born September 23, 1945) is an American actor and comedian, best known for portraying Jeff Stone on "The Donna Reed Show". He began his show business career at the age of 10 as a Mouseketeer on the "Mickey Mouse Club". Nibal Thawabteh Nibal Thawabteh (Arabic language نبال ثوابتة) is a Palestinian political activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award. During her speech at the ceremony, she spoke for the Palestinian people and asked the world to listen to the Palestinian women. Work. Thawabteh was the first woman to be elected to the Beit Fajjar Village Council. Beit Fajjar is a village near Bethlehem. She also helped other women get seats in the Village Council. Thawabteh started a monthly newspaper to write about subjects like honor killing, polygamy, and poverty. Thawabteh is the director of the Media Development Center at Birzeit University in Birzeit, Palestine, near Ramallah. Cynthia Bendlin Cynthia Bendlin is a human rights activist from Paraguay. She works against human trafficking. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award. Work. Bendlin is the head of the International Organization of Migration. The organization works to prevent of trafficking of women in the border area of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. According to Bendlin, there are 6000 possible victims of trafficking in this area. In 2006 and 2007, the organization had seminars to teach government leaders to fight trafficking. The seminars were in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, Foz do Iguasu, Brazil and Porto Iguasu, Argentina. Slither.io Slither.io is an online multiplayer video game. It is played on a web browser or through an app. The game was started by Steve Howse in 2016. The game is played in the role of a snake eating 2-dimensional glowing dots on a grid. It is based on the 2015 game Agar.io, with the main difference is that snakes will die when their head collides with another snake, instead of being based on size like in Agar.io. The game is most played in multiplayer , where every snake is a human player. In the iOS and Android versions, however, it can also be played in singleplayer, where every snake except the player is controlled by the device. Ashley Greene Ashley Michele Greene (born February 21, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Alice Cullen in the Twilight Saga movies. Early life. Greene was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Her mother is Michele Greene (née Tatum), who works in insurance, and Joe Greene, a former U.S. Marine who now owns a concrete business. She grew up in Middleburg and Jacksonville. She moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 17 to pursue an acting career. Greene has an older brother named Joe. Career. At first, she planned to become a model. Her manager told her that she was not tall enough to be a fashion model and that she should act in commercials instead. After taking commercial and acting classes, she realized that she liked acting more than modeling. Greene graduated from high school early and moved to L.A. to start her acting career. Acting. Early in her career, she had guest roles on television programs, such as "Punk'd" and "Crossing Jordan". In 2008, she had an important role in the movie "Twilight", which was based on the novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. She played the character Alice Cullen. She was also in the sequels to "Twilight": ' (2009), ' (2010), ' (2011), and ' (2012). Greene played Michelle Burkham in the drama movie "Skateland" (2010). She acted in the movie "A Warrior's Heart" with Kellan Lutz, who was also in "Twilight". Greene acted along with Miley Cyrus and Demi Moore in the drama movie "LOL" (2012). In 2013, Greene was in the historical film "CBGB" about the former Manhattan music club with the same name. Modeling. In 2010, Greene did modeling for an advertisement by the company SoBe. In this advertisement, she wore body paint. Later the same year, Greene became the main model for the Mark brand of cosmetics. This brand is made by the company Avon. Greene received an award from the PETA foundation because of her work with Avon, which does not do animal testing. She also received "The Style Icon Award" from the magazine "Hollywood Life" at the Young Hollywood Awards. Diessbach bei Büren Diessbach bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Bévilard Bévilard is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Bévilard, Malleray and Pontenet into the new municipality of Valbirse. Diesse Diesse was a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Diesse, Lamboing and Prêles merged into the new municipality of Plateau de Diesse. Hospental Hospental is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Aesch, Lucerne Aesch is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Popular sovereignty in the United States Popular sovereignty was a political doctrine in the United States that held that the people who lived in a state or region should decide what kind of government or laws they should have. Popular sovereignty allowed settlers of a territory to decide for themselves on the question of slavery without any interference from the federal government. During 19th century it was a compromise used to determine if a western territory or new state would accept or reject slavery within its borders. It was first promoted in the 1840s. Stephen A. Douglas, one of the sponsors of the Kansas–Nebraska Act inserted it in the new law as a measure to balance slave and free states. Abraham Lincoln was one of those who did not agree. He thought Congress should regulate federal territories. The act was passed but popular sovereignty proved to have deadly consequences. When Kansas was being considered for statehood, there was a rush by both people who were for and against slavery to go to Kansas and vote on the issue of slavery. This resulted in a great deal of fraud and violence. It led directly to Bleeding Kansas, the bloody border war over slavery. Avegno Gordevio Avegno Gordevio is a new municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 20 April 2008, when the municipalities of Avegno and Gordevio joined together to become Avegno Gordevio. Cool (Gwen Stefani song) "Cool" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Written by Stefani and Dallas Austin, the song was released on July 5, 2005 as the album's fourth single. The song was compared to early music by Madonna, Cyndi Lauper and Janet Jackson. Music video. "Cool"s music video was directed by Sophie Muller and was filmed in Lake Como, Italy. The video features flashbacks of Stefani with brunette hair. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Orlando nightclub shooting --> The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting was a major incident inside Pulse, a gay bar and nightclub in Orlando, Florida. It happened on June 12, 2016. More than fifty people, including the shooter, were killed in the massacre. It was the deadliest homophobic attack on LGBT people in United States history. It was the deadliest attack in the U.S. since the September 11, 2001 attacks. Until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that killed 60 people, the Pulse shooting was the deadliest mass shooting in American history. The gunman was Omar Mir Seddique Mateen. Incident. According to law enforcement officials, at an unknown time before the shooting, Mateen called the police and pledged himself to the leader of ISIS. At about 2:00 a.m. EDT, Mateen fired shots inside the nightclub. He was armed with a rifle, a handgun, and a "device". Mateen then left the club briefly and exchanged gunfire with a police officer outside, before returning inside to take hostages. Pulse posted on its Facebook page at 2:09 EDT, saying "Everyone get out of pulse and keep running". Reactions. United States. Florida governor Rick Scott described the incident as "clearly an act of terror", and declared a state of emergency. In a broadcast statement made at around 2:00 p.m. from the White House, President Barack Obama described the shooting as an "act of terror" and an "act of hate". He mentioned that he has directed the Federal Bureau of Investigation to investigate the shooting as an act of terrorism, and that the full resources of the federal government would be made available. Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas was a border war on the Kansas-Missouri border. It started with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. It continued into the American Civil War (1854–1861). It was an ugly war between groups of people who had strong beliefs about slavery. The term was first coined by Horace Greeley of the "New York Tribune". He used it to describe the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s. Three different groups were fighting for power in Kansas at the time. These were those who were pro-slavery, abolitionists and free-staters. Bleeding Kansas, fought over the issue of slavery, was a precursor of events to come in the American Civil War. Background. Settling Kansas Territory. Before 1854 when the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up the territory for settlement, there were people living there. Among these were several tribes of Native Americans. These included the plains Indian tribes of the Kansas, the Osage and the Pawnee people. They lived and moved throughout what is now the state of Kansas. In the 1830s about 20 tribes living east of the Mississippi River were relocated west of Missouri. By 1854 most of these tribes had been forced to give up these land to the federal government and move into what is now Oklahoma. Before the Kansas-Nebraska act started, the idea of popular sovereignty gained interest in the territory. Several groups with political interests promoted the idea of settlement by whites. One group who liked free-state settlement was the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The first group of New England settlers created the city of Lawrence, Kansas. That city quickly became a place of abolitionist activity. The same year, the city of Topeka, Kansas was created by Cyrus K. Holliday and other anti-slavery advocates. Missourians felt there was a plot by abolitionists to surround the state of Missouri with free states. Residents of Missouri with an interest in Kansas becoming pro-slavery flooded into the territory. The towns of Atchison and Leavenworth were both founded by pro-slavery Missourians. Issue of slavery. Slavery was one of the main issues that led to the Civil War. The Southern United States was dependent on agriculture. They were also dependent on the 4 million slaves and their descendants who did all the work on southern plantations. Much of the southern economy depended on the free labor of slavery. Slaves could be traded, rented, bought or sold. A man's social status, prestige and wealth were demonstrated by the number of slaves he owned. In the Northern United States, by the time of the Civil War, slavery had been abolished. The north was mainly industrial. Immigration, especially from Ireland and Germany, provided a source of low cost labor. This meant that the North did not need slaves. Ever since the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up the territory to settlement in 1854, the pro-slavery party in Missouri had been interfering in Kansas affairs. Missouri was admitted as a pro-slavery state under the Missouri Compromise. Slaveholders in Missouri were nervous about having a free-state on its western border. This is because runaway slaves could escape to there. Plantation owners in Missouri wanted to make sure Kansas became a slave state. Most of the people who came to the Kansas territory came for land and opportunity. Most were from eastern states such as Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and New York. They were almost all white. Though they did not have slaves, most were prejudiced against black people. They believed the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only. First territorial legislature. On March 30, 1855, the Kansas Territory had the election for its first territorial legislature. This legislature would decide whether the territory would allow slavery, so it was an important election. Just like in the election of November 1854, "Border Ruffians" from Missouri again went into the territory to vote. Pro-slavery people were elected to 37 of the 39 seats. Martin F. Conway and Samuel D. Houston from Riley County were the only Free-Staters elected. Due to concerns about electoral fraud, Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder nullified the results in five voting districts. A special election was held on May 22 to elect replacements. Eight of the eleven delegates elected in the special election were Free-Staters, but this still left the pro-slavery people with a 29–10 advantage. Congress sent a three-man special committee to the Kansas Territory in 1856. The committee report said that if the only people who were allowed to vote in the election of March 30, 1855 were "actual settlers", it would have elected a Free-State legislature. The report also said that the legislature actually seated "was [filled with illegally-elected people], and [it] had no power to pass valid laws". Violence in Kansas. In October 1855, John Brown came to Kansas Territory to fight slavery. On November 21, 1855 a skirmish called "Wakarusa War" started when a Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot by a pro-slavery settler. The war had one death, a free stater named Thomas Barber was shot and killed. On May 21, 1856, Missourians invaded Lawrence and burned the Free State Hotel. They destroyed two newspaper offices, and ransacked homes and stores. In May 1856, Republican Senator Charles Sumner took to the floor to denounce the threat of slavery in Kansas. He wanted to destroy what Republicans called the "Slave Power". In the speech called "The Crime against Kansas", Sumner ridiculed the honor of elderly South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler. He compared Butler's pro-slavery agenda towards Kansas with the raping of a virgin and characterizing his affection for it in sexually explicit and disgusting terms. The next day, Butler's cousin, the South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks, nearly killed Sumner on the Senate floor with a heavy cane. The action shocked the nation, brought violence to the floor of the Senate, and deepened the North-South split. The violence continued. Ohio abolitionist John Brown led his sons and other followers to plan the murder of settlers who spoke in favor of slavery. At a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek on the night of May 24, the group seized five pro-slavery men from their homes and hacked them to death with broadswords. Brown and his men escaped. They started making a plan for a full-scale slave insurrection to take place at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. They would have financial support from Boston abolitionists. The pro-slavery Territorial government had been relocated to Lecompton. In August 1856, thousands of pro-slavery men formed into armies. They marched into Kansas. That same month, Brown and several of his followers engaged 400 pro-slavery militia in the "Battle of Osawatomie". The hostilities continued for another two months until Brown left the Kansas Territory. The new territorial governor, John W. Geary, took office and asked both sides for peace. 1857-1861. Once Geary became governor, there was peace. However, this peace was broken by violent outbreaks for two more years. The last major outbreak of violence was the Marais des Cygnes massacre in 1858. This was when border ruffians killed five Free State men. In all, about 56 people died during the Bleeding Kansas era. Kansas statehood. The political process that led to statehood for Kansas was long and difficult. To become a state, Kansas had to give an acceptable constitution to the U.S. Congress. Kansas tried to become a state four times. They had four different constitutions given. This was more than any other state territory. Missourians, because they were so close, went across the border to vote on the first state constitution. The fact they were not Kansas residents did not stop them from stuffing the ballot boxes. With their help, pro-slavery candidates were elected to the constitutional convention. What came to be called the "Bogus Legislature" met on July 2, 1855. Among the laws passed by the Bogus Legislature were the death penalty for anyone setting slaves free or for saying or writing anything that might cause a slave rebellion. Citizens of Kansas who had talked about any anti-slavery ideas were not allowed to be jurors. The convention did everything it could to make anyone with anti-slavery sentiments leave Kansas. Anti-slavery abolitionists met on June 24, 1855. They rejected the Bogus Legislature's laws and constitution. The Topeka constitution. After several conventions, the free-staters met in Topeka to write a constitution. It was given to the U.S. Congress, and it went to Kansas voters on December 15. The "Topeka constitution" won ratification by a vote of 1,731 to 46. The landslide victory was because the pro-slavery side protested the vote. President Franklin Pierce gave a speech January 24, 1856 saying the so-called Bogus Legislature was still legitimate. He called the Topeka constitution and the abolitionist convention illegal. The United States House of Representatives accepted the constitution by a vote of 99 to 97. It was sent to the United States Senate, but the bill was stopped in committee. The House and Senate went back and forth over the issue, but nothing was fixed. Then President Pierce sent federal troops to break up the Topeka legislature on July 4. A year passed with no progress. Both abolitionists and pro-slavery border ruffians started fighting a guerrilla war on the border to try to fix the issue. The Lecompton constitution. A year passed with little change. However, James Buchanan was elected president of the United States. He chose Robert J. Walker to be the territorial governor of Kansas. His instructions to Walker were to help the "regular legislature" in creating a new constitutional convention. Buchanan promised Kansans that voters would be protected from force or fraud, and they should not protest the convention. Between mid-October and early November the Lecompton Constitution was drafted. When it was presented to Kansas voters it had two choices: a “Constitution With Slavery” and a “Constitution With No Slavery.” But it was cleverly worded in that it did not allow a vote against a constitution. This caused an angry response from voters. Governor Walker was forced to resign. By a vote of 6,226 to 569, on December 21, the Constitution With Slavery option won. However, Congress did not like the Lecompton constitution. The newly-created Republican Party joined forces with Northern Democrats, including Senator Stephen A. Douglas, to block the constitution because they felt it did not represent the will of the people of Kansas. The Democratic Party was split over the issue. Douglas and free-Stater in Kansas got a referendum held on January 4, 1858. This time, abolitionists, many of whom had earlier protested the vote, voted. More than 10,000 voters completely rejected the Lecompton Constitution. The Leavenworth constitution. The third try at a constitution was called the Leavenworth Constitution. It was called that because on March 25, 1858, the delegates met in Leavenworth, Kansas. When a bill asking for another convention had been sent to the new territorial governor, James Denver for approval, he ignored it. The territorial legislature then passed the bill, but they met after they were scheduled to leave. This caused an angry debate even before the convention met. At the convention, abolitionists disagreed over several issues including what to offer to blacks. Even so, the delegates voted on a new constitution to present to the voters. It was ratified on May 18, but very few Kansans came out to vote on the issue. Congress did not even take the Leavenworth constitution seriously. Instead, President Buchanan said that the Lecompton constitution had been ratified and it should be the constitution under consideration. While the Leavenworth constitution was waiting on ratification, both houses of congress sent the Lecompton constitution back to the voters of Kansas. This time there was a bribe attached. If the voters would approve the Lecompton constitution, they would get 3.5 million acres of public land to use for schools, a university and public works. If they rejected the constitution, Kansas would not be allowed to submit another constitution until it gained a larger population. On August 2, the voters rejected the terms of statehood made by Congress by a vote of 11,812 to 1,926. Both the Lecompton and the Leavenworth constitutions were dead. Both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions realized it was time for a new plan for Kansas. The Wyandotte Constitution and Kansas statehood. Things quieted down temporarily although the polls had shown the free-state abolitionists were clearly in the majority. Many of the pro-slavery men from Missouri lost interest in the political affairs of Kansas. Many of the more radical abolitionists did also. The territorial legislature proceeded to find a way for Kansas to become a state. On February 9, 1859 the legislature passed an act to create one more constitutional convention. The new governor, Samuel Medary, signed the bill. A vote held on March 28 showed 5,306 Kansans were for the measure while 1,425 were against it. By this time it was widely thought Kansas would be a free state, if approved for statehood. But other issues were being debated. These included state boundaries, suffrage and temperance. Deligates to the convention were elected and on July 5 met at Wyandotte, a town that later became part of Kansas City. On July 29, the Wyandotte Constitution was adopted (without signatures of many of the Democrats at the convention). It was presented to the people of Kansas on October 4 and was approved by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530. The U.S. House of Representatives introduced a bill in February 1860 for statehood and it passed. In the Senate, however, the measure stalled. It went to the Committee on Territories for three months before it came back to the Senate floor. The committee had recommended it not be passed. Debates on the measure went back and forth, but nothing was done due to the upcoming presidential election. In the 1860 election, Abraham Lincoln won the presidency. The Southern states then seceded from the Union. With Congress cleared of those against Kansas becoming a free state, the measure was passed. President Buchanan was still in office but signed the bill making Kansas the 34th state. The Wyandotte constitution became the constitution of the State of Kansas. Molokhia Molokhia or Mulukhiyah (various spellings based on the ) is a soupy vegetable dish. It is made from leaves of "Corchorus olitorius", commonly known as Nalta jute, tossa jute, and Jew's mallow. It is commonly served in the eastern Mediterranean area, the Levant and North Africa. Dürrenroth Dürrenroth is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Arkadiusz Milik Arkadiusz Krystian "Arek" Milik (born 28 February 1994 in Tychy, Poland) is a Polish association football forward who currently plays for the French club Olympique de Marseille (on loan from SSC Napoli) and the Poland national football team. He has also played for AFC Ajax, Rozwój Katowice, Górnik Zabrze, Bayer 04 Leverkusen and FC Augsburg. Vasili Berezutski Vasiliy Vladimirovich Berezutski (; born 20 June 1982) is a Russian football coach and a former player. He played as a defender. Berezutski is an assistant coach with CSKA Moscow. He began his professional career in 1999 at the age of 17 with Torpedo Moscow. Berezutski was a Russia national football team regular. He earned his 100th cap on 6 September 2016 against Ghana. Crash (Gwen Stefani song) "Crash" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Written by Stefani and No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal, the song uses car metaphors to describe a relationship. Many music critics compared the song to music made by American female rap group Salt-n-Pepa. Music video. Unlike the previous singles released from the "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." album, "Crash" was the only song not to feature an actual music video, a live performance from the "Harajuku Lovers Tour" was used instead, this was mainly because Stefani was pregnant with her first child. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Eggiwil Eggiwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Epsach Epsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Skylab Skylab was the first space station of the United States. It was launched on May 14, 1973 on an extra Saturn V Moon rocket. It was launched without the third stage, lunar module, or command/service module because Skylab was itself an extra third stage that was turned into a space station, which is called a wet workshop. The Apollo spacecraft visited the station three times. If there was any problem, an Apollo spacecraft with Vance D. Brand and Don L. Lind could rescue the crews. Experiments. Skylab did 80 experiments. Those were divided into six categories: Our (river) The Our (pronunciation [u:r]) is a river in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. It is a left-hand tributary of the Sauer river, and so it is part of the drainage basin of the Rhine river. Geography. The Our river has a length of . Of that length, are in Luxemboug Its drainage basin has an area of . The source of the Our is in southeastern Belgium. It is near Manderfeld in the Büllingen municipality,  Liège province. It is at an altitude of about . The river flows southwards, more or less along the German-Belgian  border and, after Ouren, along the German-Luxembourg border. The historic town of Vianden lies on the Our. The Our joins, as a left tributary, the Sauer river in Wallendorf in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, at about of altitude. North of Viande, the river is blocked by the Our Dam. Main tributaries. The tributaries of the Our river with length over 5 km are: Carsington Water Carsington Water is a massive reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water. It is England's ninth largest reservoir with a capacity of 35,412 megaliters. Planning for the reservoir started in the 1960s with actual construction staring in 1979. In 1984 there was a partial collapse of the dam. Pro-slavery (United States) Pro-slavery was an ideology that promoted the practice of slavery and defended against any interference with the system. By the 1830s, slavery was practiced mainly in the Southern United States. African American slaves were considered property. Slave owners justified them being property because slaves were black—in other words not people. Slaves were used on large plantations and small farms as the primary form of labor. Largely in response to the abolitionist arguments against slavery, pro-slavery advocates developed arguments to justify slavery as being a good thing. While anti-slavery groups pushed for a gradual end to slavery, and free-soilers sought to stop its expansion, abolitionists demanded an immediate end to the practice. Pro-slavery became as much anti-abolitionism as it was a defense of slavery. Background. Slave culture. It is sometimes hard to understand why southerners who did not own slaves would defend the practice of slavery. In the south at that time, slaves did not just work on plantations. There were over 4 million blacks were enslaved in the south and they far outnumbered white people. In cities like Charleston, South Carolina, slaves worked at various jobs such as carpenters, blacksmiths, bricklayers and street sweeper. They performed every kind of manual labor. They raised the family's children, cooked, cleaned and served the food to their masters. A visitor to Charleston commented “Charleston looks more like a Negro country than a country settled by white people”. Southerners feared a slave rebellion like the one on Haiti only a few decades earlier. They also feared that without slaves their economy would collapse completely. Slavery had become a subject of vital interest to everyone in the United States. In 1859, the raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia by the abolitionist John Brown shocked the south. Had Brown succeeded, he intended to arm slaves in the south with weapons to revolt against their masters. Each new state admitted to the United States became a battle over whether it would be a free state or would allow slavery. Extremists from all sides flocked to territories to promote their own cause. Bleeding Kansas became a worst case example where the competing views broke down into outright guerrilla warfare. Political compromises were tried, such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. Slave conditions. Slaves were generally poorly fed and had minimal clothing and places to sleep. Household servants usually did better as they got the old clothes of their master's family and had access to better quality food. Slaves suffered from poor health in the heat and humidity of the south. Because of their poor diet and unsanitary living conditions, they frequently suffered from diseases. The rice plantations were the most deadly for slaves. They stood in water for most of the day under the hot sun. Malaria was a common disease. The mortality rate was highest among slave children. It averaged about 66 % generally and was as high as 90 % on rice plantations. Slave women were frequently used for sex by their masters. If any refused they were physically beaten. Their racially mixed or mulatto children were considered slaves because their status followed that of the mother. All women in the south, black or white, were considered chattel or property, they belonged to the master. In 1808, the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves took effect. After this time slave breeding by their masters became a common way to produce slaves. There was also a demand for light-skinned, good looking young female slaves. These "fancy maids", slave women sold at auction as concubines or prostitutes, brought the highest prices. Pro-slavery arguments. The arguments for slavery by Southern spokesmen said that chattel slavery (slaves as property), as practiced in the South, was more humane than the system of "wage slavery" practiced in the industrialized Northern United States. George Fitzhugh, in his book published in 1857, "Cannibals All!", maintained that pro-slavery held the moral high ground in the national debate over slavery. Fitzhugh maintained that because slaveholders owned their slaves they took better care of them than the northern capitalists who only "rented" their workers. In his earlier "Sociology for the South" he proposed that many white people should also be slaves. Some pointed out that slave owners provided food and clothes for their slaves, something that northern employers did not do. Other arguments pointed out that in addition to the benefits slaves enjoyed under slavery that by keeping them separate, they did not mix with the white race. While this was a fear of many southerners, the argument played on the fears of northerners. The basis for this was the commonly held belief at the time that blacks were inferior to whites. Others pointed out that a sudden end to slavery would cause economic collapse in the south. There would be no cotton, tobacco or rice industries. Also, that if all the slaves were freed it would lead to unemployment and chaos all over the United States. They claimed it would lead to uprisings much like the "Reign of Terror" during the French Revolution. These arguments and others were widely published in books, newspapers and pamphlets. They were carefully designed to promote and defend slavery. Eriswil Eriswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Secunderabad Secunderabad is a city in the state of Telangana, India. It is popularly called the twin city of Hyderabad. History. Secunderabad was founded in the year 1806 as a British cantonment. Secunderabad and Hyderabad together form the sixth biggest metropolis in India. It is one of the biggest cantonments in India. It has a large presence of army and air force. Demographics. The population of Secunderabad is 204,182. The literacy rate of Secunderabad is 73%. The most popular sport is cricket. Erlach, Switzerland Erlach () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Erlenbach im Simmental Erlenbach im Simmental is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Ersigen Ersigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Oberösch and Niederösch merged into the municipality of Ersigen. Thrombolite Thrombolites are ancient types of microbial communities that photosynthesize. They are similar to stromatolites, but they are formed differently. Stromatolites are clearly layered, but thrombolites are not. They are "clotted accretionary structures". They formed in shallow water by the trapping, holding, and cementing sedimentary grains by microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. They were common in the Cambrian and early Ordovician, and few examples still exist today. Eschert Eschert is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Etzelkofen Etzelkofen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Etzelkofen, Büren zum Hof, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Free-Stater (Kansas) Free-Staters were those settlers in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas era in the 1850s who opposed the extension of slavery to Kansas. The name came from the term "free state". This meant a U.S. state without slavery. Some Free-Staters were abolitionists from New England. Other Free-Staters were abolitionists who came to Kansas Territory from Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. However, the majority of Free-Staters, regardless of where they were from, did not claim to be abolitionists at the beginning. Instead, the official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding "all" Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only. Pro-slavery Southerners in Kansas Territory said all Free-Staters were abolitionists. This was in order to motivate the South's opposition. However, Eli Thayer and other New England Company leaders denied that they were seeking to abolish slavery. Also, the failed Topeka Constitution drafted by the Free-Staters in 1855 would have excluded any black person from settling in Kansas. This is whether they were slaves or free. In contrast, abolitionists wanted equal rights for all blacks and to end discrimination against them. As time passed and the violence in Bleeding Kansas increased, abolitionists became associated with the Free-State movement. In 1858, the Free-Staters proposed a second constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, which banned slavery and also would have given the right to vote to black men. This constitution also failed because of unresolved conflict between the two sides. Kansas became a state in 1861 after the fourth and final Wyandotte Constitution was agreed on. Holton, Kansas was named for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin free-stater Edward Dwight Holton. Evilard Evilard is a municipality in the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Lucca Borges de Brito Lucca Borges de Brito (born 14 February 1990), simply known as Lucca, is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for Corinthians. Lucca is known for his playmaking ability, his excellent technical ability, vision and set pieces. Fahrni Fahrni is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Farnern Farnern is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Graziano Pellè Graziano Pellè (born 15 July 1985 in San Cesario di Lecce, Italy) is an Italian association football forward who currently plays for the English club Southampton and the Italian national football team. He has also played for U.S. Lecce, Calcio Catania, Crotone, Cesena, AZ Alkmaar, Parma Football Club SpA, U.C. Sampdoria and Feyenoord. He won the Eredivisie with AZ Alkmaar in 2009 and was Premier League Player of the Month in September of 2014. Omar Mateen Omar Mir Seddique Mateen (November 16, 1986 – June 12, 2016) was an American mass shooter/mass murderer. He killed at least 49 people and wounded 53 others in a mass shooting at a gay bar in Orlando, Florida. He was killed in a gunfight with the police. It was the largest and deadliest act of violence targeting LGBT people in United States history. Mateen was born in New York to Afghan parents. He moved to Port St. Lucie, Florida in 1991. Before the shooting, he had been investigated by the FBI in 2013 and 2014. Mateen reportedly pledged his allegiance to the Sunni militant jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) before the shooting. Bogdan Stancu Bogdan Sorin Stancu (born on 28 June 1987 in Pitești, Romania) is a Romanian association football forward and left winger who currently plays for the Turkish club Gençlerbirliği and the Romania national football team. His nickname is "Motanul" (meaning Tomcat). He also previously played for Argeș Pitești, CS Mioveni, Unirea Urziceni, Steaua București, Galatasaray and Orduspor. Career statistics. International goals. These goals are current since the game against Switzerland. Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim (Arabic language: فرحيو فرح إبراهيم) is a Somali refugee and women’s rights activist. She fights against female genital mutilation and forced marriage in the Dadaab refugee camp in north-east Kenya. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award. In 2002 Farah went to work for the National Council of Churches in Kenya, teaching people about reproductive health. After she was attacked, she took a job as an interpreter in Dadaab. In 2005 Farah went to a leadership program in the town of Naivasha in Western Kenya. Then she worked for CARE, giving people information about reproductive health. CARE is an international NGO that helps refugees. The Carsey-Werner Company The Carsey-Werner Company (also called Carsey-Werner Productions or Carsey-Werner Television) is an independent television company. It was founded in 1981 by former ABC writer and producer duo Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner. The company created television sitcoms including "Roseanne", "A Different World", "The Cosby Show", "Grace Under Fire" and "That '70s Show". Carsey-Werner was sold to NBC Universal in 2007. Ge with upturn Ge with upturn (Ґ, ґ) is the fifth letter of the Ukrainian alphabet. It can also be used in the Belarusian language. This letter means the sound [g] in both languages, "Г" meaning the sound [h]. Firstly this letter appeared in the middle of the 19th century. Serious (Gwen Stefani song) "Serious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). The track was written by Stefani and her Doubt bandmate, Tony Kanal. Kanal also produced the song with Mark "Spike" Stent. "Serious" had been compared to Madonnas early music by Enrique Peña Nieto. Music video. A music video was made for the song, but the video was never officially released. Sophie Muller directed the music video. The music video features Stefani and the Harajuku Girls dancing on various rooftops throughout Los Angeles. A minute long clip of the music video was uploaded onto YouTube on October 13, 2006. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Pasophae Pasophae, also spelt Pasiphaë, is a character in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the sun god, Helios and the wife of King Minos. She was the mother of many of Minos' children. They included Ariadne and her brother Androgeos, who was killed by the Athenians. She also had an affair with a prized bull her husband had refused to sacrifice to Poseidon. The offspring of Pasophae and the bull was the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by Theseus. Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song) "Long Way to Go" is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000. The song appears as the closing track on Stefani's debut studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). It was released on November 23, 2004 by Interscope Records. The track was written by both Stefani and 3000. The song also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. Background. "Long Way to Go" was originally recorded in 2003 during recording sessions for both of Stefani and 3000's then upcoming studio albums. André 3000's original version of the song had Stefani as a featured artist and he originally recorded for the Outkasts "The Love Below" album. Writing and production. Lyrically, "Long Way to Go" is about prejudices against dating someone from a different race. The line, "When snow hits the asphalt / Cold looks and bad talk come" is used as a metaphor for the nasty comments people receive when dating someone of the opposite race. "Long Way to Go" also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. "Long Way to Go" was written by Stefani and 3000 and was also produced by 3000. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." Ferenbalm Ferenbalm () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Forst, Switzerland Forst is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Längenbühl on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl. Forst-Längenbühl Forst-Längenbühl is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2007, the former municipalities of Forst and Längenbühl merged into the new municipality of Forst-Längenbühl. Fraubrunnen Fraubrunnen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Frauenkappelen Frauenkappelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Plains Indians Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are Native American tribes with similar cultures in the Interior Plains. This includes the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies. It is between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. The landscape is mostly flat grasslands and plains. The natives were often on the move (nomadic) and used horses. Natives mainly hunted bison. These people have become part of popular culture. They were one of the last Natives to be taken over. This particular Native group has become a stereotype for Natives in literature and art. Tribes. There are two main groups of Plain Indians. One moved a lot (nomadic) and the other did not travel that much (sedentary): History. In the early Prehistoric periods, Native peoples hunted and collected plants. They later developed agriculture and grew corn. Plains people lived there for thousands of years and adapted to changes in climate and landscape. Early Natives mostly did not move and were sedentary. Groups developed Plains Village Cultures. There was not that much war and conflict before horses came. The Spanish explorers and conquistadores first brought horses to the Southwest in the 1500s. Hernán Cortés was the first Spanish to bring horses in 1519. Juan de Oñate brought many more horses in 1592. Later these horses moved north and came to the Plains region. The horses changed the way the Plains Indians hunted. They quickly adapted to hunting bison on horseback as nomadic hunters. The Navajo began to steal horses from the Spanish. Apache traded captives for horses. Horses also escaped into the wild. Horses were traded to or captured by other tribes.The Comanche soon followed and realized how useful horses could be. The Comanche became powerful and took over the Apache areas. All of these tribes based their wealth and power on the horse. By the mid-1700s, most Plains Indians had each one or more horses. The Plains culture had now fully developed. The next European advance came from the British and French. They brought guns to North America. Native interacted in these exchanges that were part of the Fur Trade. The British also pushed many of the Eastern Woodlands tribes onto the Great Plains. Guns weakened the Native Americans and caused greater conflict among tribes. Guns increased the intensity of conflicts between tribes. This indirectly led to forced migration. In the 19th century, US people started to slaughter and hunt bison. The US government wanted to get rid of bison to starve out the Native peoples. Many times, Americans just hunted for the skin and left the meat behind. The bison almost became extinct. The American government pushed west and this led to conflict, including the Indians Wars. The Plains Wars were from the 1850s to 1870s. Notable examples of wars include the Dakota War, Great Sioux War, Snake War and Colorado War. Natives resisted US American populations. In 1890, many Natives were killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre. After the 1850s, the horse culture of the Plains Indians ended as tribes were moved to Indian reservations. Culture. Housing. Plains people lived in teepees. These were cone-shaped homes for single families. Natives used buffalo skin as the walls and poles for the structure of the teepees. There was a hole at the top to allow light and smoke through. Villages lived in earth lodges. These were round-shaped, and the walls were made of earth. Usually, there were several families living in these homes. Other types of homes were the Wichita and Osage. They were shaped like wigwams, which had dome or cone shapes. Native often used grass for the walls. Food and Clothing. The most common crops in the Plains regions were corn, squash and beans (the Three Sisters). There was also tobacco, plums and sunflower. Corn culture developed in 900 AD. Natives often collected rainwater. Plains people also hunted buffalo, deer, and elk. With horses, several tribes focused only on hunting buffalo and moved around more. Up to the 1500s, tribes lived on the edges of the Great Plains. They were farmers and hunter-gatherers. From autumn to spring they raised crops. During the summers they went out onto the Great Plains to hunt bison on foot. At the height of their cultures, their main source of food was the large herds of American bison. Hunting was not only the main activity of Plains Indians but was a central part of their religion. Their culture was formed from the natural environment they lived in. Before horses, it was more difficult for natives to hunt bison. They often had to create traps for the bison. Early on, they used bows and arrows, spears, and clubs. Later the Europeans introduced firearms. Native peoples mostly used the skins of bison and deer for their clothing. War heroes could wear war bonnets. Natives wore mocassins as shoes. The horses allowed Natives to become wealthier. As a result, clothing began to include more luxury items. Family, Gender and Society. In Plains culture, inheritance and lineage could be through the mother, father, or both. There were some rules for marriage, like against incest. Arranged marriages were common, and there was sometimes polygamy. The least strict relationship rules were between grandchildren and grandparents. There were particular gender roles in communities. Women did things related to food, clothing, raising children, and teepee building. Women, however, owned the home. Women could get a divorce. Men did more hunting and defending. Natives raised Children more through rewards and praise. Several family members could serve as mentors. Warfare. Warfare was very individualistic. Often, only a few warriors went on a raid. Individual warriors could get plunder and trophies from an attack. Warrior status was important. Raiding became more common with horses. The Comanche were notable warriors. Fighting was both defensive and offensive. Natives attacked other Natives, but also European colonists. Usually, war was about revenge for a person's death or to get praise. Horses were very valuable and, if stolen, could lead to war. Wealth, success, and status were based more on merit and achievement. This system applied to the ranking of warriors. There were many honors for warriors. Bravery was very important. The tradition of "counting coup" was a very high honor. One showed bravery by defeating another warrior without killing the warrior. The number of horses won in a raid decided how successful the raid was. The Plain Natives won several battles against the Americans. Natives won at the Battle of Little Bighorn. War with the Americans lasted up to the 19th century. The Natives were fast, knew the lands, and knew how to control the horses. The Natives could not enter longer wars. This was because of the hunting season. They also did not want to take big risks that would cause more deaths. Natives still used bows and arrows after they got firearms. Religion. Plains Indians believed in forms of animism. Animism meant animals and certain objects had spirits. Spirits were often the ones that brought about success. Natives could get help from a spirit by doing a vision quest. A spirit could give a vision or dream. These visions would contain knowledge like how to win a fight or to heal sicknesses. Some tribes believed that there was one spirit greater than all the others. Other tribes believed that all spirits were equal. There were certain religious leaders. Shamans had spiritual powers and could heal the sick. They had direct contact with the supernatural. Shamans were different than priests. Priests had a lot of knowledge about the spiritual world. Sometimes one person could be both a shaman and a priest. Some people in tribes were "wakan" (Lakota: "holy"). There was often training to get this status. One could become a spiritual leader or a medicine person. Natives had many rituals and ceremonies. The Sun Dance was an important ritual. Different tribes came together to affirm their beliefs. The Sun Dance was usually every year. The ceremony also included sacrifices. People would make personal sacrifices to heal the larger community. There were dances and songs. Fasting was also common. There was much preparation for these ceremonies. The dance sometimes included piercing individuals. Plain Indians in Popular Culture. Popular culture in United States included stereotypes of Plains Indians. Buffalo Bill Cody featured plains Indians in his Wild West shows beginning in the 1880s. When Hollywood began making movies, the western was a favorite topic. They introduced the plains Indians as the stereotypical Native American Indian to the entire world. When fiction about the American Old West shows Indians, they are usually plains Indians. The Plains Indians have been popular in European countries like Germany. Such views of Natives were often idealized and filled with stereotypes. The richness of Native American culture was not considered. The Plain Indians became a stereotype for all Native Americans. The German writer Karl May wrote many books about the Wild West and Plains Indians. The American artist George Catlin made many drawings and paintings of Plains Indians. Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song) "Wind It Up" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on October 31, 2006 as the lead single from Stefani's second studio album "The Sweet Escape". The song contains a sample from "The Lonely Goatherd" which was originally from "The Sound of Music". Background and writing. In July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida for her album. Reviews. Many music critics did not like the yodeling that was featured in the song. Stefani later said about the song: Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape". Osage Nation The Osage are a Midwestern Native American tribe of Plains Indians who historically ruled much of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The tribe formerly lived in the areas in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys around 1,200 BC. They then began migrating west due to wars with the invading Iroquois. The term "Osage" is considered a French name for the tribe which roughly translates into "Mid-Waters". The Osage people refer to themselves in their own language as Wazhazhe. At the height of their power in the early 18th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region. They were feared by neighboring tribes as ruthless and "savage" fighters. The Osage would often practice ritual scalping and beheading as military trophies. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red River to the South and were greatly dependent on nomadic buffalo hunting and farming. The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as: The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation", and Washington Irving said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West." The Osage originally lived among the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw in the Ohio Valley. Researchers believed that the tribes likely developed differences in their languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in the present-day area of Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, and the Quapaw in Arkansas. The Osage are a federally recognized tribe. They were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century, and have been based in Oklahoma. There are 9,400 descendants, 5,620 of which reside in area surrounding Osage county. Members live both on the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country such as Kansas. Isenthal Isenthal is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Shielding effect Shielding is when an electron becomes less attracted to other atoms the further it is away from the nucleus. This is because the forces holding atoms together become weaker as distance increases. In group 1 elements. In a reactive metal like sodium, the single electron on an electron shell furthest from the nucleus is more likely to be lost in a reaction with another element. This is because less energy is needed to pull them away. Other elements with similar properties like potassium that are lower down on the periodic table than sodium will be even more likely to lose their furthest electron in a reaction. This is because of the addition of more electron shells between the nucleus and the furthest electron, increasing distance. In group 17 elements. The shielding effect also happens with elements that have many electrons on their furthest electron shell, for example chlorine. In this case however, more energy is needed to give the atom an electron. The amount of energy needed is increased with the number electron shells around the nucleus of the atom, for example in elements further down the periodic table like bromine. Ádám Szalai Ádám Csaba Szalai (born 9 December 1987 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian association football forward who currently plays for Hannover 96 on loan from TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Hungarian national football team. He has also played for VfB Stuttgart, Real Madrid Castilla, 1. FSV Mainz 05, Schalke 04, Budapest Honvéd and Újpest. Ackee The ackee, ("Blighia sapida") is a fruit. It is related to the lychee and the longan. It is native to tropical West Africa. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to Kew Gardens, England in 1793. The fruit was imported to Jamaica from West Africa before 1778. Since then it has become a feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is cultivated elsewhere in the world. Atchison, Kansas Atchison is a city and county seat of Atchison County, Kansas, United States, and is along the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,021. The city is named for David Rice Atchison, United States senator from Missouri. It was the original eastern starting point of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Aviator Amelia Earhart was born there. The Amelia Earhart Festival is held every year in July. Atchison is also home of Benedictine College, a Catholic liberal-arts college. History. Founding. Atchison was founded in 1854. It was named for Senator David Rice Atchison, who, when Kansas was opened for settlement, interested some of his friends in the scheme of forming a city in the new territory. Senator Atchison was interested in making sure that the population of the new Kansas Territory would be mainly pro-slavery. He had been a prominent promoter of both slavery and the idea of popular sovereignty over the issue in the new lands. However, it seems that all were not agreed upon the location he had selected. On July 20, 1854, Dr. John H. Stringfellow, Ira Norris, Leonidas Oldham, James B. Martin and Neal Owens left Platte City, Missouri, to decide definitely upon a site. They found a site that was the natural outlet of a remarkably rich agricultural region just open to settlement. Eighteen persons were present when the town company was formally organized by electing Peter T. Abell, president. James Burns was elected treasurer. Dr. Stringfellow was elected the town secretary. Civil War. At the outbreak of the American Civil War there were three militia companies organized in Atchison. They joined other Kansas regiments. They were known as Companies A, C and “At All Hazards”. Early in September 1861, a home guard was organized in the town to protect it in case of invasion from Missouri. On the 15th of the month another company was raised, which later became a state regiment. In 1863 the city of Atchison raised $4,000 to assist the soldiers from the county. After the Lawrence Massacre a like sum was raised to assist the stricken people of that city. Citizens of the town also joined the vigilance committees that aided the civil authorities in protection against raiding and the lawless bands of thieves that infested the border counties. During the war, Atchison was also the headquarters of numerous bands of jayhawkers. This included the notorious Charles Metz, who was known as "Cleveland". Metz, a former prisoner at the Missouri State Penitentiary, selected Atchison as his headquarters for raids into Missouri. He was accepted with open arms by the people of the town. During his period of operations, he stole hundreds of horses from Missouri farmers and sold them in Kansas. He robbed any suspected southern sympathizer and threatened several leading citizens with murder and robbery if they remained in town. He even ran off the first president of Atchison, P.T. Abell, who was forced into exile until after the Civil War ended. He defied all authorities but was finally shot and killed at some point in 1862. He is buried in St. Joseph, Missouri. Gadmen Gadmen was a municipality in the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen. New York Tribune The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper. It was founded by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party penny newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the New-York Daily Tribune. The tribune not only reported the news, it covered subjects such as politics, literary works, social reform and intellectual achievements. Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the "Tribune" supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War. However, the paper opposed his reelection in 1864. For some time the paper had the largest circulation in the United States. The "Tribune's" editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the "New York Herald" to form the "New York Herald Tribune". It remained a major US daily newspaper until it ended publication in 1966. Gals Gals () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Pawnee people The Pawnee are a Native American Plains Indians tribe. They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people. They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges. During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds. In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers. The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees). They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies. The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes. The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice. Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony. She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century. The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska. They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area. Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800. They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe. But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s. They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s. Eagle nebula The Eagle nebula is a young open cluster of stars in the constellation Serpens. The nebula is catalogued as Messier 16 (M16), and as NGC 6611. It is also called the Star Queen nebula and The Spire. These last names refer to visual impressions of the dark patch near the center of the nebula. This is called the "Pillars of Creation". It was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The nebula contains several active star-forming gas and dust regions, including the Pillars of Creation. William Adams William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), was an English navigator. He was the first Englishman to visit Japan. He was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. William's father died when his at age 12. He apprenticed to a shipwright, and studied shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation. He joined the Royal Navy during Anglo-Spanish War. He served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He became a pilot for the Barbary Company, a trading company established by Queen Elizabeth I of England. In 1598, Adams shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet. The fleet was owned by a company of Rotterdam merchants (Dutch East India Company). The fleet went from the isle of Texel, North Holland to the Eastern world. New England Emigrant Aid Company The New England Emigrant Aid Company (est.1854), originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory. This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state. The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal. The concept was called popular sovereignty. The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas. Gampelen Gampelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais. 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A The 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (known as the Brasileirão Petrobras 2012 for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Corinthians come in as the defending champions having won the title in the 2011 season. On 11 November 2012, Fluminense won the title for the fourth time. Kansas Territory The Territory of Kansas was a territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861. This was when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas. The territory extended from the Missouri border west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. North-south it ran from the 37th parallel north to the 40th parallel north. Much of the eastern region of what is now the State of Colorado was part of Kansas Territory. The western region of the former Kansas Territory, the Territory of Colorado, was created on February 28, 1861. Kansas–Nebraska Act. Kansas Territory was established by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The Kansas–Nebraska Act became a law on May 30, 1854, establishing the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which marked a line of latitude to be the separation of free and slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed the settlers of Kansas Territory to determine by popular sovereignty whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state. The Act contained thirty-seven sections. The provisions relating to Kansas Territory formed the last eighteen sections. Some of the more notable sections were: Eastern emigration. Pro-slavery settlers. Within a few days after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, hundreds of Missourians (also called Border Ruffians) crossed into Kansas territory. Many selected a section of land and voted in a meeting or meetings. This was intending to appear there was a pro-slavery majority in this region. In fact, each side became a majority back and forth. As early as June 10, 1854, the Missourians held a meeting at Salt Creek Valley, a trading post west from Fort Leavenworth, at which a "Squatter's Claim Association" was organized. In newspaper articles they said they were in favor of making Kansas a slave state "if it should require half the citizens of Missouri, musket in hand, to emigrate there, and even sacrifice their lives in accomplishing so desirable an end." In another paper they warned: "The abolitionists will probably not be interrupted if they settle north of the fortieth parallel of north latitude, but south of that line, and within Kansas Territory they need not set foot. It is decreed by the people who live adjacent that their institutions are to be established, and candor compels us to advise accordingly." Free-Staters. During the long debate before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, planning had already started for emigrants from the free states to settle in the territory. The largest organization created for this purpose was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, organized by Eli Thayer. Emigration from the free states, including New England, Iowa, Ohio, and other Midwestern states, flowed into the territory beginning in 1854. These emigrants were known as Free-Staters. Because Missourians had claimed much of the land closest to the border, the Free-Staters were forced to establish settlements further into Kansas Territory. Among these were Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan. Abolitionists. Abolitionists, like Free-Staters, did not want Kansas to become a slave state. They wanted to get rid of slavery permanently in the United States. Abolitionists also believed “all men are created equal.” Unlike Free-Staters, they wanted equal rights for blacks. The official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding "all" Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only. Eventually they compromised with Free-Staters to prevent slavery in Kansas. First Territorial Appointments. The first territorial appointments were made in June and July 1854. The officers appointed by President Franklin Pierce. They were confirmed by the United States Senate. The first governor was Democrat Andrew Horatio Reeder. Reeder was completely in sympathy with the pro-slavery southerners. He took the oath of office in Washington, DC on July 7, 1854. He arrived in Kansas on October 7, the same year. Reeder became one of the most active land speculators in the territory. In 1855, this conflict of interest finally got him fired as governor by President Pierce. Election of Territorial Legislature. On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri entered Kansas during the territory's first legislative election and voted in a pro-slavery Territorial Legislature. This was called the "Bogus Legislature" because of the widespread claims of election fraud. Antislavery candidates prevailed in one election district, the future Riley County. The first session of the legislature was held in Pawnee, Kansas (within the boundary of modern-day Fort Riley) at the request of Governor Reeder. He chose it for several reasons, not the least of which was he was an investor in the city. The two-story stone building still stands and is open to the public as the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas. The building remained as the seat of the legislature for five days from July 2–6, 1855, then moved nearer Missouri to the Shawnee Methodist Mission. The last legislative act of the Territorial Legislature was the approval of the charter for the College of the Sisters of Bethany. This was February 2, 1861—four days after James Buchanan signed the act of Congress that officially brought Kansas into the Union. James H. Lane joined the Free-State movement in 1855 and became president the Topeka Constitutional Convention from October 23 to November 11, 1855. He was later a leader of "Jayhawkers". The first Free-state mass-meeting was in Lawrence on the evening of June 8, 1855. Missourians were charged with voter fraud, ballot-box stuffing, and the "Bogus Legislature" which does not represent the legal voters of this Territory. It was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory. It was agreed that Kansas should be a free State. Also that Missourians in the late Kansas election were a gross outrage on the elective franchise and rights of freemen. They were also charged with violating popular sovereignty. Those attending did not feel bound to obey any laws made by the illegitimate legislature. Bleeding Kansas. The violent period following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act is called Bleeding Kansas. Pro-slavery Missourians rushed in to claim land and push for the state to become a slave state. Free-Staters and abolitionists poured into Kansas from New England, Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. In a short time they outnumbered the pro-slavery faction. However, when elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places. They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes. There was violence on both sides. Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital. On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".) On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked. In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre. In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmedmen and boys from their houses and murdered with swords, guns and knives. This only increased the violence leading to the Battle of Osawatomie where the abolitionists of Osawatomie were attacked and the town burned. Gelterfingen Gelterfingen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf. Gerzensee Gerzensee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee. Realp Realp is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Golaten Golaten was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach. Gondiswil Gondiswil (Dialect: "Gumiswil") is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Schattdorf Schattdorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf. It has an area of . Seedorf, Uri Seedorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Seedorf, Uri. It has an area of . Seelisberg Seelisberg is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama also known as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a Brazilian professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighborhood of São Cristovão. Although it competes in a number of different sports, Vasco is mostly known for its football team. The club is probably passing through the worst period in its history, since in the last 12 years, Vasco has fallen to the second division of the Brazilian Football Championship four times. LDU Quito Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (also called Liga de Quito or just Liga) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 10 national titles, and 4 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well. Central Italy Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region. Geography. Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy). The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno, Bolsena and Bracciano. Regions. Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985 comuniː As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The "comuni" with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː Chinese Super League The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: "中国足球协会超级联赛"; Pinyin: "Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài"; usually called Chinese Super League ("中超联赛") or CSL; and known as Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association. The league was created in 2004 and replaced the "Chinese Football Association Jia-A League". Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande. History. In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004. Results and statistics. Champions. The following table shows who won the league and when. Queen Ratna of Nepal Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges. She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi. Jo Cox Helen Joanne "Jo" Cox (née Leadbeater; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her assassination in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam. Assassination. On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. Cox was left in critical condition and she died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested after the attack. Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist. His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa. His career lasted over 50 years. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications. Gil Bartosh Gilbert C. Bartosh, Sr. (May 21, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1974 to 1975, with a record of 6–28. He was born in Granger, Texas. He died in Liberty Hill, Texas, aged 86. Villefranche-d'Albigeois Villefranche-d'Albigeois is a commune in the Tarn department of France. Sulabha Deshpande Sulabha (or Sulbha) Deshpande (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in "Bhumika" (1977), "Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan" (1978) and "Gaman" (1978). Deshpande died on 4 June 2016 from a long-illness in Mumbai at the age of 78 or 79. Villefranche Villefranche may refer to: Antti Hyry Antti Kalevi Hyry (20 October 1931 – 4 June 2016) was a Finnish writer. He won the Eino Leino Prize in 2005. For his 2009 book "Uuni" ("Oven"), Hyry won the Finlandia Prize, Finland's premier prize for literature. Hyry was born in Kuivaniemi. He is married to Maija Hyry. He died in Espoo, aged 84. Lois Duncan Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer of children's books. She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense. She wrote two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry. Duncan won the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution in writing for teens. On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at home in South Sarasota, Florida from complications of a stroke. Iron ore Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got. Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore". They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements. It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust. It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common). People have used it for more than 3,000 years. However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges. Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae. It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. All higher elements on Earth have this origin. Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii). That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands). They have basalt, and very little else. Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore. The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia). Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not. The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia. Iron ores. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. Beijing Guoan F.C. Beijing Guoan F.C. (Chinese: 北京国安; Pinyin: "Běijīng Guó'ān") is a Chinese professional association football club based in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Beijing Guoan also plays in the Workers' Stadium (which has a capacity of 66,161 people). The club was formed professionally on 29 December 1992 as the Beijing Football Club, and they have won many titles since. Honours. All-time honours list including semi-professional Beijing period. Shandong Taishan F.C. Shandong Luneng Taishan Football Club (Chinese: 山东鲁能泰山;Traditional Chinese: 山東魯能泰山; Pinyin: "Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān") is a Chinese professional association football club based in Jinan, Shandong, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Shandong Luneng Taishan also plays in the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium (which has a seating capacity of 56,808 people). The club was formed professionally on 2 December 1993 and was previously called the Shandong Provincial team. The club has since won many domestic titles. 2015 Chinese Super League The 2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th Chinese Super League season and was won by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao. Table. Below shows the results of the tournament. Graben, Switzerland Graben, Switzerland is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Villages. Baumgarten, Burach, Gsoll, Hubel, Kleinholz, Schörlishäusern, Schwendi and Stadönz. Grafenried, Switzerland Grafenried was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Grafenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Haute-Ajoie Haute-Ajoie is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie. Silenen Silenen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Villages. Amsteg, Bristen, Dägerlohn, Dörfli, Maderanerthal, Ried and Rusli. Sisikon Sisikon is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .Sisikon, the gateway to Canton Uri, lies on the delta of the Riemenstalderbach stream on the eastern shore of the Urnersee, the southernmost arm of the Vierwaldstättersee. Spiringen Spiringen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Unterschächen Unterschächen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It is in the upper Schächental. It has an area of . Villages. Urigen, Schwanden, Schwandenbergen, Brunni and Klausenpass. Wassen Wassen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of . Cyrus K. Holliday Cyrus Kurtz Holliday (April 3, 1826 – March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas. Holliday was one of the founders of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president. He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He served in the Kansas Senate. Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka. In 1890, he was the president of the Kansas State Historical Society. In 2012, Holliday was inducted into the Kansas State Hall of Fame. Early career. Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826. His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday. Holliday attended public school and in 1852 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He intended to become a lawyer but instead became a businessman. Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line railroad in Pennsylvania. Career in Kansas. Political. In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers. His wife, Mary Dillon Jones, remained behind in Pennsylvania until after the birth of their two children, Lillie and Charles. Holliday settled first at Lawrence, Kansas and became active in the Free State movement. Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas. He was Topeka's delegate to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in July 1859. That same year he was elected to the first of several terms as mayor of Topeka. He helped found the Kansas Republican Party. Holliday was a member of both the territorial and state legislatures. Railroad. He obtained a charter for a new railroad to run from Atchison, Kansas to the state capital at Topeka in 1859. In 1863, Holliday decided to extend the railroad along the route of the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Once there he intended it to go all the way to the Pacific Ocean in California. The name of the railroad was changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company (AT&SF). A severe drought followed by the Civil War starting in 1861 prevented the railroad from making much progress. The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872. By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe. The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy. Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad. He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900. Military. In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas. For this he was given the honorary title of colonel which he used for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas. Other websites. [[Category:1826 births]] [[Category:1900 deaths]] [[Category:Bleeding Kansas]] [[Category:History of Kansas]] [[Category:Politicians from Pennsylvania]] Grandval, Switzerland Grandval is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Alvaschein Alvaschein () is a former municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Alvaschein, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Stierva, Surava and Tiefencastel merged into the new municipality of Albula/Alvra. Andeer Andeer () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Clugin and Pignia merged into the municipality of Andeer. Grossaffoltern Grossaffoltern is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Villages. Ammerzwil, Kaltenbrunnen, Kosthofen, Ottiswil, Suberg, Vorimholz and Weingarten. This Is What You Came For "This Is What You Came For" is a song written and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris. It features Rihanna. The song was released on May 1, 2016, via digital outlets. The song has reached number one in Canada and Australia, number two in the United Kingdom, and the top five in the United States. In the U.S., "This Is What You Came For" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at number nine. It later reached number three there and was certified triple-Platinum by the RIAA. The song is Rihanna's 28th top-ten song in the U.S. The song reached number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 of 2016 in the US. Harris' ex-girlfriend, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, co-wrote the song under the name Nils Sjöberg. BMI, which publishes a list of songwriting credits, changed the name to Swift's real name. Music video. The music video for the song was released at midnight (Eastern daylight time) on June 17, 2016. It shows Rihanna wearing a black ponytail and a large gray sweater. She dances inside of a white cube with changing backgrounds. The scenes of fields are similar to those that are in the music video for "We Found Love", which is also a collaboration between Rihanna and Harris. Some critics viewed the changing colors and cube background to be similar to the music video for Canadian rapper Drake's 2015 single "Hotline Bling". The music video won the award for Best Male Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2016. Grosshöchstetten Grosshöchstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten. Gsteig bei Gstaad Gsteig bei Gstaad is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Hotel for Dogs Hotel for Dogs (1971) is a children's novel by Lois Duncan. It was made into a movie of the same name by Nickelodeon Movies for DreamWorks Pictures. When the book was originally released in 1971, Andi's name was Liz, and Friday's name was Sadie. The book was re-released December 1, 2008, to promote the movie with the names changed. Two sequels were released: "News for Dogs" in 2009 and "Movie for Dogs" in 2010. Exothermic reaction An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction where the substances reacting release energy as heat. An example of this is combustion. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The reaction that does the complete opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of exothermic reactions are: Endothermic reaction An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings. The opposite of an endothermic reaction is an exothermic reaction. Reversible reactions are where the products can react to remake the original reactants. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy: the reaction absorbs heat. The temperature decrease can sometimes be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of endothermic reactions are: Banana split A banana split is a type of dessert. It is made with ice cream, sliced bananas, and usually toppings. The toppings often include flavored sauces, whipped cream, nuts, and most notably a cherry on top of the dessert. One banana split has 893 calories. History. There are a few different stories about the first banana split. People in Chicago, Illinois; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Wilmington, Ohio say that the first banana split was made in their city. However, most people say that David "Doc" Strickler made the first banana split in the city of Latrobe, Pennsylvania in 1904. He sold the first banana splits for ten cents. Many students at St. Vincent College, a school in Latrobe, liked the banana splits and told their friends in other cities about them. After a few years, the banana split was popular in many cities in the United States. List of comuni of the Province of Ancona The following is a list of the 47 "comuni" of the Province of Ancona, Marche, in Italy. Hawthorn Football Club Hawthorn Football Club, known as the "Hawks", is a team in the Australian Football League. They won four premierships in 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Their home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The coach Alastair Clarkson, is a former student at Ballarat and Clarendon College. Club song. <poem> "We're a happy team at Hawthorn" "We're the Mighty Fighting Hawks." "We love our club and we play to win," "Riding the bumps with a grin at Hawthorn." "Come what may, you'll find us striving" "Team work is the thing that talks," "One for all and all for one" "Is the way we play at Hawthorn." "We are the Mighty Fighting Hawks." </poem> Andiast Andiast was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels. Ardez Ardez () is a former municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Ardez, Ftan, Guarda, Sent and Tarasp merged into the municipality of Scuol. Arosa Arosa is a municipality and a ski resort in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa. Gsteigwiler Gsteigwiler is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Guggisberg Guggisberg (Bernese German: "Guggishbärg" []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Arvigo Arvigo was a municipality in the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca. Eli Thayer Eli Thayer (June 11, 1819 – April 15, 1899) was an educator, reformer, legislator and founder of the New England Emigrant Aid Company. He was instrumental in the politics of Kansas during the period known as Bleeding Kansas. When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, the question of whether Kansas would become a slave-state or free state was left to the voters of Kansas. pro-slavery supporters, abolitionists and free-staters all rushed to settle in the Kansas Territory. All were trying to gain power so as to determine the status of slavery in Kansas. Thayer is best known for his work in the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Their purpose was to rush as many Free-Staters as possible to settle in Kansas. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857-1861. After serving in Congress Thayer became a businessman. Thayer died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 15, 1899. Early life and education. Thayer was born in Mendon, Massachusetts on June 11, 1819. He attended the local public school, then Bellingham High School. He attended the Academy of Amherst and in 1840 graduated from Worcester Academy. In 1845 he graduated from Brown University as salutatorian. Thayer returned to his college prepatory school, Worcester Academy, to teach. He was soon promoted to headmaster. From 1847 through 1849, Thayer was the principal of the academy. In 1849 he left Worcester Academy to found a women's college, Oread College (now Oread Institute). Political career. Thayer had been admitted to the Massachusetts Bar Association, but never practiced law. He was an alderman in Worcester from 1852 to 1853. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854. While there he devised and obtained a charter for the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The purpose of the Company was to finance people from New England to settle in Kansas. Under the popular sovereignty doctrine they could vote it free of slavery if and when it became a state. Thayer received a percentage of all the money collected by the Company. Thayer was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served two terms (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861). He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1872. Bleeding Kansas. Thayer and his New England Emigrant Aid Company played a key role in the border war on the Kansas-Missouri border that became known as Bleeding Kansas. The term was coined by Horace Greeley of the "New York Tribune". It described the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was an agreement that slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South and it also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854, it reversed the Missouri Compromise and caused a wave of resentment in the North. Northerners believed it would cause Missourians to cross the border into the Kansas Territory and take all the good land leaving nothing for northern settlers. Northerners were pessimistic about the slavery issue. The President, his Cabinet, both Houses of Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States were all pro-slavery. It was considered almost certain that slavery would dominate the United States. Thayer promoted the idea of “business antislavery”. The idea behind Thayer's Emigrant Aid Company was to level the playing field with the southern pro-slavery advocates. The company was chartered under the laws of Massachusetts for the purpose of "assisting emigrants to settle in the West." Thayer's idea worked to both settle New Englanders in Kansas to prevent slavery and to remove the surplus of New Englanders and Immigrants. The plan was for settlers to start new businesses that would profit the Company. The towns of Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan and Osawatomie, Kansas were all settled by or with help from the Emigrant Aid Company. Thayer realized there was more money available in the North than in the South. By forming the Company he felt settlers would be well rewarded with the "comforts of civilization". The Company would be well rewarded with a good dividend on their investments. It was a win-win situation. He thought once Kansas was free, their attentions could be turned south and colonize it in a similar manner. By investing in the Company it would be the "snort of the steam engine instead of the crack of the blacksnake (whip)". Thayer's slogan became "Saw-mills and Liberty!" and was widely proclaimed in the New England press. Between 1854 and 1856, Thayer's Company sent about 2,000 emigrants to Kansas Territory. By May of 1857 many members of the Company felt it had reached its goals in Kansas. Thayer began other projects. He helped found the free labor colony of Ceredo, Virginia (now West Virginia). But after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry many investors and potential settlers were scared away. The outbreak of the Civil War ended the project. In the North, Thayer was credited with helping to make Kansas a slave-free state. He was also called a villain by others for having caused the bloodshed and violence that followed sending immigrants to Kansas. In the South, the Company was often called "Eli Thayer & Co.," and a price was placed on Thayer's head in more than one place. In Missouri and the South, Thayer was charged with the "crime" of making Kansas a free state. In 1887, Thayer wrote a book "A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes" where he claimed a good deal of the credit for Kansas becoming free of slavery. Gündlischwand Gündlischwand is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Breggia, Switzerland Breggia is a new municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 25 October 2009 when the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged to form the new municipality of Breggia. Cugnasco-Gerra Cugnasco-Gerra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged into the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra. The Sweet Escape (song) "The Sweet Escape" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her second studio album of the same name. It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort. Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat. As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape". Masada Masada (in Hebrew: מצדה - metsada means: fortress) is an archaeological site, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel. It is on top of an isolated rock plateau, like a mesa. The rock is on the east of the Judaean Desert, and overlooks the Dead Sea. Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC, and built palaces for himself on the mountain. According to Josephus, the Sicarii, a splinter group of the Hebrew Zealots, held out against a Roman legion here. This was the Siege of Masada at the end of the First Jewish–Roman War. The seige ended in the mass suicide of 960 people – the rebels and their families. The hill is 63 meters above the sea level and 450 above the dead sea level near Mount Elazar. Cave of the Patriarchs The Cave of the Patriarchs, also called the Cave of Machpelah (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה, " ", trans. "cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque (, "") is an archaeological site in Hebron, Israel. According to the Jewish tradition it is the site of the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah. These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Israel, and which is now used as a mosque. Dongio Dongio is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality Acquarossa. Leontica Leontica is a village and municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality of Acquarossa. Fusio Fusio is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Broglio, Brontallo, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico to form a new and larger municipality of Lavizzara. Pottawatomie massacre The Pottawatomie massacre happened on the night of May 24, 1856. John Brown and a number of volunteer Free-Staters attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Osawatomie, Kansas. The killings were particularly brutal. One by one, settlers were dragged from their homes and hacked to death with broadswords and shot. The victims were pro-slavery, but were not slave owners themselves. The murders were in response to pro-slavery Missouri Border Ruffians who burned and looted Lawrence, Kansas three days earlier. It happened just two days after the Caning of Charles Sumner, the Senator from Massachusetts on the floor of the United States Senate. The Pottawatomie massacre was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War. It marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas. Background. The Territory. In 1854, the Missouri Compromise, which had restricted the expansion of Slavery in the United States, was done away with by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the federal government allowed the issue of slavery to be decided by those settling the Kansas Territory. By popular vote the people who lived there would decide whether Kansas would become a "slave-state" or be a "free-state" (free of slavery). Pro-slavery Missourians, Free-Staters and abolitionists all poured into Kansas. Soon, the different sides held their own elections and set up two opposing territorial governments. In May 1856, a drunken mob of pro-slavers sacked the town of Lawrence. Brown was enraged at this and wanted vengeance. John Brown. Brown was a deeply religious man who spoke his mind. As an abolitionist he found slavery in any form to be immoral. He fathered 20 children and with his wife moved to Kansas Territory to wage a war against slavery. He arrived on October 7, 1855, to help several of his sons who were already there to set up land claims. Along the way he got funds from other abolitionists and bought a large number of guns and swords for the fight he was sure would come. He had spoken out before against the Southern plantations and had called for the execution of slave catchers. Kansas, he thought, would be the perfect place to put his words into action. When the town of Lawrence was sacked, Brown became extremely angry. He could not understand why the people of Lawrence had not decided to fight. He decided he and his followers would avenge the sack of Lawrence. The massacre. On the night of May 24th, 1856, Brown set out with seven others to the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie Creek. They were armed with swords and rifles. One by one the victims were dragged out their beds and murdered by Brown and his followers. They attacked three different farm houses. James Doyle and two sons were dragged outside their house and hacked to death. Mrs. Doyle, her daughter and a 14-year old son were not killed. They next went to Alan Wilkinson's farm where he was taken "prisoner". His sick wife and two children begged Brown not to kill him. Brown's men took his rifle and two saddles, but let Wilkinson live. James Harris owned the third house Brown visited that night. Haris, his wife and young child plus three other men were living there. Brown's men killed one man, William Sherman, then took their weapons, a saddle and one horse. Brown's followers included four of his sons who all later claimed that Brown himself did not actually murder anyone. But he was the leader and he made all the decisions of who would live and who would die. They washed the blood from their hands and their swords in the creek, then went home. None of the killers were ever prosecuted for the crime. Aftermath. After the massacre, pro-slavery forces launched a manhunt for Brown. They destroyed the Browns' property and Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed. Brown escaped Kansas and fled north. Together, the sack of Lawrence and the Pottawatomie massacre started a civil war in Kansas. Brown gained national attention and fame among abolitionists. He was able to gather men and arms for another "secret mission"; John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. In November 1859, as Brown was waiting to be executed for his raid on Harpers Ferry, he received a letter. It was from Mahala Doyle, whose husband and two sons Brown killed: Gurbrü Gurbrü () is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Arch, Switzerland Arch is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Nablus Nablus ( ' , ', Biblical "Shechem" "Škem", Νeapolis) is a Palestinian city in the Samaria Mountains, in a Valley between "Mount Ebal (the mount of the blessing) in the south and "Mount Gerizim (the mount of the curse)" in the north. Nablus was the first Jewish city in the world and Joseph the son of Jacob was barried in the eastern side of the city. according to the Jewish tradition the city of Nablus was the first jewish City in the world. the Samaritan. a small comunity of Samaritan is living in the south of the city in a neighbourhood called: "Kiryat Luza" next to Mount Gerizim. Purification Purification is the process of rendering something pure. For example, clean of foreign elements and/or pollution. It may refer to: The Museum of Philistine Culture The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture () is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel. It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city. The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture. It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990. Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco. She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies. The museum has 3 floors. The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture. The second is for changing exhibitions. The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea. Abrahams Well International Visitors Center The Abraham's Well International Visitors Center is an archaeological museum and convention center in Beer Sheva, Israel. It was opened in 2013 on the site of Abraham's Well. The center is near the Old city of Beer Sheva and Nahal Beer Sheva on the road to Eilat. The well was discovered in the 19th century by Edward Robinson and Henry Baker Tristram. In 1897, a Beduin sheikh built an Arabian structure above the well to take over the place. In the Ottoman Period, a Bustan was grown next to the well. According to the Jewish Bible, in the place of the well Abraham signed a peace agreement with Abimelech, the king of the Philistines. Other websites. https://www.facebook.com/pg/AbrahamswellBR7/about/?ref=page_internal (May appear in Hebrew only) Esino The Esino () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important rivers in the region because the size of its drainage basin. There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy. Geography. The Esino river has a length of about and a drainage basin with an area of . Course. The source of the Esino is in the sides of the "Monte Caffagio", comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about . The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano. Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the "Fiumesino" near Falconara Marittima. Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province of Perugia (Umbria). Main tributaries. The main tributaries of Ensino river areː Data corruption Data corruption is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data. Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data. If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message. That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data. One of the ways this can happen is if a power shortage happens while saving the document, the computer cannot power down properly and the file becomes corrupted. Hackers can also corrupt data, be it accidentally or on purpose. Anton Yelchin Anton Viktorovich Yelchin (; March 11, 1989 – June 19, 2016) was a Soviet-born American movie, television and voice actor. Starring role in the 2013 movie, "Odd Thomas". Early life. Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. His family was Jewish. His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees. He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California. Career. His career began in 2000. He was in the movies "Along Came a Spider" and "Hearts in Atlantis" (both 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries "Taken" was his most famous role as a child actor. He later appeared on the television series "Huff" and starred in the movies "Terminator Salvation" (2009), "Charlie Bartlett" (2007), "Fright Night" (2011), "Like Crazy" (2011) and "Only Lovers Left Alive" (2013). Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the "Star Trek" reboot series, appearing in "Star Trek" (2009) and "Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013), and will appear in "Star Trek Beyond" (2016). Death. On June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home. It was described as a "freak accident". He was pronounced dead at 1:00 am at the age of 27. Sweat lodge The sweat lodge (also called purification ceremony or simply sweat) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials. It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer. Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans. There are several styles of structures used in different cultures. These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood. Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam. In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs. Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious rite of penance and purification. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859. He attacked and captured the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 21 men in his party, was defeated by a platoon of U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid. Tubman was prevented by illness. Douglass declined because he believed Brown's plan would fail. Background. Brown came from a staunch Calvinist and anti-slavery family. He failed at most business ventures he tried and declared bankruptcy at age 42. He attended a meeting of abolitionists in Cleveland, Ohio in 1837 that changed his life. He publicly declared he would destroy the institution of slavery. By 1848 he was already making plans to start a rebellion. In 1856 Brown, four of his sons and three other followers killed five unarmed men and boys in retaliation for a raid by Missouri Border Ruffians on the town of Lawrence, Kansas. It was called the Pottawatomie massacre and it marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas. On August 30, 1856, Brown and about 40 men fought against about 250–300 Border Ruffians at the Battle of Osawatomie. Two years later Brown and his men raided into Missouri where they killed a planter and set 11 slaves free. They also took wagons, horses and mules. Harpers Ferry. Brown had planned to set up a base in the Blue Ridge Mountains. From there he and his followers would help runaway slaves and launch attacks on slaveholders. He described this plan to abolitionists who might fund this plan. But the plan changed. By 1858, with the money and men to proceed, a follower revealed Brown's plan. He was forced to go into hiding. After a year, Brown was ready to go again. He rented a farm in Maryland across the river from Harpers Ferry. But many of his followers had changed their minds or didn't believe the plan would work. He did have 21 men and on October 16, they set out for Harpers Ferry. About 4 am on the morning of the 17th, Brown and his men arrived at Harpers Ferry. They cut the telegraph lines then captured the federal armory. Next they captured Hall's Rifle Works, a weapons supplier to the federal government. Then Brown and his men took 60 prominent citizens as hostages. Brown hoped slaves would join the fight but none came. Later that morning the local militia arrived and kept Brown and his men pinned down in the arsenal's engine house. Later in the afternoon, US Marines arrived commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. The Marines stormed the engine house killing several of Brown's men. They captured Brown. He was quickly put on trial for treason against the state of Virginia, murder and slave insurrection. Brown was sentenced to death and was hanged on December 2, 1859. Aftermath. Brown quickly became the Martyr for the Abolitionist cause. Many said he accomplished more by his death than he ever did in life. Of the US Marines at Harpers Ferry: Ponto Valentino Ponto Valentino is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality of Acquarossa. Guttannen Guttannen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Habkern Habkern is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Border Ruffian Border Ruffians were pro-slavery activists from the slave-state of Missouri. From 1854 to 1860 they crossed the state border into Kansas Territory to force the acceptance of slavery there. The name was applied by Free-Staters in Kansas and abolitionists throughout the North. Armed Ruffians interfered in territorial elections, and attacked Free-State settlements. This violence was the origin of the phrase "Bleeding Kansas". The Ruffians contributed to the growing sectional tensions, and helped bring on the American Civil War. Background. Only a few of the Border Ruffians actually owned slaves. Most were simply too poor. What motivated them was hatred of Northerners and abolitionists. The Ruffians were driven by the rhetoric of leaders such as U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison of Missouri, who called Northerners "negro thieves" and "abolitionist tyrants." He encouraged Missourians to defend the institution of slavery "with the bayonet and with blood" and, if necessary, "to kill every God-damned abolitionist in the district." Ironically, most of the Free-State men in Kansas were not abolitionists. They opposed the presence of either free black people or slaves. "We want no slaves and we want no Negroes" was the prevailing sentiment reported by an abolitionist in 1854. Additionally, the presence of bands of both Kansan and Missourian combatants in the area made it difficult for families on the border to remain neutral. Their part in "Bleeding Kansas". Kansas Territory was created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced the doctrine of popular sovereignty. That meant the people of Kansas would decide on the issue of slavery. At this time, many (probably most) of the settlers in Kansas opposed slavery. However, slavery advocates were determined to have their way no matter what. When elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places. They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes. On 29 November 1854, Border Ruffians elected a pro-slavery territorial representative to Congress. On 30 March 1855, the Ruffians elected a pro-slavery legislature. Despite these measures, far more Free-State settlers moved to Kansas than pro-slavery settlers. In 1857, pro-slavery settlers in Kansas proposed the Lecompton Constitution for the future state of Kansas. The Ruffians tried to get the Lecompton Constitution adopted with additional fraud and violence. But by then there were too many Free-Staters there. The Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital. On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".) On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked. In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre. In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmed men and boys from their houses and murdered them with swords, guns and knives. This started a rash of violence. Ernesto Maceda Ernesto Madarang Maceda (March 26, 1935 – June 20, 2016) was a Filipino columnist and a politician. He served as a Senator from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998. He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998. Maceda died of multiple organ failure at a hospital in Quezon City, Philippines on the night of June 20, 2016, aged 81. Odometer An odometer or odograph is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The name comes from the Greek words "hodós" ("path" or "gateway") and "métron" ("measure"). It is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer. Galícia Esporte Clube Galícia Esporte Clube is a football club which plays in Salvador da Bahía, Brazil. Honors. Bahia League Championship (Campeonato Baiano) "Champion": 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968. "Runner-up": 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995. Bahia League Championship Second Level (Campeonato Baiano Segunda Divisão) "Champion": 1985, 1988 and 2013. "Runner-up": 2007. Northeast Zone of the North-Northeast Cup (Copa Norte-Nordeste) "Runner-up": 1969. Clash of the Titans (2010 movie) Clash of the Titans is a 2010 American-British adventure fantasy movie. A remake of the 1981 film and directed by Louis Leterrier, it stars Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes, Gemma Arterton, Mads Mikkelsen and Alexa Davalos. It was poorly received by critics, however it was a commercial success, grossing $493 million at the American box office. A sequel, Wrath of the Titans was released in 2012. Plot. In ancient times, the Titans are defeated by their children, the gods, who subsequently divide the universe among themselves: Zeus (Liam Neeson) rules the sky, Poseidon (Danny Huston) rules the ocean and Hades (Ralph Fiennes), having been tricked by Zeus, rules the Underworld. The gods created humans, and their prayers fueled their immortality. But, as time goes by, mankind eventually questions and begins to resist against their creators, to the ire of the Olympians. Meanwhile, the fisherman Spyros (Pete Postlethwaite) discovers a coffin adrift in the sea and inside, he discovers a baby, Perseus, and his mother Danaë. Spyros and his wife Marmara (Elizabeth McGovern) take him in as their own, along with their own daughter Tekla (Sinead Michael). The adult Perseus (Sam Worthington) and his family fish from a boat, when they witness soldiers from Argos felling a statue of Zeus. Angered by this desecration, the gods unleash the furies, who attack the soldiers and destroy the fishing boat. Perseus, the only survivor, is found by a group of soldiers. He is brought to the court of King Cepheus (Vincent Regan) and Queen Cassiopeia (Polly Walker), who are celebrating their campaign against the gods. The queen brashly compares the beauty of her daughter Andromeda (Alexa Davalos) to that of Aphrodite (Agyness Deyn), and the celebrations are cut short when Hades arrives, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for defying the gods. He warns that unless Andromeda is sacrificed to the Kraken, a monster that he created, he will unleash it onto Argos. Before he leaves, Hades reveals that Perseus is a demigod. His origins are compared by Io (Gemma Arterton), a girl cursed with agelessness for spurning a god's romantic advances; he was born after Zeus impregnated Danäe, who was the wife of King Acrisius (Jason Flemyng), in revenge for rebelling against the gods. After he tried to kill his wife and illegitimate son by drowning them in a coffin, Zeus struck him with lightning, deforming him and transforming him into the monster Calibos. Perseus leads the King's Guard to a trio of hags called the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. After being betrayed by Hades, Zeus sends Perseus a sword forged on Olympus and the winged horse Pegasus. Perseus refuses them both, but Draco, captain of the king's guard, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it. The group are attacked by Calibos, but Draco severs his hand and forces him to flee. The band pursue him, but they are later attacked by a group of giant scorpions called Scorpioxs which are created from Calibos' blood. The monsters are tamed and the group are rescued by the djinn, a race of warrior sorcerers which live in the desert. They are also wishing for the gods' defeat and aid Perseus and his friends. The party arrive at the Stygian Witches' lair, and they reveal that the only way to defeat the Kraken is with the head of the gorgon Medusa, who lives in the ruins of a temple at the edge of the Underworld and whose deadly gaze can turn onlookers into stone. Perseus, Io, Suleiman, Draco and the surviving members of the group enter the Underworld. The men venture into the temple, while Io, who is a woman and forbidden from entering, waits outside. Medusa kills everyone except Perseus, who, with the use of his reflective shield to look at her with his back turned, decapitates her. As Perseus leaves the temple, Calibos appears and stabs Io to death. As Perseus and Calibos fight, he accepts he is Zeus's son and stabs Calibos with the Olympian sword, turning him back into a human. The dying Calibos urges Perseus not to become one of the gods. With her final breath, Io urges Perseus to save the people of Argos and Andromeda. He rides back to Argos on Pegasus as the Kraken is released. The people of Argos seize Andromeda and bind her to offer her as a sacrifice to the beast. Meanwhile, Hades reveals he feeds off man's fears rather than their faith or worship as Zeus does, before then subduing his brother. Perseus arrives at Argos and, with Medusa's severed head, turns the Kraken to stone before it can reach Andromeda. The beast crumbles into pieces and its hand falls on Prokopion (Luke Treadaway), the insane leader of Cult of Hades, and Cepheus, who was injured fighting Prokopion, and the two men are crushed to death. Hades appears, with the intent of killing Perseus, but Perseus, calling upon Zeus, throws his sword at Hades and he is banished into the Underworld. Andromeda is rescued by Perseus and she is crowned the Queen of Argos. Perseus declines her offer to rule with her as King and he also refuses another chance at immortality from Zeus, who then proclaims that if he chooses to be mortal, he should not live alone, and brings Io back to life. Hagneck Hagneck is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Hasle bei Burgdorf Hasle bei Burgdorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Wakarusa War The Wakarusa War was a skirmish that happened in Kansas Territory. It started on November 21st, and it ended on December 8th, 1885. It was part of the Bleeding Kansas violence. It happened mostly in Lawrence and the Wakarusa River Valley. Summary. The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855. A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence. Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body. Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins. When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order. But Jones did not arrest Coleman. Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson. But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson. The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection. The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence. Siege. Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition. In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades. No attack on Lawrence was made. It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other. It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons. But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms. The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber. On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence. Lecompton, Kansas Lecompton (pronounced ) is a city in Douglas County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, there were 625 people there. Lecompton had a big historical role in pre-Civil War America as the territorial capital of Kansas from 1855 to 1861. This time period was known as Bleeding Kansas. History. Lecompton was founded in 1854 on a bluff on the south side of the Kansas River. At first, the city's name was "Bald Eagle", but the name was changed to Lecompton in honor of Samuel Lecompte, the chief justice of the territorial supreme court. In the spring of 1855, the town became the capital of the Kansas Territory. President James Buchanan chose a governor and officials to create government offices in Lecompton. The first post office in Lecompton was created in September 1855. In the fall of 1857 a convention met in Constitution Hall. They drafted the famous Lecompton Constitution, which would have made Kansas become a slave state. The constitution was rejected after angry national debate and was one of the main ideas of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The controversy added to the growing fight that became the civil war. The Lecompton Constitution failed, in part, because the antislavery people had control of the territorial legislature in the election of 1857. The new legislature met at Constitution Hall and quickly started to get rid of the pro-slavery laws. The free-staters shortly tried to move the territorial capital to Minneola, Franklin County, Kansas through a vote, but the resulting bill was later rejected by Kansas territorial governor James W. Denver, and was made void by Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United States. As such, Lecompton remained the "de jure" territorial capital. This was until Topeka became the capital when Kansas became a state on January 29, 1861. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Geography. Lecompton is at (39.042927, -95.395039). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. Climate. The climate in this area is has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Lecompton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics. Lecompton is part of the Lawrence, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Skirmisher A Skirmisher is a soldier usually sent ahead of a main body of troops to harass the enemy. Groups of skirmishers may also be placed on the flanks to prevent a surprise attack or flanking maneuver. A skirmish is a term first used in the 14th century. It meant a small-scale fight between two opposing forces or a preliminary battle involving troops in front of the main force. Skirmishers were those involved in the fight or battle. It comes from the Old French "eskirmir" "to defend". Skirmishers were usually infantry or cavalry soldiers who formed a skirmish line ahead or next to friendly troops. History. Early America. Two conflicts that involved the American Colonies and the development of skirmishers were the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War in the American colonies) and the American Revolutionary War. The main development of skirmisher tactics came from the Native American allied primarily to the English and French. Indian warriors did not fight in the European style of closely packed formations of soldiers, but more often fought as individuals. They used cover, ambush and lines of fighters that would later come to be called skirmishing. Napoleonic wars. The tactics of the day called for heavy cavalry to be kept in reserve. Light cavalry were often used as skirmishers. They were usually positioned on the sides of an army and served two purposes. In "skirmish order" they could be placed some distance from the main force. That way they could warn the commander if any enemy approached from that direction. The other purpose was to use their quick speed to engage the enemy and hold them until more forces arrived. By their very presence they discouraged the enemy from mounting a flanking attack. American Civil War. During the American Civil War, infantry manuals paid a good deal of attention to skirmishing. The tactics were based on Napoleon's heavy dependence on skirmishing during the Napoleonic Wars. Paintings and images of Civil War battles show two lines of soldiers, standing shoulder to shoulder, firing at the enemy lines at short distances. But massed formations were not frequently used during the Civil War. Skirmishes and skirmish lines were the more common tactic. The terrain in many cases did not allow mass formations of armies but did allow skirmishers to fight in open order. The increased accuracy of rifles and Rifled muskets at longer ranges made battles fought at close range unnecessary. Battles fought before at could now be fought at . Pre-war training had also changed skirmisher tactics. Instead of one company out of ten now entire Regiments were taught how to fight as skirmishers. They fought in small formations called “comrades in battle”. This called for four men to move and fight supporting each other. The Confederate Army actually made more effective use of skirmishers. In each brigade there was an elite battalion of sharpshooters who were used as skirmishers. Plains Indian Wars. During the Plains Indian Wars, especially following the Civil War, The US Army used companies of skirmishers ahead of the main force. The recommended distance between them was but most commanders simply kept skirmishers within sight of each other. They were used mainly ahead of the main force but could be used to defend the flanks or as a rearguard. If the Indians attacked, the skirmisher company formed a defensive circle. Once the danger had passed, they returned to their original positions. Often, the entire company was not deployed as skirmishers. Some were kept in reserve to fill gaps, to get ammunition or to carry messages. George Brett George Howard Brett (born May 15, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia) is a retired American baseball player. He played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was inducted in 1999 with a fourth-highest voting percentage in baseball history (98.2%). Brett was a third baseman and designated hitter. Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985. In 1994, his number (#5) was retired by the Royals. He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is Frank White). Brett was also notorious for putting excessive amounts of pine tar on his bats, which sometimes led to confrontations and interventions with the umpires, as there is a league rule governing the use of pine tar on the bat. He raises money for the disease ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. Avers Avers () is a municipality of the Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Bergün/Bravuogn Bergün/Bravuogn (, , , in the local Romansh dialect Brauégn) is a former municipality in the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged into the new municipality of Bergün Filisur. Villages. Bergün, Latsch, Preda and Stuls. <br><gallery class=center caption="Bergün/Bravuogn"> Berguen von Crap Sol igl Munts.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-06-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-24-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-28-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-34-Landschaft-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-Bahn-06-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-06-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-12-Fresko-Engel-2006-gje.jpg Berguen-Bravuogn-St Peter und Florin-14-Fresko-Heilige-2006-gje.jpg </gallery> Villa Epecuén Villa Epecuén was a tourist village in Adolfo Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was flooded in 1985, and was abandoned. Its ruins are on the eastern shore of the Laguna Epecuén, about north of Carhué. Hasliberg Hasliberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Mountain biking Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road. Often this is done over rough terrain. Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories. These include cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping. However, the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of trail and cross country riding styles. This individual sport requires the rider to have endurance, core strength and balance. The rider also needs bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders take on steep technical descents and high incline climbs. Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails. Using the bike's brakes must be done carefully on a mountain bike, especially when going downhill. In order to work on rough terrain, mountain bikes have several gears from which to choose. It is recommended to use safety gear such as helmet, gloves, elbow and knee pads to avoid injuries in rough terrain. Mountain biking should be done so as to enjoy the ride but not damage the environment. Häutligen Häutligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Battle of Osawatomie The Battle of Osawatomie took place on Saturday, August 30, 1856 in the town of Osawatomie, Kansas. John Brown and about 40 men tried to defend the town against an attack by about 250–300 Border Ruffians. The Missouri ruffians were led by John W. Reid. The attack began early in the morning when Frederick Brown, son of John Brown, was shot and killed outside of the town. This alerted John Brown and others who tried to defend the town. But heavy casualties forced Brown and the other abolitionists back across the nearby river. The town was looted and burned but Brown was not pursued. This was one of many clashes between pro-slavery and free-staters during the period known as Bleeding Kansas. Background. In 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act began a policy known as popular sovereignty in the United States. It allowed settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide by popular vote whether Kansas would be admitted to the United States as a slave or free state. This led activists from both sides of the issue to flood into Kansas trying to influence the outcome. It led to a period of violence that continued into the Amer Civil War. John Brown was an abolitionist who came to the Kansas Territory on October 7, 1855, to help several of his sons who were already there. He was considered an extremist by some, a martyr by others. As an abolitionist he found slavery in any form to be immoral. On the night of May 24, 1856, Brown and a few followers attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Manhattan, Kansas. The killings were particularly brutal. One by one, settlers were dragged from their homes and hacked to death with broadswords and shot. Up to that time there had not been much bloodshed between proslavery and free-state groups. Brown's raid brought retaliation. The battle. In mid-august Missouri Border Ruffians had been looting and killing in the area near Osawatomie. On August 25, about 150 Missourians were camped nearby planning to take the town by surprise. They were discovered and driven away in disorder. On the night of August 29, a band of about 400 ruffians led by John William Reid approached Osawatomie. Their plan was to attack at sunrise. At about the time the attack was supposed to start, the Missourians, guided by a minister named Martin White came across two men leaving town. White recognized one as Frederick Brown, son of John Brown. White immediately shot and killed Brown. Settlers hearing the shot alerted John Brown and the people of the town. The men were gathered together to form a hasty defense of the town. At first they were going to use the blockhouse. But on learning the ruffians had cannon it was decided to position themselves in the woods across the Marais des Cygnes River. The abolitionists defended the town for a time but were eventually overpowered. They retreated and left the town for the Missourians to rob and burn. Only four buildings remained among the ruins of what had been the village of Osawatomie. Accounts. The following is an account of the battle written by John W. Reid (leading the Border Ruffians): John Brown, about a week later, in a letter to his wife wrote: Neot Kedumim Neot Kedumim - the Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel ( is a Biblical garden dedicated to the Nature of the Jewish Bible and also a nature preserve located in Ben Shemen Forest and near of the city "Modi'in" on Route 443 (Israel), between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel. Pitch, yaw, and roll Pitch, yaw and roll are the three dimensions of movement when an object moves through a medium. The terms may be used to describe an aeroplane's movements through the air. They are also applied to watercraft moving through water, and spacecraft moving through space. There are in fact six degrees of freedom of a rigid body moving in three-dimensional space. As the movement along each of the three axes is independent of each other and independent of the rotation about any of these axes, the motion has six degrees of freedom (see diagram). The surfaces of a plane and the fins of a fish have a similar function. They serve to adjust the object's attitude as it moves through the fluid. Submarines face the same dynamic control problems as fish do. The subject is often taught under degrees of freedom (mechanics). This is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body. Heatwave (band) Heatwave is an international disco and funk band. The group was formed around 1975. Its most popular lineup was Americans Johnnie Wilder, Jr and Keith Wilder for vocals, Englishman Rod Temperton for the keyboards, Jamaican Eric Johns and Briton Roy Carter for guitar. The group had hit singles, like "Boogie Nights" and "Always and Forever". The group broke up in 1984. However, Heatwave got back together around 1988 and resumed releasing R&B music. In 2002 the group released an extended remix of "Boogie Nights". Someo Someo is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia. The municipality has 258 people in 2003. It has an area of 32.73 km². Heiligenschwendi Heiligenschwendi is a municipality in the administrative district of canton of Bern in Switzerland. Marais des Cygnes massacre The Marais des Cygnes massacre happened on May 19, 1858 near the town of Trading Post, Kansas. It was the last violent episode in the period known as Bleeding Kansas. Border Ruffians led by Charles Hamilton stopped in the small village of Trading Post in Lynn County, Kansas on their to West Point, Missouri. Hamilton had previously been driven from his land in Lynn County by free-staters and abolitionists. He came back to seek revenge. They captured eleven free-state men, all of whom Hamilton had a grudge against. The captives were marched into a nearby ravine where the Missourians opened fire on them. The story got national attention in the press. Eastern newspapers including the New York Times printed the story. Anti-slavery groups called the victims martyrs. In 1974, the site of the massacre was designated a National Historic Landmark. Background. In 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act began a policy known as popular sovereignty in the United States. It allowed settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide by popular vote whether Kansas would be admitted to the United States as a slave or free state. This led activists from both sides of the issue to flood into Kansas trying to influence the outcome. It led to a period of violence that continued into the American Civil War. In Lynn County, trouble between free-state and pro-slavery settlers began in about 1856. This was when a large group of pro-slavery Southerners came through the area destroying property and capturing free-state settlers. One of those who escaped the Southerners was James Montgomery. He became the leader of the free-state settlers in the area called Jayhawkers. Various encounters between the two groups went on until 1857 when James H, Lane assembled a company of free-state men to harass the pro-slavery forces in Kansas and Western Missouri. When Lane's company disbanded, James Montgomery took over. He ordered the pro-slavery leaders out of the county. Many did leave and returned to Missouri. Charles A. Hamilton was one who left Kansas, but with bitter feelings. Hamilton called a meeting together at Papinville, Missouri to get men for an invasion of Kansas. It was decided they would eliminate the free-state settlers living in Lynn County. The massacre. Hamilton's group of exiles plus about 17 Missourians rode back into Kansas. They stopped at the village store and with guns drawn they disarmed the customers and tied their hands. Hamilton took a list from his pocket and read out the names. One by one the men on the list were taken from their cabins or fields. The village blacksmith had resisted the ruffians with a shotgun and was not taken. The eleven they did capture were led to a gulch that drained into the Marais des Cygnes River. They were lined up in the gulch as if before a firing squad. One Missourian lowered his gun saying he would "have nothing to do with such a piece of business as this". Hamilton then gave the order to fire. The eleven men fell to the ground. Then Hamilton dismounted and turned the bodies over with his boot. Any he found alive he shot in the head with his pistol. Five of the men were killed and five were seriously wounded. One escaped unharmed by pretending to be dead. Other Missourians went through the pockets of the men presumed to all be dead. Finally, they all rode out in different directions so as to make it harder to trail them. Sarah Read, the wife of Reverend Samuel Read, one of those captured, quickly followed Hamilton's men on foot. She found the victims and gave aid to those who were still alive. Word of the massacre spread quickly and free-staters rushed to the village to help the wounded and bury the dead. Quickly Montgomery's Jayhawkers began trailing the gang but could not find them. Meanwhile Sarah Read searched all night for her husband. He had crawled off after being shot. She discovered him the next morning, still alive. Called "Preacher Read" he survived the massacre. Aftermath. The atrocity got widespread attention in the North. The murders were shown as an example of organized extermination by Missourians and Southerners. The details of the murders were in every newspaper and were read in nearly every home. John Brown came to the village near the end of June. In 1856, Brown had led a massacre of his own, the Pottawatomie massacre, against five pro-slavery men and boys. He built a log blockhouse two stories high with a spring inside for water. The blacksmith, Eli Snider, owned the land. He later sold it to Charles C. Hadsall, a friend of Brown's. Brown and his men stayed in the fort until the end of summer. Then they left it to Hadsall to keep manned. Hamilton was never captured. During the Civil war he served as a Colonel in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. One, a Charles Matlock, was arrested for the crime but he later escaped. Only one was brought to justice. William Griffith was arrested in 1863, tried for murder and on October 30, 1863 was hung. Whittier poem. The poet and abolitionist, John Greenleaf Whittier, wrote a poem about the massacre several months later and published it in the "Atlantic Monthly": 2003 European heat wave The 2003 European heat wave was a natural disaster in Europe in July and August 2003. The heat led to the hottest summer on record since at least 1540. France was especially hard hit. The heat led to health crises in several countries. It combined with droughts to reduce crops in Southern Europe. More than 70,000 people died in Europe. According to an Inserm study, nearly 19,000 people died in France. People also died in the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Heimberg, Switzerland Heimberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Heimenhausen Heimenhausen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee and Wanzwil merged into the municipality of Heimenhausen. Heimiswil Heimiswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland Moghegno Moghegno is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia. Aurigeno Aurigeno is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia. Alberswil Alberswil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Terre di Pedemonte Terre di Pedemonte is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte. Blockhouse In military science, a blockhouse is a small fortification. It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions. It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building. It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt. In modern times, it may be a pillbox, a small underground bunker. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch ' and 18th-century French ' (blockade). Electoral fraud Electoral fraud, or vote rigging, is any alteration or change of the vote count in an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result. That can be by increasing the vote share of one candidate or by lowering the vote count of another. It can also be a person casting more than one vote if only one vote is permitted, which is called ballot-box stuffing. What defines electoral fraud under law varies from country to country. Many kinds of election fraud are outlawed in specific electoral laws. Other kinds violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Technically, the term "electoral fraud" covers only acts that are illegal. Generally, the term is sometimes used to describe acts that are legal but are considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of electoral laws, or in violation of the principles of democracy. In national elections, successful electoral fraud can have the effect of a coup d'état or corruption of democracy. In a narrow election, a small amount of fraud may be enough to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, fraud can still have a damaging effect if not punished. For example, it can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. Even the perception of fraud can be damaging. Fraudulent elections can lead to the breakdown of democracy and to the establishment or ratification of a dictatorship. Fraud in elections is not limited to those for public office. Elections, such as for a corporation's directors, labor union officials, or student council members are subject to similar fraud, as are sports judging, and the awarding of merit to works of art and literature. Muhammad Azam Shah Muhammad Azam Shah is the successor of the last Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after his death in 1707. He is also the elder son of Aurangzeb. He was at throne from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707. He was born on 28 June 1653 to Aurangzeb and his first wife and chief consort Dilras Banu Begum. He was also a timurid from father's blood and a Persian Safavid by mother's blood. He was the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, the Safavid Emperor of Persia and father of Azam Shah's mother. After his father Emperor Aurangzeb's death, he ruled the empire. Then a succession war took place between the three sons of Aurangzeb. Azam Shah and his son were killed in the Battle of Jajau on 8 June 1707 by his step brother Bahadur Shah I, who ruled the empire by killing his both brothers in war. Douglas County, Kansas Douglas County is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010 census, there were 110,826 people living in the county. That made it the fifth-most populous county in Kansas. The city with the most people is Lawrence. History. Early history. For many centuries, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Plains Indians. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly gave all the territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau. 19th century. In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. But it kept about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land including the modern-day state of Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of Louisiana Purchase. In 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territory of Kansas. In 1855, Douglas County was established. Douglas County was opened for settlement on May 15, 1854. It was named for Stephen A. Douglas. The county was practically at the center of the Bleeding Kansas years as leaders in Lecompton, the territorial capital, wanted Kansas to be a slave state. Leaders in Lawrence wanted Kansas to be a free state. A number of events took place in Douglas County. These including the drafting of the controversial Lecompton Constitution (attempting to admit Kansas as a slave state), the sacking of Lawrence, and the Battle of Black Jack. The first railroad in Douglas County, the Union Pacific, was built through that territory in 1864. Geography. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of this, is land and (4.0%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas by land area. Much of its northern border is defined by the Kansas River, which goes through Lawrence. The Bowersock Dam is one of the county's producers of hydropower. People. Douglas County includes the Lawrence, Kansas United States metropolitan area. In 2000, there were 99,962 people, 38,486 households, and 21,167 families living in Douglas County. The people were 86.1% White, 4.2% Black or African American, 2.6% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 3.3% of the people were Hispanic or Latino. There were 38,486 households. 27.4% of them had children under 18 years old; 43.1% of them had married people; 8.5% had only a woman as the main person (with no man); 45% were not families. 28.5% were people living alone, and 5.8% were people over 65 years old living alone. 20.4% of the people were under 18 years old; 26.4% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 28.3% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 16.9% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 7.9% were 65 years old or older. Government. County. The Democratic Party has been dominant in Douglas County. Democrats control all County-wide offices in the county, except for the Sheriff. Douglas County is currently served by county commissioners Mike Gaughan, Nancy Thellman, and Michelle Derusseau. Gaughan and Thellman are Democrats, while Derusseau is the lone Republican on the commission. State. Democratic state representatives representing portions of the county include John Wilson (10th District), Barbara Ballard (44th District), and Dennis Highberger (46th District), Mike Amyx (45th District); Republican state representatives include Jim Karleskint (42nd District) and Ken Corbet (54th District). The three state senators representing the county, Marci Francisco (2nd District), Tom Holland (3rd District), and Anthony Hensley (19th District), are all Democrats. Presidential elections. Douglas County has a political history similar to that of the Yankee Northeast than of the Great Plains. This can be seen from its voting history. It has the exact same voting history as that of Vermont or Cheshire County, New Hampshire (except the 1912 presidential election). This is due to the county's strong New England heritage. Douglas County voted for the Republican candidate in every Presidential election between 1864 and 1960, except in 1912 when it voted for Progressive Theodore Roosevelt. The Republican presidential nominee got over sixty percent of Douglas County's vote in every election between 1920 and 1960 (except 1932 when Herbert Hoover received 58.7 percent). To show how deeply the county's Republican roots ran, even when Kansas voted for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and 1936, Republican candidates won the county easily. This changed in 1964, with the anti-Yankee feeling and Southern leanings of Barry Goldwater. This led to Douglas County voting for Lyndon B. Johnson, making Johnson the first Democrat ever to win the county. With more moderate GOP candidates, the GOP carried the county in every election between 1968 and 1988. However, the growing transformation of Lawrence into a liberal academic town pulled the county into the Democratic column from 1992 onwards. This was similar to many counties around the United States with college towns. Since the 2004 election, Douglas County has been one of the strongest Democratic places in Kansas, second only to Wyandotte County. Often, Douglas and Wyandotte are the only two counties in the state to vote for Democratic presidential candidates. Education. Unified school districts. Douglas County is served by seven school districts. Universities and colleges. The University of Kansas's main campus is in Lawrence. Haskell Indian Nations University is also in Lawrence. Baker University, the state's oldest university, is in Baldwin City, Kansas. Parks. Clinton Lake, completed in 1980, offers boating, fishing and other water sports. Various parks around the lake have camping and trails for mountain biking, hiking and horseback riding. Lone Star Lake is a small lake to the southwest of Lawrence. It offers fishing, boating and camping. Just northwest of Baldwin City is Douglas State Fishing Lake which provides hunting, fishing and limited camping. Other parks around the county include Black Jack Park, which includes the Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve and Robert Hall Pearson Memorial Park, Broken Arrow Park in Lawrence, and Wells Overlook Park just south of Lawrence. Events. Big events in the county include the Maple Leaf Festival in Baldwin City every third full weekend in October. Lecompton's Territorial Days take place every year in June. Lawrence has many parades throughout the year including Christmas and St. Patrick's Day. Transportation. Major highways. Other major highways include: County Highways. Douglas County also maintains an extensive network of county highways to serve the rural areas of the county. None of these county highways go into Lawrence. Marais des Cygnes River The Marais des Cygnes River is a principal tributary of the Osage River. It is about long, and runs through eastern Kansas and western Missouri in the United States. Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The name "Marais des Cygnes" means "Marsh of the Swans" in French. But the name actually comes from an Osage name “Mixa-ckau-tse” (where white swans are plentiful). It was probably so named because of the trumpeter and tundra swans that were plentiful here before the late 1800s. The river is notorious for flash flooding. The river is referenced in the song "The River" by Chely Wright. List of comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino The following is a list of the 59 "comuni" of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino, Marche, in Italy. Bever, Switzerland Bever is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Bivio Bivio was a municipality in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Mulegns, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Savognin, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged into the new municipality of Surses. Brexit Brexit () is a movement that promotes that the United Kingdom (UK) leave the European Union (EU). The name "Brexit" is a portmanteau (merging two words together) of "British" and "exit". On 23 June 2016, the UK made a referendum that asked whether the UK should leave the EU. The result was that 51.9% of the UK electorate (the main region of the UK) voted that the UK should leave the EU. The rest wanted the UK to stay in the EU. On 29 March 2017, the UK government said that they will definitely be leaving the EU. This started the procedure of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, a law that deals with countries that leave the EU. The UK was expected to fully leave the EU on 29 March 2019 at 11p.m. UTC. The deadline to leave was later changed to 31 October 2019. On 15 January 2019, Theresa May's government was defeated in the House of Commons by 230 votes in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union. On 24 December 2020, a post-Brexit trade deal was made. Timeline. Below is a timeline of major events relating to Brexit. Madame de Montespan Françoise de Rochechouart, Marquise of Montespan (5 October 1640 – 27 May 1707) was better known as Madame de Montespan. She was the most celebrated mistress of King Louis XIV of France. She had seven children with him. She had spent several years in fashonable Parisians salons. There she was quickly seen as an intelligent, witty and very attractive woman. She eventually gave herself the nickname Athénaïs in honour of the ancient Greek goddess Athena. As a result of this, she is also referred to as "Athénaïs de Montespan". She lived at the same time as Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, the mistress of Charles II of England. Several of her decendants married, which makes her an ancestress of several royal houses in Europe, including those of Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Portugal. She was also responsible for the creation of the now destroyed "Trianon de Porcelaine" as well as the larger and grander Château de Clagny. The latter building has often been likened to the Palace of Versailles, just on a smaller scale. She was also called "the real queen of France" in her lifetime due to her strong influence over the king and royal court. Early life. The second daughter of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart and Diane de Grandseigne, she was a member of the House of Rochechouart, itself one of the most well regarded noble families in France. Her mother was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Austria and as a young girl, she often travelled with her mother between the family estates and the court at the Louvre in Paris. At the age of twelve, she began her formal education at the Convent of St Mary at Saintes, From a young age she was styled as "Mademoiselle de Tonnay-Charente" or "Mademoiselle de Mortemart". Marriage. Despite being in love with Louis de La Trémoille, on 28 January 1663, Françoise married Louis Henri de Pardaillan, Marquis of Montespan, who was one year younger than her. Also, from a prominent noble family, the marriage was considered a good social match. The couple had two children. Relationship with Louis XIV. At the age of twenty, Athénaïs became a maid-of-honour to the king's sister-in-law, Princess Henrietta of England, who was known at court by the traditional honorific of Madame. Later, because of the relationship between her mother and the queen dowager, Anne of Austria, Athénaïs was appointed to be a lady-in-waiting to the king's wife, Queen Marie Thérèse. By 1666 Athénaïs was trying to gain the favour of Louise de La Vallière, the mistress of king Louis. Eventually it became common knowledge that Louis and Athénaïs were having a sexual relationship. Their first illegitimate child was a daughter who was named after the couple ; Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1669-1672) but who died young. As the children born to the couple increased, a house in Paris was bought on the Rue Vaugirard where the children could be bought up by their nanny Madame Scarron (future Madame de Maintenon) and secret wife of Louis). Thanks to the constant requests of Athénaïs in 1673, the couple's three living illegitimate children were legitimated by Louis XIV and given the royal surname of "de Bourbon". Their mother's name, however, was not mentioned. Despite having successfully seen her children with Louis legitimised, the arguments between Louis and Athénaïs became more and more frequent as well as ferocious, but the couple would invariably work things out. However, The "Affaire des Poisons" (Affair of the poisons), which erupted in September 1677. This was a national scandal, and it was thought that Athénaïs had been using certain poisons on Louis to ensure her influence on him would remain strong. Throughout her time as mistress of Louis, her influence on female fashion at court also remained considerable. Later life. The last years of Madame de Montespan's life were given up to a very severe penance. Real sorrow over her death was felt by her three youngest children. She died on 27 May 1707 at the age of sixty-five while taking the waters at Bourbon-l'Archambault in order to try to heal an illness. The king refused to let her children to wear mourning for her. Jayhawker Jayhawkers is a term that came into use just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas. It was adopted by militant bands of Free-Staters. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians". After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas. Today a Jayhawk is typically a student, fan, or alumnus of the University of Kansas. "Jayhawk" is also the name of their mascot, a mythical bird with a history based on the Bleeding Kansas era term. History. The term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American patriot John Jay. About 1858 the slang term "jayhawking" became widely used as a synonym for stealing. It was also used at the same time during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause. Another historian of the time described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery. They fought "Border Ruffians" raiding into Kansas. In Missouri, "Jayhawker" was a derogatory term for Kansans who raided into Missouri, murdered slave owners, burned and looted their property in the name of freeing slaves. Notorious Jayhawkers. James Henry Lane , moved to Lawrence, Kansas in 1855. Despite being a Democrat he became affiliated with the Free-Staters. He soon became one of the leaders of the Jayhawkers. Later a Union General and U.S. Senator, he led the 3rd and 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry and 5th Kansas Cavalry on raids into Missouri. They burned most of the town of Osceola, Missouri, stole everything they could and freed the slaves in the town. Charles R. Jennison was the leader of the "Independent Mounted Kansas Jayhawkers", also known as the 7th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, was another who led raids into Missouri. The regiment was officially termed the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, but was popularly known as Jennison's Jayhawkers. University of Kansas. In 1890, the football team of the University of Kansas called themselves the "Jayhawkers". Later it was shortened to "Jayhawk". They became synonymous with their mascot, a mythical bird called the Jayhawk. Their connections to the Jayhawkers of the Bleeding Kansas era and Civil War are a part of their history. Hellsau Hellsau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Foglia The Foglia is the northernmost river of the Marche region of Italy. In ancient times it was known as "Pisaurus", as it flows into the Adriatic Sea at "Pisaurum" (modern Pesaro), the last important trading centre along the river. It was also known as the "Isaurus"; a word that is kept in the name of the "comune" Belforte all'Isauro. Geography. The Foglia river has a length of about . Its first are in Tuscany. Its tributaries are only small streams. Course. The sources of the Foglia is are in the province of Arezzo (Tuscany), near "Sasso Aguzzo", a hill between the "comuni" of Sestino and Badia Tedalda, at an altitude of about . Then it flows east trough the "comuni" Sestino, Piandimeleto, Lunano, Sassocorvaro (where a dam forms an artificial lake called Lake of Mercatale), Auditore, Montecalvo in Foglia, Vallefoglia, Montelabbate and, near the mouth, Pesaro. Two "comuni" have, in their names, the name of the riverː Montecalvo in Foglia and Vallefoglia. Herbligen Herbligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Hermiswil Hermiswil was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the municipality of Seeberg. Hermrigen Hermrigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Altbüron Altbüron is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Entlebuch Entlebuch is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is the capital of the district Entlebuch. Doppleschwand Doppleschwand is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. Escholzmatt Escholzmatt is a municipality of the district Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach. Elle King Elle King (born July 3, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her musical style is country, rock and soul. In 2012, she released her first EP, "The Elle King EP". On February 17, 2015, she released her first album, "Love Stuff". The album produced the top 10 song "Ex's & Oh's". King was born in Los Angeles. She later moved to New York City. Serravalle, Switzerland Serravalle is a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 1 April 2012 when the former municipalities of Malvaglia, Semione and Ludiano merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. Gambarogno Gambarogno is a new municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra (Gambarogno), Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira (Gambarogno) merged into the new municipality of Gambarogno. Flühli Flühli is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Herzogenbuchsee Herzogenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008, the former municipality of Oberönz merged into the municipality of Herzogenbuchsee. Freimettigen Freimettigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Hilterfingen Hilterfingen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. 2015–16 Superleague Greece The 2015–16 Superleague Greece was the 80th season of top division football in Greece. The season started on 22 August 2015 and ended in May 2016. Olympiacos won their sixth consecutive title and 43rd overall. Joe Walsh (Illinois politician) William Joseph Walsh, known as Joe Walsh (born December 27, 1961), is an American conservative talk radio host and former politician. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives for Illinois' . He served from January 2011 through January 2013, after defeating three-term incumbent Democratic Representative Melissa Bean by a margin of 291 votes in a surprising upset. He is a member of the Republican Party. Walsh was defeated by retired U.S. Army Lt. Colonel Tammy Duckworth in the general election on November 6, 2012. He now hosts a conservative radio show on WIND-AM 560. On August 25, 2019, Walsh announced his candidacy for President of the United States against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination in 2020. He stated that Trump's behavior in office motivated him to declare his candidacy. He ended his campaign on February 9, 2020. FC Rapid București Fotbal Club Rapid București is a Romanian association football club from Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in 1923 by a group of workers. Rapid won the Romanian championship three times (1967, 1999 and 2003) and the Romanian Cup 13 times. In the 2015–16 season, they were promoted to Liga I. Honours. Liga I Liga II Cupa Eroilor (Heroes Cup) Cupa României Supercupa României FC Dinamo București Fotbal Club Dinamo București (Usually just called Dinamo) is a Romanian association football club from Bucharest, Romania. The team is one of the most successful clubs in Romania, having won 18 Romanian Liga I titles, 13 Romanian Cups and 2 Supercupa României. They reached the semi-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup, only to be defeated by Liverpool 3–1. The club was founded in 1948, and is one of the few to stay in the Liga I for it's entire history. The team's traditional home colours are white and red. Also, the club's biggest rival is Steaua Bucuresti. CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj ('CFR' stands for "Căile Ferate Române", meaning Romanian Railways) is a Romanian association football club from Cluj-Napoca in Transylvania, Romania. The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions. Great financial gains in 2002 led them to reach the Liga I in 2004. The following season, the CFR Cluj took part in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and finished as runners-up. For the first time in their history, the club won the Liga I in 2008. That season, they took the title away from the teams of Bucharest for the first time in 17 years. Since 2004, they have won the Liga I 3 times, the Romanian Cup 3 times and the Romanian Supercup twice. The teams colours are purple and white, and their biggest rival is Universitatea Cluj. Honours. Liga I Liga II Liga III Romanian Cup Romanian Supercup European competitions. Their most recent appearance in a European competition was in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, in which they reached the third qualifying round. 2016–17 Liga I The 2016–17 Liga I was the 99th season of Liga I, which is the top division football league in Romania. The season began on 23 July 2016 and ended in May 2017. Viitorul Constanța won the tournament. Results. Championship round. Teams start the Championship round with their points from the Regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the Regular season. Relegation round. Teams start the Relegation round with their points from the Regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the Regular season. Play-offs. ACS Poli Timișoara wins play-offs and stays in the Liga I. Cupa României The Cupa României (English: Romanian Cup) is an association football club tournament for Romanian teams. It has been held annually since 1933–34, except during World War II. All teams connected to the Romanian Football Federation can perform in the tournament. The winner of the cup is granted a place in the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League. The most successful teams have been mainly from Bucharest, with Steaua București winning 22 titles, followed by Rapid București and Dinamo București with thirteen each. Format. Since the 2009–10 season, the format has been as such: The county phase begins the tournament and is organized by the county football associations. Forty-two teams (one from each county) advance to the next phase. FC Politehnica Iași (2010) Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studențesc Iași (previously called CSMS Iași) is a professional association football club from Iaşi, Romania. The club was founded in 2010 and currently plays in the Liga I. The team's colours are blue and white. History. On August 2010, Tricolorul Breaza merged with "Navoby Iași" and formed ACSMU Politehnica Iași. Ionuț Popa was appointed manager and Grigore Sichitiu as executive president. In the summer of 2011 the club was renamed to Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studenţesc Iași. After many managerial changes, the club was finally promoted to Liga I after finishing 1st in the 2013–14 Liga II season. Honours. Liga II Hasle, Lucerne Hasle is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. FC Astra Giurgiu Fotbal Club Astra Giurgiu (Usually called Astra Giurgiu or just Astra) is a professional association football club from Giurgiu, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I. The club was formed in 1921 in Ploiești (a city about 116 km north of Giurgiu), as "Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română". The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions. In 1990, the club was taken over by businessman Ioan Niculae and has since improved. In September 2012, the team was moved from Ploiești to Giurgiu. The team won their first Liga I title in 2015–16. They also won 1 Cupa României and 1 Supercupa României. The colours of the club are white and black, which is why their nickname "Dracii Negri" (The Black Devils). The club has also had many names. These include: "Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română" (1921–1934), "Astra Română Câmpina" (1934–1937), "Astra Română Ploiești" (1937–1938), "Colombia Ploiești" (1938–1945), "Astra Română Ploiești" (1945–1959), "Rafinorul Ploiești" (1959–1990), "CS Astra Ploiești" (1990–1996), "AS Danubiana Ploiești" (1996–1998), "SC FC Astra Ploiești" (1998–2005), "CSM Ploiești" (2005–2007), "FC Ploiești" (2007–2009) and "FC Astra Ploiești" (2009–2012). Marbach, Lucerne Marbach was a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Marbach and Escholzmatt merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach. Escholzmatt-Marbach Escholzmatt-Marbach is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach. Liga II Liga II (previously called Divizia B) is the second tier division association football league in Romania. The winners of the league get promoted to the Liga I. The current champions are Rapid București and Gaz Metan Mediaș. Format. Liga II is made up of two regional leagues called Seria I and Seria II, each with 14 teams. In order to avoid long and expensive travels,t he clubs are divided based on where they are in Romania. Seria I usually has teams from the east, while Seria II has teams from the east. Teams in the center of Romania can choose which regional league they want to play in. The best 6 teams from each Seria moves on to a play-off for promotion to Liga I. The rest of the teams will move on to a relegation play-off. Until the 2012–13 season Liga II had 2 groups of 16 teams each. At the end of the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons the last five teams were relegated. FC Botoșani Fotbal Club Botoșani (usually just called FC Botoșani or Botoșani) is a professional Romanian association football club from Botoşani, Romania. Since the 2016–17 season, they play in the Liga I. It is the first club from Botoşani County to be promoted to the top league. The club was formed in 2001 as Fotbal Club Botoșani. They started in the started in Divizia C, Serie I. They quickly made it to the Liga I after finishing 1st in the 2012–13 Liga II season. The club plays at the Stadionul Municipal, which has a capacity of around 12,000 people. Supporter groups include the "Dark Hooligans", "Renegatii" and "BT Pride". They have a historical rivalry with Rapid CFR Suceava, but have recently grown to be rivals with Municipal Studențesc Iași as well. The club's colours are red, white and blue. The home kit is usually white, while the away kit is generally blue. Honours. Liga II Liga III Stadionul Municipal (Botoșani) The Stadionul Municipal is a multi-use stadium in Botoşani, Romania. It is usually used for football matches with FC Botoșani (since 2001). The stadium holds 12,000 people. It was renovated in 2008, 2009 and 2013. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 was adopted on March 27, 2014 by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly in response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and entitled "Territorial integrity of Ukraine". The non-binding resolution, which was supported by 100 United Nations member states, affirmed the General Assembly's commitment to the territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders and underscored the invalidity of the 2014 Crimean referendum. Eleven (11) nations voted against the resolution, while 58 abstained, and a further 24 states were absent when the vote took place. The resolution was introduced by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. The adoption of the resolution was preceded by the unsuccessful attempts of the United Nations Security Council, that convened seven sessions to address the Crimean crisis, only to face Russian veto. CS Universitatea Craiova Clubul Sportiv Universitatea Craiova is a professional association football club from Craiova, Romania. Two teams were founded in Craiova in the year 1921: "Craiovan Craiova" and "Rovine Griviţa Craiova". These two clubs merged to form the very successful team, FC Craiova. The team dissolved in 1949. Finally in 1948, "Universitatea Craiova" was formed by a group of students and professors. Since it's founding, the club has won 4 Liga I titles, 6 Cupa României titles, 2 Liga II titles and 1 Liga III title. They also reached the quarter-finals of the 1981–82 UEFA Champions League tournament. The team's colours are blue and white. Honours. Liga I Cupa României Liga II Liga III Release Release might refer to: Richenthal Richenthal is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Richenthal and Langnau bei Reiden merged into the municipality of Reiden. Azzedine Alaïa Azzedine Alaïa (; , ; 26 February 1935 – 18 November 2017) was a Tunisian haute couture fashion designer based in Paris. In 2008, he was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French government. In 2011, he started showing his collections on the catwalk again after an eight-years pause. In 2015, he was celebrated at the Galleria Borghese in Rome with an exhibition called "Couture/Sculpture: Azzedine Alaïa in the History of Fashion". Sandy Springs, Georgia Sandy Springs is a city in Fulton County, Georgia. It is north of Atlanta. Its population was estimated to be 109,452 in 2019. Slave states and free states In the history of the United States of America, a slave state was a U.S. state in which the practice of slavery was legal at a particular point in time. A free state was one in which slavery was prohibited. Slavery was an issue that divided the country. It was one of the primary causes of the American Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery in every state and territory of the United States except in cases of punishment for criminal activity. After that time the terms became more or less obsolete because all states were free of slavery. Early history. Slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies. Organized political and social movements to end slavery began in the mid-18th century. The desire for freedom from Britain, expressed in the American Revolutionary War, caused many black Americans to join the revolution in hopes they would be freed also. Others joined the British Army, encouraged by British promises of freedom in exchange for military service. After the British lost the war, thousands were taken to Nova Scotia. In the 1770s, blacks throughout New England began sending petitions to northern legislatures demanding freedom. At the Constitutional Convention many slavery issues were debated and for a time slavery was a major obstacle to passage of the new constitution. As a compromise the institution of slavery was acknowledged although never mentioned directly in the constitution. An example is the Fugitive Slave Clause. By 1789, five of the Northern states had policies that started to gradually abolish slavery: Pennsylvania (1780), New Hampshire and Massachusetts (1783), Connecticut and Rhode Island (1784). Vermont abolished slavery in 1777, while it was still independent. When it joined the United States as the 14th state in 1791, it was the first state to join that had no slavery. By 1804 all of the northern states had abolished slavery or had plans in place to gradually reduce it. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states. Later came the civil war. In the South, Kentucky was created as a slave state from a part of Virginia (1792). Tennessee was created a slave state out of a part of North Carolina (1796). By 1803, after Ohio had been admitted to the United States, there were nine free states and eight slave states. The geographic divide between northern free states and southern slave states became the Mason–Dixon line. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise extended the Mason–Dixon line westward as the official dividing line between free and slave states east of the Ohio River. New territories. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, passed just before the U.S. Constitution was ratified, prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory. The southern boundary of the territory was the Ohio River. This was regarded as a westward extension of the Mason–Dixon line. The territory was generally settled by New Englanders and American Revolutionary War veterans who were granted land there. The states created from the territory – Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), and Minnesota (1858) – were all free states. War of 1812. During the War of 1812, the British accepted all slaves who came into their hands as free. This was without any conditions as to military service such as had been made in the Revolutionary War. By the end of the War of 1812, the momentum for antislavery reform, state by state, appeared to lose momentum. Half the states had already abolished Slavery, had prohibited it from the start or were in the process of eliminating slavery. The other half were committed to preserving slavery within their borders. At the federal level politicians were concerned over the balance of power in the United States. Each state had two senators so if there were an equal number of states on both sides of the issue, nothing could be done on the federal level. With an equal number of slave states and free states, the Senate was equally divided on issues important to the South. Both the North and South were concerned over the western territories and whether new states would be admitted as free states or slave states. Missouri Compromise. Controversy over whether Missouri should be admitted as a slave state, resulted in the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This specified that Louisiana Purchase territory north of latitude 36° 30', which described most of Missouri's southern boundary, would be organized as free states. Territory south of that line would be reserved for organization as slave states. As part of the compromise, the admission of Maine (1820) as a free state was secured to balance Missouri's admission as a slave state (1820). The growing population in the industrialized North resulted in the House of Representatives having more free state votes than slavery votes. To overcome this imbalance, in 1836 the House instituted a "gag rule" forbidding the House from considering any anti-slavery petitions. It was repealed on December 3, 1844. Texas and the Mexican Cession. The admission of Texas (1845) and the U.S. obtaining the vast new Mexican Cession territories (1848) after the Mexican–American War created further North-South conflict. Although the settled portion of Texas was an area rich in cotton plantations and dependent on slavery, the territory acquired in the Mountain West did not seem hospitable to cotton or slavery. As part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted as a free state (1850), without a slave state pair. To avoid creating a free state majority in the Senate, California agreed to send one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery senator to Congress. Last battles. The difficulty of identifying territory that could be organized into additional slave states stalled the process of opening the western territories to settlement. Slave state politicians sought a solution, with efforts being made to acquire Cuba (see Ostend Manifesto, 1852) and to annex Nicaragua (see Walker affair, 1856–57). Both were to be slave states. In 1854, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was superseded by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. This allowed white male settlers in the new territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The result was that pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down. This led to the conflict known as Bleeding Kansas. An effort was attempted to organize Kansas for admission as a slave state. It was to be paired with Minnesota as a free state. But the admission of Kansas as a slave state was blocked because of questions over the legitimacy of its slave state constitution. Anti-slavery settlers in Kansas in the 1850s were called "Free-Soilers", because they fought (successfully) to include Kansas in the Union as a free state in 1861. When the admission of Minnesota proceeded unimpeded in 1858, the balance in the Senate was lost. Oregon was admitted in 1859 as a free state. End of slavery. At the start of the Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Of these, 11 slave states declared their secession from the United States to form the Confederacy. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and were referred to as the border states. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was already in Union control. So the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. Abolition of slavery also became a condition of the return of local rule in those states that had declared their secession. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States on December 18, 1865, ending the distinction between slave and free states. Romoos Romoos is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Hindelbank Hindelbank is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Province of Fermo The Province of Fermo () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Fermo. It is a province since 2004 with parts of the province of Ascoli Piceno but it was in 2009 when it became an active province. Geography. Fermo has an area of , the smallest province of the Marche region. The province is surrounded, by land, by two provinces of Marcheː the province of Macerata in the north and west and the province of Ascoli Piceno in the south; to the east is the Adriatic Sea on the east. The main rivers in the province, from north to south, are (all of them flow to the east into tfe Adriatic Sea but Ete Morto)ː The highest mountain in the province is "Monte Priora",() in the Apennines; it is high. Population. There are 174,849 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population Municipalities. There are 40 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: The largest "comune" is Fermo, with and the smallest is Pedaso, with . The "comune" with fewest people living in it is Smerillo with 366 inhabitants. Main "comuni". The following table shows the 10 "comuni" with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude. Höchstetten Höchstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Höfen, Thun Höfen bei Thun was a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Höfen, Niederstocken and Oberstocken merged into the new municipality of Stocken-Höfen. List of comuni of the Province of Fermo The following is a list of the 40 "comuni" of the Province of Fermo, Marche, in Italy. Bonaduz Bonaduz () is a municipality of the district Imboden in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Hofstetten bei Brienz Hofstetten bei Brienz is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Homberg, Bern Homberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Jenni Williams Jennifer Louise "Jenni" Williams is an activist from Zimbabwe. She started the organization WOZA (Women of Zimbabwe Arise) to protest the Zimbabwe government. In 2007 she received an International Women of Courage Award. Life. Willimas has an Irish grandfather and a Matabele grandmother. When she was sixteen years old, she left school to take care of her brothers and sisters. Work. From 1994 to 2002 Williams was head of a public relations company. In 2003 Williams started WOZA to work for women's rights and government reform. By 2009, she had been in prison more than 50 times. If Only I Could If Only I Could (Chinese: 十年…你还好吗？) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 31 May 2016. There are 20 episodes. It stars Rui En, Paige Chua, Andie Chen and Elvin Ng as the main characters. Plot. Chen Zhenhao struggles to keep her family together despite a disapproving mother-in-law, an easygoing husband too generous with his meagre earnings, and a son with hyperactivity. Huo Xiwen endures marital problems with her husband Huang Degang and suffers a miscarriage after an accident. Zhenhao is later diagnosed with breast cancer, and together with her former schoolmate and rival, Xiwen, who’s also seen her share of misfortune, the pair travel back in time to start their lives over and avoid all the mistakes they’ve made. But the two long-suffering wives realise they’re worse off than before. CS Gaz Metan Mediaș Clubul Sportiv Gaz Metan Mediaș is a professional association football club from Mediaș, Sibiu County, Romania. They were founded in 1945 and currently play in the Liga I. They currently play at the Stadionul Gaz Metan, which has a capacity of around 7,800 people. Their best performance in the Liga I was at 7th place in the 2010–11 Liga I. They have never won the Romanian cup, but got 2nd place in 1951. They have won the Liga II 2 times and the Liga III 3 times. The club has had many names: "Karres Mediaș", "CSM Mediaș", "Zorile Rosii Mediaș", "Gaz Metan Mediaș", "Partizanul" (1950–51), "Flacara" (1951–56), "Energia" (1956–58), "Gaz Metan" (1958–60), and "CSM Mediaș" (1960–1963). Honours. Liga II Liga III FC Viitorul Constanța Fotbal Club Viitorul Constanța is a professional association football club from Ovidiu, Constanța County, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I. The club was founded in the summer of 2009 and began to play in the Liga III. It was founded by famous Romanian footballer Gheorghe Hagi. The club currently possesses the top youth facilities of any club in the country. They won the Liga III in the 2009-10 season. Also, their team colours are blue, white and black. Honours. Liga III Schüpfheim Schüpfheim is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Mason–Dixon line The Mason–Dixon line, also called Mason's and Dixon's line, originally determining the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania, was surveyed and marked between 1763 and 1767. Two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were hired by the Penn and Calvert families to settle a border dispute. In 1760 the British crown, tired of the violence between the two colonies, demanded the dispute over the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania be settled according to an agreement made in 1732. The line the two surveyors came up with was so accurate it is still considered a marvel. GPS measurements show the line to be off by an inch (2.54 cm) or less in places and no more than in others. Background. England's Secretary of State under James I of England was George Calvert. When he decided to publicly announce he was a Catholic in 1625, English law required him to resign his position. The king made him an Irish baronet with the title of "Lord Baltimore". Calvert was one of the investors in the Virginia Company but was not allowed to go to the Virginia Colony because of his religion. Now retired and with time on his hands, Calvert turned his attention to overseas plantations. A wealthy man, Calvert started his own "Avalon" colony in Newfoundland. But by 1629 Calvert lost interest. He then convinced Charles I of England, James's successor, to give him a land grant to start the colony of Maryland. The king gave Calvert and his son everything north of the Potomac River to the 40th parallel and everything from the Atlantic Ocean to the source of the Potomac. The first Lord Calvert died in 1632. His sons went on to found the Maryland colony. On May 27th, 1634, Leonard Calvert with about 300 settlers arrived at St. Mary's City, Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay. William Penn, a leading member of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers, was one of those who was granted the colonial province of West New Jersey in 1677. While colonists settled there, Penn remained in England. Charles II of England owed Penn's father a large loan which at the elder Penn's death the king settled by granting Penn a large area of land "Sylvania" (Latin for woods) west and south of New Jersey. Charles renamed it Pennsylvania in honor of Penn's father. Perhaps Charles II was glad to have a place to send political outsiders like Penn that was far away from England. Issued on March 4, 1681, the boundaries of Pennsylvania were: The dispute. In 1682, an error in surveying placed Philadelphia inside the lands granted to Maryland. The two charters had overlapped. The Calvert family in Maryland demanded Philadelphia become a part of Maryland. The Penn family defended the error and in 1729 established Lancaster County, Pennsylvania partly in defense of the error. Maryland hired a ruffian named Thomas Cresap to force the issue. He and his armed followers moved up the Susquehanna River from Havre de Grace, Maryland to the 40th parallel settling on the west bank of the river. From there they began harassing their Pennsylvania neighbors. They killed livestock and tore down fences. In 1732 the hostilities quieted down when the two colonies reached an agreement. But Lord Baltimore went back on the agreement two years later. Cresap and his men resumed raiding farms and telling Pennsylvania Quakers that if they wanted it stopped they would pay the taxes they owed Maryland. The closest the dispute ever came to being a "war" was on November 23, 1736. A group of Scots-Irish men led by the Sheriff of Lancaster attacked Cresap's men. The Maryland ruffians were defeated with one being killed. Cresap was arrested and taken to Philadelphia. He remained in prison until August 1737 when the King ordered his release. He also ordered the two colonies to settle their dispute in the courts and not by fighting. An English high court ruled in 1750, in favor of Pennsylvania. The court stated that Maryland forfeited its charter rights when it agreed to the compromise in 1732. The new border was now at 39 degrees, 43 minutes, 26.3 seconds, north latitude based on the survey by Mason and Dixon. Slavery and the Mason-Dixon line. In 1781, Pennsylvania abolished slavery. The original line became the rough dividing line between Southern slave states and Northern free states. The exception was Deleware which remained a slave state up to the American Civil War. Fifty years later the Missouri Compromise of 1820 established a line extending the Mason–Dixon line westward to the Ohio River. Then following the border of Ohio to the mouth of the river at the Mississippi River, then westward along 36 degrees 30 minutes North. The line began as a way to end a border dispute and became best known as the line separating slave and free states. Horrenbach-Buchen Horrenbach-Buchen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Huttwil Huttwil is a city in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Son Heung-min Son Heung-min (Hangul: 손흥민 [sʰon hɯŋmin]; born 8 July 1992) is a South Korean soccer player. He is now in the English Premier League at Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. Son is a forward who plays both as a winger and a striker. He played in the Bundesliga for Hamburger SV and Bayer Leverkusen. Son is also a key player on the South Korean national team. He played in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Personal life. Son was born on July 8th 1992 in Chuncheon, South Korea. He was taught by his father, who was a football player. He graduated Chuncheon Buan Elementary School. Then he entered Chuncheon Hupyeong Middle School, butl he transferred to and graduated from Wonju Yukmingwan Middle School. He entered Dongbuk High School, but quit to join Hamburger SV. Club Career. Hamburger SV. In 2008, Son joined the youth academy of Hamburger SV in the Bundesliga at the age of 16. He signed a professional contract before the 2010-2011 season. Bayer 04 Leverkusen. In June 2013, he transferred to Bayer 04 Leverkusen. Tottenham Hotspur. In August 2015, Son joined the English Premier League team Tottenham Hotspur F.C. International career. Son's first international competition was the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Later, he played in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Ring (diacritic) A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be used with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a ring below a letter is used for voicelessness. Werthenstein Werthenstein is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Wolhusen Wolhusen is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the Lucerne canton of Switzerland. Harpers Ferry Armory Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally known as the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, was the second federal armory commissioned by the United States government. It was located in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (then part of Virginia). It was also called the "mother arsenal", a term coined in 1797 by the first Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert. The first federal armory was the Springfield Armory located in Springfield, Massachusetts. In many books the town is called “Harper’s Ferry” with an apostrophe. The national armory has been associated with many historical events throughout the history of the United States. History. Harpers Ferry. In 1751, Robert Harper purchased of land at "The Hole", a name at the time for the place where the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers meet. He set up a ferry service for travelers who needed to cross the Shenandoah River. In 1763, the Virginia General Assembly established the town of "Shenandoah Falls" at "Mr. Harper's Ferry." Soon it just became known as Harpers Ferry. The town grew and became a transportation hub as more new businesses came here. The national armory. In 1794, the United States Congress passed a bill calling "for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines". President George Washington, given wide latitude in carrying out this order, selected Harpers Ferry, then a part of Virginia, for the location of the Harpers Ferry National Armory. In 1796, the United States government purchased a parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. In 1799, construction began on the national armory. Three years later, mass production of military arms started. When it opened, the armory's size seemed to be too small for its workforce. It consisted of only one room. There were 25 workers. Nevertheless, the armory produced many muskets, rifles, and later pistols for the United States. By 1810 the armory was producing about ten thousand weapons per year. The building relied on river power to drive the armory's machinery. Most of the guns for the 1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition were made at Harpers Ferry. In 1811 the M1819 Hall rifle was designed by Captain John Hall. In 1819 it was adopted by the U.S. Army and produced at Harpers Ferry. Expansion and upgrades. The 1830s and 1840s saw a number of changes in the design of the basic musket produced at the armory. More powerful gunpowder was developed and weapons changed from flintlock to percussion cap operation. By 1855 the armory was producing rifled muskets by the thousands with ‘‘HARPERS FERRY’’ stamped on them. The upgrades of the arsenal began in 1845-1854 with the construction of seven brand new workshops and the installation of 121 new machines. The new workshops had a brick superstructure with iron framing and sheet metal roofing. These reconstructed arsenal buildings became collectively known as the "U.S. Musket Factory". The armory canal was enlarged so that more water could get to the armory, which meant it would receive more power. In addition, more people were employed to work at the armory than before: the labor force increased from 25 in 1802 to about 400 workers in 1859. The working conditions improved, but only slightly. John Brown's Raid. In 1859, the armory became the site of the famous raid by abolitionist John Brown. While unsuccessful in inciting a slave revolt, it did raise Southern fears and increased the tension between North and South prior to the American Civil War. During the Civil War. On April 17, 1861, Virginia seceded from the Union. At this point the arsenal became a prime military target. the governor of Virginia planned to take the valuable armory for the South. He knew that no Southern arsenal could match the quality of the arms being produced at Harpers Ferry. He sent his militia to take the arsenal before the Union Army could send enough troops to hold it. When the Virginia militia was four miles away, army Lieutenant Roger Jones sent an urgent message to Washington, DC explaining the danger they were in and to send them thousands of troops to defend Harpers Ferry. When he received no reply he decided he had to act. On the night of April 18, 1861, Jones ordered his men to set fire to the arsenal and the over 15,000 muskets and all the ammunition stored there. Then they quickly retreated across the bridge to Maryland. But the approaching Virginia militia put out the flames. They were able to save 4,000 muskets and all the machinery. The Confederates held the armory for the next three months. During this time they transported the machinery to the Confederate armory at Fayetteville, North Carolina. Then the Confederates set fire to the buildings when they retreated in July. The armory was destroyed and never rebuilt. The armory's location. In spite of the armory's strategic importance, it was nearly impossible to defend. The town and arsenal were surrounded on sides by thousand-foot high cliffs. To defend Harpers Ferry required the placement of artillery on all high points over the city. Soldiers stationed at Harpers Ferry during the war described it as a “godforsaken, stinking hole”. The location of Harpers Ferry proved to be a poor choice militarily. After the Civil War. After the Civil War, John Brown's Fort was the only building to survive the destruction by both the Confederates and the Union. The building was named after John Brown for his notorious raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. The building was the armory's fire engine and guardhouse. Entlebuch District Entlebuch is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Schüpfheim. Municipalities. It contains the following municipalities: Sixth form The sixth form is the final stage in British secondary schools. This term is used in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and some other Commonwealth countries. The sixth form (or 'Key Stage 5') is the final two years of secondary education (U.S. 'high school'). Students (typically between 16 and 18 years of age) prepare for their A-level (or equivalent) examinations. Inkwil Inkwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Innertkirchen Innertkirchen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen. Ins, Switzerland Ins () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Gaultheria Gaultheria is a flowering plant genus in the family Ericaceae. "Gaultheria" has 135 species including the Salal, "Gaultheria shallon". "Gaultheria" are shrubs that are related to the blueberry. "Gaultheria" is commonly called wintergreen. The genus was described by Pehr Kalm. Interlaken Interlaken is a town and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is an important and well-known tourist destination in the Bernese Oberland region of the Swiss Alps, and the main transport gateway to the mountains and lakes of that region. In 2018, 5,610 people lived there. The town is on the Bödeli between two lakes Brienz and Thun. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine Léopold, I Duke of Lorraine (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729) nicknamed "the Good", was the ruling Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death. He was named in honour of his uncle Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. He was also responsible for the creation of the Château de Lunéville which was used as the ducal residence during his lifetime. The eldest son of Eleanor of Austria and Charles V of Lorraine, He was from a long established House of Lorraine which had ruled over the small sovereign Duchy of Lorraine since 1473. Life as duke. He was in exile and Lorraine was occupied by France until 30 October 1697, when it was returned to Leopold; it was again occupied by France from 1702 to 1714, although the duke remained in place. Following Leopold's death, his wife would act as regenbt for their son Francis until he gained his majority. Marriage. Leopold married Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV of France. The match was designed to improve relations between Lorraine and its larger and more powerful neighbour. (Lorraine having been for many years in the possession of France) Leopold and Élisabeth Charlotte was finally married on 13 October 1698 at the Palace of Fontainebleau, Élisabeth Charlotte was given a large dowry. The couple eventually had 14 children in total, even though Leopold would often see his mistress the wife of Marc de Beauvau known as the "Princess of Craon". Later life. Having worked hard to restore the duchy throughout his reign as a result of it being destroyed by the various wars throughout Leopold's life. In March 1729, Leopold caught a fever while walking at the Château at Ménil near Lunéville. He returned to Lunéville where he died on 27 March, aged 49. List of comuni of the Province of Macerata The following is a list of the 40 "comuni" of the Province of Macerata, Marche, in Italy. Joe Pavelski Joe Pavelski is an ice hockey player. He has played center for the Dallas Stars and San Jose Sharks. In 2015, he became the captain of the San Jose Sharks. In 2019, he was traded to Dallas Stars. Agnetha Fältskog Agnetha Åse Fältskog (, born 5 April 1950) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She became successful in Sweden after the release of her debut album "Agnetha Fältskog" in 1968, and reached international stardom as a member of the pop group ABBA. After the break-up of ABBA, Fältskog found some success as a solo artist in the 1980s. Fältskog stopped recording music for almost 17 years until she released a new album in 2004. Björn Ulvaeus Björn Kristian Ulvaeus (credited as Björn Ulvæus ; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish songwriter, producer, a former member of the Swedish musical group ABBA (1972–1982), and co-composer of the musicals "Chess", "Kristina från Duvemåla", and "Mamma Mia!". He co-produced the movie "Mamma Mia!" with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. Dynamo Dresden Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V. (usually just called SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden) is a professional association football club from Dresden, Saxony, Germany. They currently play in the 2. Bundesliga. The club was founded on 12 April 1953 as a club affiliated with the East German police. They became one of the most successful clubs in East Germany, winning 8 DDR-Oberliga titles. After the German reunification, they played in the Bundesliga for a few seasons, but they have drifted between the 2. Bundesliga and the Regionalliga Nordost. Their main rivals are Berliner FC Dynamo, Lokomotive Leipzig, Chemnitzer, Sachsen Leipzig, Erzgebirge Aue and Dresdner. Also, their main colours are yellow and black (previously the colours were green and white). Chromophore A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its colour. The colour is caused when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light. It transmits or reflects only other wavelengths, which causes the colour we see. In biological molecules that capture or detect light energy, the chromophore is the part of the molecule which responds when hit by light. Chromophores make the colour in chromatophores, which are the pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in many animals. Himeros Himeros (Ancient Greek: Ἱμερος "uncontrollable desire") is the god of sexual desire or unrequited love. He is one of the Erotes. Himeros is shown to carry a bow and arrow. He created desire and passion in mortals. He is often depicted as a young man or child. His parents are Ares and Aphrodite and he's brothers with Eros, his twin brother. His other siblings include Pothos, Anteros, Hermaphroditus, Hedylogos, Phobos, Deimos and Harmonia. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia Harpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. In some cases the name Harper's Ferry has been spelled using an apostrophe. Harpers Ferry sits at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers. This is where the U.S. states of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia meet. It is the easternmost town in West Virginia. The original, lower section of the town is located on a low-lying floodplain created by the two rivers. It is surrounded by higher ground on all sides. Historically, Harpers Ferry is best known for John Brown's raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the American Civil War. During the war, between 1861 and 1865, the town changed hands between Union and Confederate forces 14 times. The Battle of Harpers Ferry resulted in the largest surrender by Union Army soldiers in the Civil War. The population was 286 at the 2010 census. Battle of Harpers Ferry The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862. It was part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson was sent to capture Harpers Ferry. His troops surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). This was a major victory at relatively minor cost. Background. During the Maryland Campaign of 1862, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced north through the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland. Lee planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. The Confederate Army was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Even though the Union Army outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army. He sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Col. Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. He had been ordered by McClellan to hold the town until McClellan could send more soldiers. The battle. The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederate on September 12. But there was only a brief skirmishing. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights. During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived. They were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam. Giumaglio Giumaglio is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo merged into the new municipality of Maggia. Maryland Campaign The Maryland Campaign (September 4, 1862–September 20, 1862), also called the Antietam Campaign, was a series of four battles in West Virginia and Maryland initiated by Confederate General Robert E. Lee. It was considered as one of the major turning points in the Civil War for the Union. The goal was for Lee's army to invade the Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. That way he could threaten the cities of Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. By a series of decisive victories Lee thought that the South could gain recognition from England and France and get them to support the Southern cause. The hope was if Lee was victorious, it might cause Abraham Lincoln to sue for peace. Background. During the summer of 1862, the hopes of the North that the rebellion could be easily crushed were quickly fading. In July, Major General George B. McClellan's defeated attempt to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia failed. Near the end of August, the Second Battle of Bull Run was another Confederate victory. The Union armies retreated back to Washington, D.C. only a few miles away. In the West, Confederate offensives were proving to be successful. This was causing poor morale among the Union army soldiers. Battles. Lee divided his Army of Northern Virginia into five smaller armies or columns. Three he sent with General "Stonewall" Jackson to attack and hold Harpers Ferry. This way Jackson could control the Shenandoah Valley. Harpers Ferry (September 12-15, 1862). The town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), sits at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. It is surrounded by high cliffs on three sides making it nearly impossible to defend. Col. Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, kept most the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. Jackson put artillery on all the heights and bombarded the garrison. Miles decided to surrender the more than 12,000 men. As he debated with his officers over the decision, Miles was struck by a shell that shattered his left leg, a wound that proved fatal. Jackson then took possession of Harper’s Ferry before joining the rest of Lee’s army at Sharpsburg, He left General A.P. Hill’s division at the garrison to guard the prisoners. South Mountain (September 14, 1862). This skirmish took place in Maryland. While most of Lee's army was attacking Harpers Ferry, the rest moved into Maryland with Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac closely behind them. At Frederick, Maryland the Union army caught up with Lee and the fighting began on South Mountain. It was a natural formation that separated the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys from eastern Maryland. Several battles were fought that day over possession of South Mountain. The Confederates were driven back with a large number of casualties. McClellan could have destroyed Lee's army but he waited giving Lee the time to regroup. Antietam (September 16-18, 1862). The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, was not only the bloodiest day of the American Civil War, it was the single bloodiest day in American history. Most of the fighting occurred on September 17, 1862 between Antietam Creek and the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland. The events leading to the battle were somewhat strange. Earlier, a copy of Order No. 191 had been used to bundle a Confederate officer's cigars. It was dropped and found by Union soldiers. They were taken to McClellan who now knew exactly what Lee's battle plan was. However, a Southern sympathizer told Lee that McClellan had a copy of the order. So McClellan's advantage was lost. Because McClellan took his time after the Battle of South Mountain, Lee regrouped around Sharpsburg. The battles started on the morning of the 16th. By evening, there was still no clear-cut winner. Both sides were badly bloodied. Shepherdstown (September 19-20, 1862). Also called the Battle of Botelier's Ford, this battle took place in Jefferson County, West Virginia. As Lee's army retreated south, Union troops under Major General Fitz John Porter's caught up with Lee's rearguard. While troops were still crossing the Potomac they were attacked by General William Pendleton's Confederates. This discouraged the Union command from following the Confederate retreat any further. A little over a month later, President Lincoln relieved McClellan of command for failing to follow and destroy Lee's army. Major General Ambrose E. Burnside took over command of the Army of the Potomac. Ipsach Ipsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Iseltwald Iseltwald is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located on the southern of Lake Brienz. Time in Egypt Egypt observes Eastern European Time (UTC+2) all year round, the same time as neighboring Libya. On April 29, 2016, Egypt announced it was going to re-introduce daylight saving time (DST) on July 7 at 00:00 (), but on July 4, 2016, the Egyptian government announced that DST will not be observed in 2016. Daylight saving time. Egypt first observed DST in 1940, but ended in 1945. DST was re-introduced in 1957, and the country continued to observe it until 2010. Egypt formally observed daylight saving time from the last Friday of April until the first Friday of October. However, because of Ramadan, the dates varied, in 2006, it ended on September 22, in 2007 on September 7, and in 2008 on August 29. In 2010, Ramadan was completely changed to inside "summer". On April 20, 2011, Egypt stopped observed summer time. EET was then used all year, with no summer time change. In May 2014, daylight saving time was re-introduced in the country. DST started on Friday, May 16, with the period stopped during Ramadan, and then ended on Friday, September 26, but was abolished in 2015. In April 2016, it was announced DST will start on Friday, July 8, and end on Friday, October 28, but it was cancelled by the Egyptian government on July 4, 2016. Mithankot Mithankot (Urdu: مِٹهن كوٹ) is a city in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Mithankot is located on the right (west) bank of the Indus River, only a short distance downstream from its junction with Panjnad River. Moscow Time Moscow Time is , the same time as Eastern European Summer Time, East Africa Time, and Arabia Standard Time. On 28 March 2010, Moscow Time became the time zone for the Samara Oblast in Russia, leaving Samara Time () unused. On 8 February 2011, the Russian government announced the abandonment of daylight saving time (DST) in all time zones across Russia. Moscovians set their clocks forward on 27 March 2011, and then UTC+04:00 became its standard time permanently. In July 2014, the law to observe summer time year round was abandoned, and the clock has been set to UTC+3 starting from 26 October 2014. References. The time zone database is Europe/Moscow. Siti Musdah Mulia Siti Musdah Mulia (born March 3, 1958 in Bone, South Sulawesi Selatandari) is an Indonesian professor of religion and an activist for women's rights. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. Life. Mulia came from a family with a strong religious tradition. She went to an Islamic boarding school. Her father and father-in-law are Islamic religious leaders. Mulia's father was H. Mustamin Abdul Fatah, a battalion commander in Darul Islam the insurgent Islamic State led by Abdul Kahar Muzakkar. Her mother was Hj. Buaidah Achmad, the first girl in her village to graduate from an Islamic boarding school, Pesantren Darud Da'wah wal Irshad in Pare-Pare. Mulia graduated from As`adiyah Islmaic high school in South Sulawesi in 1973. In 1997, she received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Islamic political thought from the State Islamic University. She was the first woman to receive this degree. Work. In 1999, Mulia became a research professor at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. She is also a professor of Islamic Political Thought at the School of Graduate Studies of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University in Jakarta, Indonesia. From 1999 to 2007 Mulia was the senior advisor of the Minister of Religious Affairs. In 2004 this group started to write the Compilation of Islamic Law. This draft of Indonesia’s Islamic code included banning polygamy and child marriage. Because of this, Mulia got death threats. From 2000 to 2005 Malia was head of the Council of Indonesian Ulema. Malia believes in "the right of women to interpret Islamic teachings, the right of women to become an ulema, and the right of women to correct religious missions". List of Works. Mulia is the author of many books. Shenandoah River The Shenandoah River is a tributary of the Potomac River, long with two forks approximately long each. One is in the U.S. states of Virginia while the other in West Virginia. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah River valley. They also drain the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Geology. The Shenandoah Valley sits on limestone. The fertile soil made it an attractive place for early settlement. It continues to be a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone has a great number of caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions. These include Luray Caverns, Shenandoah Caverns, and the Skyline Caverns. On the riverbank a few miles above Harpers Ferry, West Virginia is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a rider on horseback to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of Col. John Mosby's raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry. Ittigen Ittigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The municipality was formed in 1983 when it and Ostermundigen were separated from territory once part of Bolligen. Since 1991, Ittigen expanded its source of budget to the highway resting site parking fees. The well known example is the resting site Grauholz. As it is very pioneeric economic area, world rare and extraordinary, at the same time but controversy, it has been published in several newspaper articles. The municipality maintains the income source up to nowadays. Langnau bei Reiden Langnau bei Reiden is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Langnau bei Reiden and Richenthal merged into the municipality of Reiden. Kottwil Kottwil is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 2006, it is part of the municipality of Ettiswil. Dixon S. Miles Dixon Stansbury Miles (May 4, 1804–September 16, 1862) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He commanded a division in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was the commander of the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry during the Battle of Harpers Ferry. He died from shrapnel wounds the day after the Union garrison surrendered. Early career. Miles was born in Baltimore, Maryland on May 4, 1804. He was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from June 24, 1819, to July 1, 1824. He was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 7th Infantry Regiment. Nine years later Miles was promoted to first lieutenant in 1833 and captain in 1836. He served as Assistant Quartermaster from January 16, 1839 to September 30, 1845. In 1846, he served in the Mexican–American War. At the Siege of Fort Texas he was cited for Gallantry and "Meritorious Conduct" in the defense of Fort Texas and was promoted to the rank of major. Civil War. Miles had achieved the rank of Colonel by 1859. He was stationed at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas when the Civil War began. He was sent to Virginia and placed in command of an infantry brigade under Major general Robert Patterson. Then he was given command of a division under Brigadier general Irvin McDowell. He was at First Battle of Bull Run, but his division was held in reserve. He was then accused of being drunk at the battle. A Court of Inquiry was held and he was found guilty. A court-martial was not held. But Miles was not given another command until March 1862. Harpers Ferry. At the time he was assigned to the Harpers Ferry Armory, he was 58 years old; the oldest colonel in the Union Army. Miles arrived to take command in the spring of 1862. In 1861 the armory had been burned by Confederates. The town's remaining houses, mills and churches served as hospitals, barracks and stables. Most of the population was gone. But it was still an important base of supply for the Union. By September 1862, Miles had 14,000 men at Harpers Ferry. On September 12, 1862 Brigadier general Julius White arrived. But because he had no military experience, Colonel Miles remained in command. On September 5, Miles had been given very specific orders by his superior, Major general John E. Wool, "you will not abandon Harpers Ferry without defending it to the last extremity." As if the message was not specific enough, Wool sent another saying "there must be no abandoning of a post, and shoot the first man that thinks of it". Miles wired back saying he was ready for them. But for some reason Miles insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. As Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved North in his Maryland Campaign of 1862, he split his forces. Lee sent Major General (CSA) Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to capture and hold Harpers Ferry. His troops found the heights unguarded and placed artillery in a position to bombard the town. Early on September 15, Miles gathered his officers together. They were surrounded and nearly out of ammunition. At around 9:00 a.m., white flags were raised by the Union troops indicating their surrender. A few minutes later a Confederate shell exploded mortally wounding Miles. He died the next day. General White, the second in command, arranged for the surrender. It was the largest capture of Union soldiers during the war. Jackson captured over 12,700 men, 13,000 arms and 47 artillery pieces. Miles was blamed for the surrender. Monte Vettore Monte Vettore (; "victorious") is a mountain on the border between Umbria and the Marche, in Central Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Marche region and in the province of Ascoli Piceno. Geography. The mountain is part of the Sibillini Mountains (), a mountain group in Italy, part of the central Apennines between eastern Umbria and the Marche. It is in the "Sibillini Mountains National Park" (). Below the peak, in a small enclosed U-shaped valley is one lake called the "Lago di Pilato", at an altitude of . Even if it is a small lake ( in diameter), it is important for biologists; a fresh water shrimp, "Chirocephalus marchesonii", is endemic to this lake. Today climbers reach it from the Umbrian side from Norcia, a town and "comune" in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria or, on the Marche side, from Ascoli Piceno. 2016 Stanley Cup Finals The 2016 Stanley Cup finals is the 123rd Stanley Cup trophy presentations as well as the champions of the 2015-16 NHL season. It featured the Pittsburgh Penguins and the San Jose Sharks. This was the Sharks first ever appearance in a Stanley Cup final and the Penguins 5th time in a Stanley Cup finals. The Penguins beat the Sharks winning the series in game 6 at SAP Center, 3-1. Rosters. Years in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column signify the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year. List of Italian regions by highest point This is a list of Italian regions by highest point. Gallery. ˈ Hochdorf District Hochdorf is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Hochdorf. It contains the following municipalities: Howards End Howards End is a novel by E. M. Forster, first published in 1910. it is about social conventions, personal relationships and conflicting values in Edwardian England. Some people think "Howards End" was Forster's best piece of work. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked "Howards End" 38th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It was adapted into a film in 1992 starring Anthony Hopkins, Vanessa Redgrave, Emma Thompson, and Helena Bonham Carter. It was directed by James Ivory. It was nominated for 9 Academy Awards and won 3 Academy Awards. Jaberg Jaberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Jegenstorf Jegenstorf (Bernese German: "Jegischtorf") is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Ballmoos merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Münchringen and Scheunen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf. Kallnach Kallnach () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. History. On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Niederried bei Kallnach merged into the municipality of Kallnach and on 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach. Kandergrund Kandergrund is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Kandersteg Kandersteg is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is along the valley of the river Kander, west of the Jungfrau massif. Altwis Altwis is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Bouillabaisse Bouillabaisse is a French fisherman's soup. This traditional Provençal fish stew originated in the port of Marseille. The word is a compound of "bolhir" (to boil) and "abaissar" (to reduce heat, i.e., simmer). It was a stew made by Marseille fishermen using the bony rockfish they were unable to sell. As well as fish, the soup has mussels (fr: "moules") and may have other marine invertebrates. Vegetables such as leeks, onions, tomatoes, celery, and potatoes are simmered together with the broth and served with the fish. The broth is traditionally served with a rouille, a mayonnaise made of olive oil, garlic, saffron, and cayenne pepper on grilled slices of bread. In Marseille, the broth is served first in a soup plate with slices of bread and "rouille", then the fish is served separately on a large platter (see image). A simpler version has the fish and broth brought to the table separately and served together in large soup plates. Sword Art Online (also known as SAO) is a 2009 Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series is about many virtual reality worlds. "Sword Art Online" was commercially successful. According to Oricon, SAO was the top selling light novel series of 2012. More than 16 million copies of the light novel has been printed. The novel was later acted into a Japanese Anime. An anime television series titled "Sword Art Online" aired in Japan between July and December 2012. It was produced by A-1 Pictures. Its second season called "Sword Art Online II" aired between July and December 2014. The third season of the anime titled "Sword Art Online: Alicization" premiered on October 7, 2018. Salade niçoise Salade niçoise is a salad from the district of Nice. It has tomatoes, tuna, hard-boiled eggs, olives, and anchovies. It is dressed with a vinaigrette. It is served with or without a bed of lettuce. The tuna may be cooked or canned. The salad may include raw red peppers, shallots, artichoke hearts and other seasonal raw vegetables. It does not have cooked vegetables (like green beans and potatoes) which are often served in variations of salade niçoise around the world. In French cuisine, raw vegetables served as appetisers are known as "crudités". Light novel A is a type of Japanese novel. It is mainly intended for young adults to read. They are sometimes adapted into manga and anime. Ballwil Ballwil is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Punitive damages Punitive damages are a remedy given by a court of equity in a lawsuit. It is used when a court believes that the defendant needs more punishment to be reformed or stopped from doing the action that caused them to be sued. Ilze Jaunalksne Ilze Jaunalksne is a Latvian journalist for a television news program. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. Jaualksne reported on political corruption and buying votes. She won a court case against the government. Kappelen Kappelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Samia al-Amoudi Samia al-Amoudi () is a Saudi Arabian doctor. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. Life. In 2006 al-Amoudi learned she had breast cancer. She fought the cancer and broke the silence about this women's health problem. Work. Al-Amoudi is an associate professor at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah and a consultant obstetrician gynecologist. She is also the head of the Women's Health Empowerment Scientific chair for women's health rights. In 2013 King Abdullah named al-Amouid to the board of directors of the Union for International Cancer Control in Geneva, Switzerland. Books. Al-Amoudi wrote several books. Gurzelen Gurzelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Kaufdorf Kaufdorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Battle of South Mountain The Battle of South Mountain was fought on September 14, 1862 in Maryland’s South Mountain between Confederate and Union forces. The Battle of South Mountain was a very important battle. It was the first major battle fought north of the Potomac River. It was the first invasion of the Northern United States by a Confederate Army. It was also here and not at Antietam where the Confederates under General Robert E. Lee were defeated and turned back. The day-long pitched battle was fought for control of the three passes through the mountain: Crampton's, Turner's, and Fox's Gaps. Background. During the summer of 1862, the hopes of the Union that the rebellion could be easily crushed were quickly fading. In July, Major General George B. McClellan failed in his attempt to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia. Near the end of August, the Second Battle of Bull Run was another defeat for the Union. Shortly after the battle, Lee made his plans to invade the north. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland on September 4, 1862. Lee thought that if he took the Civil War to the Union states, a major victory might convince Great Britain and France to support the South. He also thought it would make the North sue for peace. This would insure the Confederate States of America could remain an independent country. McClellan remained in command of the Army of the Potomac even though he had failed to support Major General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run. When Lee entered Maryland, in a rare exception to his usual slowness, McClellan moved more quickly to cut him off. Unknown to Lee at the time, a Union soldier had found a copy of Special Order 191. This was Lee's plan to split up his army. McClellan learned Lee had sent General Stonewall Jackson to attack and hold the Harpers Ferry Armory. The information gave McClellan the chance to destroy Lee's army while it was still weakened by Jackson's attack on Harpers Ferry. McClellan learned of Lee's plan on September 13. He boasted "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home." He also sent a telegram to President Lincoln where he wrote, "I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency." But McClellan waited another 18 hours before acting. This delay allowed Lee more time to collect all the elements of his army. As Lee had moved into Maryland, he left detachments to guard two of the passes through South Mountain, Crampton's Gap and Turner's Gap. These were the two most important routes through the 50-mile long South Mountain. Had McClellan moved a little faster, he would have caught Lee's army scattered on the other side of the mountain. The battle. On September 14, the battle took place on three gaps. A few Confederate regiments guarded the two northern gaps, Turner's and Fox's and Crampton's Gap to the south. The Union army advanced from the east and attacked in two waves. The first wave attacked Fox's Gap at about 9 am. Early in the afternoon the second wave hit both Fox's and Turner's Gaps at the same time. Crampton's Gap was attacked in the late afternoon. The distance between Crampton's and Turner's Gaps is about six miles. The terrain between them made each part of the battle a separate fight. The fighting went on all day at Turner's Gap and all afternoon at Crampton's Gap. Turner's Gap was fought on a larger scale, was more costly and took longer than the other actions. This delaying action was also a large deception by the Confederate forces. The Union forces thought the mountain was swarming with Confederates when in fact only one division guarded the passes until later in the afternoon. Union forces could have easily swept them aside had they known how few there actually were. McClellan's concentrating his attack on the Confederates on South Mountain meant he did not help the garrison at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. From having a copy of Lee's Special Order 191, McClellan knew Jackson was attacking the Union Forces at Harpers Ferry. What little help he did send arrived too late to prevent the surrender. It also gave Lee the time he needed to gather his forces together at Sharpsburg, Maryland. Had McClellan moved faster and more decisively, the costly Battle of Antietam might never have taken place. Confederate losses for the day amounted to 2,700 soldiers. The Union losses were 2,300 dead or wounded. The Confederates were able to delay McClellan's forces by fiercely defending the gaps. This gave Lee precious time to regroup and move on to Sharpsburg where the Battle of Antietam pitted the two armies against each other again. The battle of South Mountain, however, forced Lee to give up his plans for invading the North and caused him to have to defend his army. Battlefield Preservation. The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 647 acres of the South Mountain battlefield. Mariya Ahmed Didi Mariya Ahmed Didi is a Maldivian representative in the parliament. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. In March 2006, the police arrested a female activist at her house late at night, so Didi organized the first women's rights protest in Maldives. Kehrsatz Kehrsatz is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Kernenried Kernenried is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is west of Burgdorf and north-northeast of Berne. Kienersrüti Kienersrüti was a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen. Hal Robson-Kanu Thomas Henry Alex "Hal" Robson-Kanu (born on 21 May 1989 in Acton, England, United Kingdom) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger. He currently doesn't play for any club, but has been playing for the Wales national football team since 2010. He has played for England's youth squads, but decided to play for Wales in 2010. He played his first match with Wales against Austria on 18 May 2010. Hal Robson-Kanu has played with Arsenal, Reading, Southend United on loan and Swindon Town on loan. He won the Football League Championship with Reading during the 2011–12 season. Neil Taylor (footballer) Neil John Taylor (born 7 February 1989 in St Asaph, Clwyd, Wales) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a defender. He currently plays for the Premier League club Swansea City and the Wales national football team. He has also played for Manchester City and Wrexham. He is mother is from India, and he is one of the few British Asians in professional football. He was included in Wale's squad for the UEFA Euro 2016. Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz (born 15 July 1985 in Antalya, Turkey) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker. Since August 2020, he has played for Lille OSC, previously playing for Beijing Guoan. He also plays for the Turkey national team. He has also played for all of the big four clubs in the Turkey: Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Trabzonspor and Galatasaray; along with Antalyaspor, Manisaspor and Eskişehirspor. He scored his first goal against Karşıyaka during the 2004–05 season. He is the son of retired goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz. Birkir Bjarnason Birkir Bjarnason (born on 27 May 1988 in Akureyri, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder. He currently plays for the Swiss club of FC Basel and the Iceland national team. In his homeland he is nicknamed Thor. He has also played for Viking FK, FK Bodø/Glimt, Standard Liège, Delfino Pescara 1936 and Sampdoria. He won the Swiss Super League with Basel in 2016. He was included in Iceland's squad for the UEFA Euro 2016. On 14 June 2016, he scored Iceland's first goal at a major tournament. It was against Portugal, and the game ended in a draw. Arnór Ingvi Traustason Arnór Ingvi Traustason (born on 30 April 1993 in Keflavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays with Austrian club Rapid Wien as a midfielder. He has also played for Knattspyrnudeild Keflavík, Sandnes Ulf and IFK Norrköping. He was called the most promising player of the 2013 Úrvalsdeild season. He also plays for the Iceland national football team. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. On 22 June 2016, he scored against Austria at the 90th minute to win the match for Iceland and send them to the Round of 16. He won the Allsvenskan with IFK Norrköping in 2015. Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar (English: "Hafnarfjörður Gymnastics Club"; usually just called FH) is an Icelandic sports club from Hafnarfjörður. The club competes in football, handball, track and field, and fencing. The men's football team has been one of the most successful Icelandic teams since the early-2000s. They recently won the 2015 Úrvalsdeild. The club was founded in 1928 as a gymnastics club. FH has since moved into other sports. FH were promoted to the Úrvalsdeild in football for the first time in 1979. After moving up and down through the league system, they finally were promoted to the Úrvalsdeild again in 2000. They won their first Úrvalsdeild title in 2004. They went on to win the Úrvalsdeild six more times, the Icelandic cup twice, Icelandic league cup six times and the Icelandic super cup six times. They also made multiple appearances in European tournaments. The team's colours are white and black. San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a series of bridges across San Francisco Bay in the U.S. state of California. It is part of Interstate 80 in California. It has two spans over water. The western span is a suspension bridge. The eastern span is a self-anchored suspension bridge. The eastern span used to be a cantilever bridge but it was removed once the new bridge opened. The cantilever span was destroyed in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, which is one of the reasons why the Eastern span was replaced. The western span is a double suspension bridge with two decks. Westbound traffic is carried on the upper deck and eastbound on the lower deck. The new east span is a single deck with the eastbound and westbound lanes on each side. It is the world's widest bridge. Vestmannaeyjar Vestmannaeyjar (sometimes called the Westman Islands) is a town and archipelago off the south coast of Iceland. The largest island, Heimaey, has a population of 4,135. The other islands are uninhabited. The town was evacuated in 1973 because of the Eldfell eruption. The eruption destroyed one fifth of the town before the lava flow was stopped by putting 1.5 billion gallons (6.8 billion litres) of cold water on it. History and name. The islands are named after the Gaelic slaves who had been captured by the Norsemen. The Old Norse word, "Vestmenn" (meaning Westmen), was applied to the slaves and was retained in Icelandic. After Ingólfr Arnarson first arrived in Iceland, his brother Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson was murdered by the Gaelic slaves. In response, he tracked the slaves down to the islands are murdered all of them, hence the name Vestmannaeyjar (the islands of the west men). On 16 July 1627, the islands were captured by a group of North African pirates who stayed there until 19 July. They were under control of the Ottomans. The pirates captured 234 people from the islands and took them on a 27-day voyage to Algiers, where most of them spent their life under bondage. One of the prisoners, minister Ólafur Egilsson, returned in 1628 to the islands and wrote a book about his experience. In 1636, a ransom was paid for 34 of the captives, and most of them returned to Iceland. After this, a fort was built on the Helgafell volcano to keep watch for ships. For centuries, the people who lived on the islands survived from fishing and eating birds and their eggs. At the end of the 19th century, the lifestyle of the islanders greatly improved. In 1904, the first motorised boat was purchased, and more followed soon afterwards. By 1930, the population had risen from 600 in 1900 to 3,470. The islands have since been known for being a great fishing and sea processing developer. In 2000, the Norwegian government gifted Iceland with the Heimaey stave church. This was to celebrate the conversion of Iceland to Christianity a thousand years earlier. Geography. The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is geologically young. They have been formed by eruptions over the past 10,000–12,000 years. The volcanic system is made up of 70–80 volcanoes. Islands. Total: 16.3 square kilometres (6.3 sq mi) There are a total of 15 islands, and about 30 rock stacks and skerries. All islands were formed from underwater eruptions and are made up of palagonite tuff and lava. The oldest island is Heimaey ("Home Island"). Basalt columns can be seen in many places, along with coves caused by soft rock erosion. The Eldfell eruption caused Heimaey to grow by about 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi). The highest point in Vestmannaeyjar is at around 900 feet on the Heimaey island. Biodiversity. There is little snow in Vestmannaeyjar, but plenty of rain. Because of this, migrating birds are often seen in spring and leave during autumn. All of Iceland's seabirds can be found in Vestmannaeyjar: the guillemot, gannet, kittiwake, Iceland gull, and puffin. The puffin is the Vestmannaeyjar emblem, and can be seen all around the island. There are about 150 plant species on the island, along with 80 types of insects. The waters around the island have some of the North Atlantic's richest fishing grounds. The two main commercially used fish in Iceland, the cod and haddock, are found in great amounts near the island. Other types of fish near the islands include flatfish, herring, capelin, lobsters and ocean perch. Seals, small types of whales and other marine species are also present in large numbers around the islands. Climate. The islands receive a lot of rain considering its latitude. Vestmannaeyjar has a tundra climate (closely bordering the subpolar oceanic climate) under the Köppen climate classification. There is a lot of wind on the islands. The highest wind speed recorded in Iceland (61 metres per second;140 mph) was recorded at the southern point of the Heimaey island. However, the island enjoys the highest annual temperature in Iceland. List of comuni of the Province of Ascoli Piceno The following is a list of the 33 "comuni" of the Province of Ascoli Piceno, Marche, in Italy. 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season The 2015-16 Golden State Warriors season was the 70th season for the team as well as the National Basketball Association, and its 54th in San Francisco, California. They entered the season as defending champions and made history as the first 73 win 9 loss team, only behind the Michael Jordan-led 72-10 Bulls. In the playoffs, they defeated the dysfunctional Houston Rockets (41 wins 41 losses), who they played last year in the WCF'S in 5 games, the Portland Trail Blazers (44 wins 38 losses), also in 5 games, and the Kevin Durant/Russell Westbrook lead Oklahoma City Thunder (55 wins 27 losses) in 7 games. The Warriors however trailed the Thunder 3-1, looking like they were going to be eliminated but however, the Warriors won game 5 120-111, game 6 108-101, and in game 7 96-88. The Warriors became the 10th team to win the series when down 3-1, after last year's Houston Rockets. They would meet the Cleveland Cavaliers again in the NBA Finals. The Warriors were up 3-1 in the series following a game 4 97-108 victory at Quicken Loans Arena. However, they lost game 5 at home 97-112, game 6 101-115, and a game 7 champion decider 89-93. They would become the 11th team to lose while up 3-1 and the first to do it in the NBA Finals. They also became the first playoff team to overcome a 3-1 deficit and blow a 3-1 lead in the same playoff year. San Mateo–Hayward Bridge The San Mateo–Hayward Bridge (commonly called the San Mateo Bridge) is a bridge crossing the U.S. state of California's San Francisco Bay. It provides a link of the San Francisco Peninsula with the East Bay. The bridge's west end is in Foster City, a suburb on the eastern edge of San Mateo. The east end of the bridge is in Hayward. It is the longest bridge in California and the 25th longest in the world. The bridge is owned by the state of California, and is maintained by Caltrans, the state highway agency. Further oversight is provided by the Bay Area Toll Authority. The bridge is part of State Route 92, whose western terminus is at the town of Half Moon Bay on the Pacific coast. It links Interstate 880 in the East Bay with U.S. Route 101 on the Peninsula. It is roughly parallel to and lies between the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Dumbarton Bridge, and is sometimes used by commuters to avoid traffic delays due to emergencies on those bridges. History and description. 1929 original bridge. The San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge Company issued in bonds to raise a portion of the estimated budget required to build the first bridge. First-year operating revenues were anticipated to be , but the original bridge lost money in its first year of operation. The original bridge, known as the San Francisco Bay toll bridge, opened on 1929-03-02 after approximately a year of construction. It was a privately owned venture and was then the longest bridge in the world. The original bridge was mostly a two-lane causeway trestle with five truss spans in the center incorporating a vertical lift over the main shipping channel. Clearance when the lift was down to allow road traffic over the bridge was , and clearance when the lift was up to allow marine traffic to pass the bridge was . Although the initial press was favorable, daily traffic fell from the opening months and never exceeded 2,000 cars per day until 1947. The State of California purchased the bridge on 1951-09-12 for . By 1955, traffic exceeded 9,000 cars per day, and in 1957, traffic was stopped an average of six times per day to allow ship traffic to pass the bridge. The bridge originally had pole lights along the entire stretch, which were later abandoned except over the vertical lift span. Traffic on the bridge increased from 3,000 cars per day in 1929 to 56,000 cars per day in 1968. Before the new bridge was complete, California put the original truss spans up for sale in 1965, with the buyer obligated to remove all five truss spans after completion of the 1967 bridge. 1967 orthotropic bridge. With increased road and marine traffic, a bill was introduced in 1961 by State Senator Richard J. Dolwig to fund a new fixed high-level bridge to replace the 1929 lift-bridge. The modern span, which began construction on 1961-07-17, opened for traffic in 1967 at a cost of . The originally designed upgrade would retain the existing lift span (along with the attendant delays due to passing ship traffic), adding a second deck to the truss spans and widening the existing trestles to four lanes, but the California Toll Bridge Authority added to the project budget in September 1961 to replace the existing lift span with a fixed high-level double-deck span, which would have been similar in appearance to the nearby 1956 Richmond–San Rafael Bridge. By that time, prior phases of the project had already been awarded to relocate the toll plaza from San Mateo to Hayward on new fill and bids were taken for the new eastern trestle, with trestle construction awarded to Peter Kiewit Sons'. The finished single-deck design was not finalized until January 1962, with work initially estimated to complete in 1965. The new span won two prizes in 1968: an ASCE Award for Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement and an American Institute of Steel Construction long-span prize bridge award. William Stephen Allen was retained as an architectural consultant, although the bridge was designed by the Bay Toll Crossings Division (under Chief Engineer Norman C. Raab) of the California Department of Public Works. Chuck Seim, one of the design engineers working for Bay Toll Crossings, would later credit Allan Temko's criticism of Raab's economical truss design for the Richmond–San Rafael crossing for generating sufficient public pressure to drive the single-deck design. Temko's article quoted T.Y. Lin as being against a repeat of the Richmond–San Rafael design, but Lin ultimately gave Temko the credit for the design. Raab retired and his successor, E.R. "Mike" Foley, was willing to incorporate aesthetic considerations, resulting in the final design. The western highrise span features an all-steel superstructure, with an orthotropic deck over two parallel box girders, following the construction of several smaller test bridges using the same orthotropic deck technology. It was the first large-scale use of an orthotropic deck, which reduces weight, and thus seismic loading, although the bridge is expected to receive moderate to major damage following an earthquake. Murphy Pacific Marine built the "Marine Boss" floating barge-crane in 1966 with a capacity to perform the heavy box girder and deck-section lifts. The heavy lift capacity of "Marine Boss" enabled Murphy Pacific to raise much longer prefabricated girders than existing barge cranes would have allowed. Box girder and deck sections were fabricated in Murphy Pacific's Richmond yard and were carried by "Marine Boss" to the bridge construction site. "Marine Boss" was sold for scrap in 1988 to Weeks Marine in New Jersey, who renamed it the "Weeks 533" and refurbished it. "Weeks 533" has since been used for several notable heavy lifts, including moving the Concorde and "Enterprise" onto the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum and lifting the downed hull of US Airways Flight 1549 from the Hudson River. The total length of the bridge is , which is made up of a western highrise section and an eastern trestle section. of fill were used at the Hayward end to reclaim land for placing the toll plaza and administrative buildings. The eastern trestle span was built on 4,840 prestressed hollow concrete piles, each long. The contractor built a casting yard in Richmond to produce the concrete piles continuously. The new eastern trestle span was completed in 1963 and traffic over the existing 1929 bridge was moved over to it. Work on the western highrise span was bid in October 1964 and commenced in 1965. It crosses a shipping channel, with an orthotropic main span that is long (at the time, the longest girder span in the United States) and has a vertical clearance of . The main span is flanked by two orthotropic back spans which are each long, and there are seven orthotropic side spans on the approach to each back span. Each of these side spans are long. Although these spans appear to be formed from continuous box girders, they consist of alternating anchor spans and suspended spans. Anchor spans rest on top of two adjacent piers and cantilever over each side slightly, and suspended spans are hung between the ends of two adjacent anchor spans. There are an additional nine steel spans carrying a concrete deck on the San Mateo side of the highrise, and ten steel spans carrying a concrete deck on the Hayward side, ranging from . The bridge carries about 93,000 cars and other vehicles on a typical day, almost double its original projected design capacity of 50,000 vehicles per day. The steel deck of the bridge, approximately , was paved with an epoxy asphalt concrete wearing surface in two layers. The San Mateo Bridge was the first deployment of an epoxy asphalt concrete wearing surface. , the original wearing surface was still in use, but was subsequently replaced in 2015. The highrise section was initially built with six lanes and the eastern causeway with four lanes (two in each direction). The causeway section was a perennial traffic bottleneck until it was expanded to six lanes in 2002, along with much needed improvements in its connections with Interstate 880 in Hayward. Bus service over the bridge is provided by AC Transit's Line M Transbay service. High-voltage power lines built by PG&E in the 1950s parallel the bridge all the way across the bay. They provide power to the peninsula and San Francisco. Upgrades and repairs. Seismic upgrades (1997–2000). The bridge was closed in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake as a precaution, but reopened on 1989-10-18. It underwent an extensive seismic retrofitting to protect against earthquake damage from 1997 through 2000. Widening (2002–2003). The bridge was considered the worst evening commute in the Bay Area, which ended with the completion of a new eastern trestle carrying westbound bridge traffic in 2002. Eastbound bridge traffic took over the old trestle completely, although eastbound traffic was not expanded to three lanes until February 2003. Funded as part of BATA's regional Measure (RM) 1 program, which raised bridge tolls, the new low-rise trestle portion of the bridge added shoulders on both sides in both directions and effectively widened traffic from four to six lanes, matching the configuration of the high-rise portion of the bridge. With the completion of the new westbound trestle, the speed limit on the bridge was raised to . Seismic beam (2010–2012). A beam, which had been added as part of the seismic retrofit project, was found in a cracked condition during a routine inspection in October 2010. The beam, which was on the westbound approach to (east of) the highrise section, was patched with a steel plate as an emergency repair, and permanent repairs, requiring a weekend shutdown, were completed two years later. Repaving (2015). After nearly forty years of service from the original orthotropic deck wearing surface, Myers and Sons Construction, a partnership between C. C. Myers and Sterling Construction Company, was the selected bidder to remove and replace the wearing surface on the highrise portion in 2015. The work required two full weekend closures on May 8–11, 2015 and May 22–25, 2015. The new polyester concrete wearing surface, developed by Caltrans and used to great success in other Bay Area bridges, is anticipated to be at least as durable as the original epoxy asphalt concrete, according to laboratory tests. The bridge was closed to traffic, for the first time since opening, starting at 10pm on Friday, May 8, 2015, for resurfacing and maintenance. The bridge reopened before 4am on Monday, May 11, 2015. It closed again for the final phase over Memorial Day weekend, May 22–25, 2015, fully reopening by 4:55am on May 25. Werder Pier. After the new bridge was built, the old bridge was demolished but the western approach (the trestle span up to the original truss spans) was purchased by the County of San Mateo in 1968 for the nominal sum of and retained as the Werder Fishing Pier, which was known as one of the best places to catch sharks in San Francisco Bay. San Mateo County operated Werder Pier under a lease agreement with Caltrans, which stated that Caltrans may temporarily revoke the lease in order to perform use the pier as a staging area for repairs to the 1967 span, and that San Mateo County must maintain the pier and keep it open for public use for twenty-five years. Werder Pier was closed to the public in 1996, when Caltrans used it as an equipment staging area for the seismic retrofit of the 1967 span. In addition, there were liability concerns since the pier's structure had degraded due to exposure to marine elements. A report was prepared for the County in 2004; the cost of rehabilitating the pier and providing some improvements was estimated at up to , depending on a more detailed evaluation of the pier's condition, since the investigation for the report revealed numerous cracks, spalls and exposed reinforcing steel. However, the report also stated the pier did not require any seismic retrofitting. ownership of the parking lot and land access to the pier was transferred to Foster City. Initial concepts for the newly acquired space included a possible ice rink and ferry terminal, but the land was deemed too environmentally sensitive to support high-intensity use. a new, as-yet unnamed park is under construction. Tolls. Tolls are only collected from westbound traffic at the toll plaza on the east side of the bridge. Since July 2010, the toll rate for passenger cars is $5. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $5 per axle. Drivers may either pay by cash or use the FasTrak electronic toll collection device. During peak traffic hours, the two left lanes are designated HOV lanes, allowing carpool vehicles carrying two or more people or motorcycles to pass for a toll of $2.50. The next three lanes are FasTrak-only lanes. During non-peak hours the two HOV lanes become FasTrak-only lanes. Heimaey Heimaey (English: "Home Island") is an island in Iceland. It is the largest island in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (at 13.4 square kilometres or 5.2 sq mi.) The island is 7.4 kilometers (4.6 miles) away from the south coast of Iceland. It is the only populated island in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, with a population of 4,500 people. Kolbeinn Sigþórsson Kolbeinn Sigþórsson (born 14 March 1990 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic footballer who currently plays as a striker. He plays for the French club FC Nantes and the Iceland national football team. He has also played for Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur, Handknattleiksfélag Kópavogs, AZ Alkmaar, AFC Ajax and Jong Ajax. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. Rúnar Kristinsson Rúnar Kristinsson (born 5 September 1969 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is an Icelandic former association football midfielder who played for Lokeren, Lillestrøm SK, Örgryte IS and KR Reykjavík. He's currently the manager of the Norwegian club Lillestrøm. Club career. He first began playing football at the small club of Leiknir, before he started practicing at KR Reykjavík, Iceland's largest club. He spent most of his youth career at KR Reykjavik. His skill attracted interest from foreign clubs, and he eventually went to the Swedish club of Örgryte IS in 1995. Halfway through the season, he moved to Lillestrøm SK in Norway. Rúnar was a success there, and moved to K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen in Belgium in 2000. He decided to move back to KR Reykjavík in 2007 to finish off his career. He took over as head coach at KR halfway through the 2010 season and managed the team for four seasons. During that time, KR Reykjavík won two league titles (2011 and 2013) and three cup titles (2011, 2012 and 2014). Rúnar left KR November 2014, to manage his former club Lillestrøm SK. International career. He has made a record 104 appearances for Iceland, along with 3 goals. He was captain of the team in 11 matches, but retired from international football in 2004. Kingdom of Iceland The Kingdom of Iceland (Icelandic: "Konungsríkið Ísland"; Danish: "Kongeriget Island") was a constitutional monarchy that had a personal union with Denmark. The kingdom was created on 1 December 1918. It lasted until 17 June 1944 when a national referendum created the Republic of Iceland. The Act of Union, signed on 1 December 1918, allowed Iceland to create its own flag, declared its neutrality and asked Denmark to help with its foreign affairs and defense interests. The Nazi German occupation of Denmark in the early-1940s broke off their communications. As a result, the Althing named themselves the head of state and said that Iceland would no longer need Denmark's help. The island was later occupied by British and American forces. This lasted until World War II ended. The monarchy held an constitutional referendum from 20 and 23 May 1944. The option to establish a new republican constitution won with 98.5% of the vote. Christian X of Denmark sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people. Steyr AUG The AUG (Armee-Universal-Gewehr—"universal army rifle") is an Austrian bullpup 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle. It was designed in 1977 by Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG (formerly Steyr-Daimler-Puch). Emmen, Switzerland Emmen is a city of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Kiesen Kiesen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Xiumin Kim Min-seok (born March 26, 1990) known by his artistic name Xiumin is a singer, dancer, model and actor South Korean. He is a member of the boy band EXO. Early years. Xiumin was born in Guri, Gyeonggi, South Korea on March 26, 1990. He was a student of the Catholic Kwandong University where he attended a seminar and gave a presentation to students of applied music. Xiumin attended at the same school in where studying Dongwoo of INFINITE. Xiumin is trained in martial arts and is competent in Kendo, Wushu, Taekwondo and fencing. Career. EXO. In 2008, at the age of 18, he joined S.M. Entertainment after winning second place in S.M. Everysing Contest. Xiumin was the seventh member to be revealed as a member of the EXO group after making a teaser set with Kai on January 26, 2012. Solo activities. In 2013, Xiumin appeared in the video for "Gone" by Lovelyz's Jin, with to the actress Kim Yoo-jung. In January 2015, the acted in the musical S.M. Entertainment "School Oz" acting the role of Aquila along with f(x)'s Luna, Shinee's Key, fellow Suho, TVXQ's Changmin and Red Velvet's Seulgi. In October, 2015, Xiumin was the main protagonist of the web-drama "Falling for Challenge" together with Kim So-eun. He released the "You Are The One" OST for the drama. Kirchberg, Bern Kirchberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Mama Mama (stylized as MAMA) is the first mini-album of South Korean band EXO, produced and released by S.M. Entertainment on April 9, 2012. It has two editions: by EXO-K Korean version and the Chinese version by EXO-M. The album made its debut at position number one on Gaon Chart. The album was produced by Lee Soo-man, who is also the main producer of the group. The title of the album is a term that is commonly used in Korea in one person in the family, similar to "your Highness" or "your Majesty". The main single was composed by Yoo Young-jin, who is also the co-author of other singles of the mini album, "What Is Love" and "History" Oh Se-hun Oh Se-hun (hangul: 오세훈; hanja: 吳世勳; born April 12, 1994 in Seoul) better known by the mononym Sehun is a South Korean singer, rapper, dancer, model and actor. Since 2012, he is a member of the boy band EXO under S.M. Entertainment. Early years. Sehun was born in Jungnang-gu, Seoul, South Korea on April 12, 1994. He was discovered by a talent agent when he was twelve years old. He joined SM Entertainment after a successful audition on Casting System in 2008. Career. He was introduced as a Exo's member on January 10, 2012. In april. It officially debuted with the extended play, "Mama". Still in April, along with Baekhyun, Chanyeol and Kai, appeared in the video of Girls' Generation-TTS's debut song. On August 17, 2012, he performed with his labelmate, BoA at "Music Bank" as a dancer in the song "Only One," after Yunho, Eunhyuk and Taemin. In July 2013, he starred in the second episode of the sitcom "Royal Villa", along with Chanyeol. In August 2014, he starred in the remake of the music video for "Yo!" made for "". In March 2015, appeared in the music video of Donghae & Eunhyuk's song, "Can You Feel It?". In April of the same year, she starred alongside the other EXO members the web series "EXO Next Door", also starring actress Moon Ga-young. In May of 2015, appeared in the music video of BoA's "Who Are You?". In March 2016, Sehun was confirmed as the male lead in the Korean-Chinese film "Catman", playing Liang Qu. In July 2016, he was introduced as the male lead in the Korean-Chinese web-drama "Dear Archimedes". In September 2017, he was confirmed as a cast member at the Netflix variety show, "Busted!". In February of 2018, he obtained his role as protagonist of "Dokgo Rewind", where he plays two twins: Kang Hyuk, a wrestler and Kang Hoo, a shy student. In June 2018, he starred in the web drama "Secret Queen Makers", produced by Lotte Duty Free. On September 14, he released "We Young" along with Chanyeol as part of Station X 0. Other works. In January 2016, UNICEF and Louis Vuitton have teamed up for the Make a Promise campaign, Irene Bae and Sehun as role models on the February cover of CeCi magazine. For this campaign, 40 percent of the profits of Louis Vuitton silver bracelet and necklace Sehun and Irene used in the magazine will go to UNICEF to help children in need. Sehun said: "I want to buy treats for the children and help them not lose hope." Irene added: "I want to continue to participate in campaigns like 'make a promise' to help the children." Kai Kim Jong-in (born January 14, 1994) better known by his stage name Kai is a South Korean singer and actor. He is a member of Exo. He began his acting career at "Choco Bank" in February 2016, playing Kim Eun-haeng.He debuted as solo artist in 2020 Nov 30th with Mini solo album “KAI" which holds world record for most #1 on itunes Worldwide for an extended play for solo artist.A year later on the same exact day, he released his 2nd EP Peaches. Early life. Kai was born in Suncheon, South Jeolla, South Korea on January 14, 1994. He is the younger brother of three children, began dancing when he was eight years old and did jazz and ballet for four years. Kai joined SM Entertainment in 2007 after winning the 10th S.M. Youth Best Contest when he was 13 years old. Career. 2008-15: Debut and early career. In 2008, he made a brief appearance on TVXQ's song "HaHaHa Song" together with Suho and Chanyeol. Kai was the first Exo's member to be formally presented to the public on December 23, 2011. Along with Luhan, Chen and Tao made their first television performance at the SBS Gayo Daejun event on December 29 of the same year. In april. It officially debuted with the extended play, "Mama". Still in April, along with Baekhyun, Chanyeol and Sehun, appeared in the video of Girls' Generation-TTS's debut song "Twinkle". On October 16, it was announced that he would participate in the 6-member dance group Younique Unit, alongside Eunhyuk, Hyoyeon, Taemin, Henry Lau and Luhan performing the song "Maxstep" for the album "PYL Younique Album", being an album collaboration between SM Entertainment and Hyundai. A video teaser of the song was shown on the "PYL Younique Show" the next day. In December 2012, along with Lay, Yunho, Eunhyuk, Donghae, Minho and Taemin, they formed the SM performance group The Performance. The group's first appearance was at the SBS Gayo Daejun event on December 29, with the release of the single "Spectrum" the next day. Suho Kim Jun-myeon (born May 22, 1991), better known by his stage name Suho, is a South Korean singer. He is a member of the South Korean boy band EXO. Biography. 1991─2011: Pre-debut. Suho was born on May 22, 1991 in Seoul, South Korea. He joined S.M. Entertainment through S.M. Casting System when he was 15 years old. He spent seven years there but was inactive for a year because he had injured his leg. He attended Seoul Performing Arts High School and Korea National University of Arts. 2012–present: Debut with EXO. He was the ninth member to be revealed on February 14, 2012 as the leader of EXO subunit; EXO- K. He appeared in the teaser number 16 with his bandmate D.O. 2007─present: Solo career. He began acting in 2007. He had a part in the Movie Super Junior "Attack on the Pin-Up Boys" as an extra. He appeared in the music video of TVXQ's "HAHAHA Song" in 2008. In 2013, he was in the drama "Prime Minister and I" as Han Tae-woong in episodes 10 and 12. In the same year, he was a voice actor in "Saving Santa" with Eunji of Apink, From February 2014 to December of 2013, he was the host of the musical program "Inkigayo" along with his bandmate Baekhyun. In January 2015, Suho played the role of Hans in the musical "School Oz." It was produced by S.M. EntertainmentHis bandmate Xiumin and several S.M. artists including Key, Luna and Seulgi also performed . In April 2015, he starred in the movie "Glory Days" as Ji-soo and Shinwa's member Dongwan. From April 10 to May 1, 2015, Suho was on the KBS television program "Fluttering India" with other artists including Kyuhyun, Minho, Sungkyu and Lee Jong-hyun. In February 2016, Suho made ​​a special appearance in the music video of Jo Kwon. It was their debut single as a solo singer, "Crossroad". In April of the same year, it was announced that Suho be a part of the web drama "How Are You Bread". The series was broadcast in Korea and China during the middle of 2016. Lay Zhang Zhāng Yìxīng (hangul: 장이씽; hanja: 张艺兴; born in Changsha on October 7, 1991) better known by his stage name Lay (hangul: 레이) is a Chinese rapper, singer, songwriter, dancer and actor. He became known after participating in a television program called "Star Academy" in 2005. He joined in EXO on January 2012, as lead dancer, vocalist and visual member. In September of 2015, he published his autobiography, titled "Standing Firm At 24", beating records of book sold more in its pre-sale. Early years. Lay was born on October 7, 1991 in Changsha, Hunan, China. His first television role was at the age of six starring as Huan Huan in "We The People" in 1998. In 2000, when he was nine years old, he participated in a Chinese television program as a member of the fan club of actor and singer Jimmy Lin, giving him his first contact with the entertainment industry. Lay began his career as a local children's star in Hunan province, after winning third place in a contest organized by the popular television program "Star Academy" in 2005. He also appeared in an episode of "Yue Ce Yue Xin Kai" and the variety show of Liu Na, "Na Ke Bu Yi Yang" between 2005 and 2006. In April 2006, he auditioned for the series "The Duke of Mount Deer" directed by Zhang Jizhong. Despite being one of the finalists, he did not win the role. In 2008, Lay joined S.M. Entertainment after a successful audition in Changsha. At the time of the auditions, he was sixteen and was studying for his university entrance exams when he had become an apprentice, so he moved to Korea to begin his training. Prior to that, he studied at High School Attached to Hunan Normal University, where he had been presented as an exceptional student for his achievements. In 2011, before debuting with EXO, he worked briefly with SHINee during the concert tour, replacing Jonghyun in her dance performance. Career. 2012–2014: Debut with EXO. Lay became the sixth member of EXO and was formally presented to the public on January 17, 2012, debuting as the fourth Chinese member of the EXO-M subunit. Following the release of the singles "What Is Love" and "History" in 2012, he and the other eleven members celebrated their pre-debut showcase at the Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 31, and a second showcase and press conference in Beijing at the Great Hall of the Beijing University of Business and International Economics. The group officially debuted on April 8, 2012 with their song titled "Mama", and EXO-M's first performance in China was at the 12th Yinyue Fengyun Bang Awards. In December 2012, Lay joined the musical project S.M. the Performance, along with his bandmate Kai and his colleagues Yunho, Eunhyuk, Donghae, Minho and Taemin. On December 29, the group performed the single "Spectrum", which was released the next day, in "2012 SBS Gayo Daejeon". In early 2014, Lay composed and performed the song "I'm Lay" for his solo performance during the first EXO tour titled The Lost Planet. Later in 2014, he performed another song titled "I'm Coming" on a special end-of-year TV show on Hunan TV. 2015–2016: Solo debut and acting. In April 2015, S.M. Entertainment announced that a personal study had been established for Lay's activities in China. In May 2015, he became a cast member of the Chinese program "Go Fighting!" In June 2015, Lay composed the song "Promise" for the re-release of EXO's second studio album, "Love Me Right". He also wrote the lyrics for the Chinese version of the song, while the Korean version was co-written by Chen and Chanyeol. On September 18, 2015, the limited edition of his autobiography entitled "Standing Firm At 24" was published, while the standard edition went on sale on October 7. The book documents important events throughout his life and broke several online sales records selling 68,537 copies in the first twenty-four minutes of pre-sale. With less than three months of sale with 1.4 million copies sold, it obtained the fourth place in "The 10th Chinese Celebrity Writers List", released by the influential Chinese media, WCC Daily, Cover News and Great Star Media, becoming in the youngest author to enter the list. He was also the champion of the 2015 Annual Celebrity Book Sales, and ranked first in Asia's Best Books, twice during his monthly ranking and six times for the weekly list. He was also on the Rakuten list, with 400,000 copies sold within six months, and has received much acclaim and praise from readers. In the same month, he appeared in the film "Kung Fu Yoga", starring Jackie Chan and directed by Stanley Tong, and later as protagonist with his labelmate Krystal in the upcoming film entitled "Unexpected Love", which was postponed for release in August 2017, whose poster was revealed at the Cannes Film Festival. In November 2015, Lay made his big-screen debut with a supporting role in the Chinese movie "Ex Files 2: The Backup Strikes Back", which was a blockbuster, getting two billion in sales within ten days of its release. He later won the Best Supporting Actor Award at the 2016 China Great Britain Film Festival for his performance. He also wrote and recorded an original soundtrack for the film entitled "Alone (One Person)", which reached number one on Baidu Music Chart, and later won the award for the best original soundtrack at 16th Top Chinese Music Awards and 4th V-Chart Awards. Lay also starred in the Chinese film "Oh My God" and collaborated with his co-stars Coco Jiang Wen and Li Xiaolu on an original soundtrack for the film entitled "Happy Youth", which debuted at number eight on Billboard V Chart. In January 2016, Lay and the other cast members of "Go Fighting!" they appeared in the Chinese movie "Royal Treasure". In April 2016, he received the Most Popular Newcomer award at the 16th Top Chinese Music Awards. In May 2016, Lay made her debut on the small screen on the Chinese television series "To Be A Better Man" and released a Chinese song titled "Monodrama" as part of "SM Station". Written by Lay and co-composed and arranged with Divine Channel, "Monodrama" broke a record by staying in the first position in YinYueTai VChart for five consecutive weeks. In May 2016, Lay starred in the Chinese television drama "The Mystic Nine", a prequel to "The Lost Tomb". The series achieved an unprecedented success, placing first in the television ratings and establishing a record for obtaining several online visits within 24 hours, and has accumulated more than ten billion visits in total. The television series went on to have a secondary story called "The Mystic Nine Side Story: Flowers Bloom" in February, which focused solely on Lay's character, Er Yue Hong. In October of 2016, Lay's solo career began with the release of "what U need?" as a surprise gift for his fans on his birthday. The song was ranked number one in China V Chart, as well as in "Billboard" World Digital Songs and had entered the top 60 of iTunes, making Lay the first Chinese artist to appear on the list. He performed the song for the first time on October 10 at Asia Song Festival in Busan. On October 28, a day after holding a press conference in Shanghai Town & Country Community, Lay released his first mini-album titled "Lose Control", which contains six songs in Mandarin, and the music video for the single. Lay participated in the production of the album as a producer, and was personally in charge of the composition, arrangement and writing of the lyrics of each song, as well as the translation of the same lyrics in three other languages including English and Japanese. The single "Lose Control" remained in first place in Billboard China V Chart for six consecutive weeks. "Lose Control" broke the record in South Korea by a large majority of sales of a solo artist, with pre-orders surpassing 200,000 copies before the physical album was published, making the number one album in sales. Lay also became the first solo artist to sell more than 40,000 copies of the album within a day and 125,000 after a week of album release. More than a million copies of the digital album have been sold in Xiami. He performed "Lose Control" for the first time on "The Show" on November 15. "Lose Control" was a commercial success reaching first place in Gaon Album Chart. Later in November, Lay was announced to star in a Chinese remake of the hit Japanese drama television series "Operation Love", which began airing on Dragon TV from April 24, 2017 with 32 episodes. 2017–present: Rising popularity and "Lay 02 Sheep". On January 27, 2017, Zhang made his first appearance at the CCTV Spring Gala Festival and presented alongside Chinese actor Jing Boran. In April of that same year, it was confirmed in the cast of the historical film "The Founding of the Army", released on July 28, 2017 to mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army. In May he released the song "祈愿 (Pray)" for the soundtrack of "Operation Love", reaching the top position in QQ Music. Also in May, he participated in the release ceremony of Huawei Nova 2 at the Hunan International Exhibition and Conference Center, where he expressed his gratitude for his continued appointment as Huawei Nova's ambassador. In July 2017, the variety show "Go Fighting!" premiered its third season, with Zhang in the main cast. He was later revealed as the voice actor of the Chinese dubbing for the main antagonist of the cartoon film "Cars 3". A wax sculpture of him in Madame Tussauds had his exhibition on September 8, 2017 in Beijing. On September 17, 2017, it was confirmed to be or protagonist of drama "The Golden Eyes", announced in a pre-release conference. On September 22, S.M. Entertainment revealed a teaser image about his upcoming comeback. On September 25, he released the song "I Need U (需要 你)" as a pre-release track for his first studio album "Lay 02 Sheep", digitally released on October 7, 2017, along with the title track "Sheep (羊)". Image. On October 10, 2013, the survey on the "Top 10 of Asia's Most Beautiful Men" organized by Youth Entertainment's website reported that Lay ranked at #6 position with more than 27 million votes. In April 2014, Lay was ranked #10 in the annual survey of "The Most Beautiful Man of Asia". In March 2017, the Top Star News did a study to see which hallyu stars were most popular in China between January and February 2017, referring to Weibo hashtags, showing Lay at the top with ten billion views and queries. Endorsements. Between 2015-2016, Lay was chosen to be the spokesperson for several brands, in particular "Pancoat" and "Mentos" for which he became the first spokesperson in Asia. He also became Asia's first male artist to endorse "Vichy", and China's first endorser for "Planters". In addition to endorsing the "Lay's" brands, "Olay", "Clarisonic", "Kangshifu Ice Tea", "Tide", "Huawei", "AirBender", "Chushou TV", "Tmall" and "Cornetto". Philanthropy. On February 13, 2015, Lay participated in the "LOVE TO GO HOME" community service. The service was carried out by Chinese bicycle company AIMA to help people who were returning home during Lunar New Year holidays on motorcycles. Lay represented all EXO members and handed out hot water bags, handkerchiefs, emergency medicine, ramen, water and toys for everyone. And he also received a plaque from AIMA for help. Lay said: On October 7, 2015, Lay fans collected money that was donated on their behalf for the construction of a well and a public toilet in a needy village in Cambodia. On October 6, the fan club "DAILYIXING" posted photos of the finished project, including photos of some of the village residents with a sign thanking Lay and wishing him a happy birthday. In addition, the fan club collected used clothing to donate through the OTCAN charity. They also donated money on behalf of Lay to the Coal Briquettes organization for neighbors in Korea, which helps keep the heat needed in the winter by providing them with charcoal briquettes for their heaters. Park Chan-yeol Park Chan-yeol (hangul: 박찬열; hanja: 朴燦烈; born November 27, 1992 in Seoul), better known by mononym Chanyeol, is a South Korean singer. He is a member of the South Korean boy band EXO. Early years. Chanyeol was born November 27, 1992 in Seoul, South Korea. After watching the film "School of Rock" in elementary school, Chanyeol became interested in music and began to play drums. During his teenage years, he studied at Hyundai Senior High School in Apgujeong-dong. He participated in the band of his school, Siren. When he was in his first year of high school, Chanyeol formed a band with his best friends, Heavy Noise, having played in it for three years. At the age of sixteen, he was accepted into a private acting university. In the same year, he reached second position Smart Model Contest and became a trainee of S.M. Entertainment. Also in 2008, he participated in the clip "HaHaHa Song" of his companion of company TVXQ. The following year, she appeared in the Japanese version of the video "Genie" of the group Girls' Generation. He went on to dream of being a singer after listening to the song "Unconditional Kismet" of songwriter and music producer Yoo Young-jin. Career. 2012─2014: Early career. On February 22, 2012, Chanyeol was officially introduced as one of the twelve members of the original formation of the South Korean-Chinese group EXO. The group debuted on April 8 of the same year with the release of extended play "MAMA". In April 2012, he participated in the music video for the song "Twinkle", debut single from the first sub-unit of Girls 'Generation,Girls' Generation-TTS. In October 2013, Chanyeol joined the cast of SBS's "Law of the Jungle" reality show during filming in Micronesia. He also composed and recorded a soundtrack titled "Last Hunter" for the show. In 2014, Chanyeol wrote the rap of the Korean version of the "Run" track of EXO's extended extended play, "Overdose", and participated in the debut EPs of his companions Henry and Zhou Mi. In May 2014, he became a regular cast member of the first season of the SBS's "Roommate" reality show. He left the program in September of the same year because of scheduling conflicts. 2015─present: Debut as an actor and compositions. In April 2015, Chanyeol made his film debut with South Korean film "Salut d'Amour" alongside actress Moon Ga-young, who later co-starred with him on the "EXO Next Door" web drama. In June of 2015, cast-wrote the Korean version of the track "Promise" of the reissue of the success of sales "EXODUS", titled "Love Me Right", next to its companions of group Chen and Lay. He later wrote the rap for "Lightsaber", the EXO promotional single for "", which was later included in the band's extended play "Sing for You". In April 2016, Chanyeol wrote and performed rap for the song "Confession" of Yesung's debut EP, "Here I Am". On EXO's third studio album, "EX'ACT", released in May 2016, he co-wrote the lyrics for the track "Heaven." In June 2016, Chanyeol starred with actresses Yuan Shanshan and Seohyun in the South Korean-Chinese film "So I Married an Anti-fan". He and Yuan Shanshan also recorded a duet titled "I Hate You" as the soundtrack for the film. In October 2016, Chanyeol and singer Tinashe participated in the song "Freal Luv" by artists Far East Movement and Marshmello. The song, which he helped write and produce, was released on October 14. In December 2016, she collaborated with singer Punch on the song "Stay With Me," part of the soundtrack for the "Goblin" drama. In January of 2017, Chanyeol participated in the drama "Missing 9". On February 22, he released a duet titled "Let Me Love You" with Junggigo. Byun Baek-hyun Byun Baek-hyun (Hangul: 변백현; Hanja:卞白贤; born May 6, 1992) is a South Korean singer, dancer, actor, and TV presenter. He is best known solely by his first name Baekhyun. As a member of the boy band Exo, his role is to dance and sing the most important parts of the songs. Biography. Byun Baek-hyun was born in Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province on May 6, 1992. He has an older brother named Baek-beom. Baek-beom is seven years older than Baek-hyun. Byun began training to be a singer at age 11. He had been influenced by Rain—another K-pop idol who was most popular in the 2000s. He attended Jungwon High School in Bucheon. He was the lead singer of a band called Coma (상태 상태) there. Coma once won at a local music festival. Kim Hyun-woo (from a rock band called ) eventually gave the young Byun piano lessons. Byun also had interests outside music. He was a martial artist as a teenager and obtained a black belt in Hapkido. Baekhyun was discovered by an agent of S.M. Entertainment when he was practicing his admission exams for the . He then joined the company under the S.M. Casting System in 2011. He and his bandmates Chanyeol and Suho attended . Byun took online classes at the Culture and Arts Department of Business Administration. Career. 2012–2015: Debut and early career. Baekhyun was the last member to join Exo. He was the ninth member of the group to be revealed on January 30, 2012. In February 2014, Baekhyun and Suho became regular hosts for "Inkigayo" — a music show that airs on . They left the program in November to focus on Exo's comeback. In July, Baekhyun ventured into musical theater. He was cast the lead role of Don Lockwood in "Singin' in the Rain." The South Korean production that he was in was done by SM C&C. In April 2015, Baekhyun released its first song solo since its debut titled "Beautiful" like the soundtrack of the drama "EXO Next Door". The song became the first soundtrack of a web drama that was within the best positions of several musical lists. In May 2015, Baekhyun was announced that it would be the protagonist of the action film "Dokgo" alongside actor Yeo Jin-goo. However, the film's production was announced to be canceled in January 2016. In December 2015, Baekhyun paid a tribute to the late South Korean singer Kim Hyun-sik performing his song "Like Rain Like Music" on "SBS Gayo Daejeon's" end-of-year music program. The recording of a song performed by Baekhyun was digitally published. 2016–present: Acting roles and Exo-CBX. In January 2016, Baekhyun and Suzy of Miss A performed a duet entitled "Dream". The song quickly reached the best position in the music charts after it positioned itself in the first place of Gaon Digital Chart. "Dream" also won five times the first place in "Music Bank" and "Inkigayo". In April 2016, Baekhyun received a YinYueTai V-Chart award for being the Most Popular Singer in South Korea. In May 2016, Baekhyun and South Korean singer K.Will released a duet titled "The Day" as part of SM Station. In August 2016, Baekhyun made his acting debut on the small screen in the historical drama "", a South Korean adaptation of the Chinese novel "Bu Bu Jing Xin". For his performance in the drama, received a prize like New Star in 2016 SBS Drama Awards. He also collaborated with his labelmates Chen and Xiumin on a soundtrack titled "For You" for the drama. In October 2016, along with Chen and Xiumin, Baekhyun became a member of the first official EXO unit, EXO-CBX. His debut was on October 31 with the release of the extended play "Hey Mama!". In November 2016, Baekhyun began to participate S.M. Entertainment's "League of Legends" tournament "2016 S.M. Super Celeb League", where he and his labelmate, Heechul, played with professional players and fans from China and South Korea. In February 2017, Baekhyun and Soyou of Sistar released a duet titled "Rain" The song peaked at number one on several music charts and achieved an achievement known as "all-kill", making it the first artist of S.M. to achieve an "all-kill" in 2016 and 2017 with "Dream" and "Rain", respectively. In April 2017, Baekhyun released a single titled "Take You Home" for the second season of SM Station. The song was positioned in the twelve position of Gaon Digital Chart. Discography. Singles. Notes Luhan Lù Hán (hanja: 鹿晗; hangul: 루한; born April 20, 1990 in Haidian) better known by mononym Luhan, is a Chinese singer. He was introduced as a member of EXO in December 2011, officially debuting in April 2012, and in October 2014, left the group after filing a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to reverse its exclusivity agreement. In December 2014, China National Radio ranked Luhan in sixth place among the top 10 most popular entertainment stars in the country. He began his career as an actor in the film "20 Once Again", released in January 2015. In May of 2015, it appeared in 37th position of the richest celebrities of Forbes China. Luhan made his debut as a solo artist with the release of his first extended play, titled "Reloaded I", on September 14, 2015. He became the first celebrity born after the 1990s to be named the "Artist of the Year" by China Newsweek in 2016. Early years. Luhan was born in Haidian, Beijing, China, on April 20, 1990. He graduated from Beijing Shida Middle School and attended the Beijing Haidian Foreign Language Shi Yan School before leaving for South Korea to attend Yonsei University as an exchange student. In 2008, he auditioned for JYP Entertainment's worldwide audition in China, but did not pass the audition. While studying in Seoul, he was observed by an S.M. Entertainment agent, who advised him to do a successful audition for the agency, being placed in a dormitory with other SM interns, and trained in singing, dancing, and acting. Career. 2011─2014: Early career. Luhan was the second member of EXO to be formally presented to the public on December 27, 2011. Along with Tao, Chen, and Kai, he made his first television performance at the "SBS Gayo Daejun" event on December 29 of the same year. The group's first single, "What Is Love," was released on January 30, 2012. The group released their second single, titled "History" on March 9. The pre-show showcase of the group was held at the Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 31, 2012, one hundred days after the launch of the first trailer of its debut on December 21, 2011. The showcase was held for about 3,000 fans ff 8,000 selected candidates to watch their performances. The group held a press conference and showed their performances at the Great Hall of the University of Economics and International Business in Beijing, China on April 1, 2012. On April 24, along with D.O., Baekhyun, Chen, BoA, Kangta, TVXQ, Taeyeon, Yesung, Jonghyun and Luna, released a song for the soundtrack of the film "I AM.", titled "Dear My Family". On August 23, 2012, S.M. Entertainment announced that Luhan would perform with BoA in the song "Only One," for the August 24 episode of "Music Bank". Luhan became the fourth to perform with the singer after Yunho, Eunhyuk, Taemin and Sehun. On October 16 of the same year, it was announced that he would participate in the 6-member dance group Younique Unit, alongside Eunhyuk, Hyoyeon, Taemin, Henry Lau and Kai performing the veloster theme song titled "Maxstep" for the album "PYL Younique Album", being a collaboration album between S.M. Entertainment and Hyundai. A video teaser of the song was shown on the PYL Younique Show the next day. The song was officially released on October 31, 2012. On June 23, 2013, he participated in the Chinese team for a football match at the 2013 Asian Dream Cup in Shanghai. In January 2014, he participated in the "Idol Star Athletics Championship". On April 23, 2014, he was cast in the cast of "20 Once Again", directed by East Chen. A representative from SM told Newsen: "Luhan was confirmed in 20 Once Again. At the moment we're adjusting the shooting times". The film is a Chinese version of the Korean film, "Miss Granny", in which an old lady returns to be young, and premiered in January of 2015. On August 13, 2014, a post by Luhan on his official Weibo account reached over 13 million comments, thus entering the "Guinness World Records" as the person who has the most comments in a Weibo post. On August 19, S.M. Entertainment posted a photo of Luhan with his "Guinness World Records" certificate and a world record holder medal. On October 10 of the same year, he filed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to cancel its exclusivity agreement, mainly due to health problems. Still in October, he starred in the remake of the music video for "The Last Game" made for "". On December 1, he released the song "Our Tomorrow" for the soundtrack of "20 Once Again". The song peaked number one position on Baidu Music Chart. 2015–2016: Acting career, "Reloaded" series, "Xperience" and "Xplore". On January 26, 2015, it was announced that Luhan would sing the theme song for the release of the movie "Comrades: Almost a Love Story", in China. The song titled "Tian Mi Mi," was officially released on February 3. On January 28, it was announced that the South Korean film "Blind" would win a Chinese version, titled "The Witness", starring Luhan. The film was released in China on October 30 of the same year. In February of 2015, appeared in the movie "12 Golden Ducks". On March 11, Legendary Entertainment announced that Luhan would be cast in "The Great Wall", directed by Zhang Yimou along with Matt Damon, Andy Lau and Pedro Pascal. The film was released by China Film Group in China on December 15, 2016, and in the United States on February 17, 2017 by Universal. On May 27, 2015, it was revealed that Luhan and Taiwanese singer David Tao had recorded the theme song for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The song titled "Please Come to the Great Wall to Ski" had its music video released in July 2015. On August 28, he became a fixed member of the Chinese version of "Running Man" program, titled "Hurry Up, Brother". On September 11, Luhan was confirmed in the movie version of the popular web drama "The Lost Tomb", titled "Time Raiders", playing Wu Xie. Released by Le Vision Pictures on August 5, 2016. On September 14, he released his first mini-album titled "Reloaded I", along with the title track "That Good Good", via QQ Music Charts. The album sold 880,000 copies on the first day, the highest number of sales recorded on the first day of official release, and also reached more than one million sales at QQ Music, setting the record for faster digital album sales. Days later he released the song "Your Song". Still in September Lu Han broke his own record on Guinness World Records as the person with the highest amount of comments in a Weibo post, surpassing 87 million comments. On October 14, 2015, he released the song "Medals" as a single and soundtrack for the movie "The Witness". Being released on iTunes on November 4 of the same year, debuting at number one position on the China V Chart as well as Billboard Hot 100, making it the first single in Mandarin to come in last. Also in October he released the single "Football Gang". In early November he released the music video for the song "Promises", being released as a single days later. On December 1 he released the mini-album "Reloaded II", containing the songs "Lu" and "Deep". The song "Deep" was also included in the soundtrack of "Kung Fu Panda 3". He released his first studio album, titled "Reloaded", on December 22, 2015. The album topped the Tower Records chart in Japan, and became the only album from mainland China to enter the Top 5 of Taiwan's G-Music chart. On January 6, 2016, he released the song "The Inner Force" for the soundtrack of "", debuting at number two on the China V Chart. On February 16 of the same year, he released the mini-album "Reloaded+", along with the title track "Excited". In March of the same year he released the music video for the song "Adventure Time". On March 26, 2016, Luhan began his first solo tour, titled "Luhan Reloaded: 2016 Luhan 1st China Tour", in Beijing and Guangzhou on April 2, and Shanghai on April 9 of the same year. In June 2016, he landed the lead role of Chen Changsheng in the Hunan Television series, "Fighter of The Destiny". On October 21 of the same year, he released the "Xperience" mini-album, with the title track "Catch Me When I Fall". In December 2016, he made an appearance in the film "See You Tomorrow". In December On December 27, he released the mini-album "Xplore", along with the songs "Winter Song" and "Skin to Skin". With his music videos released in January 2017. 2017–present: "Venture" and "Imagination". In 2017, Luhan will be starring in his first television drama, "Fighter of the Destiny", a series of wuxia fantasy. In February of the same year he was also cast for the film "5 Centimeters Per Second" adapted from the Japanese novel of the same name. On January 21, it officially launched the single digital album "Venture" along with the single "What If I Said" on QQ Music, KuGou Music and Kuwo Music, selling 60,000 copies in just 3 minutes and 160,000 in 10 minutes. The song "Roleplay" was released as a single on February 27. He released the mini-album "Imagination" on April 19, 2017, accompanied by songs "On Call" and "Say It". Image. On October 10, 2013, the survey on the "Top 10 of Asia's Most Beautiful Men" organized by Youth Entertainment's website reported that Luhan was chosen as Asia's most handsome man 2013 with over 40 million votes. On May 11, 2015, it was the cover of Forbes China magazine, where it ranked 37th among the richest celebrities for making a profit of 28.5 million yuan (about $ 4.6 million). In the edition, Forbes described Luhan as: "In less than five months, attracted the most attention by the Chinese entertainment industry, becoming a new force on the rise." Also in May, Models.com selected Luhan as one of their "Five Faces of China", which were chosen for their innovative talent, creativity and originality. The site describes him as the "reigning king of the idol scene" being one of the most famous in the world, and credits his fame partially to his "army of fans." And that although Luhan is constantly followed by the eyes of millions of fans (especially in social media), he remains humble. In July 2015, during the press conference of "The Great Wall", Matt Damon revealed that he was impressed by Luhan's popularity, saying, "I think the first night we started filming there were about 400 flower arrangements that they came to Luhan all the way down to the hotel." From 2015 to 2016, Luhan appeared on the cover of more than 20 magazines. He became the first Chinese celebrity to grace the covers of China Elle, GQ Style, China Forbes, Harper's Bazaar and Cosmopolitan. He received the Guinness World Record for having more than 200,000 people buying a limited edition of 20,000 copies of a magazine cover in a second. Luhan won his own wax statue in January 2016, from the Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in Beijing. In October 2016, Luhan was featured in the "BOF 100" ranking of Business of Fashion, becoming the only Chinese celebrity to reach the ranking and received the title of "Most Anticipated Chinese Star". He also became the first celebrity born after the 1990s to be named the "Artist of the Year" by China Newsweek in December 2016. In December 2016, it was ranked 69th in the Top 100 Most Handsome Faces of 2016 by TC Candler. Endorsements. In April 2014, endorsed commercial to Chinese cosmetics company KanS. During 2015, he starred in campaigns for the French cosmetics company L'Oréal, as well as endorsing for Baidu Maps OPPO's R7 Plus, Lenovo, KFC and Sony. He became the first Asian artist to endorse for Puma. In December 2015, Luhan was introduced as the official "Star Wars" ambassador to China. He released a single titled "The Inner Force", which is the official Chinese theme song for "". In May 2016, he became a spokesman for Volkswagen. In July of the same year, it became the face of Cartier SA. Controversies. Legal action against S.M. Entertainment. On February 5, 2015, S.M. Entertainment released an official statement that stated that Luhan had left the EXO without permission and announced that the company had filed lawsuits against not only Luhan but also the advertisers who used it as a spokesperson. According to Chinese entertainment source Sina Entertainment, a representative of Luhan issued an official statement on February 6 on allegations made in the lawsuit filed against S.M. Entertainment. The representative said: "We are launching this official statement in order to clarify the truth and protect the reputation of Luhan. SM filed a lawsuit for the Shanghai courts, claiming that 'Luhan has been participating in activities in China without permission.' However, according to the rules of jurisdiction, SM has no right to bring a lawsuit over [Luhan's] exclusive contract to a Chinese court. In fact, the courts do not have jurisdiction in Shanghai [on this matter]." He continues: "The results of [our] investigation show that SM sued an advertiser affiliated with Luhan for copyright infringement. This does not correspond with the reasons given for their actions [SM]. The statement that SM issued through the press is misleading. The SM is aware of the reasons behind the filing [of its annulment] of its [Luhan] exclusive contract, but in its statement, the company said that luhan was unethical when leaving the company without any legitimate reason. "To say that he [Luhan] left EXO for no reason other than his own gain "is a malicious attempt to defame Luhan." The statement concludes with: "In order to protect your legitimate rights and interests, we will take legal action against all the full reports Which defame Luhan's reputation." In July 2016, the recommended court for the reconciliation of the two parties, ruled that Luhan's exclusive contract with S.M. Entertainment would be in effect until 2022, as originally decided. The law firm representative of SM announced through an official press release on July 21, "We can not disclose the details of the agreement, but according to the court of decision and the agreement of the parties involved, the exclusive contract of Luhan Will be effective until 2022, as initially contracted." The press further revealed: "Excluding areas in Korea and Japan, Luhan will entrust jurisdiction rights entirely to S.M. Entertainment, and will share a portion of its revenue with the agency. Others. In May 2016, it was revealed that Luhan was banned from entering Taiwan for five years. Several Chinese media reported that Luhan went into hot waters after filming for Chinese variety show "Back to School" in Taiwan with a tourist visa. A tourist visa prohibits a person from working in the country in which he or she is visiting. In June of 2016, he was filmed screaming with a taxi driver, after being followed during the filming of a series. 4 in the Morning "4 in the Morning" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album "The Sweet Escape" (2006). It was written by Stefani and co-written and produced by Tony Kanal and was released on May 8, 2007. Whilst writing the song, Stefani was pregnant with her first child and listened to songs sung by Roberta Flack and Billy Idol. Background and writing. "4 in the Morning" was written by Stefani and Kanal after Stefani finished her "Harajuku Lovers Tour" in 2005. The song was influenced by songs from Stefani's debut album "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Stefani listened to ballads sung by Roberta Flack and Billy Idol. Stefani also said that "4 in the Morning" was one of her favorite songs from the album. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape" Kirchdorf, Switzerland Kirchdorf is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf. Kirchenthurnen Kirchenthurnen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the former municipalities of Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen merged to form the new municipality of Thurnen. Kirchlindach Kirchlindach is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Chiggiogna Chiggiogna is a village and former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. On 29 January 2006 the former municipalities of Calonico, Chiggiogna and Rossura merged into the municipality of Faido. Diesbach, Glarus Diesbach is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland. On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Diesbach and Hätzingen merged into the municipality of Luchsingen. Pesaro Pesaro is a city and "comune" in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. It is the second most populous city in the Marche, after Ancona. Geography. Pesaro is on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The city is between two small hills: the "Monte Ardizio" to the southeast, and the "Colle San Bartolo" to the northwest where is the "Parco naturale regionale del Monte San Bartolo". The Foglia river flows through the city. The "comune" of Pesaro has an area of and its altitude is . Pesaro borders with the "comuni" Fano, Gabicce Mare, Gradara, Mombaroccio, Monteciccardo, Montelabbate, Tavullia and Vallefoglia (a small part). "Frazioni". The following "frazioni" (hamlets) are part of Pesaroː Population. There are 94,813 persons living in the "comune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population The people from this "comune" are known, in Italian, as "pesaresi". Twinned towns. Pesaro is twinned with: Gylfi Sigurðsson Gylfi Þór Sigurðsson (born 9 September 1989 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently plays for the Premier League club Everton and the Iceland national team. He has also previously played for Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar, Breiðablik UBK, Reading, Shrewsbury Town, Crewe Alexandra, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Tottenham Hotspurs. He has great long-range shooting abilities. In July 2021 he was arrested in Manchester on suspicion of child sexual grooming. He was later released on bail subject to ongoing investigations. Kleindietwil Kleindietwil was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil. Köniz Köniz () is a city in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It has population of 38,793 inhabitants (2008), the municipality is one of the 15 most populous cities in Switzerland. The official language of Köniz is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemmanic Swiss German dialect. Konolfingen Konolfingen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Koppigen Koppigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Bettingen Bettingen (Swiss German: "Bettige") is a municipality in the canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland. Riehen Riehen (Swiss German: "Rieche") is a municipality of the canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland. Ragnar Sigurðsson Ragnar Sigurðsson (born 19 June 1986 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as centre back. He currently plays for the Russian Premier League club Krasnodar and the Iceland national football team. He has previously played for Fylkir, IFK Göteborg and F.C. Copenhagen. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. Jón Daði Böðvarsson Jón Daði Böðvarsson (born 25 May 1992 in Selfoss, Iceland) is an Icelandic footballer who currently plays as a right winger. He plays for the Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern and the Iceland national team. He previously played for UMF Selfoss and Viking FK. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. Special Order 191 Special Order 191 was issued by Robert E. Lee in early September 1862. It was a handwritten order detailing Lee's planned troop movements during his Maryland Campaign intended to win the American Civil War. The document was recovered by Union soldiers and passed on to Major general George B. McClellan. This was a piece of intelligence few battle commanders are ever lucky enough to receive. It gave the details of how Lee had weakened his forces by splitting them up into several columns. It also laid out where each part of his army was to be at any given time. McClellan, usually very slow to act, moved his forces more quickly this time. By the night of September 14, 1862, Lee was no longer following his plan of attack. He was now reacting to McClellan's troop movements. At this point Lee's main problem became how to keep his army from being destroyed. Background. Following his success at the Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Battle of Manassas), Lee made plans to invade the North. Lee thought that if he took the Civil War to the Union states, a major victory might convince Great Britain and France to support the South. He also thought it would make the North sue for peace. This would insure the Confederate States of America could remain an independent country. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland on September 4, 1862. He concentrated his army at Frederick, Maryland, about northwest of Washington, D.C. The story of the lost order 191 and the events of early September 1862 revolve around two sheets of paper. September 7–9. Lee's army was camped near Frederick on September 7. General J.E.B. Stuart's three cavalry brigades had been given the task of forming a screen (protective line) between the encampment and the Union Army to their east. Lee met with his generals suggesting to James Longstreet that he should surround Harpers Ferry Armory and attack the large Union garrison which was threatening their supply lines to their rear. Longstreet objected saying his troops needed rest from the long march. He also pointed out it was a bad idea to split Lee's forces when they were so close to the enemy. If the Union army discovered Lee had weakened his main force, they might attack in force. Once rested, organized and fully supplied, Lee's army could do what it wanted. After the meeting, Longstreet assumed Lee had given up the risky Harpers Ferry scheme. A day or two later, Longstreet entered Lee's tent. He found Lee and General Stonewall Jackson finalizing the plan to attack Harpers Ferry. Longstreet realized the plan had gone ahead without him. Reluctantly, he went along with the plan. On September 9, Lee wrote out the details of the plan in Special Order 191. Order 191 text. Each of Lee's commanders received a copy of the handwritten order. Hill already had been sent a copy of the order from Lee. He did not know a second copy had been sent to him from Jackson. This is the copy that was lost. Lost order found. On September 13, while about south of Frederick, Maryland, Corporal Barton W. Mitchell of the 27th Indiana Volunteers (Union Army) found a bundle of cigars wrapped inside some paper. The paper turned out to be Special Order 191. The field had recently been occupied by Confederate General Hill and the order was addressed to General Hill. He gave the order to his sergeant who passed it up the chain of command to General McClellan. The division's adjutant general, Samuel Pittman, was able to confirm it was the handwriting of his former colleague before the war, Robert Chilton, who was Lee's adjutant general. It was in McClellan's hands the same day. Lee had about 50,000 soldiers to McClellan's 85,000. But McClellan thought Lee had 100,000 troops and was extremely reluctant to engage him. McClellan now had a chance to destroy Lee's Army of Northern Virginia while it was weak and divided, if he acted quickly. This unexpected piece of valuable information led the usually overcautious McClellan to commit his forces on September 14 resulting in the Battle of South Mountain. Birkir Már Sævarsson Birkir Már Sævarsson (born 11 November 1984 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is an Icelandic footballer who can play as a right fullback, right winger, left fullback or center back. He currently plays for the Swedish club Hammarby Fotboll and the Iceland national football team. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. Other websites. Birkir Már Sævarsson at National-Football-Teams.com Hannes Þór Halldórsson Hannes Þór Halldórsson (born 27 April 1984 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Iceland national football team and Bodø/Glimt, on loan from the Norwegian club NEC Nijmegen. He has also played for Leiknir Reykjavík, Ungmennafélagið Afturelding, Stjarnan, Knattspyrnufélagið Fram, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, SK Brann, Sandnes Ulf and N.E.C.. Hannes has found some work as a film director when not playing football. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad. International career. He took part in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and saved Lionel Messi's penalty kick against Argentina which later ended 1-1. Krattigen Krattigen is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Ermensee Ermensee is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Hätzingen Hätzingen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland. On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach merged into the municipality of Luchsingen. Glarus Nord Glarus Nord is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord. Glarus Nord is one of three municipalities of the canton of Glarus, the others being Glarus and Glarus Süd. Myco-heterotrophy Myco-heterotrophy is a relationship between certain plants and fungi. The plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism on fungi, not from photosynthesis. In the past, non-photosynthetic plants were thought to get food by breaking down organic matter like fungi do. Such plants were therefore called "saprophytes". That was wrong. It is now known that "no plant is physiologically capable of direct breakdown of organic matter". To get food, non-photosynthetic plants engage in parasitism, by myco-heterotrophy or direct parasitism of other plants. The interface between the plant and fungal partners in this association is between the roots of the plant and the mycelium of the fungus. Myco-heterotrophy therefore closely resembles mycorrhiza, and is thought to have evolved from mycorrhiza. Suet Suet is the hard white fat that surrounds internal organs, especially the kidneys. It is available to buy ready prepared, in which case it is mixed with flour to stop it melting at room temperature. Kriechenwil Kriechenwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Demographics. Kriechenwil has a population () of . , 3.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.7%. Migration accounted for 0.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%. La Ferrière La Ferrière is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. La Heutte La Heutte is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of La Heutte and Péry merged into the new municipality of Péry-La Heutte. Englisberg Englisberg was amunicipality in Seftigen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2004 Englisberg and Zimmerwald joined together to become the new municipality, Wald. Herlisberg Herlisberg is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Herlisberg merged into the municipality of Römerswil. Yves Bonnefoy Yves Jean Bonnefoy (June 24, 1923 – July 1, 2016) was a French poet, art critics and translator. Bonnefoy published many of translations into French, mainly poems of William Shakespeare. He was born in Tours, France. He was a professor at the Collège de France from 1981 to 1993. He was the author of several works on art, art history, and artists including Miró and Giacometti. The Encyclopædia Britannica presents him as ″perhaps the most important French poet of the latter half of the 20th century″. Bonnefoy died in Paris on July 1, 2016, aged 93. Abderrahmane Meziani Abderrahmane Meziani (12 May 1942 – 2 June 2016) was a professional Algerian footballer. He played as a forward for the national football team in 1963. Meziani died from a heart disease in Algiers on 2 June 2016, aged 74. István Halász István Halász (12 October 1951 – 4 June 2016) was a Hungarian football midfielder. He played for Hungary in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He also played for FC Tatabánya. Westfjords The Westfjords or West Fjords (Icelandic: "Vestfirðir") is the name of a large peninsula and region in northern Iceland. It is next to the Denmark Strait and faces the east coast of Greenland. The Westfjords have a lot of mountains and fjords around the coast. Because of this, the road system is complex and communicating by land is difficult. The largest settlement is Ísafjörður, with a population of 4,000 people. Because of the East Greenland Current, the Westfjords are generally the coldest area in Iceland. In 1615, 32 shipwrecked Basque whalers were killed by locals. This caused the government to pass a law allowing the murder of any Basque person seen in the Westfjords. This law was ended in May 2015. Carmen Pereira Carmen Pereira (1937 – 4 June 2016) was a politician in Guinea-Bissau. She served three days as Acting President in 1984. She was the first woman in this role in Africa and the only one in Guinea-Bissau's history. She had the shortest term as the Acting President, serving only three days in office. Pereira died in Bissau on 4 June 2016. Southern Region (Iceland) The Southern Region (Icelandic: "Suðurland") is a region of Iceland. The population of the region was 23,311 (1 October 2007). The biggest town in the region is Selfoss, with a population of 6,000. Manohar Aich Manohar Aich (17 March 1912 – 5 June 2016) was an Indian bodybuilder. He was the second Indian (after Monotosh Roy in 1951) to win any Mr. Universe title. He did so in the 1952 NABBA Universe Championships. At tall, he was given the name "Pocket Hercules". On 5 June 2016, Manohar Aich died in Kolkata, aged 104 years. Gianluca Buonanno Gianluca Buonanno (15 May 1966 – 5 June 2016) was an Italian politician. He was born in Borgosesia. He was a member of the Italian Social Movement from 1982 to 1995, when he switched to the National Alliance. Buonanno left the National Alliance for Lega Nord in 2002. He was elected to the XVI and XVII Parliaments and to the European Parliament in 2014. As an MEP, Buonanno was an unaffiliated Non-Inscrit before joining Europe of Nations and Freedom, and was backed by the European Alliance for Freedom and Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom. Buonanno died at the age of 50 in 2016 in a car accident near Varese. Jerome Bruner Jerome Seymour Bruner (October 1, 1915 – June 5, 2016) was an American psychologist. He was known for his works to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. Bruner was a senior research fellow at the New York University School of Law. He received a B.A. in 1937 from Duke University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1941. Jarbas Passarinho Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho (January 11, 1920 – June 5, 2016) was a Brazilian military officer and politician. Passarinho began his political career when he was appointed Governor of Pará. He served as head of several government ministries during both the Brazilian military government (1964–1985) and the transition to democracy. He served as the Minister of Labor (1967–1969), Minister of Education (1969–1974), Minister of Social Security (1983–1985), and Minister of Justice (1990–1992). Passarinho was also a member of the Federal Senate, representing Pará for two tenures during military rule and the return to democracy, including a period as President of the Federal Senate from 1981 to 1983. Ayaz Jani Ayaz Jani (original name Ayaz Hussain Memon) (, born 4 October 1967 – died 6 June 2016) was a Pakistani poet and journalist. He wrote in the Sindhi language. Jani had been writing poetry since his school days and gained popularity as a romantic poet. Jani died on 6 June 2016 due to a heart attack in Larkana, Pakistan, aged 48. Steve Pisanos Steve Pisanos (born Spiros Pisanos; του Νικολάου και της Αθηνάς; November 10, 1919 – June 6, 2016) was an American USAF Colonel. He served as a fighter pilot for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF) 4th Fighter Group in World War II. By the end of his career in 1974, he received 33 decorations and distinctions. He was the author of the book The Flying Greek, published in April 2008, where he has recorded all of his personal adventures and detailed war fighting experiences. The book is commented by his friends and renowned USAF aviators Gabby Gabreski and Chuck Yeager. Pisanos died on June 6, 2016 from heart failure at his home in Rancho Bernardo, San Diego, California, aged 96. Theresa Saldana Theresa Saldana (August 20, 1954 – June 6, 2016) was an American actress and author. Early life. Saldana was born in Brooklyn, New York. She was adopted at five days old by Divina and Tony Saldana, a family of Puerto Rican and Italian-American heritage. Career. She is known for her role as Rachel Scali, the wife of Police Commissioner Tony Scali, in the 1990s television series "The Commish", for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, in 1994. She played the role of 'Lenore La Motta', the wife of Joe Pesci's character, in the 1980 feature movie "Raging Bull" and Robert Zemeckis's Beatlemania ensemble "I Wanna Hold Your Hand". Activism and attack. She was also known for raising public awareness of the crime of stalking, after surviving a murder attempt by an obsessed fan in 1982. The fan approached Saldana in front of her West Hollywood residence in broad daylight and stabbed her in the torso 10 times with a 5½-inch (14 cm) knife, nearly killing her. A television movie, "" was about the attack and was released in 1984 starring Saldana as herself. Death. Saldana died on June 6, 2016 from an illness at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, aged 61. Johnny Brooks John "Johnny" Brooks (23 December 1931 – 7 June 2016) was a former professional footballer and manager. He was born in Reading, Berkshire. He played for Reading, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, Brentford, Crystal Palace in the Football League. Brooks won three England caps, scoring two goals. Towards the end of his career he played in non-league football with Stevenage Town and Cambridge City and in North America with Cleveland Stokers. He later player-managed Knebworth. Brooks died of vascular dementia on 7 June 2016, aged 84. Amber Gurung Amber Gurung () (February 26, 1938 – June 7, 2016) was a Nepali composer, singer and lyricist. He was popularly known as the music composer of Nepal's national anthem "Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka". Gurung died of esophageal cancer in Kathmandu, Nepal on June 7, 2016, aged 78. Thomas J. Perkins Thomas James Perkins (January 7, 1932 – June 7, 2016) was an American businessman and capitalist. He was one of the founders of venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Perkins died June 7, 2016 after a long-illness at his home in Marin County, California, aged 84. La Neuveville La Neuveville () is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Landiswil Landiswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Längenbühl Längenbühl is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Forst on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl. There are three smaller lakes in Längenbühl: Dittligsee, Geistsee and a smaller pond. Eschenbach, Lucerne Eschenbach is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Langenthal Langenthal is a town in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Untersteckholz merged into the municipality of Langenthal. Langenthal is an educational, cultural, and economic center for the region of Oberaargau. Ouroboros The ouroboros or oroboros is an ancient symbol of a serpent or dragon eating its own tail. The ouroboros is a symbol of an everlasting cycle or a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. The ouroboros symbolizes eternity or cyclicality. It is the sense of something constantly re-creating itself. Like the phoenix, it symbolises cycles that begin again as soon as they end. The first known appearance of the ouroboros motif is in KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun, in the 14th century BC. The text is about the god Ra and his union with Osiris in the underworld. In an illustration, two serpents, with their tails in their mouths, coil around the head and feet of an enormous god (this the unified Ra-Osiris). The whole figure represents the beginning and the end of time. Gelfingen Gelfingen is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Gelfingen, Hämikon, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch. Lauenen Lauenen (, ) is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Laupen, Bern Laupen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Glarus Süd Glarus Süd is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd. Glarus Süd is one of three municipalities of the canton of Glarus, the others being Glarus and Glarus Nord. Biel, Valais Biel is a village and former municipality in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. On 1 January 2001 the former municipalities of Biel, Ritzingen and Selkingen merged into the new municipality of Grafschaft. Arica y Parinacota Region The XV Arica and Parinacota Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the country's newest region, created under Law 20.175. It became operational on 8 October 2007. History. Chile's former Tarapacá region was a former Peruvian province, which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific, and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima. Geography. The Arica and Parinacota borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the east and Chile's Tarapacá region to the south. The region is within the Norte Grande ("Far North") natural region. It combines deserts, green valleys, the steep and volcanic Andes mountains, and the Altiplano (high plain) to the east. A narrow coastal strip of low-lying land no more than wide separates the Pacific's Nazca plate from the Andes. Its Parinacota volcano is the region's highest elevation at and is on the northern border with Bolivia in Lauca National Park. The two main rivers of the region are the Lauca, which flows into the Coipasa lake in Bolivia, and the Lluta, which flows into the Pacific Ocean. Lake Chungará at above sea level ranks as one of the highest in the world Population. As of 2015, there were (estimated) 239,126 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km². The largest city in the region is Arica, with 210,936 inhabitants. Administration. In 2007, the region was subdivided to create the Arica y Parinacota region and the present day Tarapacá Region to the south. The region is further subdivided into two provinces: Arica and Parinacota. Khamseh The Khamseh is a tribal confederation in the province of Fars in southwestern Iran. It consists of five tribes.It was created in 1861 by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar to decrease strength of the Qashqai, who were gaining so much power. The Khamseh tribes were a mixture of Persians, Turks, and Arabs. Khamseh Arabs The Khamseh Arabs are an Arab nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran. They are a part of Khamseh confederation. They speak a dialect of Arabic. Branches. The tribe has two branches: Sheybani and Jabbareh Susana Trimarco Susana Trimarco or Sara Susana del Valle Trimarco de Veron (born May 25, 1954 in San Miguel de Tucumán) is an Argentinian mother. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. In 2002, Trimarco's daughter, Maria de los Angeles Veron ("Marita"), disappeared. She was kidnapped by human traffickers. Trimarco went to brothels to look for her daughter. She said she wanted to buy women. She did not find Marita, but she found 129 other women and got their freedom. Trimarco saved many women. Some of them stayed at her house. Finally there were so many women she could not take care of them, so she started the Fundacion Maria de los Angeles, named for her daughter. Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne Cecilia Nina Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, née Cavendish-Bentinck,GCVO (11 September 1862 – 23 June 1938) was the mother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and maternal grandmother and godmother of Elizabeth II. Lauperswil Lauperswil is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Villages. Lauperswil, Emmenmatt, Wittenbach, Längenbach, Moosegg, Obermatt, Mungnau and Zollbrück. Lauterbrunnen Lauterbrunnen is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Ruzizi River The Ruzizi River, or Rusizi River, is a river, long. It flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Crocodile. A notorious man-eating crocodile, Gustave, roams the banks of the Ruzizi River and the northern shores of Lake Tanganyika. Gustave is a Nile crocodile and is about long and weighs about . He is said to have killed and eaten many people. Though the actual number is difficult to verify, he is a near-mythical creature and is greatly feared by people in the region. Leimiswil Leimiswil was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil. Popi Maliotaki Popi Malliotaki ( 16 October 1971), is a Greek singer. Malliotaki has credited with gold record for her second album entitled "Alli Mia Fora". Malliotaki was born in Ierapetra, Crete. Popi has released three albums and several singles. She has collaborated with important Greek artists in the music industry and is over 20 years in the song field. In 2008 after the great success of the third album entitled "Popara", she collaborated with mobile operator "Helen Q Card" and released calling card with name "Popara" which was the title of their third album. She has been married twice. From her first marriage with singer Sakis Galanis has a daughter and the name of the daughter is Rania. Her second marriage was in 1999 and lasted until 2008. From her second marriage with businessman Babis Lazaridis has a son, Vasilis. In December 2008, her husband murdered by unknown men in the area of Voula in Athens. Leissigen Leissigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Lenk Lenk or Lenk im Simmental is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Leuzigen Leuzigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The village is between the cities Biel/Bienne and Solothurn and borders on the river Aare. Ligerz Ligerz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Limpach, Switzerland Limpach was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Limpach, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Daniel Harvey Hill Daniel Harvey Hill, or more commonly D. H. Hill, (July 12, 1821 - September 24, 1889) was a Confederate Major general during the American Civil War. He was an officer in the Mexican-American War and received two brevet promotions for his performance; one to captain and another to major. He left the army to become a Professor. When North Carolina seceded from the Union, Hill was appointed Colonel of the 1st North Carolina Infantry. By 1862 he was a major general serving in the Army of Northern Virginia. Hill's reputation was tarnished over the lost copy of Special Order 191 which fell into the hands of Union general George McClellan. This gave away Robert E. Lees plans for the Confederate Maryland Campaign. He was considered a military genius by some, including Lieutenant general Stonewall Jackson (his Brother-in-law). Early life. Hill was born on July 12, 1821 at Hill's Iron Works in York County, South Carolina. He was the son of Solomon and Nancy Hill. His grandfather, William Hill, a native of Ireland, built an iron foundry that made cannon for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was also a Revolutionary War soldier. Hill was educated locally and in 1838 accepted an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was in the same class as James Longstreet, William Rosecrans, John Pope, and George Sykes. He graduated four years later ranked 28th in a class of 56. He was given a commission in the 1st US Artillery. Mexican War. He participated in nearly every important battle in the Mexican–American War. He rose to the rank of First lieutenant. He won the brevet rank of Captain at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. For his actions at the Battle of Chapultepec he was breveted the rank of major. The state of South Carolina gave him a gold sword in appreciation for his services. Educator. He resigned from the army in 1849 and became Professor of Mathematics at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University). In 1854 Hill became a professor at Davidson College. In 1859 he resigned his chair position to become the superintendent of the North Carolina Military Institute. Civil war. As a colonel of the 1st North Carolina Infantry he quickly became successful. In 1861 he led his forces to a victory in the Battle of Big Bethel (Virginia). By the spring of the following year, Hill had been promoted to major general in the Army of Northern Virginia. He led his division at the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines and all through the Seven Days Battles. It was Hill who advised his commander, Robert E. Lee, not to attack the Union positions at the Battle of Malvern Hill saying "If General McClellan is there in strength, we had better let him alone." Lee ignored the advice and the attacks were unsuccessful. Hill was left to defend Richmond, Virginia during the Northern Virginia Campaign. While in Richmond, Hill and Union general John Adams Dix worked out a system to exchange prisoners of war. He rejoined Lee for the Maryland Campaign. It was during the Maryland Campaign that Hill was mistakenly sent two copies of Special Order 191. The second copy, which came to be known as the "lost copy" was found on September 13 by a Union soldier who quickly sent it up the chain of command to McClellan. Now McClellan knew the details of how Lee had weakened his forces by splitting them up into several columns. It also laid out where each part of his army was to be at any given time. McClellan acted, quicker than usual, and attacked Lee's positions. Hill's outnumbered men delayed the Union advance at the Battle of South Mountain long enough for Lee to regroup. Three days later Hill's division defended the "Bloody Lane" against several Union attacks at the Battle of Antietam before being driven back. Hill's division was also in the Battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 Hill was sent to help defend Southern Virginia and North Caroline. He never returned to Lee's army. He was next sent west to command a Corps under Lieutenant general Braxton Bragg. At the Battle of Chickamauga Hill led his corps. But he did not get along at all with Bragg and was left without a command. This also stopped his promotion to Lieutenant general. He did not command troops again until the In the spring of 1863, Hill was detached to help defend North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He never rejoined Lee’s army. After helping defend Richmond during Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign, Hill was sent west to command a corps in Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee. Hill led his corps in the victory at the Battle of Chickamauga. After the battle, however, tensions with Bragg led to Hill being sidelined and to the cancellation of his promotion to lieutenant general. Hill did not command troops again until the final weeks of the war at the Battle of Bentonville. Personality. Hill was a very good combat leader but he made enemies among other Confederate generals. He was said to be sarcastic, abrupt and often insulting. James Longstreet once said Hill's problem was he was a North Carolinian in an army of Virginians. After the war. Hill edited a magazine at Charlotte called "The Land We Love." Between 1877 and 1880 he was president of the Arkansas Industrial university (later renamed the University of Arkansas). Following that he was president of the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College (now Georgia Military College). He remained there until August of 1889 when ill health caused him to resign. He died at Charlotte September 23, 1899. Hill was buried at the Davidson College Cemetery. Belpberg Belpberg is a former municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Belp. Linden, Switzerland Linden is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Lohnstorf Lohnstorf was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipalities Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen joined together to become the new municipality Thurnen. Lotzwil Lotzwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Loveresse Loveresse is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Brevet (military) A brevet in most militaries is a promotion to a higher rank without the increase in pay or full privileges. It is often given as an honor. It was a term borrowed from the British during the American Revolutionary War and used in the Continental Army. Since that time the United States Congress has had several reasons for granting brevet ranks. In some of these instances the officer received the higher pay of the breveted rank. The term brevet comes from the Latin words "breve" and "brevia" meaning a legal brief. Early French armies. In the early history, the King of France would call on his feudal lords for troops. These feudal lords raised armies and appointed officers, but they did not have the authority to give a rank in the king's army. The king would give a commissioned rank to leaders that would be recognized throughout his army by the use of Letters patent or brevet. Soon all French officers from a cornet (sub-lieutenant) to the Marshal of France received their commission in this way. They came to be styled "Officers a'Brevet". The official document granting the brevet was called a "brevet d'invention". British army. The British army that served in the American colonies during the American Revolution were made up of mostly infantry regiments. During the war the strength (numbers) of infantry regiments varied. The actual strength was usually not the established strength. But in general, a regiment at the time averaged about 500 soldiers. Regiments were then divided into ten companies usually of equal size. Each company had three officers and was commanded by a captain. Three of these company captains also held a higher rank in the regiment. These included the colonel, the lieutenant colonel and the major. Collectively these three were called "field officers". So in actuality, each regiment had three field officers and seven captains for a total of ten. On muster rolls it was not unusual to see an officer listed as "Major and Captain". But usually, only the higher of the officer's two ranks were used. But, whereas companies were commanded by captains, it is sometime curious to see mention of something like "Lt. Col. Campbell's company" (instead of Captain Campbell's company). American Civil war. In 1861, during the American Civil War, graduates of West Point were given commissions in the Union Army as brevet 2nd lieutenants. This was because there were not enough vacancies to commission them as 2nd lieutenants. Many officers have held brevet commissions for gallant actions, meritorious service or to serve in a staff position when their permanent rank did not allow it. After the war there were thousands of brevet officers. Of the 1,978 Civil War generals, 1,700 were brevet Brigadier generals or Major generals, most with a date of rank of 13 March 1865. Many, Like George Armstrong Custer held the brevet rank of major general, but wanting to remain in the army after the war was returned to his permanent rank of captain. Parinacota Province Parinacota Province () is a province of Chile. It belongs to the Arica and Parinacota region (XV), the northernmost and the newest of the Chilean regions. Its capital is Putre. It is named after the Parinacota volcano. History. The Arica and Parinacota region was created on 8 October 2007 under Law 20.175, promulgated on March 23, 2007. The law divided the former "Tarapacá" region into two: the northern portion became the XV Arica y Parinacota Region, and the southern portion remained the I Tarapacá Region. Geography. The Parinacota province has an area of . Parinacota borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the east, the Tamarugal province in the Tarapacá region to the south and the Arica province to the west. Population. (last national census), there were 3,156 people (2,106 men and 1,050 women) living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The largest town of the province is Putre, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 1,498 inhabitants. Administration. As a province, Parinacota is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"): General Lagos in the northern portion and Putre in the south. The town of Putre is the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor. Abbas Kiarostami Abbas Kiarostami ( ; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016) was an Iranian movie director, screenwriter, photographer and movie producer. He was known for making documentaries or short movies. His best known works are the "Koker trilogy" (1987–94), "Close-Up" (1990), "Taste of Cherry" (1997) and "The Wind Will Carry Us" (1999). In his later works, "Certified Copy" (2010) and "Like Someone in Love". Kiarostami died at a Paris hospital on 4 July 2016 from gastrointestinal cancer, aged 76. Kathryn Beaumont Kathryn Beaumont (born 27 June 1938) is an English actress, singer and school teacher who is best known for providing Disney animated films with the voices of both Alice in "Alice in Wonderland" (1951); and Wendy Darling in "Peter Pan" (1953) for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1998. Beaumont retired as the voice of Alice and Wendy in 2005, her roles as these two characters was taken over by Hynden Walch since 2005. Personal life. She was married to Allan Levine 1981. Divorced 2010, no children Parinacota Volcano Parinacota or Parina Quta (from Aymara "parina" flamingo, "quta" lake, "flamingo lake") is a massive dormant volcano (a stratovolcano) on the border of Chile and Bolivia. History. The first ascent of this peak was made by Carlos Terán, Bolivian, and Joseph Prem, Austrian on 12 December 1928. Geography. It is part of the Payachata volcanic group formed by the Parinacota together with the Pleistocene peak of Pomerape. The volcano and Pomerape straddle the border between Sajama National Park (Oruro Department, Bolivia) and Lauca National Park (Parinacota Province, Chile). Steven Adams Steven Funaki Adams (born 20 July 1993) is a New Zealand professional basketball player. He currently plays for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He formerly played for NBA team Oklahoma City Thunder from 2013 to 2020. He also played for the Wellington Saints of the New Zealand National Basketball League in 2011. Adams was born in Rotorua. He was born to a Tongan mother and an English father. His father, Sid Adams, served in the Royal Navy and later moved to New Zealand. Sid had 18 children with five women. His siblings include champion shot putter Valerie Adams, NBL players Warren and Sid Jr., and para-athlete Lisa Adams. Enes Kanter Enes Kanter Freedom (born 1992) is a Turkish basketball player. He plays the center position. He has played for the Utah Jazz, the Oklahoma City Thunder, and the New York Knicks. Param Vir Chakra The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the highest degree of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy. The medal has been awarded 21 times, 14 of which were posthumous awards. Literally Param Vir Chakra means "Wheel (or Cross) of the Ultimate Brave", it is equal to the Medal of Honor in the United States and the Victoria Cross in the United Kingdom. Instituted on 26 January 1950, by the President of India, with effect from 15 August 1947, this award can also be awarded posthumously. Officers or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian Armed Forces are eligible for the award. Recipients of the decoration have the right to use PVC as a postnominal abbreviation. There is a provision for the award of a bar for a second (or subsequent) awards of the Param Vir Chakra, with a replica of the Vajra, the weapon of Indra, the god of heaven. However, no one has received it to date. Robin Hardy Robin St. Clair Rimington Hardy (2 October 1929 – 1 July 2016) was an English screenwriter and movie director. His most famous directorial work is the 1973 movie "The Wicker Man". Caroline Aherne Caroline Mary Aherne (24 December 1963 – 2 July 2016) was an English comedian and BAFTA Award-winning writer and actress. She was best known for performing as the chat show host "Mrs Merton". She was also known for her roles in the "The Fast Show", and as lead in the "The Royle Family", a show that she co-wrote. On 2 July 2016, Aherne died at her home in Timperley, Greater Manchester from throat cancer at the age of 52. Roscoe Brown Roscoe C. Brown, Jr. (March 9, 1922 – July 2, 2016) was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a squadron commander of the 100th Fighter Squadron of the 332nd Fighter Group. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. During this period, Captain Brown shot down an advanced German Me-262 jet fighter and a FW-190 fighter. Rudolf E. Kálmán Rudolf (Rudi) Emil Kálmán (; May 19, 1930 – July 2, 2016) was a Hungarian-born American electrical engineer, mathematician, and inventor. He was known for his co-invention and development of the Kalman filter. It was a mathematical algorithm that is widely used in signal processing, control systems, and guidance, navigation and control. For this work, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Kálmán the National Medal of Science on October 7, 2009. Robert Nye Robert Nye FRSL (15 March 1939 – 2 July 2016) was an English poet and author. His bestselling novel "Falstaff" was published in 1976. It was described by Michael Ratcliffe (writing in "The Times") as "one of the most ambitious and seductive novels of the decade", and went on to win both The Hawthornden Prize and Guardian Fiction Prize. The novel was also included in Anthony Burgess's "99 Novels: The Best in English Since 1939" (1984). Jack C. Taylor Jack Crawford Taylor (April 14, 1922 – July 2, 2016) was an American businessman, philanthropist and billionaire. He founded the Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was worth a US$8.6 billion as of February 2016. Taylor died on July 2, 2016 in St. Louis, Missouri, aged 94. Michael Beaumont, 22nd Seigneur of Sark John Michael Beaumont OBE (20 December 1927 – 3 July 2016) was the twenty-second Seigneur of Sark in the Channel Islands. He worked as a civil engineer before replacing his paternal grandmother, Sibyl Hathaway, the 21st Dame of Sark, in 1974. During his rule, Beaumont saw the loss of many feudal rights enjoyed by the seigneurs, and was consequently often described as the "last feudal baron". Roger Dumas Roger Dumas (9 May 1932 – 2 July 2016) was a French actor and comedian. He appeared in more than 100 movies between 1954 and 2016. He was born in Annonay, Ardèche. He was known for his roles in "That Man from Rio", "Le Concert", and "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life". Dumas died in Paris, France on 2 July 2016, aged 84. Lou Fontinato Louis Joseph "Leapin' Louie" Fontinato (January 20, 1932 – July 3, 2016) was a Canadian defenceman in the National Hockey League. He played with the New York Rangers from 1954 to 1961 and the Montreal Canadiens from 1961 to 1963. Beatrice de Cardi Beatrice Eileen de Cardi (5 June 1914 – 5 July 2016) was a British archaeologist. He worked in the study of the Persian Gulf and the Baluchistan region of Pakistan. She was president of the British Foundation for the Study of Arabia, and she was Secretary of the Council for British Archaeology from 1949 to 1973. Lüscherz Lüscherz is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Kim Chaek Kim Chaek (Korea:김책, 金策; 14 August 1903 – January 31 1951) was a North Korean resistance activist, military leader, politician and poet. His realname was Kim Hong-gye(김홍계, 金洪啓). First Industry Minister of DPRK, September 2 1948 to January 31 1951. He was military leader of North Korea in the time of Korean War. In his child years, his family went to Manchuria after 1926, he joined to communist organization. In 1925, he was study to Dongheung Middle school, but in 1927, dropped out of Middle School. In 1930s he was in a communist military organization and friend of Soviet Union. In September 2, 1948, he was appointed to Industry Minister of DPRK, until his death. In January 31, 1951, he died in battle at the time of Korean war, in Pyongyang. His death cause was myocardial infarction or wartime bombing. UEFA Euro 2016 Final The UEFA Euro 2016 Final was a football match that took place on 10 July 2016 at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. The game determined the winner of the UEFA Euro 2016. The match was played with Portugal and France, and Portugal won the match with a goal from Éder at the 109th minute. Match. Details. <section begin=j1 /><section end=j1 /> <section begin=lineups /> </includeonly><section end=lineups /> Match rules Sperlinga Sperlinga is a comune in the province of Enna, in the central part of Sicily. Sperlinga is about above sea level. It is on a hill on the southern slopes of the Nebrodi mountains, about north of Enna. It has a number of dwellings. The village has a large medieval castle, dating from Norman times. In 2014 the population was 819 people. The main activity in the area is farming. History. The village is first mentioned (as "Sperlingua") in a document belonging to the Norman Count Roger from 1082. The castle is first mentioned in 1113. It is believed that Sperlinga did not take part in the Sicilian Vespers, the bloody uprising against the Angevin French rulers of Sicily in 1282. The village may have offered them protection. There was an inscription over a door in the castle which read , meaning "what pleased the Sicilians, only Sperlinga denied". From about 1360 Sperlinga was ruled by the Ventimiglia family. In 1597 it was sold for 30,834 ounces of gold to Giovanni Natoli. Natoli was granted a "licentia populandi" or "licence to populate" by the king of Sicily, Philip II of Spain, and was made Prince of Sperlinga in 1627. His son Francesco sold Sperlinga in 1656 to Giovanni Stefano Oneto, but kept the princely title. Oneto was made Duke of Sperlinga in 1666 by Charles II of Spain. During the Allied invasion of Sicily, in the Second World War, Allied forces moved past Sperlinga to envelop Nicosia, a few kilometres to the south. They met strong resistance. After a show of force by American tanks, the Axis forces withdrew from Sperlinga and Nicosia during the night of 27 July 1943. Units of the American 16th Infantry Regiment entered Sperlinga the next morning. Lütschental Lütschental is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Italy national under-21 football team The Italy national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Italy. They are the most successful team in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship (with 5 titles). Andrea Pirlo has made the most appearances for the team, with 46, and Alberto Gilardino is the top scorer, with 19 goals. Olympics football Record. Since 1992 Olympics football changed to U-23 event, and the European U-21 teams, technically is a U-23 teams. The winner, runner-up and third place of UEFA U-21 Championship qualify for Olympics. Lützelflüh Lützelflüh is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Lyssach Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Madiswil Madiswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Since January 1, 2007, Gutenburg is part of the municipality. On 1 January 2011, Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil. Gutenburg, Switzerland Gutenburg was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Bern. On January 1, 2007, Gutenburg became part of the municipality of Madiswil. Malleray Malleray was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Malleray, Bévilard and Pontenet merged into the new municipality of Valbirse. Hämikon Hämikon was a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hämikon, Gelfingen, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch. Hitzkirch Hitzkirch is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Gelfingen, Hämikon, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz joined Hitzkirch. Brief (law) In law a brief is a formal written argument submitted to a court. It is in a format required by that particular court system. in civil law A brief generally contains the legal arguments in a lawsuit. In a criminal procedure briefs involve the state prosecuting one or more defendants for breaking one or more laws. In general, briefs contain references to the statutes, legal precedents and arguments applied to the facts for this particular case. When an attorney writes a brief, they are implicitly promising to give the court good reasons for ruling in favor of their client. An appellate brief is a brief prepared for an appellate court. An "amicus curiae", literally a "friend of the court", is a third party not involved in the case but who has a strong interest in the case. They may ask the court's permission to file an amicus brief in support of one of the parties. Matten bei Interlaken Matten is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Letters patent Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, or government. They are generally used in granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices. They may be used for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as Governors and Governors-General of Commonwealth realms. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law). This grants exclusive rights of an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement. It is also important to understand how to "practice" the invention or put it into practical use. The opposite of letters patent are letters close. These are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are comparable to other kinds of open letters in that their audience is wide. Mattstetten Mattstetten is a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Ravichandran Ashwin Ravichandran Ashwin (born 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu) is an Indian cricketer playing for the international team. He is a right arm spin bowler. But he bats too well in Test cricket.Ashwin is a right hand batsman. He is a 6 ft 2 inch tall cricketer. Cricket statistics. Ravichandran Ashwin had played for Indian international cricket team, Chennai Super Kings (IPL), Rising Pune Supergiants (IPL), Tamil Nadu (Ranji trophy) etc. teams. Test cricket. Ashwin scored 2 centuries in Test cricket, 124 and 103 both vs West Indies cricket team. His best bowling figure in Test cricket is 12/85 vs Australia in Hyderabad. Ashwin is the fastest Indian bowler to reach 100 wickets in 18th Test match and 5th fastest bowler in the world. He became the first Indian to hit a century and take 5 wickets in the same match. The third Indian to receive Man of the Match award on debut. He took 28 wickets in a single series against Australia beating Anil Kumble's world record. He totally picked up 176 wickets and scored 1204 runs in 32 Matches. One day Internationals. Ravichandran Ashwin scored 658 runs and picked up 142 wickets in 102 matches. His best bowling figure in ODI is 4/25 vs U.A.E in World Cup 2015. He is appreciated in One day Internationals for his economy rate while bowling and different variations. His highest batting score is 65 vs New Zealand. Iffwil Iffwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Meienried Meienried is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. La Baroche La Baroche is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Asuel, Charmoille, Fregiécourt, Miécourt and Pleujouse merged into the new municipality of La Baroche. Uma Shankar Mishra Uma Shankar Mishra (1923 – 3 July 2016) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Independence Movement Activist. He served as President-District Congress Committee Raebareli until his death in 2016. His political party is Indian National Congress. He was born in Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh. Mishra died in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on 3 July 2016, aged 93. Mauricio Walerstein Mauricio Walerstein (29 March 1945 – 3 July 2016) was a Mexican movie director, screenwriter and movie producer. He directed 17 movies between 1971 and 2014. His 1973 movie "Cuando quiero llorar no lloro" was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. He also directed "Spaniards in Paris" (1973). Walerstein died on 3 July 2016 in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 71. William Hawkins (writer) William Alfred Hawkins (May 20, 1940 – July 4, 2016) was a Canadian songwriter, poet, musician and journalist. He was known for his works in the 1960s to Canadian folk rock music and to Canadian poetry. His best known song is "Gnostic Serenade", originally recorded by 3's a Crowd. Markus Werner Markus Werner (; 27 December 1944 – 3 July 2016) was a Swiss writer. He was known as the author of the novels "Zündels Abgang" ("Zündel’s Departure") and "Am Hang" ("On the Edge"). He was born in Eschlikon, Thurgau. From 1975 to 1985, he worked as a teacher, and from 1985 to 1990 as an assistant professor at the "Kantonsschule" (high school) in Schaffhausen. Werner died on 3 July 2016 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, aged 72. Gordon Murray (puppeteer) Gordon Murray (3 May 1921 – 30 June 2016) was a British television producer and puppeteer. He created and wrote popular children's television programmes. "Camberwick Green", "Trumpton", and "Chigley", known as the "Trumptonshire Trilogy," were all made by the company he set up. Murray died in London on 30 June 2016, aged 95. Martin Lundström Martin Lundström (30 May 1918 – 30 June 2016) was a Swedish cross-country skier. He competed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He was born in Tvärliden, Norsjö Municipality. Lundström won two Olympic gold medals during the 1948 Winter Olympics in Saint-Moritz, Switzerland at the 18 km and 4 x 10 km relay events. He also won a bronze medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 1952 Winter Olympics. Lundström also won at the 18 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1948. Additionally, he won a gold in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. He died in June 2016 in Stockholm at the age of 98. Geoffrey Hill Sir Geoffrey William Hill, FRSL (18 June 1932 – 30 June 2016) was an English poet, professor emeritus of English literature and religion, and former co-director of the Editorial Institute, at Boston University. Hill has been thought to be among the most famous poets of his generation and was called the "greatest living poet in the English language." From 2010 to 2015, he held the position of Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. Juan Habichuela Juan Habichuela ("né" Juan Carmona Carmona; 1933 – 30 June 2016) was a Spanish flamenco guitarist. He began his artistic life as a dancer, and later learned guitar. He wrote songs with many famous Spanish musicians such as Manolo Caracol, Juan Valderrama, Fosforito, and Enrique Morente. He was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Flamenco Album in 2000. Habichuela received the Latin Grammy Trustees Award in 2012 for "significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording during their careers". Don Friedman Donald Ernest "Don" Friedman (May 4, 1935 – June 30, 2016) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in San Francisco, California. Friedman performed with Dexter Gordon, Chet Baker, Buddy DeFranco and Ornette Coleman, among others, before moving to New York. There, he led his own trio in addition to playing in Pepper Adams's, Booker Little's and Jimmy Giuffre's bands in the 1960s. He was also a part of Clark Terry's big band. He most recently worked in New York as a pianist and jazz educator. He Friedman died on June 30, 2016 in The Bronx, New York, aged 81. Pat Summitt Patricia Sue Summitt ("née Head"; June 14, 1952 – June 28, 2016) was an American college basketball head coach. During her career, she won 1,098 games. They are the most in NCAA basketball history. She was born in Clarksville, Tennessee. She served as the head coach of the University of Tennessee Lady Vols basketball team from 1974 to 2012, before retiring at age 59 because of a diagnosis of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. She won eight NCAA championships (a NCAA women's record when she retired), a number surpassed only by the 10 titles won by UCLA men's coach John Wooden and the 11 titles won by UConn women's coach Geno Auriemma. She was the first NCAA coach, and one of four college coaches overall, with at least 1,000 wins. Summitt died at a retirement home on June 28, 2016 from dementia in Knoxville, Tennessee, aged 64. Xu Jiatun Xu Jiatun (; 10 March 1916 – 29 June 2016) was a Chinese communist politician and dissident. He was the Chinese Communist Party secretary of Jiangsu Province from 1977 to 1983 and the Governor of Jiangsu from 1977 to 1979. After supporting the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests, he left the country and lived in self-exile in the United States. Xu died in Los Angeles, California on 29 June 2016 at the age of 100. Sean Rooks Sean Lester Rooks (September 9, 1969 – June 7, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1992 to 2004. He was an Assistant for Player Development for the Philadelphia 76ers. He played college basketball for the Arizona Wildcats, earning all-conference honors in the Pac-10 (known later as the Pac-12) as a senior. He was born in New York City. For the NBA, Rooks played for the Dallas Mavericks, Minnesota Timberwolves, Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, New Orleans Hornets, and the Orlando Magic. He retired from playing in 2012. He was the assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers at the time of his death. Rooks died on June 7, 2016 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from heart disease, aged 46. Stephen Keshi Stephen Okechukwu Keshi (23 January 1962 – 7 June 2016) was a Nigerian football defender. He was also a football manager of the Nigeria national team. He was one of only two people, along with Egypt's Mahmoud El-Gohary, to have won the Africa Cup of Nations as both a player and a coach. Keshi died of a heart attack on 7 June 2016 in Benin City, Nigeria, aged 54. Sascha Lewandowski Sascha Lewandowski (5 October 1971 – 8 June 2016) was a German football manager. He last managed Union Berlin. Lewandowski was head coach of VfL Bochum II between 1 July 2006 to 31 December 2006. He was appointed as the head coach of Union Berlin on 1 September 2015. He stepped down on 4 March 2016, after six months in charge. He was born on 5 October 1971 in Dortmund, West Germany. On 9 June 2016, Lewandowski was found dead at his home in Bochum, Germany. He had died the day before his body was found. Qahhor Mahkamov Qahhor Mahkamov (; alternative spelling Kahar Mahkamov; born April 16, 1932 – June 8, 2016) was a Tajik politician. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan and was the first President of Tajikistan. He served as president from 1990 through 1991. Marina Malfatti Marina Malfatti (25 April 1933 – 8 June 2016) was an Italian actress. She was born in Florence, Italy. She was known for her roles in "The Night Evelyn Came Out of the Grave", "The Red Queen Kills Seven Times", and in "Black Killer". Malfatti died on 8 June 2016 in Rome, Italy, aged 83. Hamza Ali Hamza Sultan Ali, also known as Hamza Shabbir (8 August 1995 – 9 June 2016) was an English cricketer. He played for Hampshire, MCC Young Cricketers and Rawalpindi Rams. He played with his right-arm. He was a fast-medium bowler. He also batted right handed. Ali attended City Academy Bristol and Filton Sixth Form College. Ali died after drowning at the River Avon, Bristol on 9 June 2016, aged 20. Meikirch Meikirch is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Nicole Courcel Nicole Courcel (21 October 1931 – 25 June 2016) was a French actress. She was popular through the 1950s and 1960s. She was born in Saint-Cloud, western suburbs of Paris. She appeared in 43 movies between 1947 and 1979. After working as an extra in a few movies, she won a major role in "Rendez-vous de juillet" (1949), with Brigitte Auber. In 1970, she turned to television appearing in different television movies and miniseries, in which she continued to work until 2004. Courcel is best known for her role in Serge Bourguignon's "Sundays and Cybele" (1962). She had notable parts in: "La Marie du port" (1950, opposite Jean Gabin), Sacha Guitry's "Royal Affairs in Versailles" (1954), and "La Sorcière" (1956, opposite Marina Vlady). Courcel died on 25 June 2016 in Paris, aged 84. Seven Days Battles The Seven Days Battles (June 25, 1862 – July 1, 1862) were a series of six major battles fought near Richmond, Virginia during the American Civil War. Union army. In early 1862, Major general George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac landed at Hampton, Virginia and began fighting its way up the Virginia Peninsula. By mid-may his army of over 100,000 soldiers were on the outskirts of Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. If McClellan could capture Richmond, it could end the war. The city was defended by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. The two armies had just fought the Battle of Seven Pines in which the Confederate general, Joseph E. Johnston, was wounded. Jefferson Davis appointed General Robert E. Lee as the new commander. Lee's victory in the Seven Days Battles proved to be among the most decisive battles of the Peninsula Campaign. Meinisberg Meinisberg () is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Siege of Yorktown (1862) The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Major general George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown. McClellan suspended his march up the Virginia Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations. On April 5, the IV Corps of Brigadier general Erasmus D. Keyes made initial contact with Confederate defensive works at Lee's Mill. This was an area McClellan expected to move through without resistance. Magruder's movement of troops back and forth convinced the Union that his works were strongly held. As the two armies fought an artillery duel, reconnaissance indicated to Keyes the strength of the Confederate fortifications, and he advised McClellan against assaulting them. McClellan ordered the construction of siege fortifications and brought his heavy siege guns to the front. In the meantime, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston brought reinforcements for Magruder. On April 16, Union forces probed a point in the Confederate line at Dam No. 1. The Union failed to exploit the initial success of this attack, however. This lost opportunity held up McClellan for two additional weeks while he tried to convince the U.S. Navy to bypass the Confederates' big guns at Yorktown and Gloucester Point and ascend the York River to West Point and outflank the Warwick Line. McClellan planned a massive bombardment for dawn on May 5. But the Confederate army had slipped away during the night of May 3 toward Williamsburg. The battle took place near the site of the 1781 Siege of Yorktown, the final battle of the American Revolutionary War in the east. Bill Cunningham William John "Bill" Cunningham Jr. (March 13, 1929 – June 25, 2016) was an American fashion photographer for "The New York Times". He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Cunningham was known for his candid and street photography. He first became known as a designer of women's hats before moving on to writing about fashion for "Women's Wear Daily" and the "Chicago Tribune". He began taking candid photographs on the streets of New York City. His work came to the attention of "The New York Times" with a 1978 capture of Greta Garbo in an unguarded moment. Cunningham reported for the paper from 1978 to 2016. Cunningham died from complications of a stroke at a New York City hospital on June 25, 2016, aged 87. Meiringen Meiringen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Villages. Balm, Brünigen, Eisenbolgen, Hausen, Prasti, Sand, Stein, Unterbach, Unterheidon, Wylerli and Zaun. Ron Lester Ron Lester (August 4, 1970 – June 17, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in the movies "Varsity Blues", "Not Another Teen Movie", "Good Burger", and the TV show "Popular". He was born in Kennesaw, Georgia. Lester died at a hospital in Dallas, Texas on June 17, 2016 from liver and kidney failure, aged 45. David Morgenthaler David Turner Morgenthaler (August 5, 1919 – June 17, 2016) was an American businessman and capitalist. He founded the venture capital firm Morgenthaler Ventures. He was also important in helping change the U.S. capital gains tax rate from 49% to 28% in 1978 and amending ERISA legislation to allow pension funds to invest in venture capital in 1979. He was born in Chester, South Carolina. Morgenthaler died on June 17, 2016 in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 96. Betty Reid Soskin Betty Reid Soskin ("nee Charbonnet"; born September 22, 1921) is a retired African-American Park Ranger with the National Park Service. Soskin spoke clearly about how important national parks are. She said national parks are very important for telling American history. She helped to develop the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park in Richmond, California. She works there as a ranger. Until her retirement in 2022 at aged 100, she was the oldest National Park Ranger in the United States. Famous For. Soskin was most famous for being a guide at the Rosie the Riveter World War II National Park. She talked about how the story of World War II that we hear was mainly white and male. She also supports national parks and how they educate the public. She also talks about her and her family's experiences with racism. On March 31, 2022, Soskin retired from the National Park Service. Early life and family. Soskin was born on September 22, 1921, in Detroit, Michigan. She was a mix of Spanish, French, and African, but identified as black. Betty married Mel Reid and they had four kids shortly after graduating high school. She experienced racism and decided to get involved in the civil rights movement. The couple started a business called Reid’s Records in 1945. They got a divorce after about 30 years of being married. Soskin then married Bill Soskin in 1976 but their marriage ended after just four years. She later worked to make less drugs and crime in Berkeley, California after that. She got a job as a businesswoman. After, she helped plan the Rosie the Riveter and World War II National Park in Richmond, California. Soskin turned 100 in September 2021. Mary Feik Mary Feik (March 9, 1924 – June 10, 2016) was an American aviation engineer, master mechanic, pilot, instructor and aircraft restorer. She received many awards and honors in her career. She was a colonel in the Civil Air Patrol. Feik died in Annapolis, Maryland from cancer on June 10, 2016, aged 92. William L. Armstrong William Lester "Bill" Armstrong (March 16, 1937 – July 5, 2016) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a United States Representative and Senator from Colorado. Armstrong died in Lakewood, Colorado on July 5, 2016 from cancer, aged 79. Alexander Gorlov Alexander M. Gorlov (March 23, 1931 – June 10, 2016) was a Russian-born American mechanical engineer. He was Professor Emeritus and Director of Hydro-Pneumatic Power Laboratory at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. He was known for creating the Gorlov Helical Turbine. Alex Govan Alexander "Alex" Govan (16 June 1929 – 10 June 2016) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played at outside left. Most of his career, he played with Plymouth Argyle (in two spells) and with Birmingham City during their most successful period in the 1950s. He also had a short spell with Portsmouth. Govan died at his Plymouth, England home on 10 June 2016 at the age of 86. Habib (singer) Habib Mohebian (; 27 September 1947 – 10 June 2016), commonly known as Habib, was an Iranian singer-songwriter. He was born in Tehran. Habib has many hit songs such as “Marde Tanhaye Shab”, “Shahla”, and “Madar”. The song “Shahla” was inspired after listening to an Azeri performer. However, there is a common misconception that Shahla has been inspired by Habib’s ex-wife (the name of his ex-wife is Shaadi and not Shahla). Habib died on June 10, 2016 in Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran, from a heart attack, aged 68. Gopal Gurung Gopal Gurung ( ( July 27, 1935 – June 10, 2016) was a Nepali journalist, author, politician and futurist of global politics. He led the fight against the discrimination done by the Indo Aryan (Bahun and Kshetri) people to the indigenous Mongol people of Nepal.<ref name="books.google/"></ref> He was the founder president of Mongol National Organization (MNO) and the first pioneer of republican Nepal. Mimmo Palmara Domenico "Mimmo" Palmara (25 July 1928 – 10 June 2016) was an Italian actor. He was born in Cagliari. Palmara made his movie debut in 1952 as character actor in drama movies by famous directors such as Luchino Visconti, Mario Monicelli and Antonio Pietrangeli. He was known for his roles as Sheriff Steven Benson in "For One Thousand Dollars Per Day". Palmara died on 10 June 2016 in Rome, Italy, aged 87. Deaths in July 2016 The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable. Vasyl Slipak Vasyl Yaroslavovych Slipak (, December 20, 1974 – June 29, 2016) was a Ukrainian baritone opera singer. From 1994, he performed in France at such venues as Paris Opéra and Opéra Bastille. For his opera performance, Slipak received several awards, including "Best Male Performance" for the Toreador Song. Hero of Ukraine. Death. Following the outbreak of the War in Donbass|pro-Russian insurgency in Donbass, Slipak returned to Ukraine and join in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. In 2015, Slipak joined the fights against pro-Russian insurgents as a member of the 7th Battalion of the Volunteer Ukrainian Corps of the Right Sector. On 29 June 2016, Slipak was killed by a sniper shot near Luhanske, Bakhmut Raion. He was aged 41. Alfred Oftedal Telhaug Alfred Oftedal Telhaug (25 September 1934 – 10 June 2016) was a Norwegian educator. Telhaug was born in Skudeneshavn. He graduated from Stavanger Cathedral School in 1953, the University of Oslo in 1962, and took the Ph.D. degree at the University of Trondheim in 1990. He was assigned with "Norges Lærerhøgskole" in Trondheim (later the Norwegian University of Science and Technology) from 1967 to 2001, and chaired the University's Institute of Pedagogy for three periods. From 1973 to 1981, he edited the journal "Norsk Pedagogisk Tidsskrift". His publications include "Fra parallelle skoler til enhetsskole" from 1974, "Vår nye videregående skole" from 1975, "Norsk skoleutvikling etter 1945" from 1982, and "Norsk utdanningspolitisk retorikk 1945–2000" from 1999. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Giuseppe Virgili Giuseppe Virgili (24 July 1935 – 10 June 2016) was an Italian footballer. He played as a striker. He was born in Udine, Italy. Virgili played for Udinese, Fiorentina, Torino, Bari, Livorno and Taranto. He entered the Fiorentina Hall of Fame in 2013. He also scored two goals in 7 appearances for the national team. Virgili died in hospital at the age of 80, following an illness. Rudi Altig Rudi Altig (18 March 1937 – 11 June 2016) was a German professional track and road racing cyclist. He won the 1962 Vuelta a España and the world championship in 1966. After his retirement from sports he worked as a television commentator. Altig died on 11 June 2016 in Remagen, Germany, as a result of cancer, aged 79. Scotty Moore Winfield Scott "Scotty" Moore III (December 27, 1931 – June 28, 2016) was an American guitarist and recording engineer. He was best known for his work with Elvis Presley in the first part of his career, between 1954 and the beginning of Elvis's Hollywood years. Moore died on June 28, 2016, in Nashville, Tennessee, at the age of 84. Buddy Ryan James David "Buddy" Ryan (February 17, 1931 – June 28, 2016) was an American football coach in the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL). During his 35-season coaching career, Ryan served as the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles and Arizona Cardinals, and the defensive coordinator of the Chicago Bears and Houston Oilers of the NFL. Ryan died at his ranch in Shelbyville, Kentucky on June 28, 2016 from cancer, aged 85. Lake Chungará Lake Chungará (from Aymara: "chunkara" "moss on the stone") is a lake in the extreme north of Chile, in the Altiplano of the Arica y Parinacota region. It is the 29th highest lake in the world (and the 10th highest in South America). The lake is near the volcanos Parinacota () and Pomerape (). It is part of the Lauca National Park, in the Putre comuna. The lake is at about to the east of the town of Putre and about to the west of the border with Bolivia. In the lake and streams nearby, there are some small fish that are endemic to the lake basin: pencil catfish, "Trichomycterus chungaraensis", and "Orestias chungarensis". Shaibu Amodu Shuaibu Amodu (18 April 1958 – 10 June 2016) was a Nigerian football coach and player. Amodu has managed a number of club sides in Nigeria, such as BCC Lions, El-Kanemi Warriors, and Shooting Stars; he also managed Orlando Pirates in South Africa. He first managed the Nigerian national team from April 2001 to February 2002. Amodu died on 10 June 2016 in Benin City, aged 58. Dan Patrick Daniel Patrick Pugh (born May 15, 1956), known professionally as Dan Patrick, is an American sportscaster, radio personality, and actor. He currently hosts "The Dan Patrick Show" broadcast on radio and on television. He also currently co-hosts NBC's "Football Night in America" and serves as a senior writer for "Sports Illustrated". He previously worked at ESPN for 18 years, where he often anchored the weeknight and Sunday 11 p.m. edition of "SportsCenter". Sully (movie) Sully is a 2016 American biographical drama movie directed and co-produced by Clint Eastwood. It is written by Todd Komarnicki. It is about the US Airways Flight 1549 and Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, based on the autobiography "" by Sullenberger and Jeffrey Zaslow. The movie stars Tom Hanks as Sullenberger, with Aaron Eckhart, Laura Linney, Anna Gunn, Autumn Reeser, Holt McCallany, Jamey Sheridan, and Jerry Ferrara. The movie was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016. Asghar Bichareh Asghar Bichareh (Persian اصغر بیچاره; June 11, 1927 – June 11, 2016) was an Iranian photographer and actor. Bichareh was a photographer for the Iranian movie and music industries. He acted in over 23 movies. Bichareh was known for his collection of old cameras and cinema and theater photos. Bichareh died of laryngeal cancer on his 89th birthday on June 11, 2016 in Los Angeles, California. Bryan Robinson Bryan Keith Robinson, nicknamed "Big Dog", (June 22, 1974June 11, 2016) was an American football defensive tackle. He was originally signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 1997. Robinson also played for the Chicago Bears, the Miami Dolphins, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Arizona Cardinals. On June 11, 2016, Robinson was found dead in a Milwaukee motel room, aged 41. Lars Skytøen Lars Mauritz Skytøen (13 December 1929 – 11 June 2016) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Industry and Craft 1979-1981. Kunio Hatoyama was a Japanese politician. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications under Prime Minister Tarō Asō until 12 June 2009. Hatoyama died on 20 June 2016 in a hospital in Tokyo, at the age of 67. Henk Hofland Hendrik Johannes Adrianus "Henk" Hofland (; 20 July 1927 – 21 June 2016) was a Dutch journalist, commentator, essayist and columnist. H.J.A. Hofland, as he is also commonly known, is often referred to as the éminence grise of Dutch journalism. In 1999 he was named Dutch "Journalist of the century" in a nationwide poll among his fans. He once called himself as belonging to the "anarcho-liberal community", though his political orientation is that of the secular center of society. Al Howie Al Howie (September 16, 1945 – June 21, 2016) was a Canadian long-distance runner. He was born in Glasgow to Canadian parents. He won more than fifty marathons, ultramarathons and multiday races in over 20 years. He won the 1991 Trans Canada Highway run (7295 kilometers) in the record time of 72 days and 10 hours. He won six-day foot races in California and seven-day races in New York. He was known as theSpartan Tartan. In 1987, Mr. Howie married Claudia Cole. Howie died in Duncan, British Columbia from complications of diabetes, aged 70. Joan Acker Joan Elise Robinson Acker (March 18, 1924 – June 22, 2016) was an American feminist sociologist, researcher, writer, and educator. She was a part of the University of Oregon faculty since 1967. Acker was thought as one of the leading analysts regarding gender and class within the second wave of feminism. John William Ashe John William Ashe (20 August 1954 – 22 June 2016) was an Antiguan politician. He was the President of the United Nations General Assembly at its 68th session, which ran September 2013 to September 2014. He was also the ambassador to the United Nations for Antigua and Barbuda between 1995 and 2004. Ashe died from a heart attack at his home in Dobbs Ferry, New York on 22 June 2016 while awaiting trial by the United States Federal Court. He was 61. Zurlon Tipton "This is about the American football player. For other people called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)." Zurlon Tipton (April 27, 1990 – June 28, 2016) was an American football running back. He played college football at Central Michigan and signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. Tipton died on June 28, 2016 at a hospital in Detroit, Michigan after accidentally shooting himself in the stomach, aged 26. Mrinal Sen Mrinal Sen (also spelled "Mrinal Shen", 14 May 1923 – 30 December 2018) was an Indian filmmaker. He was born in Kolkata. He was thought to be one of the greatest ambassadors of Indian parallel cinema on the global stage. His works was known for its artistic depiction of social reality. Sen died on 30 December 2018 in Kolkata, West Bengal at the age of 95. The cause was a heart attack. Inocente Carreño Inocente José Carreño (28 December 1919 – 29 June 2016) was a Venezuelan composer and academic. He won the Venezuelan National Prize for Music in 1989. He was born in Porlamar, Venezuela. Carreño died on 29 June 2016 from complications of pneumonia in Porlamar, Venezuela, aged 96. Pee-wee's Big Holiday Pee-wee's Big Holiday is a 2016 American adventure comedy movie. It was directed by John Lee and written by Paul Reubens and Paul Rust. The film stars Reubens as Pee-wee Herman. The film was released on March 18, 2016 on Netflix. Reception. "Pee-wee's Big Holiday" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got an 82% approval rating. 44 reviews gave it an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's said, "The simple story is a little short on laughs, but there's plenty of sweet wackiness for Pee-wee Herman fans to enjoy". On Metacritic, the film scorde 63 out of 100, from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". UEFA Euro 1992 The UEFA Euro 1992 was the 9th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was the "1992 UEFA European Football Championship". It was held in 10 June to 26 June. All the European football teams could compete. The defending champion was Netherlands. The tournament was hosted in Sweden. 8 teams were qualified for the final group stage. The winner of the tournament was Denmark after defeating Germany. UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying The UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying tournament was a football competition that was played from September 2014 to November 2015. It was played to determine who will qualify for the UEFA Euro 2016. The top scorer of the tournament was Poland's Robert Lewandowski with 13 goals. 53 teams participated in the qualification tournament. France automatically qualified because they are hosts. 23 other teams qualified for the tournament. Play-offs. Ranking of third-placed teams. This table was made up of each teams performance during the main qualification stage. The best third-place team automatically qualified, but the rest had to go to the play-offs. Kuk (mythology) Kek (also spelled as Kuk or Keku) is the ancient Egyptian deity of night and darkness. As a concept, Kek was viewed as having male and female qualities. His female form was known as Kauket (also spelled as Keket), which is simply the female form of the word "Kek". "Kek"'s male form was seen as a frog, or as a frog-headed man. The female form was seen as a snake, or a snake-headed woman. He also symbolized the unknown and chaos. Kuk was the god of the hours before dawn and was known as "Bringer-in-of-the-Light" as he guided the sun barge of the god Ra toward the sky from the underworld. Kauket, his feminine balance, was depicted as a woman with the head of a serpent also called "Bringer-in-of-the-Darkness" who presided over the hours of twilight when the sun was setting and guided the sun barge into the underworld. Schönwald, Bavaria Schönwald is a town in Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is near the border with the Czech Republic, five km northwest of Selb and 18 km southeast of Hof. Ingólfr Arnarson Ingólfr Arnarson () and his wife, Hallveig Frodesdatter, are commonly said to be the first permanent Nordic settlers of Iceland. According to tradition, they founded Reykjavík in 874. According to the Landnámabók (a book which describes the settlement of Iceland by the Norsemen), he built his house in modern-day Reykjavík and named the city as well. Medieval historian Ari Þorgilsson claimed that Arnarson was the first Nordic settler in Iceland, but Irish monks and hermits lived there before he arrived. He also claimed that the they left because they did not want to live with the newly arrived Norse pagans. The Landnámabók claims that Arnarson left modern-day Norway after becoming involved in a blood feud. He had heard about an island that Garðar Svavarsson, Flóki Vilgerðarson and others found while sailing in the Atlantic ocean. With his step-brother, Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson, he sailed for Iceland. When land was in sight, he threw his high seat pillars overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore. Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the small bay which eventually became Reykjavík. Meanwhile, Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson was murdered by his Irish slaves because of how badly he was treating-them. Ingólfr hunted them down and killed them in Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands). The islands got their name from that event, but vestmenn (west men) is a name that the Norsemen at this time sometimes used for Irishmen. He continued to live in southwestern Iceland, but nothing is known about what happened to him after settling. His son, Torstein ("Þorsteinn Ingólfsson"), was said to have founded the first parliament, in Iceland. It later became known as the Althing. Keflavík Keflavík (meaning "Driftwood Bay") is a town in the Suðurnes region in southwest Iceland. In 2009 its population was at 8,169 people. In 1995, the town merged with Njarðvík and Hafnir to form the Reykjanesbær municipality. History. The town was founded in the 16th century, possibly by Scottish people. Like many other Icelandic towns, the city grew with the help of the fishing industry. The city then continued to grow from flight operations done at the Keflavík International Airport (which was built by the United States during World War II). The airport used to be an important NATO military base and refueling stop for trans-Atlantic flights. It is now Iceland's main airport. The airport was also used during the Cold War to monitor marine and submarine traffic from the Atlantic Ocean. The base was officially closed on 30 September 2006, when the United States withdrew the remaining 30 military personnel. In Iceland, Keflavík was known for being a rich source of musicians during the 1960s and 70s, and is therefore also known as "bítlabærinn" or "The Beatle Town". Geography. The town is situated on plenty of basalt ruble. On a clear day, one can see Snæfellsjökull (which is about 115 km away). Climate. The city has cool summers and moderately cold winters. Hochdorf, Switzerland Hochdorf is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Melchnau Melchnau is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Berken Berken is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Merzligen Merzligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Spanish treasure fleet The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish "Flota de Indias", was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790. It linked Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic. The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items. These included agricultural goods, lumber, various metal resources, luxuries, silver, gold, gems, pearls, spices, sugar, tobacco, silk, and other exotic goods from the Spanish Empire. They were sent to the Spanish mainland. Passengers and goods such as textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction. The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Similarly, the Manila galleons were the first permanent trade route across the Pacific. Node.js Node.js is a runtime system used mostly for making server side applications with JavaScript. It runs on the V8 JavaScript engine. It contains a package manager called NPM. World Population Day World Population day is an annual event. It is observed on July 11 every year. This event was made to increase awareness of the problems faced by global population and overpopulation. It was made by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme in 1989. It was inspired by the public interest in Five Billion Day on July 11, 1987 (approximately the date on which the world's population reached five billion people). The world population as of October 29, 2020 is approximately 7.694 billion. Stayin' Alive "Stayin' Alive" is a disco song by the Bee Gees from the "Saturday Night Fever" motion picture soundtrack. The song was written by the Bee Gees members (Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb) and produced by the Bee Gees, Albhy Galuten, and Karl Richardson. Reception. It was released on 13 December 1977 as the second single from the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack. It is one of their signature songs. In 2004, "Stayin' Alive" was placed at number 189 on the list of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2004, it ranked No. 9 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. In a UK television poll on ITV in December 2011 it was voted fifth in "The Nation's Favourite Bee Gees Song". Records. On its release, "Stayin' Alive" climbed the charts to hit the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 the week of 4 February 1978, remaining there for four weeks. In the process, it became one of the band's most recognisable tunes, in part because of its place at the beginning of "Saturday Night Fever". In the US, it would become the second of six consecutive number-one singles, tying the record with the Beatles for most consecutive number ones in the US at the time (a record broken by Whitney Houston who achieved seven consecutive number-ones). Mirchel Mirchel is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Monible Monible was a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Monible, Châtelat, Sornetan and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val. Romesh Chandra Romesh Chandra (30 March 1919 – 4 July 2016) was an Indian leader of the Communist Party of India (CPI). He took part in the Indian independence movement as student leader of CPI after joining it in 1939. He held many posts within the party. He became president of the World Peace Council in 1977. Turgay Şeren Turgay Sabit Şeren (15 May 1932 – 6 July 2016) was a Turkish footballer. He was the former goalkeeper of Galatasaray. He played at Galatasaray between 1947 and 1966 and was capped 52 times for Turkey, including two matches at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. Şeren was awarded a testimonial match by the club in 1967 in Istanbul. Valentino Zeichen Valentino Zeichen (24 March 1938 – 5 July 2016), was an Italian poet and writer. He was born in Fiume, Italy. Zeichen's poetry has been praised for its ability to quickly hook the reader. His works include humor. A literary award named after him, the "Premio Zeichen", is held every December in Rome. Zeichen himself was the only member of the jury. Zeichen died on 5 July 2016 in Rome, Italy, aged 78. Gunnar Garbo Gunnar Garbo (19 April 1924 – 29 June 2016) was a Norwegian journalist, politician and ambassador. He represented the Liberal Party of Norway at the Norwegian Parliament during four electoral periods. He served from 1958 to 1973. He was leader for the party from 1964 to 1970. He was ambassador in Dar es Salaam from 1987 to 1992. Ojo Maduekwe Chief Ojo Maduekwe (May 6, 1945 – June 29, 2016) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the Foreign Minister of Nigeria from July 26, 2007 through March 17, 2010. He was appointed by President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua. He left office in March 2010 when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan dissolved his cabinet. He was National Secretary of the ruling political party, the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Donald Carr Donald Bryce Carr OBE (28 December 1926 –11 June 2016) was an English cricketer. He played for Derbyshire from 1946 to 1967, for Oxford University from 1948 to 1951, and twice for England in 1951/52. He captained Derbyshire between 1955 and 1962, and scored over 10,000 runs for the county. Carr later became an ICC match referee. After his retirement, he became assistant secretary of the MCC from 1963 to 1976, and then secretary to the Cricket Council and the Test and County Cricket Board – both forerunners of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) – for ten years after that. He also managed several MCC tours in the 1960s and 1970s. Vladimir Dolgopolov Vladimir Mikhailovich Dolgopolov (; born 24 December 1961, Leningrad – died 12 June 2016, St. Petersburg) was a Russian professional footballer. He made his professional debut in the Soviet Top League in 1980 for FC Zenit Leningrad. Alfonso Portugal Alfonso Portugal Díaz (21 January 1934 – 12 June 2016) was a Mexican footballer. He played as defender for Mexico in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He was born in Mexico City. Portugal captained Club América to the 1965–66 Mexican Primera División title. He also played for Club Necaxa. In 1967 he appeared in one match for the Chicago Spurs of the NPSL. Portugal died on 12 June 2016 in Atlixco, Puebla, aged 82. Vasily Bochkaryov Vasily Kuzmich Bochkaryov (; 29 April 1949 – 22 June 2016) was a Russian politician. He served as Head of Zheleznodorozhny District of Penza from 1987 to 1998. He was elected Head of the Administration of Penza Oblast in April 1998. He became Governor of Penza Oblast in June 1998. Jim Boyd (musician) Jim Boyd (1956 – June 22, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and member of The Jim Boyd Band on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington. He was born in Lancaster, California. Boyd has performed in several groups, including XIT, Greywolf and Winterhawk. Boyd sang four songs with lyrics by Sherman Alexie on the soundtrack for the 1998 movie "Smoke Signals", and also appeared in Alexie's "The Business of Fancydancing". Boyd died on June 22, 2016 in Colville Indian Reservation, Washington at age 60. David J. Hickson David John Hickson (20 April 1931 – 22 June 2016) was a British organizational theorist. He was the Emeritus Professor of International Management and Organization at Bradford University School of Management. He was known for his work in the field of organisational development (OD). Yaşar Nuri Öztürk Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (February 5, 1951 – June 22, 2016) was a Turkish university professor of Islamic theology, Quranist Muslim, lawyer, columnist and a former member of Turkish parliament. Öztürk died on June 22, 2016 at his home in Istanbul from stomach cancer, aged 65. Harry Rabinowitz Harry Rabinowitz MBE (26 March 1916 – 22 June 2016) was a South African conductor and composer of movie and television music. He was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was of Jewish descent. Career. Rabinowitz conducted the movie scores for many movies including "Hanover Street" (1979), "Chariots of Fire" (1981), "Heat and Dust" (1983), "The Bostonians" (1984), "Return to Oz" (1985), "Lady Jane" (1986), "Maurice" (1987), "The Remains of the Day" (1993), "The English Patient" (1996), "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999), and "Cold Mountain" (2003). He also composed music for television including "The Frost Report" (1966), "I, Claudius" (1976), "The Agatha Christie Hour" (1982), and "Reilly, Ace of Spies" (1983). In June 2015, Rabinowitz was the guest castaway on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs". Death. Rabinowitz died on 22 June 2016 at his home in France, aged 100. Samir Roychoudhury Samir Roychowdhury (Bengali: সমীর রায়চৌধুরী) (1 November 1933 – 22 June 2016) was an Indian poet and writer. He was one of the founding fathers of the Hungry Generation. Amjad Sabri Amjad Farid (Fareed) Sabri (23 December 1976 – 22 June 2016) was a Pakistani singer. He became one of South Asia's most famous qawwali singers. Sabri was shot dead in Karachi in a targeted killing by a splinter group of the Pakistani Taliban on 22 June 2016, aged 39. James Green James Robert Green (November 4, 1944 – June 23, 2016) was an American historian. He was the Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He was also a well-known author and labor activist. Green's research focuses on radical political and social movements in the U.S. (including new social movements), as well as the history of labor unions in the United States. Green writes social and political history from "the bottom up." He writes from a leftist theoretical standpoint. Green died in Boston on June 23, 2016, of complications from leukemia. He was 71. Stanley Mandelstam Stanley Mandelstam (12 December 1928 – 23 June 2016) was a South African-born American theoretical physicist of Jewish descent. He introduced the Mandelstam variables into particle physics in 1958. It was a coordinate system for creating his double dispersion relations. He was the Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Birmingham (1960-63), the Professeur Associé at Université Paris-Sud (1979–80; 1984–85) and the Professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley from 1963 until his death and was also the Professor Emeritus from 1994 until his death. Paul Cox Paulus Henrique Benedictus "Paul" Cox (16 April 1940 – 18 June 2016) was an award-winning Dutch-born Australian filmmaker. He was known as 'Australia's most prolific film auteur'. He published "Reflections: An Autobiographical Journey" in 1998. Cox was born in Venlo, Limburg, the Netherlands. His movie-essay "The Remarkable Mr. Kaye" (2005) is a portrait of his sick friend, the actor Norman Kaye, who appeared in many of Cox movies, such as "Lonely Hearts" and "Man of Flowers". In 2006 he became the Patron of the Byron Bay Film Festival. William J. Livsey William James "Lipp" Livsey (June 8, 1931 – June 18, 2016) was a United States Army general. He served as the Commander in Chief of United Nations Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army (CINCUNC/CINCCFC/COMUSFK/CG EUSA), from 1984 to 1987. Claude Confortès Claude Confortès (28 February 1928 – 15 June 2016) was a French movie and stage director and actor. As an actor, he starred in Yves Robert's "War of the Buttons" ("La Guerre des boutons") in 1962. He played a supporting role in "Germinal" in 1993. He was born in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, a suburb of Paris. Confortès died on 15 June 2016 in Paris, aged 88. Ofelya Hambardzumyan Ofelya Karapeti Hambardzumyan (, January 9, 1925 – June 13, 2016) was an Armenian folk singer. She was known as the "Queen of Armenian Song". During her career, she was known for her soft voice. In 1944, she became a solo-singer for the Ensemble of Folk Instruments of the Radio of Armenia, where she dedicated her efforts to the ensemble headed by Aram Merangulyan. Hambardzumyan died on June 13, 2016, aged 91. Giuseppe Ferrara Giuseppe Ferrara (15 July 1932 – 25 June 2016) was an Italian movie director and screenwriter. He was known for directing "The Moro Affair" (1986). Ferrara died in Rome, Italy on 25 June 2016 from cardiac arrest after suffering from pneumonia, aged 83. Vittorio Merloni Vittorio Merloni (30 April 1933 – 18 June 2016) was an Italian entrepreneur and industrialist. He was the honorary chairman of Indesit. Merloni died on 18 June 2016 in Fabriano, Italy, aged 83. Wu Jianmin Wu Jianmin (; March 30, 1939 – June 18, 2016) was a Chinese diplomat. He worked as the spokesman of Chinese Foreign Ministry. He was an ambassador of China to the Netherlands, Geneva and France. He was the president of the Bureau International des Expositions. On June 18, 2016, Wu died when the car in which he was traveling struck a median while exiting the Donghu Lake Tunnel in Wuhan, China. Wu was on his way to lecture at Wuhan University. He was 77. Randy Jones (drummer) Randy Jones (January 23, 1944 – June 23, 2016) was a British-born American jazz drummer. He was born in Berkshire, England. He was known for his albums "M.F. Horn" (1970), "M.F. Horn Two" (1972), "M.F. Horn 3" (1973), and "". Jones died at the Calvary Hospital in the Bronx on June 23, 2016 from heart failure at the age of 72. Oleg Karavaychuk Oleg Nikolayevich Karavaichuk (; December 28, 1927 – June 13, 2016) was a Soviet and Russian composer, author of music for many movies and theater performances. He was born in Kiev. Karavaychuk worked with Sergei Parajanov, Vasily Shukshin, Ilya Averbakh, Kira Muratova ("Brief Encounters", "The Long Goodbye") and others. Karavaychuk also worked with the avant-garde, in particular Sergey Kuryokhin. Karavaychuk died on June 13, 2016, in St. Petersburg, aged 88. Bur’i Mohamed Hamza Buri Mohamed Hamza (, (born 1945 – died 25 June 2016) was a Somali politician. From August 2012 to January 2014, he was a Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia. He later served as the State Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Somalia from January to October 2014. He served as the State Minister of Finance until December 2014. He was the State Minister of the Premier's Office for Environment at the time of his death. Hamza died during an attack by at least four al-Shabab militants on the Hotel Naso-Hablod in Mogadishu on 25 June 2016. His room collapsed on him after it was damaged by a car bomb. The hotel was "frequented by apostate government workers", explained spokesman Sheikh Abdiasis Abu Musab to Reuters. Freehold Township, New Jersey Freehold Township is a township in New Jersey Ocean City, New Jersey Ocean City is a city in New Jersey. Titan (Six Flags Over Texas) Titan is a steel roller coaster in Six Flags Over Texas Chips Moman Lincoln Wayne "Chips" Moman (June 12, 1937 – June 13, 2016) was an American record producer, guitarist, and Grammy Award-winning songwriter. He was born in LaGrange, Georgia. In the 1960s, Moman worked for Stax Records before founding the American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and later in Nashville. As a record producer, Moman was known for recording Elvis Presley, Bobby Womack, Carla Thomas, and Merrilee Rush, as well as guiding the career of the Box Tops. As a songwriter, he was known for standards associated with Aretha Franklin, James Carr, Waylon Jennings, and B. J. Thomas, including the Grammy-winning "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song". He was also a session guitarist for Franklin and other musicians. Moman died from complications of emphysema in LaGrange, Georgia on June 13, 2016, aged 79. Patrick Mayhew Patrick Barnabas Burke Mayhew, Baron Mayhew of Twysden (11 September 1929 – 25 June 2016) was a British barrister and Conservative politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Tunbridge Wells constituency from its creation at the February 1974 general election, standing down at the 1997 election. He was Under-Secretary for Employment from 1979-81, then Minister of State at the Home Office from 1981 to 1983. After this he served as Solicitor General for England and Wales from 1983-87, and then Attorney General for England and Wales and Attorney General for Northern Ireland from 1987-92. He was Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 1992-97, the longest anyone has served in this office. Mayhew had lived with cancer and Parkinson's disease in his later years. He died on 25 June 2016, aged 86. James Gilbert (producer) Cecil James Gilbert (5 May 1923 – 7 July 2016) was a Scottish television producer and director. He was the BBC's Head of Comedy from 1973–77. He was probably best known for his work on "The Two Ronnies", "Last of the Summer Wine" and "Open All Hours". In 2003, Gilbert appeared on the documentary special "30 Years of Last of the Summer Wine" to discuss his role in helping to create the series. Gilbert died on 7 July 2016 in Scotland, aged 93. Riddick Bowe Riddick Bowe (born August 10, 1967) is an American amateur boxer. He won a Silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He later became a Heavyweight professional boxer. He defeated other boxers like Evander Holyfield and Andrew Golota. The latter was disqualified for giving too many low blows to Bowe in 1996. Bowe was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Bill Berkson William Craig "Bill" Berkson (August 30, 1939 – June 16, 2016) was an American poet, critic, teacher and sometime curator. He was mainly active in Manhattan during the 1960s and 1970s. Berkson died of a heart attack on June 16, 2016 in San Francisco, California, aged 76. Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo (22 December 1926 – 25 June 2016) was an Indian Odia language short story writer. He won several literary awards over his career, including the 1979 Odisha Sahitya Academy Award for "Akasha Patala", and the 1983 Sarala Award and the 1984 Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia, for "Abhisapta Gandharba". Sahoo died on 25 June 2016 after suffering from multiple organ failure, aged 89. Irving Moskowitz Irving Moskowitz (January 11, 1928 – June 16, 2016) was an American physician, businessman and philanthropist. His philanthropy, in part, helped create a Jewish majority in Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem. Moskowitz was of Jewish descent. Anatoli Grishin Anatoli Kuzmich Grishin (; 8 July 1939 – 14 June 2016) was a Soviet sprint canoeist who competed in the mid-1960s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Grishin also won two medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold medal (K-4 10000 m: 1966) and a bronze medal (K-2 1000 m: 1963). Grishin died on 14 June 2016, at the age of 76. Ann Morgan Guilbert Ann Morgan Guilbert (October 16, 1928 – June 14, 2016), sometimes credited as Ann Guilbert, was an American television and movie actress. She played a number of roles, from the 1950s on, most notably as Millie Helper in 61 episodes of the early 1960s sitcom "The Dick Van Dyke Show", and later Yetta Rosenberg, Fran Fine's doddering grandmother, in 56 episodes of the 1990s sitcom "The Nanny". Guilbert died of cancer of unknown primary origin in Los Angeles on June 14, 2016, aged 87. UEFA Euro 1988 The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament took place in West Germany between 10 and 25 June 1988. It was the eighth European Football Championship, which is held every four years and supported by UEFA. The final match was played on 25 June between the Soviet Union and the Netherlands. The Netherlands won the match 2–0, and became the European champions for the first, and so far only time. Pat Suggate Richard Patrick "Pat" Suggate (17 March 1922 – 16 June 2016) was a New Zealand geologist. He was known for his research into coal properties and coal rank, and into the advances and retreats of New Zealand's glaciers. From 1974 to 1986 he served as director of the New Zealand Geological Survey. In the 2003 New Year Honours Suggate was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to geology. Suggate died in Wellington on 16 June 2016, aged 94. Jerome Teasley Jerome Teasley (August 13, 1948 – June 16, 2016) was an American Soul Drummer. He was a member of the Motown Hall of Fame. He has toured with Junior Walker and the All Stars, and has also worked with Al Green, Jimi Hendrix, Wilson Pickett, Tina Turner, Bill Carr and Jazz saxophonist Sonny Stitt among many others. Teasley died on June 16, 2016 in a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona from complications of lung and liver cancer, aged 67. Elmer Cravalho Elmer Franklin Carvalho (February 19, 1926–June 27, 2016) was an American politician and former teacher. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Carvalho served as the first Mayor of Maui from 1969 to 1979 and the first Speaker of the Hawaii House of Representatives following statehood. Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen (21 November 1932 – 27 June 2016) was a Danish composer. Gudmundsen-Holmgreen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of the sculptor Jørgen Gudmundsen-Holmgreen. He studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen, with Finn Høffding, Svend Westergaard, Bjørn Hjelmborg, and Vagn Holmboe (instrumentation), graduating in 1958. Amongst other works, he composed fourteen string quartets and a Concerto Grosso for string quartet and orchestra, written for the Kronos Quartet, which he referred to as "Vivaldi on Safari". He won the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1980 for his "Symfoni/Antifoni". Gudmundsen-Holmgreen died of cancer on 26 June 2016, aged 83. Harry Halbreich Harry Halbreich (February 9, 1931, Berlin – June 27, 2016, Uccle) was a Belgian musicologist of (partly) Jewish descent. He was known for a number of books, articles and studies on modern and contemporary music, including monograph works on Olivier Messiaen, Claude Debussy, Arthur Honegger and Bohuslav Martinů. Mack Rice Bonny "Mack" Rice (November 10, 1933 – June 27, 2016), sometimes credited as Sir Mack Rice, was an American songwriter and singer. His best-known composition, and biggest hit as a solo performer, was "Mustang Sally." He also wrote "Respect Yourself" with Luther Ingram. Rice died on June 27, 2016 in Detroit, Michigan from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 82. Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler (October 4, 1928 – June 27, 2016) was an American writer and futurist. He was known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide. Toffler was an associate editor of "Fortune" magazine. In his early works he focused on technology and its impact, which he termed "information overload." In 1970 his first major book about the future, "Future Shock", became a worldwide best-seller and has sold over 6 million copies. Toffler died in his sleep on June 27, 2016, at his home in Los Angeles, aged 87. Gertrude Kerbis Gertrude Lempp Kerbis (1926 – June 14, 2016) was an American architect. She worked for and studied under some of the most significant modernists of her day, including Carl Koch, Walter Gropius and Mies Van Der Rohe. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She played a leading role in designing several major milestones in the development of American modernism. Her projects including the Lustron house, the US Air Force Academy, and the O'Hare International Airport rotunda. She was one of the most famous female architects in the country. She founded the Chicago Women in Architecture in 1973. Kerbis died on June 14, 2016 in Chicago from liver cancer, aged 89. Henry McCullough Henry Campbell Liken McCullough (21 July 1943 – 14 June 2016) was a Northern Irish guitarist, vocalist and songwriter. He was best known for his work as a member of Spooky Tooth, Paul McCartney & Wings, The Grease Band and Sweeney's Men. He also performed and recorded as a solo artist and session musician. Gregory Rabassa Gregory Rabassa (March 9, 1922 – June 13, 2016) was an American literary translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English. He taught for many years at Columbia University and Queens College. He worked primarily out of Spanish and Portuguese. He made English-language versions of the works of several major Latin American novelists, including Julio Cortázar, Jorge Amado and Gabriel García Márquez. On the advice of Cortázar, García Márquez waited three years for Rabassa to schedule translating "One Hundred Years of Solitude". He later declared Rabassa's translation to be better to the Spanish original. Austin Clarke (novelist) Austin Ardinel Chesterfield "Tom" Clarke (July 26, 1934 – June 26, 2016) was a Barbadian-Canadian novelist, essayist and short story writer. He worked in Toronto, Ontario. Clarke was a reporter in the Ontario communities of Timmins and Kirkland Lake before joining the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a freelance journalist. He taught subsequently at several American universities, including Yale University (Hoyt fellow, 1968–70), Duke University (1971–72), and the University of Texas (visiting professor, 1973). Military orders, awards and decorations A military decoration is an award, usually a medal that consists of a ribbon and medallion given to an person for either gallantry, or outstanding service or achievement. Civil decorations awarded to military personnel are not considered military decorations, although some of them have civil and military divisions. Decorations received by police and fire brigade personnel may sometimes be considered alongside military decorations, on which they may be modelled, although they are strictly not military awards. Arrondissements of the Corrèze department There are 3 arrondissements in the Corrèze department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes. The 3 arrondissements of Corrèze are: History. Since its creation, the Corrèze department has had some changes: Barbara Goldsmith Barbara Goldsmith (Barbara Joan Lubun; May 18, 1931 – June 26, 2016) was an American author, journalist and philanthropist. She was born in New York City. She received critical and popular acclaim for her best selling books, essays, articles and her philanthropic work. Her best known work was "Little Gloria". Honors. She was awarded four honoris causa doctorates, and many awards. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was honored with two Presidential Commissions, the New York State Council on the Arts and honored by The New York Public Library Literary Lions. In 2009, she received the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Merit medal from the Republic of Poland. In November 2008, Goldsmith was elected a “Living Landmark” by the New York Landmarks Conservancy. She had three children and six grandchildren. The "Financial Times" said that "Goldsmith is leaving a legacy—-one of art, literature, friends, family and philanthropy." Death. Goldsmith died at her home in Manhattan, New York from heart failure on June 26, 2016, aged 85. Irma Roy Irma Roy (10 June 1932 – 14 June 2016) was an Argentine actress and politician. She served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1995 to 2005. She was a member of the Justicialist Party. Roy was born in Buenos Aires. When she was an actress, Roy was known for her roles in "La serpiente de cascabel" (1948), "Al Compás de tu Mentira" (1950), "Cinco grandes y una chica" (1950), "Historia de una noche de niebla" (1950), "The Beautiful Brummel" (1951), "Caídos en el infierno" (1954), "Requiebro" (1955), "Mi marido y mi novio" (1955), "El Derecho a la felicidad" (1968) and in "Las Venganzas de Beto Sánchez" (1973). Roy died on 14 June 2016 at a hospital in Buenos Aires after suffering from a fall, aged 84. Robert T. Paine Robert Treat "Bob" Paine III (April 13, 1933 – June 13, 2016) was an American ecologist. He spent most of his career at the University of Washington. Paine created the keystone species idea to explain the relationship between "Pisaster ochraceus", a species of starfish, and "Mytilus californianus", a species of mussel. Paine's research, and the work of his students, has been hugely influential in the field of ecology. Paine died from acute myeloid leukemia, a type of blood cancer, at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington on June 13, 2016, aged 83. Acute myeloid leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also known as acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells. It is the rapid growth of uncommon white blood cells that build up in the bone marrow and harm the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults. Appendix cancer Appendix cancer or appendiceal cancers are rare malignancies of the vermiform appendix. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare tumors with malignant potential. Primary lymphomas can occur in the appendix. Breast cancer, colon cancer, and tumors of the female genital tract may metastasize to the appendix. Gastrointestinal cancer Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis. Ryan Jimmo Ryan Jimmo (November 27, 1981 – June 26, 2016) was a Canadian mixed martial artist. He competed in the light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He mostly fought in Canada. He competed on the of "The Ultimate Fighter". He was the former MFC Light Heavyweight Champion. Jimmo died, aged 34, at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on June 26, 2016 after being run-over by a truck because he was involved in a fight with the truck driver. Kim Sung-min Kim Sung-min (Korean: 김성민, February 14, 1973 – June 26, 2016) was a South Korean actor. He was known for his roles as Lee Joo-wang in the televisions series "Miss Mermaid", the Plastic surgeon in "Time" (2006) and as himself in "The Weight" (2013). Sung-min committed suicide by hanging himself at his home in Seoul, South Korea, aged 43. Personal life. Kim married a dentist called Lee Han-na on February 20, 2013. Death. On June 24, 2016, Kim Sung Min's wife called the police to check on her husband. She said that he had threatened to kill himself after they had an argument. The police found him trying to commit suicide by hanging himself in the bathroom. He had been in a coma since June 24. On June 26, the police said that Kim Sung Min, was diagnosed as brain dead at 2:00 AM KST. The diagnosis was confirmed at 10:15 AM KST. Kim Sung Min's family agreed to donate his organs. Kavalam Narayana Panicker Kavalam Narayana Panicker (28 April 1928 – 26 June 2016) was an Indian dramatist, theatre director and poet. He has written over 26 Malayalam plays, many adapted from classical Sanskrit drama and Shakespeare, mainly "Madhyamavyayogam" (1979), Kalidasa's "Vikramorvasiyam" (1981, 1996), "Shakuntalam" (1982), "Karnabharam" (1984, 2001), Bhasa's "Uru Bhangam" (1988), "Swapnavasavadattam" and "Dootavakyam" (1996). He was the founder director of theatre troupe, Sopanam, which led to the foundation of Bhashabharati: Centre for Performing Arts, Training and Research, in Trivandrum. He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Direction in 1983 by Sangeet Natak Akademi, and its highest award for lifetime achievement, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 2002. Rostislav Yankovsky Rostislav Ivanovich Yankovsky (, ; 5 February 1930 – 26 June 2016) was a Belarusian actor. He was born in Odessa. He studied in Leninabad. He debuted in the Tajik theatre in 1951. Since 1957, he worked in the Minsk Drama Theatre. Yankovsky was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1978. Yankovsky died in Minsk on 26 June 2016 in Minsk, Belarus, aged 86. Nicolás García Uriburu Nicolás García Uriburu (December 24, 1937 – June 19, 2016) was an Argentine contemporary artist, landscape architect and ecologist. His work in land art was aimed at raising consciousness about environmental issues such as water pollution. He was born in Buenos Aires. Uriburu died on June 19, 2016 in Buenos Aires, aged 78. Sverre Kjelsberg Sverre Kjelsberg (18 October 1946 – 18 June 2016) was a Norwegian singer, musician (guitar, bass), composer and lyricist. He was a member of the band The Pussycats from 1964. He and Mattis Hætta represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the entry "Sámiid Ædnan", which was composed by Kjelsberg and Ragnar Olsen. On 18 June 2016, Kjelsberg was found dead in his home, aged 69. He had been ill with cancer, but was declared cancer-free in 2015. Ricardo Obregón Cano Ricardo Obregón Cano (April 4, 1917 – June 19, 2016) was an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. He was born in Río Cuarto, Córdoba. He was Governor of Córdoba from May 25, 1973, to February 28, 1974. Götz George Götz George (23 July 1938 – 19 June 2016) was a German actor. He was the son of actor couple Berta Drews and Heinrich George. His was best known for his role of Duisburg detective Horst Schimanski in the TV crime series "Tatort". Frank Chapot Francis Davis "Frank" Chapot (February 24, 1932 – June 20, 2016) was an American equestrian. He competed at six Olympic Games from 1956 until his final effort in 1976 where he won two silver medals in the Team Show Jumping. Benoîte Groult Benoîte Groult (January 31, 1920, in Paris – June 20, 2016 in Hyères) was a French journalist, writer and feminist activist. Her novel "Les vaisseaux du cœur", published in 1988, was called pornographic by some because of its explicit sexual depictions. It was filmed by Andrew Birkin in 1992 as "Salt on Our Skin". In April 2010, she became Commander of the Légion d'honneur. Rich Olive Richard Warren Olive (December 2, 1949 – June 20, 2016) was an American realtor and politician from Iowa. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served the Fifth District in the Iowa Senate from 2007 until 2011. On June 20, 2016, Olive died of cancer in Story City, Iowa at the age of 66. Chayito Valdez Chayito Valdez (born María del Rosario Valdez Campos; May 28, 1945 – June 20, 2016) was a Mexican-born American singer and actress. She was born in Guasave, Sinaloa. She was sing about folk music of Mexico. In the early 1970s she recorded four songs the Sinaloan city of Los Mochis: "Besos y Copas", "Una Noche me Embriagué", "Una Sombra" and "Amor que Muere", which earned her a reputation as a Mexican folk singer. She won the fifth "Festival de la Canción Ranchera" with the song "No me pregunten por él". She was also an actress, who appeared in the movie "Zacazonapan". Valdez moved to Los Angeles, California in 1982 and became a US citizen. On September 17, 1985, she suffered an automobile accident that left her in a wheelchair. Valdez died from complications of a cerebral hemorrhage in Coronado, California on June 20, 2016, aged 71. Edgard Pisani Edgard Pisani (; 9 October 1918 – 20 June 2016) was a French statesman, philosopher, and writer. He held positions in various governments in France: Senator (1954–1961; 1974–1981), Minister of Agriculture (1961–1966), Parliamentarian (1967–1968), European Commissioner (1981–1985), Minister of New Caledonia (1985), President of the Arab World Institute (1988–1995). In 1992, with Bertrand Hervieu, he formed the "Groupe de Seillac" followed in 1995 by the "Groupe de Bruges", both being think tanks. Cinna Lomnitz Cinna Lomnitz Aronsfrau (4 May 1925 – 7 July 2016) was a German-born Chilean-Mexican geophysicist of Jewish descent. He known for his work in the fields of rock mechanics and seismology. Lomnitz was born in Cologne, Germany. He graduated as engineer from the University of Chile in 1948. He then studied with Karl von Terzaghi in Harvard University and obtained a Master's degree in soil mechanics there. He became editor of the journal "Geofísica Internacional" in 1990. He is the father of Claudio Lomnitz. Lomnitz died in 2016 at the age of 91. Leonard Lee Leonard G. Lee, CM (July 17, 1938 – July 7, 2016) was a Canadian entrepreneur. He was the founder of Lee Valley Tools and Canica Design. In 1991, he founded Algrove Publishing. In 2002, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada for "being a successful entrepreneur." Lee died of vascular dementia in Ottawa, Ontario on July 7, 2016, aged 77. Eora The Eora people are a group of Aboriginal Australians. They were skilled hunter–fisher–gatherers. They lived in family groups (clans) along the coastal area of what is now known as the Sydney basin, in New South Wales, Australia. Their traditional territory spreads from Botany Bay north to Pittwater at the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. Rock engravings, shell mounds and other evidence found by archaeologists suggests that Eora people may have lived in Australia for over 50 000 years. Many of the Eora people died during the 1800s as a result of smallpox and other diseases. There are still people who identify as the descendants of the Eora and are living in Sydney today. Language. The Eora people are made up of many clans (groups) including the Cadigal, the Wanegal, and the Cammeraygal. They spoke languages now known as Dharug, Dharawal and Kurringgai. Several Eora words have found their way into Australian English, for example dingo, gibba and woomera. Lifestyle. The traditional Eora people lived along the coast of the Sydney region, surrounded by beaches, rivers, mountains and forests. Like most indigenous people, they were hunter-gatherers. They did not have a specific piece of land which they owned, but they moved and lived from place to place. They mainly fed on fresh produce from the sea including fish, turtles and other seafood. There were also many animals they hunted for food, especially ducks, cockatoos and pigeons. They were experts in close-to-shore navigation, fishing and making fire. They travelled along the coast and fished in bark canoes. The Eora people did not grow or plant crops - they ate the berries, seeds and fruit that the land provided. They never took more than what was needed from the land, and managed the land so they wouldn't waste its resources. The women picked herbs which were used in herbal remedies. The Eora people camped nearby the water and slept in caves when it rained. They kept close to rivers and waterways because it was their main source of food. When it got cold, blankets of animal fur were used for warmth. They also kept warm by keeping small fires going. The Eora were very spiritual people. They believed that inside everything was a living spirit. They also believed that if land was taken away from them that all the spirits in that land would also die. Celebrations, rituals and ceremonies were an important part of life for the Eora peoples. Some initiation ceremonies were secret and only attended by males. As part of the boys’ initiation, knowledge and beliefs were passed on for their role as an adult. Boys went through a tooth ceremony in which their front tooth was knocked out. The missing tooth was a sign to others that the boy had been initiated. Girls learned cooking and knowledge of medicinal plants and roots, and how to track small animals. Arrival of the First Fleet. The Eora peoples are the traditional owners of the land that is now inner Sydney. They were present during the arrival of the First Fleet. When the First Fleet arrived in January, 1788 transporting thousands of prisoners, the Eora peoples thought the ships had come to stop for supplies and water. Some of the Eora believed the ships were in fact spirits. They soon realised that the British had come to stay. Governor Phillip wanted to establish friendly relationships with the Eora peoples and commanded the convicts and marines to treat them well. It wasn’t long before clashes broke out between the two groups. Both the Eora and the European settlers were responsible for attacks. People on both sides were killed. Fighting with European settlers, the introduction of new diseases like smallpox, and the destruction of their natural food sources saw about 90 per cent of the Eora people die out between 1788 and 1900. Many Eora peoples moved away from the Sydney region to escape from European settlers and the diseases that were spreading in the area such as smallpox. Some who stayed adopted European customs like wearing clothes, smoking pipes of tobacco and drinking alcohol. They gave up their traditional ways of life and depended on settlers to give them food.  Notable people. Bennelong, a Wangal of the Eora peoples, served as a link between the British colony at Sydney and the Eora people in the early days of the colony. He was given a brick hut on what became known as Bennelong Point where the Sydney Opera House now stands. He traveled to England in 1792 along with Yemmerrawanne and returned to Sydney in 1795. His wife, Barangaroo, was an important Cammeraygal woman from Sydney's early history who was a powerful and colourful figure in the colonisation of Australia. She is commemorated in the naming of the suburb of Barangaroo, in east Darling Harbour. 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers The 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers was an incident in which five police officers were killed by a man with a gun in Dallas, Texas. Six other officers and a civilian were also injured. Earlier in the week, two black men were killed by police: one in Louisiana, another in Minnesota. In Dallas on July 7, people protested against police brutality. The protest was not violent. But just before 9 p.m. (Central time) while the protest was ending, Micah Xavier Johnson began shooting police officers. A suspicious package was found near the area. President Barack Obama spoke against the attacks, saying the shootings were a "vicious, calculated, despicable attack" and a "tremendous tragedy." Thrift Shop (song) "Thrift shop" is a song by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis. It was released on August 27, 2012. This song is Macklemore's eighth career single and the fourth single from their album "The Heist". The song has vocals from Wanz. The song was written to show Macklemore's esteem for thrift shops and saving money. The lyrics go against the displaying of expensive items many rappers do. Music reviewers liked the song for its funny lyrics and social critique. It was released in the United Kingdom in January 2013. Reception. Critical reception. The song received extensive critical recognition. It has been called a critique of the advertising common in modern hip hop. However, "The New York Times" critic Jon Caramanica says, "it's not quite the robust sendup of hip-hop-extravagance clichés that it aspires to be." Robert Copsey from Digital Spy rated the song 5 out of 5 stars, calling it "a rare beast of a song - original, musically daring and genuinely funny." Performance. In the United States, the song got onto the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 15, 2012. It dropped out the next week but entered again six weeks later on October 20, 2012. The song then rose the chart until it entered the top ten on January 5, 2013. It replaced Bruno Mars' "Locked Out of Heaven" at number one in its 16th week. It remained at the top for six weeks in total. It has also topped the Rap Songs chart for fifteen weeks. It's the first song in the history of the Digital Songs chart to jump in sales in each of its first five weeks at the top of the chart. "Thrift Shop" sold 6,148,000 copies in 2013. This made it the second best-selling single of 2013 in the US after Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines". As of November 2015, the song has sold 7,740,000 downloads in the United States. This makes it the fifth all-time best-selling digital single in the country. The song was also successful on "Billboard"'s component charts. It was at the top of the Digital Songs chart for ten weeks. It was also at the top of "Billboard"'s Radio Songschart for two weeks. It reached number one on the On-Demand Songs chart and stayed there for eleven weeks until March 30, 2013. It set a record on that chart as the first song to reach two million streams in a single week. The song also topped the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for fourteen weeks straight. It is also only the second independent song to get the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, nearly 20 years after Lisa Loeb's "Stay (I Missed You)" in 1994. In the United Kingdom, "Thrift Shop" entered at number twenty four on the UK Singles Chart. However, it was available as a single via iTunes since August 1, 2012. The next week, the single rose twenty-two positions to number two. Two weeks after entering the chart, the song rose one place to a peak of number one on February 10, 2013. This made Macklemore and Ryan Lewis only the second act to get a number one in Britain with a self-released single. As of July 2013, "Thrift Shop" has sold 680,000 copies in the UK. Music video. The music video for the song was co-directed by Jon Jon Augustavo, Macklemore and Ryan Lewis. It was released on Lewis' YouTube channel on August 29, 2012. It was filmed at several thrift shops in Seattle. Macklemore tried to get rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot in the video but he did not return the calls. Some local Seattle musicians like Thomas Grey of Champagne Champagne are in the music video. The video was nominated at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year. Mont-Tramelan Mont-Tramelan is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Moosseedorf Moosseedorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The village is located south of Moossee, the lake that gives it its name. Mörigen Mörigen is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located on the southern shore of Lake Biel. Javed Akhtar (cricketer) Javed Akhtar (21 November 1940 – 8 July 2016) was a Pakistani cricketer. He played in one Test in 1962. He was an off spinner. He had success at first-class level, taking his wickets at an average of 18.17, but struggled in his only Test, failing to take a wicket. He played for the Pakistan national cricket team. He later became an umpire, standing in 18 Tests and 40 ODIs from 1980 to 1999. John O'Rourke (footballer) John O'Rourke (11 February 1945 – 7 July 2016) was a former professional English footballer. His position was Centre Forward. During his career, he played for Ipswich Town F.C., Middlesbrough F.C., Coventry City F.C., Luton Town F.C., Queens Park Rangers and A.F.C. Bournemouth. Rahul Dravid Rahul Dravid is a sports player who has stopped playing professionally. He used to play cricket and was captain of the national cricket team of India. He was famous, and many people think he is one of the best cricket players ever. He scored the fourth-moust runs of any player, after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting and Jacques Kallis. He was born in January 11, 1973 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh in India. He is the only player in the world to score a century against all ten test playing countries. Performance. Rahul Sharad Dravid played his first debut match against the team from England. He played against Sri Lanka in his ODI debut match. He played only a one international T20 match, against England. Dravid played 164 Test cricket matches and 344 ODI matches. Rahul Dravid scored 13,288 runs in Test cricket and 10,899 runs in ODIs. He picked up 4 wickets in ODIs and 1 wicket in Test cricket. Rahul Dravid made 36 centuries and 63 fifties in Test matches and 12 centuries and 83 fifties in ODIs. Rahul Dravid is one of the best wicket keepers of his time. His performances in wicket keeping are as follows: Catches\Stumpings in Test Cricket: 210\0, ODIs: 196\14. His best batting score in a single inning of the Test match is 270 runs. His best batting score in ODI is 153. His best bowling performances are Test cricket-1/18, One day International-2/43. Other types of cricket. In the Indian Premier League he played on the Royal Challengers Bangalore and Rajasthan Royals teams. In other types of cricket he played for Karnataka, Kent, Scottish Saltiers and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Bühl Bühl or Bühl bei Aarberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Mötschwil Mötschwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Moutier Moutier is a town of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Altenhohenau Altenhohenau was a Dominican convent in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the municipality of Griesstätt, near Wasserburg on the Inn river. History. Dominican nuns from Nürnberg started the community in 1235. Count Konrad von Wasserburg and his wife, Kunigunde were the founders. Reform and books. In 1465, the community accepted reform. The reform started in the Schönensteinback convent in Alsace. Ten nuns from Schönensteinback went to St. Catherine's convent in Nuremberg. Before the reform, the library at St. Catherine's had 45 books. After the reform it had 500-600 books. The nuns at St. Catherine's helped other convents with their libraries. The convents needed books for the new prayers and rules of the reform. They helped St. Catherine's convent in St. Gall to copy books. They gave many books to the convents at Fraenaurach and Altenhohenau. Mühleberg Mühleberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Villages. Allenlüften, Aumatt, Brand, Buch bei Mühleberg, Buttenried, Dällenbach, Eggenberg, Fluh, Fuchsenried, Gäu, Grossmühleberg, Gümmenau, Gümmenen, Haselholz, Heggidorn, Juchlishaus, Kirchmoos, Ledi, Mädersforst, Marfeldingen, Mauss, Michelsforst, Mühleberg, Niederruntigen, Oberei bei Mühleberg, Rosshäusern, Rüplisried, Rüplisried-Mauss, Salzweid, Schnurrenmühle, Spengelried, Strassacker, Trüllern and Zihlacker. Arrondissement of Brive-la-Gaillarde The arrondissement of Brive-la-Gaillarde is an arrondissement of France, in the Corrèze department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Brive-la-Gaillarde (or "Brive" for short). History. When the Corrèze department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Brive-la-Gaillarde was part of that original department. Geography. It is the southernmost of the "arrondissements" of the department with an area of . It has 130,034 inhabitants (2014) and a density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Brive-la-Gaillarde is in the southeastern part of department and is bordered to the north by the Haute-Vienne department, to the northeast and east by the "arrondissement" of Tulle, to the south by the Lot department and to the west by the Dordogne department. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Brive-la-Gaillarde, only two cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": (Midi corrézien and Uzerche). The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": Communes. The "arrondissement" of Brive-la-Gaillarde has 97 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are: Mühledorf, Bern Mühledorf was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf. Mühlethurnen Mühlethurnen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the former municipalities of Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen merged to form the new municipality of Thurnen. Carmelo Borg Pisani Carmelo Borg Pisani (August 10, 1915–November 28, 1942) was a Maltese who considered himself to be Italian. Politically he was a pro-Italian Maltese and Italian nationalist. He was born in Senglea (Malta) and executed at "Corradino" prison in Malta . The Gold Medal of Military Valour of Carmelo B. Pisani. Carmelo Borg Pisani is the only Maltese decorated with the Italian "Gold Medal of military honor". He is also the only man -not born inside a territory that has been officially part of Italy- to have received this honor. Translation: "Maltese unredeemed and, as such, exempt from military service, repeatedly sought and was granted to be enlisted, despite a severe physical imperfections. As black shirt participated in the Greek campaign, during which contracted an illness that should have been under way for surgical procedure, which is subtracted for not even for a few days away from the battlefield. Awarded to the official appointment of the maritime militia artillery, insistently she asked to be used in a risky enterprise of war, to which he prepared in the long months of training and study, in perfect peace of mind and in full awareness of the severity of hazards. Captured by the enemy, reaffirmed in front of the British court martial of Malta his Italian nationality and came under the lead of the firing squad shouting "Long live Italy in Malta. The shining example of heroism, faith, sacrifice and virtue military, which is linked to the purest traditions of irredentism. Malta, 1942" His awarded action. Born into a very well respected Catholic and Nationalist Maltese family, Pisani enrolled as a student at the "Umberto Primo art lyceum", where he won a scholarship to study in Rome. In Italy he showed support for fascism and Italian irredentism. When war was declared on June 10, 1940, Pisani (who had just requested the Italian citizenship) was still attending the "Accademia di Belle Arti" (the "National Academy of Arts" of Italy) in Rome. Pisani believed that Malta's Latin soul was being destroyed by British rule. He also believed that the best opportunity to restore Malta to its original state was to expel the British. To this end, Pisani joined the Fascist party of Italy and the "Black shirt" (Camicie Nere) paramilitary organisation. This led him to participate in the Italian occupation of Kefalonia in Greece with the "Compagnia Speciale del Gruppo CC.NN. da sbarco della 50a Legione". He decided to get the Italian citizenship in 1940. In 1941 he was enrolled in the Italian Navy as a "Sottocapo Manipolo Milizia Artiglieria Marittima". On May 18, 1942, Pisani was sent on a secret mission to be the first Axis spy on the island of Malta. This was in line with Benito Mussolini's ambitions to have the British turn the island over to Italy. Pisani disembarked at the "Dingli Cliffs" in Ras id-Dawwara, and transferred all his rations to the cave, which he knew well from his youth. The unusually inclement weather and the rough sea, however, washed all his possessions away within 48 hours and he was forced to wave down a British patrol boat. Upon rescue, he was brought to the Military Hospital at Mtarfa. There, Pisani was recognized by one of his childhood friends, British Capitain Tom Warrington. He was transferred to Corradino prison, questioned, and accused of treason. On November 12, 1942, he stood trial. The public was excluded to avoid a possible hostile reaction from the Maltese Fascists; however, by this time, the fascists in Malta were either interned in Uganda or deported to Italy. Since the "Maltese Legal Code" was suspended during the war, a jury was not convened. In addition, the judges did not consider his renouncement of British citizenship and passport, his acquisition of Italian citizenship, and his participation in combat with the Italian Army. In fact, the latter only weakened his position, since he fought against Greece, an ally of the United Kingdom. On November 19, 1942, he was sentenced to death for conspiring against His Majesty's government and for treason. His execution followed quickly in just nine days. The King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, awarded him a few days after his death with the highest Italian military medal (the "Medaglia d'oro al Valor Militare alla memoria"), because he considered Carmelo Borg Pisani an Italian soldier with Italian citizenship. His family still awaits approval to bury his body outside the garrison where was executed. Mussolini called him a "Maltese Martyr" and created in his honor in Liguria the "Battaglione Borg Pisani" in November 1943, where other Maltese irredentists fought. His tomb is still in "Corradino" jail. Inside his own jail was found written by him: "I vili ed i servi non sono graditi al Signore" ("The cowards and the servants are not esteemed by the Lord"). Arrondissement of Tulle The arrondissement of Tulle is an arrondissement of France, in the Corrèze department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Tulle. History. When the Corrèze department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Tulle was part of that original department. Geography. It is the central "arrondissement" of the department with an area of . It has 78,408 inhabitants (2014) and a density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Tulle is in the centre of the department and is bordered to the north by the Haute-Vienne department, to the northeast and east by the "arrondissement" of Ussel, to the southeast by the Cantal department, to the south by the Lot department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Brive-la-Gaillarde. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Tulle, only three cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": Haute-Dordogne, Midi corrézien and Uzerche. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": Communes. The "arrondissement" of Tulle has 106 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are: Arrondissement of Ussel The arrondissement of Ussel is an arrondissement of France, in the Corrèze department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Ussel. History. When the Corrèze department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Ussel was part of that original department. Geography. It is the northernmost "arrondissement" of the department with an area of . It has 32,898 inhabitants (2014) and a density of inhabitants/km². The "arrondissement" of Ussel is in the northern part of the department and is bordered to the northwest (a small part) by the Haute-Vienne department, to the north by the Creuse department, to the east by the Puy-de-Dôme department, to the southeast by the Cantal department, and to the southwest and west by the "arrondissement" of Tulle. Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Ussel, only one canton does not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": the Haute-Dordogne. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": Communes. The "arrondissement" of Ussel has 80 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are: Choi-Yong-kun Choi Yong-kun (Korea:최용건;hanja:崔庸健, July 21, 1900 – September 19, 1976) was Chinese and North Korean soldier, Korea independence activist and politician. nickname was Seokcheon(석천;石泉), ohtername was Chuhae(추해;秋海), Ryong-gun(룡건;龍健). life. Choi was born Seosung, in Taecheon, he was study to Taecheon premiry school and In 1919 Jeongju Ohsan Middle school. but Marth 1921 he was Withdrawal to middle school. In 1923 he was go to china and entrance into Winnan Military Academy school, Graduated to two years later. In 1924 to April 1925 he was Apprenticeships Military trainers of Hwangpu Military Academy, but he was involved to Guangzhou riots. later he was eacape to Manchu. In 1936 to 1939 he was activity to Northeast Anti-Japanese coalition forces, 1940's he was go to USSR. In October 1945, he was return to his country, he was appointed to Central Committee of People's Committee Association of the South Pyongan Province and joint to Chosun communism party and Chosun labor party. In 1946 header of Chosun Democratic party, in February 1947 he was first Commander-in-Chief was Korean people's Army until 1950. In September 2, 1948, he was joint to North Korean government. so he was appoint to first Defense Minister of North Korea, first Korean Supreme People's lawmakers, In 1950 to 1952, he was joint to Korea War, Choi was Seoul defense system commander and Incheon defense system commander. In October 1957 he was vice head state of North Korea and In March 10, 1958 to December 18, 1972 he was head state of North Korea. In December 1958 to 6 July, 1959 appoint to Committee Chair of Health Committee, 1972 until his death, he was vice president of North Korea. Comma-separated values In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores information you might find in a spreadsheet, such as a table of text, numbers, and dates, in a plain text file. Format. Typically, the first line in a plain text file would contain header information, which are labels for table information organized vertically. Starting with the second line, each line would represent a row. Each cell in a row is separated by a comma, hence its name. The following is a simple example of this type of file. The example has three columns (labeled 'name', 'age', and 'favorite color'), and four rows (including the header line at the top). name,age,favorite color Alice,12,green Bob,23,purple Jane,34,blue Escaping. Text in a cell may be surrounded by quotation character ("), to note the start and end of a cell (a particular column and row location) in a table. Quotation characters in a cell value in turn can be denoted by doubling the quotation character (""). This is primarily used to signify that a particular cell contains data that may be confusing to a computer that's trying to read the file. A common example of this is when a cell contains a comma as part of it's data. Without the quotation marks, it's unclear if the comma denotes a separation between cells: name,age Smith, Joe,45 Choi, Ceri,56 Plummer, Olive,23 or if it should be part of the cell's data: "name","age" "Smith, Joe","45" "Choi, Ceri","56" "Plummer, Olive","23" Compatibility. CSV is a way to describe table data. However, various applications may require different types of tables. Having a file in CSV format may not be enough for a file to be compatible with a particular application. Furthermore, CSV is stored in plain text. An application may have problems reading a CSV file because of incompatibility with the plain text format, either because of the character encoding or line break format. Mülchi Mülchi was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Mülchi, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen. Münchenbuchsee Münchenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is famous as the birthplace of painter Paul Klee. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of botanists who came together to get a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms). They wanted to base it on plant relationships got from phylogeny. Four versions of a classification system have come from this collaboration. They were published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. Earlier angiosperm classifications were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). Principles of the APG system. The principles of the APG's approach to classification were set out in the first paper of 1998, and have remained unchanged in subsequent revisions. Briefly, these are: For a detailed discussion on phylogenetic nomenclature, see Cantino "et al" 2007. The latest version is APG IV. Attiswil Attiswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. Abdul Sattar Edhi Abdul Sattar Edhi (Memoni, ; 1 January 1928 – 8 July 2016) was a Pakistani philanthropist, social activist, ascetic, and humanitarian. He was the founder and head of the Edhi Foundation in Pakistan. He ran the organization for 60 years. He was known as Angel of Mercy. He was thought to be Pakistan's "most respected" and legendary figure. In 2013, "The Huffington Post" said that he might be "the world's greatest living humanitarian." Kapil Dev Kapil Dev is a former Indian cricket player. He was an all rounder, a right hand batsman and right arm fast bowler. He captained the Indian cricket team when it won the 1983 World Cup. Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj was born on 6 January 1959 in Chandigarh, Punjab, India. As a technical bowler, he was known as the "Haryana hurricane". He got a joint man of the match with the Australian cricketer Dean Jones. Statistics. Kapil Dev was the captain who led the Indian team to its first World Cup win in 1983. He got 434 wickets and scored 5248 runs with 8 centuries and 27 fifties in test cricket. He got 253 wickets and 3783 runs in ODIs. He is the only player in the history of cricket to have taken more than 400 wickets (434 wickets) and scored more than 5,000 runs in Tests. Münchenwiler Münchenwiler () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Münchringen Münchringen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Münchringen and Scheunen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf. Münsingen Münsingen (, Bernese German: "Münsige") is a town and municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Trimstein merged into the municipality of Münsingen and On 1 January 2017, the former municipality of Tägertschi merged into the municipality of Münsingen. The municipality lies on the River Aare between the cities of Bern and Thun. Müntschemier Müntschemier () is a little municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Battle of Shepherdstown The Battle of Shepherdstown (also known as the Battle of Boteler's Ford) was fought on September 19 and 20, 1862. It was the last of four battles that made up the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. Background. In early September of 1862, General Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign saw the first invasion of the North by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Lee's plan was to win over the citizens of Maryland, a border state, to the Confederate side. A victory in the North could also convince England and France to recognize the Confederate states as a legitimate country. The Maryland Campaign had so far consisted of three battles: the Battle of Harpers Ferry, the Battle of South Mountain and the bloody Battle of Antietam. The fourth battle was the Battle of Shepherdstown. Battle. After Antietam, Lee's army was retreating back across the Potomac River at Boteler's Ford, about 1 mile east of Shepherdstown. Brigadier general William N. Pendleton, an ordained Episcopal minister before the war, was given command of the rearguard at Boteler's Ford covering the withdrawal of the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia. He was Lee's chief of artillery. As such he would dispatch various artillery units to other commands. But he had never commanded troops himself. September 19. As the battle-weary Confederate troops crossed the river into what is now Jefferson County, West Virginia, their crossing was being protected by Pendleton's artillerymen manning about 35 cannons on the bluffs on the south side of the river. But the odd collection of cannons had several short-range howitzers and a number of obsolete six pounders incapable of reaching the opposite Maryland bluffs. Pendleton also had command of two understrength infantry brigades he stationed along the riverbank. The last of Lee's infantry was crossing the river by early afternoon on September 19. Lee then sent General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry to a second crossing near Williamsport, Maryland. Just as the last of the Confederates were wading ashore, Union General Alfred Pleasonton arrived with a scouting force of Union cavalrymen. He had orders from Major general George B. McClellan not to follow the retreating rebels into Virginia "unless you see a splendid opportunity to inflict great damage upon the enemy without loss to yourself." Seeing the Confederates on the South side covered by artillery on the bluffs above, he did not immediately cross the river. Instead he set up 70 cannons on the north side of the Potomac. He then ordered the cannons to open fire on the Confederates. The Confederate artillery returned fire as best they could. That same morning Union general Fitz John Porter's V Corps had arrived. He had orders from McClellan to support Pleasonton and attack the Confederates as they retreated. As night approached, Porter's 500 or so Union soldiers began crossing the Potomac. The Union troops attacked Lee's rearguard and proceeded to capture several of Pendleton's cannon. With his artillery overpowered Pendleton panicked and left his post as commander of the Confederate forces to look for reinforcements. Shortly after midnight Pendleton found Lee. He told his commander he had lost all of his cannon and Federal troops were on the South shore. In fact, the Union forces had only captured five of his cannons. In his absence, the Confederate artillerymen had moved the remaining cannon back to safety. September 20. Early in the morning hundreds more Union troops began crossing the Potomac to join the 500 already there. As they pushed into Shepherdstown they met the Confederate reinforcements commanded by general Stonewall Jackson. Porter, seeing he was badly outnumbered ordered his men back to the Maryland side of the river. But some could not escape before the Confederates opened fire on them. One unit, the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry, was pinned down and could not cross back into Maryland. They were inexperienced and had been issued poor quality muskets that did not always fire. Some scrambled down the cliffs to cross the water under fire. The regiment lost a total of 269 casualties out of 737 men. For the rest of the day the two sides remained in their positions on either side of the Potomac. The battle ended in a stalemate. Ussel, Corrèze Ussel () is a French commune, a "subprefecture" in the Corrèze department in central France. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Ussel. It is the capital of the old, historical region of "Haute-Corrèze". Geography. Ussel is in the Massif Central on the foot of the plateau de Millevaches. The city itself is on top of a hill between the valleys of the Diège and the Sarsonne rivers. The "commune" of Ussel has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . The city of Ussel is at about from Bordeaux, at from Toulouse, at from Paris and at from Lyon. The "commune" of Ussel is surrounded by the "communes": Three rivers flow through the "commune"ː the river Diège (the town sometimes is called "Ussel-sur-Diège"), the river Sarsonne and the stream "Étang Roux". Climate. The climate of Ussel, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers. Population. The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as "Usselois" (women: "Usseloises"). With a population of 9,772, Ussel has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Ussel Administration. Ussel is a subprefecture of the Corrèze department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Ussel and the administrative centre () of the canton of Ussel. It is part of the intercommunality "Haute-Corrèze" (). Twinned and partner towns. Ussel is twinned with: Hekatonkheires The Hekatonkheires ( - "Hundred-handed ones") are one of the three races of beings born to Ouranos and Gaia, the primordial gods of the sky and the Earth. Their names are Kottos (), Briareos () and Gyges (). The Hekatonkheires received their name because they each have a hundred arms, fifty on each side of their bodies. Despised by their father, the Hekatonkheires were thrown into Tartarus alongside their brothers, the Elder Cyclopes, guarded by the monster Kampê. Many years later, Zeus, alongside his brothers and sisters, freed the Hekatonkheires and the Elder Cyclopes from their prison so that they might help them in their war against the Titans. During the war, the Hekatonkheires threw rocks at Mount Othrys, the Titans' base, reducing the mountain to half its original size. After the Titanomachy, the Titans were cast into Tartarus, and Zeus appointed the Hekatonkheires to be their jailers. Neuenegg Neuenegg is a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Nidau Nidau is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Niederbipp Niederbipp is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern. On 1 January 2020, the former municipality of Wolfisberg merged into Niederbipp. Ebbs Ebbs is a small village in the Kufstein district in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is north of Kufstein at the border with Bavaria, Germany. The village has seven parts. It was mentioned for the first time as "Episas" in 788. Rumors came up that settlement began in the Roman age. The main source of income is tourism but the village also has commuters. Milos Raonic Milos Raonic (born December 27, 1990) is a Canadian professional tennis player. Raonic was born in Titograd, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He moved to Brampton, Ontario, Canada in 1994. He lives in Monte Carlo, Monaco. His uncle is Montenegrin politician Branimir Gvozdenovíc. Raonic is the most successful Canadian singles player. He turned pro in 2008. He represented Canada at the 2012 Summer Olympics. His world ranking peaked at no. 3 in November 2016. He was the losing finalist of the 2016 Wimbledon Championships. Camagüey Province Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas. Camagüey is mostly low lying, with no major hills or mountain ranges passing through the province. Numerous large cays (including what used to be one of Fidel Castro's favourite fishing spots; the Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina) characterise both the northern and southern coasts. Sandy beaches are found on both coasts also, and despite a large potential for tourism, the province has seen little development in that area. Exception being Santa Lucía beach, on the North coast. The economy of the Camagüey province is primarily cattle and sugar (in the north and south) farming, and the province is known for its cowboy culture, with rodeos frequently held. Chickens and rice are also farmed, and a small citrus fruit industry exists. The capital city also has one of the few breweries on the island. Ciego de Ávila Province Ciego de Ávila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Morón, farther north. Off the north coast of the province are a string of "cayos" (cays) - these islands are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo. The south coast is characterised by mangroves. Between Morón and the north coast are several lakes, including La Laguna de Leche (the Lake of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba. Central Ciego de Ávila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown. The province was separated from Camagüey Province in 1975 by Fidel Castro's government. Sancti Spíritus Province Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad. The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps. The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province. Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown. During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city. The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara. Villa Clara Province Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its main cities are Santa Clara (the capital), Sagua La Grande, Placetas, Camajuaní, Remedios and Caibarién. The coast of Villa Clara is dotted with numerous cays, and there are many coral reefs and sandy beaches, too. Around Santa Clara, the land rises into the Alturas de Santa Clara. The highest point in the province is in the Alturas, at 464 m above sea level. Villa Clara also has numerous lakes, which are used for both water sports and fishing. The largest Cuban river to drain into the Atlantic, Río Sagua la Grande, is also in Villa Clara province. Sugar, the commodity that the Cuban economy relies upon, is grown in the plains in the north of the province, and several large mills provide employment to many people. The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Las Villas.Santa Clara was the capital of Las Villas. Cienfuegos Province Cienfuegos (Spanish for "one hundred fires") is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819. Cienfuegos is the smallest province in Cuba. Growing and processing sugar is very important to its economy. There are many sugar mills and sugarcane plantations across the province. Scuba diving is a popular activity in Cienfuegos. There are many underwater caves and over 50 places for diving. There are also waterfalls in the mountains of the province. The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the Santa Clara province. The Santa Clara province no longer exists though. Matanzas Province Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Location. Major towns. Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province. Geographical location and appearance. The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level. The north coast has numerous small cays of its coast, and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline. The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the peninsula of the same name. East of the peninsula lies the Bay of Pigs, the site of the failed US backed invasion. Economy. Of Cuba's provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialised, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province. Pinar del Río Province Pinar del Río is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is at the western end of the island of Cuba. The Pinar del Río province has one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico. The mountains are divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Organos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys. The province relies on tobacco farming, with Pinar del Río producing 70% of Cuba's crop, used to make the cigars that are so prized overseas. The best tobacco, used for more expensive cigar brands, is grown in the flat lands of San Juan y Martínez. Tourism in the Viñales Valley is another important part of the economy. Isla de la Juventud The Isle of Youth () is the largest Cuban island after Cuba itself. It is the sixth-largest island in the West Indies. The island has an area of and is southwest of mainland Cuba. It is across the Gulf of Batabanó. The island is almost directly south of Havana and Pinar del Río. Because of its superficial extension, population and for its economic characteristics, it is considered to be a Special Municipality. It is therefore not a part of any province. The Isle of Youth is administered directly by the central government of Cuba. The island is the largest of the 350 in the Canarreos Archipelago ('). It has an estimated population of 100,000. The capital and largest city is Nueva Gerona in the north. The second-largest and oldest city is Santa Fe in the interior. Other communities are Columbia, Mac Kinley, Santa Bárbara, Cuchilla Alta, Punta del Este, Sierra de Caballos and Sierra de Casas. The island was called the Isle of Pines (') before 1978. History. Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population. The island first became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus's third voyage to the New World in 1494. Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain; the island would also come to be known Isla de Cotorras ("Isle of Parrots") and Isla de Tesoros ("Treasure Island") at various points in its history. Pirate activity in and around the area left its trace in English literature. Both "Treasure Island" by Robert Louis Stevenson and "Peter Pan" by James Matthew Barrie are rooted in part on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as long dugout canoes (which were often used by pirates as well as indigenous peoples) and the great American crocodile ("Crocodylus acutus") on the island. Following the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American War, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Isla de la Juventud was not mentioned in the Platt Amendment, which defined Cuba's boundaries, and this led to competing claims to the island by the United States and the now-independent Cuba. In 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the island did not belong to the United States. A treaty was signed between the U.S. and Cuba in 1925, recognizing Cuban ownership. Geography and economy. Much of the island is covered with pine forests. These are the source of the island's large lumber industry. The northern region of the island has low ridges from which marble is quarried. The southern region is an elevated plain. Agriculture and fishing are the island's main industries, with citrus fruit and vegetables being grown. A black sand beach was formed by volcanic activity. The island has a mild climate, but is known for frequent hurricanes. It is a popular tourist destination, with many beaches and resorts, including Bibijagua Beach. Until the Cuban government expropriated all foreign-owned property in the early 1960s, much land was owned by Americans. Transportation. The main transportation to the island is by boat or aircraft. Hydrofoils (kometas) and motorized catamarans will make the trip in between two and three hours. A much slower and larger cargo ferry takes around six hours to make the crossing, but is cheaper. The province has only one municipality, also named Isla de la Juventud. Prisons. From 1953 to 1955, Cuban leader Fidel Castro was imprisoned in the Presidio Modelo on the Isla de la Juventud by the regime of Fulgencio Batista after leading the failed July 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in the Oriente Province. Later, Castro used the same facility to imprison counterrevolutionaries and dissidents, such as Huber Matos (once a comandante of rebel troops supporting the Cuban Revolution but later came into conflict with Cuban government), who claims to have been tortured there , and Armando F. Valladares. Presidio Modelo is now closed, and turned into a museum. It is replaced by more modern prisons. These include (MAS = maximum security prison; COR = correctional): Hergé Georges Prosper Remi (22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), also known as Hergé, was a Belgian cartoonist. Hergé was born in Etterbeek, Brussels from a group of people in Belgium called Walloons and spoke French. He is best known for his comic, "The Adventures of Tintin". Hergé first made Tintin in "Le Petit Vingtième" in 1929. "This famous Belgian artist is often considered to be the most influential European comic artist ever and his "clear line" style was widely copied by new generation of comic artists." Hergé died in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert on 3 March 1983. He was 75 years old. Hergé's life's work is watched over by his widow. She shut down Hergé Studios. She started the Hergé Foundation in 1987. It is now called Moulinsart S.A. Louisville, Kentucky Louisville is the largest city in the state of Kentucky in the USA. The settlement that became the City of Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark. It is named after King Louis XVI of France. It was an important riverport in the 19th century. Many people come to the city in May for the Kentucky Derby horse race. Here are some pictures of buildings in Louisville: Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore is a famous mountain and memorial near Keystone, South Dakota in the United States. It has the heads of four of America's presidents carved on it: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The Mount Rushmore Memorial is a part of the United States Presidential Memorial, which covers and is above sea level (altitude). History. Before the memorial was carved, the native Lakota Indian Tribes called the mountain "Six Grandfathers". Later, the mountain was named after Charles E. Rushmore, a well-known later, after an expedition in 1885. The memorial was carved to help increase tourism in the Black Hills, where the mountain was. Doane Robinson first formed the idea in 1923. Robinson convinced many influential people in the United States government to build the memorial. Congress soon allowed construction to begin. After gaining Congress's approval, Gutzon Borglum, a famous American sculptor, was hired to begin the project. The work of carving the heads began on March 3, 1925. It was completed on October 31, 1941. 2006 in movies The following is an overview of events in 2006, including the highest-grossing movies, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of movies released and notable deaths. Highest-grossing movies. "" became the third movie in cinema history to gross over $1 billion and is the 24th highest-grossing movie of all time. West Side Story West Side Story is a musical. It is based on Shakespeare's play, "Romeo and Juliet". The book was written by Arthur Laurents. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, and the lyrics were written by Stephen Sondheim. It starred Carol Lawrence as Maria. "West Side Story" opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on 26 September 1957, and on the West End at Her Majesty's Theatre on 12 December 1958. On the West End, was performed 1,039 times. It won two Tony Awards. The musical was adapted to a movie in 1961, starring Natalie Wood. The movie won 10 Academy Awards. The movie was remade in 2021. Plot. The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s. It is a working-class neighborhood with a mixture of ethnic groups. (In the early 1960s, much of the neighborhood would be cleared to make room for Lincoln Center, which changed the neighborhood.) The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The Sharks' members are immigrants from Puerto Rico. The Jets' members are Caucasian (their families immigrated from places like Ireland and Italy). The two gangs fight over which areas in the neighborhood belong to which gang. There are four main characters in the play: After meeting her at a dance, Tony falls in love with Maria. This causes more fighting between the Jets and the Sharks. Music. Bernstein's score for the musical includes: Importance. The play's dark theme, sophisticated music, long dance scenes, and focus on social problems made "West Side Story" a turning point in American musical theatre. Lorscheid Lorscheid is a village and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Lorscheid is on an old Roman road. Many archaeological settlements are nearby. The village is first mentioned in the inventory of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier for the year 1211. Thrash metal Thrash metal is a type of heavy metal music, one of the extreme metal types of music, that is characterised by its high speed and aggression. Origins. The origins of thrash metal are generally traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a number of bands began incorporating the sound of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal with elements of hardcore punk and more specifically Thrashcore, creating a new genre and developing into a separate movement from punk rock. This genre is much more aggressive compared to its relative, speed metal. Anthrax (American band) Anthrax is an American thrash metal band from New York City. Anthrax was one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. The band is part of the "Big Four" of thrash metal, along with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer. They have sold over 10 million albums as of 2022. Anthrax released their first album in 1984. The band has made eleven albums. Four of them are certified gold by the RIAA. Their most popular and successful album is "Among the Living", released in 1987. "Among the Living" made Anthrax a very popular band. Career. Beginning. Anthrax was formed by guitarists Scott Ian and Danny Lilker in 1981. Scott Ian named the band after the disease after he saw it in a biology textbook, as he thought it sounded "sufficiently evil" (evil enough). For Anthrax's first few years they went through a number of singers, bassists, and drummers, and finally settled on singer Neil Turbin, lead guitarist Dan Spitz (when Danny Lilker switched to bass) and drummer Charlie Benante before releasing their first album "Fistful Of Metal". 1984–1992. Danny Lilker was fired for being too relaxed and Neil Turbin was fired as he was trying to take full control of the band. They were replaced with Frank Bello (Charlie Benante's nephew) and Joey Belladonna. This lineup recorded four albums; "Spreading the Disease", "Among The Living", "State Of Euphoria" and "Persistence Of Time". "Among The Living" was a different type of album from the previous two, introducing humour and references to comic books to the band's music. It is thought by many to be their best album, featuring songs like "Caught In A Mosh", "Indians", and "I Am The Law" (which is about the character Judge Dredd). The next album, "State Of Euphoria", was a similar kind of album but wasn't as successful, but had some more well known Anthrax songs such as "Be All, End All and Antisocial" (an English language cover of a song by the French band Trust). "Persistence Of Time" was a more serious album, due to arguments between band members and many of their personal possessions being lost in a fire. There were no references to comic books, and more serious themes were included in the lyrics (such as the need for peace, shown in "Keep it in the Family"). However, it did have a fast paced cover of the Joe Jackson song "Got The Time" which has become a well known Anthrax song. During this period of time in the band's career, Anthrax also released a successful rap-metal song called "I'm The Man", and a few years later, they released another rap metal song with hip hop group Public Enemy, a cover of their song "Bring The Noise". With the release of this song, the two groups have been credited for creating and popularizing the rap metal genre. 1992–2001. Due to the band becoming more popular they signed to a record label named Elektra. However, Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax in 1992 and was replaced with John Bush, who was in a band called Armored Saint that had recently broke up. The band's first album with this singer, called "Sound Of White Noise", was also successful, and was dark like "Persistence Of Time", but also sounded a little bit like the grunge bands that were popular in the early 90s. Dan Spitz left the band in 1995. Charlie Benante played guitar on the band's next album, "Stomp 442", as well as drums, with Paul Crook playing guitar on the album too. Pantera's guitarist Dimebag Darrell played solos on two of the songs. This album was not as successful as "Sound Of White Noise", and Elektra was blamed by Anthrax for not promoting it properly. They re-signed to an independent label called Ignition and released "Volume 8: The Threat Is Real", which again had Charlie Benante and Paul Crook playing guitar with solos from Dimebag Darrell (Pantera's singer Phil Anselmo did backup vocals on one song too). The album did less successfully than "Stomp 442", and not long after the album came out, Ignition ceased to exist due to lack of success. Anthrax took a short break, and John Bush reunited with Armored Saint and released another album with them. 2001–2009. In 2001, the band hired lead guitarist Rob Caggiano and they played shows again. After 9/11 and the Anthrax attacks that came after that, the band considered changing their name. Scott Ian jokingly announced that they were considering the name "Basket Full Of Puppies". They eventually decided to keep the name Anthrax. They released the album" We've Come For You All" in 2003, and whilst unsuccessful like the previous two albums, it was considered their best album in years. Whilst touring, Frank Bello left and was replaced by Armored Saint member Joey Vera. However, Frank Bello returned to the band as well as Joey Belladonna and Dan Spitz in 2005, when Anthrax announced a reunion tour. This successful tour ended in 2007, and Joey and Dan left once again. New singer Dan Nelson was announced and Rob Caggiano returned. They started making a new album called "Worship Music", which was supposed to be released in 2009. However, Dan Nelson left the band during that year, and the album was put on hold. John Bush made a return to the band, who considered releasing "Worship Music" with this singer. Current period. However, Joey Belladonna once again returned to Anthrax in 2010 on a permanent basis. The band played several shows (including the "Big 4" concerts with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer) and work continued on the new album, which was finally finished and released in 2011. The album was their most successful since "Sound Of White Noise". The band released an extended play of covers of rock songs from the 1970s in March 2013. Guitar player Rob Caggiano left Anthrax at the beginning of 2013 to play with Volbeat. In 2016, they released their eleventh album, "For All Kings". Band members. Past members include: El gran Carlemany "El Gran Carlemany" (; "The Grand Charlemagne") is the national anthem of Andorra. Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song. Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music. It started to be used in 1921. Andorran Andorran may mean: Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a predominantly Romance-speaking ethnic group native to Spain. Latin America has the largest population of people of Spain descent, people with full or partial (Mestizo) ancestry. Joan Enric Vives Sicília Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (born 24 July 1949) is the current Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra. Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974. On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop. Nemesi Marqués Oste Nemesi Marquès Oste (born 17 May 1935) is the personal representative to Andorra of the Bishop of Urgell. He is a Roman Catholic priest. Saltaire Saltaire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The site is a complete and well-preserved industrial village of the second half of the 19th century. It has textile mills, public buildings and workers' housing. History. Construction of Saltaire was started in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's last name and the name of the Aire River which runs through it. Salt owned several textile mills Yorkshire. In 1853, he moved his businesses and his workers to Saltaire. In time, the new village grew to over 800 dwellings. In 1933, the village was sold the Bradford Property Trust. The mill closed down in 1986. In 2001, Saltaire was named a World Heritage Site. Christian Frémont Christian Frémont (23 April 1942 - 3 August 2014) was the chief of staff of Nicolas Sarkozy. He was the French Representative to Andorra from 24 September 2008 to 15 May 2012. Frémont died in Paris, France from cancer, aged 72. Antoni Martí Antoni Martí Petit (born November 10, 1963) is an Andorran architect and politician. He was the Prime Minister from 11 May 2011 to 16 May 2019. Paréage A Paréage is an agreement between two rulers who were equal. It was used in Medieval France. The most famous paréage was in 1278. It created Andorra. Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon was a joining of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of the Crown of Aragon. In the 14th and 15th the land of Aragon covered most of present-day France and Spain. The political center was at Barcelona. List of countries by GDP (PPP) gdp ppp by country wikipedia 2022 Purchasing Power Parity All figures are in current international dollars (Int$). style="margin:auto; width:100%;" Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory. It is in the South Atlantic Ocean and is made up of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and the island group called Tristan da Cunha. In total, there are eight islands and the main is St Helena with a total area for the territory of . It was known as Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009. At that time a new constitution gave an equal status to all the islands in the territory. History. Of volcanic origin, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha were all formerly separate colonies of the English crown, though separately discovered by several Portuguese explorers between 1502 and 1504. Portuguese discovery. Going to India, in May 1501, the Portuguese admiral João da Nova saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic. On his return journey, Nova is said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of St Helena on 21 May 1502, the feast day of Helena of Constantinople. Another Portuguese, Tristan da Cunha () discovered a group of islands in 1506 and gave its name to the principal island of the group () but it was soon changed to "Tristan da Cunha". The Portuguese found that nobody was living in the St Helena island, with forests and fresh water. They built a timber chapel in the valley where later Jamestown was built.Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island became very important for ships coming from Asia and going back to Europe. English and British colonisation. During the first years of the 16th century, the island of St Helena was used as a place to stop by the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French on their way to India and other Asian countries. The Netherlands took St Helena from 1645 to 1659. In 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain’s second oldest (remaining) colony (after Bermuda). A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island. The fort was named "James Fort" and the town "Jamestown", in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England. In 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St Helena. On 22 April 1834, the island of St Helena became a colony of the British crown. In 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938 . During the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the island of St. Helena served as camp for about 5,000 prisoners of war. During the Second World War, the Ascension was leased to the United States who established a base for their airplanes. In 1961, a volcanic eruption on Tristan da Cunha forced authorities to evacuate the entire population of the island to the United Kingdom. The people of Tristan da Cunha could not return to the island until 1963. Geography. There is a huge distance between the northern and the southern points of the territory. The northern-most island, Ascension, is at latitude of the equator and the southern-most island, Gough Island is at . Between St Helena and Tristan da Cunha is the Tropic of Capricorn. The distance between the northern tip of Ascension Island and the southern tip of Gough Island is . The whole territory lies in the Western Hemisphere and has the same time zone: Greenwich Mean Time. Daylight saving time is not observed. There are eight islands in the Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha territory: Ascension has a warm, arid climate, but it is more moderated (and arid near the sea) in St Helena; Tristan da Cunha is much cooler. The highest point of the territory is Queen Mary's Peak on the island of Tristan da Cunha, with an elevation of above sea level. Although all three parts of the territory were formed by volcanic activity, only the Tristan da Cunha group of islands are active at the moment. Administrative divisions. Administratively, the territory is divided into the same three parts as the territory's geography, namely Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Each is governed by a council. The Governor of the territory is the representative of the British monarch across the territory and presides over the St Helena Legislative Council, while he or she is represented by an Administrator on Ascension Island and an Administrator on Tristan da Cunha that preside over these two areas' Island Councils. The island of St Helena is divided into eight districts. People. With a population of 6,567 inhabitants in the census of 1998 (estimated to be 7,754 in 2013), the territory appears as one of the least populated British territory. The largest city of the territory is the capital, Jamestown, with a population of 1,000 in 2009. Approximately 50% of the population are of African origin while the descendants of Europeans (British and Scandinavian) and Chinese each represent a quarter of the population. The inhabitants are mostly Anglicans, but there are Baptists, Adventists and Catholics. Economy. The islands had a very simple economy the mid-1960s, mainly based on the culture of New Zealand flax, a plant of the genus "Phormium", that was used to produce fibers and ropes. Agriculture is now mainly for food, except for a bit of coffee. Fishing remains the only really important activity on the island, but the territory is almost entirely supported by the help from United Kingdom, particularly through the U.S. and British facilities in the Ascension Island, which employ about 25% of the population. The tourism industry in St Helena is not well developed and is based on the fact that Napoleon lived and died here. Canillo Canillo is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northeast of the country. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish. The town of Canillo is the religious centre of Andorra because here is the "Mare de Déu de Meritxell" ("Our Lady of Meritxell") Basilica. Our Lady of Meritxell is the patron saint of Andorra. Geography. The Canillo parish is in the northeastern part of the country and borders with the Ariège department to the north and east, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the southeast, with the Encamp parish to the south and the Ordino parish to the west. The highest mountain in the parish is "Pic de l'Estanyó" () with an elevation of above sea level; it is on the border with the Ordino parish. The main river in Canillo is the "Valira d'Orient", also known as "Valira d’Encamp". The largest lake of Andorra, "Estany de Juclà" ("Juclar lake"), is in the Canillo parish; it has an area of . Population. The parish had a population, in 2015, of 4,124 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in Canillo Villages. The urban areas in the parish are: Economy. The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination during winter. Encamp Encamp is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the east central part of the country. Encamp is also the name of the main town of the parish. Geography. The Encamp parish is in the east central part of the country and borders with the Canillo parish to the north, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the east, with Spain to the southeast, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the south, with the La Massana parish to the west and the Ordino parish to the northwest. The highest mountain in the parish is "Pic del Pessons" () with an elevation of above sea level. The main river in Encamp is the "Valira d'Orient". Population. The parish had a population, in 2015, of 12,212 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in Encamp Villages. The urban areas in the parish are: Economy. The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination. Escaldes-Engordany Escaldes-Engordany is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southeast of the country. Escaldes-Engordany is also the name of the main town of the parish. History. The Escaldes-Engordany parish was created in 1978 with part of the territory of the Andorra la Vella parish with two urban areas: Escaldes and Engordany. With time, these two towns were combined to form the present capital of the parish. Geography. The Escaldes-Engordany parish is in the southeast of the country and borders with the Encamp parish to the north, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the southwest, with the Andorra la Vella parish to the west and the La Massana parish to the northwest. Spain is to the east and south of the parish. The highest mountain in the parish is "Tossa Plana" () with an elevation of above sea level. It is in the southeast of the parish, on the border with Spain. The main rivers in Escaldes-Engordany are the "Valira del Nord" and the "Valira d'Orient"; they form the "Gran Valira" after their confluence in Escaldes-Engordany. Other river is the "Madriu". The town of Escaldes-Engordany is the capital of the parish; it is in the northwest of the parish, close to the town of Andorra la Vella, forming the largest urban area of the country. Population. The parish had a population, in 2015, of 14,367 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in Escaldes-Engordany Villages. The urban areas in the parish are: Economy. The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination. La Massana La Massana (originally "La Maçana") is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northwest of the country. La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish. The name Massana derives from the Latin name "mattianam" for a variety of apple. Geography. The La Massana parish is in the northwest of the country and borders with the Ordino parish to the north, with the Ordino and Encamp parishes to the east, with the Andorra la Vella and the Escaldes-Engordany parishes to the south, with France (Ariège department) and Spain to the west. The town of La Massana has an average elevation of above sea level. In the La Massana parish are the highest mountains of Andorra, including: The main river in the parish is the "Valira del Nord" (or "Valira d'Ordino") river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river. There are several small lakes in the parish; the main lakes are "Estanys Forcats", "Estany de Les Truites" and "Estany Negre". Population. The parish had a population, in 2015, of 10,359 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in La Massana Villages. There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of La Massana in the parish: Economy. The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination. In winter, the main activities are skiing, snowboarding, and ski ski biking. The main ski resort, Vallnord, includes the Arinsal and Pal sectors. In summer, the main activities are hiking, climbing, mountain biking and canyoning. Farming is also an important economic activity in the parish; here tobacco, vegetables (mainly potatoes), and cereals are grown. Ordino Ordino is one of the parishes of Andorra. It is the most northern parish of the country. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. In the parish is the Parc Natural de Sorteny ("Sorteny Natural Park"), the largest nature area of Andorra. History. Ordino is known for the several places where the iron ore was melted between the XVII and the XIX centuries. Besides being the industrial centre of Andorra, Ordino is considered the cultural centre of Andorra. Here Antoni Fiter i Rossell wrote the "Manual Digest" (1748), called the "Bible of Andorra," which tells the history, the government and the Andorran customs. Geography. The town of Ordino, the capital of the parish, is at above sea level. Most of the parish is in the valley of the "Valira del Nord" (or "Valira d'Ordino") river, in the northwest of the country. Ordino borders with France (Ariège department) to the north, with the Canillo parish to the east, the Encamp parish to the southeast and the La Massana parish to the south and the west. Some of the highest mountains of Andorra are in the Ordino parish; some of them are: The town of Ordino is on the slopes of the "Pic de Casamanya" (or just "Casamanya"); it is high. The main river in the parish is the "Valira del Nord" (or "Valira d'Ordino") river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river. Population. The parish had a population, in 2015 of 4,687 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in Ordino Villages. There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of Ordino in the parish: Sant Julià de Lòria Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra. It is the most southern parish of the country. Sant Julià de Lòria is also the name of the main town of the parish. The University of Andorra is in the parish. Geography. The parish has an altitude of ; the town of Sant Julià de Lòria is at high, the lowest settlement in Andorra. The Valira river (or "Gran Valira"), the biggest river in the country, flows through the parish. Sant Julià de Lòria borders with the Andorra la Vella parish to the north, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the northeast and with Spain to the east, south and west. The highest mountain in the parish is "Pic Negre Norte" () with an elevation of above sea level; it is on the border with the Escaldes-Engordany parish. Population. The parish had a population, in 2015 of 9,379 inhabitants, for a population density of persons/km². Evolution of the population in Sant Julià de Lòria Villages. There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of Sant Julià de Lòria in the parish: Coma Pedrosa Coma Pedrosa is the highest mountain in Andorra. It is popular with mountain climbers. The nearest town is Arinsal, La Massana. Our Lady of Meritxell Our Lady of Meritxell is the patron saint of Andorra. It is a Roman Catholic statue showing the Virgin Mary. The original statue is from the late 12th century. But the chapel it was in burned down on September 8 and 9, 1972. The statue was destroyed. A copy was made in 1976 by Ricardo Bofill. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious, painful, and chronic (long-lasting) disease. It is an autoimmune disease - a disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells. When a person has RA, their immune system attacks the joints and the tissues around the joints in the body. This causes different problems, like: Eventually, RA can destroy a person's articular cartilage. Normally, articular (having to do with the joints) cartilage covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints. This keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. If the articular cartilage has been destroyed by RA, the bones will rub against each other, which is very painful. No one knows what causes RA, but some theories are that it has to do with hormones, environment, infection and genes. There is no cure, but doctors have determined ways to help slow down and reduce the impact of the disease. Women are two to three times as likely as men to get rheumatoid arthritis. Most cases of RA occur in people between the ages of 25 and 55. RA was first recognized around 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais. Symptoms. Symptoms may include: Often, people with RA also develop anemia, a different disease that causes a person to have not enough blood cells in the blood. Less often, a person with RA could have: World Heritage Committee The World Heritage Committee is the group which decides on the places to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It makes sure that the agreements in World Heritage Convention are followed. It also decides how the money in the World Heritage Fund is spent. The committee has 21 members who are elected from the 188 countries that have agreed to the World Heritage Convention. According to the World Heritage Convention, committee members are elected for six years, however many of the representatives choose to be on the committee for only four years. This gives more countries a chance to take part. At the 15th General Assembly (2005) all the committee members agreed to serve for only four years. Session. The World Heritage Committee meets many times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and to look at possible new sites. A special meeting, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place each year where sites are added (inscribed) to the World Heritage List. The annual session takes place in cities all over the world. With the exception of meetings held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only countries who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to hold a Session. The cities are decided by the Committee. Willandra Lakes Region The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It includes important natural and cultural features. The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry. The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years. These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes. The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world. The Willandra Lakes Region was added to the Australian National Heritage List in May 2007. Sloth (deadly sin) In Christianity, Sloth is about a person not wanting to work, because of their lack of motivation. The person will be physically inactive and neglect what God has said. Very often, this will lead to resources being wasted. As an example, sloth is about a person not helping those in need, even though they would be able to. Sloth is one of the seven capital sins, which are also called seven deadly sins. For Protestants, Diligence (or hard work) is one of the ways to please God. Max Weber (1864-1920) treats this in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In his work "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht", Immanuel Kant stated that of the capital sins sloth, cowardice and falsehood, the first one is the most despicable. However, he also sees this as a measure of self-protection of the individual, as long phases of hard work will lead a person to become tired, and to make short pauses between intervals of work. Without these pauses, the restles malice that is in the world would do a far greater amount of damage. In 1846, Louis Blanc wrote about the right to work. There was a financial crisis at the time, and many people were unemployed. The crisis led to the French Revolution of 1848. In 1880, the Socialist Paul Lafargue published an essay called "The Right to be Lazy", where he explains that the worker should have a right to be lazy. Ponte Buggianese Ponte Buggianese is an Italian town in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany. About 8,876 people lived there as of 2011. The Hardy Boys The Hardy Boys are two American fictional teenage brothers and the main characters in a series of mystery books for children and teens launched in 1927. Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the book-packaging Stratemeyer Syndicate, created the concept, but the books were written by several ghostwriters over the years under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon. The series overview is simple. Frank and Joe Hardy are two high school boys in their late teens. They live in the fictional city of Bayport with their famous private detective father Fenton Hardy. The boys sometimes help their father with his cases, but, at other times, they find and solve their own. The boys have enough money to pursue a WWE Tag Team Championship and are the current holders of the prestigious award. Joe and Scott are renowned for not only there flamboyant appearances, but acrobatic manoeuvres In 1959, the books were revised to eliminate objectionable material, and rewritten in a simpler style. New series were launched in 1987, 1997, and 2005. The original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005. Some stories were adapted for television programs. Critics have offered many explanations for the Hardy Boys popularity including escapism, homosociality, and the triumph of good over evil. Overview. The Hardy Boys are fictional teenage brothers and amateur detectives. They live in the fictional city of Bayport on the Atlantic Coast with their father, internationally famous private detective Fenton Hardy. The boys are in their late teens, have their own car, and are in the same grade in high school. Friends Chet Morton and Biff Hooper sometimes help the Hardys solve their cases. The boys have enough money to travel around the United States and even the world in pursuit of cases. Frank and Joe are very much alike, but "Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive, and perhaps a little more athletic." Production. Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, came up with the idea of mystery-solving brothers in 1926. Publishers Grosset & Dunlap approved the idea, and the name "The Hardy Boys" was chosen for the series. The books were written under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon, by ghostwriters who signed away their rights to authorship, pseudonyms, and future royalties. The first three books were published in 1927, and were an instant success. By mid-1929, over 115,000 books had been sold. The Stratemeyer Syndicate received all royalties, and their offices handled all correspondence. Public and school libraries agreed to keep the ghostwriters' names secret. Evolution of the series. The earliest books are known for their atmosphere, detail, and clear writing style. Between 1938 to 1942 futuristic gadgetry and exotic locations were introduced to the series. The world in these early books is a dark and "divided place". Police and authority figures usually come off poorly; the rich are portrayed as greedy and selfish; and racial stereotypes abound. Parents complained and a revision project was undertaken in 1959. Texts were streamlined; stereotypes eliminated; plots were rewritten, lurid elements deleted, chapters per book were reduced, slang and difficult words were deleted, and the writing style was tightened. The revised versions focused on non-stop action rather than atmosphere and suspense, and were meant for a younger audience with short attention spans. Commentators thought the originals had been "gutted". Thereafter, the books became more respectful of law and authority. Villains no longer smoked or drank, and scenes involving guns and shoot-outs were removed. The boys, too, become more respectful of rules and law: they drove within the speed limit, for example, even in pursuit of a villain. The Hardys became upscale and lost touch with the typical boy who bought their books. They became "members and agents of the adult ruling class, acting on behalf of that ruling class." New series were launched in the last decades of the 20th century: the Hardy Boys Casefiles in 1987 and the Clues Brothers in 1997. The boys have distinct personalities and carry guns in the Casefiles series. The long-running Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005, and was replaced with "The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers". In these books, the boys take turns narrating their adventures, and are given their cases by a secret group called American Teens Against Crime (ATAC). The Hardys were also featured in a graphic novel series (2005), and a chapter book series for early readers called The Hardy Boys: Secret Files (2010). Sales. The Hardy Boys have been called "a cultural touchstone all over the world". The books have been translated into over 25 languages. The books have been continuously in print since 1927. The series was an instant success: by mid-1929 over 115,000 books had been sold, and as of 2008 the books were selling over a million copies a year. The first Hardy Boys book, "The Tower Treasure", sells over 100,000 copies a year. Worldwide, over 70 million copies of Hardy Books have been sold. The longest-running series of books to feature the Hardy Boys is the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, sometimes also called the Hardy Boys Mysteries. The series ran from 1927 to 2005 and comprises 190 books. Some consider only the first 58 volumes of this series to be part of the Hardy Boys canon. The Hardy Boys also appeared in 127 volumes of the Casefiles series and are the heroes of the Undercover Brothers series. The Hardy Boys are largely successful because their adventures represent "a victory over anxiety". The series teaches readers that "although the world can be an out-of-control place, good "can" triumph over evil, that the worst problems can be solved if we each do our share and our best to help others." Parodies. The various Hardy Boys series offer readers an escape from the everyday world into one of mystery and adventure with two self-controlled, gentlemanly, homosocial, idealized young white males who are the equals of their father (and other men) in intelligence and powers of deduction. Their ignorance of sex, their "squareness" (socially conventional), their respect for the law, and their homosociality have generated parodies such as "The Hardy Boys and the Mystery of Where Babies Come From", "The Secret of the Old Queen: A Hardy Boys Musical", and "A Ghost in the Closet: A Hardly Boys Mystery". Reading list. 1. tower treasure 2. house on cliff 3. secret of old mill 4. missing chums 5. hidden gold 6. shore road 7. caves 8. cabin island 9. airport 10. midnight 11. clock 12. footprins Stella McCartney Stella Nina McCartney, (born 13 September 1971 ) is an English fashion designer. She is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and American photographer and animal rights activist Linda McCartney. Early life. McCartney was born at King’s College Hospital in London, England, She is second child of American photographer Linda McCartney and former Beatle Paul McCartney. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers both of Linda McCartney's grandmothers were named Stella. Chunseong Chunseong (춘성 ; 春城, March 30, 1891 - August 22, 1977) was a philosopher, Buddhist monk, scholar, poet, and writer from South Korea. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The site covers eight places in the old capital city of Nara. Five are Buddhist temples, one is a Shinto shrine, one is a Palace and one a primeval forest. History. Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784. The city's historic structures show what life was like in the Japanese capital in the 8th century. All of the shrine and temple compounds have been recognized as "Historic Sites". The Nara Palace has been named as a "Special Historic Site". The Kasugayama forest is a Special "Natural Monument". The several properties include 26 buildings which have been named by the Japanese Government as "National Treasures". Also, there are 53 buildings which have been named as "Important Cultural Properties". In 1998, UNESCO listed parts of Nara as a World Heritage Site. University of Valparaíso University of Valparaíso () is a Chilean university. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities in Valparaíso. Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The site covers 17 locations in three cities in Kyoto, in Uji (Kyoto Prefecture) and in Ōtsu (Shiga Prefecture). Three of these places are Shinto shrines and 13 are Buddhist temples. A castle is also included in the group. History. Kyoto was Japan's capital city from 794 until the late-19th century. Some of the city's historic structures show what life was like in the capital in those centuries. The World Heritage Site has 17 properties which were established between the 10th century and the 19th century. Each is representative of the period in which it was built. The several properties include 38 buildings which have been identified by the Japanese Government as "National Treasures". There are 160 properties which have been named as "Important Cultural Properties". There are 8 gardens which have been recognized as "Special Places of Scenic Beauty". There are 4 designated as "Places of Scenic Beauty". In 1994, UNESCO listed parts of Kyoto as a World Heritage Site. Vredefort crater Vredefort crater is the largest "verified" impact crater on Earth. That means we know for certain it was caused by an asteroid or meteorite strike. The crater is in the Free State Province of South Africa. In 2005, the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as a natural site of geologic interest. Formation and structure. The asteroid that hit Vredefort was one of the largest ever to strike Earth since the Hadean eon. The Vredefort hit was some two billion years ago. The bolide is thought to have been about 5–10 km (3–6 miles) in diameter. The crater has a diameter of roughly , larger than the Sudbury Basin and the Chicxulub crater. This makes Vredefort the largest known impact structure on Earth. If the Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica is an impact crater then it is the largest known at diameter. The Vredefort crater's age is about two billion (109) years old, which puts it in the Palaeoproterozoic era. It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth, a little less than 300 million years younger than the Suavjärvi crater in Russia. In comparison, it is about 10% older than the Sudbury Basin impact (at 1.849 billion years). It was originally thought that the crater was formed by a volcanic explosion, but in the mid 1990s evidence showed that it was the site of a huge bolide impact. Telltale shatter cones were discovered in the bed of the nearby Vaal River. The Vredefort crater site is one of the few multi-ringed impact craters on Earth, although they are more common elsewhere in the Solar System. Perhaps the best-known example is Valhalla crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto, although Earth's Moon has a number as well. Geological processes, such as erosion and plate tectonics, have removed most multi-ring craters on Earth. The nearby Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) and Witwatersrand Basin were created during this same period, leading to speculation that the bolide was big and fast enough to cause local volcanism. The BIC is where most of the world's known reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs) are found, while the Witwatersrand basin holds most of the known reserves of gold. The Vredefort dome in the center of the crater is home to three towns: Parys, Vredefort and Koppies. Chinese Crested Dog The Chinese crested dog is a hairless dog breed. The breed probably did not actually come from China. It is the most common hairless dog breed. However, some of them do have fur. Other hairless dog breeds are the American Hairless Terrier, Mexican Hairless Dog, Peruvian Hairless Dog, and Hairless Khala. Hairless Chinese cresteds often win the World's Ugliest Dog Contest, which takes place every year in Petaluma, California. The Chinese crested is a friendly, intelligent animal. Universitat d'Andorra The University of Andorra ( is a public school of higher education. It was formed in 1997. It is the only university in Andorra. The university has a school of nursing, a school of management and computer science, and a center for online studies. Telephone numbers in Andorra Telephone numbers in Andorra are six digits, with fixed line numbers beginning with the digits 8 and 7 and mobile telephone numbers with the digits 3, 4 and 6. Until 17 December 1994, Andorra was part of the French numbering plan, with the prefix 0628. Since 1994, Andorra has its own country code +376. List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita This is a list of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. GDP per capita is a measurement used to determine economic growth and potential increases in productivity and is calculated by taking the GDP and dividing it by the total population in the country. It is used to describe the standard of living of a population, with a higher gross domestic product per capita country ranking a higher standard of living is possible for its population. Although GDP per capita is an important and widely used indicator of countries’ level of economic welfare, "consumption per capita" may be more useful for comparing the relative welfare of consumers across various countries. GDP is the worth of all goods and services made in a country in a year. PPP is for purchasing power parity and it means how much money would be needed to buy the same item in two different countries. Per capita consumption is the yearly use of goods and services by each person. Per capita means per person. List of countries by GDP (nominal) Countries by Nominal gdp 2022 Estimates gdp List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population. Therefore, these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; however, this is problematic because GDP per capita . Comparisons of national income are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. ("See" List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.) PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo, Palestine and Taiwan) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in "italics". Note that many of leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions, such as Ireland, are tax haven's. Their GDP data are subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "Modified gross national income|modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. All data are in current United States dollars. Table. "The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available estimates, and can be reranked by either of the sources" Note: Data unavailable for the Falkland Islands, the Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Holy See (Vatican City), the Isle of Man, Jersey, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Tokelau, the United States Virgin Islands, and Western Sahara. Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens. Many of leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax haven's whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries. For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "Modified gross national income|modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143% of 2015 Irish GNI*. Further discussion on this topic can be found in the List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita article. Varicose veins Varicose veins are a condition in which the veins in the leg area have become enlarged. If veins have become varicose, the leaflets of the valves do not work properly, and in turn, the vein valves themselves won't work. The blood then flows backwards, at which point the veins then start to increase. This condition is most common in superficial veins which involve the legs. The condition not only causes cosmetic troubles, it also creates itching and painful problems. Emblem of Angola The Emblem of Angola is the national emblem. It shows the recent past of the new nation. There are Marxist pictures. In the center is a machete and hoe. These show the revolution through which the nation gained independence, and the importance of agricultural workers. Above both emblems is a red star. The red star is often in many socialist images. The rising sun is the normal symbol of a new beginning. The half cog-wheel is for the industrial workers. The half vine of coffee and cotton leaves is for the coffee and cotton industry. At the bottom is an open book that is for education. A banner reads "Republic of Angola" at the bottom, in Portuguese. Angola Avante "Angola Avante!" (; "Forward Angola!") is the national anthem of Angola. Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro wrote the words. Rui Alberto Vieira Dias Mingas wrote the music. It was started in 1975 after independence from Portugal. Chokwe language Chokwe is the Bantu language spoken by the Chokwe people. It is used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola and Zambia. It is a national language of Angola. Umbundu South Mbundu, or Umbundu is a language used by the Southern Mbundu people. They live in the central highlands of Angola. Umbundu is the most widespread Bantu language in Angola. About one third of Angola is the Ovimbundu people. Kimbundu North Mbundu, or Kimbundu, is one of two Bantu languages called Mbundu (see Umbundu). It is one of the most widely spoken Bantu languages in Angola. It is mostly in the north-west of the country, notably in the Luanda Province, the Bengo Province, the Malanje Province and the Cuanza Norte Province. It is spoken by the Ambundu. Ganguela Ganguela (pronunciation: gang'ela) or Nganguela is the name of a small ethnic group living in Angola. All of these people live on agriculture, on the upbreeding of small animals, and from gathering wild fruit, honey and other eatable items. Each group has their own language. Kwanyama Kwanyama or Oshikwanyama is a national language of Angola and Namibia. It is a dialect of the Ovambo language. References. Bengo Province Bengo is a province of Angola. Its capital is Caxito. There are about 450,000 people. The province is bordered by the provinces of Zaire to the North, Uige to the Northeast, Cuanza Norte to the East, and Cuanza Sul to the South. The Kissama National Park and the Kibinda Forest Reserve are here. Benguela Province Benguela is a province of Angola. Its capital is Benguela. There are about 600,000 people. Bié Province Bié is a province of Angola. It is on the Bié Plateau in central part of country. The capital is Kuito. There are about 800,000 people. The climate of Bié is fresh. The large amount of rainfall makes possible the culture of corn, sugar cane, rice, coffee and peanuts. The ground is one of the most fertile of Angola. The Cuanza River flows through the province. Civil War. Bié was greatly affected by the Civil War. Agriculture stopped in several areas. Some of the rural population fled to the cities. The province capital Kuito was partly destroyed by bombing. Cabinda Province Cabinda (also spelled Kabinda, formerly Portuguese Congo) is a province of Angola. The capital city is also called Cabinda. The province is divided into four municipalities - Belize, Buco Zau, Cabinda and Landana. There are about 357,576 people. Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by a narrow strip of land of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cabinda is bordered on the north by the Republic of the Congo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. While the civil war in Angola ended in 2002, there is still fighting in Cabinda. Riversleigh World Heritage Area Riversleigh in north west Queensland, Australia, is one of the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The other is the Naracoorte Caves National Park in South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Boodjamulla National Park. The fossil site covers an area of about 100 km². The fossils that have been found are the remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The site was listed as a World Heritage site in 1994. The fossils at Riversleigh are rare because they are found in soft freshwater limestone which has not been compressed. This means the animal remains retain their three dimensional shape. Fossils. Fossils at Riversleigh are found in limestone by lime-rich freshwater pools, and in caves. They are from when the ecosystem was evolving from rich rainforest to semi-arid grassland. Thirty-five fossil bat species have been found at the site, which is the richest in the world. A skull, complete with all its teeth, of a 15 million-year-old monotreme, "Obdurodon dicksoni", shows how this Australia group of animals evolved. Fossil ancestors of the extinct thylacine, "Thylacinus cynocephalus", have also been found at Riversleigh. In 1993, "Nimbadon" skulls were found in newly discovered cave. Scientists think this prehistoric marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago, perhaps from the effects of climate change. Other fossils have shown how the koala has changed in response to Australia's change from rainforest to drier eucalypt forests. Kwikset Kwikset is an American lock and door hardware manufacturer. Kwikset makes low to medium security residential and light commercial door locks. The Kwikset KW1 keyway is used by many other lock manufacturers. Kwikset recently introduced the SmartKey lock, which allows instant rekeying without removing the lock from the door, and without removing or replacing the core. The SmartKey lock uses the same KW1 key used in other Kwikset locks. The SmartKey lock is more difficult to pick than the standard Kwikset lock, although it is easier to force open. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Hiroshima Peace Memorial, also called the Atomic Bomb Dome or , is in central Hiroshima, Japan. It is part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. UNESCO named the dome a World Heritage Site in 1996. The dome is the ruined Hiroshima Prefectural Products Exhibition Hall. It was kept as a memorial to the people who were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The bombing killed 70,000 people instantly, and another 70,000 died later from the radiation. History. Czech architect Jan Letzel designed the building. It was completed in April 1915 and was named the Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition. It was opened to the public in August that year. In 1921 the name was changed to the Hiroshima Prefectural Products Exhibition Hall. Finally in 1933, the name changed to the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall. Atomic bombing. At 8:15 on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb to be used in war exploded almost directly above the dome. Everyone inside the building was killed instantly,but the building was not totally destroyed. There was more downward force on the building, but less side-to-side force right under the center of the explosion. After the war. At first, the city planned to tear down the building, but did not because it was not as badly damaged. Some people wanted to remove the building, but others wanted to keep it. The city of Hiroshima was rebuilt around the ruined dome. In 1966 the city said that it planned to keep the building. As of July 2011, two construction projects kept the Dome from falling. In December 1996, UNESCO added the A-Bomb Dome to the World Heritage List. Not everyone supported this decision. The United States did not join the decision. China said that the monument could take attention away from the countries that were victims of Japan during the war. Many more people died because of Japanese attacks in those countries. The United States said that having a memorial to a war site would not tell the whole history of the bombing. Elisha Cuthbert Elisha Ann Cuthbert Phaneuf (born 30 November 1982) is a Canadian actress. She was born in Calgary, Alberta. She grew up in Greenfield Park, Quebec. Cuthbert played Kim Bauer in "24". She starred as the title character in "The Girl Next Door". She played one of the main characters in the sitcom "Happy Endings". She was on the 2013 TV series "24/7". Cuthbert played Lizzy on the 2015 tv sitcom "One Big Happy". The Italian Job The Italian Job is a 1969 British comedy-drama crime movie. It is about a gang of British criminals who rob an armoured van of its gold cargo in Turin, Italy. It stars Michael Caine, Noel Coward and Benny Hill. It was written by Troy Kennedy Martin and directed by Peter Collinson. Cuando Cubango Province Cuando Cubango is a province of Angola. There are about 140,000 people. Menongue is the capital of the province. The name of the province is from the Cuando and Cubango rivers. They both flow through the province. This area had the endangered Painted Hunting Dog. The land was destroyed during the Cuban intervention years. The Painted Hunting Dog is no longer there. In the 1980s and 1990s, Cuando Cubango was the main base camp of Angola's UNITA rebel movement. Cuanza Norte Province Cuanza Norte or Kwanza Norte is a province of Angola. N'Dalantando is the capital. There are about 400,000 people. The Capanda Dam is in this province. Cuanza Norte is on the northern bank of the Cuanza River. Cuanza Sul Province Cuanza Sul is a province of Angola. There are 1 881 873 people (2014). Sumbe is the capital. Cuanza Sul is on the south bank of the Cuanza River. Cunene Province Cunene is a province of Angola. There are about 200,000 to 300,000 people. Ondjiva is the capital. It is the only city in this province. Cunene is north of the Cunene River. Salmacis In Greek mythology, Salmacis was a naiad nymph of a spring at Caria in Asia Minor. She didn't follow the other nymphs of the goddess Diana and united bodies with Hermaphroditus becoming a single being, both male and female. "There dwelt a Nymph, not up for hunting or archery:" "unfit for footraces. She the only Naiad not in Diana’s band." "Often her sisters would say: “Pick up a javelin, or" "bristling quiver, and interrupt your leisure for the chase!" "But she would not pick up a javelin or arrows," "nor trade leisure for the chase." "Instead she would bathe her beautiful limbs and tend to her hair," "with her waters as a mirror." Ovid, Metamorphoses. Book IV, 306-312. According to Ovid's myth, she fell in love with Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. When he bathed in her spring, she embraced him and prayed to the gods to be united with him forever, the gods heard her prayer and merged their bodies together, transforming Hermaphroditus into an androgynous being. Hermaphroditus then cursed the spring of Salmacis, so that any man who drank or bathed in its water would also become androgynous. Huambo Province Huambo is a province of Angola. There are about 1.9 million people in the province. The capital is also called Huambo. Huambo is the richest agricultural province in Angola. Huíla Province Huíla is a province of Angola. There are about 700,000 people. Lubango is the capital. The Bicuari National Park is in Huíla Province. Luanda Province Luanda is a province of Angola. There were 1,823,282 people in 2006. Luanda is the capital of the province and the country. Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hiraizumi in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The site covers 5 locations. Four of these places are Buddhist temples. The sacred Mount Kinkeisan is also included in the group The properties and their buffer zones are covered by a range of Japanese government protections as historic sites and places of scenic beauty. History. Hiraizumi was an important political, military, commercial, and cultural centre from the late-11th century until the late 12th-century. This time was marked by the building and endowment of Buddhist temples, art and gardens. Pure Land Buddhism developed a concept of planning and garden design that was unique to Japan. The four Pure Land gardens of Hiraizumi show the ideals of Pure Land Buddhism. The gardens also show Japanese concepts about the relationship between gardens, water and the surrounding landscape. The four gardens were developed by the Ōshū Fujiwara clan. The poet Matsuo Bashō was inspired by this Fujiwara legacy. In 1689, Bashō wrote: "Three generations of glory vanished in the space of a dream ..." In 2011, UNESCO listed parts of Hiraizumi as a World Heritage Site. Lunda Norte Province Lunda Norte is a province of Angola. There are about 850,000 people. Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the capital after independence. It was later moved to Dundo. The province is rich in diamonds, but is underdeveloped and poor. Lunda Sul Province Lunda Sul is a province of Angola. There are about 125,000 people. Saurimo is the capital. This region has many diamonds. Malanje Province Malanje is a province of Angola. There are about 900,000 people. Malanje is the capital of the province. The Milando Reserve Park is also here. Moxico Province Moxico is the largest province of Angola. There are about 230,000 people. Luena is the capital of the province. The Cameia National Park is located in Moxico. Namibe Province Namibe is a province of Angola. It was called Moçâmedes when under Portuguese rule. There were 313,667people in 2006. The port and city of Namibe is the capital. Iona National Park is also located there. Late Cretaceous fossils of sharks, turtles, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and sauropods were found near the Bentiaba desert. Uíge Province Uíge (pronounced: "Weej"), is one of the eighteen provinces of Angola. It is in the northwestern part of the country. The capital city is Uíge. There are 500,000 people. The Beu Forest Reserve is in the province. The province was badly damaged during the long civil war. Many buildings were destroyed. Many people had to move. Zaire Province Zaire is one of the 18 provinces of Angola. It is in the north west of the country. There are about 600,000 people. M'Banza Kongo is the capital of the province. Caxito Caxito is a town and commune in Angola. It is the capital of Bengo Province. The northern line of Angolan Railways passes through. Benguela Benguela (São Felipe de Benguela, formerly spelled "Benguella") is a city in western Angola. It is the capital of Benguela Province. Benguela is one of Angola's largest cities. Kuito Kuito (also spelled Cuito) is a city in central Angola. It is the capital of Bié Province. Cabinda (city) Cabinda is the capital of the Cabinda Province in Angola. It is called Tchiowa by the Cabindans. The city was first started by the Portuguese for slave trade. There are many offshore oil reserves nearby. Menongue Menongue is a town and municipality in Cuando Cubango Province in Angola. It is also the capital of the province. It is the end of the southern railway from Namibe. N'dalatando N'dalatando (pre-1975: Vila Salazar) is a town and municipality of Cuanza Norte Province in Angola. It is also the capital of the province. It has a station on the northern railway of Luanda Railway. Teenage pregnancy Teenage pregnancy is a situation which involves female adolescents who are less than 20 years old. But sometimes preteens (people under 13) can become pregnant as well. The fact that teenagers become pregnant is related to many factors. These are related to the specific situation of the teenager and the group that she interacts with. The rates of teenage pregnancy vary from country to country and are related to differences of sexual activities, the general sex education and contraceptives being available. Teen pregnancy will sometimes involve low birth weight. Social matters also play a role: often, the teenager grew up in poverty. She also often has a lower level of general education. Pregnancy in teenagers in the developed world usually occurs outside of marriage. The lowest levels of teenage pregnancy are in Japan and South Korea. Teenage pregnancies are common among Romani people. Bulgaria and Romania have the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Europe. Problems. Medicalities. Teenage pregnancies have a number of problems: Potential Solutions. Education. A large cause of teenage pregnancy is a lack of education about sex and pregnancy. The first to be blamed are schools and teachers, but the real starting point should be from within the family. Sometimes parents might think talking about sex is inappropriate or that it is automatically encouraging their children to have sex, so they avoid talking about it entirely. This leaves kids with information only from their peers, which often includes pressure to engage in sex acts to meet social standards. Parents should realize that in attempting to protect their children from the reality of human sexuality they are causing more harm than good. Open discussion about sex in a safe, nonjudgmental environment is essential to helping minors make educated decisions about sex. Pediatricians also take it upon themselves to make up for the information that has not been properly communicated to teens, and continually recognize better education as the key to helping reduce teen pregnancy. References. <link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Biological_reproduction" /> Bandō, Ibaraki is a city in Ibaraki, Japan. The city of Bandō is made up of the old city of Iwai and the town of Sashima, which joined on March 22, 2005. The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 movie) The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 movie by Marvel Entertainment and Columbia Pictures. It stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone. It is a reboot of the Spider-Man motion picture series. It was released in the United States on July 3, 2012. It is about Peter Parker in high school while his super powers are evolving. A sequel, "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", was released in 2014. Plot. Abandoned by his parents and raised by an aunt and uncle, teenager Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield), AKA Spider-Man, is trying to sort out who he is and exactly what his feelings are for his first crush, Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone). When Peter finds a mysterious briefcase that was his father's, he pursues a quest to solve his parents' disappearance. His search takes him to Oscorp and the lab of Dr. Curt Connors (Rhys Ifans), setting him on a collision course with Connors' alter ego, the Lizard. Sudbury Basin The Sudbury Basin is a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second-largest verified impact crater on Earth, as well as one of the oldest. The basin is on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The Sudbury Basin is referred to locally as "The Valley". The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin. The Sudbury Basin is near a number of other geological structures. None of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of coming from the same geophysical processes. Formation. The Sudbury basin was formed by a strike from a bolide about in diameter. It occurred 1.849 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era. Debris from the impact was scattered over an area of and traveled over away — rock fragments ejected by the impact have been found as far as Minnesota. With such a large impact, debris was most likely scattered globally, but has since been worn away. Its present size is believed to be a smaller portion of a round crater that the bolide originally created. Subsequent geological processes have deformed the crater into the current smaller oval shape. Sudbury Basin would then be the second-largest crater on Earth, after the Vredefort crater in South Africa, and larger than the Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico. Structure. The full extent of the Sudbury Basin is long, wide and deep, although the modern ground surface is much shallower. Ladbroke Grove rail crash The Ladbroke Grove rail crash was a railway accident outside Paddington station, Ladbroke Grove, in London, England, on 5 October 1999, in the early morning. It involved two trains, one run by Thames Trains, the other by First Great Western. Events. A train run by Thames Trains left London Paddington railway station for Bedwyn in Wiltshire at 08:06am. It was a "Thames Turbo", painted in Network SouthEast colours and made up of three carriages. At Ladbroke Grove Junction, trains switched onto the usual route, one track for trains away from London, the other for trains to London. It should have stopped at a red signal and waited until it could do this safely, but it failed to stop at the signal (called a Signal Passed at Danger or SPAD). It collided nearly head on with a train run by First Great Western from Cheltenham Spa in Gloucestershire, after the signal that was changed failed to stop the train. The train was a diesel high speed train, with 8 coaches and two locomotives, one at each end. The front two coaches of the Thames Turbo were completely destroyed, and the front locomotive of the High Speed Train was badly damaged. The diesel fuel in the Thames Turbo was scattered as a result and caught fire, which caused separate fires to burn in the wreckage, especially in Coach H of the high speed train which was completely burned by the fire. The drivers of both trains were killed in the crash. Altogether, 31 people died: 24 people on the Thames Turbo and 6 people on the high speed train were killed by the crash itself, while another person was killed by the fire. 523 people were injured, of which 227 were taken to hospital. The remaining 296 people were treated where the crash happened. Cause. The immediate cause was the Thames Turbo failing to stop at a red signal at Ladbroke Grove Junction. A signal before it was amber, which should have prepared the driver for the red signal. Because the driver was killed, it was hard to find out why he did not stop at the signal. An inquiry was held in 2000 by Lord Cullen, one year later. Contributing factors. Lord Cullen took note of the fact that the railway line in London Paddington was prone to trains failing to stop at the same red signal that the Thames Turbo passed. One reason for the driver not stopping was that it was difficult for him to see the signal. It was very early in the morning and the sun was very low in the sky. This made the amber signal difficult to notice. Overhead power lines had been put up for the Heathrow Express to run, which obscured the signals even more. The crash also happened shortly after the Thames Turbo driver had qualified, after his 2 weeks of training. The trainer did not tell him about the signal and later claimed that he was "not there to teach the routes" and was "totally there to teach how to drive a Turbo". Thames Trains also had no standardised test system for drivers, and no clear pass or fail criteria. The driver had been in the Navy and had little experience on the railways, and had qualified 13 days earlier than British Rail drivers did (British Rail also did not allow new drivers to drive on difficult routes such as the Great Western Main Line between London and Bristol, on which this accident happened, until they got experience on easier routes). Another reason was that the Thames Turbo had been fitted with a safety system called ATP (automatic train protection), which would have stopped the train if it failed to stop at a red signal, but it was switched off. The High Speed Train's ATP was also off. Although it was recommended after a rail crash at Clapham Junction many years earlier, it had proved annoying in the past and no company required its trains to have it working and switched on. After the event. On 5 April 2004, Thames Trains was fined £2 million for breaching Health & Safety laws in connection with the crash. On 31 October 2006, 7 years and 26 days after the crash, Network Rail pleaded guilty to charges under the Health & Safety at Work act 1974, was fined £4 million and ordered to pay a further £225,000. Both the front locomotive of the high speed train and the Thames Turbo were written off. The back carriage of the Thames Turbo, however, is now a spare part. A memorial garden was created next to the Great Western main line near Paddington station, near the car park of a Sainsbury's supermarket. Thames Trains Thames Trains was a British train operator under franchise running a mixture of short and long distance trains around the Thames Valley. Its services were centered around Reading and ran in the area surrounded by Oxford, Gatwick Airport, Guildford, London, Basingstoke, Worcester, Hereford and Stratford-upon-Avon. It was started when British Rail was privatised and Network SouthEast was broken up. In 2004 it was replaced by First Great Western Link, which was merged with First Great Western and Wessex Trains after 2 years, forming a "Greater Western" franchise. Thames Trains ran one of the Trains involved in the Ladbroke Grove Rail Crash in 1999, three years after it was started. Freeport, Bahamas Freeport is a city, district and free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama. It is in North-west Bahamas. In 1955, Wallace Groves, a Virginian financier, was given 50,000 acres (or 202 km2) of pineyard with swamp and scrubland areas by the Bahamian government. They were asked to develop the area economically. Freeport has grown and is now the second most populous city in the Bahamas. The main airport in Freeport is the Grand Bahama International Airport. The Grand Bahama Port Authority (GBPA) runs the free trade zone, under the Hawksbill Creek Agreement signed in August 1955. There, the Bahamian Government agreed that businesses in the Freeport area will pay no taxes before 2054. The area of the land grants has been increased to 138,000 acres (or 526 km2). Grand Bahama International Airport Grand Bahama International Airport (GBIA) is a privately owned international airport. It is in Freeport, Bahamas. The airport is a joint venture between Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH) and The Port Group (or the Grand Bahama Port Authority). It also has of land. This adjoins it to the Freeport Harbour Company Limited. So, they work as one body, known as the Sea Air Business Centre (SABC). Grand Bahama International Airport is one of two Bahamian airports that has US border preclearance facilities. The airport has a runway. It can handle the largest aircraft in service. It is quite close to all major cities of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Florida's Turnpike Florida's Turnpike (TPK), designated as the Ronald Reagan Turnpike is a north–south toll road. It was originally called Sunshine State Parkway. The road runs through 11 counties in the Florida peninsula. It starts from U.S. Route 1 in Florida City, running through Miami, Fort Lauderdale. At West Palm Beach, it runs parallel to Interstate 95, and then in Orlando, it crosses Interstate 4, to its northern end at Interstate 75 near Wildwood. The Turnpike itself has two sections. The first is the Mainline, a route from the Golden Glades Interchange (north of Miami) to Wildwood. This has the hidden designation of State Road 91 (SR 91). It was opened in stages between 1957 and 1964. The second is the long Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (HEFT). This was completed in 1974. Its hidden designation is State Road 821 (SR 821). This runs from Florida City (near Homestead) through the suburbs to the west and north of Miami, connecting to the Mainline four miles (6 km) north of the Golden Glades Interchange. Florida's Turnpike is considered one of the busiest highways in the country (according to the IBBTA, the highway is the nation's 3rd most heavily traveled toll road). Hala'ib Triangle The Hala'ib Triangle (مثلث حلايب in Arabic, transliterated Muthāllath Ḥalāʾib) is an area of land measuring located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which is named after the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave an area of land north of the line to Sudan. When Sudan became independent in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. After Egypt sent military units to the Hala'ib Triangle in the 1990s, as part of a greater movement by the Egyptian government to solidify its presence in Africa, following the 1995 attempted assassination of then-Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Egypt has controlled the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, and has been actively investing in it. Today the United Arab Emirates is also a active investor along with Egypt in the area. The area is not shaped like a triangle—it is actually a complicated polygon. Only the southern border is a straight line. A smaller area, called Bir Tawil, touches the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point. Bir Tawil is not claimed by either Sudan or Egypt. Daniel Stern Daniel Jacob Stern (born August 28, 1957) is an American television and movie actor. He has starred in movies with many genres, but is most known for his role as Marv Murchins in the 1990 film "Home Alone" and its 1992 sequel "". Stern was born in Bethesda, Maryland. Stern is currently married to Laure Mattos since 1981, they have three children. David Cone David Cone (born 2 January 1963 in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for many teams including the New York Yankees. Cesarean section A Cesarean section (often called a C-section) is a kind of surgery, which is usually done to make childbirth easier. In the past, this was done when there was a great risk to the health of the mother, or when normal childbirth through the vagina was not possible. More recently, it has also been done on request, without these reasons. In very rare cases, abortions are performed using this procedure, these are called Hysterotomy abortions. The first person to perform a modern Cesarean section was Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer, in 1881. In Latin, it is called "Sectio caesarea", in English, the spelling Caesarean section also exists. The rate of babies delivered through Cesarean section varies: It is at a record level of 46% in China; levels of 25% and above are common in many Asian and European countries, Latin America, and the United States. From about the 6th century, there was Roman law that stated that a living foetus may not be buried with the mother, The Digest notes this to be a "lex regia". If this were the case, it would date from the time around 700 BC, when there were Roman kings. Waheed Murad Waheed Murad () (October 2, 1938 – November 23, 1983) was a Pakistani movie actor. Waheed is considered to be one of the most influential actors of subcontinent. He was born in Karachi, Pakistan. and was the only child of movie distributor Nisar Murad. Waheed got his early education from Karachi Grammar School in Karachi. One of his blockbuster movies is "Armaan". Once, in an interview, he said, "Dilip Kumar, too, is not an immortal actor". In November 2010, 27 years after his death, Pakistani president Asif Zardari awarded him the "Sitara-e-Imtiaz". Popularity. Waheed Murad is thought to be one of the first "Rock n' Roll" stars of Pakistan. Due to his romantic and subtle style of acting, he became well known as the 'Chocolate Hero' and 'Lady Killer'. His haircut, dressing style and even the way he talked were very popular with the youth. Sumbe Sumbe (pre-1975: Novo Redondo) is a city in west central Angola. It is the capital of Cuanza Sul Province. There are 26,000 people. Ondjiva Ondjiva (pre-1975: "Pereira d'Eça") is a town in southern Angola. It is the capital of Cunene Province. Huambo Huambo, formerly "Nova Lisboa" ("New Lisbon" in Portuguese), is the capital of Huambo Province in Angola. The city is about 220 km east of Benguela and 600 km south-east of Luanda. The city is the second largest in Angola, after the capital city, Luanda. It has the Albano Machado Airport. The name Huambo comes from Wambu. Wambu was one of the 14 old Ovimbundu kingdoms of the central Angolan plateau. Lubango Lubango is the capital city of Huíla in Angola. Until 1975, the city's name was Sá da Bandeira. During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), Lubango was a major base of Cuban, SWAPO. Lubango's economy is based on agriculture. Lucapa Lucapa is a town in eastern Angola. It is the capital of Lunda Norte Province. The number of people who live here is hard to determine. This is because civil war caused a lot of people to move. The main work in the town is mining. Saurimo Saurimo (pre-1975: "Henrique de Carvalho") is a town in northeastern Angola. It is the capital of Lunda Sul Province. There are about 200,000 people. The number of people has gotten bigger because migrants are running from areas hurt by the civil war. Malanje Malanje (also Malange) is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola. There are 222,000 people. Nearby are the Calandula waterfalls, from the city. Pedras Negras de Pungo Andongo are large black rocks. The greatest dam in the country is in Malanje. Out of the Game Out of the Game is the seventh album by Rufus Wainwright. Luena, Moxico Province Luena (pre-1975: Vila Luso) is a town in east central Angola. It is the capital of Moxico Province. There are between 60,000 to 200,000 people. No one knows for sure because of refugees from the Angolan Civil War. Moçâmedes Moçâmedes is a coastal town in Angola. Between 1985 and 2016, the town was called Namibe. It is the capital of Namibe Province. It was formed in 1840 by the Portuguese rulers of the territory. There were 132,900 people in 2004. Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate. There are desert plants because it is close to the Namib Desert. Along with Luanda and Lobito it is one of Angola's three major ports. The Namibe Airport is in Moçâmedes. Uíge Uíge (briefly Carmona) is a town in northwestern Angola. It is the capital of Uíge Province. There are 119,815. people. When Portuguese were there in the 1950s, it was a major center for coffee production. M'banza-Kongo M'banza-Kongo (known as "São Salvador" in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975), is a town in northwesternAngola. It is the capital of Zaire Province. In the valley to the south is the Luezi River. M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo. West Africa Time West Africa Time, or WAT, is a time zone used in west-central Africa. West Africa Time is used by the following countries: White-cheeked antbird The white-cheeked antbird ("Gymnopithys leucaspis") is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is sometimes called the bicolored antbird. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is on tropical and moist forests. President of Angola The President of the Republic of Angola is both head of state and head of government in Angola. The President picked a Prime Minister. Most of the decisions are made by the President. Angola started having a President when they got independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the first President. In January 2010 the National Assembly decided the party with the most seats in the Assembly would become president. It was no longer a public vote. They also decided there would not be a Prime Minister. Instead the job will be done by the vice-president. Presidents of Angola (1975–present). "Note:" For details of the post of President of Angola, see President of Angola. William John Swainson William John Swainson, Fellow of the Linnean Society and Fellow of the Royal Society (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, entomologist and artist. Life. Swainson was born in Dover Place, St. Mary Newington, London. He was the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson, who was also of the Linnean Society. William worked at the Liverpool Customs when he was 14. He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily. In 1815, he returned to England because he became ill. In 1816 he went with the explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution. However, Swainson brought to England over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins. As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many societies. He was elected as a fellow to the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820. In 1823, he married his first wife Mary Parkes, and had four sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1835. Swainson re-married in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. He died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 7 December 1855. Species named after William Swainson. Many birds were named after William Swainson. José Eduardo dos Santos José Eduardo dos Santos (August 28, 1942 – July 8, 2022) is an Angolan politician. From 1979 until 2017, he was the President of Angola. As President, dos Santos was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces. After leaving the presidency, dos Santos remained leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Dos Santos died on July 8, 2022 at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by cancer, aged 79. Vice President of Angola The Vice President of Angola is the second highest political position in Angola. It is the deputy head of state. Bornito de Sousa is the current Vice President. He started in September 2017. Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (born 5 March 1950), known as Nandó, is an Angolan politician. He was Vice-President of Angola from 18 February 2010 until 26 September 2012. He was the Prime Minister of Angola from 2002 to 2008. He was President of the National Assembly of Angola from 2008 to 2010. Personal life. He is a cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos. Angolan War of Independence The Angolan War of Independence was from 1961 to 1975. Angola fought against Portugal. Portugal was making people in Angola farm cotton. Three different groups in Angola were against Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the leader of the war. Portugal was winning the war when the country's government became democratic. An agreement was signed to let Angola become independent. About three thousand people died because of the war. Monogamy Monogamy (; "monos+gamos" meaning "one+marriage") is a form of marriage in which a person or animal has only one spouse at any one time. Etymology. The word "monogamy" comes from the Greek words "μονός", "monos" which means one or alone, and "γάμος", "gamos" which means marriage. Religion. Monogamy is one of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity (except for the fundamentalist branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith, who allowed polygamy and had many wives). In Jewish and Christian doctrine, marriage is between one husband and wife. Law. In most countries, monogamy is the only legal form of marriage, either between a man and a woman in most of these countries, and between two persons of the same gender (gay marriage) mainly in the Western world. In these countries polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Angolan Civil War The Angolan Civil War was a major civil war in the African country of Angola. It started in 1975 and continued until 2002. The war began right after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The Civil War was mostly a fight for power between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Other countries got involved in the war because they wanted their own ideologies to win. This made the Angolan war part of the Cold War. In 2002 the MPLA won. About 500,000 people died in the war. The war also did a lot of damage to buildings in Angola. Because of all the damage, in 2003 80% of Angolans lacked access to basic medical care, 60% lacked access to water, and 30% of Angolan children would die before the age of 5, with an overall national life expectancy of less than 40 years of age. Background. In 1575, the Portuguese started to colonize parts of what is now Angola. Before, some of the land was part of the Kingdom of Kongo. Combatants. MPLA. The MPLA was a communist group fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Agostinho Neto. They were supported by the Soviet Union. UNITA. UNITA was an anti-communist group also fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Jonas Savimbi. FNLA. FNLA was another anti-communist independence group. Its leader was Holden Roberto. The US gave them money by funneling it through Zaire. War. 1970s. In 1975, Portugal signed the Alvor Agreement with MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA. The agreement said that Angola would become independent on 11 November 1975. Effect. The war destroyed a lot of buildings in Angola. There are still a lot of landmines in Angola from the war. Sometimes they still go off and kill and hurt people. Formicariidae The Formicariidae or ground antbirds are a family of small passerine birds. They live in subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are between 10 and 20 cm (4–8 in) in length. These are forest birds that tend to eat insects at or near the ground. Many are specialist ant eaters. Note that the term "antbird" is for another family of birds, the Thamnophilidae. Telephone numbers in Angola Telephone numbers in Angola are 9 digits long. Calling formats. The NSN length is nine digits. Tyche Tyche, also known as Tuch, was the goddess of destiny in Greek mythology. She controlled the good and bad of fortune and prosperity of a city. Her name means "luck" in Greek. She is often represented wearing a mural crown. The crown looks like the walls of a city. She is often carrying a large horn with all her wealth and richness in it that she sometimes spreads to others. She is a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, according to Greek poet Hesiod. Tyche is one of the Oceanids. Oceanids are the daughters of the Titans Tethys and Okeanos. The story of the Oceanids is told in the Theogony by Greek poet Hesiod. Tyche and her sister Eudora stand for a joining of bounty and luck. Angolan kwanza The kwanza (sign: Kz; ISO 4217 code: AOA) is the currency of Angola. The Kwanza was introduced in 1999, replacing the "Kwanza Reajustado" (AOK).  AOA is subdivided into coin denominations of 100 centimos, and is denoted by the symbol Kz. Angola declared independence from Portugal in 1975, following a bitter period in which Angola fought a war of independence while also becoming engulfed in a civil war. While Angola created its first national currency as an independent nation in 1977, this currency—called the Angola Kwanza (AOK)—soon saw its value rapidly eroded by inflation. The AON, introduced in 1990, was an attempt to deal with this severe inflation, but it too was devalued only 5 years later. The second devaluation occurred in 1995, when the AON was replaced by a new currency called the “kwanza reajustado”. The devaluation was carried out at a rate of 1,000 new currency units for every 1 AON, reflecting the level of severity of Angola’s inflation crisis at that time. A third devaluation occurred in 1999, replacing the kwanza reajustado with the Second Kwanza (AOA), which is the currency that Angola continues to use today. Charles Sibley Charles Gald Sibley (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had a big influence on the scientific classification of birds. Sibley's taxonomy was a major influence on many organizations, such as the American Ornithologists' Union. Jon Edward Ahlquist Jon Edward Ahlquist (born 27 July 1944, died 7 May 2020) is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist. He has worked with Charles Sibley, mostly at Yale University. By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published "Phylogeny and Classification of Birds", which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on the DNA. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999). Blue Thunder Blue Thunder is a 1983 American action thriller movie. In it stars Roy Scheider and Daniel Stern as LAPD cops. The movie is about a futuristic helicopter which has unusual capability. Honors music The honors music is music played at formal times in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder. It is usually played by a military band. The head of state in many countries is honored with music. In some countries the national anthem is used. Some countries have a separate royal anthem or presidential anthem. Countries where the national anthem is also the royal anthem include Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The Jamaican National Anthem is played for the Governor-General of Jamaica. Countries with special honors music are: Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following: Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Novelle Hamilton Richards wrote the words. Walter Garnet Picart Chambers wrote the music. The country started using in on independence in 1981. God Save the Queen is still the Royal anthem. Flag of Antigua and Barbuda The national flag of Antigua and Barbuda was started on February 27, 1967. It was designed by artist and sculptor, Sir Reginald Samuel. The rising sun is for the dawning of a new era. The colours have different meanings. The black is for the African ancestry of the people. The blue is for hope. The red is for energy or dynamism of the people. The colouring of yellow, blue, and white (from the sun down) is for the sun, sea, and sand. The blue also is for the Caribbean Sea. The V-shape is the symbol of victory. Priapus Priapus was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection. He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection. Mamma Mia! Mamma Mia! is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. "Mamma Mia!" was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history. Sparkle Sparkle is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. "Sparkle" was released in August 2012. Planaria Planaria is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. "Planaria" are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. "Planaria" are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water. The digestive system of "Planaria" consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. "Planaria" do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move. Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads. Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon. Ironbridge Gorge The Ironbridge Gorge is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the Severn Gorge. The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s. Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron. History. The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world. It is a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale. The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures. However, a new blast furnace nearby lowered the cost. This encouraged local engineers and architects to solve a long-standing problem of a crossing over the river. There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. Second, the deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea. The Iron Bridge The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England. The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is maintained by English Heritage who launched a crowdfunding campaign in 2017 to support a conservation project which began in 2018. As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished. Herma A herma, commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height. The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word "herma", and the sculptures originally represented him. The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection. In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection. 26th of July Movement The 26th of July Movement was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called Movimiento 26 de Julio, it is often abbreviated M-26-7. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank País was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raúl Pujol, Celia Sánchez, Haydée Santamaría, Aldo Santamaría and Vilma Espín. Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959. Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party. Antiplatelet drug An Antiplatelet drug is a drug that acts against blood clotting. The blood contains platelets, which will stick together, and close an open wound. In some cases, they also stick together in the bloodstream, and form blood clots. Such blood clots cause Strokes and Heart attacks. Another type of drug that prevents clotting is called anticoagulant. Anticoagulants cannot be used to prevent blood clotting in the arteries. Antiplatelet drugs are commonly used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as Aspirin, is one of them. Charles Edward Trevelyan Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called "The Irish Crisis". Penelope (movie) Penelope is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon. Mimusops Mimusops is a genus of plant. It is in the family Sapotaceae. Species. Some species in this genus are: Coalbrookdale Coalbrookdale is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England. It is in an area of great significance in the history of industrialisation. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal". The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain. It was the Industrial Revolution. Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional courses in heritage. Drosophila simulans Drosophila simulans is a species of fruit fly closely related to "D. melanogaster" It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: "D. melanogaster" and "D. simulans". Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. "D. melanogaster" females crossed to "D. simulans" males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny. "D. simulans" was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, "Drosophila sechellia" and "Drosophila mauritiana". "D. simulans" will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made "D. simulans" an important model organism for research into speciation. Nozomi (spacecraft) is the name of the a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars. The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo. The spacecraft was launched on July 3, 1998. Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe. The mission was not successful because of electrical failures. The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003. International partnership. Nozomi carried scientific instruments from Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden and the United States. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission. Hayabusa is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa. The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo. Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid. The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010. Mission. "Hayabusa" studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The "Hayabusa" mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis. In popular culture. Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission. Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 17, 1986) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the "Time" 100 most influential people in 2012. Personal life. Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter. Juei was a after "Yōwa" and before "Genryaku." This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184. The reigning emperors were Antoku"-tennō" (安徳天皇) and . Genryaku was a after "Juei" and before "Bunji." This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185. The reigning emperors were and . Bunji (era) was a after "Genryaku" and before "Kenkyū." This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was . Rush Hour (movie) Rush Hour is an 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. It stars Chris Tucker, Jackie Chan, Julia Hsu, Philip Baker Hall, Tom Wilkinson, Ken Leung and Chris Penn. It was followed by the sequel movies, "Rush Hour 2" (2001) and "Rush Hour 3" (2007). Kenkyū was a after "Bunji" and before "Shōji." This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was . 2112 (album) 2112 is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976. The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs. Track listing. All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted. Shōji (era) was a after "Kenkyū" and before "Kennin." This period started in April 1199 and ended in February 1201. The reigning emperor was . Kennin was a after "Shōji" and before "Genkyū." This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was . Spectacled caiman The spectacled caiman ("Caiman crocodilus"), or the common caiman, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. In captivity. According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos. Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher. It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda. The symbolism is more complex. At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple. The island is famous for this fruit. Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant. The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands. The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill. The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving". Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint George is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda. It is on the island of Antigua. V.C. Bird International Airport is in Saint George Parish. The head office of LIAT is on the airport grounds. Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint John is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It has the capital city, St. John's. Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint Mary is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Bolands. Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint Paul is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Fort Berkeley is located in Nelson’s Dockyard National Park. Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint Peter is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Parham. It includes Guiana Island and Great Bird Island. The parish is home to Betty's Hope Sugar Plantation, a popular historic site. Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda Saint Philip is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is the town of Carlisle. Fortune Fortune may refer to: Redonda Redonda is a very small Caribbean island. It is part of Antigua and Barbuda. No people live here. This small island is southwest of Antigua. It is between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat. Redonda seems like one very large rock. It is what is left of an ancient volcanic core. The land rises very steeply from sea level, mostly as sheer cliffs. There is no source of freshwater except rain. The only animals that live here are seabirds and a herd of feral goats. The goats live on the poor grazing on top of the island. History. Christopher Columbus found Redonda in 1493 on his second journey. He said the island belonged to Spain. He named the island "Santa María la Redonda", meaning Saint Mary the Round. The island looks round when viewed from the side. In the 1860s, the island became a British possession. Fortune cookie A fortune cookie is a sugary cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a short message or "fortune" inside. The cookie was made popular by Makoto Hagiwara who was a Japanese immigrant who ran the Japanese Tea Garden At San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s. The "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of wisdom or prophecy. The message may also include a Chinese phrase with translation or a list of lucky numbers. Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm. King Charles III is the reigning monarch since September 8, 2022. He is Antigua and Barbuda's head of state. Many of the jobs of the government are done by the Governor-General. The Reader The Reader is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. "The Reader" was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role. Rachel Getting Married Rachel Getting Married is a 2008 American drama movie about a drug addict attending her sister's wedding. Anne Hathaway stars. This drama got limited released on 3 October, 2008. Genkyū was a after "Kennin" and before "Ken'ei." This period started in February 1204 and ended in April 1206. The reigning emperor was . Shiretoko National Park is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk. The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word "". It means "end of the Earth". History. Shiretoko National Park was established in 1964. In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries. Geography. Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat. There is a hot springs waterfall called . "" means "water of the gods" in Ainu. Plants. The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak. Animals. The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears. Billy Tipton "This is about the American musician. For other people called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)." Billy Lee Tipton (December 29, 1914 – January 21, 1989) was an American jazz musician and bandleader. Tipton had been assigned female gender at birth. Early life. Tipton was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. His aunt raised him after his parents' divorced. He became interested in music in high school, especially jazz. He studied piano and saxophone. He went back to Oklahoma for his last year of high school and joined the school band there. His nickname in high school was "Tippy". Tipton later took his father's nickname, Billy, when he started a music career. He also began to try to appear to be male by dressing to hide his breasts. At first, Tipton only behaved as a male while performing. However, by 1940 Tipton was living as a man all the time. Very few people knew both sides of his life. They were two of his female cousins and maybe his later lovers. Career. Early work. In 1936, Tipton lead a band playing on the radio station, KFXR. In 1938, Tipton joined Louvenie’s Western Swingbillies. This band played on another rado station, KTOK, and at Brown's Tavern. In 1940, Tipton was touring the Midwest and playing at dances with Scott Cameron's band. Starting in 1941, he played for two and a half years at Joplin, Missouri's Cotton Club with George Meyer's band. He then toured for a time with Ross Carlyle. Later, he played for two years in Texas. In 1949, Tipton began touring the Pacific Northwest with George Meyer. A local radio station recorded the band's appearances at Roseburg, Oregon's Shalimar Room. Recordings of Tipton's early playing include "If I Knew Then" and "Sophisticated Swing". The band was well known for the song "Flying Home". They played the song like Benny Goodman's band did. George Meyer's band became more successful, and they began getting better chances to perform. They played with The Ink Spots, the Delta Rhythm Boys, and Billy Eckstine at the Boulevard Club in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Bandleader. Tipton began playing piano alone at the Elks club in Longview, Washington. In Longview, he started the Billy Tipton Trio. This band was Tipton on piano, Dick O'Neil on drums, and Kenny Richards (and later Ron Kilde) on bass. The trio became popular in the area. A talent scout from Tops Records heard them play at King's Supper Club in Santa Barbara, California and got them a contract to record songs. The Billy Tipton Trio made two albums of jazz standards for Tops, "Sweet Georgia Brown" and "Billy Tipton Plays Hi-Fi on Piano", in 1957. The albums sold 17,678 copies. This was a good number for a small independent record label. After the albums' success, the Holiday Hotel in Reno, Nevada asked them to become play there regularly. Tops Records asked the trio to record four more albums. Tipton said no both offers. Instead, he moved to Spokane, Washington worked as an agent. The trio played every week at Allen's Tin Pan Alley as the house band. He played mainly swing standards and less jazz, even though he preferred jazz. His performances also included skits like vaudeville performers did. He imitated celebrities like Liberace and Elvis Presley. In some of these comedy skits, he played a little girl. He helped young musicians at the Dave Sobol Theatrical Agency. In the late 1970s, Tipton's arthritis got worse and he had to retire from music. Personal life. Early in his career, Tipton appeared as a male only as a musician. He appeared as a woman at other times. He lived with a woman named Non Earl Harrell. Other musicians thought this was a lesbian relationship. The relationship ended in 1942. Tipton's next relationship was with a singer known only as "June". This lasted for several years. Then, or seven years, Tipton lived with a young woman named Betty Cox. She was 19 when they started their relationship. Cox said they had a heterosexual relationship. Betty remembered Tipton as "the most fantastic love of my life." Tipton kept the secret of his physical sexual characteristics a secret from Betty with a story. Tipton said that he had been in a serious car accident which had badly damaged his genitals and broken some ribs. He said he had to wear bandages protect his damaged chest. He told his female partners this story later in his life. Tipton was never legally married, but several women had drivers' licenses naming them Mrs. Tipton. In 1960, Tipton ended the relationship with Cox. He settle down with nightclub dancer and stripper, Kitty Kelly (later known as Kitty Oakes). Her professional name was "The Irish Venus." They were involved with their local PTA and with the Boy Scouts. They adopted three sons, John, Scott, and William. After Tipton died, Kitty gave several interviews about him and their relationship. In early interviews, she said, “He gave up everything... There were certain rules and regulations in those days if you were going to be a musician.” She was taking about trying to be part of 1920−30s music industry. His son William described Tipton as a good father who loved to go on Scout camping trips. They had trouble with their adopted sons during their adolescence. The couple often argued over how they should raise the boys. Tipton left Kitty in the late 1970s and moved into a mobile home with their sons. He restarted an old relationship with Maryann. He was poor, but stayed there until his death. Death and after. In 1989, at the age of 74, Tipton had medical problems. He said it was emphysema and refused to call a doctor. Actually he had a hemorrhaging peptic ulcer. He died because he did not get medical care for this serious problem. His son William watched while paramedics were trying to save Tipton's life. That is how William learned that his father was born female. Tipton was pronounced dead at Valley General Hospital. The coroner shared the secret with the rest of the family. Kitty had his body to be cremated so that nobody would find out, but one of their sons did not keep the secret. A newspaper article was published the day after Tipton's funeral and wire services picked it up. Stories about Tipton appeared in papers including tabloids such as "National Enquirer" and "Star", as well as more serious papers such as "New York Magazine" and "The Seattle Times". Tipton's family even made talk show appearances. Works inspired by Tipton. "Kill Me, Por Favor" is a short story including a section about Billy Tipton in Ry Cooder's 2011 volume entitled "Los Angeles Stories". Pub. City Lights Books 2011. Hip replacement Hip replacement is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. This joint replacement is usually done to relieve arthritis pain or fix very bad joint damage. Types of Hip Replacement Surgeries. There are three types of hip replacement surgeries. Who can benefit from a hip replacement? Your doctor may recommend a hip replacement if you have significant pain, swelling, and damage to your hip joint due to the following conditions: Recovery Time. Typically, after 6 to 12 weeks, you will make a full recovery from hip replacement surgery. You will still need follow-up appointments to make sure your hip is healing. Most people can resume their daily activities after six weeks. You may be discharged from the hospital after 2 to 4 days. Here are some points that can help you speed up your recovery after surgery. Slurry A slurry is, in general, a thick suspension of solids in a liquid. Uses. There are many kinds of slurries, including Ken'ei was a after "Genkyū" and before "Jōgen." This period started in April 1206 and ended in October 1207. The reigning emperor was . Jōgen (Kamakura period) , also known as Shōgen, was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Ken'ei" and before "Kenryaku." This period spanned the years from October 1207 through March 1211. The reigning emperors were and . Newport Aquarium The Newport Aquarium is a public aquarium in Newport, Kentucky, United States. World Rivers. In the aquarium's first gallery, nine displays show freshwater fish from five continents of the world. There are hundreds of species in these exhibits, from the rainforests of Australia, the wetlands and caves of North America, tall grasses of Asia, the Amazon of South America, and the center of Africa. The tanks in World Rivers hold 9,000 gallons of freshwater. Shore Gallery. This gallery has over 500 animals in eight different exhibits. These are animals that live in the shallow areas of a water's edge. The tanks in the Shore Gallery hold 6,120 gallons of water. This includes a touch pool where visitors can touch species of the New England shoreline in a 1,200 gallon, rocky, open-topped exhibit. The Surge Zone depicts an area of Hawaii where waves crash against the rocky shore and create tide pools. Florida Grass Bed: Depicts the tall, thick grasses of the Florida Keys: Scrawled Filefish, High Hat, Gramma Basslet, Orange Toadfish, Trumpetfish. Flooded Crater: Depicts the Hanauma Bay, which was created when the ocean broke through the side of a volcanic crater and filled the crater with water: Lagoon Triggerfish, Pennant fish, Racoon Butterfly, Loggerhead sea turtle. Surge Zone: Saddle Wrasse, Ornate wrasse, Sergeants, Sailfin Tang, Dascyilus, Hawaiian Flagtail, Squirrelfish, Arc-eyed Hawkfish. Sand Flats: Depicts a sandy flat off the Southeastern coast of the U.S.: Silver pomfrets. California Kelp Forest: This is the second tunnel of the aquarium, simulating a thick kelp forest near Anacapa Island, California Biwer Biwer is a commune and small town in eastern Luxembourg. The commune is in the canton of Grevenmacher, which is part of the old district of Grevenmacher. It is made up of Biwer, Boudler, Brouch, Hegelsdorf, Wecker and Weydig. In Biwer, the largest village of the commune, are every public buildings. There are the primary school called 'An der Wiss', the cultural centre 'Fancy', a swimming pool, a sports hall and a day-care centre. Amyloplast An amyloplast is an organelle inside a plant cell that stores starch. It is only found in starchy plants such as tubers and fruits. Kenryaku was a after "Jōgen" and before "Kempo." This period started in March 1211 and ended in December 1213. The reigning emperor was . Kempo (era) was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Kenryaku" and before "Jōkyū." This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku"-tennō" (順徳天皇). Il Canzoniere Il Canzoniere is a collection of 365 poems. It was written by the Italian poet Petrarch between 1336 and 1373. Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon Arc flash Arc flash is an accidental electrical explosion usually caused by a short circuit. It usually happens at higher-voltages (around 300 volts and above). It can cause the electrical conductors to melt creating an explosion of molten or even vaporized metal. Temperatures can be as high as 20000 degrees Celsius. Arc flash is one of the reasons it is so important to turn the power off before working on any high-voltage equipment. Facesitting Facesitting is when a woman or man sits on a man's or maybe a woman's face. People enjoy this because there is a sense of submission by the person getting facesat, where the person sitting is controlling the breath of the "seat". Can be called "queening" or "kinging". Jōkyū , also called Shōkyū, was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Kempō" and before "Jōō." This period started in April 1219 and ended in April 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku"-tennō" (順徳天皇). Black magic Black magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers for evil and selfish purposes. In modern times, some think the definition of "black magic" has been used by people for any type of magic practice that is disapproved of and thought of as evil or satanic. Viola Davis Viola Davis (born August 11, 1965) is an American actress. She has starred in many movies, including "Traffic" and "Antwone Fisher" and "Suicide Squad". She has also done many television programs. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2017 for her role in "Fences" (2016). True name A true name is a name of a thing or being that expresses, or is somehow identical with, its true nature. The idea that language, or some specific sacred language, refers to things by their true names has been central to philosophical and grammatical study as well as various traditions of magic, divination and mysticism since ancient times. Jōō (Kamakura period) , also romanized as Jō-ō, was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Jōkyū" and before "Gennin." This period started in April 1222 and ended in November 1224. The reigning emperor was Go-Horikawa"-tennō". Leeward Caribbean Creole English Leeward Caribbean Creole English is an English-based creole language spoken in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean. It is in the countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is also called Antiguan Creole, Saint Kitts Creole and Montserrat Creole. Islanders often use it along with Standard English. People of a higher social status use English more often. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (movie) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is an American 2010 live-action/animated comedy movie and is based on the novel of the same name. The movie was released on March 19, 2010 (September in Australia). It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010. List of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda This is a list of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda. The head of state is the Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda. Most of the jobs though are done by the Governor-General. Louise Lake-Tack Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack, GCMG, DStJ (born 26 July 1944) is a former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda. Background and earlier career. Louise Lake-Tack was born in St. Philip's Parish, Antigua in 1944. She went to Freetown Government School before attending the Antigua Girls High School in St. John's. After graduating she went to the United Kingdom. She studied nursing at Charing Cross Hospital. She worked first at the National Heart Hospital and later at the Harley Street Clinic. Lake-Tack later studied and graduated in law. She was a magistrate at both Marylebone and Horseferry Magistrate Courts. She also sat at Pocock Street Crown Court and Middlesex Crown Court to hear appeal cases from the lower courts. She was a member of the Antigua and Barbuda National Association (London) for the 24 years before her appointment as Governor-General. Governor-General. She took office as Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda on 17 July 2007. She was the first woman to hold the office. On 14 August 2014, she was replaced by Dr Rodney Williams, who took office as the 4th Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda. Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda This page has a list of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda. Baldwin Spencer Winston Baldwin Spencer (born October 8, 1948) is a former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. He served in office from 2004 to 2014. He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Lester Bird Sir Lester Bryant Bird (February 21, 1938 – August 9, 2021) was the second Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004. He was also a well-known athlete. He was chairman of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) from 1971 to 1983. He became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Minister resigned. The previous Prime Minister was his father, Vere Bird. Bird Jr. was born in New York City. He went to the University of Michigan, and became a lawyer. Bird died on August 9, 2021 at the age of 83. Area code 268 Area code 268 is the telephone area code of Antigua and Barbuda. The 268 area code is part of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). When in Antigua and Barbuda, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Antigua and Barbuda from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(268) + seven digit phone number. Taurobolium During the Roman empire, the taurobolium referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD all private inscriptions mention "Magna Mater" (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD. Ritual. At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bulls testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome. Gennin was a after "Jōō" and before "Karoku." This period spanned the years from November 1224 to April 1225. The reigning emperor was . Karoku was a after "Gennin" and before "Antei." This period started in April 1225 and ended in December 1227. The reigning emperor was . Antei was a after "Gennin" and before "Kangi." This period started in December 1227 and ended in March 1229. The reigning emperor was . Gary Thomasson Gary Leah Thomasson was born July 29, 1951 in San Diego, California. He was a professional baseball player. He played outfield in Major League Baseball from 1972 to 1980 and in Japanese Nippon Pro Baseball 1981-1982 Thomasson got a lot of attention when he joined the Yomiuri Giants. He got the largest contract ever in the Nippon league. Then, Thomasson played poorly in his two years in Japan. He almost set the league record for strikeouts. He ended his career with a knee injury. Cultural references. Japanese artist Genpei Akasegawa used Thomasson's name to describe a kid of found art. A "Tomason" is a part of a building that has lost its meaning or purpose, but still is still interesting. Kangi , also romanized as Kanki, was a after "Antei" and before "Jōei." This period started in March 1229 and ended in April 1232. The reigning emperor was . Jōei was a after "Kangi" and before "Tenpuku." This period started in April 1232 and ended in April 1233. The reigning emperors were and . Tenpuku , also romanized as Tempuku, was a after "Jōei" and before "Bunryaku." This period started in April 1233 and ended in November 1234. The reigning emperor was . Tomason A , also spelled Thomason and Thomasson in English, is a kind of conceptual art or found art. Gempei Akasegawa created this word to describe certain kinds of useless parts of buildings or roads. These have lost their purpose as the environment around them changed. This kind of art is not made on purpose, but becomes art when people observe and recognize it. Origin of the name. Akasegawa named this special kind of "art" after an American baseball player who joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1981. Gary Thomasson became famous in Japan for getting the biggest baseball contract ever, then playing very poorly and retiring early. Types of Tomason. Tomason can be grouped by features they have in common. These include: "useless stairways", "pointless doorways", "overhangs", "blocked windows", "sealed up walls", "A-bomb type", (doors opening from a high place into open air), "outies", "poundcakes", "atago" (strange bumps or things sticking up out of the road for no reason), "premature burial" (when a wall is built partly covering an existing feature), and more. Mystery fiction Mystery fiction (story, book, novel) is fictional work in which a professional or amateur detective investigates and solves a crime mystery. Usually the story begins with a crime and a few suspects, and ends when the protagonist detective identifies the criminal. Sometimes the term is used to refer to supernatural or suspense stories and thrillers. Nematode The nematodes or roundworms are one of the most diverse of all animal phyla. They are one of the protostome phyla. Nematode species look very similar to one another. Over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000. The body structure is fairly constant. A thick cuticle gives protection, and acts as a kind of hydrostatic skeleton. "Caenorhabditis elegans" has had its genetics studied intensively, and had its genome analysed in 1998. DNA sequence analysis of nematodes is quite advanced, including trees of species relationship. Cell numbers in the organs are constant within a species. Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The male "C. elegans" has 1031 cells, a number which does not change after cell division stops at the end of the larval period. Growth is solely due to an increase in the size of individual cells. Bromance A bromance is a close non-sexual relationship between two or more men, a form of homosocial intimacy. Bromance is a portmanteau word of "bro" or "brother" and "romance". The word was created in the 1990s to describe the sort of relationships that develop between skateboarders who spend a great deal of time together. Womance, also called sismance, is the female flip side of bromance. It means a close non-sexual relationship between two or more women, a form of homosocial intimacy. Turbatrix aceti Turbatrix aceti (also called vinegar eels) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months. Anatomy. The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days. A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a cloaca. Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxide is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies. Aging research. Experiments with "T. aceti" were done to understand the cause of ageing. DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair. Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation. They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes. These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging". Edward Stratemeyer Edward L. Stratemeyer (October 4, 1862 May 10, 1930) was an American publisher and a writer of children's stories. He was very prolific and created several children's series including "The Rover Boys", "The Bobbsey Twins", "Tom Swift", "The Hardy Boys", and "Nancy Drew". He founded the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Julie Delpy Julie Delpy (born 21 December 1969 in Paris) is a French-American director and movie actress. She has performed in and directed many movies during her career. She moved to the United States around 1990. She is a dual citizen of France and the United States. Bunryaku , also romanized as Bunreki, was a after "Tenpuku" and before "Katei." This period started in November 1234 and ended in September 1235. The reigning emperor was . Katei was a after "Bunryaku" and before "Ryakunin." This period started in September 1235 and ended in November 1238. The reigning emperor was . Ribalonga Ribalonga (from the Gallician "riba" - 'climb' and "longa" - 'long') is a Portuguese parish in the north of the Municipality of Alijó, in ‘Trás-dos-montes’ (‘behind the hills’). It has a population of 231 (2011) and an area of 9,15 km2 (density : 25,2/km2). Its patron saint is Saint Anna, mother of Saint Mary and therefore, grandmother of Jesus. History. The Castle of Ribalonga was a fortress that probably began to be inhabited on the Iron Age and continued on the Ancient Rome. Ribalonga belonged on the 13th century to the parish of Vila Chã, on 1839 to Vila Real, on 1852 to Vilar de Maçada and on 1872 to Alijó. Legends. Legend of the red cross. The legend tells that in the year 2000, a man of the family Sampaio, whose descendants still live in the village, coming from the fair of Vilar de Maçada, brought with him some meat. Suddenly, he was followed by a pack of wolves and he became very scared, because he realized that the wolves were very hungry. When he arrived near the village, the wolves began to close the circle. When he saw himself lost, he got off his horse and knelt and asked the Lord of the Afflicted to save him from the wolves. At this moment, the dogs in the house of Mr. Sampaio began barking anxiously and the wife of the man let them go. They ran fast to the place where the man was and drove the wolves away. In recognition, he built a cross where he asked the Lord to help. A few days later, one of the dogs appeared, all hurt. This cross can be seen today, a little bit degraded, on the place that has the name "Red Cross" and that is in the South of Ribalonga. Legend of St. Ana. There is another legend of Ribalonga, referring to its place of St. Ana. There is a huge rock, rectangular, with three grooves at the top, the head, the torso and the limbs of a person. The voice of the people, that same voice that describes the legends word by word, says that these signs were left there by St. Ana when she was on pilgrimage to holy places. The legend tells that St. Ana, very tired and seeing no other place to lie down, took this rock to rest. And so the stone became soft for her to be comfortable and cosy, taking the shape of her body. And the next day, at dawn, her forces restored, she continued her journey. After that, people began to pass the rock to go to work and, noticing the furrows, they were amazed. Nobody knows how they came to the conclusion that it was St. Ana. Was it because they were devotees? No one can answer, the fact is that currently the village patron saint is St. Ana and the hills and the land around the place where the famous rock is, are known as "Santa Ana". Geography. Ribalonga borders to Rapadoura, Vila Verde, Popúlo, Vilar de Maçada, Vila Chã and to the region of Douro. It has a lot of mountains, hills, pines and it's very stony. Culture. The cuisine of Ribalonga is based on meat. There are a lot of different specialities like "cozido à portuguesa" ('Portuguese stew'), "feijoada à transmontana" (rice and black beans), "alheiras" or "linguiças" (both sausages). There are a lot of fields and vineyards too. Tokyo Skytree , formerly known as , is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. It is located in the special ward of Sumida, not far from the Sumida River. The nearest train station is Oshiage, which is on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, and railway lines operated by Tobu and Keisei. The Tokyo Skytree was designed by the architects from Nikken Sekkei, a Japanese company, the process of building the tower began in 2008 and was completed on 29 February 2012. Emperor Akihito visited the tower in advance of its official opening, and the opening ceremony took place on 22 May 2012. With a height of , the Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. This height was chosen because it could be easily remembered. The figures 6 ("mu"), 3 ("sa"), 4 ("shi") stand for Musashi Province, which is an old name of the region where the tower stands. It is the second tallest structure in the world after Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the tallest tower in the world, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, because there is no space in the Skytree for people to live or work in, unlike the Burj Khalifa. All of central Tokyo can be seen from special viewing platforms at and . At night, it is lit up with different coloured lights. Jean Robieux Jean Robieux (15 October, 1925; Jugon-les-Lacs – 14 June 2012; Chatenay-Malabry) was a French physicist. Graduate from "École Polytechnique" (1946-1949), "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (1949-1951), Doctor of Science from University of Paris and holder of a Master of Science from the California Institute of Technology, he is a leading French specialist in laser. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the "Académie des Technologies" (Academy of Technologies). Works. Jean Robieux is responsible for the discovery of the principle of control of laser fusion in 1961 and the discovery of the principle of laser isotope separation. All contributions are outlined in his book « High Power Laser Interactions : Isotopes Separation - Nuclear Fusion Control - Elementary Particles Selective Creation ». Grevenmacher Grevenmacher () is a commune with city status in eastern Luxembourg, near the border with Germany. Grevenmacher is the capital city of the Grevenmacher canton and of the district of Grevenmacher. The city is on the left bank of the Moselle river. Name. The name Grevenmacher is formed by two words: "Greven" and "Macher". "Macher" comes from the Latin word "maceria" ("very old walls"); "Greven" comes from the old German word "Grafen" (modern German: "Graf") that means "count, earl". The town "Macher of the Count" was, since 1346, different from other "Machern" found in the region: Königsmacher, Kleinmacher, Rodemacher, Mecher, Mézières etc. The present name of Grevenmacher has been in use since 1769. History. The valley of the Moselle, which owes its wealth to the fact that it is close to the water and it has fertile land, was settled long before the Roman era. As for Grevenmacher, the first town was behind the Holy Cross Chapel at the place called "Buerggruef", not far from the Roman road to the city of Luxembourg. A few centuries later, the Counts of Luxembourg chose a safe place to protect their land against the powerful archbishops of Trier. They found it in Grevenmacher, that was the place where the road going from the city of Luxembourg to Trier meet with the one going from Trier to Thionville. Here a strong fortress was built, probably on the orders of Count Henry V. In 1252, this same count made Grevenmacher a city. Geography. The "commune" of Grevenmacher, which is in the eastern part of the canton on the left bank of the Moselle river, has an area of , with of forests and of vineyards. The altitude of the "commune" is high. At the church, the altitude is high. The most important river is the Moselle (; German: "Mosel"; ). Population. There were 4,923 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in Grevenmacher Sights. Famous sights in Grevenmacher are, for exampleː Sport. The city has three soccer places, two in "Op Floor" (there is also the stadium from the CSG, the soccer club from Grevenmacher) and one on the bank from the Mousel. The city has also six tennis fields, three in a hall and the other three on the bank of the Mousel. Next to the tennis fields is an outdoor swimming pool. Grevenmacher has also two sports halls. Twinned and partner towns. Grevenmacher is twinned withː Ryakunin was a after "Katei" and before "En'ō." This period spanned the years from November 1238 to April 1239. The reigning emperor was . En'ō was a after "Ryakunin" and before "Ninji." This period spanned the years from February 1239 to July 1240. The reigning emperor was . Ninji , also called Jinji, was a after "En'ō" and before "Kangen." This period started in August 1240 and ended in January 1243. The reigning emperors were and . Osweiler Osweiler is a small village in the commune of Rosport, in eastern Luxembourg. The commune is in the canton of Echternach, which is part of the district of Grevenmacher. The family of Dennis Hastert, the 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, emigrated from Osweiler to America. Kangen was a after "Ninji" and before "Hōji." This period started in February 1243 and ended in February 1247. The reigning emperor was . Ichneumon The Ichneumonoidea are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita. The superfamily is made up of the ichneumon wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation. Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect. Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles. Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from to long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus "Megarhyssa") having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood. Information asymmetry Information asymmetry is a concept in economics and contract theory. It says that in any given contract the two parties of the contract do not have the same information. Information economics is a field of science that looks at some of the problems that result from this bias. Neoclassical economics assumes there is perfect information: all the actors know all the states of their environment; they can also observe what all the other actors do. Information is free -it has no cost in the economic sense. This is also true for the ability to observe the other parties. Model. A model called New institutional economics changes this: information is no longer free, there are costs associated with obtaining information. Information asymmetry is concerned with three main asymmetries: History. In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." SWV SWV (Sisters with Voices) are an African American female group that sing R&B music. The group was founded in 1990 and had multiple hit songs between then and 1998, one of which sampled the Michael Jackson hit song "Human Nature". The group broke up in 1998 but then reunited around 2005 and have been making music since. Simpson's paradox Simpson's paradox is a paradox from statistics. It is named after Edward H. Simpson, a British statistician who first described it in 1951. The statistician Karl Pearson described a very similar effect in 1899.- Udny Yule's description dates from 1903. Sometimes, it is called the Yule–Simpson effect. When looking at the statistical scores of groups, these scores may change, depending on whether the groups are looked at one by one, or if they are combined into a larger group. This case often occurs in social sciences and medical statistics. It may confuse people, if frequency data is used to explain a causal relationship. Other names for the paradox include "reversal paradox" and "amalgamation paradox". Example: Kidney stone treatment. This is a real-life example from a medical study comparing the success rates of two treatments for kidney stones. The table shows the success rates and numbers of treatments for treatments involving both small and large kidney stones, where Treatment A includes all open procedures and Treatment B is percutaneous nephrolithotomy: The paradoxical conclusion is that treatment A is more effective when used on small stones, and also when used on large stones, yet treatment B is more effective when considering both sizes at the same time. In this example, it was not known that the size of the kidney stone influenced the result. This is called a hidden variable (or lurking variable) in statistics. Which treatment is considered better is determined by an inequality between two ratios (successes/total). The reversal of the inequality between the ratios, which creates Simpson's paradox, happens because two effects occur together: Guarani Guarani, Guaraní or Guarany may refer to Coat of arms of Argentina The coat of arms of Argentina was used in its current form in 1944. It started in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813. It is not known who made the coat of arms. At the top is the gold-yellowed Sun of May, also found on the flag of Argentina. The rising sun is for the rising of Argentina. In the center, there are two shaking hands. This is for the unity of the Provinces of Argentina. The hands come together to hold a pike. This shows power and willingness to defend freedom. The Phrygian cap is on the top of the spear. The blue and white colors are for the Argentine people. They are the same colors of the Argentine flag. The blue half is for the sky and the white is for the Río de la Plata. Jenny Agutter Jennifer Ann Agutter (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She was born in Taunton, Somerset. She starred in "The Railway Children", "Walkabout", "Logan's Run" and "An American Werewolf in London. En unión y libertad (Spanish for "in unity and freedom") is Argentina's national motto. It was set in the 1813 General Assembly. This was when the Argentine War of Independence wanted free from the Spanish Empire. It is on all peso coins and banknotes. Patagonia Patagonia is at the southern end of South America. It is land shared by Argentina and Chile. It has some of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth. It has the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean. Geography. It follows south through the Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago. The name Patagonia is from the word "patagón" used by Magellan in 1520. The word was for the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. Now people think the Patagons were actually Tehuelches. They had an average height of 180 cm (~5′11″) compared to the 155 cm (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time. Animals. The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian fox, the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk, and the Magellanic Tuco-tuco are the most common mammals of the Patagonian plains. There are also many birds. Southern Caracara, Austral parakeets, and Green-backed Firecrowns are some. Waterfowl include Chilean Flamingo, Upland Goose, and steamer ducks. Famous marine fauna include the southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin, the orca and elephant seals. The Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve. Omen An omen is a sign that is thought to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. The word can mean something either "good" or "bad" is about to happen. The origin of the word is unknown, although it may be connected with the Latin word "audire", meaning "to hear". An example from the past, babies born with birth defects were believed to be a bad or evil omen. Boyacá Boyacá is one of the 32 departments of Colombia. It is in the central northeastern part of the country, almost entirely within the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera to the border with Venezuela, although the western end of the department extends to the Magdalena River. Its capital is Tunja. Boyacá is known as "The Land of Freedom" because in this region there were several battles that resulted in the independence of Colombia from Spain. History. The territory of present-day Boyacá was inhabited, during the Pre-Columbian time, by "Muisca" indigenous peoples. They lived mainly by agriculture and mining gold and emeralds. The first European to discover the area was the Spaniard Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. In 1539, Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, a Spanish colonist, founded the city of Tunja and other places. Tunja became one of the main political and economic centers for the Spanish during the "Viceroyalty of New Granada". During the 19th century Boyaca was battleground of several important battles during the war of Independence; two of the most important were the "Battle of the Pantano de Vargas" (Vargas Swamp Battle) on 25 July 1819, and the "Battle of Boyacá" on 7 August 1819. Geography. The Boyacá department is in the Andean region over the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera (the eastern section of the Andes in Colombia). It borders 8 departments: Santander and Norte de Santander to the north, Arauca and Casanare to the east, Cundinamarca and Meta to the south, and Caldas and Antioquia to the west. It also borders with Venezuela. Boyacá has an area of , most of it on a plateau. Its highest point is Ritacuba Blanco () in the Eastern Cordillera; it is high. Many rivers start in this area; the most important are the Chicamocha and Arauca rivers, tributaries to other important rivers such as the Magdalena and Meta rivers. Boyacá also has numerous lakes; the largest, and the largest in Colombia, is the Lake Tota with an area of . Climate. The area around Tunja, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature and ample precipitation in all months. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Tunja is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb". The average amount of precipitation for the year in Tunja is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of . There is an average of 179.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 19.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in January with 6.0 days. The average temperature for the year in Tunja is . The warmest month, on average, is March with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of . Provinces and Municipalities. There are 13 provinces and two special districts in the Boyacá Department, listed below with their 123 municipalities. The provincial capitals are in bold. Centro Gutiérrez La Libertad Lengupá Occidente Márquez Neira Norte Oriente Ricaurte Sugamuxi Tundama Valderrama Distrito Fronterizo Special Handling Zone Demographics. The inhabitants of the Boyacá department are known, in Spanish, as "Boyacense". Boyacá had a population, in 2005, of 1,255,311, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. Population history in Boyacá The 10 municipalities with more inhabitants in the Boyacá department are: Economy. Farming is an important activity; some crops grown here are sugarcane, coffee and cacao. Cattle raising is also important. Mining is also an important activity, mainly of emerald and coal. Places of interest. Some places of interest in the department are: Phoebe Cates Phoebe Belle Cates (born July 16 1963) is an American model and movie actress. She is best known for acting in movies in the "Gremlins" franchise and for acting in the 1982 movie "Fast Times at Ridgemont High". Cates was born on July 16 1963 in New York City, New York. She married actor Kevin Kline in 1989. They have two children. Hōji was a after "Kangen" and before "Kenchō." This period started in February 1247 and ended in March 1249. The reigning emperor was . Argentine Antarctica Argentine Antarctica is a part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory. This claim overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands. The Argentine exploration to the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1901. He spent 2 seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld. In 1904, the Orcadas Base was fully working. Years later other bases were made. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90. Argentine actions in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antartico Argentino According the last Argentine national census, on October 2010 (winter) there were 230 people in the six permament bases. Geography. The geography of Argentine Antarctica has some features of the Patagonia. The highest peaks are at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula. The land is under an ice sheet. The region has a polar climate, with strong winds, snow and thick clouds. Chilean Antarctic Territory The Chilean Antarctic Territory is the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile since 1940. The Chilean Antarctic Territory overlaps Argentine and British Antarctic claims. Within Chilean territorial organization Antártica is the name of the commune that administers the territory. Belongs to Antártica Chilena Province, which is part of Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. The commune of Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital. The Antarctic Treaty Freezed all the Antartic claims. Bases. List of Chilean Antarctic Bases: (P): Permanent; Are open all the year. (S): Seasonal; Are open in the Austral Summer. Villa Las Estrellas is the only civil settlement in a Chilean Base, the other one is in Esperanza Base (Argentina) and it's called "Fortín Sargento Cabral" The only permanent Chilean base on the Antarctic Peninsula is Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme. It has been working since February 18, 1948. It is located on Puerto Covadonga. Kenchō was a after "Hōji" and before "Kōgen." This period started in March 1249 and ended in October 1256. The reigning emperor was . Kōgen was a after "Kenchō" and before "Shōka." This period started in October 1256 and ended in March 1257. The reigning emperor was . Shōka was a after "Kōgen" and before "Shōgen." This period started in March 1257 and ended in March 1259. The reigning emperor was . Bunpō , also romanized as Bumpō, was a after "Shōwa" and before "Gen'ō." This period started in February 1317 and ended in April 1319. The reigning Emperors were and . Gen'ō was a after "Bunpō" and before "Genkyō." This period started in April 1319 and ended in February 1321. The reigning Emperor was . Events of the "Gen'ō" era. After the abdication of Emperor Hanazono, Takaharu-shinno was proclaimed emperor. Nijō Michihira was Chancellor ("kampaku"); but the court remained under the direction of former-Emperor Go-Uda. Prince Morikuni was the shogun in Kamakura; and Hōjō Takatoki was the shogunate's chief minister ("shikken'). Béard-Géovreissiat Béard-Géovreissiat is a commune in the Ain department of France. Most of the commune is the villages of Béard and Géovreissiat. The hamlet of St Germain de Béard, and the northern part of the hamlet of Croix-Châlon are also part of the commune. The commune was called Géovreissiat until October 2008. Géovreissiat is the main village and the city hall is there. In 2009, 935 people lived in the commune. They are called the "Béardais". Between 1841 and 1846, the population fell from 720 to 354 inhabitants, and continued to fall until the end of the Second World War. Today it has reached its highest population since records began. Ampullariidae Ampullariidae, the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails. It is the largest species of snail. Apple snails are most commonly found in Africa, South and Central America, West Indies, Southern USA, and Asia, but can be found all over the world. They are well adapted to their region and therefore can also be sold as pets and bought at most pet stores in the US. Apple snails are the preferred type of pet snail because of their appearance and size. Apple snails are also called golden mystery snails, golden snails, and mystery snails. Habitat. Apple snails live in water. They prefer water temperatures between 18°-28° Celsius, or 65°-82° Fahrenheit. They eat things like fresh fruits, lettuce, other vegetables, algae and wafers. However, they are not called apple snails because they eat apples. They get their name from the fact that one species of apple snails can grow to be the size of an apple. Apple snails are also common aquarium pets because of their size. They also prefer to be with other snails. They are good pets because they can live in almost any water condition, for example, water with low/high levels of oxygen, and various temperatures. Although they can live in water with high oxygen, this makes them move slower. Anatomy. A snail has a basic anatomy like any other mollusk. They have a shell, a nervous system, a circulatory system, a respiratory system, and a reproductive system. The circulatory system has an open heart system, which pumps blood which flows over all of the organs in the snails body without veins or arteries. The respiratory system includes gills and lungs. They need gills to be able to live in water. They have lungs because their bodies adapted to their environment because of frequent droughts; so they need lungs to breathe during the droughts. Their nervous system includes their brain, which controls their body. They are one of the only species of snails that are not hermaphrodites. Each gender has its own reproductive parts. Food and Digestion. Apple snails are herbivores, so they eat mostly aquatic vegetation, and algae. In captivity, they are commonly fed fish food, along with supplements of rotting organic waste, such as vegetables.. To digest food, apple snails first break up food with the radula teeth, and then the food will be swallowed, and travel down the esophagus and to the stomach. It will eventually exit through the anus as feces. Apple snails will eat most aquatic vegetation, and can "ruin" the look of an aquarium very quickly, as they are scavengers. The heart. Apple snails have an open circulatory system. This means that the heart pumps blood, but instead of it pumping through veins and arteries like humans have, the blood washes over the organs, and the organs absorb it on contact. After the blood is pumped and the nutrients have been absorbed, it flows back to the heart to take the carbon dioxide away and to get new oxygen. Reproductive System. The apple snails are not hermaphrodite, like most snails, meaning that they have two genders. The male snail has two kinds of sperm. One is for attaching onto the female's egg, and the function of the other sperm is unknown. The female's eggs are stored in the "ovaria" which is near the digestive gland. It goes to the receptaculum seminis, where the male's sperm is stored. The eggs are fertilized here. Then, after the eggs are fertilized, they are sent to the shell gland which will give the eggs a protective shell. After, they shall continue down their tube and leave the mother's body, waiting to be hatched. Lottery Lottery is a form of gambling where people pick numbers for a prize, usually money. It is forbidden by some governments although allowed by others. Until after World War II, lottery systems were banned in most countries, including the United States and Europe. Nowadays, lottery is a real method of revenue in some countries, including United States. Hilbert's problems In 1900, the mathematician David Hilbert published a list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems. The list of problems turned out to be very influential. After Hilbert's death, another problem was found in his writings; this is sometimes known as Hilbert's 24th problem today. This problem is about finding criteria to show that a solution to a problem is the simplest possible. Of the 23 problems, three were unresolved in 2012, three were too vague to be resolved, and six could be partially solved. Given the influence of the problems, the Clay Mathematics Institute formulated a similar list, called the Millennium Prize Problems in 2000. Summary. The formulation of certain problems is better than that of others. Of the cleanly-formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21 have a resolution that is accepted by consensus. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 18+, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether it resolves the problem. The solution for problem 18, the Kepler conjecture, uses a computer-assisted proof. This is controversial, because a human reader is unable to verify the proof in reasonable time. That leaves 16, 8 (the Riemann hypothesis) and 12 unresolved. On this classification 4, 16, and 23 are too vague to ever be described as solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class. 6 is considered as a problem in physics rather than in mathematics. Table of problems. Hilbert's twenty-three problems are: Other websites.   – source texts, documents, translations, media Energy drink Energy drinks are beverages whose producers say they can "can boost energy". This claim has to do with vitamins and stimulants in these drinks. Examples of energy drinks are Red Bull and Monster Energy. They are usually well liked by young people. 66 percent of energy drink sales are to people between the ages of 14 and 35. Kellie Martin Kellie Noelle Martin (b. October 16 1975 near Riverside, California) is an American television actress. She is known for playing Lucy Knight in the NBC television series "ER". Mutunus Tutunus In ancient Roman religion, Mutunus Tutunus was a phallic marriage deity. He is often associated with the Greek god Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC. During marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for sexual intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity. Lionel Guérin Lionel Guérin is a French Chief executive officer and politician. Graduate from the "École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique" and from the "École nationale de l'aviation civile", he is the founding President of the regional airline Airlinair, President of Transavia France and of the "Fédération nationale de l’aviation marchande". In September 2011, he almost became chairman of Air France. Lionel Guerin is an environmental activist. He likes parrots. He also likes supporting sustainable aviation. Guérin received the Legion of Honour award. Omar Hawsawi Omar Hawsawi (b. 27 September 1985 is a Saudi Arabian footballer. He currently plays as a Defender for the Al-Nassr club. Abdulaziz Fallatah Abdulaziz Fallatah is a Saudi football player who plays a Midfielder for Hajer. Fallatah started his career at Al-Qadisiyah Club. He joined Al-Nassr in the summer of 2011. True Romance True Romance is a 1993 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Tony Scott and was released on September 10, 1993. The cast of the movie includes Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, James Gandolfini, Dennis Hopper, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Val Kilmer and Christopher Walken. La Sylphide La Sylphide () is a romantic ballet. It was created for Marie Taglioni by her father Filippo Taglioni to showcase her talents. The ballet was first performed in the Salle Le Peletier in Paris on March 12, 1832. The ballet was a great success. Taglioni was regarded as the greatest ballerina of the age. Story of the ballet. The ballet is set in Scotland. James is on the eve of marrying Effie. Gurn also loves Effie. James is distracted by a vision of a lovely sylph. Old Madge, a witch, reads palms. She declares Gurn will be the husband of Effie. James grows angry and throws her out into the storm. The wedding preparations start. The sylph appears and steals the wedding ring. James runs after her into the forest. Effie is consoled in the arms of Gurn. In the forest, the sylph and James dally romantically. The sylph summons her sister sylphs. They entertain James with several dances. He wants to capture the sylph, and asks Old Madge for her help. She gives him a poisoned scarf, but tells him he can capture the sylph with it. He wraps the sylph in the scarf. Her wings fall off and she dies. James sees a wedding procession led by Gurn and Effie. He faints and dies. Old Madge has had her revenge. Danish choreography. In November 1836, August Bournonville choreographed his version to music by Herman Severin Løvenskiold for the Royal Danish Ballet. Taglioni's choreography has been lost, but Bournonville's exists and is still danced in Copenhagen. In 1972, Pierre Lacotte reconstructed Taglioni's choreography from prints, notes, and other materials. Muromachi period , also known as the Muromachi era, the Ashikaga era, or the Ashikaga period, is a division of Japanese history. The period started in 1333 and ended in 1573. Ashikaga shogunate. The years of the Ashikaga shogunate are called the Muromachi period. The name comes from the district of Kyoto in which this series of shoguns had an official home. This home was also known as the or . Jason Griffith Jason Adam Griffith (born November 29, 1980) is an American voice actor and actor. He has worked on several animated TV series. He was the voices of Sega mascot Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog and Jet the Hawk in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" video game series. He was also the voice of Cilan, Ash's former traveling partner and first Gym Leader in "Pokémon: Black & White". Kim (given name) Kim is a male or female given name. It can also be used as a shorter way of saying "Kimberly", "Kimberley", "Kimball", "Kimiko" and "Joakim". It can also be used as a nickname. Girls were hardly ever given the name "Kim" until the 1960s. Since then, it has become more common for females to be named Kim. People with this name include: Kim (surname) Kim is a surname. It came from several things. Korean family name. Kim, sometimes spelled "Gim", is the most common family name in Korea. Vietnamese family name. Kim is how the Chinese surname "Jin" is spelled in Vietnam. Other. People with the surname Kim but who do not come from Korea, China or Vietnam include: Made-up characters. Fictional characters with the surname Kim include: Samantha The name Samantha is a female given name dating back to around the 18th century. It has been used by many celebrities, musicians and many others, including Samantha Eggar, Samantha Fox and Samantha Womack. Kim, Colorado Kim is a small town. It is in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. At the 2000 U.S. census, 65 people lived in Kim. Rodeo star Lane Frost was born in La Junta in 1963. However, he spent some of his early days with his mother and grandparents in Kim, while his father was on tour. Geography. Kim is at (37.246129, -103.353643). The United States Census Bureau says that the town has a total area of . All of it is land. Demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 65 people, 38 households, and 15 families living in Kim. The population density was 211.3 people per square mile (81.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.46% White, and 1.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.38% of the population. There were 38 households. 15.8% of these had children under the age of 18 living with them. 36.8% were married couples living together. 2.6% had a female living there with no husband. 60.5% were non-families. 60.5% of all households were made up of just one person and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.71 and the average family size was 2.80. In the town, 16.9% of the people were under the age of 18. 3.1% were from 18 to 24. 30.8% were from 25 to 44. 30.8% were 45 to 64, and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 124.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.7 males. Kim Kim could mean: Andrea The name Andrea is a given name. It is usually used for females, but sometimes for males. There are a lot of celebrities with the name Andrea. Also, the name is a replacement for Allison over List 5 of the Atlantic tropical cyclone naming list. City TV (disambiguation) Citytv may refer to: Genkyō , also Genkō, was a after "Gen'ō" and before "Shōchū." This period started in February 1321 and ended in December 1324. The reigning Emperor was . Catamarca Province Catamarca is a Province of Argentina. It is in the northwest of the country. The province has 334,568 people as per the 2001 census. To the west, it borders Chile. The capital is San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, usually shortened to Catamarca. Other important cities are Andalgalá, Tinogasta, and Belén. The land is mostly mountains. Genkō Genkō or Genko may mean Other uses: Chaco Province The Province of Chaco is a province in northeastern Argentina. There were 1,055,259 as of 2010. The province has an international border with the Paraguay. The capital and largest city is Resistencia. Half of the people who live here are below the poverty line. Chaco is from the word "". It is a Quechua word used for hunting by the people of the Inca Empire. Jennifer The name Jennifer is a female name which was first put into use in the 18th century. The name was quite uncommon prior to 1906. Around 1969, however, the name hit number 3 on the girl name charts, then between 1970 and 1984 Jennifer became the single most popular name. Since 1990 the name is still common, although considerably less so. Numerous celebrities carry the name Jennifer, for example Jennifer Aniston and Jennifer Jason Leigh. Corrientes Province Corrientes is a province in northeast Argentina. The Yacyretá Dam is in the northeast of the province. It is one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world. Also in the province are the Iberá Wetlands and the Mburucuyá National Park. On 28 September 2004, Guaraní became an official language of Corrientes, alongside Spanish. It is the only Argentine Province with an official language other than Spanish. Agriculture is one of the main activities in the province. Crops include citrus, tobacco, rice, tea, cotton and yerba mate. Entre Ríos Province Entre Ríos is a northeastern province of Argentina. The capital is Paraná. It is on the Paraná River, opposite the city of Santa Fe. Most of the money for the province comes from agriculture. Products include rice, soybeans, wheat, maize, and citrus. The province also produces a large amount of chickens and eggs. The land is almost completely flat. The name of the province means "between rivers". El Palmar National Park and Predelta National Park are here. Sylvain Cloutier Sylvain Richard Cloutier (born February 13, 1974 in Mont-Laurier, Quebec) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey. He currently is a player coach of the Hull Stingrays of the Elite Ice Hockey League. He was drafted with the 70th overall pick by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He played 7 games in the NHL with the Chicago Blackhawks but never scored a point. He became the player coach of the Hull Stingrays of the EIHL in 2009. He is siblings with former NHL goaltender Dan Cloutier. Margaret Margaret is an English name that dates back to around the 11th century. The name was popular in the Middle Ages, though between the 16th and 18th centuries it became less popular. However, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the name became popular again. It was the second most popular female name in 1903. Since then, the name has become less popular again. The name Maggie is a short form of Margaret. Other nicknames include Meg and Peggy. Well known people. Famous Margarets include: Genkō (era) was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the pre-Nanboku-chō period after "Gentoku" and before "Kemmu." This period started in August 1331 and ended in January 1334. The pretender in Kyoto was . Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was . Events of the "Genkō" Era. The oldest extant account of Buddhism in Japan, the "Genko Shakusho" (元亨釈書), was completed in the "Genko" era. The writing project was the work of Kokan Shiren. Gentoku was a after "Karyaku". Gentoku was a "nengō" of the Northern Court during the pre-Nanboku-chō period after Karyaku and before Shōkyō. This period started in August 1329 and ended in April 1332. In the Southern Court, but Gentoku lasted until only August 1331 when "Genkō" started. After 1331, the pretender in Kyoto was . Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was . Substitute good In economics two or more goods can be classified by looking at the demand curve when the price of one of these goods changes. That way they will either be classified as substitutes or complementary goods. Two goods are substitutes if the demand of one good increases and the price of the other good increases. In this case, consumers will replace one good with the other. Classic examples of substitute goods include margarine and butter, or tea and coffee. Substitute goods not only occur on the consumer side of the market but also the producer side. Substitutable producer goods would include: petroleum and natural gas (used for heating or electricity). The fact that one good is substitutable for another has immediate economic consequences: insofar as one good can be substituted for another, the demand for the two kinds of good will be bound together by the fact that customers can trade off one good for the other if they get an advantage by to do so. Perfect substitutes can replace each other, without trade-off in costs, or quality. For imperfect substitutes, the customer has to make a trade-off, either in price, or in quality. Artificial leather is much cheaper than real leather, and can replace it in many situations - artificial and real leather are substitute goods. Real leather is much more durable, and has a different look and feel. When these factors are important, the two are not interchangeable. For this reason artificial and real leather are imperfect substitutes. Complementary good In microeconomics, complementary goods are goods whose utility is increased if they are consumed together. This means that the demand curve for both goods will move in the same direction, if the price changes. If the demand curve does not change in the same direction, in case of a price change, the goods are substitute goods. Split, Croatia Split is the second largest city in Croatia. About 211.000 people lived there in 2012. The city is the biggest and most important one in Dalmatia. It is often called "capital of Dalmatia". About 400.000 people live in the metropolitan region. Split is located at the Adriatic Sea. Its port ofters year-round connections to most islands of Dalmatia. There is an important shipyard in Split. Other sources of income are tourism, fishery, paper mills, cement works and some chemical industry. Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and in 1281 were major military events in Japanese history. Kublai Khan twice tried to conquer the Japanese islands; and his armies failed both times. The two failed invasion attempts are important because they were defining events in Japanese history. The attempts show the limits of Mongol (Yuan Dynasty) ability to expand the Chinese empire. Consequences. After the destruction of the Mongol invaders, Japan's independence was guaranteed. A power struggle within Japan led to the growth of military governments and less Imperial power. Genkō yōshi (or "genkoyoshi") is a type of Japanese paper used for writing. It is printed with squares. There are typically 200 or 400 squares on each sheet. Each square designed to accommodate a single Japanese character or punctuation mark. "Genkō yōshi" may be used with any type of writing instruments pencil, pen, or an ink brush. "Genkō yōshi" is used for vertical writing. On a sheet of "genkō yōshi", there is no pre-determined order; there is instead a system of space, which can be designed freely. One page of Japanese with 400 characters generally equals 225-250 words in English. In other words, an essay of about 10,000 words would be the same as 40-45 "genko yoshi". History. "Genkō yōshi" came into common use in the Meiji period. Newspapers and magazines needed to count characters. Formosa Province Formosa Province is a province in northeastern Argentina. Its northeast end touches Asunción, Paraguay. The capital is Formosa. Formosa's protected areas are the Río Pilcomayo National Park and the Formosa National Reserve. Formosa is one of the poorest provinces in Argentina. Andrew The name Andrew is a masculine given name. It was a very popular name in English-speaking countries in the 1990s. Many celebrities and famous people have the name. A hurricane with the name cut across Florida and central Louisiana in 1992, causing more than $35 billion in destruction. Jujuy Province Jujuy is a province of Argentina. It is in the far northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. La Pampa Province La Pampa is a province of Argentina. It is in the center of the country. Very few people live there. History. In 1952, the province was renamed after Eva Perón. In 1955, it was changed back to La Pampa. Economy. Agriculture gives a fourth to La Pampa's economy. The most important activity is cattle ranching. Other livestock include sheep, goats and pigs. La Rioja Province, Argentina La Rioja is one of the provinces of Argentina. It is in the west side of the country. The province's two largest cities are La Rioja and Chilecito. Petroglyphs at the Talampaya National Park are dated around 10,000 years BCE. Fatal Attraction Fatal Attraction is an American thriller movie directed by Adrian Lyne. It stars Michael Douglas, Glenn Close and Anne Archer. Plot. Douglas plays attorney Dan Gallagher, who lives in Manhattan with wife Beth (played by Archer) and their six-year-old daughter Ellen (played by Ellen Hamilton Latzen). He has a fling with 36-year-old Alex Forrest (played by Close). Alex has borderline personality disorder and self-harms. When Dan ends the affair, she refuses to accept it and reacts with hatred against him and later tells him she is pregnant. Despite him moving to Bedford, New York, she stalks him and uses violence. Dan then approaches the police for a restraining order against her, but the lieutenant claims that he cannot violate Alex's rights without probable cause and must own up to his own adultery. One day, when Dan and his family are out, Alex kills Ellen's pet rabbit and leaves it on their stove to boil. After this, Dan confesses to the affair and of Alex's pregnancy. Beth then kicks Dan out, but not before he calls Alex to tell her of Beth's knowledge of the affair. Beth then warns Alex that "if you (Alex) ever come near my family again, I'll (Beth) kill you". The next day, unbeknownst to Beth and Dan, Alex arrives at Ellen's school and picks her up, taking her to a theme park. Beth, in a panic, drives around searching for Ellen and rear-ends a car, resulting in her being hospitalised. Alex takes Ellen home and asks her for a kiss on the cheek. After Beth is released from hospital, she forgives Dan and they return home. Dan attacks Alex in her apartment and nearly strangles her to death. He stops, but then Alex attacks him with a kitchen knife. He overpowers her, but puts the knife down and leaves, with Alex leaning on the kitchen counter, smiling. Dan approaches the police about having her arrested and they start searching for her. While Beth is preparing a bath for herself, Alex appears with the knife and explains her resentment of Beth, all the while fidgeting and resulting in her cutting her leg, before attacking her. The screaming attracts Dan's attention and he wrestles Alex into the bath, seemingly drowning her. Alex then emerges from the water swinging the knife. Beth then shoots her to death. After Dan is finished talking to the police, he goes upstairs where Beth is waiting for him, they then embrace and proceed upstairs as the camera focuses on a picture of the family. Angela Angela is a female given name. It was popular during the 1960s and 1970s. It is now less popular, although "Angela" is still popular among girls. There are many celebrities with this name. Amol Amol () is the capital city of the Mazandaran Province in Iran. Shōchū (era) was a after "Genkō" and before "Karyaku." This period spanned the years from December 1324 to April 1326. The reigning Emperor was . Karyaku , also romanized as Kareki, was a after "Shōchū" and before "Gentoku." This period spanned the years from April 1326 through August 1329. The reigning Emperor was . Misiones Province Misiones is one of the provinces of Argentina. It is in the northeastern corner of the country. Paraguay is to the northwest. Brazil is to the north, east and south. There are 965,522 people living in Misiones. Iguazú National Park is here. The province first had Guarani people. Misiones makes the most yerba mate in all of Argentina. Light manufacturing and tourism also help the economy. Neuquén Province Neuquén is a province of Argentina. It is in the west of the country, at the northern end of Patagonia. It borders Chile to the west and Mendoza Province to the northeast. The name comes from the Neuquén River. Neuquén is one of the richest provinces in Argentina. There is a lot of natural gas and petroleum production. National parks. There are four national parks: Los Arrayanes National Park, Lanín National Park, the Nahuel Huapí National Park, and the Laguna Blanca National Park. Río Negro Province Río Negro is a province of Argentina. It is at the northern edge of Patagonia. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Viedma. Other important cities include the ski resort town of Bariloche, Cipolletti and General Roca. History. Ferdinand Magellan was the first explorer to visit the coasts of the provinces in 1520. Industry. The province makes almost 70% of the apples and pears of the country. Industrial fishing takes place in the Atlantic Ocean waters of the San Matías Gulf. Hake, squid, and shellfish are the most common capture. Sauvane Delanoë Sauvane Delanoë (born January 19, 1978 in Paris, France) is a French voice actress. She mostly works dubbing the voices of English-language movies and TV shows in French. Delanoë began acting when she was five years old. She also writes music for theatre. Voice work. All works are the French versions: San Juan Province, Argentina San Juan is a province of Argentina. It is in the western part of the country. It borders with Chile at the west. The entire province has an important number of paleontological sites. Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities, especially wine production and Olive oil. It is also an important center of mining and oil production. San Luis Province San Luis is a province of Argentina. The "Pampa de las Salinas" is a great salt lake in the province. The Sierra de las Quijadas National Park is here. Transportation. The railway system reached San Luis in the year 1875. Mining. Mining is mostly for construction materials such as limestone and marble. There is also mining for tungsten, uranium and salt. Santa Cruz Province, Argentina Santa Cruz is a province of Argentina. It is in the southern part of the country, in Patagonia. It borders Chile to the west and south. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest province of the country (after Buenos Aires province). It has the fewest people in mainland Argentina. Perito Moreno National Park and Los Glaciares National Park are here. "Río Turbio" is Argentina's only active coal mine. There is also mining for gold, clay, gypsum, and salt. Sheep are also important for the economy. They are used both for wool and meat. Santa Fe Province The Invincible Province of Santa Fe is a province of Argentina. It is in the center-east of the country. Santa Fe's most important cities are Rosario, the capital Santa Fe, Rafaela, Villa Gobernador Gálvez, Venado Tuerto, Reconquista, and Santo Tomé. In 1889 the National University of the Littoral was formed. Cattle are important to the province for both meat and milk. Santiago del Estero Province Santiago del Estero is a province in the north of Argentina. Its capital is the city of Santiago del Estero Geography. The province of Santiago del Estero has an area of ; the province is in the northern part of the country and is surrounded by the provinces Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán. Most of the province is in the Gran Chaco flat lands with some low places where some small lakes are formed. In some low places, there are wetlands that are known here as "Esteros". The main rivers of the province are the Dulce, that is known as "Salí" river in Tucumán, and the Salado. Climate. Santiago del Estero has an arid climate, subtype Bsh in the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature for the year in Santiago del Estero is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of . The average amount of precipitation for the year in Santiago del Estero is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of . Population. The inhabitants of Santiago del Estero are known, in Spanish, as "Santiagueños" (women: "Santiagueñas"). The province of Santiago del Estero has a population, in 2010, of 874,006; its population density is of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Santiago del Estero Political division. The province is divided into 27 departments (). Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina Tierra del Fuego (officially Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur) is a province of Argentina. It is entirely separated from mainland Argentina by the Strait of Magellan. It includes: Aldemaro Romero Aldemaro Romero (March 12, 1928 – September 15, 2007) was a Venezuelan pianist, composer, arranger and orchestral conductor. He was born in Valencia, Carabobo State. Biography. Romero was a prolific composer, creating a wide range of music, such as Caribbean, Jazz, Venezuelan waltzes, including works for orchestra, orchestra and soloist, orchestra and choir, chamber music, up to symphonic works of great dimensions. In 1951 Romero signed contract with RCA Victor to record with a full orchestra, what was to be a very successful album in the "Dinner In..." series, featuring popular Latin American music. Under the RCA label he published his LP Dinner in Caracas, with which beat all sales records in South America until then. Afterwards, recorded numerous LP albums in different countries. In America, his ability as arranger/conductor led him to collaborate with popular orchestras and singers, such as Dean Martin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Stan Kenton, Machito and Tito Puente, among others. He also toured extensively, performing in numerous countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Spain, France, Greece, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, Russia, Egypt and Japan. Romero was the creator of a new form of Venezuelan music, known as "New Wave" (Onda Nueva), derived from the joropo and influenced by Brazilian Bossa Nova. He also had an important role in the field of learned music. Aldemaro Romero died in Caracas on September 15, 2007, at the age of 79. Stephen (disambiguation) Stephen or Steven is a male given name. It might also mean: President of Argentina The President of the Argentine Nation, usually known as the President of Argentina, is the head of state of Argentina. The President is also Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The current President is Alberto Fernández. He was sworn in on 10 December 2019. List of vice presidents of Argentina The office of Vice President of Argentina is the second highest political position in Argentina. The Vice President replaces the President if the President cannot do the job. This is a list of vice presidents of Argentina. Tobias (surname) Tobias is a Greek form of the Hebrew name ""Tobijah" from the Bible, meaning "Jehovah [God] is good"". It is often used as a male given name, but has also been a surname (last name). The surname Tobias may refer to the following people: Supreme Court of Argentina The Supreme Court of Argentina is the highest court of law in Argentina. It started on 15 January 1863. The rulings of the court are final. The court also decides on cases about the constitution. The members of the Supreme Court are chosen by the President. Current Justices. The current composition of the Supreme Court is as follows: Julio Cobos Julio César Cleto Cobos (born Mendoza, Argentina, April 30, 1955) is an Argentine politician. He is the Vice President of Argentina for President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner from 2007 to 2011. He started as part of the Radical Civic Union (UCR). He became Governor of Mendoza in 2003. American Hairless Terrier The American Hairless Terrier is a hairless dog breed. This means they do not have fur. The American Hairless Terrier is often listed as a good breed choice for people with allergies. Origin. The first American Hairless Terrier was born in the United States in 1972. The puppy, who was named Josephine, was born to a rat terrier mother, who had a coat of fur. Temperament. These dogs are friendly. They have a mild temperament and are interested animals. Don Don can stand for different concepts: Jean-Charles Corbet Jean-Charles Corbet is a French Chief executive officer and aviator. Biography. Graduates from "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (ÉNAC) of Toulouse (airline pilot promotion 1974), he starts his career as air transport pilot in Gabon, waiting to be hired by Air France. Airline pilot at Air France, he is First officer on Boeing 737 and 747, and then Captain on Airbus A320 before being qualified on Airbus A340. Head of the Air France section of the "Syndicat national des pilotes de ligne", he is causing a ten-day strike at Air France, just before the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In 2001, he is president of Air Lib, airline borns with the merger of AOM French Airlines and Air Liberté. Amateur rugby union and air sports, Jean-Charles Corbet is also an accomplished motorcyclist. Kepler conjecture The Kepler conjecture is a problem in math. It wants to know the best way to put spheres together so there will be only a little bit of room between the spheres. That means the spheres are put together very tightly, meaning they are dense. Details. The Kepler conjecture is about Sphere packing in three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is named after Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who first had this idea. Kepler supposed that the ways to pack spheres of equal size that result in the packing with the highest density are face-centered cubic or hexagonal packings. Those two things are crystal structures, meaning ways to put things together in a repeating pattern. These packings have a density of slightly over 74 percent, this means that they fill about 74 percent of space available. Sphere packing In geometry, Sphere packing refers to a number of problems that try to arrange spheres in space. Very often, the spheres all have the same size, and the space used is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. The problem is part of packing problems. When it is generalised, not all the spheres need to have the same size, and spaces can be n-dimensional Euclidean space, or hyperbolic space. A typical sphere packing problem is to find an arrangement in which the spheres fill as large a proportion of the space as possible. The proportion of space filled by the spheres is called the density of the arrangement. As the local density of a packing in an infinite space can vary depending on the volume over which it is measured, the problem is usually to maximise the average or asymptotic density, measured over a large enough volume. I'm Too Sexy "I'm Too Sexy" was a hit song by group Right Said Fred. It is about a histrionic-narcissistic model. It reached the top 5 in the English charts. It was first released in 1991. A remix, "I'm Too Sexy 2007", was released in 2007 and was a top 75 hit. The song was released by Tug Records. In 2013 Right Said Fred made the song again as "I'm Too Smurfy" for World Smurfs Day. Teenage Life "Teenage Life" was a hit song by Daz Sampson. It was first released in 2006, and was a top 10 hit in the English charts. The song was released by Ebul/Jive records. It represented the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. Swagger Jagger "Swagger Jagger" is the first single by British singer Cher Lloyd, from her debut studio album, "Sticks and Stones" (2011). The song was released as the lead single from the album on July 31, 2011. The song was written by two production teams - The Runners and The Monarch - along with Lloyd, Autumn Rowe, Marcus Lomax and Clarence Coffee Jr. It was produced by The Runners and The Monarch. The music video was released on June 26, 2011. It was also used in the movie "Identity Thief" with Melissa McCarthy. The song received mixed reviews from music critics. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and at number two in Ireland. Consistency proof In mathematics, a theory is called consistent, if does not contain any contradictions. In the context of predicate logic it is impossible to deduce both formula_1 as well as formula_2 from formula_3 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was a group of American automatic rifles and light machine guns. It was used by the United States and several other countries. The most-used type of BAR was the M1918. It was designed by John Browning in 1917. It was supposed to replace the French Chauchat and the M1909 Benet-Mercie machine guns. The BAR was designed to be carried by soldiers that were moving forward. It was supposed to be put over the shoulder on a strap and fired from the hip. This was called "walking fire". It was thought that walking fire was needed for trench warfare. However, it was usually used as a light machine gun and fired from a bipod. History. When the United States joined World War I, they did not have very good machine guns. One reason for this was because there was no military doctrine for their use. The U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. At this time, the commanders were told that the U.S. only had 670 M1909 Benet-Mercies, 282 M1904 Maxims and 158 Colts, M1895 to fight the war. After a lot of arguments, they decided that the U.S. would have to build up more American weapons. However, until then, U.S. soldiers would have to take what the French and British could give them. The machine guns given to the U.S. by the French were often not very good. They also fired different cartridges from what the U.S. soldiers usually used. This meant that soldiers and machine gunners had to be given different kinds of cartridge. Development. In 1917, before the United States joined the First World War, John Browning brought two weapons to Washington, D.C. These were: a water-cooled machine gun (later named the M1917 Browning machine gun) and an automatic rifle. Back then, this automatic rifle was called the Browning Machine Rifle or BMR. Both of these weapons fired the standard U.S. cartridge. John Browning had set up a demonstration of the weapons at Congress Heights. Congress Heights is just outside of Washington D.C. On 27 February 1917, Browning tested the automatic rifle in front of 300 people. The crowd was so impressed that he was immediately given a contract for the weapon. It was quickly brought into service. The water-cooled machine gun was tested further. More tests were done for U.S. Army weapon officers at Springfield Armory in May 1917. Both weapons were recommended to be brought into service immediately. So that the BAR was not confused with the M1917 machine gun, it was officially named the M1918 or Rifle, Caliber .30, Automatic, Browning, M1918. On 16 July 1917, 12,000 BARs were ordered from Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company. They were allowed to make the BAR under Browning's patents (Browning's patent 1293022 was owned by Colt). However, Colt was already making as many weapons as they could (as they were making the Vickers machine gun for the British Army). They asked for the military to wait a while, as they were opening a new factory in Meriden, Connecticut. Because of how much the weapon was needed, the request was turned down. The Winchester Repeating Arms Company (WRAC) would make the weapons instead. Winchester also helped out with the BAR's final design. Making of the M1918. Since work on the gun did not begin until February 1918, Winchester was hurrying to make many BARs. They were in such a rush that the first 1,800 guns were delivered with things wrong. The contract with Winchester said that they had to make 25,000 BARs. Winchester were making many BARs by June 1918. By July, they were making 9,000 guns a month. Colt and Marlin-Rockwell Corp. also began making BARs just after Winchester started making a lot of them. Marlin-Rockwell had a contract to make BARs for the Belgian government. They bought the Mayo Radiator Co.'s factory. They only used it to make the BAR. The first BAR from Marlin-Rockwell was delivered on 11 June 1918. The company eventually started making 200 BARs per day. Colt had only made 9,000 BARs when the armistice was signed. This was because they were busy with other orders. Together, the three companies made 706 BARs every day. Around 52,000 BARs were delivered by all companies by the end of WWI. Between 1918 and 1919, 102,125 BARs were made. Colt made 16,000, Winchester made 47,123 and Marlin-Rockwell made 39,002 BARs. By July 1918, the BAR had arrived in France. The first unit to get BARs was the U.S. Army's 79th Infantry Division. The division used them for the first time on 13 September 1918. Even though it was brought in very late in the war, the BAR made a large effect. It was used a lot during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The other Allies were impressed by the BAR. France asked for 15,000 BARs to replace their Chauchat. Design. The M1918 is a selective fire automatic rifle. It fires from an open bolt. The weapon's barrel can not be removed quickly. The M1918 gets its ammunition from a 20-round box magazine. 40-round magazines were also used to shoot down aircraft. However, these stopped being used in 1927. Not many bayonets for the BAR were made. Because of this, they are very rare. Because the M1918 was supposed to be used as a support weapon, it did not have a place to put a bayonet. No bayonets were ever used on a BAR. Winchester did make one BAR with a place to put a bayonet, but it was only for testing. Different types of M1918. During its long time in service, the M1918 was developed further and further. It was upgraded many times. The first big try at making the M1918 better made the M1922 light machine gun. The M1922 was taken into service with the United States Cavalry in 1922. The weapon used a new type of barrel. It also had a bipod with spikes on the end. The handguard was also changed. In 1931, the Colt Arms Co. made the Colt Monitor Automatic Machine Rifle (R 80). This was mostly meant to be used by prison guards and the police. The Colt Monitor did not have a bipod. The Colt Monitor weighed around 16 lb. 3 oz. without any ammunition in it. It had a rate of fire of around 500 rpm. Around 125 Colt Monitor automatic rifles were made. 90 of these were bought by the FBI. Eleven rifles went to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. The rest went to many prisons, banks, security companies and police departments. In 1932, a much shorter version of the M1918 BAR designed for 'bush warfare' was made by USMC Major H.L. Smith. Captain Merritt A. Edson wrote a report on this rifle. Edson was the Ordnance officer at the Quartermaster's Depot in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The barrel was made nine inches shorter (229 mm), and there were some other changes as well. The changed BAR weighed 13 lb. 12 oz. and was only long. This version was more accurate than the BAR when firing automatically and while lying down, it was less accurate when fired from the shoulder. It was also very loud. Though the report written by Edson said that six of the 'jungle' BARs should be built for testing, no more work was done on the project. The M1918A1 had a light bipod with spikes on it, along with some other new features. It was brought into service on 24 June 1937. Not many M1918s were rebuilt to be M1918A1s. In April 1938, work was started on an improved BAR for the U.S. Army. Early prototypes had bipods that were put onto the barrel. It also had a special mechanism to make the rate of fire less. However, in 1939 the Army Final development of the M1918A2 started on 30 June 1938. The M1918A2's buttstock (the part of the gun which sticks out at the back) is about one inch longer than the M1918 BAR buttstock. Late in the war, a handle was put onto the barrel to carry the weapon around. Because the companies did not have a lot of money, the first M1918A2s were just older M1918 BARs that were changed. A small amount M1922s and M1918A1s were also changed. After WWII started, it was tried to make more M1918A2s. However, the World War I tools used to make the M1918 were either worn out or could not be used with modern machines. In 1942, there was not enough wood to make the buttstocks, so a black plastic buttstock was made for the BAR. Firestone Rubber and Latex Products Company made the plastic buttstock for the U.S. Army. This was brought into service on March 21, 1942. Other models. In 2008, one company made a modern, semi-automatic version of the Browning Automatic Rifle. This was called the 1918A3 SLR ("self-loading rifle"). Civilian use. When the war ended, Colt Arms Co. were given the Browning patents to make the BAR that was not given out during the war. This allowed Colt to make the BAR for sale to civilians. This BAR was called the Colt Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919. It was first made up of M1918s from the contract with the military which were not delivered. It was one of several Colt BARs. However, the weapon had a high price. It was also not very useful to civilians. Because of this, it did not sell much. Ad Topperwien was a famous shooter of the early 1920s. He bought one of the first Colt BARs to shoot things out of the sky. When the National Firearms Act of 1934 was passed, civilian BARs were restricted. Machine guns for U.S. civilians were banned in 1968. Also, making machine guns for U.S. civilians was banned in 1986. Criminal and police use. Clyde Barrow, a gangster, liked the army's M1918. He got his BARs by robbing the Army National Guard. Barrow taught his girlfriend Bonnie Parker to fire the M1918 as well. Automatic weapons were becoming more popular with gangsters in the United States. Because of this, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover told the FBI to train agents with automatic weapons. Examples were the Thompson submachine gun and the BAR. The FBI bought its BARs from Colt. Colt sold 90 BARs to the agency. Some of the FBI's BARs were sent to FBI offices. They were to be used as support weapons if they were needed. The rest were kept at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. They were there for training. Colt sold another 11 BARs to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. 24 guns were sold to prisons, banks, security companies and police departments. It has sometimes been said that the M1918 or M1918A2 BAR was used by Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) members in a shootout with Los Angeles police. This happened on 17 May 1974. However, no SLA members ever used such a weapon. This confusion happened because Browning decided to call its semi-automatic hunting rifle the Browning BAR. The SLA changed a Browning BAR hunting rifle to automatic fire. It was this weapon that was used in the shootout. The M1918 in U.S. service. World War I. When it first came into service, the M1918 was supposed to be fired from the shoulder. It was meant to be a rifle that could give both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire. The M1918 was first given out in September 1918. As well as being fired from the shoulder, M1918 gunners were given a belt which had pouches on it for the magazines. They were also given a sidearm. The BAR was not used much during World War I. This was partly because of the Armistice, and also because the U.S. Army did not want the enemy to be able to capture an M1918. 85,000 BARs were built by the war's end. In between World War I and World War II. In between World War I and World War II, the M1918 was given to all U.S. naval landing forces. The weapon could be found on board most U.S. ships. Each BAR had a spare barrel. Big ships often had over 200 BARs on board. Many of the U.S. Navy BARs were still used until the 1960s. World War II. When the threat of a new war rose, U.S. Army Ordnance realized they did not have a squad light machine gun that could be moved around easily. They tried to use the M1918 BAR as a light machine gun when the M1918A2 was brought into service with the U.S. Army on 30 June 1938. The BAR was given as the only automatic gun for a squad of eight soldiers. All men were trained how to use the BAR in case the gunner(s) were killed or injured. At the start of the war, most BAR teams were two or three people. These were a gunner and one or two assistants who carried extra magazines for the gun. By 1944, some units' BAR teams were just one person, with the other people in the squad carrying ammunition. Río de la Plata The Río de la Plata (called River Plate in British English) is a river in Argentina. It is an estuary made from the Uruguay River and the Paraná River. These rivers are on the border between Argentina and Uruguay. It is about long. The Río de la Plata widens from about at the inner part to about at its mouth. Buenos Aires is on its western shore. Montevideo is on its northern shores. The Río de la Plata is home for the loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, the rare La Plata dolphin, and many species of fish. Battle of the River Plate (1939). The first naval battle of the Second World War was fought near the River Plata. The Kriegsmarine "pocket battleship" "Admiral Graf Spee" was engaged by the Royal Navy cruisers, , and off the estuary of the River Plate in December 1939. The German ship retired up the estuary with a crippled fuel system and put into port at Montevideo. A few days later, rather than fight outgunned against the British, she was scuttled in the estuary. This engagement was part of the early Battle of the Atlantic skirmishes. Paraguay River The Paraguay River is a major river in south central South America. It goes through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. It is about long. It starts in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. It ends when it joins the Paraná River north of Corrientes. The biggest city on the river is Asunción, the capital city of Paraguay, which is located at its meeting with the Putumayo River. Bermejo River The Bermejo River is a river in South America. It flows from Bolivia to the Paraguay River in Argentina. The river is long. The Bermejo is not able to be travelled on. Colorado River (Argentina) The Colorado River is a river in the south of Argentina. The man-made "Embalse Casa de Piedra" dam is on the river. It starts on the eastern slopes of the Andes. It ends in the Atlantic Ocean just south of Bahía Blanca. Templo Libertad The Templo Libertad is a synagogue in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the home of the Argentinian Israelite Congregation and the Jewish history museum. Beth Yaacov Synagogue (Madrid) The Beth Yaacov Synagogue is a synagogue in Madrid, Spain. It is the main center of the Jewish community of Spain. Paraná River The Paraná River is a river in south Central South America. It goes through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It is long. It is second in length only to the Amazon River among South American rivers. The name Paraná is a shortened form of the phrase "para rehe onáva". It is a Tupi word that means "like the sea". It starts where the Paranaiba and Grande rivers join in southern Brazil. It joins the Paraguay River and continues south, where it merges with Uruguay River, before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The surubí and the sábalo are fished on the river. There are many dams along the river. The Yacyretá and Itaipu are used for hydroelectric power. Pampas The Pampas are fertile South American lowlands. It is from a Quechua word meaning "plain". It covers more than . That includes parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and the southernmost Brazilian State. The climate is generally subtropical and . There is around 31962920 people in this area, mainly because of the inclusion of the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. Some of the wildlife includes the rhea, the pampas deer, several species of armadillos, the pampas fox, the , the , and several other species. Frequent wildfires mean that only small plants such as grasses live, and trees are rare. Chuck Lorre Productions Chuck Lorre Productions is a production company mainly used on television series, created by Chuck Lorre. Nobuyuki Abe , also known as Noboyuki Abe, was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940. Early life. Abe was born into an ex-samurai family in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa Prefecture. Abe attended Tokyo No.1 Middle School (Tokyo Metropolitan Hibiya High School) followed by No.4 High School. While still a student, he volunteered for military service during the First Sino-Japanese War. After the war, Abe graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He was part of the 19th class of the Army War College. Military Career. Abe became commander of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment from 1918-1921. In August 1918, his regiment was sent to Siberia during Japan's Siberian Intervention, but was never in combat. Abe was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Division on December 22, 1930. He later served as instructor in the Army War College followed by chief of the Military Affairs Bureau and as Vice Minister of the Army. In 1933, Abe was promoted to full general. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwan Army. In 1936, he was placed on the reserve list. Politician. Abe Nobuyuki became 36th Prime Minister on August 30, 1939. Abe was replaced by Mitsumasa Yonai in January 1940. Abe joined the House of Peers in 1942. He was appointed the 10th (and last) Governor-General of Korea in 1944 and 1945. After World War II, Abe was arrested by the Americans under General Douglas MacArthur. He was not charged with any war crimes and he was soon released. Femminiello A femminiello, also spelled femmeniello is an Italian word for a male with feminine nature and behaviour, and part of an old tradition in Neapolitan culture. They are believed to bring luck in gambling and are known to participate in games such as bingo and also some traditional events. Bourrée The Bourrée is a quick double time dance of French origins. It is similar to a Gavotte, but has a 1 beat anacruis (upbeat), where the gavotte has a 2 beat anacrusis. It often has a rhythm with a strong beat followed by two weaker ones. For example, an accented crochet followed by two quavers. This is called dactylic. North London Collegiate School North London Collegiate School is an independent school for girls between the ages of 4-18. It is located in Harrow, London. It was established by Frances Mary Buss in 1850. Frances Mary Buss originally opened the school in her own home in Camden Town, London. It later moved to Canons, Edgware in the 1930s. It is thought to be the first girls' school in the United Kingdom, and the first to give girls the same chances to learn things as boys were given. Girls travel from all over London to attend the school. Famous women who were pupils there include Anna Wintour, Susie Orbach, and Rachel Weisz. In September 2011 NLCS opened a new school in Jeju, South Korea. NLCS Jeju is a mixed school. Jacques Villiers Jacques Villiers, (26 August 1924 – 13 March 2012) is a French aerospace engineer and public servant. He is the founder of the "Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne" (French air navigation center) and co-founder of the CAUTRA system, the computer system of the French air traffic management. In the words of Michel Wachenheim: "We can consider Jacques Villiers as one of the main founders of "the French school of air navigation" with everything it has scientific expertise, know-how technological and operational experience. He quickly understood that France could and should play a leading role in this sector, because of its aviation history, its ability to train highly qualified specialists, but also its global ambitions and European geography. He retained confident until the end that we could provide leadership in technical international level, I am reminded of conversations with him on this subject. The best tribute to him is certainly to continue in this way." Entity-relationship model In software engineering, an Entity-relationship model is a conceptual model of data. Very often, the term is shortened to ER model. ER models are used to create relational databases. They show how the different parts of a data model interact with each other. Peter Chen proposed to use this modelling approach in an article he wrote in 1976. Chen was not the first to have this idea. After the publication of the article, the idea was modified as well. ER modelling. In an ER model, there are three different types of objects: Since the database must be able to find an entity or a relationship, it must be able to identify it with a set of attributes that is unique. This set of attributes is usually called "primary key". After all the relations have been mapped, they are usually also revised to include cardinalities; a cardinality specifies the number of entities related in a relationship. This information is needed when the database is created. Depending on cardinality and the level of database normalisation, it may be necessary to introduce additional entities and relationships. Creating a database. When everything has been described, it is easy to create a relational database, as follows: Limitations. An ER model describes the relations between entities. It is adapted to represent relational data. Data that cannot easily be put into this form should not be modelled with an ER model. ER is aimed at designing a database from scratch; using it to describe and change a database that already exists may be more difficult to do. Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity. One reason for this is that there are many tools that allow diagramming and that have other design support directly on relational database management systems. These tools can extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams. In a survey, Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity-relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies. Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration. Andrew Wiles Sir Andrew John Wiles, KBE, FRS (born Cambridge, 11 April 1953) is an Abel Prize-winning British mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He specializes in number theory. He is most famous for proving Fermat's Last Theorem. He is a foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences since 1996. The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. In the summer of 1986, Wiles decided to prove the theorem. Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet had done successful research in the last few years. Wiles realised that he could prove a limited form of the modularity theorem. So, he decided to solve this problem. This was done somewhat secretly. In 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, however, it turned out that the proof contained a gap. Wiles tried to fill in this gap. But the error he made was a very basic one. Wiles got the crucial idea for avoiding, rather than closing this gap. This came to him on 19 September 1994. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper. This avoided the error and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in 1995 in a special volume of the "Annals of Mathematics". Recognition by the media. Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was scrutinized by mathematical experts. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series "Horizon" that focused on Fermat's Last Theorem. This was renamed "The Proof". It was made an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service's science television series "Nova". Richard Taylor (mathematician) Richard Lawrence Taylor (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician. He works in number theory. He was a former research student of Andrew Wiles. He returned to Princeton to help Wiles complete the proof of Fermat's last theorem. Taylor received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences. This for his work on the Langlands program. He did this work with Robert Langlands. Career. Taylor received his B.A. from Clare College, Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988. From 1995 to 1996 he held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. Currently, he is the Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. He received the Whitehead Prize in 1990, the Fermat Prize and the Ostrowski Prize in 2001. He also got the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 2002, and the Shaw Prize for Mathematics in 2007. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995. Work. There are two papers which have the complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. One of them was written by Taylor with Andrew Wiles. In his later work, Taylor (along with Michael Harris) proved the local Langlands conjectures. A simpler proof was suggested almost at the same time by Guy Henniart. Later, together with Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, he completed proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, by performing very difficult computations. Recently, Taylor, following the ideas of Michael Harris, developed on his work with Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, and Nick Shepherd-Barron. He has announced that he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, for elliptic curves with non-integral j-invariant. This partial proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture uses a theorem of Wiles. Personal life. Taylor is married to Christine Taylor . She is a mathematical biologist. They have two children: Jeremy and Chloe. He is also the son of British physicist, John C. Taylor. Yi Bok-nam Yi Bok-nam (; born June 28, 1555 in Gangneung - died August 16, 1597 in Namwon) was an army general and politician of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was one of Korea's generals in the Imjin War. Algebraic equation In mathematics, an algebraic equation, also called polynomial equation over a given field is an equation of the form where "P" and "Q" are polynomials over that field, and have one (univariate) or more than one (multivariate) variables. For example: is an algebraic equation over the rational numbers. Two equations are called equivalent if they have the same set of solutions. This means that all solutions of the second equation must also be solutions of the first one and vice versa. The equation formula_1 is equivalent with formula_4. So the study of algebraic equations is equivalent to the study of polynomials. If an algebraic equation is over the rationals, it can always be converted to an equivalent one, where all the coefficients are integers. For example, in the equation given above, we multiply by 42 = 2·3·7 and group the terms in the first member. The equation is converted to The solutions of an equation are the values of the variables for which the equation is true. But for algebraic equations there are also called roots. When solving an equation, we need to say in which set the solutions are allowed. For example, for an equation over the rationals, one can find solutions in the integers. Then, the equation is a diophantine equation. One may also look for solutions in the field of complex numbers. One can also look for solutions in real numbers. Ancient mathematicians wanted the solutions of univariate equations (that is, equations with one variable) in the form of radical expressions, like formula_6 for the positive solution of formula_7. The ancient Egyptians knew how to solve equations of degree 2 (that is equations in which the highest power of the variable is 2) in this manner. During the Renaissance, Gerolamo Cardano solved the equation of degree 3 and Lodovico Ferrari solved the equation of degree 4. Finally Niels Henrik Abel proved in 1824 that the equation of degree 5 and the equations of higher degree cannot always be solved by using radicals. Galois theory, named after Évariste Galois, were introduced to give criteria deciding if an equation is solvable using radicals. Algebraic solution An algebraic solution is an algebraic expression which is the solution of an algebraic equation in terms of the coefficients of the variables. It is found only by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). The most well-known example is the solution of the general quadratic equation. (where "a" ≠ 0). There is a more complicated solution for the general cubic equation and quartic equation. The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the general quintic equation does not have an algebraic solution. This means that the general polynomial equation of degree "n", for "n" ≥ 5, cannot be solved by using algebra. However, under certain conditions, we can get algebraic solutions; for example, the equation formula_3 can be solved as formula_4 Sylvie Faucheux Sylvie Faucheux (born 29 May 1960 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris) is a French professor and politician. She specialized in the fields of economy of the natural environment and sustainable development. She was President of the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" from 2002 till the 12 April 2012. Faucheux graduated from the Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University which she founded in 1995. She managed the Center for economics and ethics environment and sustainable development, which, in 2002, became a joint research unit between UVSQ and the "Institut de recherche pour le développement" (IRD) (Institute of Development Research). Faucheux is a politician as well as an educator. She was a SP candidate at the parliamentary elections for the first district of Yvelines in June 2007. In December 2002, she was named President of the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines". She was president until 12 April 2012, when Jean-Luc Vayssière was made president. She is the current head of "Université du grand ouest parisien". Faucheux is a member of the Board of Research and Higher Education in France. She has been a member since 2002. She is responsible for the working group on sustainable development. Sylvie Faucheux is Chevalier of the "Ordre des Palmes Académiques" (14 July 2004 promotion), Chevalier of the "Ordre national du Mérite" (14 November 2005 Decret), Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and owner of the "Marianne d'Or" 2009 for her actions in favor of the sustainable development. Derivative (finance) In finance, a derivative is a special type of contract. In it, the two parties agree to sell (or to buy) certain goods, at a given price, on a given date. Derivatives can be used in two ways. The first is called speculation: One party hopes that the "market price" differs from the "price agreed upon in the contract", so that they can make the difference between the two. The second is called hedging: One party wants to make sure that the market price doesn't go in a direction that would hurt their profits, so they make sure that the price is agreed upon a long time before the transaction takes place. For a seller, hedging means that they can be certain to receive the agreed upon price, and for the buyer, hedging means that they can be certain not to pay more than the agreed upon price. From a moral point of view, speculation is considered a negative activity. One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century. Derivatives can take many forms, but some of the most common types are Futures, Contracts for Difference and Options. They can also be structured on a range of different assets including Forex, Equities, Commodities, and interest rates. The Walking Dead (comics) The Walking Dead is a monthly comic book series. It tells the story of the travels of Rick Grimes, his family, and other survivors of a zombie apocalypse. The series was first published in 2003 by Image Comics. It was created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore. Moore was replaced by Charlie Adlard from issue #7 forward. Moore still did the art for the covers up to issue #24.) "The Walking Dead" won the 2010 Eisner Award for "Best Continuing Series" at San Diego Comic-Con International. A television series, "The Walking Dead" was created based on the comic. It was first broadcast on AMC in 2010. The series has been translated into languages such as Portuguese and Spanish. Plot. Rick Grimes was a Atlanta police officer. After being shot by criminals, he wakes from a coma in the hospital to see that his town is overrun with walking dead people. He goes to Atlanta, Georgia to look for his wife and son. Rick finds them in a small camp near the city. The group is being led by Shane. Shane was Rick's partner as a police officer. He helped Lori and Carl get to Atlanta. After a zombie attack on the camp that caused people to be killed, Rick criticizes Shane. Shane pulls his gun on Rick, but is shot and killed by Rick’s 7-year-old son Carl. Rick, as the new leader of the group, decides the survivors need to find a better place to live. Rick’s early tries to find a place to live end very badly. A mother is killed after the survivors go into a neighborhood full of zombies. A farmer, Hershel, lets the group stay on his land. They stay there until zombies break free from his barn and kill several members of his family. Things get better when the group finds prison with fences to keep out the zombies. Rick send a message back to Hershel and his family to come join them at the prison. Rick’s group and four prisoners do what they can to make the prison safe from the zombies. One of the prisoners kills Hershel’s two youngest daughters. Rick kills another of the prisoners when they try to take control of the prison from his group. Because of many problems Rick chooses to not be the group’s leader. He is replaced by a committee. Rick and two friends, Glenn and Michonne, leave the prison when they see a helicopter crash close to the prison. They find the town of Woodbury. It is a survivor town controlled by an insane tyrant called the Governor. When Rick and his group won't tell him where they came from, the Governor locks them up. He cuts off Rick's right hand and rapes Michonne many times. The Governor lets the three escape. He hopes they can be followed back to where they came from. Before leaving, Michonne attacks the Governor. She tortures him and causes much damage to his body. The group at the prison get ready for an attack by the people from Woodbury. As time passes and there is no attack for weeks, they start to feel safe. Lori, Rick’s wife, gives birth. Glenn marries his girlfriend Maggie. The two of them “adopt” Sophia, a girl in the group whose mother died. Rick and Hershel are out in the yard looking at their vegetable garden when the Governor and a small army comes to the prison fence. The group from Woodbury have better weapons and more people but Rick's group kills many of them and they move back away from the prison. Glenn and Maggie think they will attack again. They take Sophia and leave the prison with another family. Michonne and Tyreese are caught while trying to attack Woodbury. Michonne escapes but the Governor kills Tyreese outside the prison gate. He then begins a second attack on the prison. The Governor’s forces use a tank to break down the fence. Many people in Rick's group are killed in the fighting. These include Hershel, Lori and the baby. Rick and Carl escape from the battle. Zombies move in through the broken fence. They begin to attack the Woodbury forces. One of the Woodbury soldiers shoots the Governor in the head. The people of Woodbury fight on, but there are too many zombies. Rick and Carl find Michonne and those who left the prison earlier. They soon find three people who are traveling to Washington, D.C. One of them, Eugene, says he is a government scientist. He tells them he is in radio contact with survivors in the capital. Maggie tries to kill herself after the death of her family. Rick and Abraham go out looking for supplies. Abraham is a U.S. Army sergeant who is traveling with Eugene. The two become friends when they tell each other about the killings they have had to do to survive. The group’s oldest member, Dale, is bitten by a zombie. He leaves the group in the dark to go into the forest so he can die alone. He is captured by a group of cannibals. They eat his leg before he dies. Rick and the other adults find and kill the cannibals. A reverend is the only person among them who think they way they killed the cannibals was bad. When they get near Washington, Eugene tells the group that he was actually a high school science teacher and has no contact with the government. Washington is full of zombies like other cities. A man comes to the group and tells them about a peaceful walled-off town of about 40 people. It is called the Alexandria Safe Zone. He takes them to this town. Rick is worried that the Alexandrians have forgotten how dangerous the world is. He slowly starts to not follow their rules. As town constable, he secretly carries a gun and disobeys Alexandria's leader, Douglas, to stop a domestic dispute. After the newcomers help stop an attack on Alexandria by other survivors, Douglas sees that Rick is a better leader and steps down. The gunfire during the attack causes a herd of zombies to move toward the town. They break through Alexandria’s wall and begin to kill people. The people hide in their houses while zombies fill the town. Rick, Carl and Alexandria resident Jessie try to escape the town. Jessie is killed by the walkers. When Rick and Carl are surrounded by zombies, Douglas tries to help them. He accidentally shoots Carl in the eye before being killed. Rick carries Carl to Alexandria’s surgeon. He then goes back outside. Rick, Michonne and other residents destroy the entire herd. This shows Rick that zombies can be dealt with. He decides to rebuild civilization at Alexandria. Carl wakes from a coma but he does not remember everything that has happened over the past few years. Rick stops a small rebellion in Alexandria but forgives the rebels. Andrea tells Rick that she loves him. He does not love her back. A man named Paul soon comes to the town. He says he is from a nearby community of about 200 people. Paul wants to trade supplies with Alexandria. He tells them that he already does so with several other survivor groups in the area. Rick thinks this may be a trap and captures Paul. He gets Alexandria ready to defend against an attack. Rick soon changes his mind and decides to trade with Paul's group. He tells Andrea that Carl is in the house and asks her to watch him while he is gone. Rick then leaves with Paul and several other to go to Paul's group. Reception. The series is very well liked by critics. It won the Eisner Award for "Best Continuing Series" in 2010. Eric Sunde of IGN comics called it "one of the best monthly comics available". Max Brooks told Kirkman that he read "The Walking Dead" and liked it. IGN ranked Rick Grimes as the 26th Greatest Comic Book Hero of All Time in 2011. They said that Kirkman "has an endless supply of [wringers] to run Rick through." IGN ranked Michonne as the 86th Greatest Comic Book Hero of All Time the same year. It ranked the Governor as the 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time in 2009. They said that he was "a sadistic evil that "The Road Warrior" forgot." "Wizard" magazine ranked The Governor as the 131st greatest comic book character of all time. Other media. Television adaptation. AMC picked up the rights to make a series based on the comic in 2009. It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010. Filming for the series started on May 15, 2010. The series premiered on October 31, 2010. It had very high ratings. On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC wanted a second season of "The Walking Dead". This season would have 13 episodes. The second season began on October 16, 2011. Frank Darabont wrote, directed and served as an executive producer until July 25th, 2011. Kirkman and Charles H. Eglee are currently writers and executive producers. AMC released an animated movie of the first part of Issue #1 of the comic. It was animated by Juice Films. The voices were done by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore. Video game. On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games said they planned to make a video game based on the series. It was scheduled for the fall of 2011, but was not released until April 24th 2012. Kirkman has said that, unlike most zombie games such as "Left 4 Dead", it will focus more on characterization and emotion than action. Collected editions. The series has so far been collected into the following collections: Trade paperbacks. The trade paperbacks have six issues in each. They have only the story and no cover art. Each paperback has a three-word title. Hardcovers. All hardcovers have the contents of the comics with the covers. Some have extra material. They are larger than the paperbacks. Each hardcover has two story arcs from the series. Signed versions of the books are available, each limited to 310 pieces. Omnibus editions. Limited omnibus editions have 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras. The first volume is signed by Kirkman and Adlard. There are 300 of this edition. Later volumes were released with 3000 pieces each. There is also a deluxe limited edition (signed by Kirkman/Adlard) with 300 pieces available. Compendium editions. These are 48-issue softcover editions. The large books have over a thousand pages. They have no cover art. Compendium One was also released as a limited edition hardcover in 2012 at the Emerald City Comicon and San Diego Comicon with 1000 pieces available. Mickey "Mickey" is a song by US singer Toni Basil. It was a top 5 hit when it was released in 1982. It is was covered in 1999 by Lolly, who also had a top 5 hit with the song. The top 10 2005 hit by Gwen Stefani - "Hollaback Girl" and 2012 top 40 hit by Madonna ft Nicki Minaj & MIA - "Give Me All Your Luvin'" also had musical influences from this song, Toni Basil's version was released by Radialchoice and Lolly's version was released by Polydor. Contrary to popular belief, the song does "not" refer to Mickey Mouse Hollaback Girl "Hollaback Girl" is the third single off American singer Gwen Stefani's first solo studio album "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." The song was released on March 15, 2005. Background and writing. While writing the song, Stefani and Pharrell Williams discussed about writing a song on her intentions for pursuing a solo career. Stefani then said that the album was missing an "attitude song", and she remembered a negative comment that musician Courtney Love had said about her in an interview with magazine "Seventeen". Stefani then responded to Love's comment in the March 2005 issue of the NME: On the "Billboard" charts, "Hollaback Girl" was able to peak at #1 on Hot 100, #1 on the Pop 100, #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #15 on the Hot Dance Club Play, and #18 on the Adult Pop Songs charts. In 2006, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Record of the Year. Jeff Daniels Jeffrey Warren Daniels (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Athens, Georgia. He grew up in Chelsea, Michigan. Daniels starred in "Something Wild", "Terms of Endearment", "Arachnophobia" and "Dumb and Dumber". He won an Emmy Award in 2013. Joe Pesci Joseph Frank "Joe" Pesci (born February 9, 1943) is an American character actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and is of Italian descent. He was raised in Belleville, New Jersey. Naoto Ohshima is a Japanese video game designer. At one time, he worked for Sega. Ōshima designed and created the characters for Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman. Yuji Naka and Hirokazu Yasuhara are often given credit for his work on the "Sonic" series because of their close association with the Sonic name. Ōshima became well known at Sega's Sonic Team for creating characters and playing an important part in the development of games like "Phantasy Star", "Sonic CD", "Nights into Dreams...", and "Sonic Adventure". After he left Sonic Team, he created his own game company called Artoon. Since then, he left from the position of president in the company and was replaced by Yutaka Sugano. From there he went on to work on games like "Pinobee" and "", and in 2004, the sequel to "Blinx", "Blinx 2: Masters of Time & Space". In 2010, Artoon was turned into AQ Interactive. In 2010, he and other main members of Artoon left to create Arzest. He was given a "Special Thanks in the game Sonic Generations. Dennis Franz Dennis Franz (born October 1944) is an American television and movie actor. His movies include "Die Hard 2". He has starred in many television series, including "NYPD Blue". List of cities in New York (state) This is a list of cities in the American state of New York: Rafinha Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza (born 7 September 1985) more commonly known as Rafinha is Brazilian footballer. He plays for Flamengo in the Bundesliga. Career. Rafinha was born in Londrina, Brazil on 7 September, 1985. At the age of 7, he joined his local futsal team, Gremio Londrinense. In 2001, when he was 16, he moved to Coritiba. He also joined the Brazilian under-20 national football team. He was then signed by FC Schalke 04 on a four-year contact for what is widely believed to be a transfer fee of €5 million In August of 2010, Rafinha signed with Genoa. One year later, he signed with Bayern Munich on a three-year contract for €5.5 million. He has made 31 appearances for Bayern Munich up-to-date. International career. Rafinha has been called up to the senior Brazil squad once and has made a combined total of 16 appearances in the Under-20 and Under-23 sides. Second moment of area The moment of force (also called the first moment of force) about any point is the product of the force and perpendicular distance between them. If this first moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance between them, the product so obtained is called the second moment of force or moment of moment of the force. If instead of force, the area of the figure or mass of the body is considered, it is called the second moment of area or second moment of mass. They are also termed broadly as moments of inertia. There is no physical significance for moment of inertia. It is just a mathematical expression usually denoted by formula_1 Jean-Luc Vayssière Jean-Luc Vayssière, born in 1956, is a French professor, specializing in genetics and cell biology. He was President of the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" from the 12th of April 2012 until April 2016. Jean is also a graduate from the Paris Diderot University in molecular biology, he started his career as assistant at the "Collège de France" in the year 1990. In 1994, he became lecturer at the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines". In 2001, he was appointed as the head of training at the "École pratique des hautes études" before entering in 2006 as teacher at the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines". Alongside his teaching activities, he is a researcher at the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, responsible of the "stress and cell death" team. The 12th of April 2012, he is elected President of the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines", succeeding Sylvie Faucheux. He is replaced by Dider Guillemot in May 2016. Denying the correlative Denying the correlative is a mistake in logic where a person tries to create a third possibility where there are only two. It is based on the concept of correlative conjunctions, pairs of statements where one statement must be true and the other must be false. For example 1. Ginger is a cat. 2. Ginger is not a cat. If a person claims that Ginger is something else than a cat or not a cat, then he is making a logically impossible claim, and denying the correlative. It is the opposite of the false dilemma, which tries to reduce options to only two. Another is if a person were asked if he killed someone and said, "I fought with him". That does not answer the question. William Smith O'Brien William Smith O'Brien (; 17 October 1803 – 18 June 1864) was an Irish politician. At one point he was a member of the British Parliament. Later on he was a nationalist and leader of the Young Ireland movement and led a rebellion against British rule in the 1840s during the Potato Famine. He was convicted of treason, a felony, and could have been executed, but he was exiled to Van Diemen's Land instead. In 1856, he was pardoned and allowed to return. False dilemma False dilemma, also called the either-or fallacy, us vs. them fallacy, black-or-white fallacy, false dichotomy, or the fallacy of false choice, is a mistake in logic that allows only two possibilities when more than two exist. For example, there is "either-or fallacy" in saying that an apple must be green or red. The premise is that the apple is either one color or another; but this beginning is a mistake because some apples—not most—are other colors. In other words, most apples are red or green, but some are also yellow. A "fallacy of false choice" may hide a deliberate attempt to eliminate agreement on an issue. Eldridge Cleaver used this tactic when he said: "You're either part of the solution or part of the problem." A false dilemma may also be used for comedic effect. Stephen Colbert used this tactic when he asked guests on The Colbert Report: "George Bush... great president or the greatest president?" Countess Dracula Countess Dracula is a 1971 Hammer horror movie. It is based on Countess Elisabeth Bathory-Nadasdy and her alleged crimes in late 16th and early 17th century Hungary. In it she kills young women to look young again by bathing in their blood. Countess Nadasdy is played by Ingrid Pitt in the movie. Other characters include her lover and henchman Captain Dobi, Captain Imre Toth a soldier for her late husband who she tries to seduce by pretending to be her daughter, and Fabio, her court historian who begins to suspect her and Dobi. Pitt became a kind of cult icon for her role in this movie. John Mitchel John Mitchel (; 3 November 1815 – 20 March 1875) was an Irish nationalist leader who helped lead a rebellion against British rule in the island in 1848. He was born in Camnish, near Dungiven, County Londonderry. His "Jail Journal" is one of the most famous works in Irish nationalism. Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is fixing environmental problems through the use of plants. A type of this is "phytomining", which is a method of extraction. Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds as a result of this. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds. Wanderlust Wanderlust is a 2012 American comedy movie starring Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston. It is about a Manhattan couple who move to a commune in Georgia. It was released in early 2012. Indian Navy The Indian Navy is the naval part of the Indian Armed Forces. In 2010, the Indian Navy had 58,350 personnel, around 170 ships and 180 aircraft. It is the world's fourth largest navy in terms of personnel. Aircraft carriers. Currently, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier. Two more are being built and will enter service by 2012 and 2015. The carrier that the Indian Navy currently uses is called INS "Viraat". INS "Viraat" was bought by India from the United Kingdom in 1986. Database A database is a system for storing and taking care of data (any kind of information). A database engine can sort, change or serve the information on the database. The information itself can be stored in many different ways; before digital computers, card files, printed books and other methods were used. Now most data is kept on computer files. A database system is a computer program for managing electronic databases. A very simple example of a database system would be an electronic address book. The data in a database is organized in some way. Before there were computers, employee data was often kept in filing cabinets. There was usually one card for each employee. On the card, information such as the date of birth or the name of the employee could be found. A database also has such "cards". To the user, the card will look the same as it did in old times, only this time it will be on the screen. To the computer, the information on the card can be stored in different ways. Each of these ways is known as a database model. The most commonly used database model is called the "relational database model". It uses relations and sets to store the data. Normal users talking about the database model will not talk about relations; instead, they will talk about database tables. Uses for database systems. Uses for database systems include: Changing data. In databases, some data changes occasionally. There may be problems when data is changed; for example, an error might have occurred. The error might make the data useless. The database system looks at the data to ensure that it meets certain requirements. It does this by using a transaction. There are two points in time in the database, the time before the data was changed, and the time after the data was changed. If something goes wrong when changing the data, the database system simply puts the database back into the state before the change happened. This is called a "rollback". After all the changes are done successfully, they are "committed". This means that the data makes sense again; committed changes can no longer be undone. In order to be able to do this, databases follow the ACID principle: Database model. There are different ways how to represent the data. Ways to organize the data. As in real life, the same data can be looked at from different perspectives, and it can be organized in different ways. There are different things to consider, when organizing the data: Lichtenfels Lichtenfels may refer to: Neustadt bei Coburg Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia. It has an population of about 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD). Traffic. Next important traffic routes are in Coburg. Kronach Kronach is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, in the Frankenwald area. It is the capital of the district Kronach. Geography. Place. Kronach is at the southwestern edge of the Franconian Forest. The rivers Haßlach, Kronach and Rodach unite in Kronach. Town districts. Kronach is divided into the following districts: Twin towns – sister cities. Kronach is twinned with: Rödental Rödental is a German town in the north of Franconia. There are about 14,000 people living in Rödental. Rödental and Coburg have grown together like one city. The mayor of Rödental is Gerhard Preß. Rocko's Modern Life Rocko's Modern Life is an American animated television series that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 2006. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, was released in 2019. Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life. Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui. Jörð Jörð (or Jord) is a giantess (jötun) and goddess in Norse mythology. Her name means "earth". She is also called Fjörgyn. Jörð is the wife of Odin, king of the gods, and the mother of Thor. Her parents are Annar and Nótt. Snorri Sturluson says Jörð was included among the Asynjur. Her name occurs most often in Skaldic and Eddic poetry in phrases that refer to Thor as "the son of Jörð". There is some confusion, however, because in some parts of the Poetic Edda the word "Fjörgyn" appears in phrases referring to Thor, such as in the poem "Voluspa", where Thor is described as "the son of Fjörgyn". Scholars explain the confusion by pointing out that Fjörgyn, as an Old Norse noun, means "earth" when used in the feminine form. Asgard Asgard (Old Norse: "Ásgarðr" - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir. Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst. At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *According to the poem "Grímnismál" (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located. Popular Culture. In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, "Stargate Atlantis", "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin. Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics. Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods. It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows. Midgard Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language. Old Norse. Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall. According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea. Alien (movie) Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures. The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and kills the crew of the spaceship "Nostromo". The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash. The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called Xenomorphs. "Alien" was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine. There are three sequels to this movie: "Aliens" (1986), "Alien³" (1992), "" (1997), and a cross-overs: "Alien vs. Predator" (2004) and "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" (2007). The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: "In space no one can hear you scream." Isabella of Castile Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him. The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”. She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen. 1911 Revolution The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911. It consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic. Basque Basque might mean: Sonneberg Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel. Hildburghausen Hildburghausen is a German town in the south of Thuringia. The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg. Its population is ca. 13,000. Its mayor is Steffen Harzer. Haßfurt Haßfurt (; English: Hassfurt) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district. It is on the river Main, 20 km east of Schweinfurt and 30 km northwest of Bamberg. Eisfeld Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz. Traffic. The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg Bad Colberg-Heldburg Bad Colberg-Heldburg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. It is near the Franconian city of Coburg. The population is 2,260. The mayor is Anita Schwarz. Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Heldburg. Schleusingen Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is north of Hildburghausen, and southeast of Suhl. The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer. Ummerstadt Ummerstadt is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg. With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany. The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin. Seßlach Seßlach is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies "Luther" and "Der Räuber Hotzenplotz" were made there. Ebern Ebern is a town in Haßberge, Bavaria, Germany. It is southwest of Coburg and northwest of Bamberg. Its population is about 8,000. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann. Its name comes from , the German word for boar. Villages of Ebern. The borough of Ebern covers an area of within which are 18 villages as well as the town of Ebern itself. Creation legend. The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar. Bad Staffelstein Bad Staffelstein is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany. It has about 10,000 residents. Geography. Location. The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river. It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels. Subdivisions. Bad Staffelstein consists of the following "Stadtteile": Ludwigsstadt Ludwigsstadt is a town in Kronach, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Geography. It is in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges. Being north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c. down the Loquitz. Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria north of the Rennsteig ridge. Teuschnitz Teuschnitz () is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg. Wallenfels Wallenfels is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 11 km east of Kronach, and 32 km west of Hof. It is a twin town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England. Geography. Wallenfels is on the B 173, between Hof and Coburg. Bordering communities are Kronach, Marktrodach, Schwarzenbach am Wald, and Presseck. Steinach Steinach is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg. The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people. The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz. Lauscha Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann. Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest. Neuhaus am Rennweg Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt. Themar Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl. It was first named in 796 as "Tagamari" and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants. The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church. The mayor of Themar since 2000 is Hubert Böse. Sustainability. In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems. A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy. Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established. These renovations were completed in March 2019. In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year. Schalkau Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is west of Sonneberg, and north of Coburg. The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner. The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019. Römhild Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 2,000. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge "verwaltungsgemeinschaft" Mutant A mutant can be: Mily Balakirev Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs. Hector Berlioz Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French composer. He was one of the greatest composers of the 19th century. His music is typical of the Romantic period: full of passion and often based on ideas outside music. He was not particularly good at playing any instrument, but he was brilliant at writing for the orchestra. Some of his most famous works include several orchestral overtures, the "Symphonie Fantastique", the opera "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"), the requiem "Grande messe des morts" and the song cycle "Les nuits d'été" (Summer Nights). He was very original as a composer, and his music was not fully appreciated until many years after his death. Life. Childhood and student days. Berlioz was the eldest of six children. One brother and one sister lived to be adults, and Berlioz was always very fond of them both. His father was a doctor. The family lived in the country, north west of Grenoble. Berlioz only went to school for a short time, when he was ten years old. The rest of his education he had from his father. He liked French and Latin literature and travel books about faraway countries. He learned to play the flute, the flageolet and the guitar. He read a book by Rameau about harmony. He never had a piano. He just imagined the sounds of chords in his head. He was only 12 when he fell in love with a girl called Estelle who was 18. He was teased about it a lot. He started to compose some music. When he was 17 his father said that he wanted him to be a doctor. Berlioz wanted to study music, but his father made him go to Paris to study medicine. Berlioz was to stay in Paris for the rest of his life. He studied medicine for two years, but he hated it. One day, in an anatomy lesson, he had had enough and jumped out of the window. He started to study music. His father was furious and stopped sending him money. Berlioz was very poor and started writing musical criticism for newspapers. This is how he earned most of his money for the rest of his life. He was also borrowing money from friends. Berlioz started going to the Opéra. He particularly liked the music of Gluck and went to the library to study Gluck’s scores. At the end of 1822 he found a good teacher. His name was Le Sueur. He made Berlioz stop publishing his music until he had learned to compose properly. In 1826 he was officially a student at the Conservatoire. He continued to study with Le Sueur and with Reicha. He tried four times to win the important music prize called Prix de Rome. The first time he wrote a piece called "La Mort d’Orphée" ("The Death of Orpheus"). The judges said it was unplayable, but Berlioz got an orchestra to play it. The second time he wrote a piece called "Herminie" which had a tune he used later as the main tune for his "Symphonie fantastique". The third time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Cléopâtre" which is a wonderful work but he still did not win the prize. The fourth time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Sardanapale", and he won the prize. Nearly all the music for this work is now lost. Berlioz did not understand any English, but he went to a performance of Shakespeare’s "Hamlet" given by an English theatre company. The actress taking the part of Ophelia was called Harriet Smithson. Berlioz fell passionately in love with her, although he did not know her, and started following her about everywhere. In the end he married her. The marriage was not a success. Berlioz was really in love with Ophelia, the character from Shakespeare’s play. He found it hard to love Harriet in real life. Shakespeare’s plays, however, were to be a great inspiration for Berlioz. He wrote many works which are inspired by Shakespeare, including "Roméo et Juliette", "Béatrice et Bénédict", "Roi Lear" and several others. He was also inspired at this time by Goethe’s Faust as well as by many other writers including E.T.A. Hoffmann, Scott and Byron. He also discovered the music of Beethoven which helped him to learn how to give shape to large compositions. Berlioz started to be very busy putting on concerts of his music in Paris. He was quickly becoming known as a very original young composer. Winning the Prix de Rome gave him a steady income for a time, but he was supposed to go to Rome. Berlioz did not want to go to Rome. He said that he had plenty of work in Paris. The real reason why did not want to go was probably because he was in love with a 19- year-old girl called Camille Moke. The 1830s. Berlioz spent 15 months in Rome. On his way there he visited his parents who seemed to have forgiven him for not studying medicine. They could now be proud because their son was so successful. In Italy Berlioz did not write much music. He did not like Italian music or Italian art, but he was inspired by the countryside, the sun, the sea, the people he met: sailors, peasants, sculptors, travellers. He did not like the city of Rome, although he did like Florence. He hated the Villa Medici, the house where he had to stay. When he travelled about he wrote some music. When he heard the news that Camille now loved another man he became so furious that he left Rome in order to return to Paris to kill them both. However, when he got as far as Nice he calmed down and changed his mind. He returned to Rome. At the end of his time in Italy he returned to Paris, visiting his parents on the way. He started organizing concerts of his music. This is when he got to know Harriet Smithson. They had a strange courtship and he married her in 1833. The next year they had a son. The marriage was never easy. Their personalities were different, they were poor, and they did not speak one another’s language. In 1842 they separated and Harriet died in great poverty in 1854. Although a few people thought that Berlioz was an original composer, many others thought his music was very strange. He hardly earned any money from composing. Most of the money he earned came from musical journalism, which is something he hated. When his works were performed, he usually conducted them himself. He wrote a work for viola and orchestra called "Harold en Italie". Paganini had asked him to write it for him to play, but when Paganini saw the music he did not like it because it was not “showy” enough for the viola. Some years later Paganini heard the work and decided he liked it, so he paid Berlioz 20.000 Francs. This was a lot of money, and it made it possible for Berlioz to spend time writing a big new work: "Roméo et Juliette". When this was first performed some critics thought that Berlioz did not understand Shakespeare probably. However, Richard Wagner, who was in the audience at the first performance, was very impressed. Berlioz tried to be successful as an opera composer, but people did not understand his original music. He wrote a "Grand symphonie funèbre et triomphale", originally written for a military band. "Les nuits d'été" is a very moving song-cycle. Later life. During the 1840s and 1850s Berlioz spent much of his time travelling abroad. He went to Germany, Austria, Russia and England. He was becoming more famous abroad than at home in France, although he still continued to go back to Paris. The Germans loved his music and were impressed by his conducting. He rarely conducted anything except his own music. In 1846 he composed one of his finest works: "La Damnation de Faust" which was performed in the Opéra-Comique. The opera house was half empty. It was a great disappointment to him. Berlioz continued to tour to other countries where people appreciated him. He had great success in St Petersburg, in Berlin where he performed to the King of Prussia, and in London, where he never got paid for the concerts that Jullien conducted because Jullien had no money left. However, he had other successes in London and the English liked him very much. In 1854 Harriet Smithson died and seven months later Berlioz married Marie Recio, a singer he had known for 12 years. Her Spanish mother came to live with them, and she looked after Berlioz very kindly in his last years when he was ill. Berlioz’ son Louis had become a captain in the navy and travelled all over the world. This was something Berlioz had always dreamt of doing since his childhood when he used to read travel books. Berlioz was terribly sad in 1867 when he heard that Louis had died in Havana of yellow fever. Berlioz had always had a passion for the Latin poet Virgil. In 1856 he spent a long time writing a long opera in five acts called "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"). He knew it would be almost impossible to find anyone who would put on a performance. It only became possible in 1863 after he had divided the work into two parts. After that it was 30 years before the opera was performed again. It contains some of his best music. The storm scene is especially famous and often performed separately as an orchestral piece. As he got older he became obsessed with death. He had lost two wives, and his two sisters had also died. He started to walk in cemeteries. He wrote his "Memoires" (autobiography). It has been translated into many languages including English. In 1863 he wrote to Estelle, the girl he had loved when he was a child. She was now a widow of 67 and he was 60. He visited her in Lyons and loved her again. He wrote regularly to her for the rest of his life, and stayed with her three times in Grenoble where she lived with her son. She gradually understood him better, and she gave him much happiness during his last years. A final journey to St Petersburg was too much for Berlioz. He became ill. He went to Nice on the way home, where he twice collapsed while walking by the sea. He went back to Paris where he was cared for by his mother-in-law. He died on 11 March 1869 and was buried in the Cimitière Montmartre. Berlioz’s reputation. Berlioz is a clear example of a “prophet who is without honour in his own country”: not many people in France realized he was a great composer, but in other countries he was welcomed as one of the great composers and conductors of his day. Many of his works are difficult to describe. His "Symphonie fantastique" is not quite a symphony, his "Harold en Italie" is not quite a concerto. His "Requiem" is not a normal, religious requiem, "Roméo et Juliette" is a mixture of all sorts of things. He wrote five operas, which are all very different in style. His songs are tender and lovely, influenced by the French romance. His overtures are very popular at orchestral concerts. His music is very original and, although he wrote a book on orchestration, the sounds he composed were so personal that no one could imitate him. He was not good at playing any instrument, but could imagine all the sounds in his head. Many of his melodies stretch themselves over an unusual number of bars. A lot of his orchestral music is programme music: it is often inspired by books or wild stories in his imagination. Vincenzo Bellini Vincenzo Bellini (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer. Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was "Il pirata" in 1827. It was followed by "I Capuleti e Montecchi" in 1830. Then came his most famous operas "La sonnambula" (1831), "Norma" (1831) and his last "I puritani" (1835). His second to last work "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) was less successful. Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s. Charles-Valentin Alkan Charles-Valentin Alkan (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt, Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true. From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works. Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt. Kalki Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha. According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away. According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world. He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world. He will punish bad people without mercy. It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people. Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world. It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga. He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga. After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures. The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana. In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnuyasha at a place called Shambhala in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion. Thomas Arne Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died in London, 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist. He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century. He wrote music for lots of plays. He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes. Songs such as "Where the Bee Sucks" are still very popular. His best known tune is "Rule Britannia" which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms. Johann Nepomuk Hummel Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist. He was a child prodigy. Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge. Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe. He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven. He also wrote a concerto for trumpet, which is fairly famous. Alphabetical order Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance. Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics. German has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß. Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German. English. A list of items like Eric," Lydia", Andrea", and Bob" is organized by their first letter. "A" comes before "B", and "B" comes before "E", and "E" comes before "L" in the alphabet. When alphabetical order is used: If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters. After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted. The words a, an and the are ignored. Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma. Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too. A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be: That can also be listed like this: Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name. Names are often written with the last names first. Numbers can be sorted in two ways. Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest. This is the normal way to sort numbers. Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words. This way is often used for numbers in titles. Bad Rodach Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel. M.I.A. Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 18 July 1975 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music. M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output. In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album "The Menace," by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang." "Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim. M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of "Arular" on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album "Arular". One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making "Piracy Funds Terrorism," a mash-up mixtape of "Arular" tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo. "Arular". in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, "Arular", which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing. "Kala". "Kala" is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows: Key (music) Most music is in a particular key. This means that one of the 12 notes (C, D flat, D, etc.) sounds like the “home note”. When the piece finishes it normally comes to rest on this home note (also called: the “tonic”). The piece will be built on the notes of the scale that starts on that note. There are two kinds of key (like there are two kinds of scale): major and minor. Sometimes the key of a piece is in its title: "Minuet in C", "Sonata in F sharp major". If the title does not say “major” or “minor” it is normally taken to be major. Otaku Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "お宅" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can be compared with Hikikomori"." In Japan, "otaku" has generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or . In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory. Circle of fifths In music theory the Circle of fifths shows how the different keys are related to one another. It is usually shown as a circle with the names of keys around it. If you take any key in the circle, its fifth is the one to its right. It can be easily understood together with a piano keyboard. Structure. On a piano there are white and black notes (confusingly these are also called “keys”). The white notes are named by the letters A to G of the alphabet. After G comes another A and so on. The black notes go in threes and twos. This makes it easy to see the pattern of white notes. Where there are two black notes together, for example, the white note between them is D. The black notes do not have names of their own. They are named after the white notes next to them. The black note just above (i.e. to the right) of a G is a G sharp. The black note just below (i.e. to the left) of the G is G flat. This means that each black note has two possible names (e.g. G flat or F sharp). Method. Playing each note in turn, whether a white or a black note, will give a chromatic scale (e.g. C, C sharp, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G, A flat, A, B flat, B, C). Each step is called a “semitone” or “half tone”. A “tone” or “whole tone” therefore is a jump of two semitones (C to D, or C sharp to E flat, or E to F sharp). By playing on white notes from C to the next C we get a major scale. Some of the steps are tones and some are semitones. The semitones come between E and F and between B and C, i.e. between the 3rd and 4th and between the 7th and 8th note of the scale. All major scales have this pattern (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Examples. Each time we went to a sharper key we took the note which was the 5th note of the previous scale (G, with one sharp, was the 5th note of C major. D, with two sharps, was the 5th note of G, etc.). In a diagram this can be shown as a circle which is called the “Circle of Fifths”. As we get sharper and sharper we go clockwise round the circle. Flats. The flats work in exactly the opposite way. Instead of going up to the fifth note (e.g. C,D,E,F,G) we can go down a fifth (C,B,A,G,F). F is the scale which has one flat. As we get flatter and flatter we go counter-clockwise round the circle until all seven notes are flattened. It can be seen that three of the scales each have two possible names: B major (with 5 sharps) can also be thought of as C flat major (with seven flats), F sharp major (with 6 sharps) can also be thought of as G flat major (with 6 flats), and C sharp major (with 7 sharps) can also be thought of as D flat major (with 5 flats). Minors. Relative minors (the minor scale with the same key signature) can also be worked out by going round three steps of the circle (C major is the relative major of A minor, i.e. it shares the same key signature: nothing). On a keyboard the relative minor can be worked out by going down three semitones (from C go down to B, Bflat, A). Haddock Haddock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean. It only lives in the sea. Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry. The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish. Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background. Kristallnacht Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between 9 and 10 November 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them. Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled "Grünspan"), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany. He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on 7 November. Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November. The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead. The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences. Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Pogrom Pogrom (from Russian:"погром" (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot attacking people and property. The target of the attack is a group of people because of their ethnic identity or religion, usually Jews. In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not come to the aid of the victims. In a pogrom, the target people's homes, businesses, and places of worship are destroyed. People of the target group are physically attacked and some are murdered. 970s Below are some of the major things that happened in the years from 970 to 979. New New or NEW can mean: Clear Clear might mean: Sertoli cell A Sertoli cell is a cell found in the testes. Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm. It was also called the "mother cell." The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells. Name. Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist. He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865. As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell . 1300 The year 1300 (MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and "Anno Domini" (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade. The year 1300 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. PBS The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting TV service with many member TV stations in the United States. It is based in Arlington, Virginia. The equivalent service for radio in the United States is National Public Radio (NPR) is UPN UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW. Television network A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the BBC, NBC or CBS) began as radio networks. A television network may broadcast many television channels. For example, BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament and CBBC. Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs. The individual companies that create the content are television studios. A studio is often an affiliate of a network. For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is an affiliate of the NBC network. WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10. It is called WAVY10. 1363 The year 1363 was a common year which started on a Saturday. Tokyo Tower Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo. The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30). The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day. It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law. In 2009, the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period. 1141 1141 is a year starting on a Wednesday of the Julian Calendar. Vuelta Ciclista a España The ' (also ', or simply Vuelta) is a long-distance bicycle race. The first race was in 1935. The Tour de France and Giro d'Italia were both very successful, and both run by newspaper companies. A newspaper called "" in Spain decided to start a similar race in Spain. It is now one of the three "Grand Tours" of Europe and, after the and the , is the third most important road cycling stage race in the world. The leader of the race wears the red jersey. This is the same as the yellow jersey in the Tour de France. The leader of the combination classification wears a white jersey. The leader of the mountain climbers' competition wears a white jersey with blue polka-dots. The leader of the sprinters' competition wears a green jersey. The race was run in the spring until 1995. Since 1995 it has been run in September. Seminiferous tubule Seminiferous tubules are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced. The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells. Seminal vesicle The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid). Anatomy. Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland. From inside to out, the layers making the vesicles are: Use. The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive. Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'. Glans penis The glans penis (or just "glans") is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis. Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised. Diseases. The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males. It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised. The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later. The skin on the glans of a uncircumcised penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis. Circumcised men have a dry and wider glans that is leathery to the touch. There are special Moisturizer that a circumcised man can use on his glans to provide softer. Anatomy. The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening. The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist. Charge Charge could mean: In law: Second person Second person can refer to the following: Optical fiber An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to the other. The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering. Optical fibers are mainly used in telecommunications, but they are also used for lighting, sensors, toys, and special cameras for seeing inside small spaces. They are sometimes used in medicine to see inside people, like down their throat. History. Guiding light by internal reflection, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John Tyndall, a physicist, demonstrated it during his public lectures in London, 12 years later. The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the 1930s. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade. The term "fiber optics" was coined by Narinder Singh Kapany. In 1965 Charles K. Kao and George A. Hockham of the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) were the first to show that the loss of intensity in optical fibers could be reduced, making fibers a practical communication medium. They proposed that the defects in fibers available at the time was caused by impurities which could be removed. They pointed out the right material to use for such fibers, such as silica glass which has high purity. This discovery earned Kao the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. How it works. An optical fiber is a long, thin strand of clear material. Its shape is usually similar to a cylinder. In the center, it has a "core". Around the core is a layer called the "cladding". The core and cladding are made of different kinds of glass or plastic, so that light travels slower in the core than it does in the cladding. If the light in the core hits the edge of the cladding at a shallow angle, it bounces off. Light can travel inside the core and bounce off of the cladding. No light escapes until it comes to the end of the fiber, unless the fiber is bent sharply or stretched. If the cladding of the fiber is scratched, it may break. A plastic coating called the "buffer" covers the cladding to protect it. Often, the buffered fiber is put inside an even tougher layer, called the "jacket". This makes it easy to use the fiber without breaking it. Uses. Fiber-optic communication. The main use of optical fiber is in communication (telecommunication). Fiber-optic communication transmits information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have helped with the advent of the Information Age. Early systems had short range but later ones used fibers that are more transparent. Since the light does not leak out of the fiber, the light can go a long distance before the signal gets too weak. This is used to send telephone and internet signals within and between cities. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed countries. Undersea cables with fibers connect the world. Most optical communication systems have electrical connections. An electric signal controls a transmitter. The transmitter converts the electric signal to a light signal and sends it through the fiber to the receiver. The receiver converts the light signal back to an electric signal. Fiber is sometimes used for shorter links too, such as to carry the sound signals between a compact disc player and a stereo receiver. The fibers used for these short links are often made of plastic which is less transparent. TOSLINK is the most common type of optical plug for stereos. Other uses. Optical fibers can be used as sensors. Special fibers are used for this, that change how they pass light through when there is a change around the fiber. Sensors like this can be used to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and other things. These sensors are useful because they are small and do not need any electricity at the place where the sensing happens. These fibers are also used to carry light for humans to see. This is sometimes used for decoration, like fiber-optic Christmas trees. Sometimes it is used for lighting, when it is convenient to have the light bulb someplace other than where the light needs to be. This is sometimes used in signs and art for special effects. A bundle of fibers can be used to make a device called an endoscope or a fiberscope. This is a long thin probe that can be put into a small hole, that will send an image of what is inside through the fiber to a camera. Endoscopes are used by doctors to see inside the human body, and are sometimes used by engineers to see inside tight spaces in machines. Optical fibers (with special chemicals added) can be used as optical amplifiers. This allows an optical signal to travel further between endpoints, and without converting the optical signal to electrical and back, reducing the overall cost of the components. These optical amplifiers can also be used to create Lasers. These are called fiber lasers. They can be very powerful, because the long thin fiber is easy to keep cool, and makes a good quality light beam. 390s The 390s was a decade which ran from January 1, 390 to December 31, 399. 360s Below is a list of events that happened in the years from 360 to 369. Population pyramid A population pyramid is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side. The pyramids show the age distribution of the place, which can help in understanding and predicting the development of a country. There are three types of population pyramids: In this type of graph, a wide base means a very high birth rate and a narrow base means a low birth rate. To To may mean: And And or AND may be any of the following: Quarry A quarry is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground. Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks. These are called dimension stones. They are used for building things. Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining. The largest granite quarry in the world is run by Rock of Ages Corporation in Vermont, USA.. Central Powers The Central Powers were a group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I. The members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and their territories. The Central Powers lost the war. The Triple Entente was composed of France, Russia and the United Kingdom. These were later joined by Japan, Italy and the United States. Soxhlet extractor A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879. It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions. In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below. Uses. Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves. Italia Italia may mean Dream Dreams are what a person sees and hears in their mind when they are sleeping. They are often similar to real life in some ways, but can also be very strange. Dreams can be so real, the person dreaming may not believe they are awake. This tends to happen during a false awakening, where a person dreams of waking up. A person has around 4 - 6 dreams per night, and tend to only remember the last two. Sometimes a person realizes during a dream that they are dreaming, but keeps having the dream. This is called a lucid dream. This happens very little for most people, but for some people it happens often. During a lucid dream, a person usually has full control over their body, as well as the environment around them. There are no limits in lucid dreams, sometimes not even the imagination. Most people remember their dreams in some way or another, even if it is only a small part, but children are very likely to remember most of their dream clearly. It is often easier for people to remember dreams if they write down what happened in the dream just after they wake up. Because of this, many people have dream diaries where they describe each dream they have. This is called dream recall, and the more it is done the better they remember their dreams. If a person is woken up during a dream, they tend to have a much more reliable memory of it. Nightmares are dreams which scare or shock people. Nightmares are usually based around that person's everyday fears, like spiders or dark places, but even a dream that's not about those things can feel unpleasant. Nightmares are caused by many different things: being uncomfortable or in pain while sleeping, sickness, stress, or even eating right before sleeping. There are many different theories about why people dream and what their dreams mean. Every person has different dreams. Some psychologists believe that dreams reflect what is happening in the unconscious mind (the part of the mind that works by itself). Others think that people, places, and objects in dreams are symbols for other things in the dreamer's real life. Throughout history people have tried to make sense of dreams to learn things from them, and have often used them for divination or fortune-telling. Today there are still many books and websites devoted to making sense of dreams. Ancient ideas on dreams. Generally speaking, ancient civilisations thought dreams were messages from the gods (see the works of Homer) or alternatively some kind of prophecy. However, they knew that often dreams misled the dreamer, and invented various explanations for this. Aristotle started off with ideas like this, but later became more skeptical, and denied the divine origin of dreams. Freudian theory. In his "Interpretation of Dreams", Sigmund Freud connected them to his ideas on psychotherapy. Dreams, in Freud's view, are forms of "wish fulfillment". They are attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, a "censor" in the preconscious will not allow it to pass unaltered into the conscious. Freud describes three main types of dreams: 1. Direct prophecies received in the dream; 2. The foretelling of a future event; 3. The symbolic dream, which requires interpretation. Some authors, such as Hans Eysenck, have argued that the dreams Freud cites do not really support his theories. Eysenck argues that Freud's examples actually disprove his dream theory. Modern work. Since Freud, the emphasis has been on the biology of dreaming. The discovery of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep has been important. Researchers have done many studies on this. Subjects have been woken up in both stages and asked what they were thinking about. It is clear that the reports from non-REM stages were different from REM stages. In particular, dreams occur mostly when the brain is in the REM state. There is also some relationship between dreaming and daydreams. Both seem to occur in a cycle of 90110 minutes. Apparently, "there is no evidence that a more useful understanding of personality can be gained from them than can be divined from the realities of waking behaviour". If sleep is prevented, people suffer and get worse at every kind of waking activity. From this it is clear that one important function of sleep is to maintain normal brain activity during awake time. Somehow, during sleep the brain gets restored to its normal functioning. Sleep is, so far as is known, universal amongst vertebrates. That also argues for its great importance. However, it is not known whether dreaming supports this repair function of sleep, or whether it is something which just happens. Base Base can mean: Frenulum A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far. "Frenulum" as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling. Human anatomy. There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia. Oral tissue. Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse. Vulvular tissue. In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back. Penile tissue. The word frenulum on its own is often used for the "frenulum preputii penis". This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision. It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped. Ejaculatory duct Ejaculatory ducts are part of the human male anatomy. They cause the reflex action of ejaculation. Each male has two of them. During ejaculation, semen moves through the ducts and leaves the body through the penis. Corpus cavernosum penis The corpus cavernosum penis (or corpus cavernosum urethrae) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis. They contain most of the blood during an erection. The term literally means "cave-like body" Process. The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis. They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis. The spongy tissue fills with blood. The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis. The blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes it to swell. When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection. This increases both the length and circumference of the penis. Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding tissue constricts these veins. This preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result. Torchwood Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme. It is about a secret organisation protecting the Earth from aliens. It has been shown on TV channels in Britain including BBC One, BBC Two, and BBC Three. It can be viewed on Netflix and is sometimes shown on American TV channels including Starz . The show is a spin off of the British television series "Doctor Who". It follows the Cardiff, Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute. The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth. They also collect alien equipment to use. The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. Series 1 takes place after "Doctor Who" Series 2. Series 2 takes place in between Doctor Who Series 3 and Series 4. Because the shows are science fiction and some characters live forever, it is hard to track down the exact times in which "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood" overlap. "Torchwood" stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, the leader of the Cardiff Torchwood Institute. Barrowman also played Harkness in Series 1, Series 3 and Series 4 of the current "Doctor Who" (2005). Eve Myles plays Gwen Cooper, a policewoman who joins the group. Gareth David-Lloyd stars as Ianto Jones, a person who helps out and is a love interest of Jack. Jack Harkness, Ianto Jones, and Gwen Cooper are the central cast members. Also, Naoko Mori plays scientist Toshiko Sato. Burn Gorman plays Doctor Owen Harper. Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions like the Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series. Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series. The programme is aimed at adults and older teenagers. The third series is a five episode long story named "Children of Earth". "Children of Earth "has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones. The fourth series is a ten episode story named "Miracle Day. Miracle Day" has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper. Bulbourethral gland A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males. They are like Bartholin's glands. Anatomy. Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia. The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea. They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older. They are made of several lobules held together by a fibres. Uses. During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate or "pre-cum". This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through. It also helps clean out any urine or dirt. 380s Below are some of the important events that happened between 380 and 389. Rugby Rugby could mean: The sport of rugby football, which may be played in many different forms or ways: Places: Other meanings: Fermion A fermion is a category of elementary particles. They are very small and very light. Fermions can be thought of as the building blocks of matter because atoms are made up of fermions. Paul Dirac named them fermions in honor of the famous scientist Enrico Fermi. An electron (a charged particle) is a fermion, but a photon (the particle of electromagnetic radiation) is not. The spin numbers of fermions are 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. Because their spin is not a whole number, they follow the Pauli exclusion principle: no two fermions can share a quantum state (which includes position in space), if they have the same quantum numbers, such as spin. In other words, fermions can collide with each other. This behavior is not in the other class of elementary particles called bosons: you can have many bosons, for example photons, in the same place at the same time. The motion of fermions follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics. Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. An example of a type of fermion with a spin of 1/2 is the electron. The electron belongs to a group of fermions called leptons. Fundamental fermions (fermions that are not made up of anything else) are either quarks or leptons. There are 6 different types of quarks (called "flavours") and 6 different types of leptons. These are their names: Each of these fermions also has an anti-particle associated with it, so there are a total of 24 different fundamental fermions. The anti-particle is similar to the original particle, but with opposite electrical charge. The "up", "charm", and "top" quarks have electrical charge of +2/3. Their anti-particles have charge -2/3 (anti-up, anti-charm, anti-top). The other three quarks (down, strange and bottom) have charge -1/3, and their anti-particles have charge +1/3. The electron, muon, and tau leptons all have charge of -1, and their anti-particles (anti-electron or "positron", anti-muon, anti-tau) have charge +1. All the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos have charge 0. The main difference between quarks or leptons with the same charge is their mass. The supersymmetric counterpart of any fermion is called a "sfermion." Boson A boson is a particle which carries a force. It has a whole number spin ("spin" is a property of subatomic particles). Bosons carry energy. A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1 and carries electromagnetism. Mesons are also bosons as they carry nuclear force. Bosons are different from fermions, which are particles that make up matter, because bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (This means that you can put two of them in the same place at the same time; the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply.) Gauge bosons carry fundamental forces. There are three known gauge bosons, which are elementary particles. For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force. The three types of gauge bosons are: photons for electromagnetism, gluons (eight kinds) for strong force, and W and Z bosons (three kinds) for weak force. Other theoretical gauge bosons are predicted, such as gravitons for gravity. The Higgs boson is another fundamental particle of a type called a scalar boson. Paul Dirac named this class of particles "bosons" in honor of a famous Indian scientist called Satyendra Nath Bose. The bosons include the photon, the gluon, the Z boson, W boson and the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson also might be classified by itself. Since none of them have a charge, the antimatter version of them will also not have any charge. Jürgen Klinsmann Jürgen Klinsmann (, born 30 July 1964) is a German football player who started in Stuttgart, a club in Germany, when he was seventeen. In 1990 he won the FIFA World Cup with the Germany national team. Later, he also played for Internazionale Milano, Monaco, Tottenham Hotspur and Bayern Munich. In 2004 he became the coach of Germany national team, that was third in the World Cup of 2006.Taking his place in the German team is Joachim Löw. Since August 2011 Klinsmann is coaching the American soccer national team. Player career. Before Jürgen Klinsmann became a professional soccer player, he worked as a baker-associated in the baker's shop of his father in Stuttgart-Botnang. In the youth he played by Geislingen. The first station of his professional career was Stuttgarter Kickers. His career as player ended in 1998 after the World cup in France, as Germany was separated versus Croatia from the tournament. He played for the U-21 and the U-16 team of Germany, after that he played ten years for the A-Team. 1988 by the Summer Olympics in Seoul he had won the bronze medal. Jürgen Klinsmann has played 221 Bundesliga games and shot 110 goals there. In the national team of Germany he played 108 games and 47 goals. He shot by the World cups 1990, 1994 and 1998 altogether eleven goal and is after Gerd Müller the German player with the most Worldcup-goals.In August 2004 he became the national coach of Germany.At the World Cup 2006 in Germany he won the bronze medal.After that he resigned.From the 1st June 2008 he coached Bayern Munich until he was dismissed on the 27th April 2009. Honours. Player. Club. Inter Milan Bayern Munich International. West Germany/Germany Manager. International. Germany United States Quintana Roo Quintana Roo is a Mexican state in the south. Its capital is Chetumal, the name "Quintana Roo" is from a military general. The most money comes from tourism, for example, in Cancún or Playa del Carmen. Pilosa Pilosa is an order of mammals in the superorder "Xenarthra". To this order belong the sloths, suborder "Folivora" and the anteaters, suborder "Vermilingua". Dead Kennedys Dead Kennedys are a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. Other original members were Klaus Fluoride, D.H. Peligro, and East Bay Ray. The band plays songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, they had many fans in the punk rock music scene. The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released a song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, they made their first album, "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables". In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe, and Australia. In July 1987, the band broke up. After they broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person saw the band's album "Frankenchrist" and complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that showed nine penises. In August 1987, the criminal trial ended but the jury could not make a decision. The album was banned from many record stores in the United States. Bad Brains (band) Bad Brains is an American band. They play hardcore punk music that is mixed with reggae music. The band formed in 1977 and is still playing now. The members are H.R. (singer), "Dr. Know" (guitarist), Darryl Jenifer (bassist) and Earl Hudson (drummer). The band originally formed in Prince Georges County, Maryland. It is close to Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. During most of their time together, Bad Brains has lived in Washington, D.C. The Bad Brains had a big effect on many hardcore punk bands, including Minor Threat who are also from Washington, D.C. They also had a big effect on the hardcore punk singer Henry Rollins. Rollins was the singer for the hardcore band Black Flag. Xenarthra The Xenarthra is a superorder of mammals. It is a group of placental mammals (infraclass Eutheria). They live at present only in the Americas, and are anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. Their origins can be traced back as far as the Palaeogene (about 60-65 million years ago (mya), shortly after the Mesozoic) in South America. Xenarthrans developed and diversified extensively in South America during its long period of isolation, invaded the Antilles by the early Miocene, and then spread to Central and North America as part of the Great American Interchange. Nearly all of the once abundant big xenarthrans, such as ground sloths, glyptodonts, and pampatheres went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. Xenarthrans differ from other placental mammals in several ways. The name Xenarthra means 'strange joints', and was chosen because their vertebral joints have extra articulations and are unlike those of any other mammals. The males lack external testicles, which are instead placed between the bladder and the rectum. Also, xenarthrans have the lowest metabolic rates among the therians. References. <br> Channel 4 Channel 4 is a television channel that broadcasts to the United Kingdom. It started on 2 November 1982. On 10 December 2010 Channel 4 started a High Definition version of their channel on Sky+ HD. Boeing B-52 Stratofortress The B-52 Stratofortress is a bomber which, with in-air refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points. This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was created in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950s. The B-52 fought its first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 through 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, one of the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is not clear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber. Hudson River The Hudson River is in the State of New York in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson. The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now. The lower part of this river separates New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the North River. George Washington Bridge The George Washington Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Hudson River. It connects part of New York City, New York to Fort Lee, New Jersey. It is long. It was designed by Othmar H. Ammann. Building began on October 21, 1927. The bridge was opened on October 25, 1931. It cost $59 million. A second level was added below the main level and opened to traffic on August 29, 1962. There are also walkways for pedestrians and bicyclists on the north and south sides of the bridge. The main span of the bridge is long. It is wide. It is suspended by four cables. Each cable weighs 28,450 tons and is made from 26,474 individual wires. The total length of all the wire in the four cables is . Ammann chose the location for the bridge because the river was narrower at this point. The banks on either side were high. That meant the bridge could be tall enough for ships to pass underneath, without having to build long rising bridge approaches. Freddy Krueger Freddy Krueger is a fictional character from the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" movies. He was created by Wes Craven and he is the bad guy of the movies. In the first movie a mom told her kid that a long time ago, Freddy killed a bunch of people's kids and the parents got mad and they burnt Freddy. Right before Freddy died some ghosts told Freddy that he can come back to life if he will take over dreams, and Freddy said yes. Story. In suburban Ohio, Freddy went after the kids of the parents that killed him. During their nightmares, Freddy would be there and he would kill them in their dreams, and whatever Freddy did in the dream would happen in real life. Then there was this girl named Nancy, she had nightmares about Freddy, and wanted to kill him to stop him from killing anymore. So on purpose, one night she fell asleep to fight Freddy. Movies. There have been 8 movies involving Freddy Krueger, a battle movie between him and Jason Voorhees, and a remake was made in 2010. The first 8 starred Robert Englund as Freddy, but in the new one, a man named Jackie Earle Haley plays him. What he wears. Claw glove. In the movie Freddy has this claw he wears, it has fingernails built into it made out of knives. This is a very dangerous weapon, he kills people with it. He has had the same glove throughout all of the 7 movies. But there was another movie, "New Nightmare", where his claw was remodeled to look scarier. His clothes. Freddy wears a dirty, torn, old red and green sweater and pants. He also wears a dirty brown hat. Freddy's classic outfit was changed in the movie called "New Nightmare" Golani Brigade The Golani Brigade חטיבת גולני (also known as Brigade No. 1) is an Israeli infantry brigade that was formed February 28, 1948 when the Levanoni Brigade was divided in two smaller brigades. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the Israel Defense Forces. Symbols and Colors. The symbol of the brigade is a green olive tree with its roots on a yellow background. The tree symbolizes strength, and the colors symbolize areas where Golani had fought. Early Golani soldiers were farmers and new immigrants, so they chose to make their beret brown, like the land. History. During the 1950s, the Golani Brigade participated in many operations, most notably the 1951 operation against Syria and the October 1955 operation against Egypt. In the 1956 Sinai Campaign Golani's task was to capture the area around the city Rafah in the Sinai desert. At Golani Junction in the north of Israel stands the Golani Brigade Museum commemorating the brigade and its heroes. The Golani brigade has earned a reputation for its tough soldiers. They are known as being very brave and friendly, but also as being very reckless when things do not go their way. That is why they are so feared by Israel's enemies. Also, the Golani Brigade is the only brigade with the heavy IDF Achzarit armored personnel carriers. The Achzarit is a very heavily armored vehicle designed for the requirements of urban fighting. Golani's recon company (Sayeret Golani) is one of the most respected special forces units in the IDF. This unit, together with Sayeret Matkal, re-took the Mount Hermon position in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. This unit's soldiers are so dedicated that in 1994 one it commanders rescued himself from an enemy minefield after half his right leg was blown-off. He applied the bandages to his leg himself, and he is now a senior commander in the IDF. In 1976, elements of the Golani Brigade were sent to Uganda to rescue 246 Jewish hostages on Air France flight 139, hijacked by PLO terrorists. Despite winning the battle,the mission commander was killed. As of 2004, Golani operates within the northern border of Israel and in the West Bank (mainly Jenin). During 2004, a Golani battalion reinforced the Givati Brigade in the Gaza Strip. In July 2006 Golani took part in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the fierce battle of Bint Jbeil where it lost 9 troops. Salt mine A salt mine is a mine where salt is taken from the earth. Very often, this is done in the mountains. It is different from a salt evaporation pond, where salt is taken from salt water. Getting salt from different layers of rock in a mountain used to be a very dangerous job. The Romans used to sentence prisoners to this kind of labour. Usually the salt is mixed with rock that has chlorides and sulfates. Empty salt mines are used very often as a storage area, for example, for unused radioactive elements (from nuclear power plants). Salt mines are empty if there is no salt left to take, or if taking the salt that is left would be too expensive. Key signature A key signature is a group of sharps or flats which are printed at the beginning of a line/measure of music. It shows which notes have to be changed into sharps or flats. For example: if there is one sharp in the key signature it will be an F sharp. It means that every time the note F is written one plays (or sings) an F sharp (on a keyboard: the black note just to the right of the F) instead. There are twelve major and twelve minor keys (properly called “modes"). This is because a scale can start on any note, and there are twelve notes within an octave: seven white notes and five black notes on a keyboard. Each major key has its own key signature. The relationship between the keys is explained in the article "circle of fifths". Each minor key shares a key signature with one of the major keys. There are fifteen possible key signatures: up to seven sharps, up to seven flats, or no sharps or flats. The reason why there are fifteen and not twelve is because three of them have two possible names: F sharp major (6 sharps) can also be called G flat, C sharp is D flat and B is C flat. We call these enharmonic i.e. the same note but with a different name. There are two reasons for writing a key signature. Firstly, it saves writing out lots of sharps or flats during the piece. Secondly, it helps the player to think in the key (music) of the piece. This helps to understand the music better. If the composer wants any extra sharps or flats during the piece, or he wants to cancel the ones in the key signature, these can be written in the music. These are called accidentals. An accidental is always written before the note it belongs to (we say “C sharp” but we write the sharp sign and then the note C). As an example: in a piece in G major all Fs are F sharps. If the composer wants a C sharp he writes a sharp sign in front of the C that needs to be sharpened. This will last for the rest of the bar (measure). If he wants a B flat he has to write it in. If he wants an F instead of the usual F sharp he writes a natural sign. There are also double sharps (the sign looks like an x) and double flats (two flat signs). An F double sharp is an F sharp that has been sharpened. It is the same note as G. Key signatures are written at the beginning of each line of music. This helps the player to remember what the key signature is. The time signature, however, is only written at the beginning of the piece (the order is: clef – key signature – time signature). Sometimes music changes key (modulates) during a piece. If the music is going to stay in the new key for some time the composer may decide to change the key signature. Another reason for changing the key signature might be that the music has modulated to a key like G sharp major with eight sharps (including a double sharp). It is easier to read the music if it is written in A flat major (4 flats). One can tell from the key signature what key a piece is in so long as one knows whether it is major or minor (see “mode”). For example: a key signature of one sharp is either G major or E minor. The best way to find out which it is would be to see whether the end of the piece is based on G major or E minor. Also: if the piece is in the minor key it is very likely that there will be several accidentals in the piece which sharpen the 7th note of the scale (in this case changing a lot of the Ds to D sharps). Some modern composers do not use key signatures. This is often the case when the music is atonal or not very firmly in one key. If there are lots of sharps and flats and the bars are very long they may write accidentals in front of every note that needs one instead of just once in a bar. This should be explained at the top of the music. It may also be because the piece is modal. Virtuoso A virtuoso is someone (usually in the performing arts) who is an expert in his or her field. A musical virtuoso is one who plays a musical instrument very well. Musicians who have exceptional talent and can play extremely fast and difficult music are "virtuosi" (plural of "virtuoso"). In the 19th century Niccolò Paganini was a virtuoso violinist as well as a composer. Franz Liszt was a virtuoso pianist and composer. Musicians may sometimes talk about “virtuoso music” meaning music which is so difficult that only a virtuoso could play it. Nancy Pelosi Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (born March 26, 1940) is an American politician. She has served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives since 2019. She was also Speaker from 2007 to 2011. She represents the 12th district of California, which is part of the city of San Francisco. She was first elected to Congress in 1987. Pelosi is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first woman to lead a major party in the United States Congress. She is also the first woman and the first Italian-American to be the Speaker of the House. On January 3, 2019, Pelosi was elected speaker for the second time. This would make her the first former speaker to become speaker again since Sam Rayburn in 1955. Early life. Pelosi was born in University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center in Towson, Maryland and she is of Italian heritage. Her father, Thomas D'Alesandro, Junior, was Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland. He served five terms in Congress. Her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, also was Mayor of Baltimore. He died in October 2019, aged 90. Pelosi graduated from Trinity College in Washington, D.C. in 1962. She and her husband, Paul Pelosi, have five children: Nancy Corinne, Christine, Jacqueline, Paul and Alexandra. They also have five grandchildren. Political activity. On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced the start of first impeachment hearings into Donald Trump. In December 2019, the House formally impeached Trump, though he was later acquitted in the Senate. On January 14, 2021, Pelosi announced the start of the second impeachment hearings into Donald Trump. In February 2021, the Senate acquitted Trump with a vote of 57 senators voting "guilty" to 43 "not guilty". On August 5, 2022, China imposed sanctions on Speaker Pelosi and her immediate family. This was because she visited Taiwan on August 2. Delaware River The Delaware River is a large river estuary in the Northeast United States. It is about 280 miles (450 km) long. It begins in the Catskill Mountains in southeast New York State and ends at the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. It forms the border or part of the border between the states of Pennsylvania and New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey and also between Delaware and New Jersey. The cities of Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are on the Delaware River. Another name for this river is the South River. It is named for Thomas West, 3rd Lord De La Warr, a colonial Governor of Virginia. Mal Evans Malcolm 'Mal' Evans (27 May 1935 – 5 January 1976) was a road manager and assistant to The Beatles, the most popular rock and roll band of the 1960s. Evans was hired to help Neil Aspinall, who was the band's original road manager. Tall and strong, Evans was sometimes called "The Gentle Giant". His wife was called Lil. Aspinall's and Evans's jobs changed through the years. At first they were in charge of driving the Beatles's musical equipment to places where they were to perform, setting it up ahead of time, and taking it down later to prepare for their next show. As the band became popular, they had other people to help. Evans sometimes served as a bodyguard to the Beatles, protecting them from fans who got out of control, or might want to hurt members of the band. He also sometimes forged their autographs on photographs, when the band themselves did not have the chance to sign them, and helped choose girls from concert audiences to meet later with the band. (Aspinall also did these duties.) After the Beatles stopped performing live in 1966, he worked for them in other ways. Along with playing musical instruments on a few of their songs (organ on "You Won't See Me", trumpet on "Helter Skelter", tambourine on "Dear Prudence", and an anvil on "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"), and singing on "Yellow Submarine" and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", Evans also helped with lyrics from time to time. Paul McCartney paid him in cash for help with "Fixing A Hole", instead of giving him co-credit. Evans appeared on-camera in both "Magical Mystery Tour" (as a magician), and "Let it Be". He is seen during the rooftop concert in "Let it Be", stalling the police who had come to stop the Beatles from performing. The sound of their music had caused a traffic jam on the street below. He was also responsible for Badfinger being signed to the Beatles's record label, Apple Records. Evans was fired in 1970 by Allen Klein, who had taken over many of the jobs once held by the late Beatles manager, Brian Epstein. Later Evans separated from his wife, and moved to the United States. During 1974 he was a companion and helper to John Lennon, who was staying in Los Angeles while separated from his wife, Yoko Ono. Early in 1976, Evans had a fight with his girlfriend, who called the police when he locked himself in a room with a air rifle. Fearing he might hurt other people, the police shot him dead. The policeman in charge admitted the shooting "was all a mistake". Evans wrote an autobiography, "Living with the Beatles Legend", which has never been published in full, but extracts were printed in 2005. Camucamu Camucamu ("Myrciaria dubia"), also called camu camu, cacari, and camocamo, is a type of tree that lives in the Amazon Rainforest. Its fruit is high in Vitamin C. Geddy Lee Geddy Lee (born Gary Lee Weinrib on July 29, 1953 in Toronto, Ontario) is the Canadian bass guitarist, singer, and synth player of the rock band Rush. He is known for melodic basslines and high pitched singing. In the 1970s, Geddy Lee mainly used Rickenbacker 4001 basses. For the Grace Under Pressure album he used Steinberger basses. From the mid-80's to mid-90's he used Wal basses. Currently, he uses Fender Jazz basses. Eva Perón María Eva Duarte de Perón (May 7, 1919 – July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón. She was born in Los Toldos. She was the first lady from 1946 until she died and she served with her husband as a co-ruler of Argentina during those years. Before she died the Congress made her Spiritual Leader of the Nation. She was an actress before she married Peron. Early life. Eva grew up fairly poor and had wanted to become an actress since an early age. At sixteen, she left school and moved to Buenos Aires to pursue her dream of stardom. She got a job at a radio station there until she met Juan at a charity concert. Soon, the two became very close and they were married on October 21, 1945. Eva was an active campaigner in Juan's presidential campaign in 1946, and when he was elected she continued to play an active government role. Accomplishments. By the time of her death, she was one of the most powerful women, or maybe even the most powerful woman, in the world. She is known for her work in many charitable and feminist causes, and became an icon to many people in Argentina. Evita was President of the Peronist Women's Party, a big and powerful political party made up of women who supported the Perons' party. She ran the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Health. She helped legalize divorce in Argentina, as well as playing a pivotal role in enacting women's suffrage in Argentina.The Maria Eva Duarte de Perón Welfare Foundation gave a lot of funds, goods and medicine to the poor. The poor liked Evita Peron a lot. Her life inspired both a musical and a movie called "Evita". The movie starred Madonna. Death. Her cancer was detected during a hysterectomy in November 1951, but the doctors were encouraged by Juan Perón, to keep it to themselves in order to not influence the presidential campaign negatively. When she died (of cervical cancer, in Buenos Aires), her corpse was embalmed After her husband was overthrown, her body was lost for almost 20 years, until it was found in Italy. It was brought back to Argentina and buried with her husband after he died in 1974. It was brought back by the President, a woman named Isabel Perón, who was married to Juan Perón years after Eva's death. In memory of her life's work, a giant portrait on the front of Argentina's social development ministry was unveiled on 26 July 2011, exactly 59 years after her death. Embalming Embalming is the act of preserving a dead body, so it will not decompose. If a human body is not embalmed, it will start to decay very quickly. Because of this, most bodies are embalmed if they will be on display (for example, lying in state) for a funeral. Embalming is similar to mummification, which many ancient peoples did to dead bodies. Embalming is different from taxidermy, where only the skin is preserved. History. Mummification. The oldest mummified corpses that have ever been found were mummified around 5000-6000 BCE. These corpses are called the Chinchorro mummies. These dead bodies were mummified by ancient people who lived in the Atacama desert, in what is now Chile and Peru. The ancient Egyptians often mummified dead bodies. They started mummifying corpses as early as 3200 BCE. They believed that once a dead body was mummified, the body's soul could find its way back to the body and begin its journey to the afterlife. Ancient embalming. Ancient cultures from Ethiopia, Peru, Tibet, and southern Nigeria also used embalming techniques. So did the Guanches, the Jivaro Indians, the Aztecs, the Toltecs, and the Mayans. In ancient Europe, embalming dead bodies was less common. The earliest known preserved bodies in Europe are about 5000 years old. These bodies were covered in cinnabar to preserve them. They were found in Osorno, Spain. Embalming dead bodies was unusual in Europe up to the time of the Roman Empire. Archaeologists have found preserved bodies in China from the time of the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 ACE). Nobody knows how these bodies were preserved. The Middle Ages and Renaissance. By about 500 ACE, knowledge about preserving bodies had spread from ancient cultures, and embalming became much more common in Europe. This happened partly because science and medicine were developing, and scientists needed to dissect dead bodies to learn more about the human body. If bodies were not preserved, they would decay right away, and scientists could not dissect them or keep them for other scientists to learn from. The 17th and 18th centuries. The English physician William Harvey created the modern method of embalming in the 17th century. This method involves injecting chemicals into a dead body's arteries to keep the body from decaying. Up until the middle of the 18th century, embalming was used mostly in science and medicine. However, in the mid-18th century, the Scottish surgeon William Hunter used Harvey's methods to preserve bodies in morgues. His brother, John Hunter, was the first to advertise embalming to regular people who wanted to see their loved ones' bodies preserved after death. The 19th century. In the 19th century, many people became more interested in embalming dead friends and relatives. For example, sometimes a person might want to be buried at a far-away place. However, first, the people who cared about them would want to see their body and pay their last respects to that person. They could do this if the body was embalmed, because the body would not decay. In the United States, embalming became very common during the time of the Civil War. This happened because many people died far from home while fighting in the war. Their bodies needed to be returned home to be buried, and embalming kept their bodies from decaying during these long trips. When President Abraham Lincoln was killed, embalming allowed his body to be sent home to be buried. This made people in the United States more aware about embalming. In the past, if a person died from an infectious disease, their body would be buried very quickly to prevent the disease from spreading. Embalming became more common as a way to keep diseases from spreading. By the mid-19th century, people began to run businesses that provided funerals and burials. At that time, the people who ran these businesses were called undertakers. (Now they are called funeral directors.) These people began to use embalming methods regularly, instead of using older methods like packing bodies in ice. Modern history. Until the early 20th century, arsenic was often used to embalm bodies. Eventually it was replaced by other chemicals that work better and are less poisonous. In 1867, the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann discovered formaldehyde. Scientists soon realized that this chemical worked very well to preserve dead bodies. Soon formaldehyde replaced other chemicals as the most common chemical used to embalm bodies. Embalming today. In the United States and the Western world, embalming is now very common. Usually, there are a few steps to embalming: Usually, embalming takes a few hours. Embalming does not keep a body from decaying forever. It is meant to preserve a dead person's body for a little while. This allows people to see the body during funeral services, and allows bodies to be shipped to far-away places to be buried. However, no matter what type of embalming is used, the body will eventually decompose. Religious views about embalming. Different religions have many different ideas about embalming. For example, these religious usually allow embalming: Some religions, like some Neopagan religions, discourage embalming, but do not forbid it. Some religions say that embalming is never allowed. These religions include: Taxidermy Taxidermy (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animals and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. If you perform taxidermy, you taxiderm. Taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. People who taxidermy animals are called taxidermists. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets and other street animals. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay is a bay in the south of the island of Cuba. Part of it is controlled by the United States. They took control of it in 1903, under a treaty between the United States and Cuba. The current government of Cuba does not see this treaty as legal. They say it violates International law (more specifically, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969). The southern part of the bay is surrounded by a navy station of the United States. The name of the station (or base) is sometimes shortened to GTMO, called "Gitmo". The mission of this station is to act to prevent terrorism, help people who are fleeing Cuba and stop drug crime. This base is also now used as a place to keep people captured by American forces from Afghanistan and Iraq. Also some prisoners were taken from other countries, like Britain and France. Some people say that these people do not get the rights that they should get as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions. One reason that they are there may be that the laws of the United States do not apply to them. According to some well-known human rights groups, some prisoners have been tortured and others may have been badly treated according the FBI Inquiry. This has also been reported by some Europeans who were taken by CIA "torture flights" and have now been released. Status. There is a lot of argument about Guantanamo Bay. This camp is a navy base and would sometimes hold people who had escaped from the Cuban government by sea. Now it also has a prison for people who oppose the United States, including some soldiers. Some people have called it a concentration camp. George W. Bush has said that it is sometimes used for prisoners of war, but many human rights groups accuse America of keeping people from countries they are not at war with. This was shown to be sometimes true when British prisoners were returned home in 2003. This camp may be used for prisoners who are seen as terrorists by the United States. These people are detained because there is not enough evidence to give them a trial in a court. About 300 to 400 men are in this prison. They are almost all Muslims who are said to have attacked American troops. Some of these people were captured during the war in Afghanistan. Some were taken by force from other countries. There has been some evidence of torture taking place at the camp. Some prisoners have tried to kill themselves. Others have been on hunger strike, where they refuse to eat. These prisoners are not forced to work, but they have not been given fair trials. There is now some work starting to bring Guantanamo prisoners to some justice. Some people have been sent back to their home countries, some have been sent to other countries. Some people who were shown to not be terrorists have then been released by their governments, some people are now in prison in their home countries. Some people from China have been sent to Albania, possibly because China did not want them back. Munich U-Bahn The Munich U-Bahn is an underground railway network in the city of Munich, Germany. It is run by the "Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft", or MVG for short. It has 6 lines and has a network of 103,1 km (64,1 miles) and has exactly 100 stations. Only one line, the U6 crosses the city border in Garching. Lines. There are currently 7 lines: The trains can go 80 km/h, which is the fastest in Germany. Only the lines U5 and U6 are partly above ground. The U5 comes over ground only at the last station, the U6 for the last six stations in the north. Trains run every 10 minutes, in rush hours every 5 minutes. In the early morning and late evening trains run every 20 minutes. There are 3 "line families". They share the tunnel in the city centre. Each family has a colour. It is used in the stations. Almost every station has a platform in the middle. Only the stations "Olympia-Einkaufszentrum" (U1), "Richard-Strauss-Straße" (U4), "Neuperlach Süd" (U5), "Garching-Hochbrück" and "Nordfriedhof" (both U6) have platforms on the side. At the stations "Innsbrucker Ring" (U2/U5) and "Scheidplatz" (U2/U3) there are four tracks with two platforms. To change trains you only have to go to the other side of the platforms. Two lines cross at these stations. The stations "Hauptbahnhof (Central Station)" (U1/U2) and "Münchner Freiheit" (U3/U6) have four tracks. At the "Hauptbahnhof" there are two more tracks on another level for the U4 and U5. Here two lines separate. The stations "Kolumbusplatz" (U1/U2), "Implerstraße" (U3/U6) and "Max-Weber-Platz" (U4/U5) have three platforms. Two for trains to the city and one for trains from the city. Two lines separate at these stations. U1. In 1980 the U1 started running with the U8 (now the U2). After the branch to Rotkreuzplatz was opened, it became a single line. Today the U1 is 12.2 km long. It runs between Olympia-Einkaufszentrum and Wettersteinplatz. It shares track with U2 between Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) and Kolumbusplatz. U2. In 1980 it started together with the U1. First it was called U8. Today it is 24.4 km long. It runs between Feldmoching and Messestadt Ost. It shares track with U1 between Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) and Kolumbusplatz. U3. In 1972 this line was opened, because of the Olympic Games. The line is 21.0 km long. It runs between Moosach and Fürstenried West. It shares track with the U6 between Münchner Freiheit and Implerstraße. U4. The U4 was named U9 at first. It opened together with the U5. The line is the shortest in the network. It is 9.3 km long and has only 13 stations. It runs between Arabellapark to Westendstraße. Between Max-Weber-Platz and Westendstraße. In the evenings, it only operates between Lehel and Arabellapark. U5. The U5 was opened together with the U4. The line is 15.4 km long. It runs between Laimer Platz and Neuperlach Süd. U6. U6 is the oldest and longest line. The first bit was built in 1938, but it was opened in 1971. It is 27.4 km long. It operates between Garching-Forschungszentrum and Klinikum Großhadern. U7. The line was opened in 2011. It runs beetween Westfriedhof and Neuperlach Zentrum only in rush hour. Trains. The Munich U-Bahn uses three different kinds of trains. Altogether there are 550 trains, which can be used on any line. Richard Strauss Richard Strauss (born Munich June 11 1864; died Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, September 8 1949) was a German composer. He soon became very famous when he was a young man. His tone-poems including "Also sprach Zarathustra" were played by orchestras all over Europe. After 1900 he spent most of his time writing operas including "Salome". His opera "Der Rosenkavalier", written in 1910, is extremely popular. Strauss was the last great composer who wrote in a Romantic style. He liked the music of Wagner who was a great influence on his music, but he also liked Mozart and his work also shows the elegance and grace of Mozart’s music. Strauss was a very good conductor and often conducted his own music. He is not related to the Austrian Johann Strauss family famous for their waltzes. Gustav Mahler Gustav Mahler (born Kalischt (now Kalište), Bohemia, July 7 1860; died Vienna, May 18 1911) was a Czech-Austrian composer and conductor. He was one of the last great composers of the Romantic period. He wrote ten symphonies (he left the tenth symphony unfinished) and several collections of songs with orchestral accompaniment. He was very interested in German folk song and he found new ways to use folk song in large orchestral symphonies. His work "Das Lied von der Erde" ("The Song of the Earth") is one his greatest works, combining song with the sonata form of a symphony. He was also a great conductor and helped to make the Vienna Opera world famous. Life. Childhood. Gustav Mahler was born on 7 July 1860 into a Jewish family. He was the second of 12 children and the first one of the six who were to survive childhood and grow up to adults. His father worked hard to build up his business. He owned a distillery and seven taverns in Iglau to where the family moved in the autumn of 1860. There he heard a lot of music: military music, folk music and different kinds of art music. He learned the piano and performed in public in 1870 and started to compose. In 1875 he went to study at the Vienna Conservatory. After a while he gave up studying the piano and concentrated on composition and conducting. He was very interested in Wagner’s ideas about philosophy and politics, and he studied philosophy at the University of Vienna. He started to earn some money by teaching. His first important composition was a cantata called "Das klagende Lied". Early career. Mahler’s first job as a conductor was at Bad Hall in Upper Austria. The small opera company there was not very good and the music they sang was just light operetta. Mahler soon found another job at Laibach (now called Ljubljana). They sang better music there, but he only stayed one year. His next job was in Olmütz (now called Olomouc). The standard of singing was not very good, but Mahler was very strict. Although the singers did not like him at first he helped them to become better. Then he got a job in Kassel, but he had to conduct a lot of operettas. He had an unhappy love affair with one of the singers. This inspired him to write a collection of orchestral songs "Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen" and he started his first symphony. In 1885 he got a conducting job in Prague. For the first time he was able to conduct works for which he was to become famous: operas by Mozart, Wagner, and music by Beethoven. However, Mahler had arguments with the people he worked with and so he left Prague. Mahler’s next job was in Leipzig. The orchestra of the Neues Stadttheater was larger and much better than any he had worked for until then. One of the conductors who worked there was Arthur Nikisch. He was very famous, and the young Mahler was often criticized because he was very different to Nikisch and the way he conducted. When Nikisch was ill Mahler conducted "Die Walküre" and "Siegfried". This helped him to show that he was a great conductor. He met the grandson of the composer Carl Maria von Weber who gave him sketches for an opera "Die Drei Pintos" which Weber had left unfinished. The sketches were very difficult to read, but Mahler completed the opera and performed it. He also worked at his own compositions and he met Richard Strauss who was to remain a close friend until his death. Rising fame: Budapest and Hamburg. In 1888 Mahler got a job at the Royal Opera in Budapest. Although it was a good theatre they were in financial problems. The Hungarians wanted Mahler to make it a Hungarian national opera using Hungarian singers as much as possible. However, there were not many good Hungarian singers. The opera company did not like German operas, preferring light opera and ballet. He did not have much time to compose because he was too busy with administrative jobs. So he left Budapest. By this time both his parents had died. From 1891 to 1897 Mahler had a conducting post at Hamburg. Here there was an opera company of international standard. Mahler soon became world famous. He conducted many operas as well as orchestral concerts. He conducted in London in 1892 and was invited back again but he did not accept because he wanted time to compose. He spent the summer months composing, writing his music down in short score (not showing the orchestration) and during the theatre season he would revise and orchestrate them. The performance of his Second Symphony in Berlin in 1895 was a huge success. Since the death of his parents Mahler had supported his two sisters. He had encouraged his brother Otto to become a musician, but Otto committed suicide. Mahler continued to support his two sisters until they married two famous brothers: Eduard and Arnold Rosé in 1898 and 1902. Mahler was becoming very famous. In 1897 he went on tour to Moscow, Munich and Budapest. However, he really wanted a job in Vienna, but because he was Jewish it was going to be very hard for him to find work there, so he became a Roman Catholic. Soon afterwards he became Kapellmeister in Vienna. Vienna 1897-1907. In Vienna Mahler soon became famous for his conducting of Wagner and Mozart. His friend Guido Adler paid for the publication of his First and Third Symphonies. Mahler replaced Hans Richter as conductor of the Philharmonic Concerts. Mahler attracted bigger audiences, but he had disagreements with the players. They did not like some of his unusual ideas and he was very strict. After an illness in 1901 he resigned. He bought a house in Maiernigg in Carinthia where he spent his summers composing. In 1901 he fell in love with Alma Schindler whose father Anton Schindler was a famous landscape painter. She was nearly twenty years younger than Mahler. She was studying composition, but Mahler made her give up composing so that she could devote herself to being a good wife. This made the relationship between them rather difficult. In 1910 Mahler went to see the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Freud helped him to understand not only his marriage problems but also his creative nature. He now felt a deeper love for Alma than he ever had before. At the Hofoper Mahler conducted many of the great operas, but not many new ones. He wanted to conduct Richard Strauss’s new opera "Salomé", but the censors did not allow it to be performed. Nevertheless, Mahler’s years conducting in Vienna were very important because he had many new ideas. Through his wife he met many artists, especially those connected with the Sezession movement. One of them, Alfred Roller, designed the sets for a new production of "Tristan und Isolde". He became Mahler’s chief stage designer. At last Mahler could work closely with someone who shared his views. They staged many operas together: "Fideleo", "Don Giovanni ", "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", "Le Nozze di Figaro", "Die Zauberflöte" and "Iphigénie en Aulide". Mahler felt much more secure now that he was married. This made him more creative. He composed his "Eighth Symphony" very quickly. It needs a huge orchestra and choir, which is why it is often called "Symphony of a Thousand". Mahler thought it was his best work. Mahler never became a teacher, but he gave a lot of encouragement to young composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern and Alexander Zemlinsky. However, there were music critics in Vienna who were anti-Jewish and made things difficult for him. In 1907 his elder daughter Maria died from scarlet fever. More bad news followed when Mahler was found to have a bad heart. The doctor said he must give up his favourite pastimes: going for walks, cycling and swimming. Mahler had done a tremendous amount for the cultural life of Vienna, but he decided it was time to leave. The last thing he conducted in Vienna was his Second Symphony. Final years: New York and Europe. Mahler was invited to go to America to conduct the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. It was very different from what he had been used to in Europe. Instead of working with a group of singers who worked together as a team, the operas at the Metropolitan Opera were sung by great operatic stars. Mahler did not try to change this. He even agreed to make cuts to Wagner operas. Then he was invited to be the conductor of the New York Philharmonic so he resigned from the Metropolitan. The last time he conducted there was as a guest artist. In 1909 he finished his Ninth Symphony. He was very busy conducting in Europe. In January 1911 he conducted his Fourth Symphony in New York. Then he became ill and decided to go to Vienna. He arrived there on 12 May but he died a few weeks later at the age of 50. His music. Mahler was one of the last composers who belonged to the great musical tradition of Germany and Austria. Although many German composers had written great symphonies (e.g. Beethoven), Mahler found something new to say in his music. His symphonies often have long melodies and he uses folk song as well as new sounds in the orchestra. Mahler worked most of his life in the theatre, and this influences his musical language. A good example is "Symphony No.4" which starts in the happy key of G major where the music describes the early life, but finishes in E major where the soprano soloist sings about the heavenly pleasures. Mahler became very interested in German folksong and he composed several sets of orchestral songs. He took poems from the collection called "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" ("The Boy’s Magic Horn"). These songs were originally medieval, but Mahler made them feel very different by interpreting them through his own personality. The language of his songs is heard in his symphonies, four of which use singing (nos 2, 3, 4 and 8). He wrote nine symphonies and started a tenth, but died before it was finished. Mahler was a great orchestrator. Some of his later works need a very large orchestra. He often used unusual effects, e.g. in his First Symphony there is a double bass solo playing very high notes, accompanied by timpani. His set of orchestral songs "Das Lied von der Erde" ("The Song of the Earth") are like a symphony, but he did not call it a symphony. This was for superstitious reasons: several great composers, including Beethoven, had written nine symphonies and then died. His conducting. As a conductor Mahler had a tremendous influence on musical life in Europe. He often conducted his own works. When he conducted works by other composers he played it according to his own ideas. He even made changes to the orchestration of some works by Beethoven. He was not the sort of conductor who tried to make the music as close as possible to what the composer had wanted. He always wanted the music to sound very clear. Boston Marathon The Boston Marathon is a famous marathon which is run every April in Boston, Massachusetts on Patriot's Day. The distance of the race is 26.2 miles or 26 miles and 385 yards. To participate, runners need to qualify ahead of time by getting a certain time on another marathon first. This time is different depending on how old the runner is. (Every year, some runners who do not qualify are allowed in by raising money for charity). 2013 bombings. During the 2013 Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two explosions happened near the finish line at 2:49 PM EDT. Three people were killed and around 183 people were injured. Ultramarathon An ultramarathon is a running race that is longer than a 26.2 mile marathon race. The most common distances for ultramarathons are: The most famous ultramarathon run in the United States is the Western States 100 Mile Race. Captain Planet Captain Planet is the main character of the animated television series Captain Planet and the Planeteers. He is summoned when the powers of Earth, Fire, Wind, Water, and Heart are put together. On June 27, 2013, Sony Pictures announced that they are currently producing a live-action movie based on Captain Planet. World of Warcraft World of Warcraft is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). It was made by Blizzard Entertainment. The game setting is the same for other games using the name "Warcraft". It has seven expansions, ', ', "", ", World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor," World of Warcraft: Legion" and World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth." "Warcraft: Orcs and Humans" was a real-time strategy game. The same for "Warcraft 2" and its add-on, ' and "Warcraft 3" and its add-on, '. "World of Warcraft" is different than the other games because it is a MMORPG. This means that many people from around the world may play together in the online world. Gameplay. Players move or advance through the game by gaining experience from killing enemies and finishing quests that are given throughout the game. If a player has enough experience, they will gain a level. The maximum level that a player can reach is currently 60. Each level is made higher by each expansion by 10 or 5. At the highest level, players can still get stronger by obtaining items from instances and raids, which are dungeons that require 10 to 25 players to work together to take down bosses and enemies. "World of Warcraft" has developed a community of 'raiding guilds' that compete with each other for in these raid instances. Players are allowed to choose from a number of races and classes. Races. Alliance. Humans look similar to human beings. Humans may choose from the following classes: warrior, rogue, hunter, paladin, mage, warlock, priest, and death knight. Humans : Increased stealth detection, increased spirit, bonus reputation gain, good use of swords and maces, escape ability from trapping effects (Every Man for Himself). Dwarves are short, scruffy, and enjoy their liquor. Dwarves may choose from the following classes: warrior, rogue, paladin, priest, hunter, warlock, mage, shaman Dwarves : Stone form ability, higher critical strike rate with guns, higher frost resistance, treasure finding ability, good use of maces. Gnomes are very short and mischievous and enjoy explosions and dangerous tools, their hair color may be pink or green or other colors. Gnomes may choose from the following classes: warrior, rogue, warlock, mage, and death knight. Gnome : Escape ability from trapping effects (Escape Artist), increased intelligence, higher arcance resistance, bonus to engineering skill. Night elves are tall and muscular. Their skin can be colored purple to pale white. Night elves may choose from the following classes: warrior, rogue, druid, priest, hunter, and death knight. Night Elf : Ability to fade into the shadows (Shadowmeld), harder to hit, move faster while dead, higher nature resistance. Draenei are tall blue creatures from the planet Draenor. Draenei may choose from the following classes: warrior, shaman, paladin, mage, priest, hunter, death knight. Draenei : Bonus to jewelcrafting skill, may heal self or others over time (Gift of the Naru), bonus chance to hit, higher shadow resistance. Worgen are werewolves that used to be humans. Worgen may choose from the following classes: Mage, Priest, Rogue, Warlock, Warrior, Druid, Hunter, and Death Knight. Worgen : Bonus to skinning skill, may skin without skinning knife, increased shadow and nature resistance, bonus critical chance, may move faster for a short period of time (Darkflight). Horde. Orcs are muscular, hairy, and green. Orcs may choose from the following classes: Warrior, Rogue, Shaman, Warlock, Hunter, and Death Knight. Orc : Have the ability to enrage increasing damage output, resistant to stun effects, pet damage increased, good with axes and fist weapons. Tauren are very tall, nature-loving cows that walk on two feet. Tauren may choose from the following classes: Warrior, Shaman, Druid, Hunter, and Death Knight. Tauren : Have the ability to stomp stunning nearby enemies, bonus heath increase, herb gathering skill bonus, increased nature resistance. Trolls are tall and can have large tusks, ranging from blue to green skin, with very colorful hair. Trolls may choose from the following classes: Warrior, Rogue, Shaman, Mage, Priest, Hunter, and Death Knight. Troll : Ability to go berserk increasing attack speed, health regeneration bonus, increased damage against beasts, higher critical strike chance with bows and thrown weapons, slowing effects reduced. Undead of the Forsaken faction are fairly short and pale with stringy hair, and their bones show through their clothing. Undead may choose from the following classes: Warrior, Rogue, Mage, Warlock, Priest, and Death Knight. Undead : Ability to remove fear, sleep and charm effects, eat corpses to regenerate heath, underwater breathing increased, higher shadow resistance. Blood Elves are of medium height and very thin, ranging in color from brown to pink to white. They have green eyes and long eyebrows. Blood elves may choose from the following classes: Warrior, Rogue, Paladin, Mage, Warlock, Priest, Hunter, and Death Knight. Blood Elf : Ability to silence nearby opponents and restore energy, rage, mana and runic power, enchanting skill bonus, higher magic resistance. Goblins are short, ugly, and green. They are very greedy and like to destroy things. Goblins may choose from the following classes: Mage, Priest, Rogue, Warlock, Warrior, Shaman, Hunter, and Death Knight. Classes. In the game, there are classes. Once a player has made a character, the character's class cannot be changed, but the character can be deleted. Players can have up to 50 characters on each account they pay for, and up to 10 characters per realm. Note : There are three key roles in a raid / party group Below is a list of classes available in World of Warcraft: Mages cast spells using arcane, frost, or fire magic. Mages wear cloth armor and are very vulnerable to melee damage. They have access to massive ranged spell damage and area of effect capabilities. Roles : DPS. Rogues have a large number of escape tools to get away from battles they do not want to fight. Rogues can stealth (turn invisible) and stun their enemies in melee range, holding one weapon in each hand. Rogues use an energy bar Roles : DPS. Warriors can use nearly any one or two-handed weapon in the game, and may use shields. Warriors get angry (gaining "rage" when attacking enemies) and attack their enemies in melee range. Roles : Tank, DPS. Paladins may use 1 handed weapons and shields, or 2 handed weapons, they cannot dual wield. Paladins use holy magic via seal and judgment spells to attack in melee range, or they can be healers. Roles : Tank, DPS, Healer. Shamans wield the elements of nature and fire (and sometimes frost) spells. Shamans can use shields and can dual wield 1 handed weapons or use 2 handed weapons, and may fight in melee range, may cast from range, or may be healers. Roles : DPS, Healer. Warlocks cast shadow and fire magic spells. Warlocks wear cloth armor and are vulnerable to melee damage. Warlocks also summon demonic minions (pets) to help them in battle. Roles : DPS. Druids use arcane and nature spells, or may choose talents to be more of a melee fighter. Druids can shift into forms of animals like bear, cat, walrus, and cheetah. Healing druids can turn into a tree form, and the druid caster form is known as Moonkin. Roles : Tank (Bear or Dire Bear Forms), DPS (Moonkin or Cat Forms), Healer (Tree Form). Priests wear cloth and are vulnerable to melee damage. Priests can either heal with holy and discipline spells or do damage with shadow spells. Roles : DPS, Healer. Hunters attack with a bow, crossbow or guns from range while their pets attack and keep an enemy's hate in melee range. Hunters can tame many kinds of pets including spiders, bears, worms, wasps, and many more. Roles : DPS. Death Knights use runes and runic power to attack their enemies in melee range. Death Knights also have a number of ranged abilities to keep their targets from running away in battle. Roles : Tank, DPS. Talents. When a player gets to level 10, each level up afterward earns one talent point to be put into one of three class-specific talent trees. Different classes have different types of talents that are divided into three "talent trees", which are DPS (Damage Per Second), tanking (taking damage), and healing (healing damage). Putting points into the DPS tree may make them do more damage to enemies, putting points into the tanking tree may make them take less damage, while putting points into the healing tree may make them heal for more damage. However, a talent may not affect it directly. For example, if a priest character wants to do more damage to enemies, the priest would put talent points into the "Shadow" talent tree. If a priest wants to heal groupmates, the priest would put talent points into the "Holy" talent tree. In Game Statistics. Base Statistics. Agility - This effects the characters dodge, critical strike and attack power (Although this is only true for certain classes). Intellect - This determines spell critical strike, and how much damage your spells does. Spirit - This increases the regeneration of health and mana. Stamina - Increases the total amount of health you have. Strength - Increases attack power and block value for a shield. Armor - Reduces physical damage taken by a percentage. Melee. Attack Power - Attack power increases the characters "melee" damage output. Hit Rating - This increases the chance to it an enemy. This is capped at 14%. Ignore Armour Rating - This enables the "melee" damage you cause to ignore a percentage of the opponents armor. Critical Strike Rating - This effects your chance to cause additional damage on any "melee" attack. Expertise Rating - Reduces the chance to be dodged or parried. Ranged. Attack Power - Attack power increases the characters "Ranged" damage output. Hit Rating - This increases the chance to it an enemy. This is capped at 14%. Ignore Armour Rating - This enables the "Ranged" damage you cause to ignore a percentage of the opponents armor. Critical Strike Rating - This effects your chance to cause additional damage on any "Ranged" attack. Spell. Hit Rating - This increases the chance to it an enemy. This is capped at 8% (So do not go overboard and get 21% like I did, it is a waste of gold). Spell Penetration - This enables the "Spell / Magic" damage you cause to ignore magical resistance equal to the amount of spell penetration you have. Critical Strike Rating - This effects your chance to cause additional damage on any "Spell / Magic" attack. Speed Rating - Causes the cast time of your spells to be reduced. This is useless once it gets to one second, because of a global cooldown on all your spells. Mana Regeneration - Increases your mana regeneration out of combat and while casting. This is very important for healers so that they do not OOM part way through a fight. Bonus Damage / Bonus Healing - Some items specifically give you 'spell power' which is similar to attack power. Except it is separated into healing and damage. This is because some items give just these. Example: I help to kill a strong Boss, and I get a new robe. +23 spell power +30 healing power. (I am a DPS so I would give this to the groups healer instead.) Defense. Defense Rating - Increases your likely hood to dodge, block and parry. This is very important for tanks to have. (With cata Changes now does not exist in game.) Dodge - The ability to dodge an attack and suffer no damage. This is expressed as a percentage. Parry - The ability to deflect an oncoming attack with your weapon. This is expressed as a percentage. Block(Requires Shields) - The ability to block an attack with your shield reducing the damage you suffer from it. Resilience - Reduces the damage players, and their pets cause you. In Game Terms. PvE - Stands for Player versus environment. Generally refers to all content in the game that is played against AI controlled units. This typically refers to raids and dungeons. PvP - Stands for Player versus Player. Refers to all content in the game that is played with / against other human controlled units. Typically refers to Battlegrounds (rated and non-rated), Arenas and City Raids. Mobs/Adds - A mob or add is a creature that is not player controlled. They are generally used in kill or collection quests. In Dungeons / Raids they can be used to swarm at your group, or to make the game a little bit more challenging. They do not often give very good loot, or experience. Boss - A Boss is a creature that is not player controlled. They are mainly found inside Dungeons / Raids and are often very difficult to kill. Each Boss is a different fight and requires a large amount of skill and awareness to kill. Bosses give higher than average items, these can range from gear, to mounts and tokens. Raid - A Raid is a specific area of the game, that is mostly cut off from the main world. The original World of Warcraft allowed up to 40 man Raids. Lately this has been reduced down to 10 mans and 25 mans. A Raid is a place to test your characters skills and interact with other players around the world. In each Raid there are Bosses and Mobs. Dungeon - A Dungeon is smaller than a raid only being 5 man. Dungeons are designed to take people who have just reached the top level and give them better gear, so that they can start Raiding. Dungeons are also open to people who are still leveling. So that people can get better gear to make leveling faster, Or to complete quests that are inside Dungeons. Threat - Threat is what causes a creature to attack a target. The Tank needs to generate enough threat to keep the Mobs / Boss attacking him. DPS also need to make sure they do not exceed the Tanks threat on the target. Example: I am a DPS, who is new. I cast lots of high threat spells during a Boss fight. The Boss turns around and kills me because I had more threat than the Tank. Since no one else had more Threat than the Tank the Boss re-focuses of him again. And I have to sit down and watch everyone fighting because I am dead. Aggro - Aggro is when a Mob / Boss is focused on you. Example: The Tank losses aggro, because you were generating to much threat. Tank - A person who protects the group by taking most of the damage and keeping the enemies attention. The Tanks generally need a specific amount of Defense, Dodge, and Parry to be allowed to tank higher levels of Raids. These people are always in demand. DPS - Stands for Damage Per Second. These people are important for any Raid / Dungeon they are specialized in dealing high amounts of damage. DPS must not however cause too threat that they pull the Boss away from the Tank. This can prove fatal. DPS are never in demand because it is something all classes have the option to be. Healers - A person who heals your Tank and your Party / Raid. These people are always in demand. LOM/OOM - LOM means Low on Mana, this is not a very common phrase. OOM means Out of Mana, this is a lot more widely used in game. Energy has a fast regeneration and has a limit of 110 (with talents) 100 without. Rage and Runic power are also from a 0 - 100 scale, performing abilities and dealing damage grants more allowing more abilities to be used. Mana has no capped amount, the more Intellect your character has the more mana you have to play with. CC - Stands for Crowd Control. Refers to all spells / abilities in the game that cause the target to be unable to perform certain tasks. Most commonly used in PvP but also widely used in PvE. Examples of CCs include: Stuns, Fears, Silences, Polymorphs, Cyclones etc. LoS - Stands for Line of Sight. When there is an object or obstacle between the player in question and the target. Most commonly used in PvP as both a defensive tool (preventing spells to land and thus reducing damage and/or CCs) or an offensive tool (kiting an opposing player behind an obstacle and killing while preventing the opposing team's healer from being able to heal the target). bio - Stands for Biology Break (i.e. bathroom break). Typically used in conjunction with "brb" (be right back) to inform the people in the party / raid that you will be right back after going to the bathroom. Santo Domingo Santo Domingo de Guzmán, or just Santo Domingo, is the capital of the Dominican Republic and is its largest city. It is the oldest European city in the Americas where people have been living since it was founded at the end of the 15th century. Geography. The city is at the mouth of the Ozama River, on the Caribbean coast. The city has the Santo Domingo province to the east, north and west. To the south is the Caribbean Sea. The eastern limit of the city is the Ozama River and the northern limit is the Isabela River, a tributary of the Ozama. The western limit is a long street, Gregorio Luperón Avenue. The average temperature (25.7 °C) varies little in the city. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Some years, hurricanes affect the city because it is in the Caribbean where hurricanes are common from June to November. Population. In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 965,040: 460,903 men and 504,137 women. The urban population was 100% of the total population. Santo domingo has a very diverse population, but it is mainly composed of mulattoes, whites and blacks. History. The city was first founded on the east side of River Ozama by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher, with the name of "La Nueva Isabela" (The New Isabela); La Isabela was a town founded on the northern coast of the island by Christopher Columbus. The name was soon changed to Santo Domingo. After a hurricane in 1502 destroyed the city, the new governor of the island Nicolás de Ovando built it again but on the west side of the river and with the new name of Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo was the first capital of the Spanish colonies in the Américas. It became the starting point of most of the Spanish expeditions of exploration and conquest of the other Caribbean islands and the adjacent lands in the continent. There are still many buildings from that time (16th century) and part of the old walls. In 1930, the city of Santo Domingo was almost completely destroyed by a hurricane called "San Zenón". Rafael Trujillo rebuilt the city and named it Ciudad Trujillo after himself. After his assassination in 1961, Ciudad Trujillo became again Santo Domingo. The 1966 constitution named the city Santo Domingo de Guzmán. In 2001, the Santo Domingo Province was created with much of the area of the old Distrito Nacional ("National District"). With that division, many parts of the old city are now part of the Santo Domingo Province and not of the city of Santo Domingo de Guzmán. But they are still part of the metropolitan area of the city (the Greater Santo Domingo). The people that live in this Greater Santo Domingo are "capitaleños" (women are "capitaleñas"), even if they do not live in the National District. Places of interest. Zona Colonial. The old section of the city is known as "Zona Colonial" ("Colonial Zone") or "Ciudad Colonial" ("Colonial City"). The Colonial Zone, bordered by the Ozama River, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990. Some of the old buildings in this zone are Museums. Santo Domingo has several museums, many of them in the Zona Colonial. Parks and recreational areas. Santo Domingo has various parks as the "National Botanical Garden", the "National Zoo" and the "Mirador Sur Park". There are also many small squares as the "Parque Colón" ("Columbus Park"), in the Zonal Colonial and on the northern side of the cathedral; and the "Parque Independencia" ("Independence Park"), just outside of the old western wall and where the Founding Fathers of the country (Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella) are buried. Education. There are eighteen universities in Santo Domingo. Established in 1538, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) was the first university founded in the continent; it is also the only public university in the country and has campuses all over the country. Sports. Santo Domingo is home to the Leones del Escogido and Tigres del Licey baseball clubs of the Dominican Winter League. Estadio Quisqueya is the home stadium for both teams. Centro Olimpico Juan Pablo Duarte is the central sports complex of the city, at the center of the city. Sister cities. Santo Domingo has sister relationships with many cities worldwide: 85 85 is a year in the 1st century. Treason Treason is when a person acts against his/ her country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against or loot his country by keeping secrets or failing to protect his country. In history, treason has often included the assassination of leaders. Treason against the king was called high treason and treason against a lesser role was called petty treason. A treasonous person is called a traitor. Outside the field of law, the word "traitor" can be used to describe a person who betrays a group to which he or she belongs. These accusations can often be unclear when the accused do not consider themselves to be in the group. Some famous traitors are Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus, Benedict Arnold, Philippe Pétain, La Malinche and Vidkun Quisling. Persons accused of treason can be many. During the Reign of Terror many thousands were executed as traitors. After World War II many thousands of Soviet soldiers who had been prisoners of war were immediately sent to Gulag as traitors. In different countries. Australia. Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason. A person is not guilty of treason if his help is purely humanitarian. The only appropriate punishment for treason is life in prison. Canada. Section 46 of the Criminal Code defines two types of treason. They are "treason" and "high treason". It is also illegal for any Canadian citizen to do anything defined in the code outside Canada. High treason is punished by life in prison. Treason is punished by life in prison at most, or up to 14 years in prison. New Zealand. New Zealand has treason laws that are stated under Section 73 of the Crimes Act 1961. The punishment is life in prison, except for conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy is 14 years at most. Treason was the last crime to be punished by death in New Zealand. Very few people have been prosecuted for treason in New Zealand. United States. Treason is defined in the United States Constitution in Article III, Section 3. However, Congress has made laws that punish other actions that hurt national security. Some examples are the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or the 1917 Espionage Act. The punishment for treason in the United States is death or at least five years in prison, and at least a $10,000 fine. In addition, traitors cannot hold any office in the United States. Japan. Japan "per se" does not have a law of treason. Instead it has an separated offence against be involved in foreign aggression (this can be since from invasion to espionage) against the State of Japan (; literally "crime of foreign mischief"). Both Japanese and non-Japanese nationals can be equally convicted of said offence. The Empire of Japan used to have a crime similar to the one of "high treason" in English-language countries (). This law was abolished with the American occupation of the country after World War II. Riot Riots happen when many people meet to be violent. This can happen after sports events, demonstrations or as a protest. Rioters damage cars, buildings and attack other people, among other things. The police are brought out to stop riots. In the Western world, they use shields and fight with soft weapons, for example with water cannons or rubber bullets, as well as with batons. When riots really get out of control, police also use tools that can hurt people, such as tear gas and pepper spray, and they put the rioters under arrest. Riots are very dangerous and can lead to certain deaths at times. There have been many riots all over the world, especially in England, Northern Ireland, the United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, France, Hong Kong and mainland China. Johann Strauss I Johann Strauß I (born Vienna, 14 March 1804; died Vienna, 25 September 1849) was as Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. He and his family were famous composers of dance music, especially waltzes. He is usually known as Johann Strauss I or Johann Strauss Sr (Senior), while his son, who was also called Johann, is usually known as Johann Strauss II or Johann Strauss Jnr (Junior). The waltz was just becoming popular in the early 19th century and Johann Strauss I wrote many delightful waltzes and other dance music for the court balls. His most famous tune is the "Radetzky-March" which became a musical symbol of the power of the Habsburg monarchy. Johann Strauss II Johann Strauss II (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called "An der schönen, blauen Donau" (known in English as "The Blue Danube"). Early life. His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father. After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria. Career. Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: "Die Fledermaus" ("The Bat") and "Zigeunerbaron" ("Gypsy Baron"). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere. Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the head of the United States House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the current members of the House. The person with the most votes becomes Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. Duties. The Speaker has always been a member of the majority party (the party with the most members) but does not have to be an elected member of the House (this has not happened yet). The job of the Speaker is to keep the House in order and to assign committee memberships and chairmanships. It is an important and powerful position in government. Background. Sam Rayburn is the only person to have served as Speaker of the House for more than ten years. Theodore M. Pomeroy served as Speaker of the House for one day after Speaker Schuyler Colfax resigned to become Vice President of the United States; Pomeroy's term as a Member of Congress ended the next day. Sam Rayburn, Henry Clay, Thomas Brackett Reed, Joseph William Martin, Jr., Frederick Muhlenberg, John W. Taylor, and Nancy Pelosi are the only Speakers of the House to have ever served in non-consecutive Congresses (i.e. another Speaker served in between each tenure). Order of succession. The Speaker of the House is third in line for the Presidency of the United States. If the President of the United States dies or steps down, the Vice President of the United States becomes President. If there is no vice president, the Speaker of the House automatically becomes acting president. List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives. It includes the congressional district and political affiliation of each speaker as well as the number of their Congress and time they spent in the position. List of living former speakers. Since Nancy Pelosi became Speaker on January 3, 2019 there are four former living speakers. Zatch Bell! Zatch Bell! is a Japanese-American animated television series, anime, and manga. The series is about a teenage boy, named Kiyo, who found this boy named "Zatch". Zatch is actually a "Mamodo". He came from the "Mamodo World" where hundreds of other Mamodos came from. However, another Mamodo, named Zeno, somehow erased Zatch's memory. Zatch can not remember anything of his past in the Mamodo World. The reason why all the Mamodos are in the real world is to battle. When one enters the world, they must find a human to be their partner and to use a book of spells that came with them. Only humans can read the spells and cause the Mamodo to do a certain action. Examples of these spells would be to create a lightning bolt, create a shield, or move very fast. As a person becomes stronger physically and emotionally new spells are written into the book so that the human can read and use them. By burning the book, the Mamodo gets sent back to the Mamodo World. If the Mamodo gets badly beaten, he will also be sent away. The last Mamodo standing will be 'King' of the Mamodos. Zatch decides that he wants to be a "Belovelent King" or "Kind King" to stop all the battles. In their adventure, they come across many enemies and allies. Characters. Zatch Bell. Zatch Bell is main character of this story. Kiyo Takamine. Kiyo Takamine is another main character of this story. He is the partner of Zatch Bell. And he is very cool. Tia. Tia is one of Zatch's friends. Megumi. Megumi is one of Kiyo's friends. She is the partner of Tia. And she is a famous Japanese idol. Zofis. Zofis is one of main antagonists. He is evil genius. He likes manipulate others. Koko. Koko is the partner of Zofis. Harmonic series (music) Harmonics in music are notes which are produced in a special way. They are notes which are produced as part of the “harmonic series”. In physics, a harmonic is a wave which is added to the basic fundamental wave. This article talks about sound waves, which can be understood clearly by looking at the strings of a musical instrument. When a violinist plays a note on a violin string, the string starts to vibrate very fast. This vibration makes the air vibrate and the sound waves travel to our ear so that we can hear it. If the note were absolutely pure the string would move in a perfect sinusoidal shape and produce only one frequency, but instead there are multiple frequencies being produced at the same time along with the main one. The note played on the violin string makes the string vibrate in a very complicated way. There is the basic note (the fundamental), but added to that are lots of other little notes that all add up to a sound in a special way that tells us that it is a violin playing and not a clarinet or a human voice. The higher the note, the faster the string vibrates. An A above middle C (the violinist’s A string) vibrates at 440Hz (440 times per second). This is the “fundamental” or “first harmonic”. The second harmonic vibrates twice as fast (ratio 2:1): 880Hz. This gives an A an octave higher. The third harmonic will give a ratio 3:2. This will be an E (an octave and a fifth above the fundamental). The higher the harmonic the quieter it is, but the ratio is always a whole number (not a fraction). Every note that is played on an instrument is really a combination of several notes or “harmonics”, even though we may not realize that we are hearing more than one note at a time. Play the lowest C on the piano. Now find the next C which is an octave higher. Press this key very slowly so that it does not sound and hold it down. While holding it down play the bottom C again making it loud and very short. The C that is being held silently will now sound. This is because the strings of that C are vibrating a little because it is a harmonic of the low C (they can vibrate because the damper is off the string while the note is being held down). The same can be done holding the next G down, then the next C, then the E. The higher the note the fainter (quieter) the harmonics become. The musical example below shows the notes of a harmonic series in musical notation. To hear the notes of a harmonic series click here: clicking here. Playing harmonics on instruments. Musicians sometimes need to play harmonics on their instruments. In musical notation this is shown by placing a small circle above the note. A violinist can place their finger very lightly on a string so that it divides the string into half. They will hear a harmonic (the note an octave higher than the open string). By placing their fingers in other places they can get more harmonics, e.g. by touching the string a quarter of the way down they gets the next harmonic. “Artificial harmonics” can be played by stopping a string with the finger in the usual way (so that the string is now shorter) and placing the little finger farther up the string to get a harmonic of the stopped note. Artificial harmonics are written with diamond-shaped note heads. They are very hard to play well. Harpists can play harmonics with their left hand by stopping the string with the side of the hand (near the little finger) and plucking with the thumb or finger. Up to 3 notes can be played by the left hand. They can play harmonics with the right hand by stopping the string with the upper knuckle of the second finger and plucking with the thumb. Only one harmonic note can be played by the right hand. Harmonics on the harp sound very beautiful. Players of woodwind and brass instruments play many of their notes by blowing slightly stronger (overblowing) to get a higher series of notes. Instruments such as the recorder can play chords by making several harmonics sound together, but this is extremely difficult to do well and only found in modern music for virtuoso players. Hamburger A hamburger or burger is an American fast food. It is a type of sandwich with a patty of cooked ground meat between the two halves of a bun. Tomatoes, onions, cheese, salad and dips may also be added. The hamburger may be eaten without a knife and fork, so it is a fast food which can be eaten anywhere. Hamburgers are named for a city in Germany called Hamburg. They were probably invented in Germany, though what we now know as a hamburger was created in the United States in the 19th century. Hamburgers appeared on menus in England and the United States in the 19th century, and became a popular food after the 1904 World's Fair. What is called a hamburger throughout the world today was different than the first German hamburgers; German dishes often involved a steak or sausage between pieces of bread instead of ground meat. Many American fast food restaurants, such as Burger King, Wendy's and McDonald's, serve hamburgers. A cheeseburger is a hamburger that also has cheese. Hamburgers can be served with other things besides cheese, such as chili. Even though the name has the word ham in it, it doesn’t need to have ham. Richard Marsland Richard Marsland (a.k.a. Armitage Shanks, 1976 - 2008) was an Australian comedy writer, actor, comedian and radio personality. He was best known for his work on television shows, for example "The Glass House" and "Rove Live". He also co-hosted on Triple M with Pete Helliar and Myf Warhurst, as well as a daily morning show in Adelaide called AM Adelaide. He then hosted the Late Date Show with Bessie Bardot on 2DayFM, 92.9 and Fox FM. In December 2008, Marsland died. The cause of his death is not known. Ed Kavalee Edward Robert Kavalee (born 30 June 1979) (also known as The Prize King) is an Australian actor and radio host. Ed is a graduate of Screenwise, Australia's Leading Film & TV School for actors in Sydney. He is on "Santo, Sam and Ed’s Sports Fever!", with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang He was on the "Get This" radio show on Triple M in Australia with Tony Martin. He was also part of the cast of "Thank God You're Here", and host of "TV Burp". Kavalee is an experienced Theatresports performer, and is part of the ensemble cast on Working Dog Productions' improvised comedy show "Thank God You're Here". Kavalee said on Get This on September 26, 2006 that he auditioned for a role playing Buddy Holly in an American telemovie but was too tall. Meow A meow or miaow is a noise made by cats. There are different types of meows, such as ones that mean the same thing as "hello," ones that ask for food, or ones that let people know when they are annoyed, among other things. The meow is used by kittens to their mother. It is a plea for attention, and experts think pet cats use it because they often need owners to do things for them. Adult cats do not meow to other cats. Different languages have different ways of spelling "meow." For example, English has been using the "meow" spelling since 1842 and before that, it used the "miaow", "miau", or "meaw" spellings. Spanish and German still use the "miau" spelling while French uses the "miaou" spelling. Cats in Ancient Egypt were called "Mau". October Revolution The October Revolution was a revolution in Russia that started on 1917 November 7 (October 25 o.s.). The Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky. They overthrew the previous Russian Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky. Its uprising started on 24 October. The Bolsheviks faced little or no opposition. The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on 25 October. After a single day of revolution eighteen people had been arrested and two had been killed. The Bolsheviks captured telegraph and telephone offices, railway stations, newspaper offices and government institutions. Red Guards (armed workers), sailors from the Baltic fleet, and parts of the army fought for the revolution. The October Revolution inspired a revolutionary wave across the world, including the Hungarian revolution, the German revolution of 1918-1919, and the Chinese revolution of 1925-27. October revolution. This was the second of two revolutions in the Russian Revolution. The first part was the February Revolution. The second was this October revolution. Some Russians did not like the previous Tsarist government. In the 1900s Russia was poor. It lost the Russo-Japanese War. They only recently ended serfdom, where peasants were forced to farm for nobles who owned the land. Since Russia is pretty far north, growing food was not easy, and they were often hit by famine and food shortages. The government was also corrupt: the tsar Nicholas did not listen to the parliament, and Rasputin was murdered. They industrialized later than western Europe and the US. So when Russia entered World War I, they lost a lot of soldiers fighting Germany, which was more industrialized. For all of these reasons, people got angry and blamed the tsar. In the February revolution, some workers and peasants protested. Police shot and killed some, but more protestors kept coming. Nicholas gave up the throne. This ended centuries of Romanov rule. Alex Kerensky started a new provisional government. It was ruled by the bourgeoisie, or the wealthy upper-middle class. The war against the Germans continued. It drained food supplies. In the October revolution they overthrew the weak provisional government without that much of killing the people. The leader Lenin wanted a new government ruled by the soldiers, peasants, and workers. Having lost power, the nobles of Alex's governments, as well as the of the previous tsar government, were not happy. They created the white army and fought Lenin and his red army. This was the Russian Civil War. Lenin won and so the communist Soviet Union was born. This was the start of communist rule in Russia. It was a model Marxist revolution where the proletariat peasants and workers overthrew the bourgeoisie capitalist nobles. It inspired similar revolutions across Europe and in China. Communism forms the foundation of some of these nations today. The roots can be traced back to socialist ideas developed in the 19th century, and to the 1917 October revolution. Experience Experience is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching someone else do it. Experience is learning through actions. Some religious groups and teaching methods value learning by experiencing. For example, if someone wants to learn about the game chess, they would play several games. By making mistakes and learning from them, they learn more rather than just reading about playing. Types of experience. Experience is often divided into four types: Someone who experienced by watching or doing something himself is said to have "first-hand experience". When one person tells another person, the other person has "second-hand experience". When an experience is felt or enjoyed through imagined participation, the person has had a "vicarious experience". A religious experience is a spiritual event seen by someone. Holy books like the Bible talk about visions or dreams where men like Moses, Daniel or Jesus met God. Mystics also describe these events, and offer advice. William James wrote a famous book about the kinds of religious experience. Norse mythology Norse or Scandinavian mythology is the belief and legends of the Scandinavian people. Norse mythology is a version of the older Germanic mythology and was later replaced by Christianity for the most part. Norse mythology is a set of beliefs and stories shared by Northern Germanic tribes. It was not handed down from the gods to the mortal. It had no scripture. The mythology was passed on from one generation to the next in the form of poetry. It continued to be passed down this way through the time of the Vikings. The original beliefs were long lost. Our knowledge about it is mainly based on the Eddas and other medieval texts. These were written down while and after they turned to Christianity. Cosmology. In Norse mythology, the universe was thought to have 9 realms or “worlds”. Asgard is where the gods lived. Asgard could only be reached by walking across the rainbow (the Bifröst bridge). The Frost Giants lived in a place called Jötunheimr. Jötunheimr means "giant realm". A cold, dark place called Niflheim was ruled by Hel. She was the daughter of Loki. This was the eventual home of most of the dead. Located somewhere in the south was the fiery realm of Muspelheim, home of the fire giants. In between Asgard and Niflheim was Midgard, the world of men. Supernatural beings. There are three "clans" of deities, the Æsir, the Vanir, and the Jötnar (referred to as "giants" in this article). After a long war, the Æsir and Vanir made peace and joined together. The Æsir and the Vanir are enemies with the Jötnar or "giants". The Æsir are descendants of Jötnar. Both Æsir and Vanir intermarry with them. There are two kinds of giant: frost-giants and fire-giants. There are many other supernatural beings. These include: Sources. Most of this mythology was passed down orally as Skaldic poetry, and much of it has been lost. Some of it was recorded by Christian scholars. The earlier detailed records come from the "Eddas" and the "Heimskringla" by Snorri Sturluson though the mentioning of their deities And mythology goes back to Cornelius Tacitus’ report “Germania” in 98 AD. There are also several runestones and image stones that show scenes from Norse mythology, such as Thor's fishing trip and Odin being devoured by Fenrir. Modern influences. The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after Roman gods in Latin (named after "Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn"). The names for Tuesday through Friday were replaced with Germanic versions of the Roman gods. In English, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia. Modern popular culture. J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" was influenced by the myths of the Northern Europeans. As it became popular, parts of its fantasy world moved into how people see the fantasy genre. In almost any modern fantasy novel, you can find Norse creatures like elves, dwarves, and giants. Other websites Fresh Meadows, Queens Fresh Meadows is a neighborhood in northeastern part of the borough of Queens in New York City, which is bordered to the east by Francis Lewis Boulevard, to the south by Union Turnpike, to the north by Kissena Park, and to the west by Utopia Parkway and Fresh Meadows Lane. Fresh Meadows is also the name of a housing development (housing estate) in the neighborhood, along 188th Street. The Fresh Meadows buildings were built in the late 1940s and were for lower middle & middle-class people. It is one of three housing areas built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company after World War II, the others are Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan and Parkchester in the Bronx. The Long Island Expressway runs through the neighborhood. Main streets are 188th Street, Horace Harding Expressway, 73rd Avenue, Utopia Parkway, and Fresh Meadows Lane. The 107th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) covers this neighborhood. Kissena Park and Cunningham Park are both located next to Fresh Meadows. Fresh Meadows is also home to St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 26 (Rufus King school), M.S. 216 (George J. Ryan Middle School), and P.S. 173 (The Fresh Meadows School) are other schools in the neighborhood. Miranda (moon) Miranda is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948, February 16th and named it after Miranda, Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest". Sometimes it is also called Uranus V. It's one of Uranus' strangest moons. Its complex surface may indicate partial melting of its interior, with icy material drifting to the surface. The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically, it is the most active body in the Uranus system. The grooves and troughs reach depths of a few kilometers (or miles) and expose materials of different albedos (reflectivity). The features suggest a long, complex geologic evolution of this satellite. Trombone The trombone is a brass horn musical instrument. It is similar to a large trumpet, except the player pushes and pulls on its slide to change the length of the tube. Together with vibrations from the player's lips, the trombone can play a wide range of notes. It sounds deeper than a trumpet and is usually said to be one of the bass clef instruments. Music is normally written in the bass clef, but some high parts can be written in tenor clef. Some players have the music transposed into the treble clef. The trombone is the loudest instrument in the symphony orchestra. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist. Some trombones have a valve which increases the range of available notes. The name "trombone" comes from the Italian language and means "large trumpet". Trombones are nearly always made out of brass but can also be made out of plastic: the "P-bone". History. The forerunner to today's trombone was called the sackbut. It was first used in the 16th century during the Renaissance era of music. In the centuries that followed, the sackbut was gradually improved into today's trombone. Beethoven was the first composer to add trombones to the standard symphony orchestra. Many different types of music use the unique sound of the trombone to add color and depth. Trombones are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, brass bands, big bands, swing bands, ska bands, and jazz ensembles. In the symphony orchestra, it is common to see trombones in a section of three: two tenors and a bass. In a standard big band, a four player section is more typical. This time with three tenors and one bass as the normal arrangement. In the hands of a skilled trombonist, the trombone is a very versatile instrument and can play many styles. The trombone can go from smooth, sweet jazz ballads and peaceful slow melodies such as Duke Ellington's "Pyramid", to fast and technical passages from pieces like "Blue Bells of Scotland" and "Carnival of Venice". Types. There are a lot of types of trombones. Each one is for different playing ranges (how high or low you play). There are contrabass trombones, bass trombones, tenor bass trombones, tenor trombones, alto trombones, soprano trombones, and piccolo trombones. These are the different types of trombones, arranged according to general usage. Famous trombonists. Some famous trombonists include: Textile Cloth, textile or fabric are similar names for manufactured material. They are often made by weaving or knitting fibres together. It is often used to make clothing or cover furniture. Cloth can be made from natural fibres or man-made ones. Examples of natural fibres are cotton, wool, and silk. Examples of man-made fibres are nylon, rayon, and polyester. History. The first clothes, were worn at least 70,000 years ago and maybe much earlier. They were probably made of animal skins and helped to protect early humans from the weather. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles. Uses. Textiles are commonly used for clothing. They are also containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, textiles are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces. Textiles are also used in art. In the workplace, textiles can be used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. It can also be used in flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs, cleaning rags. It is used in transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes. Textiles are also used make composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial geotextiles stronger. Textiles are used in many traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting and embroidery. Types and sources of fibre. Textiles are made from many materials. The fibre used in textiles are gotten from with four main sources. They are animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute, bamboo), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon). The first three are natural. Animal. There are many sources of animal fibers. They include: Plant. There are many sources of plant fibers. They include: Mineral. There are three sources of mineral fibers. They include: Synthetic. There are many sources synthetic fibres. They include 100s The 100s'span from 100-109. 130s The 130s was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139. Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German chancellor from 1969 until 1974. He was born "Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm" in Lübeck, Germany. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1964–1987 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (1971). He died on 8 October 1992 in Unkel on the Rhine. Biography. He was born as son of Martha Frahm and John Möller in 1913 in Lübeck. He never met his father and grew up with his mother and his grandfather. He fled to Norway when the Nazis took over government in Germany. He led a contact office for the resistance against the Nazi regime. After he lost his German citizenship, he became Norwegian. The Germans arrested him when they occupied Norway. He fled to Sweden. In 1945, Brandt returned to Germany as writer for Scandinavian newspapers. He was married three times: Political life. His political career started in 1948. He became a representative for the SPD in the Bundestag for a district of Berlin. He was member of the state parliament of Berlin from 1950 until 1971. He became president of the Parliament of Berlin (1955) and Mayor of Berlin (1957). Willy Brandt started to campaign for the position as Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) for the Social Democrats (SPD) in 1961. In 1966, he became Vice-Chancellor of the "Grand Coalition" of SPD and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) under Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. He started the social-liberal coalition between the SPD and the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Willy Brandt became Chancellor in 1969. He made many changes in several political areas. For example: He travelled to East Germany, Warsaw and Moscow to improve relationships. His acceptance the Oder-Neisse Line and many of controversies in the Parliament and society followed. In 1971, he got the Nobel Peace Prize for his politics. In 1972, Rainer Barzel of the CDU believed he could end the Brandt administration, but he failed to win the vote of no-confidence. Brandt was re-elected to a second term later that year. In 1974, Günther Guillaume who worked in Brandt's office was discovered to be a spy. Brandt resigned and Helmut Schmidt became chancellor. Brandt stayed leader of the SPD, and later of the Socialist International too. He was member of the European Parliament from 1978 to 1983. He gave up the position as chief of the SPD in 1987. Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the River Rhine, on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78. He was given a state funeral and was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin. Saint Margaret There are several saints named Margaret: Saint Thomas Saint Thomas or St. Thomas may refer to: Brother (disambiguation) Brother may refer to: Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer (born 5 January 1876 in Cologne; died 19 April 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time. Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne. Adenauer was a member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety. After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months. In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time. He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main. In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times. In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a member of the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old. Miri Ben-Ari Miri Ben-Ari is a hip-hop violinist. She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist. She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern. At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States. She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her. She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean. Later that year her TV performances on "Showtime at the Apollo" added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled "Song of The Promised Land" features the dance single "Peace in the Middle East" as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis. She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”. This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton. In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West. She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music. She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005. Furry ""Furry" is also a word for something covered in fur." A furry is a person who is interested in or creates fictional animal characters who have human traits. This group of people make up the furry fandom. Furry characters (called "fursonas," especially when referring to someone's personal furry characters) can walk on two legs or talk. Another word for a "furry character" is an "anthropomorphic character," which means a character which has some human features. Many different stories have furry characters. Fairy tales and mythology often have animal characters who talk or do other human things. Books, comics, children's books, video games, and toys can have furry characters too. Some of the most popular cartoon characters are furries: Bugs Bunny, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Disney's Robin Hood, and Scooby-Doo. Sometimes, people draw porn of furry characters to fit their sexual interests. Quite a few people believe this represents a large part of the furry fandom, and it gains significant news attention. Furry traits. To be a furry character, an animal needs to look or act like a human in some way. Here are some of the ways: It's also important to say here that there's also "feral" sections of the fandom. They focus more on the animal aspects of the character, and most feral furry characters don't talk or do many human activities. Not all of these features have to be on a furry character for it to be a furry character. Some furry characters can be thought of as "fursonas" without walking on their hind legs or having jobs. A character does not need to have fur to be a furry. A lizard or bird character that has these features could also be a furry, although they may also be called a "scalie" or an "avian". Furry characters in art. Humans are good at reading human body language, but less good at reading animal body language. Art showing animals smiling or frowning like humans makes it easier for humans to know how the character is feeling. Because humans have been around animals for a long time, humans expect certain animals to act certain ways. Art that gives humans animal traits tells people what to expect from those characters. For example, many cultures see foxes as clever, so many people will assume a fox furry character is clever. Fairy tales and mythology. For thousands of years, people have told stories and made art with furry characters. Egyptian mythology has many gods who are part animal and part human. Roman mythology has a story about a minotaur, which is part bull and part human. The werewolf of European mythology is part wolf and part human. Cartoons and video games. Many cartoons have furry characters. Examples include: Many video games also have furry characters. A few examples: Furry fandom. In the modern day, people from all around the world make up the furry fandom. Many of them meet and talk to each other the Internet, but they also meet in real life. Furry websites like FurAffinity and DeviantArt let people share pictures, stories, music, games, and animations that have furry characters. Fursonas and role-play. Fans of furry characters sometimes make up a furry character to represent themselves. This is called a "fursona." Often, but not always, the fursona's species is that person's favorite animal. These people sometimes talk to each other while pretending to be their fursonas. This is called a "role-play," because each person is playing a role, like in a television show or stage play. Role-playing isn't exclusive to furries, but it is a big part of the community. These role-plays usually happen over instant messaging or forums, but sometimes happen in real life. Furry conventions. People who like furry art sometimes meet to talk about their favorite characters, buy books or art, and show off their costumes. These meetings may also have music, dancing, and parties. Conventions are usually held in large hotels, so there is enough room for hundreds or even thousands of people. The largest furry conventions are Anthrocon, Midwest FurFest, Further Confusion, RainFurrest, Furry Weekend Atlanta, and Eurofurence. Many others happen all around the world each year. Furry conventions are similar to science fiction conventions. Fursuits and other costumes. Some people who like furry characters wear toy ears and tails for fun. Others dress up in "fursuits," which are costumes that look like furry characters. Fake fur is used to make these costumes, so they can be many different colors. Some fursuits look very much like real animals; other fursuits look like cartoon characters or legendary creatures. A person who wears a fursuit is called a fursuiter. Fursuits may cover the person's whole body, or just part of it. A fursuit that covers the whole body is called a "full suit." A suit that covers only part of the body (usually the head, arms, and feet, plus a tail) is called a "partial suit" or "partial." With a partial suit, the rest of the body is covered by clothes to hide the person inside. Fursuits are almost always one-of-a-kind. This is because they are often based a specific fursona and usually made one at a time. Some are made by the person who will wear them, others are made by artists who make them for money. People usually wear fursuits for fun. Sometimes people feel less shy in a fursuit because no one can see who they are. This can make them feel more comfortable dancing, playing, hugging, meeting people, or being silly. People may also wear fursuits to be a mascot for a charity or event, usually one related to animals. Inside a fursuit, it can be difficult to see and hear. Fursuiters often have a friend help them cross traffic or use stairs. In hot weather, fursuiters must be careful not to overheat. Slang in the furry fandom. Like many groups, the furry fandom has its own slang. "Murr" is a word used to show you like something or find it attractive sexually. "Scritching" is gentle scratching; in the furry fandom, this is a way to show you like someone, like hugging. "Yiff" is a slang word for sex. A "fursuit" is a costume that looks like a furry character. A "fursona" is a furry character someone makes up for himself or herself, although sometimes the word is used to describe furry characters (or "furs") in general. "Anthro" is short for anthropomorphic (human-like) and can mean either a furry character (example: "an anthro bear") or the genre (example: "anthro art"). The word “snoot” is slang for snout. Furries often "boop" snoots; this means gently pushing or tapping a fursuiter's nose, usually done as part of roleplay, as a greeting, or for fun. The word "beans/bean" is ether referring to a person or paw pads. Sexuality. Some people in the furry fandom find that attraction to furry characters or people in fursuits is an important part of their sexuality, and some do not. In one survey 37% of furries questioned answered that it was important to their sexuality, while 24% said that it was not. Other surveys say that only a small minority of people in furry fandom say that they are sexually attracted to animals. all though some say this there called "murrsuiters" and is only a very small percentage of the "furry fandom" people still think that very small percent is most of the community. Alderaan Alderaan is a fictional planet found in the "Star Wars "series of movies created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of ' (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in ' (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it. San Francisco Municipal Railway San Francisco Municipal Railway (or MUNI) is the public transit agency that runs buses, cable car, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California. MUNI runs diesel and trolleybuses that run throughout San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface, seven light rail lines that run below Market Street and two Historic Streetcar lines. Muni operates 365 days a year and connecting with other transportation services, such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain commuter trains, along with AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit and SamTrans buses, and ferries from Golden Gate Ferries and San Francisco Bay .Ferry. Services. Bus. Muni operates 44 local bus routes; 2 are operated during weekday peak hours. A number of routes have different terminals during evenings and/or weekends. Some routes also operate short turn route service during peak hours to deal with crowding on buses. Rapid lines have an R following their route number. Muni operates five Rapid bus routes. The Rapid routes largely follow the route of the local buses but have less stops on the corridor. Express lines have an X, AX, or BX following their route number. Muni operates 12 Express bus routes. Most of the express routes run on highways and on one-way traffic. These express routes also operate during peak hours. Muni operates 14 Owl routes. Owl routes are operated during midnight. Some local daytime routes are shortened during Owl service. And some Owl routes also cover big or small parts of daytime bus routes. Muni Metro. Muni operates 7 light rail lines and has its own subway tunnel underneath Market Street. These routes are named with a letter while buses are named with a number. Heritage streetcars. Muni operates 2 Historic Streetcar lines, these routes are operated by streetcars and are mostly treated as tourist attractions by tourists. Cable Cars. Muni operates 3 Cable Car lines, these routes are based out of the Cable Car barn at Mason & Washington streets. Cartilage Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching. Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton. Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which certainly does cause pain. There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection. Parts. Cartilage is made of special cells (called chondroblasts) that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of Dokkyo University Dokkyo University is a university in Soka city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan. This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department. History. Dokkyo University started in 1883. Munich Airport Munich Airport (IATAcode "MUC") is an airport 28 km north east of the city Munich, Germany. It is mainly used by Lufthansa and the Star-Alliance, which Lufthansa is in. In 2008, 34.53 million passengers used the airport. After Frankfurt am Main Munich is the second most important airport in Germany. It is the 8th largest in Europe. History. Munich Airport was opened in 1992. Before that the airport was in Riem. Building was started in 1980. Because Frankfurt am Main was so busy, Lufthansa began to use Munich for international flights. The Airport was named after "Franz-Josef Strauss", a politician who was very interested in aeroplanes. People in Munich usually just call it "München Flughafen" or "der Flughafen". In 2003 the second airport terminal was opened, for people travelling on Lufthansa and Star-Alliance only. A third runway is planned, because there is much traffic on Munich Airport, but people who live near the airport do not want it. Geography. You can use the Munich S-Bahn lines S1 and S8 to go to the city. They both cost €8,80 and take about forty minutes. Taxis to Munich cost €50 and can get stuck because of traffic congestion. The cities near the airport are Erding and Freising. They can be reached by Bus (~3-4 €) or Taxi (~€18). The Munich Airport center (MAC) is between the two terminals but it is not so far. It has many shops and restaurants. There is a Hilton Hotel near the airport and a second hotel is planned. Terminals. Munich Airport has two terminals. Terminal 2 is newer and larger. Terminal 1. Terminal 1 is used by the non-Star Alliance airlines. The halls or areas are numbered A-F. It was opened on 17th May 1992 20 million passengers can use it every year. At the moment the terminal is being renovated, giving more room for shops and other things. The first halls have already been finished. 68 Airlines use Terminal One. Hall E. Arrivals only Hall F. Hall F is a secure terminal used by Israeli airlines only. Terminal 2. Terminal 2 is used by all Star Alliance flights. It was opened on 29th June 2003 and nearly 20-25 million passengers can use it every year. Many passengers like the terminal because connections are easy and fast. The time needed for a connection inside the terminal is only 25 minutes, the airport and Lufthansa say. 26 Airlines use Terminal 2. Central area. The central area is a shopping-mall that is in between the two terminals; the older part which belongs to terminal 1 is an indoor area. The newer part which was built as the same time as the 2nd terminal is a big outside area. Cargo Area. The airport also has a cargo area. It is used by: Helmut Schmidt Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician. He was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982. Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg in 1918. He finished school in 1937 with the Abitur. Afterwards he had to join the working service and later the army. At the end of World War II, he was a First Lieutenant. He became a prisoner of war in 1945. After he was set free, he started to study macro economy. He finished his studies in 1949. Then he started to work for the administration of Hamburg. Schmidt joined into the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1949. In 1953, he became a member of the Bundestag first time. From 1961 to 1965, he was Senator in the state government of Hamburg. From 1969 to 1972, he was Minister of Defence of West Germany. From 1972 to 1974 he was Minister of Finance. After Willy Brandt gave up his job as "Bundeskanzler", Helmut Schmidt was elected as new chancellor. In July 2013, it was discovered that Schmidt bought 38,000 cigarettes due to a fear of them being banned in Europe. Schmidt died in Hamburg on 10 November 2015 from complications of surgery he had to cure a blood clot in his left left. He was 96 years old. Glinde Glinde is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg. History. The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times. In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages. On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov, (18 March 1844, Tikhvin – 21 June 1908) was a Russian composer. He was one of the most famous composers of his time and influenced a lot of other composers. Like so many Russian composers in the 19th century, he was an amateur composer. His main job was in the navy. Rimsky-Korsakov was born near Novgorod, 18 March 1844, and died in Lybensk, near St Petersburg, 21 June 1908. He is best known for his operas, orchestral music and songs. He was brilliant at writing music for orchestras and wrote an excellent book about orchestration. He loved to write music about fairy-tale stories and legends. His best-known work is "Scheherazade", an orchestral piece which describes in music the stories told by Scheherazade in the book of "One Thousand and One Nights". He also completed or re-orchestrated several works by Modest Mussorgsky which had been left unfinished. Life. Early years. Rimsky-Korsakov was born in 1844. Several people from his family had careers in the Russian army and navy. Both his grandmothers, however, were simple people who had lived in the country. When he was young he showed a great interest in music. He sang every tune he heard and knew, without looking, the names of the notes that he heard being played on the piano. When he was six he started piano lessons. The opera "Life for the Tsar" by Glinka made a big impression on him. However, he wanted to join the navy, so in 1862 he entered the College of Naval Cadets, where his brother (who was 22 years older) was the director. He continued to learn the piano while he was at Cadet school. He was never a brilliant pianist, but he enjoyed playing tunes from operas on the piano. He got to know several young composers who were already becoming famous: Balakirev, Cui and Mussorgsky. Balakirev gave him advice about his compositions. He started to write a symphony, but then he had to go to sea for two-and-a-half years. He sailed on a clipper called "Almaz". The boat went to Gravesend, the Baltic Sea, New York, Rio de Janeiro and the Mediterranean When he got back, Balakirev made him finish the symphony. Career and musical work. Rimsky-Korsakov now worked about two or three hours a day for the navy. He spent the rest of the time composing or visiting friends. He met more composers, including Borodin and Dargomïzhsky, and he composed songs and piano music, although he was not good enough to play the piano to audiences. However, his friends realized that he was very good at writing for orchestras and he was asked to orchestrate several pieces. Dargomïzhsky, who was dying, had not yet orchestrated his opera "The Stone Guest", so he asked Rimsky-Korsakov to do it. Although he had not had any formal musical education he was offered a job as professor of composition at the Petersburg Conservatory. In 1872 he married a girl called Nadezhda. She was a beautiful woman and an excellent pianist, and she helped him a lot, especially in making piano arrangements of his orchestral music. He wrote three symphonies and an opera "The Maid of Pskov", but in 1897 he stopped composing for several years. He spent his time inspecting naval bands and studied in great detail how musical instruments worked. Then, in 1880 he produced a new opera "May Night". It was performed in the Mariinsky Theatre. One of the main parts was sung by Fyodor Stravinsky, who was the father of Igor Stravinsky. Rimsky-Korsakov had by now become really interested in Russian folktunes and fairy tales. His next opera was "Snow Maiden". Then his friend Mussorgsky died, leaving lots of compositions unfinished. Rimsky-Korsakov spent a lot of time preparing them for publication. He made changes to some of Mussorgsky’s harmonies so that it suited his Romantic tastes. Nowadays many people think that Mussorgsky’s versions are better and that Rimsky-Korsakov had not understood properly what Mussorgsky had been trying to do. He also completed and orchestrated Borodin’s opera "Prince Igor" after Borodin died. He composed two very popular orchestral works: "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) and "Sheherazade" (1888). After this he hardly ever wrote any music which was just for orchestra, he concentrated instead on writing operas, e.g. The Tsar's Bride (1899). Later years. He became even more interested in opera after Karl Muck had conducted Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle four times in St Petersburg, but Wagner’s music did not influence his own style. However, he also had lots of worries, particularly about the health of some members of his family. He started to become depressed and worried about losing his ability to compose. He became more relaxed after he moved to a new home in the country. He composed the operas "Christmas Eve" and "Sadko". He wrote many beautiful songs and made changes to some of his earlier music. He also wrote an autobiography. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov died of heart trouble in 1908. His music. Rimsky-Korsakov is best known in the west for a few orchestral works, especially: "Scheherazade", "Spanish Capriccio" and "Easter Festival" overture. The way he arranges the music for the different instruments of the orchestra is brilliant (for example: in "Scheherazade" his use of the trombones for the evil Sultan, the violin for the beautiful Scheherazade, or the bassoon for the beggar. His operas are also full of wonderful effects and brilliant writing for the singers, but are often hard to translate well into other languages. One of his most famous piano works is "The Flight Of The Bumblebee". Modest Mussorgsky Modest Petrovitch Mussorgsky (born Karevo, Pskov district, 21 March 1839; died St Petersburg, 28 March 1881) was a Russian composer. Mussorgsky is famous for his operas and songs. He discovered new ways of writing for the voice which were very tuneful but which also suited the Russian language. His most famous opera is "Boris Godunov". He wrote an overture called "Night on a Bald Mountain". Another very famous piece is called "Pictures at an Exhibition". He wrote it for the piano, but many years after his death another composer called Maurice Ravel orchestrated it and this is the version people usually hear today. Some of his works were re-orchestrated and "improved" by the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. In recent years people have started to think that what Mussorgsky wrote originally was better. Life. Early years. Mussorgsky was born in Toropets, 250 miles south of Saint Petersburg. His family were very rich and owned a lot of land and servants (known as “serfs” in Russia). He probably got to know the serfs well. Later, in his operas, we can see that he had a lot of sympathy for the ordinary, poor people. When Mussorgsky was six he started to have piano lessons from his mother. He learned very quickly, and when he was nine he performed a concerto by John Field and works by Franz Liszt for the family. When he was 10 he and his brother went to a private school: St Peter’s School. When he was 12 he composed a polka. His father paid for it to be published. When he was 13 he was sent to the Cadet School of the Guards. His parents wanted him to be in military service, like his ancestors had been. It was a hard life at the school. There was a lot of bullying. He learned to drink alcohol and this eventually led to his alcoholism which was to kill him. He played the piano for the cadets to dance to. He was interested in history and German philosophy. Adulthood. In October 1856, when he was 17 years old, he met the 22-year-old Alexander Borodin. They were both working in a military hospital in Saint Petersburg. The two men were soon good friends. He also met Alexander Dargomyzhsky who was then the most important Russian composer after Mikhail Glinka. Dargomyzhsky liked Mussorgsky's piano playing, and Mussorgsky often went to musical parties at Dargomyzhsky’s home. Here he met many other important Russian musicians: the critic Vladimir Stasov and the composers César Cui and Mily Balakirev. He had a very special relationship with Balakirev who was like a teacher to him and gave him a lot of advice and encouragement, introducing him to a lot of music he did not yet know. In 1858 Mussorgsky decided to give up his job and spend all his time on music. The following years were difficult for Mussorgsky. He had a lot of depression. He composed some piano pieces and some songs. It was also a difficult time for his family who lost a lot of their wealth in 1861 when the new tsar of Russia ordered that the serfs could be free. Mussorgsky became a member of a group of five composers who became known as the Mighty Handful. The other four were Balakirev, Borodin, Cui and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The five were not together for very long. The others became too busy with careers outside music, or their musical tastes became very different from Mussorgsky’s. In 1863 he started to compose an opera "Salammbô" but he never finished it. Mussorgsky was very upset when his mother died in 1865. He started to drink heavily. In 1867 he finished the original orchestral version of his "Night on Bald Mountain". Balakirev did not like it and refused to conduct it, so it was never performed during Mussorgsky’s lifetime. Fame. Mussorgsky continued his career as a civil servant, but often he was not paid. He was very impressed by Dargomïzhsky’s new opera "The Stone Guest" and composed eleven scenes for an opera called "The Marriage". This, too, remained unfinished. However, he learned a lot from working at these unfinished works, and developed his own style which was later used in his greatest work: "Boris Godunov". He learned a way of setting words to music that would keep the words flowing in a natural way which heightened their meaning. It was very different from the old-style operas where music was divided sharply into arias and recitatives with a few choruses. When he was 29 he was encouraged to write an opera on the historical story of Boris Godunov. He based his opera on a play by Alexander Pushkin, but he also read history books by Nikolay Karamzin. He worked at the opera for a year while living with friends and working for the Forestry Department. In 1871 he had finished it, but it was not performed in the theatre because it did not have an important part for a female. Mussorgsky changed the opera, adding a whole new act with a love scene with a Polish princess. He made other changes as well. The new version was accepted. The first performance of the complete Godunov took place in February 1874. Mussorgsky was then at the height of his fame. Decline. After this Mussorgsky’s life became gradually worse. He was depressed, and had fits of madness. He was drinking heavily. He still managed to compose. He wrote a song cycle "Sunless", a piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition" and started two operas: "Khovanschina" and "The Fair at Sorochyntsi". A lot of his friends were drinking, and many of them died. He was lucky to keep his job: his boss was very keen on music and allowed him a lot of time off work. However, in 1880 he eventually lost his job. He was very poor. A group of friends got together to give him money so that he could finish the two operas he was composing. He almost managed to finish "Khovanschina" but "The Fair at Sorochyntsi" remained unfinished. He became ill. The famous painter Repin made a painting of the composer, showing him with a red nose and glazed eyes. He died a week after his 42nd birthday. His music. Mussorgsky's music uses Russian musical themes. His music influenced later composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev. His greatest work was the opera "Boris Godunov" which was about an historical character who illegally made himself tsar of Russia, but dies when he feels guilty about the murder he had committed. "Khovanshchina" was left unfinished and was completed by Rimsky-Korsakov. It was first performed in 1886 in Saint Petersburg. This opera, too, was revised by Shostakovich. "The Fair at Sorochyntsi" remained unfinished. It includes a dance, a Gopak, which is very well-known. Perhaps his best-known work is "Pictures at an Exhibition". It was written for piano, but later the French composer Maurice Ravel arranged it for orchestra, and this version is very often performed today at concerts. A short orchestral piece "Night on Bald Mountain" is also very often performed. Mussorgsky wrote a number of songs including three short song cycles: "The Nursery" (1872), "Sunless" (1874) and "Songs and Dances of Death" (1877). One very well-known song is "Mephistopheles' Song of the Flea". Provost In the United States, the Provost is the chief academic officer of a college or university. Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school. In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or university. Robert Kocharian Robert Kocharian is the president of Armenia. He is the second president Armenia has had since it left the Soviet Union. On August 31 1954 Robert Kocharian was born in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the city of Stepanakert. As president of Armenia, Kocharian has been talking to the president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, about what to do with the land of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the two countries had a war over. Armenians Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. According to various estimates, the total population of Armenians in the world is 7 to 8 million. They spoke Armenian, an Indo-European language. History. Kingdom of Urartu. Armenians are the heirs of the Urartians. Redgate says that the Urartians are the "most easily identifiable" ancestors of the Armenians. Philip D. Curtin defined the Kingdom of Urartu as an Armenian kingdom. The territory of the ancient Kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the Republic of Armenia. Its center was the Armenian highland between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. During the seventh century, the Urartians collaborated with a combination of Scythians and Cimmerians in their jockeying for power, but by 590, having been weakened in the constant rivalry between Assyrians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Medes, Urartu was swallowed by the Medes. Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity). The Kingdom of Armenia was ruled by the Orontid (also known as Yervanduni or Eurandids) dynasty from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids (Eurandids) were an Armenian dynasty of probably Iranian origin. Around 200 BC a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artaxias toppled the Orontid (Yervanduni) dynasty, thus the Artaxiad dynasty came to power. The Artaxiad dynasty was been identified as a branch of the Orontid (Eurandid) dynasty. Under Tigranes the Great, a member of this dynasty, during his reign, Kingdom of Armenia stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean and the Kingdom of Armenia was called the "Armenian empire" during her reign. Approximately half a century after the collapse of the Artaxiad dynasty Armenia was under the rule of the Arshakunis, the Armenian branch of the Parthian Arsacids. Next, in 314, under King Tiridates (Trdat) the Great and through the apostolate of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Armenia, nearly simultaneously with the Roman empire, officially accepted Christianity, a turning point in its history. An event of importance in the Arshakuni period was the invention, on the threshold of the fifth century, of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop. With this Armenian became the language of the educated; it was introduced into the liturgy; and national literature was born (under Hellenistic and Syrian influences). Armenia’s identity and individuality were thus saved and an absorption by either Byzantine or Iranian civilization was precluded. Kingdom of Armenia (medieval). Ashot I's prestige rose as both Byzantine and Arab leaders courted him. The Abbasid Caliphate recognized Ashot as "prince of princes" in 862 and, later on, as king. Several contemporary prominent Armenians, including Grigor-Derenik Vaspurakan, insisted on Ashot's coronation. Ashot was crowned King of Armenia through the consent of Caliph al-Mu'tamid in 885 to prevent intrusion into Armenian territory by Basil I, a Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin. The establishment of the Bagratuni kingdom later led to the founding of several other Armenian principalities and kingdoms: Taron, Vaspurakan, Kars, Khachen and Syunik. During the reign of Ashot III (952/53–77), Ani became the kingdom's capital and grew into a thriving economic and cultural center. The first half of the 11th century saw the decline and eventual collapse of the kingdom. The Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) won a string of victories and annexed parts of southwestern Armenia. King Hovhannes-Smbat felt forced to cede his lands and in 1022 promised to "will" his kingdom to the Byzantines following his death. However, after Hovhannes-Smbat's death in 1041, his successor, Gagik II, refused to hand over Ani and continued resistance until 1045, when his kingdom, plagued with internal and external threats, was finally taken by Byzantine forces. It can be assumed that Armenia had a population of 5–6 million at that time in the (IX-XI centuries). Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom. In 1226, the crown was passed to rival Hethumids through Leo's daughter Isabella's second husband, Hethum I. As the Mongols conquered vast regions of Central Asia and the Middle East, Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an Armeno-Mongol alliance against common Muslim foes, most notably the Mamluks. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. After relentless attacks by the Mamluks in Egypt in the fourteenth century, the Cilician Armenia of the Lusignan dynasty, mired in an internal religious conflict, finally fell in 1375. Commercial and military interactions with Europeans brought new Western influences to the Cilician Armenian society. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. Moreover, the organization of the Cilician society shifted from its traditional system to become closer to Western feudalism. The European Crusaders themselves borrowed know-how, such as elements of Armenian castle-building and church architecture. Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of Ayas serving as a center for East–West trade. Modern period. From the 17th century, Western Armenia fell under Ottoman rule and Eastern Armenia fell under Iran (Safavids; Afsharids, Zands and Qajars) rule. The Iran in Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) lost Western Armenia to the Russians. Ottoman Empire On the eve of World War I in 1914, around two million Armenians lived in Anatolia out of a total population of 15–17.5 million. According to the Armenian Patriarchate's estimates for 1913–1914, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the Ottoman Empire, of which 2,084 were in the Armenian highlands in the vilayets of Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Erzerum, Harput, and Van. Armenians were a minority in most places where they lived, alongside Turkish and Kurdish Muslim and Greek Orthodox Christian neighbors. According to the Patriarchate's figure, 215,131 Armenians lived in urban areas, especially Constantinople, Smyrna, and Eastern Thrace. Although most Ottoman Armenians were peasant farmers, they were overrepresented in commerce. As middleman minorities, despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable. The ethnic cleansing of Armenians during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a genocide, The Ottoman Empire massacred approximately 600,000–1,500,000 Armenians. The first wave of persecution was in the years 1894 to 1896, the second one culminating in the events of the Armenian genocide in 1915 and 1916. First Republic, Mountainous Armenia, Soviet Armenia, today The First Republic of Armenia was established in 1918, but collapsed in 1920. In 1921, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia was established but collapsed in the same year. Afterwards Armenia came under the Soviet administration and became one of the Soviet Republics. In 1991, like other Soviet Republics, Armenia gained its independence. Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) The Mass Rapid Transit system, commonly known as the MRT, is a rapid transit system that makes up the railways in Singapore, covering most of the city-state. Following two decades of planning, the system began operations in November 1987 with 5 stations spread over of track. The network has since grown quickly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a complex rail network as the core of the country's public transportation system, averaging a daily ridership of 3.384 million in 2019. It is a rapid transit system which links the different places of Singapore together using a network, or different connections of trains. When a person travels from one place to another, he or she boards a train in a train station and then the train moves until the train reaches the place he or she wants to come out, or alight from. Sometimes he or she has to change trains. Overview. About 3.3 million passengers use the MRT everyday. The system is 199.6 km long and has 119 stations. Trains run from 5:30 am to 1:00 am every day except for the festive periods, such as Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve and Chinese New Year's Eve. A train comes every 2–3 minutes in peak hours, every 7 minutes during off-peak hours and 5–6 minutes for the weekend service. It is operated by Singapore's SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit. There are currently 5 lines in the MRT system, where they are connected by special stops called interchanges. The lines are North South Line, East West Line, North East Line, Circle Line and Downtown Line. The Circle Line opened in four stages from 28 May 2009 to 14 January 2012. Stage 1 of Downtown Line opened on 22 December 2013 with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. On 16 December 2011, the MRT network suffered what is likely to be the worst breakdown in its 24-year operating history. 'A power rail problem' made North-South Line trains suddenly lose power and stopped in darkness and without air conditioning for up to an hour accompanied only by light from mobile phones. Expansion. The MRT system only had two lines, the North South and East West Lines, for more than ten years until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines, as well as those being built, were made long before, the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) proposal named "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 showed that the government wanted to greatly expand on the existing system. The plans allow for the long-term replacement of the bus network by rail-based transportation as the main way of public transportation. It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to over 360 in the year 2030. It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would have grown to 6.0 million from the current 1.4 million passengers. Thomson-East Coast Line. The 43-kilometre Thomson-East Coast Line is planned to be completed by 2024 and consists of 32 stations. It will connect to the North South Line at Woodlands station, Orchard and Marina Bay, to the Circle Line at Thomson, Caldecott and Marina Bay, to the Downtown Line at Stevens and Sungei Bedok, and to the East West and North East lines at Outram Park. The first part, or stage, will open by the end of 2019. The Thomson-East Coast Line was a result of a joining of two separate lines, the Thomson Line and the Eastern Region Line, which was announced on 15 August 2014. The Thomson Line consisted of the part from Woodlands North to Marina Bay, while the Eastern Region Line consisted of the rest of the joined line. A new extension to the line was announced on 25 May 2019. The new extension will connect the line to Singapore Changi Airport, allowing people arriving from the airport to go to the city without changing to another train. The tracks of the East West MRT line that currently go to the airport will also be used by this extension, which means that trains on the line will go all the way to Tanah Merah station, and there will be no more East West line trains using these tracks. This extension will open by 2040. North East Line Extension. To be opened by 2023, the 2-kilometre extension will run from Punggol through Punggol North including the new Punggol Downtown. The extension is for future residents in Punggol North to have train access to the city centre as well as other parts of Singapore. Downtown Line. The Downtown Line was built in three stages, with the first opening in 2013, the second in 2015, and the third in 2017. An extension to the third stage, known as Stage 3e, will open in 2024, being 2.2 kilometres long and with two more stations. On 7 March 2015, Senior Minister of Stage for Transport Janil Puthucheary said that there will be a new station called Hume, to be built between the already open stations of Hillview and Beauty World. This station will open in 2025. When Hume opens, the line will be 42 kilometres long and have 37 stations. On 25 May 2019, the Land Transport Authority announced another extension to the second stage of the line to a new station, Sungei Kadut MRT station. This extension will open in the mid-2030s. Circle Line Stage 6. To be opened by 2025, the 4-kilometre extension will run from Marina Bay through Keppel, ending at HarbourFront, making the Circle Line a full continuous circle. Jurong Region Line. First proposed as a LRT line when originally announced in 2001, the Jurong Region Line is now going to be a medium capacity line. The new plan will serve West Coast, Tengah and Choa Chu Kang and Jurong. The line will open in stages from 2026. Cross Island Line. The 50-kilometre Cross Island Line will go across the island of Singapore, passing through Tuas, Jurong, Sin Ming, Ang Mo Kio, Hougang, Punggol, Pasir Ris and Changi. The addition of the new line brings commuters with another way for east–west travel to the current East West Line. It will also connect to all the other major lines to serve as a key transfer line, adding to the role currently fulfilled by the orbital Circle Line. The first stage will open by 2029, and other stages are expected to open by 2031. Brickland and Sungei Kadut MRT stations. On 25 May 2019, the LTA announced two new stations to be built on the North South line. Brickland station will be built between Bukit Gombak and Choa Chu Kang, while Sungei Kadut will be built between Yew Tee and Kranji. Both stations will open in the mid-2030s. Possible new line along north-east area. In the LTA's Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP) 2040, there will be studies to see if a new line can be built, between Woodlands, and Greater Southern Waterfront areas. If the line is built, it will be about 30 kilometres long, and will be completed as early as 2040. The line could serve around 400,000 houses, and lower the time needed for travel to the city by up to 40 minutes. Facilities at the stations. Every station has ticket machines, restrooms (toilets), a passenger service center, which controls what is happening in the train station and has wired radio with the train operator, payphones (public phones) and access for disabled. Some of them have automated teller machines, kiosks and a bus interchange nearby. All stations in Singapore are either elevated or underground, with the exception of Bishan. Underground stations and trains are air-conditioned and have full-height platform screen doors. Elevated stations have half-height platform screen doors. Rolling stock. A total of 11 types of rolling stock are used on the MRT lines. Almost all of them are powered by 750 voltage current from a third rail, except those on the North East MRT Line, which uses 1500 voltage current from overhead wires. For the East West and North South Lines, six types of rolling stock are used. The oldest is the C151, built in 1986-89 by a collaboration between Kawasaki Heavy Industries and three sub-companies, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo and Tokyu Car Corp. 66 trainsets are in operation, which were upgraded between 2006 and 2008. 19 more C651s were purchased in 1994 from Siemens AG, followed by 21 more C751B sets, built in 1999-2000 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Nippon Sharyo. Two companies, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and CSR Sifang, have collaborated to build 3 types of rolling stock. The fourth rolling stock in operation is the C151A. They were built between 2010 and 2014, and started operations in 2011. The next rolling stock that started operations is the C151B, which began operations on 16 April 2017. The newest rolling stock, being built between 2017 and 2018, is the C151C, and it began operations on 30 September 2018. On the North East Line, 25 six-car trainsets of the C751A were built from 1999 to 2002 by Alstom. A further 18 trainsets, the C751C, were built by Alstom and Shanghai Electric and entered operation on 1 October 2015. For the fourth MRT line, the Circle Line, 40 three-car trainsets of C830s were built from 2005 to 2008 and began operations in 2009. Together with the C751Cs, the same companies made 24 C830C trainsets which began operations on 26 June 2015. For the fifth MRT line, the Downtown Line, 73 three car C951s were built by Bombardier Transportation and began operations in 2013. An additional 15 trains and a final 4 trains were ordered, bringing the total number of C951s to 92 trainsets. For the future Thomson-East Coast Line which is being built, 91 four-car trainsets of CT251 rolling stock are being built and will be delivered between 2018 and 2021, and will begin operations from 2019. Fares and ticketing. Stations are divided into two areas, "paid" and "unpaid", which allow the rail operators to collect fares by controlling entry only through the fare gates, also known as "access control gates". These gates, connected to a computer system, are able to read and change electronic tickets that can store data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip. General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to purchase more value for stored-value tickets. Standard tickets can be used up to 6 times within 30 days from the day of purchase. The machines also allow the customer to buy more credit for stored-value tickets. Such tickets require a minimum amount of stored credit. As the fare system has been connected together by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates (once on entry, once on exit) for an entire journey, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies. Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference as they exit their destination station. The ticketing system uses the EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay contactless smart cards based upon the System for e-Payments (SeP) system for public transit built on the Singapore Standard for Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) system. This system allows for up to 4 card issuers in the market. The EZ-Link card was introduced on 13 April 2002 as a replacement to the original TransitLink farecard while its competitor the NETS FlashPay card entered the smart card market on 9 October 2009. The adult EZ-link card is at S$15 while the NETS FlashPay card is at S$13. Safety. Assurance has been given by both operators and authorities, that many actions have been taken in an effort to ensure the safety of passengers, with SBS Transit having to make greater efforts in actively publicising its safety considerations on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening. Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently play safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are about the same as the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association. Platform screen doors are installed at all underground stations, with half-height platform screen doors installed at all above-ground stations. These doors prevent suicides and disallowed access to restricted areas, as well as keeping normal temperatures in stations. Bylaws reduce uncivil, disruptive and dangerous acts, such as smoking, the consumption of food and drink, using safety features in an evil way, and unlawfully going onto the railway tracks. Penalties ranging from fines to jail are given for these offences. Safety concerns were raised among the public after several accidents on the system during the 1980s and 1990s, but most problems have been fixed. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi MRT Station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries. There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above-ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at above-ground stations. The people in charge initially rejected such proposals as they felt that the functional purposes were not worth the high cost of installation, but changed their minds when the government announced plans to install half-height automatic platform gates in a speech on 25 January 2008, reasoning that worldwide installations of these gates reduced the market price for them. Security. Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not the biggest priority of the system's planners at its original creation. However, after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the failed plan to bomb the Yishun MRT Station, the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and check the belongings of commuters. Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended. Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording software at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation. Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances, to remove the risk that bombs will be placed in them. Photography without prior allowance was also banned in all MRT stations since. On 14 April 2005, the Singapore Police Force announced plans to improve rail security by creating a specialised Police MRT Unit, now known as Public Transport Security Command (Transcom). These armed officers began patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains. They are trained and allowed to use their firearms if they need to, including killing if necessary. Hampshire College Hampshire College is a private college in Amherst, Massachusetts. The current president of the college is Ralph Hexter. The motto of the college is "Non Satis Scire", which is Latin for "to know is not enough". History. Hampshire was created in 1965 by four other colleges as an experiment in higher education. The campus opened and the first class of students arrived in 1970. The Presidents of Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts got together in the 1950s and early 1960s and realized that there were things their own schools did not do very well. They also thought that the world was changing a lot and needed a college where students would have a lot of responsibility for their own education to be successful in the future. Franklin Patterson and Charles Longsworth were chosen by these schools and wrote a book called "The Making of a College" that said how Hampshire was to be run and what kind of programs it would offer. Today, this book is considered an inspirational document by Hampshire students and faculty who try to live up to its ideals. Program. Hampshire College describes itself as an experimenting college because it is always changing and improving how it does things, rather than doing the same thing as other colleges. Students usually do individual projects in order to move towards graduation. There is some required coursework, but it is not the main point of the school. Students also do not receive grades for completing their work. Instead, they get something called a "narrative evaluation", which is a long written explanation of what they did right and what they did wrong. There are also no specific required classes for graduation, but students must take classes in different areas depending on where they are in their studies. The program is divided into three "Divisions" rather than four years, and students complete each Division as they show that they are capable of harder work. Most students graduate in four years, but not everyone takes the same amount of time for each Division. The Hampshire College faculty are not organized in traditional departments but in loosely collected Schools. The Schools' names and subjects have changed over the years, but there have always been between three and five of them. Since 2005, the Schools are: Heather McCartney Heather McCartney (born Heather See on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the adopted daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney. When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family. Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie "Let it Be", visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone. Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician. Jan Kerouac Jan-Michelle Kerouac (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty. A writer herself, Jan's books included "Baby Driver" and "Trainsong". She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story. Death. On June 5, 1996, Kerouac died in Albuquerque, New Mexico a day after her spleen was removed. She had suffered kidney failure five years earlier and was on dialysis. She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents. Survivor A survivor is a person or animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them. They might be one person who lives when ten people die in a car crash. Survivor could also mean: Exclusive disjunction Exclusive disjunction (also called exclusive or, XOR) is a logic operation on two values. It is often represented by the symbol formula_1 (or formula_2). It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise, it will be false. This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different. Same values will result in a false. The best way to remember a XOR operation is: "One or the other, but not both". Because of that, this is different from inclusive disjunction. Truth table. The truth table of formula_3 (also written as formula_4, formula_5, or formula_6) is as follows: Forchheim Forchheim (; East Franconian: "Forchham") is a German town in Upper Franconia. Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg. There live is about 32.000 people. Forchheim is high and has an area of . Photo gallery. <br> César Cui César Cui (18 January 1835, Vilnius – 26 March 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("Mighty Handful"), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania. Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general. Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy. Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called "Orientale". Alexander Borodin Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin (born St. Petersburg October 12th 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer. Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an amateur musician. His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. He had to compose in his spare time. When he was ill he had more leisure to write music. He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”. Borodin’s most famous opera is called "Prince Igor". He wrote many fine songs, chamber music and orchestral music, including two symphonies. The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is especially well-known. In his music, Borodin showed Russian power and the heoric characters. His main means of expression was melody. When he was young he learned French, Swedish and English, but later Italian. Borodin died of a heart attack. Permit A permit is a written document that has been given by a government source. Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit. Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons: Corrosion Corrosion is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions. It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of erosion. Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means. One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear. Iron corrosion is called rusting. Rust Rust is a type of corrosion. It happens to iron and its alloys when it is exposed to air or water for a long time. Rust slowly decomposes iron into other chemicals, because of a reaction with the oxygen molecules. Both air and water are needed for rust. Almost all metals corrode but they can be protected by covering with paint, a coating of oil or grease or even plastic. Sacrificial protection or industrial galvanizing can also work. Alloys (mixes of metals) such as stainless steel, rust more slowly than pure iron. When iron rusts, it becomes red or brown, and the metal eventually decays. Rust appears on metal if it is left outside in the damp air. For example, rust occurs mostly in cracks of alloys or metals. Rain water can enter the cracks and stay in the cracks, and cause the metal to corrode. Eventually it becomes rust. Iron is not strong after it rusts. Some metals, such as aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel form a very thin coating of tough corrosion on the metal. The metal cannot continue corroding because the coating isolates the rest of the metal from the source of oxygen. This is why aluminium keeps its shine. It also makes aluminium seem very unreactive, even though it can react with water. Rusting iron makes iron oxides that are not tough, so air and water continue to get in and the iron continues to rust. Some types of basidiomycete fungi can be mistaken for rust because they are similar to rust in color and texture and sometimes are on metals. Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown is a town in the United States. It was founded on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England. They named the town Jamestown after King James. These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become rich. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. The town was built on Jamestown Island along the James River. This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island. Built on a peninsula it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists. Background. Before Jamestown, fourteen colonies had been attempted in North America by Spain, France and England. Out of these, only two Spanish colonies survived making Jamestown the third European colony that succeeded for any period of time. The first colony attempted by Spain was in 1526 at San Miguel de Gualdape. Very little was known of it, including that its location was somewhere on the coast of present-day Georgia or South Carolina. In 1562, Jean Ribaut established a colony of French Huguenots called Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. He left about 27 men there while he returned to France. Meanwhile, the men of the colony revolted against their commander. They built a boat and attempted to return to France. The English attempted to establish Roanoke Colony in 1587. But this was a failure. James I of England issued a charter in 1606 to set up a settlement in North America. At the time the English called the entire coast (above Florida) Virginia after Elizabeth I of England, the "virgin queen". One of the purposes of the new colony were to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean to establish trade with the Orient. Three ships, the "Susan Constant", the "Godspeed" and the "Discovery" set sail from London on December 20, 1606 bound for Virginia. there were 106 settlers (4 were boys) and 39 crew members. However, it is not known how many may have died during the Voyage. They arrived on April 26, 1607. The Settlement. The first day, between 20 and 30 men explored the site but then they came under attack by Indians at dusk. The people of Jamestown found there were many problems to their colony. The water was bad for drinking. Many insects lived around the swampy land. The insects gave the people who lived there diseases. The leader, Captain John Smith, made the rules for the men. One of the rules was, "You don't work, you don´t eat." The settlers traded with the Powhatan people. They gave the Powhatans tools, pots, and knives, in return for corn and vegetables. Two thirds died before another ship arrived from England in 1608 with more food and more settlers. During the harsh winter of 1609, most of the settlers starved to death and the survivors resorted to cannibalism. 980s The 980s was a decade that began on 1 January 980 and ended on 31 December 989. Suhl Suhl is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610. According to a local joke, "Suhl is so close to the edge of the world you can see Zella-Mehlis". Eisenach Eisenach is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel. Its population is about 43,000. GameFAQs GameFAQs is a website with help and information for video games. It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey. It has an active message board community. Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann (born 6 June 1875 in Lübeck; died 12 August 1955 in Zürich) was a German author. Mann was born in 1875 in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891 his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose by the way. In 1898 he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation. In the World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas. In 1929 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann. Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934. He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States. In 1944 he became a US citizen. He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952 he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes. He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland. Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 1 February 1976) was a German physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of quantum mechanics. He discovered the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which shows there is a limit on how well position and velocity of a particle can be measured. Early life. Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, the son of a professor of Byzantine history. He went to university to study physics in Munich. Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers. Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies. He then wrote a doctoral thesis about movements in the flows of liquids ("Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen"—"On the stability and turbulence of liquid streams"). In 1924 he became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen. In June 1925 he was recovering from hay fever on the island Helgoland, and while working alone made the decisive breakthrough to Quantum mechanics. Back in Göttingen, together with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, they wrote the basic paper which founded Quantum mechanics. In 1926/ 1927 Heisenberg worked with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. In February 1927, while Bohr was on extended skiing holidays, he invented the uncertainty principle and published the paper “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik”—“On the Visualizable Contents of the Quantum-theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics”. At the age of 26 Heisenberg became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig. He was awarded the Nobel Prize when he was 31 years old. In 1937 he married Elisabeth Schumacher. They had seven children, one of their sons is well known as a neurobiologist and geneticist, Martin Heisenberg. War and later. During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945 Werner Heisenberg was drafted to work on the German Uranium Project . This was aiming at a nuclear reactor, and did not result in any nuclear weapons, possibly because Heisenberg did not want it to. Some historians assume that there was a race between the minute German Uranium project and the huge American Manhattan project. Hans A. Bethe, the director of the theory division of the Manhattan project at Los Alamos, said this was not true. Edward Teller, the father of the American hydrogen bomb, said that Heisenberg sabotaged the German project. After the war, he was held as a prisoner at Farm Hall in England from May 1945 to January, 1946, where the British and Americans kept ten German nuclear scientists. Later he worked in elementary particle physics, mainly in West Germany and he helped the foundation of the European Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. In April 1957, he signed a declaration , together with 17 German physicists, that they would never participate in the construction of nuclear weapons. In 1958, his Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was transferred from Göttingen to München. He died in Munich Germany, in 1976 at the age of 74. Islamophobia Islamophobia is the dislike, fear, pre-judgment, hostility or hate against Muslims (people following the religion Islam) or the religion itself. Sometimes people use it to attack the ideological positions taken by Muslims, but more often than not they state the religion itself as the actual problem. Muslim women are more likely to experience islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of face veil. Examples of islamophobia in the world. During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of islamophobia. In France, since 2013, it is illegal for Muslim women to wear veils (burqas and niqabs) that cover their faces publicly. Ludwig Erhard Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 in Fürth - 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician. Life. Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg. After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt. From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research. Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963. From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany. In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer. From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor. After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor. In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him. Erhard died in 1977, aged 80. Kurt Georg Kiesinger Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904 in Ebingen, now Baden-Württemberg - 9 March 1988 in Tübingen-Bebenhausen) was a German politician. Kiesinger was born in Southern Germany. He studied history and philosophy in Tübingen and later law in Berlin. He joined the Nazi party in 1933, and worked in the government. After the war he was held in a prison camp in Ludwigshafen. He was released when notes on his personnel file showed that he had not helped the anti-Jewish actions in his department, and had tried to stop them. In 1946, he started a political career in the CDU. From 1958 to 1966, he was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, from 1967 to 1971 Chair of the CDU. From 1966 to 1969, he was chancellor of West Germany. Call of Duty 3 Call of Duty 3 is a first person shooter video game. It is available on many gaming systems such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PC. It is a sequel to "Call of Duty 2", and is part of the Call of Duty series. "Call of Duty 3" is set in France, during the time of World War II. The player is part of the allied forces placing charges, firing mortars, driving jeeps, and killing Nazis. The player moves by using the movement of his own hands. The game also features online play, which allows you to choose the side of allies or axis and play on a team against opposing players. Differences. While the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions support online headset, the PlayStation 3 does not support headset due to the game being rushed to be ported at the time and is ironic because the PS2 was released before the PlayStation 3. The Wii version does not support online play. Brian Johnson Brian Johnson (born 5 October 1947 in Dunston, Gateshead, England) is an English singer and songwriter. He is best known as the singer for Australian hard rock band AC/DC. Biography. Johnson's father, Allan, was in the British Army's light infantry. His mother, Esther, came from Italy. Johnson has two children from his first marriage. That marriage ended in divorce just before he joined AC/DC in 1980. Before AC/DC. Johnson was in the Newcastle glam-rock band Geordie in 1972. The band split up in 1978 but Johnson put it back together in 1980. Just after a record contract had been signed, Johnson was asked to audition for AC/DC. Joining AC/DC. Johnson joined AC/DC in 1980, after the death of the band's former lead singer Bon Scott. He was the band's first choice. A fan in Cleveland, Ohio had sent a Geordie album to AC/DC after Bon Scott's death. The fan had asked them to consider Johnson. Years earlier, Bon Scott had also praised Johnson's singing and performance style. Johnson co-wrote all of AC/DC's songs with the Young brothers for ten years. Centipede A centipede is a type of myriapod with many legs. Centipedes are predators. They hunt during the night; they are nocturnal. Some centipedes are venomous, but none can kill a person unless they are allergic. Centipedes are in the class Chilopoda, and related to millipedes, which are not poisonous. As the millipedes, they are segmented. They have between 5 and 173 segments, but only one pair of legs per segment. There may be 8,000 species in the world. The house centipede is a carnivore that feeds on cockroaches, house flies and other domestic pests. It is therefore beneficial. But because it has a scary appearance it is often exterminated. Pomerania Pomerania ("Pommern" in German, "Pomorze" in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland. Prehistoric tribes. 20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area. Conquest and rule. Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156. The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806. 1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula Bronllys Bronllys is a village in the Powys region of Wales. A Norman castle was built there in the 11th century. Natural language processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages. Würzburg Würzburg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria. About 124,000 people live there. There is a university there. Würzburg is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. In about 1000 BC there was a Celtic settlement in that place. In 698 AD Würzburg became Christianised. The first mention was in 704 AD. In 742 Würzburg became the seat of a bishop. From 1168 the bishops of Würzburg had the title Herzog (Duke), given by the emperor. In 1402 Würzburg got a university. It later closed and then reopened in 1582. In 1631 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquered Würzburg in the 30-year war. In 1803 the Duchy of Würzburg became part of Bavaria, in 1938 the city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for the first time. In 1945 the city was nearly completely destroyed. Its football team is Würzburger Kickers. Gallery. <br> Rear Window Rear Window is a 1954 American mystery thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is based on the story, "It Had To Be Murder", by Cornell Woolrich. John Michael Hayes wrote the script The film stars James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey, Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. It was nominated for four Academy Awards. Critics consider it one of Alfred Hitchcock's best movies and one of the greatest movies of all time. Plot. The movie tells the story of a photographer L. B. "Jeff" Jefferies (played by James Stewart) who has a broken leg. He spends his days sitting in his Greenwich Village apartment watching his neighbors through their open windows. There is a ballet dancer Miss Torso, a pianist and songwriter, a couple with a dog who digs the flowers up, a newly married couple, 'Miss Lonelyhearts', and a jewelry seller Lars Thorwald with his bed-ridden wife. Lisa Fremont (played by Grace Kelly) is Jeff's girlfriend and visits several times. A nurse Stella (played by Thelma Ritter) also takes care of Jeff. One night Jeff hears and sees some unusual things. Jeff hears a woman scream, "Don't!" and glass breaking. He sees Thorwald leave the house several times at night with a suitcase. The next day Thorwald's wife is gone, and Jeff sees him cleaning a knife and saw. There is a large trunk. Jeff thinks there has been a murder. He tells Lisa and Stella. Jeff calls Tom Doyle to investigate. Doyle finds nothing. Witnesses say Thorwald's wife had left. Jeff sees Thorwald take out his wife's jewelry and her wedding ring. Lisa says that women would not leave their jewelry at home like that. The two agree that Thorwald's wife did not leave the apartment. The dog dies and the owner shouts at everyone. Everyone listens except Thorwald. Jeff thinks Thorwald killed the dog and that he buried something in the ground. Jeff calls Thorwald to get him out of the house. He does this so Lisa and Stella can search the ground. The two find nothing. Lisa surprisingly enters Thorwald's apartment. Jeff and Stella see Miss Lonelyhearts try to kill herself, but the piano music stops her. Distracted, Jeff and Stella do not notice Thorwald coming back. Thorwald goes to Lisa and starts grabbing her. Jeff calls the police and says there is an assault. The police arrive and arrest Lisa for breaking in. She shows her finger to Jeff that she has the wedding ring of Thorwald's wife. Thorwald sees Lisa's hand signal and sees Jeff. Jeff calls detective Doyle. Thorwald calls Jeff and enters Jeff's apartment. Jeff uses flashbulbs to slow down Thorwald by blinding him. Thorwald throws Jeff off the window. Jeff calls for help, and the police come. Jeff falls, but officers catch him. Doyle, Lisa and Stella rush to Jeff's side. Thorwald confesses murdering his wife. A few days later Jeff has casts on both legs. The neighbors of Greenwich Village are happy again. There is a new puppy. Miss Torso's love is back from war. Miss Lonelyhearts is seeing the pianist. The Thorwald's apartment is being painted and redone. Lisa is with Jeff. She reads "Beyond the High Himalayas" and then reads a fashion magazine. Cast. Uncredited Alfred Hitchcock makes a cameo appearance in the apartment of the pianist. Themes and Motifs. Voyeurism. A major theme in "Rear Window" is voyeurism. This is when someone intimately watches someone else. In the film, Jeff is spying on his neighbors. This act is morally questionable, and the audience participates in it. The camera follows Jeff's eyes. It switches back to facing Jeff. The camera allows the viewers to join Jeff in his actions. The audience should feel guilty. Stella criticizes Jeff's actions. She says that people should stop looking out and look at themselves. Lisa says Jeff's actions are like a disease. She is upset that Jeff only watches the neighbors. Jeff himself questions if it is alright to spy on a man with binoculars. Lisa and Stella question Jeff's actions at first, but they join him later. The idea of spying can relate to surveillance in the state. During the time, people feared that the government would watch them the whole time. This fear was due to McCarthyism. In the film, a helicopter comes close above the village. It is like the helicopter is spying on the village. There is almost no difference between private and public in the film. Loneliness. Another theme is loneliness and isolation. All the residents are separated from each other. They are like prisoners in their own apartments. Jeff cannot leave the apartment with his injury. The entire film is also limited to the space of the courtyard. The character Miss Lonelyhearts can represent the isolation of the neighbors. Jeff is detached from the neighbors as he watches them, and they do not know he is watching them. Jeff is like a photographer, taking mental pictures of his neighbors. The dog owner says that none of the people know the meaning of a neighbor and that they do not care. Gender and Marriage. Gender roles are important in the film. It is after World War II and women were changing roles in society. In the film, male characters are no longer heroes. Hitchcock switches the roles of men and women. For instance, Thorwald murders his wife. Jeff is injured, his camera is destroyed, and he cannot walk. Detective Doyle cannot find evidence. Meanwhile, Lisa and Stella are the only ones who can investigate. Gender roles connect to marriage. Jeff talks about marriage on the phone. He analyzes Lisa a lot and is not ready to marry her. At one point, Jeff and Lisa argue. Jeff thinks that Lisa could not stand Jeff's lifestyle as a photographer. Stella says that people in the past just fell in love and that now they study each other like samples in a bottle. This type of marriage connects to the other themes of loneliness and surveillance. The couples are not just loving each other, but objectively studying each other. They are distant from each other and must constantly watch each other. Jeff, for example, watches Lisa. Marriage appears in other places. There is a newly married couple. Lisa gets the wedding ring of Thorwald's wife. The wedding ring is symbolic for marriage and is a form of situational irony. Lisa wants to marry Jeff, but she ends up with the wedding ring of Thorwald's wife.   Production. Development. The screenplay of "Rear Window" is based on the short story "It Had To Be Murder." Cornell Woolrich wrote the story in 1942. The main story about a man in a wheelchair watching neighbors and thinking there is a murder is the same. Hitchcock added characters such as Lisa and Stella. There was no romantic relationship in the story. In the film, there are also more neighbors. Two real murders inspired the film. The first is the "case of Dr. Crippen." Dr. Crippen buried his wife in his basement in 1910. He made the mistake of letting his secretary wear his wife's jewelry. In the second case, Patrick Mahon murdered Emily Kaye in 1924. He did this by cutting her up and throwing her parts out of a train window. The man later burned her head in a fireplace. Filming. The entire movie was shot at Paramount Studios. There was a complete set of Greenwich Village. It was one of the largest sets at Paramount. The set had a special drainage system and lighting for different parts of the day. There were 31 apartments on the set and 12 had full furniture. Costume Design. Edith Head was the costume designer for the movie. Costumes and clothing are important in the film for characterization. Grace Kelly is into fashion and has many different outfits. The different clothes relate to changes in the roles of the characters. For instance, when Lisa and Stella help Jeff to investigate they we are wearing simple day dresses. Music. Frank Waxman composed the score including the Piano song "Lisa". The film has mainly diegetic sounds. These are sounds that the characters in the film hear. Natural sounds were used that would get louder or softer with distance. There are several songs including "To See You Is to Love You" by Bing Crosby, songs by Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa", 1950) and Dean Martin ("That's Amore", 1952), Richard Rodgers' song "Lover" (1932), and "M'appari tutt'amor" from Friedrich von Flotow's opera "Martha" (1844), and part of Leonard Bernstein's music for the ballet "Fancy Free" (1944). Reception. Box Office. The film was a box office success. It was one of the highest grossing films of 1954. The film had a budget of $1 million and made over $37 million. Critical Response. The movie had very positive reviews. Critics praised the film as an intense, suspenseful, and exciting thriller. They considered the film to be a masterpiece of suspense that drew in viewers. Some noted that the film says a lot about human nature and the desire to intimately watch other people. The technical and artistic skills were also praised. The film has a 98% on Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, the film has a rare 10/10 with "universal acclaim." The film was ranked number 5 on the Top 10 films of the Year on Cahiers du Cinéma. Awards. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography - Color and Best Sound - Recording. The movie won Best Actress from the National Board of Review. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded Grace Kelly the NYFCC Award for Best Actress. The film won Best Motion Picture at the Edgar Allen Poe Awards. The film also got nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Directors Guild of America. Legacy. "Rear Window" was chosen to be part of the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1997. In the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound, the movie was ranked the 53rd greatest film. In "Time Out" magazine the film ranked 21st and 26th greatest film of all time in 1998 and 2022. The film made several American Film Institute lists. They include number 42 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, number 14 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, number 48 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) and number three in AFI's 10 Top 10 (Mysteries). "Rear Window" was restored in the late 1990s. Technicolor used a new dye process to improve the image. The movie influenced later films. Several films are based on "Rear Window". They include "Body Double" (1984), "Silver" (1993) and "Time Out" (1998). In 1998, there was a TV show remake of "Rear Window". "Disturbia" (2007) is a modern version of "Rear Window" about a serial killer. "Rear Window" has appeared in other TV shows such as "The Simpsons", "That '70s Show"", Get Smart"", The Flintstones"", Psych"", The White Collar"", The Family Guy"", Raising Hope", "Castle", "The Detectives" and others. Conscientious objector A conscientious objector (CO) is a person who decides not to be a combatant in military forces under conscription. There are many reasons for this decision such as nonviolent or religious beliefs, ethical and moral beliefs to not kill human beings or pacifism. Countries treat COs in various ways. They have also been treated differently throughout history. COs have been arrested or had to pay a fine. Some countries punished them by killing them. After World War II, many Western countries created alternative non-military services (civil service) as alternative form for pacifists. Often there were commissions to decide if someone really did not want to do armed service because of his beliefs or because of fear of war. European Court of Human Rights has judged the denial of COs is violation of freedom of religion and thought in 2013, as well European Union recognized the right of conscientious objector as one of fundamental rights. Anus language The Anus language is a tribal language spoken in the Irian Jaya province of Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language. As of 2005, there are almost 70 speakers of the language all of whom are members of a tribal group living on an island in the Sarmi-Jayapura Bay in West Papua. Rule of law Rule of law is a that suggests that no one is above the law and governmental decisions must be made only by applying known legal and moral principles. The Rule of Law limits the powers of Government by judicial defense of laws and the Constitution which is based on recognized basic legal values, established in international law. The Rule of Law is meant to prevent dictatorship and to protect the rights of the people. The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. Constitutional economics is the study of government spending, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. The standards of constitutional economics can be used during annual budget process. The availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in courts in situations of unfair governmental distribution of national money is a key element for the success of the rule-of-law in developing countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries. The originally German doctrine of Rechtsstaat is similar, and has been translated into other languages of continental Europe as "État de droit" (Fr.), "Estado de derecho" (Sp.), "Stato di diritto" (It.), and "Правовое государство" (Ru.). Rechsstaat can be translated into English as “legal state” or "constitutional state". Rule of law is also a main purpose of Council of Europe for solidarity and international peace. Electorate The Electorate are the people or citizens of a state who elect representatives to represent them in a democracy. They're also known as voters. Voters are people who normally votes in an election and they vote for their favorite person that if he/she wins, he/she will lead the people to a more favourable country Voting Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures is a production and distribution company. It is the oldest movie studio in the United States. It has been in existence since 1912. Paramount is owned by media conglomerate Paramount Global. Paramount is one of the Big Five movie studios. History. Paramount Pictures Inc. can trace its beginnings to the creation in May, 1912 of the Famous Players Film Company. Organized in 1914 by a Utah theater owner, W. W. Hodkinson, Paramount Pictures was the first successful nationwide distributor. Until this time, movies were sold on a statewide or regional basis. This was inefficient and costly to producers. In 1916, Adolph Zukor created a three-way merger of his Famous Players Film Company, Jesse L. Lasky's Lasky Feature Play Company, and Paramount. The new company was called Famous Players-Lasky and grew quickly. Lasky ran the production side. Hiram Abrams was in charge of distribution and Zukor handled the business side of the company. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix theater chain, it was later known as Paramount-Publix Corporation. The company went into bankruptcy in 1933. When the company emerged from bankruptcy, it was known as Paramount Pictures, Inc. Paramount Pictures had been an early supporter of television. It created stations in 1939 in Los Angeles (later to become KTLA) and Chicago's WBKB. Paramount's successful run of lightweight pictures in the 1980s and 1990s created hits like "Flashdance", the "Friday the 13th" series; "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Beverly Hills Cop" and the "Star Trek" features. In 1993, entertainment conglomerate Viacom bought Paramount. Paramount is the last major movie studio located in Hollywood. Other studios such as Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures moved to other neighborhoods in Los Angeles. On December 11, 2005, Paramount said it had purchased DreamWorks SKG in a deal worth $1.6 billion. On February 1, 2006, the studio announced that the DreamWorks acquisition was completed. In March 2010, Paramount started Insurge Pictures, a low-budget label. In 2019, Paramount bought 49 percent of Miramax Films. Chord A chord in music is when two or more notes are played together (some text books say that it is when "three" or more notes are played). A chord which is built up of the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of a scale is called a "tonic triad". If it is made from a major scale, it is a major chord. If it is made from a minor scale it is a minor chord. However, any combination of notes played simultaneously is considered a chord. When only two notes are played together, it’s more often called “double stops” (referring to the different banks of pipes on a pipe organ, controlled by valves called “stops”). Chords can be played on instruments such as piano, keyboard, organ, harp, guitar, harmonica, ukulele and xylophone. Chords with two notes can be played on string instruments by bowing on two strings together. By bowing on two strings and then quickly on the other two strings a violinist can sound as if he is playing a four-part chord. Some players of wind instruments are able to make chords by playing two or more harmonics together. Irish dance Irish dancing is an "ancient" art of dancing from Ireland. There are two main forms of dancing, the social dances where everyone can join in, and the dances performed for an audience. There are five main types of steps in Irish dancing. These are reels, jigs, slip jigs, hornpipes, and treble jigs. Irish dancing is a fun art and sport. There are two versions of dances; hardshoe and softshoe. Irish dancing, popularized in 1994 by the world famous show Riverdance, is notable for its rapid leg and foot movements, arms stationary at the dancers' sides. The hardshoe makes a noise when you step and softshoe is like Ballet. Grill (cooking) A grill is an object used for cooking food. With a grill, food is usually roasted. Some grills use charcoal or wood, and other grills use propane gas to cook the food. Using wood or charcoal makes smoke and changes the flavor of the food. Using gas does not. Some people only like one type, and some people like both kinds of grilling. The heat may be added underneath the food, or above, or both. A barbecue is a typical machine for outdoor cooking using coke or other fuel for providing heat from underneath. Overhead grilling is more usual indoors, especially in professional kitchens. In the United States, there are cook-off grills, which are competitions. The most common meats used are steak, burgers and hot dogs. Grilling food is very common for holidays or celebrations like the 4th of July (United States Independence Day). Most people use a grill more outdoors in the summer time. Grills can have fire touching the food. This might cause a burnt taste and could possibly be a carcinogen. Order of operations The order of operations is a mathematical and algebraic set of rules. It is used to evaluate (solve) and simplify expressions and equations. The order of operations is the order that different mathematical operations are done. The standard mathematical operations are addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (* or ×), division (/), brackets (grouping symbols used to indicate order of operations like (), [] and {}) and exponentiation (^n or n, also called orders or indices). Mathematicians have agreed on a correct order to use operations, and it is very important that they know these rules. When people are solving a problem with more than one operation, they will need to know the correct order to solve the problem correctly. Otherwise, the answer will be wrong. Rules. Follow all the rules in this order from left to right in the equation. Brackets and indices. Use operations inside brackets and solve any indices. You should always solve brackets first when solving an equation. Example: Exponents. When seeing an exponent, solve it first after solving the brackets. (53 = 5 * 5 * 5 = 125) Multiplication and division. Solve any multiplication and division in the problem. Note that multiplication does not precede division; this is a common mistake. Both are solved from left to right as they occur. Example: Addition and subtraction. Lastly, solve any addition or subtraction. Acronyms. The acronyms for the order of standard operations are GEMDAS or PEMDAS, which means Grouping/Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiply & Divide and Add & Subtract. When solving 8 - 7 + 5, some people say that 7 + 5 must take precedence, but this is incorrect. Instead, one should look from left to right to find the correct answer. This rule also applies to multiplication and division. Crystal A crystal is a solid whose atoms (or molecules) are arranged in a repeating pattern. Crystals are made from fluids by Crystallization, which is a kind of phase change. Usually the fluid is a liquid, but crystals can form from a gas too. For example, snow is water crystals (ice) formed from air that contains water vapor (evaporated water). Crystallization can be by freezing from a simple fluid or from a solution. Sometimes heat and pressure needs to be applied to a substance for crystals to form. Diamond is a carbon crystal formed under heat and pressure. Crystals are found naturally or can be made artificially. The surface of crystals often have regions that are flat, called facets. Facets occur naturally as crystals form, because flat layers of atoms are usually the most stable. The atoms in a facet are arranged in a regular pattern, such as the pattern of a chess board or a honeycomb. These facets reflect light to give crystals their shiny or sparky appearance. Artificial facets can be made in any shape by cutting or grinding a crystal, which is how some gemstones for jewelry are made. Different substances form different types of crystals. The study of the arrangement of atoms in crystals is crystallography. Well-known substances that form crystals are table salt (whose crystals are cubes), diamond, and quartz. Indirect democracy Indirect democracy, or representative democracy, is when citizens elect representatives to make laws for them. This is what most modern countries have today. In a democracy the ultimate power to decide significant electoral system reforms lies with the people. The key question that democrats will tend to ask of any proposed change in electoral law or the voting mechanism is: “Will it actually increase the capacity of the electorate to get rid of unsatisfactory rulers and replace them with others?” Democrats regard that basic capacity as the best protection against bad government and the abuse of power. Systems of government which do not permit electors to change the government are not democratic, and usually are dictatorships or one-party states. The people have the ultimate power in a democracy to decide on substantial voting system improvements. The primary question that democrats will ask of every proposed change in election legislation or voting mechanism is, "Will it genuinely strengthen the electorate's power to replace unhappy rulers with others?" Democrats believe that fundamental capability is the strongest safeguard against bad governance and abuse of power. Government systems that do not allow electors to alter the government are not democratic and are generally dictatorships or one-party nations. Direct democracy Direct democracy, which is also called pure democracy is a democracy in which the decisions are not taken by representatives. All decisions are voted on by the people. When a budget or law needs to be passed, then the idea goes to the people. Governments of modern countries rarely make laws this way. Costs and benefits of direct democracy. Interest groups would have to change the minds of all people, not just a few representatives. Taxes could not be raised without the permission of the people. The few would not rule the many and the government would not pay representatives salaries. In indirect, or representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. This is what most modern countries have today. Direct democracy makes decisions by majority rule. Representative democracy was made with the idea that representatives would be responsible for the majority's interests while protecting minority rights. People like James Madison believed that direct democracy was bad for minority groups. History. Classical Athens was a direct democracy. All citizens voted on major decisions of government. But, to be a citizen, you had to be a free, land-owning, native-born man. Switzerland has aspects of direct democracy. "Evidence suggests that attendance at assemblies... has always been limited to roughly twenty per cent of the citizenry". The practice is only used in two cantons, Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The Federal government of the United States does not use direct democracy but the individual states sometimes make laws by referendum. Some New England towns govern themselves by a town meeting. Revolution A revolution is a very sharp change made to something. The word comes from Latin, and is related to the word "revolutio" (which means "a turn around"). Revolutions are usually political in their nature. Some people feel unhappy with their lives, some are not happy with whole systems. They might join together, share their ideas, and make something change. Often, revolutions include fighting, and civil unrest. But there are also revolutions that happen without fighting. The Soviet Union was made by the Russian Revolution that killed millions, and later fell apart in a counterrevolution without much fighting. But in the French Revolution (1789), there was much bloodshed. The years right after this Revolution in France are often called the Reign of Terror. Other events often called "revolutions" include: The opposing idea in politics is called 'gradualism'. Western Digital Western Digital is an American technology company. It is based in the U.S. state of California. The company make hard drives. Hard drives are used by computers to store data. Speech Speech is when spoken language is used to communicate. Only humans have language. Animals do not have speech, but some can communicate with each other by using sounds and gestures. Speech is made by sounds vibrating the vocal folds. Sounds through the voice box is shaped by the jaw, tongue, teeth, palate, lips, and nose. To make speech a person has to be able to: Difficulties can happen at any stage of this four-stage process. A speech and language therapist can help work out the stage of the sequence that has difficulties and give therapy. Effective speech includes the following elements – fluency, flexibility, accuracy, and comprehensibility. Stage A stage can mean one of the following: Stage (theatre) The stage in a theatre is the area where the actors perform. In classical theatres, this used to be separated from where the audience is sitting. Darth Vader Darth Vader is a fictional main protagonist-turned-antagonist character from the "Star Wars" universe. He appears for the first time in . Vader is the main character of the Dark Side of the "Star Wars" series. He appears as a 2 meter-tall man dressed in black armor and a cape. His face is covered with a mask, which has a helmet on top to hide the terrible third degree burns and scars on his face. He has borderline personality disorder. Character history. Born as Anakin Skywalker, a slave on the desert planet Tatooine who became a Jedi. As an adult, he secretly marries Padmé Amidala. However, he is converted by Darth Sidious in order to save his wife from her coming death during childbirth. In order to do that, he learns the ways of the Dark Side of the Force and gives himself a new identity, Darth Vader. By doing this, he turned against his long-time friend and master Obi-Wan Kenobi. He battled Kenobi on the volcanic planet of Mustafar, but not before choking his wife with his Force Choke due to rage and misunderstanding. The battle ended in Kenobi's victory. Also, Vader's left arm and both his legs were cut off and his entire body was burnt. He survived and was rescued by the newly elected Emperor of the Galactic Empire, Darth Sidious, and have his body remade with cybernetic parts and his famous black armor and helmet. Anakin lost the last of his spirit once he learned that his wife died at his own hand. Thus Anakin Skywalker's transformation as Darth Vader was complete, much to Sidious' delight. During the course of the Galactic Civil War between the Rebel Alliance and the Galactic Empire, Vader played an important role as the Empire's enforcer and the Emperor's second-in-command, particularly the building of the two Death Stars, the Battle of Yavin, and the Battle of Endor. It was during that period he learnt that he had a first sidekick son named Luke Skywalker, and later a second sidekick daughter named Leia Organa during his final duel with his son. Darth Vader died in "Return of the Jedi" during the Battle of Endor. His breathing system had been damaged by the Emperor's Force Lightning in an effort to save his son by throwing him at a power reactor. Thus, he redeemed himself and brought back balance to the Force and ended the civil war. His body and armor were cremated by Luke in Endor. However, his grandson Kylo Ren somehow receives Vader's burnt helmet in later time. Cultural Impact. Darth Vader is one of Star Wars' most iconic characters and regarded as the world's most well-known fictional hero. Highly ranked in popularity poll, Darth Vader is the image of good, hatred who kills every one and thing he hates, rage and darkness but also a representation of redemption. He is well known by his black armor, cape, helmet, and particularly his raspy breath due to breathing problems received during a battle with his old master Obi-Wan Kenobi and deep, low-pitched voice from the mask, which often used in different medias as a reference to him. Gesture A gesture is a form of nonverbal communication. Unlike verbal communication, which uses words, gestures use movements of the body. Gestures are "deliberate acts with a purpose", not just any movements. They are handled in the human brain by the same centres which handle language. In the neocortex, Broca's and Wernicke's areas, are used by speech and sign language. Other movements of the body have meaning, but are not gestures. They may be done by actors deliberately, but normally they are automatic, unconscious signals which express various feelings or states of mind. Many animals communicate extensively using such behaviours. The dog, a companion to humans for a long time, is good at reading both gestures and behaviours. Multi-touch computers have been made to read gestures. Gestures have a cultural significance (meaning). The same gesture can mean different things in different cultures and different parts of the world. Anti-examples. These are not gestures, because they are not voluntary, deliberate actions. They are inherited automatic reactions or reflexes. Humans can modify these reactions to some extent with training and practice, but they are fundamentally caused by hormones and brain centres which are very ancient. Palpatine Darth Sidious (born as Sheev Palpatine and also known as the Emperor) is a fictional character from the "Star Wars" universe. He is the main villain of the "Star Wars" movies. His most famous power, seen only once, is force lightning seen in the last episode "Return of the Jedi" which is forked to spread the damage even further and is blueish purple. He is played by Ian McDiarmid. He is seen in for the first time. Darth Sidious is regarded as the true villain of the "Star Wars" films because he was the one who caused Anakin Skywalker to join the Dark Side of the Force. In Episode I, "", he is a Senator from the planet of Naboo. He is also secretly a Sith Lord, Darth Sidious. Sidious pulls the strings behind the scenes to cause unrest and dispute in the corrupt Galactic Senate, hence the films' title. His apprentice during this time is Darth Maul, who is slain in battle by Obi-Wan Kenobi. At the end of Episode I, he has risen to the office of Supreme Chancellor and begins his rise to power. In Episode II, ', Sidious secretly continues to bring the galaxy to civil war. He has a new apprentice, Count Dooku, who leads the Separatist Droid Army and goes by the name 'Darth Tyranus'. Dooku is slain by Anakin Skywalker on a rescue mission to free the Chancellor in Episode III, '. Sidious rose to complete power in , when he sent Anakin to lead an attack on the Jedi Temple and ordered the Clone Troopers to execute Order 66, killing many Jedi in the process. Sidious battled Yoda in a duel which would decide the fate of the Galaxy. He narrowly defeated Yoda, and was able to form a new order upon the fallen Republic. He created the first Galactic Empire. In the time frame from his creation of the Empire and his death, Sidious was a cold, merciless Emperor. He ruled through fear. His evil was staggering as he dominated the galaxy with his ruthless enforcer, Darth Vader. Darth Sidious ruled the galaxy for 23 years, when in the end he was killed by his own apprentice, Darth Vader. He later cloned himself and had a granddaughter named Rey. Since the initial theatrical run of "Return of the Jedi", Sidious has become a widely recognized symbol of evil in popular culture, and since the prequel films, also one of sinister deception and the subversion of democracy. Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. He is the main hero of the "Star Wars" movies and book series. Luke was in three "Star Wars" movies, ', ' and '. He was also in most of the books that took place after these movies. Luke Skywalker was played by actor Mark Hamill in all three movies. The character was also shown briefly at his birth in '. Luke Skywalker was the main character during the original three movies. These movies follow his life from being a farmer on the planet Tatooine to becoming an important part of the Rebel Alliance and a Jedi Knight. In "" (2017), Skywalker dies in Ahch-To as Luke's body vanishes, having made peace with his legacy. A New Hope. The adult Luke Skywalker is first seen in this movie. He was raised on the planet Tatooine. Tatooine is a desert planet. He lives with his uncle, Owen and his aunt, Beru. After he bought two droids, named C-3PO and R2-D2, stormtroopers sent by the Empire start to look for them. R2-D2 runs away one night. In the next morning, Luke and C-3PO look for him. Luke is attacked by Tusken Raiders, but is rescued by Obi-Wan Kenobi. R2-D2 plays a message from Princess Leia asking for help from Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan then says that Luke must come with him to Alderaan to learn about the Force. Luke learns that his father, Anakin Skywalker, was a Jedi. Luke also gets his father's old lightsaber. Luke says that he can not go with him and returns home. When he does, he sees that his home was destroyed (broken down). he is a bit fruity. He goes back to Obi-Wan and agrees to go with him and learn about the Force. Luke, Obi-Wan and the droids go to Mos Eisley to find a pilot to take them to Alderaan. They get Han Solo and Chewbacca to take them to Alderaan. When they get there, they see that the planet is gone and there is a small moon close to where it was. This small moon is the Death Star. On board the Death Star, Luke, Han, and Chewbacca save Princess Leia. As they are about to leave they see Obi-Wan fighting Darth Vader. Obi-Wan gives his life so that the group can escape. Luke and the others go to Yavin 4 so that the secret plans to the Death Star in R2-D2 can be used to destroy the Death Star. Luke then pilots an X-wing to fight against the big space station. Luke uses the Force and fires the missile that destroys the Death Star. The Empire Strikes Back. Luke Skywalker has joined the Rebel Alliance and is on the ice planet of Hoth. While outside the base, Luke is attacked by a wampa. After escaping the wampa, Luke is weak and hurt. He sees the image of Obi-Wan Kenobi. He tells him to go to the planet Dagobah to be taught by the Jedi master Yoda. Luke is saved by Han Solo. Shortly after, the Empire attacks the Rebel base on Hoth. The Rebels leave the base. Luke takes R2-D2 in his X-wing and the two travel to Dagobah. They make a crash landing on the swamp planet and go looking for Yoda. Luke soon finds Yoda, but Yoda does not think Luke should be a Jedi. Luke convinces Yoda, and the old master starts to teach Luke. Luke faces difficult things to do. Before he completes his training he has a vision of the future. In it his friends were being tortured. Although Yoda, and the Force Ghost of Obi-Wan warn him not to leave, Luke goes to Cloud City. When he gets there he sees that it was a trap set by Darth Vader. The two then get into a lightsaber battle. Vader cuts off Luke's hand and then tells Luke that he is actually his father, Anakin Skywalker. Vader gives Luke the choice to join him but Luke says no and jumps off the platform. He is rescued by Leia and taken to a medical spaceship, where his hand is replaced. "Return of the Jedi". In "Return of the Jedi", Luke alongside Leia, Chewbacca, R2-D2, C-3PO and Lando Calrissian attempt to rescue Han Solo from Jabba The Hutt but fail and end up captured and condemned to the Sarlacc Pit. However, Luke, using R2-D2's help, devises a plan and is able to escape the Pit and save his friends, killing Boba Fett and Jabba The Hutt in the process. After this, Luke returns to Dagobah to conclude his training with Yoda, but learns he's dying. In his dying breath, Yoda confirms that Darth Vader/Anakin is Luke's father and tells the young hero he must confront Vader once more to complete his Jedi training. Luke then encounters the Force Ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi, who also confirms Luke's origins and states he told the truth, from a certain point of view. Obi-Wan assures Luke he must kill Vader but Luke refuses, believing he can still save his father. After this, Luke learns that Leia is also his sister. Luke, Han and Leia go to the moon of Endor to stop the Empire once and for all in their newly constructed Death Star II. Luke handles himself over to Vader, attempting to save his father, who claims Anakin Skywalker is dead and that the Emperor will soon be Luke's new master. Upon reaching the Emperor's Throne Room, Luke learns his rebel friends are going into a trap and tries to kill the Emperor but is stopped by Vader. Father and son duel once more, with Luke using the Dark Side to overpower Vader. Realizing he's becoming the thing he swore to destroy, Luke denies his father's wishes of continuing the fight, but angrily lashes out at his father when the latter threatens to turn Leia to the Dark Side. Luke brutally overpowers and defeats his father, but stops attacking after being goaded by the Emperor. Luke stands down, triumphantly claiming to be a Jedi like his father before him. Annoyed, the Emperor tries to kill Luke with his Force Lightning, but is killed himself by Anakin who has redeemed himself. Luke carries his father's fatally wounded body to one of the shuttles as the Death Star II is about to be destroyed by the Rebel Alliance. Luke removes Vader helmet and father and son share one last moment before Anakin succumbs to his wounds. Unwillingly to let his father's body to rot in the explosion, Luke takes it with him. While the rebels celebrate their victory on Endor, Luke cremates his father's body. Joining his friends in the celebration, Luke sees the Force Ghosts of Obi-Wan, Anakin and Yoda watching him in pride. Witchcraft Witchcraft is the use of magical powers. This might be for healing, seeing into the future, causing harm, or for religion. A person practicing witchcraft is called a witch, although a man practicing witchcraft is often mistakenly called a wizard (a word from Northern Europe), a warlock (a word from 14th century England), a sorcerer, or shaman (a term for people who practice magic in parts of Asia). Such people are said to have a knowledge of the chemical (or pharmaceutical) effects of certain herbs or shrubs. Witches can use this knowledge to help people who are sick or to hurt them. Definition. Witchcraft is different throughout the world and can be seen as good or bad depending on where you are. Today, many people practice a peaceful kind of witchcraft, called Wicca. However, there are still many other people who are scared of witchcraft and think that it is bad. Throughout history, there have been stories about good and bad witches. In European history, witches were accused of physically making and performing spells to harm people. They could also harm people by using their mind. However, this belief was not real and was often used to explain why bad things happened sometimes. In Africa, witches don't use physical tools or actions to curse. They can cause harm by just thinking about it. In fact, one may be unaware of being a witch, or may have been convinced of their witch nature by the suggestion of others. This understanding was described by anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard, who studied African magical beliefs. Accusations of Witchcraft. Éva Pócs (a scholar and folklorist) states that there are four reasons a person is accused of witchcraft: She identifies three kinds of witches in popular belief: "Neighbourhood witches" are the product of neighbourhood arguments, and are found only in rural village communities where the inhabitants largely rely on each other. Such accusations follow the breaking of some social norm, such as the failure to return a borrowed item, and any person part of the normal exchange could potentially be accused. Claims of "sorcerer" witches and "supernatural" witches could arise out of social tensions, but not exclusively; the supernatural witch in particular often had nothing to do with community conflict, but expressed tensions between the human and supernatural worlds; and in Eastern and Southeastern Europe such supernatural witches became an ideology explaining calamities that befell entire communities. Practices. It is believed that witches can perform magic by using plants, casting spells, or using their mind. The use of plants is often called herbalism and this involves collecting or growing herbs to use in potions or medicines to help or hurt people, animals, or things. In popular artwork, witches can be seen using big metal cooking bowls called cauldrons to mix their spell ingredients. Witches also use wands, brooms, sticks, candles, swords, and fire to perform spells. In some cultures, witches can harm people just by using their mind and thinking bad thoughts about a person. In these cultures, witches do not need any items and can potentially be anyone in the community. By Region. Africa. In Southern African traditions, there are three classifications of somebody who uses magic. Of these three categories the "tagati" is almost exclusively female, the "sangoma" is usually female, and the "inyanga" is almost exclusively male. Much of what witchcraft represents in Africa has been misunderstood and mistaken for European witchcraft. African scholar Uchenna Okeja argues that witchcraft in Africa today plays a very different social role than in Europe of the past—or present—and should be understood through an African, rather than Western view. America. When the first Europeans came to the New World, they brought with them the Christian religion and their fear of supernatural witches. Native Americans had their own religion and beliefs. Since the Christian European settlers were living with these Native Americans and also African slaves (who had their own non-Christian religions and beliefs), this scared them. The Europeans were already scared, far away from their home in the New World with different plants and animals. This fear lead to violent crimes such as accusing and murdering people who they thought were witches and were hurting them with supernatural powers. The most famous witch accusations were the 1692-1693 Salem Witch trials. During these trials, 150 people were accused of being witches, and 19 people were killed by hanging. Every Halloween season, Salem, Massachusetts hosts a Halloween festival in which they highlight their towns notorious history with the 1692 Salem Witch trials. This festival often involves live music, parties, and vendors selling witch-themed items. Throughout the world there are many people who claim to have supernatural powers such as; psychics, mediums, palm readers and New Age healers. These people are sometimes members of witchcraft religions like Wicca. These people perform tricks to entertain and heal people such as tarot card reading, astrology, crystal healing, Reiki healing, talking to dead family members, or seeing the future. Asia. Middle east. The belief in witchcraft and its practice seem to have been widespread in the Ancient Near East and Nile Valley. It played a clear role in the cultures of ancient Egypt and in Babylonia. Later tradition included an Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual, the Maqlû. A section from the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 B.C.) prescribes:If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him. Europe. Ancient Greece. There are many examples of witches in Greek mythology, such as Circe, who was a sorcerer in Homers’ Odyssey. Circe used potions to put spells on visitors to her house, and she could turn people into pigs. Ancient Ireland. Druids were members of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. They were religious leaders, legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and political advisors The earliest record of the druids comes from two Greek texts from circa 300 BCE: one, a history of philosophy written by Sotion of Alexandria, and the other a study of magic widely attributed to Aristotle. Both texts are now lost, but were quoted in the 2nd century CE work "Vitae" by Diogenes Laërtius.Some say that the study of philosophy originated with the barbarians. In that among the Persians there existed the Magi, and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistae, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called druids and semnothei, as Aristotle relates in his book on magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers. - Diogenes Laërtius,  Vitae, Introduction, Section 1Later Greek and Roman texts from the third century BCE refer to "barbarian philosophers", possibly in reference to the Gaulish druids. Middle Ages. In Medieval times, witchcraft gradually became an enemy of Christianity. Christians thought that witchcraft was the work of the devil, and the Bible was used as evidence against witchcraft. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") were very influential. In Europe in the Late Medieval/Early Modern period, Catholics, Protestants, and state leaders became very afraid of the power of witches. There were large witch-hunts in many places. People believed that the devil was using witches to try to overthrow Christianity, so tens or hundreds of thousands of people were killed, and others were put in prison, tortured, and had lands and possessions taken away from them. Most of these witches were women, because people believed women were more likely to be witches. Witch-trials looked for evidence to prove that a person was a witch. Evidence included such things as signs of plant medicine, or images of non-Christian gods. One way to physically test if a person was a witch was to 'swim a witch'. This meant they would throw them in a river with their hands tied. If they sank, they were innocent. If they floated, they were guilty of witchcraft and were hanged. This violent practice was not based on any actual evidence. Instead, it allowed the witch-hunter to look right and powerful for the scared people who were watching. South America. In South America, people continue to practice a form of witchcraft which started before the arrival of European Christianity. Throughout the Andes, there are many places called witch markets, such as the Mercado de las Brujas in La Paz, Bolivia. These markets sell items such as plant medicines Popular culture. Witches are often seen in art and cinema. Many movies have focused on witches and witchcraft such as; "Bewitched", "Harry Potter", the Wizard of Oz, "Hocus Pocus", and "Rosemary's Baby". Many television shows also have witches and witchcraft. Some examples are: Charmed (1998 and ), American Horror Story: Coven, and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Heteronym A heteronym is a word, or rather several words, with different meanings. However, the words are spelt the same way. Usually they are pronounced differently. Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KMnO4. It contains potassium and permanganate ions. The manganese is in the +7 oxidation state. It is also known as permanganate of potash and Condy's crystals. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent, which means it has a tendency to take electrons from other chemicals. It dissolves in water to give purple solutions. If it is evaporated, it makes purple-black shiny crystals. It has a sweet taste and is odorless. History. In 1659, a German chemist, Johann Rudolf Glauber, melted a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that made a green solution (potassium manganate) when dissolved in water. It slowly changed colour to violet (potassium permanganate) and then finally red. This report is the first description of the production of potassium permanganate. Just under 200 years later a Londoner named Henry Bollmann Condy was a chemist. He had an interest in disinfectants and made some things like "ozonised water". He found that when he melted pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide and dissolved it in water, it made a solution that had good disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and sold it as "Condy's Fluid". The problem was that the solution was not very stable. This was fixed by using potassium hydroxide rather than sodium hydroxide. This gave a more stable material. It also was able to be dried to the just as good potassium permanganate powder. This powder was called "Condy’s crystals" or "Condy’s powder". Potassium permanganate was easy to make so Condy tried to stop other people from making it and selling it themselves. Early photographers used it in flash powder. Uses. Chemical applications. Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent. It also is used in disinfectants and in deodorizers. It can be used to make many different kinds of chemicals. In waste water treatment, it is used to get rid of hydrogen sulfide, a stinky toxic gas. In analytical chemistry, an accurate concentration of KMnO4 is sometimes used to see how much of a certain reducing agent is in the titration. In a related way, it is used as a reagent for wood pulp. Mixing potassium permanganate and formaldehyde makes a mild tear gas. As an oxidant in organic synthesis. Dilute solutions of KMnO4 convert alkenes into diols (glycols). This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction makes the permanganate solution colorless. It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent. Concentrated solutions oxidize a methyl group on an aromatic ring, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid. KMnO4 oxidizes pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to produce methcathinone, a Schedule I drug in the United States. Consequently, the DEA has restricted its use and sale by classifying it as a List I controlled precursor. Potassium permanganate is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Acids and Potassium Permanganate. Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with potassium permanganate to give manganese(VII) oxide, which can be explosive. . This reaction also makes ozone. The ozone can ignite paper soaked in alcohol. This reaction is very dangerous. Concentrated HCl makes chlorine. The Mn-containing products from redox reactions depend on the pH. Acidic solutions of permanganate are reduced to the faintly pink Mn2+ ion, as in manganese(II) chloride. In neutral solution, permanganate is reduced to brown manganese(IV) oxide, where Mn is in a +4 oxidation state. Manganese(IV) oxide is the stuff that stains skin when potassium permanganate is put on it. Potassium permanganate spontaneously reduces in an basic solution to green-coloured potassium manganate, where manganese is in the +6 oxidation state. Hazards. Solid potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer and in general it should be kept separated from reducing agents. Some reactions need a bit of water. For example, powdered potassium permanganate and powdered sugar will ignite (but not explode) a few seconds after a drop of water is added. Dilute solutions of KMnO4 are not dangerous. KMnO4 forms dangerous products when mixed with concentrated acids. Potassium permanganate stains skin and clothing and should be handled with care. Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid. Skin stains disappear within 48 hours. 840s The 840s started on 1 January 840 and ended on 31 December 849. Silkworm The silkworm is the larva( the active immature form of an insect)or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth. Silk has been made for at least 5000 years in China. The moth is important because it makes silk. It is entirely dependent on humans, and it no longer lives in the wild. Silkworms eat mulberry leaves, and are native to northern China. The domesticated "B. mori" and the wild "Bombyx mandarina" can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids. Egg. The female silkworm lays about 300 eggs at a time. She lays eggs on the leaves of mulberry trees. The eggs are covered with gelatinous secretion by which they stick to the leaves. The female moth (silkworm) lays eggs and dies after laying eggs as she does not eat anything. The eggs are kept in a cool place so that they can be stored for a long time. In a favorable condition, they hatch into larvae. Larvae are produced in about 2 weeks from eggs at a temperature of 18 to 25 degree Celsius. Silk. The cocoon is made of one thread of raw silk from 300 to 900 meters (1000 to 3000 feet) long. The fibers are very thin. About 2,000 to 5,000 cocoons are needed to make a pound of silk. If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon, it will make a hole in the cocoon when it exits as a moth. This would cut the threads and ruin the silk. Instead, silkworm cocoons are thrown into boiling water, which kills the silkworms and also makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten. The adult silkworms (moths) cannot fly. The silkworm-moths have wings about 2 inches wide and a white hairy body. Females and males are similarly colored. Adult silkworms have small mouths and do not eat. Silkworm legends. In China, there is a legend that the discovery of the silkworm's silk was first invented by the wife of the Yellow Emperor, Leizu around the year 2696 BC. According to the book written in the 13th century, she was drinking tea under a tree when a cocoon fell into her tea. She picked it out and as it started to wrap around her finger, she slowly felt something warm. When the milk ran out, she saw a small cocoon. In an instant, she realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became common. There are many more legends about the silkworm. Khotan is an oasis, located on the southern edge of Taklamakan Desert, and was one of the first places outside of inland China to begin cultivating silk. In the far past, the Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk. It is said that a Chinese princess smuggled eggs to Khotan, hidden in her hair. After this, the way to cultivate silk was transmitted to the Western Asia, and also Europe. The Japanese also love silk and started cultivating and weaving silk in the earlier age than the western countries. According to the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", a history book published in the 3rd century, Japan exported silk to "Wei", a kingdom in the northern part of the China mainland, in the 2nd century. It takes 5000 silkworms to make a single kimono. Food. In Korea, silkworm pupae are boiled and seasoned, then eaten as a popular snack food known as "beondegi". In China, street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae. The pupae are a delicacy in the Northern Area of China. They are baked with Satay sauces and rice to add extra flavor. In Japan, silkworm pupae are usually used as bait to catch fish, and sometimes served as "tsukudani". It can be made by dipping and boiling Silkworm Pupae in a sweet-sour sauce with soy sauce and sugar. References. Sources: Death Valley Death Valley is a National Park U.S. state of California. It is the hottest, driest, and lowest place in North America. It is a desert southeast of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Death Valley is a part of the Mojave Desert. It is the most important part of Death Valley National Park. It is an endorheic basin, which means that the rivers in it do not flow to the sea. Geography. Death Valley has many famous and unusual geographical features. Some of these features include sand dunes, salt flats, colorful rocks, and tall mountains. Large parts of Death Valley are below sea level. One feature, named Badwater Basin, is the lowest place in North America. It is below sea level. The salt flats are another famous feature in Death Valley. Salt flats are very unusual. They are large, flattened areas where the surface of the ground is covered by salt instead of dirt. The salt that makes up a salt flat can be many inches or centimeters deep. The salt flats were created because thousands of years ago, Death Valley was underwater. Death Valley was covered by a lake that was named Lake Manly by geologists (scientists who study the Earth). Lake Manly used to be very large, but changes in the weather caused the rivers that brought water into the lake to dry up. After a long time, the water in Lake Manly began to dry up too. As the water dried, it left behind all the minerals that the rivers had brought to it along with their water. As these minerals dried, they created a crust (a brittle outer layer) of salt and other minerals on top of the dirt. Many lakes and seas in other parts of the world dried up in the same way. Traveling rocks. All across Death Valley, rocks and stones leave small paths behind them in curved, zigzagged (with twists and turns), or straight patterns. The rocks are not alive, of course, but they still travel across the lake bed. Dr. Robert Sharp, a geology professor, decided to find out about these rocks. He put tags on 30 stones of different sizes and shapes, hammered spikes into the ground where the rocks were sitting, and then he studied what happened for the next seven years. Twenty eight of the stones did indeed move, sometimes more than . Dr. Sharp matched the movements with the weather and found that the rocks moved because of wind and rain. Even though Death Valley gets less than two inches of rain a year, the raindrops make the smooth clay in the dry lake bed very smooth and slippery. The wind then blows the rocks across the slippery surface, sometimes as fast as every second. Climate. The changes in the weather that made the rivers dry up have not gone away. Death Valley is still very dry. There are less than of rain in Death Valley every year. Because Death Valley is so dry all the time, even the dirt that is not covered in salt has become very hard. This means that even though it does not rain often, when it does rain, the dirt cannot absorb all the water quickly enough, and the water can turn into a flash flood (a flood that happens very fast and very violently). In August 2004 there was a very bad flood. The flood damaged many buildings and cars, and killed several people. The flood also destroyed many roads, so nobody could go in or out of Death Valley. Death Valley National Park had to be closed for a long time while the park rangers fixed everything. Death Valley has extremely hot summers; the temperature can be 130 °F (54 °C). On July 10, 1913, it was 134 °F (57 °C), which is the hottest recorded temperature in the world. In winter, days are warm and nights are cool; snow is very rare. History. Death Valley was named in 1849. Miners and settlers tried to travel across the valley during the California Gold Rush. Many people died because it was so hot and dry. It has very little water because the water evaporates, or disappears in the clouds, before it can touch the ground. Of the few people who lived in Death Valley, most were miners, especially of borax. Death Valley National Park. Death Valley National Park is a national park in the U.S. states of California and Nevada. It includes Death Valley. The park was designated as a national monument in 1933 and a national park in 1994. It contains in California and Nevada. Death Valley National Park is the largest wilderness area in the United States. The park is east of the Sierra Nevada, between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts. It has a diverse desert environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons, and mountains. This is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and is an International Biosphere Reserve. About 95% of the park is a wilderness area. It is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States. The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin, which is below sea level. The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include creosote bush, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the Death Valley pupfish, a survivor of much wetter times. Mulberry Mulberry ("Morus") is a genus of 10–16 species of trees. They are native to warm regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with most of the species native to Asia. Mulberries are fast-growing when young but soon become slow-growing and rarely grow over 10-15 meters tall. The leaves are simple, often lobed, and ridged. The fruit grows in bunches, 2-3 centimeters long, is red to dark purple in color, edible, and sweet with a good flavor in several species. The fruit is used in pies, tarts, and wines. The fruit of the black mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the red mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the strongest flavor. The fruit of the white mulberry, an east Asian species, has a very weak flavor. Mulberries can be grown from seeds, which is the best idea as seedling-grown trees are generally healthier. However, they are often planted from large pieces cut from other mulberry trees, which easily take root. White mulberry. Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, "Morus alba", are important as the food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk. "Morus alba" is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants". Procaine Procaine is a analgesic drug. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of getting certain shots, and is also used by dentists. The drug is usually sold under the name Novocaine, or Novacaine. Procaine was first made in 1905, and was the first man-made pain-killer that could be taken as a shot. It was created by the German scientist Alfred Einhorn (1857-1917) who gave the chemical the name Novacaine, from the Latin word "novus" (which means new) and caine, as in "cocaine." Procaine is not often used today because other safer and better working pain-killing drugs now exist. Prior to the discovery of procaine, cocaine was the most commonly used pain-killer. Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of reducing bleeding, unlike other pain-killers and without the dangerous qualities of cocaine. Leizu Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen. According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC. Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees. However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk. One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out. As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger. She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons. She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China. Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common. Reforesting Reforesting is the process of replacing plants in an area where they have been cut down or destroyed. It usually refers to trees, but could include other types of plant life. Reforestation is often needed after deforestation, when trees are cut down to make lumber. Reforestation also regains back the homes of animals. Moth Moths are insects of the order Lepidoptera. They are closely related to butterflies, which evolved from them. They also have wings, just like butterflies. Most species of moths are active only at night. They can be told apart from butterflies in several ways. Moth antenna look like little feathers, and their wings are held flat on their backs when they are not flying. Most Lepidoptera are moths. There are thought to be about 160,000 species of moths (nearly ten times the number of species of butterflies). Thousands of species are still to be described. Most moths are tiny: they are called micromoths or microlepidoptera. The large moths are much better known, but fewer. Most species of moths are nocturnal, but not all. There are crepuscular and diurnal species. Moths as pests. Moths, usually their caterpillars, are a major farm pest in many parts of the world. Caterpillars eat the plants that farmers grow and sometimes kill them. The caterpillar of the spongy moth ("Lymantria dispar") causes great harm to forests in the northeast United States. In warm climates, the diamondback moth ("Plutella xylostella") is perhaps the most serious pest of cabbage crops. Several moths in the family Tineidae have larvae which eat clothes and blankets made from natural fibres, such as wool or silk. They are less likely to eat materials containing some artificial fibres. They may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar, by lavender, or by other natural oils. Chemicals are the most effective way to keep moths away, but there are concerns about the chemicals being dangerous to people. Silk production. Some moths are farmed. The most important of these is the silkworm. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. The silk industry produces over 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year. Not all silk is produced by "Bombyx mori". There are several species of Saturniidae that also are farmed for their silk, such as the Ailanthus moth ("Samia cynthia" group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth ("Antheraea pernyi"), the Assam silkmoth ("Antheraea assamensis"), and the Japanese silk moth ("Antheraea yamamai"). Attraction to light. Moths will fly around bright objects, and appear to be attracted to light. Most scientists think that this is because moths use the light of the moon to help them fly in a straight line. The light from lamps confuses the moths. Night-blooming flowers usually depend on moths (or bats) to pollinate them, and artificial lighting can draw moths away from the flowers, hurting the plant's ability to reproduce. Pollination. Moths usually pollinate night-blooming flowers because they are "nocturnal" (they rest during the day and come out at night). A moth uses its proboscis to collect nectar just like a butterfly does. However, moths do not always land on the flower to get the nectar: they often hover near the flower and flap their wings hard while they sip the nectar. Because of this, moth-pollinated flowers do not need a landing pad. In fact, some moth-pollinated flowers point downward, like the yucca flowers. Predators and parasites. Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths. Many bats, and some species of owls and some other birds eat moths. Moths are also a minor part of the diet of some lizards, cats, dogs, rodents, and some bears. Moth larvae are eaten by many birds, and are also vulnerable to parasitism by ichneumon wasps. Many adult moths and larvae are protected by noxious substances eaten by the caterpillars. They advertise their foul taste in various ways. Warning colouration is visible by day, and some adult moths emit clicks which bats learn are warning signals. Baculoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses which parasitize insects. They are often used as biological control agents. They are members of the Baculoviridae, a family that is restricted to insects. There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive manoeuvers because bats eat moths. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack. Tiger moths also emit clicks which foil bats' echolocation. Notable moth species. Large and dramatic Moth species include: Moths that are of economic significance include: Other notable moths: Cocoon A cocoon is a shell made of silk by most kinds of moth caterpillars and other insect larvae. Some butterfly larvae (in the family Hesperiidae and subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) do spin cocoons. However, most butterfly pupae are called chrysalids. Some caterpillars attach small twigs or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon to hide it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a hidden place. Examples would be on the underside of a leaf, in a crevice, or down near the base of a tree trunk. Silkworm cocoons are processed and used to produce natural silk for clothing. Proctor Silex Proctor Silex Co. was created in 1960 with the merger of Proctor Electric and Silex Corporation. The company made household appliances such as toasters, irons, and coffee makers. In 1990 Proctor Silex merged with Hamilton Beach. Columbine High School massacre The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting and attempted bombing at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, near Denver, that happened on April 20, 1999. Eighteen-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold carried out the massacre and were both students at the school. They murdered 12 students and one teacher using guns. Ten of the murders happened in the school's library, where they then killed themselves with their guns. Before the shootings, they had planted two large propane bombs in the school's cafeteria. They could have killed many people in there, but they did not explode. They also planted two car bombs in the school's parking lot, which were supposed to kill first responders and news reporters. They also did not explode. They also carried pipe bombs and molotov cocktails, which they lit and threw. Most of them exploded but nobody was injured or killed by any of the bombs used during the massacre. It was one of the first well-known massacres at a school in the United States, and the one with the most deaths until the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007. After the shooting. After the shooting, many people wanted to know why it had happened. Many people thought that Klebold and Harris had done it because they were bullied, and schools in the United States began talking about how to stop bullying. However, it is now thought that Klebold and Harris were bullies themselves. Other people blamed parts of the media, saying that the lyrics of bands and singers like Marilyn Manson and violent video games that the shooters played might have caused it. In 2002, filmmaker Michael Moore released a documentary movie called "Bowling for Columbine" that was about why the shooting happened and about the role guns have in American culture. In the movie, Moore interviewed Marilyn Manson. Memorials. Many impromptu memorials were created after the shooting. Memorials included victims Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck. In 2000, youth advocate Melissa Helmbrecht organized a remembrance event in Denver. It featured two surviving students. It was called "A Call to Hope." The library (where most of the shooting happened) was removed and replaced with an atrium. In 2001, a new library, the HOPE memorial library, was built next to the west entrance. On February 26, 2004, thousands of pieces of evidence from the shooting were shown at the Jeffco fairgrounds in Golden. Jose Rizal José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is a hero of the Philippines. He was a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated for changes in the colony under the Spanish occupation. He was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna. Family and early life. He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well known. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Biñan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many other things. Rizal said she was loving and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother when he was three years old. At age five, while learning to read and write, he also showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay. Education. In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same time, he took classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo. In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He stopped in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were not being treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters. Having traveled throughout Europe, America and Asia, he spoke 22 languages. These include: Rizal was a very smart man. He was good at many other jobs besides being a doctor: Political life. He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, "Noli Me Tangere" was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. "El Filibusterismo", his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book. Rizal was not liked by those in power. He told people about the bad things that were done by the priests and the people working for the government, and this caused trouble for him and his relatives. Because of this, he and those who he knew were watched by the government. They made up bad things about him. When he arrived from Hong Kong with his sister Lucia, they said that in Lucia's luggage they found letters Rizal wrote that spoke about the priests in a bad way. Because of this he was put to jail in Fort Santiago from July 6 to July 15, 1892. He was made to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing and business. He also worked in a hospital. He taught others English and Spanish and the arts. Later life and death. When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were able to get people to say bad things against him and connected him with the war. He was never allowed to talk to these people. Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the rebels, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in the Southern Philippines. From November 3, 1896 until his death, he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago. During his last days in prison, he wrote a poem which is now known as the "Mi Ultimo Adios." The poem contains Rizal's final farewell. After a trial by the military, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of illegal association (having meetings that are not allowed by the government). He was sentenced to death and was executed by firing squad in the early morning hours of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. His body was initially buried in an unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery. His bones were then exhumed and are now located in their final resting place at the Rizal Monument. Disclaimer. Although many people think Jose Rizal is actually the national hero, he isn't. As of this moment, The National Heroes Committee hasn't picked a national hero of the Republic of the Philippines. No law or declaration announce a national hero of the Philippines. Idiot Idiot is a word used to describe someone who is not very smart. Modern usage. Today "idiot" is often used to show that someone has done something which was not very clever: In literature and folklore. The word "fool" is similar to "idiot", but it is not as strong. In the history of drama a "fool" was a jester: someone who made people laugh. Kings often had jesters in real life. A court jester had the job of making the king feel happy when he was sad. Jesters often pretended to be stupid, but were actually very clever. There are jesters and fools in a lot of Shakespeare’s plays. The word simple can also be similar to "idiot". Someone who is simple is a person who is not very clever or "streetwise". They are naïve and can easily be made to believe things because they are kind and expect everyone else to be kind as well. Such people are often called simpletons. Idiots or simpletons are commonly used in literature. In German literature (and in Wagner’s opera), Parsifal is described as "perfect fool" because he does not understand the evil ways of the world and is therefore completely good. That is why he can break the magic spell cast by Klingsor. The idiot often appears in Russian literature. Because the idiot is so simple he (it is always a male) is often able to express the truth which other people cannot see. Dostoevsky wrote a novel called "The Idiot". It is about a man who is simple and trusting. At the end of the opera "Boris Godunov" by Mussorgsky the crowd of poor people gather round the simpleton who is the last person to sing in the whole opera. His moans express the fact that Russia will continue to be ruled by cruel dictators and the people will remain poor. In humorous parlance. The word "idiot" refers to a genetically incompetent human who is mentally inert on exposure to others - may have dampened senses and mental acuity when applied to any relatively simple task from long periods spent in a dark cave: the idiot's "natural habitat". Idiots tend to be ignorant of any metal and physical deficiency within themselves, simply because they do not want to believe it exists (even though it does, and they are aware of it). Mental deficiencies of others however, are overtly proclaimed by the idiots in order for them to separate themselves from habitual human tendencies, though they succumb to them more than they intend. They make no effort to rectify these though, as they view themselves in the best possible light. Developmental psychology Developmental psychology, also called human development, is the emotional study of how a person changes psychologically (mind and behavior) as they get older. Developmental psychologists first studied infants and children, and later they also studied teenagers (or adolescents) and adults. Developmental psychology studies human change in a lot of areas, including motor skills (and other processes that are both physical and psychological), problem solving abilities, understanding of concepts, learning language, moral understanding, and identity. Kosovo Kosovo (/ˈkɒsəvoʊ, ˈkoʊ-/; Albanian: "Kosova" or "Kosovë", [kɔˈsɔva] or [kɔˈsɔvə]; Serbian Cyrillic: Косово, [kôsoʋo]), officially the Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: "Republika e Kosovës"; / "Republika Kosovo"), is a partially-recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe. On 17 February 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia. It has since gained diplomatic recognition as a sovereign state by 95 UN member states. Geography. Geographically defined in an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi), Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east, North Macedonia to the southeast, Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west. It possesses remarkable varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology. Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo. The rugged Prokletije and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast, respectively. Demographics. The official results of the censuses in Kosovo about ethnic groups and nationality from after World War II to 1991 are below. The numbers of Albanians in the 1991 census were only guesses based on censuses in the past. Most Albanians did not do the 1991 census. Today, Kosovo is mainly Albanian. Divisions. Kosovo is divided into 7 districts. These districts include 38 municipalities: Lip The lips are a body part around the mouth. There is a (usually larger) lower lip, and a smaller upper lip. They help us to eat, touch and speak. Lips also show emotions. There are diseases that can affect the lips, for example herpes simplex. Someone can get this disease by kissing or having oral sex. Allergy An allergy is something which triggers an allergic reaction. This is the immune system defending the body against attack by bacteria and viruses. Sometimes the system goes wrong, and is triggered by some quite normal food, or flares up when the family pet comes into the room. This is what the ordinary person calls an 'allergy'. Allergic reactions. When people come in contact with something they are allergic to, there can be many different reactions. These reactions include itchy eyes, drippy or stuffy noses, swollen faces, hives, sneezing, and coughing. If it is a food allergy, the person may get an upset stomach. Sometimes a person's oesophagus, or throat, may swell up so much that the person can no longer breathe. This is called anaphylaxis. When this happens, a doctor must give the person a medicine called epinephrine to make the swelling go down. Some people with allergies to very common things, like bee stings or fish, carry this medicine with them so it can be used quickly in an emergency. The device they use to inject the medicine is called an epinephrine autoinjector. Common allergies. Some common food allergies are: Some common environmental allergies are: Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus (1859 - 1935) was a French officer of Jewish descent. He was wrongly accused of treason against the French military. This scandal was known as the Dreyfus affair. He was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana. His highest rank was lieutenant colonel. Dreyfus was born in Mulhouse and died in Paris. Nucleic acid Nucleic acids are large molecules where genetic information is stored. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA. The nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, sugar with five carbon atoms and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation. DNA is organized into chromosomes and found within the nucleus of our cells. Its function in any cell is to carry the sequence of bases which will be transcribed into RNA. The function of RNA is much more difficult to explain. One well-known function is for messenger RNA to be translated into proteins, mainly enzymes. But there are other types of RNA, and these are called non-coding RNAs. Adam Elliot Adam Elliot (born January 2, 1972) is an Australian animator. He is from Melbourne, Australia. His short movie called "Harvey Krumpet" won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. He uses claymation and has won five Australian Film Institute Awards because of his work. Early life. Elliot was brought up on a prawn farm run by his father who had once been a circus clown, and his mother who had been a hairdresser. The family later moved to Melbourne, where Elliot made money selling hand painted T-shirts at local markets. After finishing school he went to the Victorian College of the Arts to study animation. Phenylketonuria Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder (a disease a person is born with) where a person's body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Amino acids are necessary to make proteins, an important part of the human body. Phenylalanine only comes from the food we eat; our bodies do not make any by themselves. How it works. Average people produce an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase in their bodies. When they ingest phenylalanine, the body cannot use it, so this enzyme changes phenylalanine into tyrosine, which the body can use. In people with PKU, very little or no enzyme is made. Since the phenylalanine they eat is not being changed into tyrosine, it builds up in their bodies. This can cause problems with the way their bodies work. Symptoms. Symptoms vary from person to person. Because of the rarity of PKU, many symptoms go undiagnosed or unrecognized. In addition, there are variations in the categories of PKU individuals. There are untreated, early treated, late treated, those returning to diet, Hyperphe, Classical PKU, uncontrolled, and highly controlled. For your average infant a doctor will diagnose PKU with a quick blood test. Their symptom will be high PHE levels. If that infant goes undiagnosed for weeks or months, he/she may start to exhibit some or all of the following symptoms for uncontrolled PKU. The symptoms include: Treatment. Today, scientists know what foods have phenylalanine in them, and they have created a special diet for people with PKU. Since they cannot use it, people with PKU cannot eat foods that have a lot of phenylalanine, like eggs, meat and milk. An artificial sweetener called aspartame is also a source of phenylalanine. People with PKU take a lot of vitamins to make up for the foods they cannot eat, especially vitamins B6 and B12. Babies with PKU are fed a special formula. It has everything babies need to stay healthy, but with very little phenylalanine. There are also low protein foods like breads and flour (Made from corn and starch instead of regular wheat). Women with PKU who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant have to be especially careful to follow this diet. If they do not follow the diet, their babies could be born with severe birth defects and mental retardation. Babies born to women with PKU who have followed the PKU diet throughout their pregnancy are usually healthy and do not necessarily but may develop PKU. Whether or not they have PKU themselves depends on the mother and father's genes. In fact there are people who are Carriers (Dormant Genes) that can be passed on until they resurface in the future generations. These are so far undetectable, However, since PKU is genetically recessive it takes PKU genes from both parents to cause PKU. PKU kids usually have light hair and eyes due to the effect of phenylalanine in the production of melanin. They also tend to have very fair skin which can cause them to burn easily. Solar protection is a must for those who wish to work, play, or engage in activities outdoors. Future. Most people with PKU can live as long and healthy as anyone else if the low-phenylalanine diet is started when they are babies and continued for the rest of their lives. The symptoms will usually disappear after the diet is started. Group home A group home is a private house that serves as a home for people who are not in the same family but have a common characteristic. In the United States, this would mean a home for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper care for safety reasons. Before the 1970s, these people lived in psychiatric hospitals, homes for the poor and orphanages. People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with a criminal record. A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually have to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget. In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home. There are typically from 3 to 16 residents, as well as a resident manager or service staff. Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom, kitchen and common living areas. The opening of group homes is occasionally fought against by neighbours who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values. A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the foster care system are placed until foster families are found for them. Anfield Anfield is a football stadium in Liverpool, England. The Football team Liverpool FC plays there. The stadium has just seen an expansion of the Main Stand increasing the capacity to 54,167. Anfield is famous for the sign that is in the players' tunnel, which reads: "This is Anfield". One of their most famous rivals are Manchester United as well as Everton FC. Liverpool v Everton is known as the Merseyside Derby. Anfield used to be owned by Everton F.C and Everton created Liverpool to use the stadium. They have won 6 European cups. Blood pressure Blood pressure is a measurement used in medicine. In the body, the arteries carry blood away from the heart. As blood travels through the arteries, it presses against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure measures how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the arteries. Usually, "blood pressure" measures the pressure in larger arteries delivering blood to body parts other than the lungs, like the brachial artery in the arm. Blood pressure is usually measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). There are two numbers in a blood pressure. The first is the systolic pressure. It measures how hard the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries when the heart is in systole (beating and pushing out blood). This is when the pressure against the walls of the arteries is highest. The second number is the diastolic blood pressure. It measures how hard the blood pushes against the walls of the arteries when the heart is in diastole (resting between beats and not pushing out any blood). For example, in the picture on this page, the pressure on the walls of the arteries is 122 mmHg when the heart is beating, and 65 mmHg when the heart is resting. This blood pressure would be written as "122/65" and read as "122 over 65." Mean arterial pressure is a person's average blood pressure. Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. To measure blood pressure, doctors use a device called a sphygmomanometer. Normal Blood Pressure. Blood pressure is usually lower for children and gets higher as a person gets older. For healthy adult humans, the systolic blood pressure should be below 120, and the diastolic blood pressure should be below 80. However, blood pressure can be very different for each person. Blood pressure also changes naturally during the day (in a circadian rhythm). It gets lower during sleep and gets higher when a person gets up. It is lower when a person is resting and higher during activity. Many other things - like stress, disease, drugs, and what a person eats - can change blood pressure. Even the stress of having blood pressure taken can make it higher. This is called "white coat hypertension." Blood Pressure Problems. People can have health problems if their blood pressure is too high or too low. High blood pressure. "Main article: Hypertension" High blood pressure is called hypertension. A person has hypertension if their blood pressure is high and stays high over time. Hypertension is very common. About one in every three adults in the United States has high blood pressure. Hypertension is sometimes called "the silent killer" because it often causes no symptoms, so many people have high blood pressure without realizing that anything is wrong. However, hypertension can hurt the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other parts of the body. It can cause serious health problems like heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Low blood pressure. "Main article: Hypotension" Low blood pressure is called hypotension. If the blood pressure is too low, the heart, brain, and other parts of the body do not get enough blood and oxygen. Low blood pressure can cause problems like dizziness and fainting. If a person's blood pressure is low enough, they can have seizures, lose consciousness, and even die. Crawford, Texas Crawford is a town in Texas, in the United States. It is former President George W. Bush's hometown. George W. Bush and the First Lady Laura Bush own a 1600-acre ranch in Crawford. They bought the ranch in 1999. The first family's presence in Crawford, Texas, has helped the small town's economy to grow. The once nearly deserted streets are now busy with tourists. Royal Navy The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest part of the British fighting forces. Because it is the oldest, it is called the "Senior Service". From the 18th century until World War II, it was the largest and strongest navy in the world. The Royal Navy was very important in making Britain the superpower of that time. The Naval Service is made up of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Fleet Air Arm and reserve forces. The Naval Service had 57,000 personnel (people) as of November 2011 including part-time reserve sailors, airmen and marines. The Royal Navy is one of the largest navies in the world in terms of gross tonnage (weight and size of all their ships). The Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary have 98 ships including aircraft carriers, submarines, minesweepers and patrol vessels as well as the ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. All ships in the Royal Navy are called "Her Majesty's ships" (Or HMS for short), because by constitution the Queen owns them and has command over them. Ships in the Royal Fleet Auxiliary are called "Royal Fleet Auxiliaries" (Or RFA for short) and are also technically owned by the Queen. In times of a male monarch the "Her" is replaced with "His". History. The strength of the fleets of the united Kingdom of England was an important element in the kingdom's power in the 10th century. At one point Aethelred II had an especially large fleet built by a national levy of one ship for every 310 hides of land, but it is uncertain whether this was a standard or exceptional model for raising fleets. During the period of Danish rule in the 11th century a standing fleet was maintained by taxation, and this continued for a time under the restored Anglo-Saxon regime of Edward the Confessor, who frequently commanded fleets in person. 1500–1707. A permanent Royal Navy, with its own staff, dockyards and a group of purpose-built warships, was created in the 16th century in the reign of Henry VIII.221-37 Under Elizabeth I, England was at war with Spain. Privately owned ships combined with the Royal Navy raided Spanish commerce and colonies.238-53, 281-6, 292-6 In 1588, Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada against England to stop English support for the Dutch rebels, to stop English pirate activity, and to depose Elizabeth. The Spaniards sailed from Lisbon, planning to escort an invasion force from the Spanish Netherlands. The plan failed due to poor planning, English tactics, blocking action by the Dutch, and bad weather.253-71 Organization. In law, the head of the Royal Navy is the monarch or her consort, holding the ceremonial title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom. The Lord High Admiral was Elizabeth II from 1964 to 2011. Her husband Prince Phillip was in the Royal Navy during World War II. He was Lord High Admiral from 2011 to 2021. The professional head of the naval service is the First Sea Lord. He is a member of the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board. The Navy Board is below Admiralty Board and is responsible for running the Navy. Their offices are in the Ministry of Defence, London. Full command of the Royal Navy is the job of Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET). The purpose of CINCFLEET is to provide ships, submarines and commando forces for military and diplomatic jobs as needed by the Government. CINCFLEET command headquarters are in Portsmouth; operational headquarters are at Northwood, Middlesex. This is the Permanent Joint Headquarters and a NATO Regional Command. Current Role. During the Cold War, the Royal Navy mainly focused on hunting for Soviet submarines. These submarines were most active in the North Atlantic Ocean, the ocean near Britain. The main jobs of the Royal Navy are: Personnel. As of 1st November 2011, the Royal Navy numbered 36,640 personnel and 2,300 Royal Naval Reserve (Volunteer Reserve). Both of these figures include the Royal Marines and Royal Marines Reserve. In addition there were 19,600 Regular Reserves. Women have been in the Royal Navy since 1917. From 1939 to 1993 they were part of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) and were called "Wrens". Since 1993 they have been a part of the regular Navy. The Royal Navy is an equal rights employer, with women having the same opportunities as their male counterparts. In 2012 for the first time a female officer, Commander Sarah West commanded a major warship, HMS Portland. Vessels. "This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity. " Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carrier. HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) is the first of the navy’s latest aircraft carriers. Along with her Sister ship, HMS Prince of Wales (R09) they are the biggest ships ever built for the Royal Navy. The ships can hold and launch F35 Lightning II B aircraft, which were built specially for the ships. Both ships are also fitted with Phalanx close-in weapons, which are controlled by RADAR. Albion Class Landing Platform Dock. HMS Albion (L14) is a Landing Platform Dock in the Royal Navy. She and her sister ship, HMS Bulwark (L15) provide an amphibious landing capability for Royal Marines. Each ship can carry up to 405 troops, 30 all-terrain armoured vehicles or six Challenger 2 tanks. Type 45 Destroyer (Daring Class). HMS Daring (D32) is one of a group of Destroyers. She is designed for anti-air warfare. She can also conduct patrol missions and carry a boarding party from the Royal Marines. She and her sisters will are the main warships for the next decade at least. "The other Type 45 Destroyers are HMS Dauntless, HMS Diamond, HMS Defender, HMS Dragon and HMS Duncan" Type 23 Frigate. HMS Sutherland (F81) is one of the Duke class Frigates. She is designed for anti-submarine warfare. She can also conduct a variety of other missions. She is the first ship to have this name in over 200 years. She was the ship chosen to escort HMS Queen Elizabeth out of her shipyard in 2017. "The other Type 23 Frigates are HMS Argyll, HMS Lancaster, HMS Iron Duke, HMS Montrose, HMS Westminster, HMS Northumberland, HMS Richmond, HMS Somerset, HMS Kent, HMS Portland and HMS St Albans. Four others used to serve in the Royal Navy, but 3 were sold to Chile and 1 has been removed from active service. " Protector Class Ice-Patrol Vessel. HMS Protector (A173) is the Royal Navy’s Ice Patrol Ship. She primarily patrols the British Antarctic Territory but also serves in the nearby Falklands and South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Vanguard Class Submarine. HMS Vanguard (S28) is one of four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN). She can fire the Trident nuclear missile around the globe. They also hold Spearfish torpedoes which can attack a target up to 14 miles away. At any time at least one boat is at sea with nuclear weapons to defend Britain. Their operations are highly secretive. They are based at HMNB Clyde in Scotland. "The other Vanguard class submarines are HMS Vigilant, HMS Vengeance and HMS Victorious." Astute Class Submarine. HMS Astute (S119) is the first of a new type of fleet submarine (SSN). Her type is nuclear powered. They can fire the Tomahawk IV missile at ground targets and torpedoes at surface ships. She is one of the most powerful attack submarines ever operated by the Royal Navy. "The other 3 boats are HMS Ambush, HMS Artful and HMS Audacious. Three more boats are planned or under construction." Mafia The Mafia is an organized crime group working in many parts of the world that was created in Italy more than 200 years ago. The mafia makes money from crime. They make billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, from stealing, gambling and prostitution. Etymology. The first written use of the word mafia has it being said on a list of rebels against the catholic church. It meant "boldness, ambition, pride", and since none of these were considered appropriate for a woman it is the name of a witch. Many people also believe that Arabic affected the word 'mafia' during the period of Arab control of Sicily, after the fall of the Roman Empire in 846 AD. 'Mahias' is an Arab word meaning 'bold man', and this is believed to be incorporated into the modern term mafia, which also suggests the bold and argumentative nature of its constituents. Rules. A boss in the Sicilian mafia had a list of ten rules. These rules have been called the mafia's Ten Commandments. Different groups. The Mafia in Italy. The mafia in Italy have been around for hundreds of years. They work in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia which are all areas in the South of Italy. This group was founded by Felice Maniero, but has now been dismantled. The Italian Mafia in America. The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 1800s. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon they were in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called "La Cosa Nostra" which in Italian language means "This thing of ours" or "Our thing". The American mafia is divided into different groups or "families". Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more. New York City has five Italian mafia families. They are called: Many other American cities have Italian mafia families. These include Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles Mafia groups in other countries. There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world. Here are some: There are others as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons. All these groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in those countries and the countries they are from. Hierarchy. Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, or La Cosa Nostra (LCN), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However you can always work your way up the ladder of power, and respect. Below is the hierarchy of an American mafia family. Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. ("see below; Becoming a member") History of the Mafia in New York. The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 1800s and early 1900s to find a better life. At this time many Irish and Germans also moved to the US for the same reasons. Many of these people set up businesses or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money and some, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime, which was easier than earning money by working. There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort and murder for money. These groups were known all-together as "the Black Hand" but they did not actually work as one group called "the Black Hand"; there were many groups and they each worked on their own and the term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what these gangs did (extortion), not their names. Prohibition, unification and the Castellammarese War. In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them sell liquor (which is also illegal) and made millions of dollars from this because they were the only ones who had liquor and so could sell it at extremely high prices. Around this time the gangs in New York became one large gang (the Mafia) as leaders of the gangs realized that more money could be made if all the gangs worked together. A man named Giuseppe Masseria and a man named Salvatore Maranzano both wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War", broke out between the two men and many of their soldiers were killed. Giuseppe Masseria's underboss was a man named Lucky Luciano who also wanted to control the New York mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, his own boss. Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese - a man who would later become boss - this was also the end of the "Castellammarese War". With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, in Italian language called the "Capo di tutti Capi" meaning "Boss of all Bosses". He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (plural: Italian language for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today. The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and the way he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized this and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, as well as others, killed. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers, on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia, but not in the way Maranzano was; he helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept. The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese. Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as Joseph Bonanno was the boss for a very long time. The Five Families over the years. A chart of the bosses of the five families of New York since the "Castellammarese War" would look like this: Bonanno crime family lucy reed Colombo crime family Gambino crime family Genovese crime family Lucchese crime family The Mafia in movies. Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters. The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others. Metalocalypse Metalocalypse is an animated comedy television series directed by Jon Schnepp. It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous and richest band in the world. The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments. Even though their fans often die or are hurt in the series, they still remain very popular. There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them. CD & DVD Release. Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of "Metalocalypse" and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album has songs that are played during the series. St. Lucia Day St. Lucia Day is a holiday that is held on December 13 in several countries in Europe. Those countries include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland. The holiday is in honor of Saint Lucy. On this day, young girls (mostly the oldest daughter of the house) dress like Saint Lucia in a white robe and a crown of candles. There are parades, pageants, and the girl playing Lucia serves cakes. They also sing special songs. Here is one of the songs: <poem> The night treads heavily around yards and dwellings In places unreached by sun, the shadows brood Into our dark house, she comes, bearing lighted candles, Saint Lucia, Saint Lucia. </poem> The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavored buns ("lussekatter") shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes. People eat them with "glögg" or coffee. Pride Pride means having a feeling of being good and worthy. The adjective is proud. The word "pride" can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense. In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect. People can be satisfied with their achievements. They can be proud of something good that they have done. They can be proud of (or "take pride in") their work. They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good. People can be proud of their country (patriotism). The opposite would be "to be ashamed" of someone or something. In a bad sense, "pride" can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as "proud" may be arrogant. The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” or “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov.16:18 (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster). Symmetry Reflectional Symmetry is a property of certain geometrical objects that appears the same when mirrored or reflected along an axis. This axis has to cross the shape through the middle of that object dividing into equal halves. In rotational symmetry, the object is identical when it is rotated by a certain amount. The precise notions of symmetry have various measures and operational definitions. For example, symmetry may be observed Asymmetry. Asymmetry is the absence of symmetry. It is best defined like that because symmetry is relatively rare, and all other objects are asymmetric. Mount Ruapehu Mount Ruapehu is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand. It is the highest mountain in North Island with a height of . It is located in Taupo, New Zealand. It last erupted in September 2007. History. In 1948, an airplane crashed into the volcano. All the people in the airplane died. Klang Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there. It is one of the busiest ports in the world. Weather. In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season. The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year. Districts. There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a river called the Klang River. Famous Local Food. Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its "Rojak Klang". Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang". The stall was opened in 1972. Moscow Metro The Moscow Metro is a metro system which reaches nearly every part of the city of Moscow in Russia. It is one of the most heavily used metro systems in the world. It is also famous for its stations, which are heavily decorated with paintings. In total the metro is 314 kilometres long and has 214 stations (including 1 temporarily closed). During the day about 7.2 million passengers use the metro. As in many subway systems every line has its own colour, name and number. In total there are 14 lines. The metro runs from 5:30 AM to 1:00 AM. In peak hours trains run every 90 seconds, in the rest of the day every 3–4 minutes and in the evening every 6–10 minutes. The metro does not publish a timetable, because the trains run at short intervals. Part of Filevskaya line (4) has a timetable because there are two lines there - new line to Mezhdunarodnaya and old line to Fili. History. The first stations were opened 1935, May 15th. There were routes from Sokolniki to Park kultury and to Smolenskaya. First the Moscow metro had name after Lazar Kaganovich who was the had of Moscow Committee of All-Union communist party. In 1957 he was exiled from the party, and the Moscow metro became be named after V. I. Lenin. During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union some stations were used as shelters against bombs. Lines. The Moscow Metro has 16 lines, consisting of 14 normal lines and one light line and one U-railway. Here is a short overview of the lines: Tickets. There are tickets for a certain number of rides and tickets for a certain time. The moscow metro uses magnetic cards for tickets with a certain number of rides: 1,2,5,10,20 and 60. These tickets were first sold in 1993 as a test. All other tickets are Transport Cards (Smartcards). There are two kinds of smartcards, 'unlimited' and 'social'. Both kinds of cards can be used for 30, 90 or 1 year. Social cards are free for senior citizens and reduced for students. Interesting Facts. The metro has a gauge of 1520 mm, like most Russian railways. It gets the electricity from a third rail. The metro is run on a voltage of 825V AC. The average distance between stations is 1800 m. The shortest is 300m between the stations Alexandrovskiy Sad and Arbatskaya. The longest distance between stations is 6627 m between Krylatskoe and Strogino. The long distance helps trains travelling faster and more efficient. Most platforms are at least 155 m long. They can take trains which have 8 cars. The only exceptions are some stations on Filyovskaya Line which can only take 6-car trains. These stations are: Trains on lines 2, 6, 7 and 9 have eight cars, on lines 3, 8, 10 seven cars and on lines 4, 5 and 11 six cars. Line 12 is different from all other lines. Its platforms are much shorter than the normal platforms. They are only 96 m longs. It has newer trains than the other line. The metro has 214 stations. 71 of them are deep under the ground, 87 are just under the ground. There are also 10 stations above the ground and 3 on bridges. On trains to the city there is a male announcer, on trains from the city there is a female announcer. (The boss calls you to work, the wife calls you home). One of the stations - Vorobievy Gory is situated at the bridge and has a great view at the Moscow river. Also this station is the longest at Moscow. Metro 2. Although this has not been officially said, many independent studies say that there is a second, deeper metro system designed for emergency evacuation of important city personnel in case of attack. It is believed that it consists of a single track and connects the Kremlin, chief HQ (Genshtab), Lubyanka (FSB Headquarters) and the Ministry of Defence, as well as numerous other secret installations. There are also entrances to the system from several civilian buildings such as the Russian State Library, Moscow State University (MSU) and at least two stations of the regular metro.[citation needed] It is speculated that these would allow for the evacuation of a small number of randomly chosen civilians, in addition to most of the elite military personnel. The only known junction between the secret system and normal Metro is behind the station Sportivnaya of the Sokolnicheskaya Line. Statistics. Latest numbers from official site . Anchorage Anchorage is where a ship lies at anchor. It can also mean: Jessica Simpson Jessica Simpson (born July 10, 1980) is an American singer and actress. She is known for her reality television show, Nick and Jessica: Newlyweds. In the late 2000s, she was married to Nick Lachey. In 2008, she filed for divorce and she married Eric Johnson. She is the daughter of Tina and Joe Simpson and older sister of singer and actress Ashlee Simpson. She has starred in the movies "The Dukes of Hazzard" (2005) and "Employee of the Month" (2006) Early life. Jessica Simpson was born in Abilene, Texas. She is the daughter of Tina Ann and Joseph Truett. She has a sister whose name is Ashlee Simpson who is also a singer. At first, Simpson sang at a local church. At age twelve, she auditioned for The Mickey Mouse Club, but was not selected. Personal life. Simpson was married to musician Nick Lachey from 2002 until they divorced in 2006. Simpson began dating NFL tight end Eric Johnson in 2010. The couple has 2 children together—daughter Maxwell Drew Johnson (born May 1, 2012) and son Ace Simpson Johnson (born February 22, 2013). Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1974 and was very successful. It is still very popular. It was also made into a musical called "Spamalot". Story. This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them. The movie was made in Scotland. Yen The Japanese yen or en is the currency used in Japan. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world. If and only if In logic and mathematics, if and only if (sometimes abbreviated as iff) is a logical operator denoting a logical biconditional (often symbolized by formula_1 orformula_2). It is often used to conjoin two statements which are logically equivalent. In general, given two statement A and B, the statement "A if and only if B" is true precisely when both A and B are true or both A and B are false. In which case, A can be thought of as the logical substitute of B (and vice versa). An "if and only if" statement is also called a "necessary and sufficient condition". For example: This makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples. She will not leave any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit. That a given fruit is an apple is both a "necessary" and a "sufficient" condition for Madison to eat the fruit. Note that the truth table shown is also equivalent to the XNOR gate. AppleTalk Appletalk is a suite of protocols for computer networking. It allowed Apple Macintosh computers to connect one another. It also allowed a computer to use a printer connected to the network. Apple has switched from Appletalk to TCP/IP. Miramax Films Miramax Films is an American motion picture distribution and production company. It was headquartered in New York, New York before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company. It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979. The name comes from combining the first names of their parents "Max" and "Miriam". The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio did not think were worth distributing. The company's first success came when the Weinsteins teamed up with British producer Martin Lewis. They got the US rights to two concert movies of benefit shows for human rights organization Amnesty International. The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to combine the two movies into one movie. The movie "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball" was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982. Among the company's most well known movies as distributors were "The Crying Game", "sex, lies, and videotape", "Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!" and "Scandal". The company also made movies such as "Pulp Fiction" and "Shakespeare In Love" Miramax also produced many movies which made a lot of money. The company became one of the leaders of the independent film revolution of the 1990s. It produced or distributed seven movies that made more than $100 million at the box office. Its most successful movie, "Chicago", earned more than $300 million. In 1993, The Walt Disney Company bought Miramax for $80 million. Harvey and Bob Weinstein ran Miramax until they left the company on September 30, 2005. The Weinstein brothers ran Miramax separately of other Disney companies. However, Disney had the final say on what Miramax could release. Miramax also has a family films division, Miramax Family Films. Miramax is one of the Big Ten movie studios. In 2011, Disney sold the Miramax library of movies to Filmyard Holdings for $663 million. After the sale, Miramax signed home video distribution deals with Lionsgate, Echo Bridge and .StudioCanal. In 2016, Miramax was sold to beIN Media Group. In 2019, beIN sold 49 percent of Miramax to Paramount Pictures, which will distribute all of Miramax's movies. Western States 100 The Western States 100 is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains. It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons. It is considered by some to be the most difficult. Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer. Scott Jurek Scott Jurek (b. October 26, 1973) is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California. He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row. He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years. Badwater Ultramarathon The Badwater Ultramarathon is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney. It is 135 miles in very high heat. Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was the countries of Austria and Hungary ruled by a single monarch. The full name of the empire was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen". The dual monarchy replaced the Austrian Empire (1804–1867). It started with the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians. It was an empire made up of many different ethnic groups and was a great power. It found its political life full of arguments between the eleven main national groups. It had great economic growth through the age of industrialization. It also saw social changes with many liberal and democratic reforms. The Habsburg dynasty ruled as emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as kings of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had some ability to govern itself. It also had a say in things that affected both it and the rest of the empire. This was mainly foreign relations and defense. The empire had two capital cities: Vienna in Austria and Budapest in Hungary. Austria-Hungary was the second largest country in Europe (after the Russian Empire). It had the third most people (after Russia and the German Empire). Creation of Austria–Hungary. The "Ausgleich" or compromise of February 1867 created the Empire's dualist structure. The Austrian Empire (1804–67) had lessened in strength and in power. This was because of the Austro–Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro–Prussian War of 1866. Also, the Hungarian people were not happy with how Vienna treated them. This had been going on for many years and it led to Hungarian separation. This included the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848–49. Emperor Franz Joseph tried to reach an agreement with the Hungarian nobility. He needed their support to keep the empire together. The Hungarian nobility would not accept anything less than equality between themselves and the Austrian elites. Governmental structure. Hungary and Austria had different parliaments. Each had its own prime minister. The monarch kept the two working together. He had absolute power in theory but very little in reality. The monarch’s central government had charge of the army, navy, foreign policy, and the customs union. World War I. The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian I of Mexico (1867), and his only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, next in line to the crown. On 28 June, 1914, the heir visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. Bosnian Serb militants of the group Mlada Bosna attacked Franz Ferdinand's motorcade and assassinated him. Some members of the government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had wanted to fight the Serbian nation for many years. The leaders of Austria-Hungary decided to attack Serbia before it could start a revolt. They used the assassination as an excuse. They gave Serbia a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum. They expected Serbia would not accept. Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the other one. Austria-Hungary declared war. These events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia. Russia moved its army to help Serbia. This set off troop movements on both sides and started World War I. End of the Empire. Near the end of the war, it was understood that the allied powers would win. Part of the empire started declaring independence from the monarch. They formed their own countries. The following countries were formed from the former Habsburg lands: Some Austro-Hungarian lands were also given to Romania and Italy. Wisdom Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures. Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older. Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom. If someone has wisdom, they are called wise. Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise. People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know. They were often called "sages". There are many stories in Western culture in which the owl is supposed to be a wise bird. Skate (fish) "For the act of skating, see skating." Skates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera. There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates. Skates and stingrays. Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins. Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous. Roger Moore Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador. He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more times than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show "The Saint". He began his career by becoming a male model. Early life. Moore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian "Lily". He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated. Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany. Personal life. Moore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires. Squires was 12 years older than him. She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was. They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales. While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli. Moore ended this marriage in 1993. His current marriage is to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionaire Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup. When Moore married Kiki Tholstrup, he began spending winters in Crans-Montana, Valais (Switzerland) and summers at his apartment in Monaco. In 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003. He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting. On 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Moore's Star was the 2,350th star. It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2008, the French Government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. His autobiography "My Word is My Bond" was published the same year. Melbourne Cup The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year. People say it is "The race that stops a nation", it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world. The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61 ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec. The race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AEST) time. Attendance. The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes, In 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event History. Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800 km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales. However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race. Archer won again the next year. However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses. That is the smallest number in the history of the cup. The winner of the Melbourne Cup last year was Rekindling, from Great Britain. Off the track. 'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day. Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself. The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965. In Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday. In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble. Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office). Other people bet in workplace cup "sweeps". (In "sweeps" each person pays a small amount [e.g. $3] and draws a random horse. First, second, and third place then share the money.) In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year. Betting on the Melbourne Cup has become more and more popular over the years, with one time a year punters having a crack at picking the winning horse. King Philip's War King Philip's War (Metacom's War) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England. When the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians. As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it. Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes. His father had made a treaty with the English. The English began to fear the power of the natives. The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war. John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader. He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them. When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry. Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements. The resulting war was large. The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss. Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict. When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth. 500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves. Lip balm Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outside in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips). Coprophagia Coprophagia is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons. Adding pineapple to their food is a well recognized solution for many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society. Eating one's feces can also spread disease. Frankenwald The Frankenwald (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range. It is in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria. It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest. It is a long forested plateau. The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers. It was settled in the 13th century. The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal. Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine. First, the people setlted on the plateau. They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way. A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal. Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys. In the Frankenwald, the following landscapes are prevalent: Rapid transit Rapid transit is the name for a type of railway which has trains that run very often and carry many passengers at one time. It is usually in a city or urban area and takes people in and out of it. Trains go between places very quickly because they do not mix with other traffic. Most rapid transit railways do not have level crossings, but the tracks go over and under other roads, or run in tunnels or over bridges, so they do not meet. Many places call their rapid transit system a metro. Other words for rapid transit, which vary around the world, are subway, underground, tube, elevated, or heavy rail. These words sometimes describe how the system is built: some systems are completely below or above ground, while others may have both below-ground and above-ground sections. A single rapid transit system can have many lines that go different places and many stations where people can get on and off trains, and sometimes change between other forms of public transport. These lines often have stations where people can change from one line to another to go in a different direction. These kinds of stations are called interchange stations, and many of the biggest rapid transit systems have several of these stations. Europe. Many people consider the oldest rapid transit system of any kind to be the Metropolitan Railway in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The first part of what would eventually become the London Underground started building in 1860, and the first part was opened in 1863. The first underground trains were powered by locomotives that burned coal, and the smoke made many people suffer from choking in the tunnels. Later trains on the line ran on electric power. This line, now part of the Metropolitan line, is still running today. Another railway line in London, the City and South London Railway, was the first rapid transit line to use trains that run on electricity. This part opened in 1890 and today is part of the Northern line. Several more underground railways were built in London, and today the Underground, which is called the "tube" for its small trains and tunnels, has eleven lines, some of which run on track that is used by National Rail trains. The next two cities to build rapid transit lines were Budapest, Hungary (whose first metro line opened in 1896) and Glasgow, Scotland (whose "Subway" also opened in 1896). Soon, many other big cities in Europe were building metro lines of their own, such as Berlin, Germany (Berlin U-Bahn); Paris, France (Paris Métro); and Moscow, Russia (Moscow Metro). A number of Paris Métro lines use trains that have rubber tires along with wheels made of steel; this helps the trains run better and smoother especially on steep gradients. Montreal's metro system is also like this, along with some people mover systems, which carry fewer people than rapid transit. The Americas. The first subway in North America was in Boston. Building started in 1895 and the first section was opened in 1897. The tunnels for this subway are still used by the Green Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), who has since built some other subways. In 1904, the New York City Subway opened, serving New York City. It quickly grew and soon became one of the largest in the world. It still has the most stations of any rapid transit system, with over 400 of them. Several more cities in the United States and Canada built their own subways, such as Philadelphia (operated by SEPTA); Los Angeles (operated by METRO); Montreal Metro in Montreal, Toronto Subway in Toronto and Vancouver SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada. Although most rapid transit systems are mostly built in underground tunnels, there are some lines which have been built above the street. These "elevated" lines are cheaper to build than subways since no tunneling is required. A well-known mostly elevated rapid transit system is the Chicago 'L' serving Chicago since 1892. The New York City Subway also has many elevated sections similar to Chicago. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington Metro in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, two of the newer rapid transit systems built in the US, began running in 1972 and 1976, in that order. Although these last two systems have long sections of track without stations and run mostly above ground, in some places in the median strip of highways; all lines travel through subways in the inner city parts. The first subway in South America opened in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires in 1913 (the Buenos Aires Underground). The oldest trains on the Underground were used for almost one hundred years, and were not replaced with new cars until 2013. Other cities in Latin America with rapid transit include São Paulo, Brazil (São Paulo Metro); Santiago, Chile (Santiago Metro); and Mexico City, Mexico (Mexico City Metro). Trains in Santiago and Mexico City are like Paris and Montreal as they are rubber-tired. Although there are not as many cities with rapid transit railways as there are in Europe or other places, many large cities operate bus rapid transit networks, which carry many people like railways and often have their own lane on roads, but use buses instead of trains. These systems are often designed to be converted into rail-based rapid transit in the future. Asia, Africa, and Oceania (including Australia). The first subway in Asia was the subway in Tokyo, Japan. The first section, part of the Ginza Line, was opened in 1927. Now, there are 13 lines run by two different companies (Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway), and many trains on these lines, called "through trains", run directly onto regular Japanese railways. Many other cities in Japan have subways of their own, like Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya. In China, the first subway, Beijing Subway, opened in Beijing in 1969. Other cities in China began to build subways, including Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. These systems, especially Beijing with its 18 lines, have become some of the largest and longest in the world. For example, the Shanghai Metro had only one line when it opened in 1993, but today has 19 of them. Both the Beijing and Shanghai systems have over 500 kilometers of track. Other cities in Asia with big subway systems are Taipei, Taiwan (Taipei Metro), Seoul, South Korea (Seoul Metropolitan Subway); Delhi, India (Delhi Metro); and Singapore (MRT). Three of Singapore's MRT lines, along with three smaller LRT lines, are automatically operated without a driver. A few more metro systems that run this way are London's Docklands Light Railway; the SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada; and the Dubai Metro serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Africa does not have many cities with rapid transit. Among those that have one, the oldest is in Cairo, Egypt (Cairo Metro), in use since 1987. Some cities in South Africa, though, have commuter rail networks with trains that come at high frequencies like rapid transit. Australia was the last continent to have a rapid transit system, although its biggest cities already have large commuter rail networks, some of which run in tunnels like rapid transit. The first ever rapid transit system in Australia opened in Sydney (Sydney Metro) in 2019. It also uses driverless trains. Municipality A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government. In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation. In some countries, municipalities are referred to as "communes" (for example, French "commune", Italian "comune" or Swedish "kommun"). Order Order has many meanings or uses: Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen is a city in Germany. It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz. About 58,000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins. Zeppelin A Zeppelin is a type of airship. Airships are aircraft that float in air, because they are filled with a lightweight gas. A Zeppelin is a dirigible, which means it is a rigid airship, but can be moved around by itself. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all rigid airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes. One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States. After this, Zeppelin passenger service came to a stop. The LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use, although some modifications had to be made. Early the Second World War the remaining Zeppelins were demolished so their metal could be used for other things. Plans have been proposed, to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights. Some are used as tourist attractions, or for advertising. 666 666 was a common year in the western calendar, as counted Anno Domini. Stanza A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form. They can keep on going without punctuation. It may also be a line in a poem. Two most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme. There are many kinds of stanza. An Italian sonnet consists of two four-line stanzas and two three-line stanzas: A French ballad is composed of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line one: Some stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them. An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho. Bibliography. Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, "Art of Versification". Revised edition. Springfield: 1920. Nanga Parbat Nanga Parbat is a mountain in Gilgit-Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore. It is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is above sea level. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain". In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it. Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains. Nanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range. The range covers an area of in length and in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range. The steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb. Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of "killer mountain". Cheema Cheema (Shahmukhi: چیمہ, : ਚੀਮਾ) (also spelled Chima) is a typical group of people of the Jaat clan confederation found in India and Pakistan (In the world any family of Cheema they must be connected to the Sialkot sub-city Sahowala, Balochak Because this is the beginning place of Jutt Cheemas) who are also known as warriors. Jaat's are a large and important group in Punjab. Cheema's are one of the few major subclans of Jats. They speak Punjabi, and usually own vast farmlands. The majority of Cheema clans who are Muslims are found in West Punjab (Pakistan), and many who are Sikhs are found in East Punjab (India). History. The Cheema tribe was called "Shaka" in India, from the name Saka used by the Persians. From the time of the Mahabharata wars (1500-500 BC) Shakas were mentioned many times in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, the Katha-Saritsagara, and many other old texts. it is believed that there are three Royal Families of Jatt in every Punjab. In Indian Punjab, there are the (Cheema, Grewal, and Gill) "Sikh Jatts" And the Royal Families of the Pakistani Punjab are (Chattha, Cheema, and Warraich) "Muslim Jutts". Invasion of India (180 BC onward). The Vanaparava of the Mahabharata has a prophecy saying that the kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, and Abhiras shall rule unrighteously in Kaliyuga (MBH 3/188/34-36). Alexander's invasion of Punjab. Alexander overran the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC and marched into what is now Afghanistan with an army of 50,000. His scribes do not mention Gandhara or Kamboja; instead, they name twelve small countries in those territories. This means that Gandhara and/or Kamboja must not have been very great kingdoms in the late 4th century BC. In 326 BC, most of these twelve or so countries that used to be in the Gandhara Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonian conqueror. Alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara to come to him and submit to his authority. Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied. After confirming him in his satrapy, Alexander marched against the Sakas (Cheemas are considered to be decadents of the Sakas) and Kamboja highlanders of the Kunar also Swat valleys known in Greek texts as Aspasios and Assakenois (q.v.) and in Indian texts as Ashvayana and Ashvakayana (names referring to their equestrian nature), who had refused to submit to Alexander. The "Ashvayan", "Ashvakayan", Kamboja and allied Saka clans offered tough resistance to the invader and fought him to a man. When worse came to worst, even the Ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their menfolk on the field, thus preferring " a glorious death to a life of dishonor". Thereafter, Alexander marched east to the Hydaspes, where Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and the Akesines (Chenab) refused to submit to him. The two armies fought the historic Battle of the Hydaspes River on the riverbank outside the town of Nikaia (near the modern city of Jhelum). Porus's army fought bravely but was no match for Alexander's. When the defiant Raja (though wounded and having lost his sons) was brought before Alexander, a legendary conversation took place in which Alexander inquired of Porus, "How should I treat you?", the brave Porus shot back, "The way a king treats another king." Alexander was struck by his spirit. He not only returned the conquered kingdom to Porus but added the land lying between the Akesines (Chenab) and the Hydraotis (Ravi), whose ruler had fled. Alexander's army crossed the Hydraotis and marched east to the Hesidros (Beas), but there his troops refused to march further east, and Alexander turned back, following the Jhelum and the Indus to the Arabian Sea, and sailing to Babylon. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Yuezhi tribe of modern China moved westward into Central Asia, which, in turn, caused the Sakas (Scythians) to move west and south. The Northern Sakas, also known as the Indo-Scythians, moved first into Bactria, and later crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully wresting power from the Indo-Greeks. They were followed by the Yuezhi, who was known in India as the Kushans or Kushanas. The Kushanas founded a kingdom in the 1st century that lasted for several centuries. Both the Indo-Scythians and the Kushans embraced Buddhism, and absorbed elements of Indo-Greek art and culture into their own. Another Central Asiatic people to make Punjab their home were the Hephthalites (White Huns), who engaged in continuous campaigns from across the Hindu Kush, finally establishing their rule in India in the fifth century. Muhammed Bin Qasim's invasion of Punjab. The "Chach Nama" is a romantic work influenced by the 13th-century history, not a historical text of the 8th-century, states Asif, a historian and professor at Columbia University in New York City of Pakistani origin. Many Jatt/Cheema were oppressed by Hindu king Raja Dahir who ruled over Punjab where the majority of the population followed Buddhism (Ram Swarup Joon: "History of the Jats", Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)). The Jat made strong alliances with the Muslim Arabs and hailed the conquest of Muhammad bin Qasim an Arab general. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Hindu Raja Dahir in alliance with Jats and other Buddhist Rajas. On his arrival at the town of Brahmanabad, between six and sixteen thousand men died in the ensuing battle. Buddhists and the Jat, Meds and Bhutto tribes hailed him as a rescuer from tyranny at the hands of "Chach" and his kin (regarded as Cusurpers of the Rai Dynasty). Historian Baladhuri records the local sentiments upon Qasim's recall, “people of Hind wept for Qasim and preserved his likeness at Karaj”. While the “Chach-Nama” notes the following as highlights of Qasim’s rule: As the Chach-Nama is a non-reliable and non-contemporary source of history, it has no authenticity and it holds no historical value (According to Pakistani Origin historian Dr. Asif) Oppression of the Jats. The rulers before Islam were: Siharus, Sahasi II, Chach, Dahir. The first two were Buddhist Jatt, and the last two were Hindu jatt. The new Brahmin rulers were not friendly to the many Buddhists in Sind at that time, and they were cruel to the Jats and Meds, who were most of the peasants. Bad conditions were put on the Jats and they lost many civil rights. "When Chach, the Brahmin chamberlain who usurped the throne of Chach King went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed". It was because of this background that Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhists as well as the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind ("An advanced history of India" by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973). In fact, he was hailed as a deliverer by several sections of the local population. The position of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the Chach Nama. Mohammad Bin Qasim came as a deliverer for the ancient tribes of Jats and Meds and he defeated the oppressing King of Sindh. From then the war between Buddhists and Hindus saw another contender whose future followers of the monotheistic Islamic faith would change the history of India forever. Cheemas Today. The Cheema clan hold the largest number of Political seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan in Punjab, This Cheema family has had a large number of Civil servants, Judges, Police officials, Federal Ministers, and Provincial Ministers, and even a President of Pakistan. Many Cheemas have immigrated, establishing successful careers in aid agencies, and armies amongst other professionals. Cheema has a very strong political control in many districts such as Gujranwala. Cheema is the owner of many rice and floor mills such as Ghulam Haider Cheema from Aroop used to have the biggest rice and floor business in Pakistan. Late Sardar (Captain) Autar Singh Cheema was first Pakistan-born but an Indian national to climb the highest peak of the world Mount Everest on 20th May 1965. He belonged to and after retiring from active service in the Indian army lived in his ancestral village at Chak Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan India. Many Cheemas have now settled in England after participating in both WW1 and WW2 Indian army for British forces. Mostly misled for thinking they would get the freedom of India at the end of the world, which was not. Approximately 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One - and more than 74,000 of them lost their lives. The Cheema Clan located in Nurmahal (Cheema Kalan and Cheema Kurd) is situated on the lands of former Noor Jahan (The Persian Queen) the twentieth and last wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. The Queen's secret underground passageways are located on the Cheema land now. Most of the Cheema lands located in Nurmahal were gifted to the Cheema clan for their bravery, hard work, and centuries of dedication in the Indian Armed forces and Navy. Cheema Clans are found World Wide now including; America, Canada, England, and Australia Hindu scriptures. In the Mahabharata. The Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata "(5/19/21-23)" tells us that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas, and Shakas participated in the Mahabharata war under the command of Sudakshina Kamboja. The epic repeatedly says this composite army was very fierce and wrathful. Mahabharata, too similarly groups the Shakas with the Kambojas and Yavanas and states that they were original noble Kshatriyas but got degraded to "vrishala" status on account of their non-observance of the sacred Brahmanical codes. In the Manusmiriti. Manusmriti places the Shakas with the Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Paradas and labels them all as degraded Kshatriyas (Holy Warriors) defying the Brahmanical codes and rituals. In the Puranas. In the "Puranas Darada" the Jatt sub-tribes have been called degrading terms such as Rakshasas (demons) not having darshan of the Brahmin. Geography. Cheema is most numerous in the Amritsar district. There are also 42 villages in the Patiala district. According to Cunningham, this area used to be called "Chima des" ("Des" or "Desh," in the Hindustani language and Punjabi language, which means "country"). Many people settled in Montgomery (Sahiwal) and Sandal Bar when the British ruled Punjab because of the construction of a large canal network in these areas. The Cheema also have few villages scattered across Rawalpindi, Bhawalpur, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, NurMahal or Noor Mahal, Moga, Ludhiana, and Sangrur. In the western Punjab plains, Cheema communities are not generally found past "Chaj Doab". In the eastern Punjab plains, they are not were found past the Sangrur district, until 1947, when many Sikh Cheemas moved from Sialkot and Gujranwala to settle in Village Chak 4e Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan Patiala, Karnal, and Sirsa after the partition of the Punjab. Some families also moved afterward Udhamsingh nagar(Uttrakhand), Pilibhit, Puranpur, and Rampur (Utter Pradesh). This region is called Mini Punjab and the Terai Region. In Pakistan, Sialkot and Gujranwal districts both have large Cheema populations with many Cheema villages, such as Chak 4e in Sri Ganganagar (Raj) Begowal, Verowala Cheema Jamke Cheema, Tajokay Cheema, Adamkay Cheema, Bhopalwala, Nishterabad,(Nishterabad village have only one family of Cheema Named Nazar Mohamad Cheema) Sahowala, Kamalpur, Manpur, and Lodikay Cheema, and in Gujranwal, Baddokey Cheema,chak beg, Kot Inayat Khan,Delawar Cheema, Saroki Cheema, Bharoki Cheema,Varoki Cheema,Mansorwali Cheema, Ratti Thatt, Bankay Cheema, Kathor, Kalay Wala, Kheway Wali, Wadala Cheema, Phaloki Cheema, Marday Ki, and Chabba Cheema. In Rawalpindi district, there is a village near Gujar Khan which is named Sui Cheemian and it has a substantial population of Cheema's. In southern Punjab, Bahawalpur and Yazman have considerable numbers of Cheema families, in great enough numbers that the area elects more than a dozen cabinet members. In India, the Rupnagar and Mohali districts of the Punjab state have large Cheema populations with many Cheema villages, such as Salora. K2 K2 is the second highest mountain in the world, at . It is also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chhogori. K2 is part of the Karakoram range. It is located in Pakistan.The name K2 came from the first survey of Karakoram. At that time, the surveyors gave each mountain a simple label of "K" followed by a number. K2 is known as the "Savage Mountain" as it is very hard to climb. It is considered to be harder to climb than Mount Everest. K2 has the second-highest fatality rate among the eight-thousand-metre mountains. One person dies for every four who reach the top. As of 2011, only 300 people have climbed to the top of the mountain. At least 80 people have died trying to climb it. K2 has never been climbed during the winter. The summit was first reached in 1954, by Italian climbers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni. Name. The name K2 was first used by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of British India. Thomas Montgomerie made the first survey of the Karakoram range. He did so from Mount Haramukh which is to the south. At the time he sketched the two most prominent peaks, and called them K1 and K2. The policy of the Great Trigonometrical Survey was to use local names for mountains when possible. K1 had the local name of Masherbrum which was soon used. K2, however, appeared not to have a local name. This may have been due to its remoteness. It is not visible from Askole, the last village to the south, or from the nearest village to the north. It is believed few local people would have gone to where it could be seen. The name "Chogori", from two Balti words, "chhogo" ("big") and "ri" ("mountain") (چھوغوری) has been suggested as a local name. There is not much evidence for its widespread use, however. It may have been invented by Western explorers. It does form the basis for the name "Qogir" () which the Chinese government uses as the official name of the mountain. As the mountain did not have a local name, the name "Mount Godwin-Austen" was suggested. This was in honor of Henry Godwin-Austen who had been an early explorer of the area. While the name was rejected by the Royal Geographical Society, it was used on several maps and is still used once in a while. The label K2 is still the name by which the mountain is commonly known. It is now also used in the Balti language, rendered as "Kechu" or "Ketu". The Italian climber Fosco Maraini stated that while the name K2 came by chance, is was good for the mountain. He said: Climbing history. Early attempts. The mountain was first surveyed by a European team in 1856. Team member Thomas Montgomerie called the mountain K2. The other mountains were originally named K1, K3, K4, and K5, but were later changed to use local names. In 1892, Martin Conway led a British expedition that made it to the Baltoro Glacier. The first real attempt to climb K2 was in 1902 by an Anglo-Swiss expedition. It took fourteen days for them to reach the foot of the mountain. After five attempts the team only made it to . The next expedition was in 1909. It was led by the Italian Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi. This team made it only to an elevation of on the South East Spur of the mountain. After looking for and not finding other routes, the Duke said that K2 would never be climbed. The next attempt was not made until 1938. At that time, American Charles Houston took an expedition to the mountain. They decided that the Abruzzi Spur was the best route and made it to a height of around . In 1939, an American expedition led by Fritz Wiessner came within of the summit. It ended in disaster when four members died on the mountain. Charles Houston tried again in 1953. The try was a failure due to a storm which trapped the team for 10 days at . One climber died in the expedition. Many others nearly died in a mass fall but were saved by Pete Schoening. First success. Finally, in 1954, an Italian expedition made it to the summit. It was lead by geologist Ardito Desio. The two climbers to reach the top were Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, at 6pm on 31 July 1954. One member of the expedition (Colonel Muhammad Ata-ullah of Pakistan) had been part of the 1953 American attempt as well. Other members were scientists, a doctor, a photographer, and others. Mario Puchoz died in the attempt. Two other members had to be hospitalized and one had to have his toes amputated due to frostbite. Later success. The second success was not until 23 years after the first. It was a Japanese expedition lead by Ichiro Yoshizawa in 1977. The third success was in 1978, and used a different route from the first two. This one was done by an American team, lead by James Whittaker. Another notable success was in 1982, when a Japanese team climbed from the harder Chinese side of the mountain. The previous successes had been from the Pakistan side. The expedition was lead by Isao Shinkai and Masatsugo Konishi. Three members of the team made it to the summit on 14 August. One of them, however, died on when coming down. Four other members made it to the summit the next day, on 15 August. The first person to reach the summit twice was Czech climber Josef Rakoncaj. He was part of a 1983 Italian expedition that made the summit. Then three years later he made the summit again as part of an international expedition. The first woman to reach the summit was Polish climber Wanda Rutkiewicz in 1986. Two other women reached the summit later that same day, but died when coming down. In 2004, the Spanish climber Carlos Soria Fontán became the oldest person ever to summit K2, at the age of 65. In 2018, Polish climber Andrzej Bargiel became the first person to ski down K2 after he made it to the top. In addition to these notable successes, about 300 people have climbed to the top of the mountain. Climbing difficulty. Even though the summit of Everest is higher, K2 is a much more difficult and dangerous climb. This is in part due to its worse weather. It is believed by many to be the world's most difficult and dangerous climb. This is what lead to the nickname "the Savage Mountain". Only about 300 people have made it to the top. This is much less than the 5,600 who have made it to the top of Everest. At least 80 (as of September 2010) people have died attempting the climb. Respiration Respiration is how nutrients change into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose. There are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen breaks down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration. Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water). Related pages. See these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration: Kingsley Amis Sir Kingsley William Amis (16 April 1922 – 22 October 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than twenty novels, three collections of poetry, short stories, radio and television scripts, and books of social and literary criticism. He was the father of the British novelist Martin Amis. Biography. Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, South London, England. He went to school at the City of London School and St. John's College, Oxford. At Oxford, he met Philip Larkin and became friends. Amis served in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War. Amis was a fan of jazz music. He liked the American musicians Sidney Bechet, Henry "Red" Allen and Pee Wee Russell. His first novel "Lucky Jim" was very successfull. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction. "Lucky Jim" was the first English novel that focused on an ordinary man as anti-hero. As a poet, Amis was a part of The Movement (anti-romantic poetry). As a young man, Kingsley Amis was a member of the Communist Party. He left them when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. After that, Amis became anti-communist, and conservative. He talks about his political change in the essay "Why Lucky Jim Turned Right" (1967). Amis was an atheist. Novels such as "The Green Man" and "The Anti-Death League" were about the personality of a divine being. They were also about its relationship to death and dying. Amis's novel "The Old Devils" won the Booker Prize in 1986. He received a knighthood in 1990. Amis was married. The first time in 1948 to Hilary Bardwell and then to novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard in 1965. He divorced Howard in 1983. Amis spent his last years living with his first wife and her third husband. He had two sons and a daughter. His younger son was novelist Martin Amis. Martin wrote about his father's life and decline in his memoir "Experience". Science fiction. Amis' interest in science fiction led to "New Maps of Hell" (1960). It was about how he felt about science fiction in literature. He liked the stories of Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth. With the Sovietologist Robert Conquest, Amis produced the science fiction series "Spectrum" I–IV. This series got a lot of its ideas from the 1950s magazine "Astounding Science Fiction". He wrote three science fiction novels. "The Alteration" was an alternate history novel set in a twentieth-century Britain. "Russian Hide-and-Seek" was an alternate history where Russia had conquered Britain after the Second World War. He also wrote the supernatural-horror novel "The Green Man" which the BBC adapted for television. James Bond. Amis wrote books about Ian Fleming's James Bond. He wrote the popular "James Bond Dossier". Later, he wrote, "The Book of Bond, or, Every Man His Own 007". It was a tongue-in-cheek how-to manual about being a spy like Bond. He wrote it under the name "Lt Col. William 'Bill' Tanner". Tanner was M's Chief of Staff in many of the Bond novels. 69 69 is a year in the 1st century. 340s The 340s decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349. Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II the Catholic (, 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. His marriage to Isabella of Castile brought together most of the Iberian Peninsula as Spain and started its move to become a great power. Biography. Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the sister by a different mother of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Ocaña. He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs had to begin with a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), who claimed to be the daughter of Henry IV. They won. Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479. This meant the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. For the first time since the 8th century this created a single political unit which came to be called Spain, although the various territories were not administered as a single unit until the 18th century. The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim bit of Al-Andalus. This was completed by 1492 and then the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon. The royal couple sent Christopher Columbus on his expedition which discover the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean. Ferdinand was busy in the last decades of his life with the so-called Italian Wars. He was fighting with the Kings of France for control of Italy. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII. Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, and they agreed to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1502, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor. After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France. In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490–1538), a granddaughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however. Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head. Children. Ferdinand and Isabella had 5 children, Isabella of Asturias, Juan of Aragon, Joanna of Castile, Maria of Aragon, and Catherine of Aragon. Joanna and Catherine married with several European dynasties, setting the bases for the huge heritage of their grandson Charles V. His granddaughter was Queen Mary I of England. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 () is what people call new ways of showing or using things on the Internet. Web 2.0 is considered beneficial because it is easy for people to publish their work, connect with other people, and share and exchange information. To people who use the Internet, wikis and blogs are Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is mostly about user-generated and interactive content. Before Web 2.0, Internet users could just read information on web pages. With Web 2.0, users can interact with the site and add information. In Web 1.0, the previous version, information was only written by the website author. The Internet technology which is used for web 2.0 is not different from the old Internet technology, but the ways people use the web (the Internet) has changed. Some people think that Wikipedia is a great example of "Web 2.0". Many other famous websites, such as Facebook and Youtube, are considered Web 2.0 Websites. The Broons The Broons is a comic strip in the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post. It is about a Scottish family with 11 members. The strip is written in Scots. Roman Republic The Roman Republic was a phase in history of the Ancient Roman civilization. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by Romulus in . It was a kingdom until 510 BC, when the last King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown. This began the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was a civilization ahead of its time and very advanced. The Roman people elected "Consuls", who ruled for about a year. Many of the ideas of the Roman Republic are still used today. The Republic got most of its wealth from trading and taxation. The Republic had few enemies but it was constantly battling the Gauls, who were conquered by Caesar later. The Punic Wars against Carthage were fought all over the Mediterranean coasts, mainly because of Sicily and trade disputes. The third enemy being the Germanic tribes or simply barbarians (uncivilized people). The Republic suffered many disasters including Spartacus (the leader of a slave revolt) Spartacus defeated one consul's army before being captured, the Republic suffered at the hands of Hannibal, who after crossing the Alps defeated the Roman Army at Cannae and many other battles which saw Rome with a great fear of being destroyed by Hannibal. The end of the Republic is still a matter of dispute; different scholars will give different dates for it. Usually, the dates of the start of the First Triumvirate or the Second Triumvirate are given. (The Triumvirates were groups of three men who had much power) The end of the Republic is often said to be when Gaius Julius Caesar was appointed as dictator (single ruler) by the Roman Senate. This happened after a series of civil wars that lasted from about 49 BC to the year 44 BC. Some people say the Republic ended with the naval Battle of Actium between Marcus Antonius and Octavian. They both had been in the Second Triumvirate. It was fought on 2 September 31 BC. Octavian won. Later on, he was proclaimed Roman Emperor. The end date could also be when Octavian was given the title of the first "Augustus" by the Senate. This was on 16 January 27 BC. These are modern views though. In the view of the early emperors, the "Res Publica" (Republic, literally "Thing of the People") still existed. It was simply "under their protection". They promised that some day that the Republic would restored to its original form. This never happened, and so scholars divide the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic as two different, distinct periods of the history of Rome. First Triumvirate The First Triumvirate is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). They made it in 60 BC to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful. Caesar was able to gain money from Crassus to finance his public works campaign. He also gained military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his wealth and the means he used to attain it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar who had a loyal following in the plebeian class. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey and Crassus ended their old grudge that dated back to the Third Servile War because they realised the advantages they allowed each other. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Pompey married Caesar's only child, Julia. The Triumvirate lasted until Crassus' death in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. Caesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC. Second Triumvirate The Second Triumvirate was an alliance between Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. It was formed to punish the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar. The Triumvirate lasted from 43 BC to 33 BC. It ended the effort by Marcus Tullius Cicero to make the Senate once again the top body of the Republic. From then on Rome was ruled by an Emperor. The Triumvirate army, led by Octavian and Mark Antony, defeated the Conspirators' army led by Cassius and Brutus. The war ended with the Battle of Philippi in Roman Macedonia in 42 BC. Cassius and Brutus committed suicide and the remainder of their army joined the Triumvirate forces. Occam's razor Occam's razor (or Ockham's razor) is a principle from philosophy. Suppose an event has two possible explanations. The explanation that requires the fewest assumptions is usually correct. Another way of saying it is that the more assumptions you have to make, the more unlikely an explanation. Occam's razor applies especially in the philosophy of science, but also appears in everyday life. History. William of Ockham, a Franciscan friar who studied logic in the 14th century, first made this principle well known. In Latin it is sometimes called lex parsimoniae, or "the law of briefness". William of Ockham supposedly (see below) wrote it in Latin: This translates roughly: This means if there are several possible ways something might have happened, the way which uses the fewest guesses is probably the correct one. However, Occam's razor only applies when the simple explanation and complex explanation both work equally well. If a more complex explanation does a better job than a simpler one, then you should use the complex explanation. Further ideas. A problem with Occam's razor is that the sentence is not really about things ("entia" = entities), but about explanations or hypotheses. Other thinkers have come up with other versions: In science, Occam's razor is used as an heuristic (general guiding rule or an observation) to guide scientists. Examples. Example: Two trees have fallen down during a windy night. Think about these two possible explanations: Even though both are possible, several other unlikely things would also need to happen for the meteorites to have knocked the trees down, for example: they would have to hit each other and not leave any marks. In addition, meteorites are fairly rare. Since this second explanation needs several assumptions to all be true, it is probably the wrong answer. Occam's razor tells us the wind blew the trees down, because this is the simplest answer therefore probably the right one. Example: A person is standing on the top of a roof and dropping a feather. In calculating how long it takes for the feather to reach the ground, to make the maths simpler, one might make an assumption: that the effect of air resistance can be ignored. This assumption makes the problem simpler, but is unlikely to lead to a good prediction as to the time it will take for the feather to fall. Thus, making the assumption that air resistance can be ignored is in this case not the "simplest" in concept, but the simplest in other respects (in this case, the maths). "Not" making the assumption here "is" the "simplest" in concept because it involves making fewer assumptions. Occam's razor also comes up in medicine. When there are many explanations for symptoms, the simplest diagnosis is the one to test first. If a child has a runny nose, it probably has the common cold rather than a rare birth defect. Medical students are often told, "When you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras". Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul is a Brazilian state. It is in Southern Brazil. It has common borders with Uruguay to the south, and Argentina to the west. It has a very high standard of living. Its capital city is Porto Alegre. About 10 million people live in the state. The surface area of Rio Grande do Sul is about 282,000 square kilometres. Turbofolk Turbofolk or Pop-folk is a style of music from the Balkans that was invented in the early 1990s. It mostly comes from Greece, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, but it is also popular in other nearby countries. It sounds like a mix of Arabic-style singing (in the Serbian language) with electronic music and rock music. Turbofolk is sometimes associated with the recent Balkan wars and the Breakup of Yugoslavia but it is still popular. Bérurier Noir Bérurier Noir are a French punk band which formed in Paris in 1983. It is made up of Loran (guitar), François (vocals) and Dede (drum machine). In 1985 Masto joined, playing the saxophone. They sing about French politics and anarchism. They are one of the most famous French punk bands. Roman Britain Roman Britain ("Britannia") was the part of Great Britain in the Roman Empire from AD 43 to 409 or 410. History. The first invasion was led by Julius Caesar, in the days of the Roman Republic. He defeated the dominant Catuvellauni tribe in 54 BC near Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire. Their capital was taken over by the Romans. Trouble in Gaul (mainly modern France & Belgium) prevented Caesar from staying in Britain. The full conquest of Britain was delayed for almost a century. In 43 AD, the Emperor Claudius sent an invasion force, led by Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator. He was given four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of helpers The legions were: The "II Augusta" was commanded by the future emperor Vespasian. The other three legions were also led by high-ranking men. The invasion was one of the most significant events in British history. After the revolt of Boudica there was usually peace and a process of full "romanization" started successfully in southeast Britain. The Romans considered Britannia as a single territory and administratively they divided the huge island in five provinces: "Britannia prima" (capital London), "Britannia secunda", "Flavia Caesariensis", "Maxima Caesariensis" and "Valentia". It seems that they have created also a sixth province -during Agricola conquest- in Caledonia, called "Vespasiana". Roman legions left in 410 AD after almost four centuries, and the administration of the country was taken over by prominent local chieftains. This was known as Sub-Roman Britain, with a Romano-British culture and the people may have used a Latin-based language. It lasted for more than two centuries but gave way to an increasingly Anglo-Saxon England by the start of the seventh century. Technology. Roman technology made its impact in road building and the construction of villas, forts and cities. During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads. They were used in later centuries, and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and sewage systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London ("Londinium"), Manchester ("Mamucium") and York ("Eboracum"), were founded by the Romans. There was no writing in Britain before the Romans. They introduced it and, when they left, writing only survived with the help of religion. The British were skilled in the arts, and produced ornamental jewellery and pottery which was exported to Europe. They built defensive structures such as hill forts. They were proficient in warfare with spears, bows and arrows. Small round stones found in such sites indicate the use of slings or catapults. To keep Roman control, forts and garrisons were built throughout Britain, and the existing roads improved. The local people had to maintain the Roman roads in Britain, and got tax relief for their efforts. Roman roads allowed for troop movements and the distribution of supplies. The forts and garrisons needed food and other services. Vast areas produced these goods. For example, the often flooded Somerset levels was like a huge market garden that provided supplies for the garrisons at Exeter, Gloucester, Bath and the forts in between. Local fishermen supplied fresh fish, and farmers reared sheep, pigs, cattle and poultry for the garrisons. Christianity. Missionaries from Gaul began to introduce Christianity to the West country. Before the end of the first century AD they had a Church of Celtic Christianity. This spread such that by the mid second century much of Cornwall, Devon, Western Dorset, and South Somerset had adopted Christianity. The spread of Christianity continued eastward and strongly northward into Wales through the next two centuries, especially after the adoption of Christianity by Rome. The Romans had built shrines and temples to their pagan gods and continued to patronize these, even after the adoption of Christianity by Rome. 990 990 is a year in the 10th century. Bixente Lizarazu Bixente Lizarazu (born 9 December 1969) is a former French football player. He is one of the most successful football players in the world. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and the European Football Championship in 2000. He has also won the UEFA Champions League (2001) and was champion of the Bundesliga (both with Bayern Munich) five times in a six-year period (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005). Lizarazu was born in Saint-Jean-de Luz, a small village in Basque region of France, in 1969. His first club was Eglantins Hendaje (1977-1989). He then went to Girondins Bordeaux (1989-1996). After playing for Bordeaux, he played for the Spanish club Athletic Bilbao (1996-1997) before he went to Bayern Munich (1997-2005). For a six months, he played for Olympique Marseille (2004). He ended his career in 2005. Club career statistics. 258||22 16||0 174||8 448||30 International career statistics. !Total||97||2 Shetland Shetland (or the Shetland Islands) is an archipelago, the furthest out part of Scotland in the United Kingdom. The islands are between the Faroe Islands and the Orkney Islands. They are about 50 miles to the northeast of the Orkney Islands. They are about 100 islands in the group. People live on 16 of them. The islands form part of the boundary between the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east. The largest islands of the group are Mainland, Yell, Unst, Fetlar, Whalsay, and Bressay. In general, the climate of the group is subarctic, and rather bleak. They used to be called Hjaltland or Zetland. Today, the islands are part of Scotland. The administrative centre is Lerwick. The economy of the islands is largely based on agriculture. The sheep are known for their fine wool. Other well-known exports are the Shetland ponies and Shetland Sheepdog. In 1969 crude oil was discovered near the islands, leading to an alternative source of income for them. History. Scandinavian colonisation. By the end of the 9th century the Norsemen shifted from plundering to invasion, mainly due to the overpopulation of Scandinavia in comparison to resources and arable land available there. Shetland was colonised by Norsemen in the 9th century. The fate of the native population is unknown. The colonisers established their laws and language. That language evolved into the West Nordic language Norn, which survived into the 19th century. After Harald Finehair took control of all Norway, many of his opponents fled, some to Orkney and Shetland. From the Northern Isles they continued to raid Scotland and Norway, prompting Harald Hårfagre to raise a large fleet which he sailed to the islands. In about 875 he and his forces took control of Shetland and Orkney. Ragnvald, Earl of Møre received Orkney and Shetland as an earldom from the king as reparation for his son's being killed in battle in Scotland. Ragnvald gave the earldom to his brother Sigurd the Mighty. Shetland was Christianised in the 10th century. In the Treaty of Perth in 1266 the Norwegian king surrendered his furthest British islands to Scotland. They included the Hebrides, and the Isle of Man. In return, the Scots recognised Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland. The islands did not become Scottish until the 15th century, and were ratified by an Act of Parliament in 1669. Hanseatic League. For three centuries the Shetlanders sold their fish (salted cod) through the German Hanseatic League, a trading organisation. This arrangement lasted from 1400 to 1700 AD. World War II. In WWII Shetland was active in covert operations against the Germans in Norway. The 'Shetland Bus' (fishing vessels) sailed in covert operations between Norway and Shetland. They carried intelligence agents, refugees, instructors for the resistance, and military supplies. Many people on the run from the Germans, and much important information on German activity in Norway, were brought back to the Allies this way. Oil. In the early 1970s, oil and gas were found off Shetland. The East Shetland Basin is one of the largest petroleum sedimentary basins in Europe. Sullom Voe terminal opened in 1978 and is the largest oil export harbour in the United Kingdom with a volume of 25 million tons per year. Prehistory. Firm geological evidence shows that at around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slides hit Shetland, as well as the rest of the east coast of Scotland, and may have washed over some of the Shetland Islands completely. Shetland has been populated since at least 3400 BC. The early people subsisted on cattle-farming and agriculture. During the Bronze Age, around 2000 BC, the climate cooled and the population moved to the coast. During the Iron Age, many stone fortresses were erected, some ruins of which remain today. Due to the practice of building in stone on the virtually tree-less islands, Shetland is extremely rich in physical remains of all these periods, though Shetland is less rich in material remains than Orkney. The artifacts of all the eras of Shetland's past can be studied at the newly built (2007) Shetland Museum in Lerwick. Salt evaporation pond A Salt evaporation pond (or saltern pond) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds. The color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color. Salinity Salinity is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of water solution it is 1 part per thousand. This is written as 1‰. Food preservation Food preservation is about the ways and means which help to preserve food. Food spoils from bacteria if it is not treated. For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used today by indigenous peoples. The other ancient method is to use salt, and often drying and salting are done together. Food is spoiled because microorganisms change it. There are five basic techniques which make food last longer: Usually several of the techniques are combined. Methods of preserving food. Common ways of preserving food are: Multiple methods. Many common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips. Clapham Junction railway station Clapham Junction railway station is a train station in Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is on St. John's Hill in the south west of Battersea. The station. The services. All services to Waterloo and many services to Victoria and Croydon stations pass through the junction; these include South West Trains, Gatwick Express and Southern services. Services from Clapham Junction also head north along the West London line, through West Brompton and Kensington (Olympia), on to Willesden Junction and Watford Junction - services (to Willesden Junction) are operated by London Overground. Typical off-peak service of about 110 trains (one train every 30 seconds) is: The facilities. The station has 17 platforms, numbered 1 to 17, and arranged in two groups. Platform 1, the northernmost platform. The station's main entrance is from St. John's Hill, into a foot tunnel which is 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. It runs under the eastern end of the 17 platforms, and to a northern exit, which has restricted opening hours. The foot tunnel becomes very crowded during the morning and evening rush hours, and ticket barriers at the end of the tunnel are a particular pinch point. A covered footbridge connects the platforms at their western end. The footbridge does not have an exit to or from the station. The Junction. The station is named Clapham Junction because it is close to the joining point of a number of major rail lines—although the name is not shared by any junction near the station. The names of the nearby rail junctions are: Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical. All living things make ATP to store energy and to move it to the cells that need it. Cells get all their energy from ATP. They break ATP molecules apart to use the stored energy. The harder a cell works, the more ATP it needs. Use. The ATP molecule is very versatile: it is used for many chemical reactions in the body. Energy is stored in its chemical bonds. The energy that is stored can be used later. When ATP breaks a bond with a phosphate group and becomes ADP, energy is released. This is an exothermic reaction. The ATP phosphate exchange is a nearly never-ending cycle, stopping only when the cell dies. Functions in cells. ATP is the main energy source for most cellular functions. This includes the synthesis of macromolecules. It is used in DNA and RNA. ATP also helps macromolecules get across cell membranes. DNA and RNA synthesis. In all known organisms, DNA is made by the action of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzymes. These enzymes reduce the sugar residue from ribose to deoxyribose by removing oxygen. ATP is one of the four nucleotides put RNA molecules by RNA polymerases. The energy driving this polymerization comes from cutting off two phosphate groups. The process is similar in DNA biosynthesis. Shrimp Shrimp refers to small, decapod crustacea. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: Caridea, Procarididea, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. Adult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales. Shrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not. Food. Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming. Prawn Dendrobranchiata is a suborder of decapod crustaceans, and contains shrimp and prawn. Dendrobranchiata are commercially fished and are used for cooking. The difference between prawns and shrimp is usually that prawns are larger than shrimps. Prawns are crustaceans similar in appearance to shrimps, but they can be distinguished by the gill structure which branches out in prawns but not in shrimps. Prawns are also related to crabs and lobsters. Prawns have two pairs of antennae. Prawns are found in calmer waters were the they can nest in water plants to lay their eggs. Like shrimps, prawns tend to prefer warmer waters in the tropics but some species of prawn are found in the Northern Hemisphere. Prawns eat by filtering nutritious particles out of the water flowing around the prawn. Therefore, prawns are found near rocks or close to the sea floor. Prawns are a common source of food for humans around the world, particularly in areas where the prawn exists naturally such as South-East Asia. Lee Redmond Lee Redmond (born February 2, 1941) is a woman from the Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. She is famous for having the longest fingernails in the world. She has not cut her fingernails since 1979. The combined length of her fingernails are 7 meters and 51 centimeters long (24 feet, 8 inches) . She has an active life despite of her long fingernails. Lee Redmond is in the Guinness Book of World Records in the category "Longest Fingernails - Female". On February 10, 2009, Lee was in a car crash, and was thrown out of the car. She was badly hurt and all her fingernails were broken off. Martin Amis Martin Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a Welsh novelist. His best known novels include "Money" (1984), "London Fields" (1989), "Time's Arrow" (1991) and "The Information" (1995). Affected by several writers including his father Sir Kingsley Amis, Amis's style of writing has affected a generation of writers. His recent work has looked at moral and geopolitical issues, including The Holocaust, Communist Russia, and the September 11, 2001 attacks and Islamism. Early life. Amis was born in Swansea, South Wales. He was the middle of three children, with an older brother, Philip, and a younger sister, Sally. He went to many different schools in the 1950s and 1960s. The fame of his father's first novel "Lucky Jim" sent the Amises to Princeton, New Jersey, where his father lectured. Amis's parents, Hilly and Kingsley, divorced when he was twelve. Amis graduated from Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated with a first-class degree in English. After Oxford, he got a job at "The Times Literary Supplement". At age 27, he became literary editor of "The New Statesman". Early writing. His first novel "The Rachel Papers" (1973) won the Somerset Maugham Award. It tells the story of a smart, self-centered teenager (which Amis says he based on himself) and his relationship with his girlfriend in the year before going to university. "Dead Babies" (1975) has a typically 1960s plot. It has a house full of characters who abuse various substances. A movie version was made in 2000 which was unsuccessful. "Success" (1977) told the story of two foster-brothers, Gregory Riding and Terry Service, and their good and bad luck. "Other People: A Mystery Story" (1981), about a young woman coming out of a coma. Later career. "Money" (subtitled "A Suicide Note") is a first-person narrative by John Self. He was an advertising man who wanted to be a movie director. The book follows him as he flies back and forth across the Atlantic looking for success. The book was a huge success and is Amis's most highly regarded work. "London Fields" is Amis's longest book. It show the encounters between three main characters in London in 1999, as a climate disaster draws near. "Time's Arrow" is about a doctor who helped torture Jews during the Holocaust. It was written in the form of an autobiography. The story is unusual because time runs backwards during the entire novel. The "Experience" is mainly about his relationship with his father, Kingsley Amis. He also writes about finding long-lost daughter, Delilah Seale and of how one of his cousins, 21-year-old Lucy Partington, became a victim of suspected serial killer Fred West. He lives and writes in London and Uruguay and is married to writer Isabel Fonseca, his second wife. Other websites. Xi Shun Xi Shun (Bao Xishun) (China, born in 1951) is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's tallest living man. He is tall. The last time he was measured was on January 15 of 2005. On August 7, 2007 Leonid Stadnyk was measuring and was found to be taller than him. In September 2005 he made his first trip outside of China to London to visit Guinness World Records. Xi Shun served in the People's Republic of China army but got discharged because of rheumatism. He once saved some dolphins' lives by getting pieces of plastic from their stomachs that veterinarians could not reach. Radhouane Charbib was the tallest man by Guinness world records until Bao Xishun beat his record on 15 January 2005. That is where he was measured 2 millimetres taller in the Chifeng Hospital in China. Crab Crabs are a form of decapods (having eight walking legs and two grasping claws), along with lobsters, crayfish and shrimps. Crabs form an order within the decapods, called the Brachyura. Their short body is covered by a thick exoskeleton. They are an extremely successful group, found all over the world. They are basically heavily armoured shell-breakers. Most crabs live in sea-water, but there are some who live in fresh water, and some who live on land. The smallest are the size of a pea; the largest (the Japanese spider crab) grows to a leg span of 4 metres. About 7,000 species are known. Structure and life-style. Body. Crabs have short tails. A crab's tail and reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. It is folded under its body, and may not be visible at all unless the crab is turned over. Usually they have a very hard exoskeleton. This means they are well protected against predators. Crabs are armed with a single pair of claws. Crabs can be found in all oceans. Some crabs also live in fresh water, or live completely on land. Pincers. The pincers (claws) of crabs are their most important weapons. They have at least three functions. The pincers' role in eating is to seize and subdue the prey. If the food is a shellfish (mollusc), then the pincers can exert force to open or break the mollusc's shell. Pincers are also used in fighting between males, and for signalling to other crabs. Food. Crabs are omnivores, they eat almost anything they find. Often this is algae, but animal food is essential for its good health and development. They will eat molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, fungi and bacteria. Crabs as food. Crabs are prepared and eaten all over the world. Some species are eaten whole, including the shell, such as soft-shell crab; with other species just the claws and/or legs are eaten. In some regions spices improve the culinary experience. In Asia, Masala Crab and Chilli crab are examples of heavily spiced dishes. In Maryland, blue crab is often eaten with Old Bay Seasoning. For the British dish "Cromer crab", the meat is extracted and placed inside the hard shell. One American way to prepare crab meat is by extracting it and adding a flour mix, creating a crab cake. Crabs are also used in "bisque", a French soup. Evolution. True crabs appear in the fossil record in the Lower Jurassic. They are part of the 'Mesozoic marine revolution', in which a number of sea-floor predators evolved. Tailpiece. The closest relatives of the crabs are anomurans, a crustacean group which includes animals such as hermit crabs, king crabs and squat lobsters. They look a lot like crabs and many have the word 'crab' in their name, but are not true crabs. Anomurans can be told apart by the number of legs: crabs have eight legs, along with two claws or pincers, while the last pair of an anomuran's legs is hidden inside the shell, so that only six are visible. Gran Colombia Gran Colombia was a country formed after New Granada declared independence in 1819. The rebels, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated the Spanish Empire but then fought among themselves. In 1831 Venezuela and Ecuador, being the eastern and southern part of the country, declared independence from Gran Colombia. After that the remaining territory is just called Colombia. Decades later, Panama also became independent from Colombia. Nail (anatomy) A nail is a hard part of the body at the tip of the fingers and toes, of which most people have ten. Toenails and fingernails are similar, except that toenails grow four times more slowly. Only certain mammals have nails: mostly, they are found in primates. They are made of the same kind of material (keratin) as the claws of other animals. Like hair, nails never stop growing. They must be cut from time to time. It does not hurt when people cut their nails as they are not innervated. The nails are made up of a protein called keratin which also makes up the main element of hair and skin. People paint their nails to make themselves look more attractive, usually females. On occasion nails can grow into the skin acting as a place of infection known as an ingrowing nail. They can hurt, so are often treated through medicine. The cutting and painting of the nails is called a manicure. Functions. The functions of nails are not obvious. They include: Crustacean The Crustacea are a subphylum of arthropods with 67,000 described species. They are part of the phylum Arthropoda. Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. They are relatives of insects. If the Arthropods are regarded as a superphylum, then the insects and crustacea would be phyla (see List of animal phyla). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian. Most crustaceans are aquatic, mostly marine. Some have moved onto land permanently. Crustaceans that live on land include some crabs, and woodlice. Crustacea range in size from a parasite 0.1mm long, to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 14 ft (4.3 m) and a mass of 44 lb (20 kg). The North Atlantic lobster can weigh more than 40 pounds. Most crustaceans are mobile, but some become sessile after their larval stage. Barnacles are crustacea which become attached to rocks on the sea shore. Some are parasitic, like fish lice, and tongue worms. Crustacea usually have separate sexes, however some are hermaphroditic. Their eggs eventually hatch into larvae. Crustaceans are a subphylum in the phylum Arthropoda, so they have a tough exoskeleton, a series of jointed appendages, and a segmented body. Crustaceans have three major body parts. They are, front to back: head, thorax, and abdomen. They have two pairs of antennae, and two eyes. The mouth has two mandibles. Most breathe with gills, although sime land crabs have developed lungs. Lobsters and crabs have hard outer skeletons (exoskeleton), and tend to preserve well as fossils. As adults, they moult their shells as they grow in size. Most large crustaceans crawl along the bottoms of streams, rivers, and the ocean, sometimes coming on land. Because they move along the ground under the water, they are called "benthic" creatures. Even though lobsters and shrimps can swim a bit, they usually walk along the bottom of the body of water in which they live. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, most of it is shrimps and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but they have the greatest animal biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. Growth and development. All crustacea must replace their exoskeletons with new ones in order to grow. They replace their exoskeletons by moulting. Moulting is controlled by hormones. A new exoskeleton is then secreted to replace the old one. While they wait for their new exoskeleton to harden it can be dangerous. They may be preyed on by larger predators and not be able to defend themselves. Most crustaceans moult many times between hatching and adulthood. Respiratory pigments. The main body cavity is an open circulatory system: blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart. Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins. This indicates something very unusual: a phylum (or subphylum) with such a fundamental difference between the physiology of its member groups. Larvae. Crustaceans have a number of larval forms. The earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the "zoea" (pl. zoeæ or zoeas). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species. It follows the nauplius stage, and often has spikes on its carapace. These may assist these small organisms in swimming. In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the "mysis" stage, and in others, by the "megalopa" stage, depending on the crustacean group involved. Motile An organism is called motile if it can move on its own. Most organisms are motile. Organisms that cannot move themselves are called "sessile". Maria Montessori Maria Montessori was an Italian educator and doctor. She was born on 31 August 1870 in Chiaravalle, Italy. Maria Montessori created the first Montessori school. It was a method of education which respected the natural development of the child. Its main feature was to allow as much independence as possible to the individual child. Another feature was to allow mixed ages in the same classroom. This was different from the formal classroom teaching used even for young children at the time. Maria Montessori started this method when she was in charge of a school for handicapped children. Maria Montessori also founded around 1907 in San Lorenzo, a slum area of Rome, the first Casa dei Bambini ("Children's House"). She died on May 6, 1952. Portrait of Jacob de Gheyn III Jacob de Gheyn III is a famous painting. It was painted by Rembrandt in 1632 and is the most stolen painting in the world. It has been stolen and recovered from galleries at least four times, making it the world's most stolen painting. Every time the painting has been recovered anonymously and as a consequence nobody was accused of the theft. This painting by Rembrandt is so well known that it would be difficult for a thief to take it again. Jacob de Gheyn III, also known as Jacob III de Gheyn (1596–1641), was a Dutch Golden Age engraver, son of Jacob de Gheyn II, canon of Utrecht (city), and the subject of a 1632 oil painting by Rembrandt. The portrait is half of a pair of pendent portraits. The other piece is a portrait of de Gheyn's friend Maurits Huygens, wearing similar clothing (ruffs and black doublets) and facing the opposite direction As legend goes, a man by the name of Marcus Smith V was found in a gallery sneaking and slowly making his way toward the painting with intent to steal it. The ghost of Jacob de Gheyn III sneaked up behind him and killed him. the legend is most likely untrue because Smith was with a lover that night and was actually poisoned the next night. Fame Fame or Famous may refer to: Toy Story Toy Story is a 1995 American computer animated buddy fantasy comedy adventure movie. It was the first Disney/Pixar animated movie. Pixar made the movie while Disney packaged it and sold the reels of the movie to movie theaters. It was released on November 22, 1995. It was the first animated movie to be completely done with computers instead of hand-drawn animation. "Toy Story" had three sequels, with "Toy Story 2" being released November 13, 1999. Plot. Woody, a pull-string cowboy doll, is the leader of a group of toys that belong to a boy named Andy and come to life when humans are not to be seen. With his family moving to a new house and having a birthday party for Andy, the toys stage a reconnaissance mission to discover Andy's new presents. Andy receives a space ranger Buzz Lightyear action figure, whose features replace Woody's position as Andy's best toy. Buzz does not know that he is a toy when Woody tries to convince him and thinks that he is a real space ranger. While the other toys befriend Buzz, Woody hates Buzz and he doesn't want Buzz to become Andy's best toy. Andy prepares to go to a family outing at Pizza Planet with Buzz. Woody attempts to replace Buzz so that Woody's position is taken, but knocks him out a window instead, making the toys mad. Andy takes Woody to Pizza Planet with him instead. However, Buzz climbs into the car and confronts Woody when they stop at a gas station. The two toys fight and accidentally fall out of the car, which drives off and leaves them behind. Woody sees a pickup truck bound for Pizza Planet and plans to rendezvous with Andy there, convincing Buzz to come with him by saying that the pickup truck can take him to his home planet. Once at Pizza Planet, Buzz makes his way into a claw game machine shaped like a spaceship, thinking that it is the ship that Woody had promised him. Inside, he finds a horde of squeaky aliens who revere the machine's claw arm as their master. When Woody follows Buzz into the game to try to rescue him, the two of them are captured by Andy's next door neighbor, Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys for fun. The two toys try to escape from Sid's house before Andy and his family move, encountering nightmarish hodge-podge toys of Sid's creation as well as Sid's vicious dog, Scud. Buzz sees a commercial for Buzz Lightyear action figures just like himself and realizes that Woody was right about him being a toy. Unable to face the truth, Buzz tries to prove he is still a space ranger by attempting to fly out of the window, but falls and loses one of his arms. Buzz becomes too depressed over the truth to participate in Woody's escape plan which forces Woody to try and get the other toys attention in Andy's room by waving Buzz's disconnected arm, but the other toys still distrust him for what happened to Buzz and leave him behind. Woody realizes that Sid's mutant toys are friendly when they fix Buzz's arm but is forced to hide when Sid arrives, leaving Buzz behind. Sid prepares to destroy Buzz by strapping him to a rocket, but is delayed by a thunderstorm and sleeps for the night. Woody convinces Buzz life is worth living even if he is not a space ranger because of the joy he can bring to Andy, and helps Buzz regain his spirit. Cooperating with Sid's mutant toys, Woody stages a rescue for Buzz and scares Sid away by coming to life in front of him. However, the two miss Andy's car as it drives away to his new house. Running down the road, they climb onto a moving truck but Scud chases them and Buzz tackles the dog to save Woody. Woody attempts to rescue Buzz with Andy's RC car but the other toys, who think that Woody got rid of RC, toss Woody off onto the road. Spotting Woody driving RC back with Buzz alive, the other toys realize their mistake and try to help them into the truck. When RC's batteries become depleted, Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz's back and manages to throw RC into the moving truck just in time before they go soaring into the air. Buzz then opens his wings to cut himself free before the rocket explodes, and he and Woody glide through the air and land safely into the car. Andy looks in the box and is relieved to have found Woody and Buzz. On Christmas Eve at their new house, Buzz and Woody stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals, one of which is a Mrs. Potato Head, much to the delight of Mr. Potato Head. Woody jokingly asks Buzz "What could Andy possibly get that is worse than you?", a question which is immediately answered; Andy's new gift, as it turns out, is a puppy, and the two share a worried smile. Production. Pixar's Oscar-winning short film "Tin Toy" (directed by Lasseter) and its CAPS project were among works that gained Disney's attention and, after meetings in 1990 with Jeffrey Katzenberg, Pixar pitched a television special called "A Tin Toy Christmas". By July 1991, Disney and Pixar signed an agreement to work on a film, based on the "Tin Toy" characters, called "Toy Story". The deal gave Pixar a three-film deal (with "Toy Story" being the first) as well as 10% of the films' profits. "Toy Story"s script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee. The script went through many changes before the final version. John Lasseter decided Tinny was "too antiquated", and the character was changed to a military action figure, and then given a space theme. Tinny's name changed to Lunar Larry, then Tempus from Morph, and eventually Buzz Lightyear (after astronaut Buzz Aldrin). Billy Crystal was going to play as Buzz, but later refused his role, although he would voice Mike Wazowski in Pixar's later movie, "Monsters, Inc". Katzenberg took the role to Tim Allen, who was appearing in Disney's "Home Improvement", and Allen accepted the Role. "Toy Story" was both Hanks and Allen's first animated film role. Lasster's 1993 draft of the film was a disastrous result, presenting Woody as a "sarcastic jerk" because Katzenberg kept sending notes to Pixar saying that he wanted more edge to the character. Katzenberg talked with Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider in the hall during the screening and asked him why it was so bad. Schneider responded that it "wasn't their movie anymore." Schneider wanted to immediately shut down production, fire all recently hired animators and move the key writers (John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Pete Docter and Joe Ranft) into the Disney Studio, pending a new script approved by Disney. Pixar refused and said that the entire story will be changed in two weeks. As promised, two weeks later a new script had been written that made Woody a more likable character. It also included a more adult-orientated staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts. Buzz Lightyear's character was also changed slightly "to make it more clear to the audience that he really doesn't realize he's a toy" as John Lasseter remarked. After the second screening Katzenberg restarted production. The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines. "Toy Story" was made on a $30 million budget, using a staff of 110 people; Lasseter told how hard of the computer animation was to do in the film: "We had to make things look more organic. Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created. We had to give the world a sense of history. So the doors are banged up, the floors have scuffs." According to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of "Toy Story", there was a scene that was cut out of the movie. In this scene, Sid, after he leaves Pizza Planet, tortures Buzz and Woody violently. Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid was interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point. Another scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would "lose the energy of the movie." 2 more deleted scenes, abandoned at the story reel stage, were actually seen as active scenes in Toy Story 2. The first scene was an opening sequence as a Buzz Lightyear cartoon, which ended up as a video game, and the second was the famed "Woody's Nightmare" scene, where Woody is thrown out, as he fails to glow in the dark and destroyed by cockroaches, but in Toy Story 2, he was thrown out because his arm was broken, and he was sucked in by other broken toys. Reception. Ever since its original 1995 release, "Toy Story" received extremely positive reviews from critics; Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes (which gave the movie an "Extremely Fresh" rating) reports that 100% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 74 reviews, with an average score of 9/10. The critical consensus is: "As entertaining as it is innovative, Toy Story kicked off Pixar's unprecedented run of quality pictures, reinvigorating animated film in the process." The film is "Certified Fresh". At the website Metacritic, which utilizes a normalized rating system, the film earned a "universal acclaim" level rating of 92/100 based on 16 reviews by mainstream critics. Reviewers liked the film for its computer animation, voice cast, and ability to appeal to numerous age groups. Leonard Klady of "Variety" commended the animation's "... razzle-dazzle technique and unusual look. The camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one's breath away." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" compared the film's innovative animation to Disney's "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", saying "Both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals, and put it back together again, allowing us to see in a new way." Due to the film's animation, Richard Corliss of "TIME" claimed that it was "... the year's most inventive comedy." The voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of "USA Today" approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" stated that "Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, "Toy Story" is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt." Several critics also recognized the film's ability to appeal to various age groups, specifically children and adults. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote: "It has the purity, the ecstatic freedom of imagination, that's the hallmark of the greatest children's films. It also has the kind of spring-loaded allusive prankishness that, at times, will tickle adults even more than it does kids." In 1995, "Toy Story" was named eighth in "TIME"'s list of the best ten films of 1995. In 2011, "TIME" named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films". It also ranks at number 99 in "Empire" magazines list of the 500 Greatest Films of All Time. . In 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time. In 2007, the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the "Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time". In 2005 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, one of five films to be selected in its first year of eligibility. The film is ranked ninety-ninth on the AFI's list of the hundred greatest American films of all time. It was one of only two animated films on the list, the other being "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". It was also sixth best in the animation genre on AFI's 10 Top 10. Director Terry Gilliam would praise the film as "a work of genius. It got people to understand what toys are about. They're true to their own character. And that's just brilliant. It's got a shot that's always stuck with me, when Buzz Lightyear discovers he's a toy. He's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he's this tiny little figure. He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before... and it's stunning. I'd put that as one of my top ten films, period." María Capovilla María Esther de Capovilla (September 14, 1889 – August 27, 2006) was an Ecuadorian supercentenarian. She was the world's oldest living person between May 29, 2004, aged 114 years 258 days, and her death from pneumonia on August 27, 2006, aged 116 years 347 days. Following Capovilla's death, Elizabeth Bolden became the world's oldest person. She was the last living person who was born in the 1880s and also she is still all-time record-holder of the oldest person who was born in Ecuador and the oldest person who was died in Ecuador. She remained the oldest validated South American and Latin American person ever until Francisca Celsa dos Santos of Brazil surpassed her age in October 2021. On 10 February 2004, Capovilla surpassed Australian Christina Cock to become the oldest person ever from the Southern Hemisphere. Capovilla was named the World's Oldest Person by Guinness World Records on 9 December 2005, thus superseding both Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper of the Netherlands thought to be the world's oldest person from 29 May 2004 to 30 August 2005, when she died, and Elizabeth Bolden of the United States, thought to be the world's oldest person from 30 August 2005 to 9 December 2005. Wart Warts are growths on the skin. Very often they resemble solid blisters. Usually, applying pressure to a wart causes pain. Warts are caused by viruses in the HPV family. As there are many types of viruses in the HPV family, there are also many types of wart. In most cases, warts are not dangerous, but may cause a lot of pain. The virus infects skin cells; if these skin cells move to other areas, new warts can grow there. Warts contain tissue that bleeds easily. A bleeding of this tissue allows the wart to spread to other places. In general, coming in contact with infected tissue spreads the infection. There are different ways of getting rid of a wart: Types of warts. There are different types of warts, caused by different HPV viruses: Getting rid of warts. There are different ways of getting rid of a wart: Ming Kipa Ming Kipa is a Nepalese Sherpa girl who (as recorded in the 2009 Guinness Book of Records) was the youngest person to climb Mount Everest until 2010. She reached the summit on May 24, 2003 when she was 15 years old, with her brother Mingma Gyula and her sister Laphka. Nepalese law does not allow climbers under 16 to climb Everest, so Ming Kipa Sherpa summitted Everest from the Chinese side. In 2010, her record was broken by 13-year old Jordan Romero. Sun Tzu (mathematician) Sun Tzu or Sun Zi was a Chinese mathematician of the third century CE. His interests were in astronomy. He tried to develop a calendar and for this he investigated Diophantine equations. He is best known for authoring "Sun Tzu Suan Ching" (pinyin: "Sun Zi Suan Jing"; literally, "Sun Tzu's Calculation Classic"), which contains the Chinese remainder theorem. Sergey Karjakin Sergey Karjakin (born 12 January 1990 in Simferopol) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. He was a chess prodigy and holds the record for the youngest grandmaster in history, at the age of twelve years and seven months. On 25 July 2009 Karjakin adopted Russian citizenship and afterwards played for Russia. He won Candidates Tournament 2016 and earned the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship. In November 2016, he lost the championship match to Magnus Carlsen in the rapid tiebreaks after drawing 6–6 in the classical games. He won the 2016 World Blitz Chess Championship. He played in the candidates tournament again in 2018, coming third. Yusuf Islam Yusuf Islam (born 21 July 1948) is an English singer. He sang many of his early songs when he called himself Cat Stevens. He was born as Stephen Demetre Georgiou to a Swedish mother and Greek father. He became a Muslim in 1977. After 2 years, he took the name of Yusuf İslam. He has sold over 60 million albums around the world since the late 1960s as Cat Stevens or Yusuf İslam. As a waiter in his father's cafe, he began writing songs "to escape the mundanity of it all". Chart success was followed by adulation, touring, drug use, confusion, tuberculosis and, in the early 1970s, Islam's changed outlook and an album called Tea For The Tillerman. Stevens nearly drowned in an accident in Malibu in 1975. Stevens described the event in a VH1 interview some years later: "I suddenly held myself and I said, 'Oh God! If you save me, I'll work for you.'" He had looked into Buddhism; Zen and I Ching, numerology, tarot cards and astrology", but when his brother David gave him a copy of the Qu'ran, Stevens began to convert to Islam. In 1977 he changed his name to Yusuf Islam upon becoming a Muslim. He stopped playing and recording pop music for almost 30 years, but started performing again in 2006. He lives with his family in London, England. Albums. As Cat Stevens: As Yusuf Islam: Malay language Malay is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by Malay people in northeastern of Sumatra to the Riau Islands and its surroundings; which includes Singapore and Malay Peninsula, as well as the western and northernmost coast of Borneo (especially in Pontianak and Brunei). Writing system. Malay is normally written with the Latin alphabet called Rumi. But there is also a modified Arabic alphabet that is called Jawi. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and the Indonesian language has a different official orthography that uses also the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are both official languages in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking the Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. But the Latin alphabet is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written in various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia. Timothy Dalton Timothy Peter Dalton (born 21 March 1946) is a British actor. He is famous for playing fictional spy James Bond in two movies in 1987 and 1989. He also voiced the hedgehog Mr. Pricklepants in "Toy Story 3". National identity. His father was English and his mother was an American of Italian and Irish descent. Personal life. Dalton has one son, Alexander (born 7 August 1997), by Russian musician Oksana Grigorieva. He was in a relationship with English actress Vanessa Redgrave (with whom he appeared in the 1971 film "Mary, Queen of Scots") between 1971 and 1986. Dalton is a Manchester City F.C. supporter. He is often seen at the City of Manchester Stadium to watch his team play. Dalton remains unmarried. Audiobook narration. Novels by "Benjamin Black" (pseudonym of John Banville): Euzebiusz Smolarek Euzebiusz Smolarek (born 9 January 1981) is a Polish football player. He plays for ADO Den Haag and Poland national team. In 2004, he came to Dortmund with Bert van Maarwijk, who is his trainer. Before that, he played for Borussia Dortmund and under van Maarwijk with Feyenoord Rotterdam. He is also in the Poland national team. Club career statistics. 68||12 81||25 34||4 12||0 15||3 210||44 International career statistics. !Total||47||20 Bushido (rapper) Bushido is a German rapper. He was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, 28 September 1978 and raised in Berlin. His real name is Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi. Bushido left the record company Aggro Berlin in 2001. Now he has his own record label ersguterjunge and insults his old label, for example in the song "Sonnenbank Flavour". Other big hits are "Von der Skyline zum Bordstein und zurück" and "Nie Ein Rapper" ( "Never a rapper" ). In 2006, he won the category German act of the European Music Awards in Copenhagen. History. The artist name "Bushido" is Japanese and means "Way of the Warrior". Bushido was raised by his mother. He met his Tunisian father when he was 26 years old. Bushido was raised in Berlin-Tempelhof and went to the "Gymnasium" (German "grammar school", the highest school form) which he quit without his Abitur (German "A-level", right to study at university). He started his drug-selling career. He first came to rap through graffiti where he painted walls using the name "Fuchs" (German "Fox"). He learned about rap music from his friend Vader(-licious) from DMK (Dark Mingz Klique). Together with King Orgasmus, the three recorded a tape under the name "030" which is the telephone number for Berlin. Bushido's first commercial appearance was on the Frauenarzt-Tape with King Orgasmus for I Luv Money Records in 2002. A short time later he published his self-made first album "King of Kingz". German Rap is based on a monarchy view of things. Everything is a kingdom and the best rappers are kings. There are currently three Kings: Kool Savas, Azad and Bushido himself. However at that time, nobody knew him, but his raps were thought of being very good. Because he knew that, he named his record "King of Kingz". He said "there can be 2 Kings, one for Berlin (Kool Savas) and one for Frankfurt am Main (Azad). Whatever. I shit on 'em. I'm the King. There is noone despite me. Fuck it. I'm the King of Kings." This record was his way up. He was signed by Aggro Berlin which released this tape. He then made his well known record "Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten" (English: "Carlo, Cocain, Hoes") and "Vom Bordstein bis zu Skyline" ("From Pavement to the Skyline") which gained him fame nationwide. In 2004 he quit Aggro Berlin and started his own label Ersguterjunge ("First best boy", a term which was used in the 1930s). He recorded albums and released them every 6 months. Including "Electroghetto", "Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2" and "Staatsfeind Nr 1" ( "State enemy No. 1"). He was officially accused for making racist material and disrespect of minorities and females. However, this could not stop him from gaining success and fame. All his Albums gained Top-3 Chart placements. He was the first German Rapper to have two Albums in TOP-10 Charts placement. Real life. Other rappers, for example the American rapper Raptile, said that Bushido rapped about a way of life he never lived. Media like CNN showed that this is not true. In August 2005 he was sentenced to jail in Austria for beating someone with his bodyguards. They beat up the person because that person damaged the tires of his car. The Austrian judge gave him the option to pay 100.000 Euro ( 150,000 USD) to get out of jail. This was the highest amount possible by law and the judge thought Bushido could not afford that. National Party of Australia The National Party of Australia is the third biggest political party in Australia. It was first called the Country Party when it started in 1920 and then became the National Country Party in 1975. In 1982 it became the National Party. The National Party represents the interests of people who live in rural areas, that is, not in big cities. It normally joins together with the Liberal Party to form a coalition government. It has fewer people in Parliament than the Liberal Party. The current leader is Warren Truss. When the National Party is in a coalition government its leader is usually the Deputy Prime Minister. The Party was quite powerful during the 1940s, 1950's and 1960s. Because it worked closely with the United Australia and later Liberal Party, three National leaders - Earle Page, Arthur Fadden and John McEwen - were Prime Minister for a short time. The Party is strongest in Queensland, where it has had several State Premiers. In 2008, the Liberal Party and National Party came together in Queensland and are now called the "Liberal National Party of Queensland". The party's federal parliamentary leader since 2021 is Barnaby Joyce. He replaced Michael McCormack following a leadership spill. Oil well An oil well is a well to get petroleum from the ground. People in the petroleum industry look for a place that might have oil. They drill a hole deep in the ground and, if the oil is there, then pump it up from the hole. Most oil is very deep underground. Oil wells can be classified by purpose: Active wells can also be categorized as: Wells may be straight holes, or directionally drilled: Prairie A prairie is a type of habitat with mostly grasses, but also flowering plants and occasional shrubs or isolated trees. This type of habitat can be found around the world, but it goes by different names, such as steppes in Asia. What tourist attract is the golden grass in Prairie grassland. The word prairie generally means grasslands in North America. There are often many animals on a prairie, that either prefer a prairie or can only live in a prairie. Some that are well known are the American bison (also called the buffalo) and the pronghorn antelope. Birds include the bobolink and meadowlark. Tall grass prairie. A "tall grass prairie" has plants and grasses that typically grow three to seven feet (one to two meters) high, with occasional plants growing higher. This type of prairie grows in areas with a good amount of rain. Illinois (the "prairie state"), Indiana and Iowa are good examples of where a tall grass prairie would be. This type of habitat usually has rich soil and is very good for farming. Much of the original prairie has been changed into crops or lost to brush and trees. Trees can grow in this area, but most were stopped by fires that would sweep through. Some oaks and hickories could survive a prairie fire. If there are scattered trees, it is called a savanna, and an area in a prairie where trees grew closer together is called a grove. In the last century, fires have been stopped, and trees and brush that once did not grow in prairies are taking over. Some of these invasive species were accidentally introduced from Europe or elsewhere. In Illinois, less than 0.01% of the original prairie still exists. For this reason, conservationists in this area practice prairie restoration to bring the prairie back. Short grass prairie. "Short grass prairie" is in drier areas, and is usually one to two feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) high and has more space between plants. The "American West" (from central Texas up into Canada, east of the arid semi-desert) is all short grass prairie. Much of this area is converted to pastures for grazing cows and sheep. Areas near rivers are irrigated for crops. Some of the original native plants are still widespread. Mixed grass prairie. Mixed grass prairie is found between the short grass prairie and the tall grass prairie and contains more species than either the short grass prairie or the tall grass prairie. Mall A mall or shopping centre is a large building that is full of many smaller shops and stores. It is different from earlier markets or bazaars because most of the shops are not little booths or stalls in one big open area. Each store has its own space with walls. Most of their entrances face a central walking area inside the building. Name. "Mall" is the most common name for these buildings in American English, and "shopping centre" is the most common name for them in British English. Americans also talk about "shopping centers", but they use their spelling for the word "center". Malls are also sometimes called plazas. Overview. People visit the stores in the mall to shop. Most malls have parking lots (places to park cars). Most malls also have roofs so people can shop inside. Most malls have a food court. Food courts are areas where people buy food. Some malls have movie theatres. Ice skating Ice skating is skating on ice as a sport, entertainment or pastime. Ice skates, a special type of boot with metal blades on the bottom, are worn to skate on ice. Figure skating and speed skating are the sport forms of ice skating. Hockey is also played on ice, with players wearing ice skates. The International Skating Union (ISU) is the international governing body for figure skating and speed skating. History. Ice skating probably began in Scandinavia as early as 1000 BCE, as a way to travel in the winter. The sport of skating started in the Netherlands. Since the Middle Ages, people in the Netherlands have skated on canals. The first skating club was created in Scotland in 1742. In 1850, Edward Bushnell created steel-bladed skates which allowed skaters to make difficult turns and movements on the ice. Figure skating was included in the Olympics in 1908. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics. Today, ice skating is a popular pastime. Ice shows, like Ice Follies and Ice Capades, are a popular form of entertainment. Equipment. Modern figure skates have two edges on the blades and a toothed toepick on the front of the blade. The toepick is used for jumps and spins. Figure skating boots are made of leather. Ice hockey skates also have two edges, but no toepick. Speedskating ice skates have a single edge on the blade. Figure skating. Men's singles, women's singles, pairs and ice dance are the four types of competitive figure skating. In singles competitions, skaters perform a short technical routine and a longer, creative free routine. The skaters are judged on their performance of jumps, spins and spirals, as well as their artistry. In pairs competitions, two skaters perform two original routines together and are judged on their skills, artistry, and synchronization. In ice dancing, two skaters perform two compulsory routines and an original routine together. Speed skating. Speed skating is racing on ice. Skaters are judged on their speed. Speed skating has been an Olympic sport since 1924. Rink Rinks are places for sports. There are several types of rinks: Trading post A trading post is a place where trade takes place. The path to a trading post, or between trading posts, is known as a trade route. Trading posts were common places in Canada and the United States when they were both new countries. People used trading posts to trade fur and other things. Trading posts are also used in many campsites across the United States and Canada as places to buy snacks and other things. The clerk was in charge of a trading post and a fur trader owned the trading post. Wasp Wasps are members of the order Hymenoptera, which also includes ants, bees and sawflies. The common or garden wasps, "Vespula vulgaris", and hornets ("Vespa") are members of the eusocial family Vespidae. This has about 5000 species. By far the greater number of wasp species (over 100,000) are the parasitic wasps. Most of them are parasitoids which lay their eggs in the caterpillars of other insect species. Almost every pest insect species has at least one wasp species that preys upon it or parasitizes it. This makes wasps vital to the natural control of pest numbers (biocontrol). Parasitic wasps are increasingly used in agricultural pest control as they prey mostly on pest insects and have little impact on crops. Anatomy. Many people get confused between wasps and bees. It's pretty easy to tell the difference between bees and wasps, because bees look quite hairy and wasps do not. Wasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments. They usually have wings and their abdomens are attached to their thorax by a slender petiole, or a “waist”. Females have a sting, which they use for piercing and egg laying. Adult wasps feed mostly on nectar, but their larvae feed on insects or pollen, provided by the mother. Free-living wasps. Nests made of paper. Most free-living wasps are social insects, like bees and ants, but there are a few solitary wasps. Social wasps are formed of paper wasps, yellowjackets and hornets. All three make paper nests from tree wood. They create paper cells similar to the combs that bees make with wax. They chew up bits of wood and convert it into a paste which they use to construct their paper nests. Eggs & larvae. The queen lays an egg in each cell of the nests. When it hatches the grub is fed regurgitated insects by the worker wasps. In one group, the pollen wasps, grubs are fed pollen and nectar only. Adult wasps eat only nectar. Unlike honeybees, the only one in a social wasp colony that will survive the winter is the queen. She will find a place to hibernate - in the hollows of trees, under bark, or in the walls of buildings. In the spring, she crawls out and starts all over again building a few cells, laying a few eggs, and nurturing them until they can become workers who will do all the work while she lays more eggs. Parasitic wasps. With most species, adult parasitic wasps themselves do not take any nutrients from their prey, and, much like bees, butterflies, and moths, those that do feed as adults typically derive all of their nutrition from nectar. Parasitic wasps are typically parasitoids, and extremely diverse in habits, many laying their eggs in inert stages of their host (egg or pupa), or sometimes paralyzing their prey by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. They then insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the host externally. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae are mature, usually dying either when the parasitoids pupate, or when they emerge as adults. Farmers buy these parasitic wasps for insect control in their fields. Solitary life. The mud dauber is one of the most common solitary wasps. The difference between normal wasps and mud daubers can be seen easily because of its long petiole. The female gathers together mud and puts it in her mouth to use when building her paper nest for her young. She uses her ovipositor to sting and paralyze tiny insects, spiders, caterpillars, and other creatures, which are stuffed into the mud nest. After each cell in the nest is filled and almost overflowing with spiders and insects, the mud dauber lays an egg in each cell, closes the openings, and leaves. Then, when the eggs finally hatch, the larvae, have a perfectly nice feast upon which they will dine until they become adults. Some solitary wasps make galls, which are abnormal growths on plants. They form directly after the wasp lays its eggs, and the plant develops a growth around the egg, encasing it. The trigger for the gall to form is not known. The gall protects the eggs while they develop. Galls can be found almost everywhere in the late summer, especially on the branches of oak trees, like in this picture. Some wasps deposit their eggs in wood so that the young wasp larvae will feed on the tree itself, making circular tunnels through the wood as they feed, until they pupate and crawl out of the tree as adult wasps. Allergy and stings. A few people are allergic and might die if stung by a wasp. Wasps do not usually sting something unless it bothers them first. Allergy to bees is uncommon compared with allergy to wasps. Some people have a very marked local reaction to a wasp sting. This can usually be prevented with good self care such as elevation, cold compress, pain relief tablets and (if medically advised) antihistamines. A sting is not the same as an allergy: the reaction to a sting is a normal immune response. If a person has symptoms at a distance from the sting (spreading rash or itch, tight chest, wheeze, tight swallowing, swollen lips/face, faintness or nausea), they need to seek medical care immediately. Prevention of stings is fairly easy if people understand how wasps live. Avoid eating sweet foods in their environment and take care over sweet smells when they are particularly hungry in the autumn. Human papillomavirus The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can infect the skin or mucous membranes (like the genitals, or inside the mouth) of humans. They cause warts. Some of them may cause cancer. There are over 100 different virus types in this group. About 40 virus types can be transmitted sexually. About 12-15 can cause cancer. Most cases of HPV can be prevented by a vaccine, which also would stop the HPV from causing cancer. Most cases of cervical, oral and throat cancer are caused by HPV. A first step in treatment is the use of salicylic acid. This is available in pharmacies, usually without a prescription. If this does not help, the wart can be frozen, and destroyed that way, or a laser can be used to destroy it. If this still does not help, different methods of chemotherapy can be used. Salicylic acid Salicylic acid is a chemical substance. It is an acid. It is the base ingredient for a drug called aspirin. It is also used as a food preservative, and to treat diseases of the skin, like acne or warts. It is also used in shampoos to treat dandruff (flaking skin on the head). Shampoo Shampoo is a beauty care product. It is used to remove natural oils from hair. It is like liquid soap, but it is made to wash hair. It is sold in stores, and many people use it to make their hair clean. After people use shampoo, they might use a conditioner, which makes the hair soft. Together they have a good effect on a person's hair. The people who make shampoo try to make it smell nice. They also try to make the shampoo healthier. In addition to shampoo for hair, there are body shampoos made to wash an entire body. Dmitri Shostakovich Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (born St Petersburg, September 25 1906; died Moscow August 9 1975) was a Russian-Soviet composer. Shostakovich's life. Early years. Shostakovich's parents came from Siberia. His father was a biologist and engineer, and his mother was a pianist. They lived comfortably, although this was to change after the Revolution (1917). Shostakovich studied the piano and composition at the Petrograd Conservatory (St. Petersburg was called Petrograd between 1914 and 1924, after which it became Leningrad until 1991, when it became St. Petersburg again). After his mother died, the family were short of money, so young Dmitri had to earn money by playing the piano in cinemas for silent movies. He worked extremely hard and with a lot of concentration. He was very successful both as a pianist and a composer. His Symphony No. 1 was very popular. His music sounded very modern with lots of dissonant chords. His first dramatic works include an opera called "The Nose" and a ballet called "The Golden Age". Maturity. In 1930 he wrote an important opera called "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District". It was a huge success, and the critics said that “it could only have been written by a Soviet composer brought up in the best traditions of Soviet culture”. One night in 1936 Stalin came to watch it. He left before the end. Two days later there was an article in the official government paper "Pravda". The title was “Chaos instead of Music”. It said that this opera was primitive and vulgar, full of screaming and noise. The politicians were criticizing not just Shostakovich but all modern Soviet music. Shostakovich was denounced, and his friends were too frightened to defend him in case they were denounced as well. Shostakovich suffered quietly and wrote his Fifth Symphony. The politicians liked this symphony. He was once more thought of as the leading Soviet composer. He was supposed to have said that his new symphony was the “creative reply of a Soviet artist to justified criticism”, but it was actually a critic who said this. Shortly afterward, he received the Stalin Prize for his Piano Quintet. During World War II Shostakovich was evacuated with his wife and two children. His next two symphonies, nos.7 "Leningrad" and 8, describe the war. They were hugely popular in the West. In the United States, the Seventh Symphony became the symbol of resistance against Nazism. After World War II. After the war, Soviet politicians again began to control and criticize artistic life very hard. In 1948, there was a big meeting at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and several other composers were criticized. Their music was called “formalist”, “anti-democratic”, and lots of other things which had nothing to do with music. There was nothing the composers could do except to say how sorry they were. For the next five years Shostakovich was careful not to write anything the politiciones would not like. He wrote songs such as "The Sun Shines on our Motherland". Some of his other compositions in which he expressed his real feelings were kept in a drawer so that no one could see them. In 1953, Stalin died and things became easier again. Shostakovich wrote his Tenth Symphony. The whole world now saw Shostakovich as the greatest Soviet composer. He suffered less from official repression. Surprisingly, articles criticizing the music of modern young composers carried his name, but a lot of these articles he had not written. He was persuaded to sign them so that the politicians would leave him in peace. He wrote more symphonies and quartets as well as concertos. His opera "Lady Macbeth" was revised and given a different title: "Katerina Izmaylova". It was performed in many countries, and was made into a movie. Yet in 1962, he wrote his very serious Symphony No. 13 using poems including one of the Babi Yar massacre, so he suffered from repression again. In his later years, Shostakovich suffered from ill-health. He had poliomyelitis, which made it difficult for him to use his hands and legs. He suffered several heart attacks, and started to lose his sight. He died of lung cancer in 1975. Shostakovich’s music. Shostakovich is best known for his fifteen symphonies and fifteen string quartets. His most important opera is "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District". He also wrote a lot of film music and music for plays including "Hamlet". Shostakovich read a lot of Russian literature. His songs had words by famous Russian writers such as Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Alexander Blok. He wrote twenty-four Preludes and Fugues for piano, a piano trio, two piano concertos, a piano quintet, a sonata for cello and piano, and a sonata for viola and piano (his last work). He had lots of friends who regularly gave the first performances of his works. Most of his symphonies were first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic conducted by Eugeny Mravinsky. His string quartets were first performed by the Beethoven String Quartet. The violinist David Oistrakh, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovitch, and the pianist Sviatoslav Richter were all close friends who played his music. Shostakovich the pianist. Shostakovich had an amazing musical memory and could play almost anything he knew by ear. When he was young he spent hours improvising, composing, and playing. Although he had small hands, he was a very gifted pianist. He had no difficulty in playing any of his works on the piano, even music written for an orchestra. He often played his music too fast and without much expression. Shostakovich’s personality. Shostakovich was a very nervous person. He was shy and very self-critical. He hated having to talk to people he did not know. He did not sit still, always fidgeting and twitching his face nervously. He was, however, always very polite and very kind to everyone he met. He was very careful not to criticize musicians who asked him for advice. He said very little, but what he said was carefully thought out. He wrote lots of letters to the authorities to try to help his friends. He was very reliable, and always tried to arrive on time. In his last years, he found it very difficult to use his hands because of his illness, but he always insisted on writing down his music himself. Transparency In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass through something. An object that is transparent can be seen through. The image you see through a transparent object is similar to the image you see without it. However, the object may be changed if the transparent object behaves like a lens or like an optical filter; this could change the size, shape, or color of the image. The opposite of transparency is opacity. Some animals are transparent, so predators cannot see them so easily. An example of a transparent animal is the jellyfish. Transparency works better in places with a small amount of light than in places with lots of light. Translucency. If some light can be seen through an object but some of the detail of the image is lost, it is a translucent material. Light passes through a translucent object, but you cannot see objects behind it. The light passes through but the material scatters the light, so you cannot see the object, only its shadow. Examples of translucent materials are frosted glass, thin paper, and some types of amber. Punjab region Punjab is a region in northern South Asia. It is divided by the Radcliffe Line: The western part is in the eastern part of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; the eastern part is in the northwestern part of the Republic of India. It is in a plain, with the River Indus flowing through the western part. The soil is very fertile. It lives from agriculture. Main religions in the region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. Hepatitis Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. In hepatitis, the liver is inflamed. There can be several reasons why the liver is inflamed. For this reason there are several kinds of hepatitis. The most common forms are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Most cases of Hepatitis are caused by viruses. Some forms are caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis or syphilis can also cause hepatitis; so can the parasite that causes malaria. Hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol. About one in four people who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day (over a period of 10–15 days) will have some form of hepatitis caused by alcohol. Various drugs and chemicals can also cause hepatitis, most notably paracetamol (overdose), yellow phosphorous, and others. Hepatitis may also be caused by other diseases. Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, eating raw seafood, or drinking water with the hepatitis A virus in it. This happens mostly in third world countries. Strict personal hygiene and avoiding raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Once a person has hepatitis A, their immune system makes antibodies to fight the virus. This will make them immune against future infection. People with hepatitis A should rest, drink a lot of water and avoid alcohol. The time between the infection and the start of the illness can run from 15 to 45 days. About 15% of people with hepatitis A have symptoms from six months to a year after the first diagnosis. Infected people excrete the hepatitis A virus in their stool two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. There is a vaccine for hepatitis A. It will protect against hepatitis A for life. Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is not spread by food or casual contact. Instead, hepatitis B is spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person. A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth, and it can also be spread by sexual contact, use of street drugs, and unsafe medical care. Some people just have hepatitis B for a little while and then suppress the infection. Others can be infected for life, usually with few or no symptoms for many years. Hepatitis B sometimes damages the liver severely, and can cause cancer and cirrhosis. There is a vaccine that can prevent hepatitis B. There is no cure for hepatitis B, but there is treatment. Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not spread by food or casual contact. It is spread in ways that are similar to hepatitis B. There is no vaccine, and the treatment is somewhat unpleasant. People with hepatitis C who drink alcohol greatly increase their risk for liver damage. Rodeo A rodeo is a North American sport. It is a collection of several similar activities that came from the history of the day-to-day lives of Mexican vaqueros (cowboys) and American cowboys. It has events that came from the handling of cattle, and the riding and training of horses. Rodeos started as a competition between the cowboys to see who was the best. Over time it has gone from taking a collection of money for the person who won to today's large professional competitions such as the National Finals Rodeo with a lot of money for the winners. GNOME GNOME is a computer desktop environment. It was designed for Linux, but many other operating systems can use it too. GNOME aims to provide an easy way to use a computer. GNOME is a free software project. It was made because people were questioning whether KDE is free. GNOME is part of the GNU project. Aims. According to the GNOME website: The GNOME project puts heavy emphasis on simplicity, usability, and making things “just work” (see "KISS principle"). The other aims of the project are: Applications. GNOME has many applications written for it. Some of them include: Dog Dogs ("Canis lupus familiaris") are domesticated mammals, not natural wild animals. They were originally bred from wolves. They have been bred by humans for a long time and were the first animals ever to be domesticated. Remains dating to 30,000 years ago have been described as "Paleolithic dogs". Their status as dogs or wolves is unclear. Considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves in the Late Pleistocene. The dingo is also a dog, but many dingos have become wild animals again and live independently of humans in the range where they occur (parts of Australia). Today, some dogs are used as pets, and others are used to help humans do their work. They are popular pets because they are usually playful, friendly, loyal, and listen to humans. Thirty million dogs in the United States are registered as pets. Dogs eat both meat and vegetables, often mixed together and sold in stores as dog food. Dogs often have jobs, including police dogs, army dogs, assistance dogs, fire dogs, messenger dogs, hunting dogs, herding dogs, or rescue dogs. They are sometimes called "canines" from the Latin word for dog - "canis". Sometimes people also use "dog" to describe other canids, such as wolves. A baby dog is called a pup or puppy. A dog is called a puppy until it is about one year old. Dogs are sometimes referred to as "man's best friend" because they are kept as domestic pets, are usually loyal, and like being around humans. Dogs like to be petted, but only when they can first see the petter's hand before petting; one should never pet a dog from behind. August 26 is National Dog Day. While March 26 is National Puppy Day. Appearance and behaviour. Dogs have four legs and make a "bark," "woof," or "arf" sound. Dogs often chase cats, and most dogs will fetch a ball or stick. Dogs can smell and hear better than humans but cannot see well in color because they are color blind. Due to the anatomy of the eye, dogs can see better in dim light than humans. They also have a wider field of vision. Like wolves, wild dogs travel in groups called packs. Packs of dogs are ordered by rank, and dogs with low rank will submit to other dogs with a higher rank. The highest ranked dog is called the alpha male. A dog in a group helps and cares for others. Domesticated dogs often view their owner as the alpha male. Lifespan. Different dog breeds have different lifespans. In general, smaller dogs live longer than bigger ones. The size and the breed of the dog change how long the dog lives, on average. Breeds such as the Dachshund usually live for fifteen years, Chihuahuas can reach age twenty. On the other hand, the Great Dane has an average lifespan of six to eight years; some Great Danes have lived for ten years. Origin of dogs. All dogs are descended from wolves, by domestication and artificial selection. This is known because DNA genome analysis has been done to discover this. They have been bred by humans. The earliest known fossil of a domestic dog is from 31,700 years ago in Belgium. Dogs have lived with people for at least 30,000 years. In 2013, a study was published that showed that the skull and teeth of a canid, dated to 33,000 years ago, had characteristics closer to a dog than to a wolf, and the authors concluded that "this specimen may represent a dog in the very early stages of domestication, i.e., an "incipient" dog." The researchers suggest that it was a line that did not lead to modern dogs. Genetically, this material is closer to that of a modern dog than that of a wolf. Other signs of domestication are that sometimes, dogs were buried together with humans. Evidence of this is a tomb in Bonn, where a man of about 50 years of age, a woman of about 25 years of age, the remains of a dog, plus other artifacts were found. Radiocarbon dating showed that the human bones were between 13.300 and 14.000 years old. Dogs and humans. Dogs are often called "man's best friend" because they fit in with human life. Man refers to humankind and not just guys (Old English). Dogs can serve people in many ways. For example, there are guard dogs, hunting dogs, herding dogs, guide dogs for blind people, and police dogs. There are also dogs that are trained to smell for diseases in the human body or to find bombs or illegal drugs. These dogs sometimes help police in airports or other areas. Sniffer dogs (usually beagles) are sometimes trained for this job. Dogs have even been sent by Russians into outer space, a few years before any human being. The first dog sent up was named Laika, but she died within a few hours. Dog breeds. There are at least 800 breeds (kinds) of dogs. Dogs whose parents were the same breed will also be that breed: these dogs are called purebred or pure pedigree dogs. Dogs with parents from different breeds no longer belong to one breed: they are called "mutts", "mixed-breed dogs", "hybrids", or "mongrels". Some of the most popular breeds are sheepdogs, collies, poodles and retrievers. It is becoming popular to breed together two different breeds of dogs and call the new dog's breed a name that is a mixture of the parents' breeds' two names. A puppy with a poodle and a pomeranian as parents might be called a Pomapoo. Instead of being called mutts, these kinds of dogs are known as designer dog breeds. These dogs are normally used for prize shows and designer shows. They can be guide dogs. Blindness Blindness is to not see anything. Some people are called blind, even though they can see a little bit. This is because they cannot see clearly, but only see unfocused shapes or colors. In modern countries, few young people are blind. In all the world, blindness is mostly caused by malnutrition and diseases of old people, like cataracts and trachoma. People can become blind because of diseases or accidents, but sometimes people are born blind. Legal blindness is defined as a level of visual acuity low enough to qualify for disability benefits and\or special accommodations. Legal blindness is also defined as being unable to be completely corrected by prescription glasses or contact lenses. Some people are "color blind", which means they can see, but cannot tell certain colors apart. When people are blind they use such things as the alphabet in "braille" and "guide dogs" to do every day life things. Famous blind people have included Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille alphabet, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles and Helen Keller. Arctic The Arctic is the area around the Earth's North Pole. The Arctic includes parts of Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Lapland and Svalbard as well as the Arctic Ocean. It is an ocean, mostly covered with ice. Most scientists call the area north of the treeline Arctic. Trees will not grow when the temperatures get too cold. The forests of the continents stop when they get too far north or too high up a mountain. (Higher places are colder, too.) The place where in the trees stop is called the tree line. The area north of the treeline is not an empty ice field. In fact, the only large ice-covered land is central Greenland, which is covered year-round by a continental glacier. The land of the Arctic is around the edges of the Arctic Circle and is usually covered with tundra. A tundra is a cold, almost treeless plain covered with moss and grasslike plants called "sedges". Tundras do not get very much rain or snow. However, they are very wet in the summer time because, three feet (1m) or so below the surface, the ground is always frozen. This permafrost is a layer of ice with the hardness of stone that keeps water from soaking into the earth beneath it. Permafrost can be thousands of feet thick. In the summer the ground on top thaws out when the sun shines and the snow that did fall melts. But the melted snow cannot drain into the ground; it just soaks the topsoil. There is no place for the water to go, except to form lakes and puddles on top of the ground until it freezes again or dries up. In the Arctic, during summer there are nights when the Sun never sets. This is because during summer there, the North Pole points toward the Sun. So, sometimes people call it the Land of the Midnight Sun. The word comes from the Greek word "αρκτος", meaning "bear". The North Pole aims at the stars called the Great Bear and the Little Bear. This is why it is called the Arctic. Plant life. In some parts of the Arctic the ground is covered with bright-colored flowers during the short summer. These little plants have very short stems. They must stay close to the ground, because the earth is warmer than the biting winds that blow above it. Even some rocks have plants growing on them. These rock plants are called lichens. Lichens will grow on the bare rocks. Yellow reindeer moss is really a lichen. It grows slowly, but often grows over six inches (15 cm) tall. It is spongy and full of water. This plant is the summer food for reindeer. Trees are rare on the tundra. Only in the protected valleys or along the riverbanks are small trees able to grow. Rivers come into the Arctic from the warmer south. The places along their banks are a little bit warmer than the rest of the tundra, and trees can grow there. Otherwise only a few clusters of bushes grow sparingly. Berries are the only fruit that grows in the Arctic. Each summer the ice and snow melt, allowing the animals to find food and the plants to flower. The moisture from the snow stays toward the top of the ground's surface. Plant roots can use it for their growth. Even so, in many places the soil is too poor for plant's growth. Less than half of the tundra has plants growing on it. Animal life. The polar bear is the world's largest meat-eating land animal. Polar bears are well adapted to hunt seals out on the ice. They are excellent swimmers, and the coldest water does not bother them. They wait by breathing holes if they pick up the scent of a seal. They can also break through the ice at thin areas. Sometimes they can sneak up on a sleeping seal. They have a very strong sense of smell, which they use to find prey out on the ice. Polar bears get most of their food when there is pack ice. They must eat and store fat before the ice is gone: they cannot catch seals in open water. After mating, females dig themselves into a den of snow on land for the rest of the winter. There, they have their cubs, usually twins. Bears usually eat fish, birds' eggs, seaweed, and dead whales, but they would rather have a meal of seal or walrus. The Arctic fox often trails the bears onto the ice to eat their leftover food. The fox also eats rabbits, lemmings, and voles. The lemmings and voles are the rats and mice of the Arctic. The lemmings have very short tails. They live underground in summer. Because the top soil freezes in the winter, they cannot burrow underground then, so they live under the snow during the colder months. They eat plants and roots. In a year with plenty of food, millions of lemmings will be roaming the tundra. The owls and foxes have more food than they can eat. They will have more young in years when there are many lemmings. However, the tundra does not have enough food for millions of lemmings. They rush across the tundra looking for food, and are eaten by predators or starve to death. Some try to swim across lakes or rivers and drown. The few that remain continue to have families. Caribou and their relative, the reindeer, also live in the Arctic. The caribou are now found mostly in North America, and they are larger than the reindeer. Large herds feed on the grass and lichens. When fall comes, they move south to winter feeding grounds. They dig through the snow with their sharp hoofs for food. Their hollow fur creates a cushion of air around them that helps them to stay warm. In the spring they return north to the summer pastures, where their calves are born. An hour or so after being born, the calves are able to follow the herd toward the Arctic Ocean. Most of the world's reindeer live in Europe and Asia. Some of these reindeer are not wild. They have been tamed by herdsmen who protect them from wolves and lead the migrations each spring and fall. Also, the musk ox, which looks like a shaggy buffalo, lives in the Arctic. In summer, many birds visit the Arctic, and most of them are water birds, such as geese, ducks, swans, loons, and Arctic terns. Flying in for the summer, they raise their young and return south for the winter. The snowy owl and the ptarmigan stay all year. The color of the snowy owl matches the snow. The ptarmigan's summer plumage changes to white when it gets colder. The smallest animals of the Arctic are the flies and the mosquitoes. Thick swarms bite both men and animals in the summer. The reindeer try to escape the mosquitoes by running to higher pastures, but the only real help comes with the snow and cold, when the swarms die off for another season. Human life. One of the surprises of the Arctic is that many people live there. Some people have lived there for thousands of years. Eskimo and Lapp people lived in the Arctic long before electric heaters, snow-mobiles, and modern houses. The Lapps. In an extremely northern part of Europe there is a place called Lapland. It is not a country, but parts of four countries. The people who lived there are called Lapps by outsiders. They call themselves "Sami". The Lapps of these four countries lived there long before the countries of Northway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia were created. There were several kinds of Lapp people. Some lived by the ocean and lived mostly on fish. Another group lived along the warmer rivers. These people did a little farming, hunting, and fishing to live. But the best known of the Lapp people were the nomads who raised reindeer. The Lapps survived in their harsh homeland by domesticating the reindeer. The Lapps were able to get everything they needed from the deer. They ate mostly meat, milk, and cheese. Their clothes were made froom reindeer skins and wool. Their tents were also made from deer skins. They are known for the beautifully decorated woolen clothing they made. The Lapps protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures. They used trained reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies. During the winter, the herds moved south of the treeline. The Lapps would live nearby in homes made of logs or sod. The Lapps were very careful not to waste anything they got from the reindeer. Milk was taken from the reindeer to drink or make cheese. Meat was taken for food. The blood was frozen in chunks and used for soup and pancakes. Knives and belt buckles were carved from the bones and antlers. The sinews were used as sewing thread. Cleaned-out stomachs were used to carry milk or cheese. Every part of a dead reindeer was used. Winter clothing was made from layers of deer skin. The inside layer would be worn with the fur facing in toward the person's skin. The second layer was worn with the fur facing out. Boots were also made of fur, lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer. Every evening the grass would be taken out and dried by the fire, so it would be ready to use again the next day. Thus, a Lapp could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather. Today only a few of the Lapp people still follow the herds. Those few use modern tools on their ancient migration. They use snowmobiles to herd the reindeer and rifles to kill the wolves that chase them. Even helicopters and radios are used to locate and move the reindeer. Most of the Lapp people now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland. They raise crops and animals, including a few reindeer, to meet their needs. The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Lapp people. Eskimos. Eskimos are Arctic people, too. They sometimes ate raw meat. Eskimos were also nomads, but they did not have any animals except for dogs, which they used for pulling their sleds and helping them hunt. They were hunters and gatherers, and they lived off on whatever they found or killed. Like the Lapps, though, they were very careful to make good use of every part of the animals they killed. Eskimos lived in tents during the summer, and sod houses or igloos in the winter. The Eskimos made very clever things from the bones, antlers, and wood they had. They built different kinds of boats. Eskimos did not have a government or laws, because they learned early in life to help each other in order to survive. Always sharing food, they usually moved around in small groups looking for food. Sometimes they'd get together in a large group when they hunted big animals such as whales. The men did the hunting and building the homes, and the women cooked, made the clothes, and took care of the children. The Arctic today. The Arctic region has many minerals that are important to people. Iron, lead, coal, copper, gold, and tin are all mined in different parts of this cold land. Large amounts of petroleum have been discovered in the Arctic in Russia, Alaska, and Canada. People live and work in the Arctic to remove these valuable minerals and sell them. The oil in Alaska, for example, is very important to the United States. The main source is the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field on Alaska's north coast. It was discovered in 1968. Plans were quickly made to build a pipeline to bring the oil to an ice-free port so it could be shipped south. Oil companies spent billions of dollars to build the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in the mid-1970s. It had to be built above the ground in the northern section because of the permafrost. The warm oil in the pipes could have melted the permafrost and caused the ground to sink. That would have broken the pipes and caused an oil spill. The pipeline was completed in 1977. It brings oil to the seaport of Valdez on Alaska's south coast. From there the oil is taken by huge tankers to refineries along the west coast of the United States. If you live in western America, your family car may have Alaskan gasoline in its tank. Russia has more land in the Arctic than any other nation. The Russian Arctic in Asia and the area just south of it are called Siberia. It is such an empty, harsh place that it has been used as a penal colony for many years. The old Russian rulers and the modern communist Soviets would send criminals and people who disagreed to the government to live there. However, many people were also sent there to remove minerals, harvest trees from forests, and build cities. Russia has a huge port city right in Lapland, within the Arctic Circle. Murmansk is the largest city north of the Arctic Circle. The port is kept ice-free by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream coming up around Norway and Sweden from the South Atlantic. Huge icebreakers work to keep a path open so ships can reach the port. The port ships out fish, minerals, and lumber to Russia and the rest of the world. The Arctic is also the shortest way (Great circle route) for airlines to fly between some cities on different continents. The flight from London to Tokyo, for example, is 1,400 miles shorter if flown across the top of the world instead of the old route south across Europe and Asia. The polar route from San Francisco to Norway is several hours shorter than the same flight going across the United States and the Pacific Ocean. Thus, man is making use of the Arctic in various ways even though it is a hard place to live. Sin A sin is a bad act. Particularly, it is a bad act against another person(s), an animal, a spirit, or a god. In Abrahamic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism, it is an act that goes against what God wants. It turns people away from God and true happiness. In Exodus chapter 20, Moses was given the Ten Commandments by God, explaining important sins like murder and idolatry. This is not believed by all people, and not all societies have the same idea of sin. There is a difference between sins and prohibitions. For example, Muslims and Jews say that it is wrong to eat pork, and Hindus do not eat beef. That is for them, but for others it is not wrong to eat these things. Summer Summer is one of the four seasons. It is the hottest season of the year. In some places, summer is the wettest season (with the most rain), and in other places, it is a dry season. Four seasons are found in areas which are not too hot or too cold. Summer happens to the north and south sides of the Earth at opposite times of the year. In the north part of the world, summer takes place between the months of June and September, and in the south part of the world, it takes place between December and March. This is because when the north part of the Earth points towards the Sun, the south part points away. Many people in rich countries travel in summer, to seaside resorts, beaches, camps or picnics. In some countries, they celebrate things in the summer as well as enjoying cool drinks. Other countries get snow in the summer just like winter. Summer is usually known as the hottest season. Month A month is an amount of time used with calendars. It is about 1/12th of a year. It is a little longer than a natural synodic orbital period of the moon, ca. 29.5 days. Lunar calendars use the natural synodic month. For some purposes astronomers use the sidereal month of 27.3 days. Other calendars, called "solar calendars", ignore the moon, and depend entirely on the Sun — for example, the Gregorian calendar of 365 or 366 days (12 months) used in much of the world today. Alberta Alberta is a province in western Canada. It is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia on the west, Saskatchewan on the east, the US state of Montana on the south and the Northwest Territories to the North. Alberta is the fourth largest Canadian province with an area of . Alberta has around 4,067,175 living there, making it the fourth most populous province in Canada. The capital of Alberta is Edmonton lying near the middle of Alberta. The city of Calgary, Alberta’s other major centre is located about 300 kilometres to the south of Edmonton. History. Canada became a country in 1867. It was much smaller than it is now, and did not include the parts of the country to the west. From 1670 to 1870, parts of Alberta were included in "Rupert's Land," land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company in support of it’s trading monopoly over a vast area of Canada and parts of the United States. Northern part of Alberta was part of the what was then called "Northwestern Territories." Alberta was made a province of Canada in 1905, at the same time as Saskatchewan. The Aboriginal peoples of Canada are referred to as First Nations or by the Name of their Nation. Mixed (European/Aboriginal) People are called Metis. Weather. Alberta is very cold in the winter and has a lot of snow during the very cold season. There is a dry part of Alberta in the south. Work in Alberta. Alberta has a huge amount of oil (in the Athabasca Oil Sands) and natural gas. There are also a lot of farms in Alberta. Farmers grow several different types of crops Farmers mainly grow wheat. There are also a lot of cows on Alberta farms, and Alberta beef is exported. There is diesel fuel in Alberta. Electronics Electronics is the study of electricity (the flow of electrons) and how to use that to build things like computers. It uses circuits that are made with parts called components and connecting wires to do useful things. The science behind Electronics comes from the study of physics and gets applied in real-life ways through the field of electrical engineering. Many people can name several simple electronic components, such as transistors, fuses, circuit breakers, batteries, motors, transformers, LEDs and bulbs, but as the number of components starts to increase, it often helps to think in terms of smaller systems or blocks, which can be connected together to do something useful. One way of looking at an electronic system is to separate it into three parts: A television set, for example, has as its input a broadcast signal received from an antenna, or for cable television, a cable. Signal processing circuits inside the television set use the brightness, colour, and sound information contained in the received signal to control the television set's output devices. The display output device may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a plasma or liquid crystal display screen. The audio output device might be a magnetically driven audio speaker. The display output devices convert the signal processing circuits' brightness and colour information into the visible image displayed on a screen. The audio output device converts the processed sound information into sounds that can be heard by listeners. Analysis of a circuit/network involves knowing the input and the signal processing circuit, and finding out the output. Knowing the input and output and finding out or designing the signal processing part is called "synthesis". History. People started experimenting with electricity as early as 600 B.C.E, when Thales of Miletus discovered rubbing fur on amber would cause them to attract each other. Starting in the 1900s, devices used glass or metal vacuum tubes to control the flow of electricity. With these components a low power voltage can be used to change another. This revolutionized radio, and allowed other inventions. In the 1960s and early 1970s transistors and semiconductor began replacing vacuum tubes. Transistors can be made much smaller than vacuum tubes and they can work using less energy. At about the same time, integrated circuits (circuits that are integrated inside other circuits) became commonly used. Integrated circuits made it possible to reduce the number of parts needed to make electronic products and made the products much cheaper in general. Analog circuits. Analog circuits are used for signals that have a range of amplitudes. In general, analog circuits measure or control the amplitude of signals. In the early days of electronics, all electronic devices used analog circuits. The frequency of the analog circuit is often measured or controlled in analog signal processing. Even though more digital circuits are now made, analog circuits will always be necessary since the world and its people work in analog ways. Radar. Pulse circuits are used for signals that require rapid pulses of energy. For example, radar works by using pulse circuits to create and send high powered bursts of radio energy from radar transmitters. Radar antennas are used to send ("transmit") the high powered bursts in the direction the antenna is pointed. The radar transmitter's pulses or bursts of radio energy hit and bounce back (they are "reflected") from hard or big metallic objects. Hard objects are things like buildings, hills, and mountains. Big things made of metal include aircraft, bridges, or even objects in space, like satellites. The reflected radar energy is detected by radar pulse receivers which use both pulse and digital circuits together. The pulse and digital circuits in radar pulse receivers are used to show the location, distance, and speed of objects which have reflected the radar transmitter's high powered pulses. Digital circuits. Digital circuits are used for signals that only turn on and off instead of often working at levels somewhere between on and off. Active components in digital circuits typically have one signal level when turned on, and another signal level when turned off. In general, in digital circuits a component is only switched on and off. Computers and electronic clocks are examples of electronic devices that are made up of mostly digital circuits. Basic blocks: Complex devices: Scalar Scalars are simple numbers. They are used for measuring things. Many things can be measured, and the measure can be explained by only giving the number. Suppose we are measuring a rod. We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm—depending on the length of the rod under observation. Here, only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod. Other examples of scalars are: In other words, mass is measured by scalars, just like distances are measured by scalars. In mathematics, scalars are distinguished from more complex mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices in that they consist of only one number. A scalar formula_1 can also be multiplied to a vector formula_2 or a matrix formula_3, resulting in the vector formula_4 and the matrix formula_5, respectively. For vectors, scalar multiplication produces a new vector of different length in the same or opposite direction of the original vector. Photon Photons (from Greek φως, meaning "light"), in many atomic models in physics, are particles which transmit light. In other words, light is carried over space by photons. Photon is an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle. In quantum mechanics each photon has a characteristic quantum of energy that depends on frequency: A photon associated with light at a higher frequency will have more energy (and be associated with light at a shorter wavelength). Photons have a rest mass of 0 (zero). However, Einstein's theory of relativity says that they do have a certain amount of momentum. Before the photon got its name, Einstein revived the proposal that light is separate pieces of energy (particles). These particles came to be known as photons. A photon is usually given the symbol γ (gamma). Properties. Photons are fundamental particles. Although they can be created and destroyed, their lifetime is infinite. In a vacuum, all photons move at the speed of light, c, which is equal to 299,792,458 meters (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second. A photon has a given frequency, which determines its color. Radio technology makes great use of frequency. Beyond the visible range, frequency is less discussed, for example it is little used in distinguishing between X-Ray photons and infrared. Frequency is equivalent to the quantum energy of the photon, as related by the Planck constant equation, where formula_2 is the photon's energy, formula_3 is the Plank constant, and formula_4 is the frequency of the light associated with the photon. This frequency, formula_4, is typically measured in cycles per second, or equivalently, in Hz. The quantum energy of different photons is often used in cameras, and other machines that use visible and higher than visible radiation. This because these photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms. Another property of a photon is its wavelength. The frequency formula_4, wavelength , and speed of light formula_7 are related by the equation, where formula_9 (lambda) is the wavelength, or length of the wave (typically measured in meters.) Another important property of a photon is its polarity. If you saw a giant photon coming straight at you, it could appear as a swath whipping vertically, horizontally, or somewhere in between. Polarized sunglasses stop photons swinging up and down from passing. This is how they reduce glare as light bouncing off of surfaces tend to fly that way. Liquid crystal displays also use polarity to control which light passes through. Some animals can see light polarization. Finally, a photon has a property called spin. Spin is related to light's circular polarization. Photon interactions with matter. Light is often created or absorbed when an electron gains or loses energy. This energy can be in the form of heat, kinetic energy, or other form. For example, an incandescent light bulb uses heat. The increase of energy can push an electron up one level in a shell called a "valence". This makes it unstable, and like everything, it wants to be in the lowest energy state. (If being in the lowest energy state is confusing, pick up a pencil and drop it. Once on the ground, the pencil will be in a lower energy state). When the electron drops back down to a lower energy state, it needs to release the energy that hit it, and it must obey the conservation of energy (energy can neither be created nor destroyed). Electrons release this energy as photons, and at higher intensities, this photon can be seen as visible light. Photons and the electromagnetic force. In particle physics, photons are responsible for electromagnetic force. Electromagnetism is an idea that combines electricity with magnetism. One common way that we experience electromagnetism in our daily lives is light, which is caused by electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is also responsible for charge, which is the reason that you can not push your hand through a table. Since photons are the force-carrying particle of electromagnetism, they are also gauge bosons. Some matter–called dark matter–is not believed to be affected by electromagnetism. This would mean that dark matter does not have a charge, and does not give off light. Vector A vector is a mathematical object that has a size, called the "magnitude", and a direction. It is often represented by boldface letters (such as formula_1, formula_2, formula_3), or as a line segment from one point to another (as in formula_4). For example, a vector would be used to show the distance and direction something moved in. When asking for directions, if one says "Walk one kilometer towards the North", that would be a vector, but if they say "Walk one kilometer", without showing a direction, then that would be a scalar. We usually draw vectors as arrows. The length of the arrow is proportional to the vector's magnitude. The direction in which the arrow points to is the vector's direction. How to add vectors. Adding vectors on paper using the head to tail method. The Head to Tail method of adding vectors is useful for doing an estimate on paper of the result of adding two vectors. To do it: It's called the "Head to Tail" method, because each head from the previous vector leads in to the tail of the next one. Using component form. Using the component form to add two vectors literally means adding the components of the vectors to create a new vector. For example, let a and b be two two-dimensional vectors. These vectors can be written in terms of their components. formula_5 formula_6 Suppose c is the sum of these two vectors, so that c = a + b. This means that formula_7. Here is an example of addition of two vectors, using their component forms: formula_8 formula_9 formula_10 This method works for all vectors, not just two dimensional ones. How to multiply vectors. Using the dot product. The dot product is one method to multiply vectors. It produces a scalar. It uses component form: formula_11 Using the cross product. The cross product is another method to multiply vectors. Unlike dot product, it produces a vector. Using component form: formula_12 Here, formula_13 means the length of formula_14, and formula_15 is the unit vector at right angles to both formula_14 and formula_17. Multiplying by a scalar. To multiply a vector by a scalar (a normal number), you multiply the number by each component of the vector: formula_18 An example of this is formula_19 Soap bubble A soap bubble is a very thin film of soap water. Their shape is a hollow, round ball, or sphere. They have a colorful surface. Soap bubbles do not last very long. Sometimes they break in the air. When they touch something else, they usually break. When people talk about soap bubbles they think about them being pretty but short-lived. So, they are a symbol for other things that are pretty but short-lived or unimportant. Children enjoy playing with bubbles. Sometimes, adults enjoy seeing art done with soap bubbles. They get their colors from iridescence. Fire Brigades Union The Fire Brigades Union (FBU) is the main union for firefighters in the United Kingdom. A union is a group of workers. They make the group to improve pay and working conditions. It was founded in 1918 in the London area as the "Firemans Trade Union". It soon grew to cover the entire country. Today, it has around 50,000 members. Bicycle A bicycle (or bike) is a small, human powered land vehicle with a seat, two wheels, two pedals, and a metal chain connected to cogs on the pedals and rear wheel. A frame gives the bike strength, and the other parts are attached to the frame. The name comes from these two words - the prefix "bi-" meaning two, and the suffix "-cycle" meaning wheel. It is powered by a person riding on top, who pushes the pedals around with his or her feet. Riding bicycles, which is also called cycling, is an important way to travel in several parts of the world. The most popular type of cycling is Utility cycling. It is also a common recreation, a good form of low-impact exercise, and a popular sport. Road bicycle racing is the second most popular spectator sport in the world. Bicycling uses less energy per mile than any other human transport. Invention. In 1817 a German professor, Baron Karl von Drais, created the first two-wheeled bicycle. It was made of wood and had two wheels. The front wheel could be turned using the handlebars in order to steer the bike. However, it did not have pedals, so the rider would have to push their feet on the ground to make it move. In the 1860s, French inventors added pedals to the front wheel. However, it took a lot of effort to turn the pedals. Later inventors made bikes out of metal only, and made the front wheel very big, giving higher speed. This design was called the penny-farthing bicycle. However, it was difficult to ride, since it could fall easily and the rider would fall far. Several improvements were made in the 1880s and '90s. In 1885, the safety bicycle was invented. This had two wheels the same size so that the rider could sit at a lower height. It was called the safety bicycle because it much easier to ride than the penny-farthing. When stopping, the rider can simply put down a foot instead of completely dismounting. Instead of pedaling and steering with the front wheel, the safety bicycle steers with the front wheel while the pedals turn the back wheel using a chain. Brakes operated by hand levers on some bikes also increased safety. In 1888, Scottish inventor John Boyd Dunlop re-invented a type of tire which was filled with air. This made safety bicycles more comfortable. Soon, the freewheel was invented. This was a device inside the hub of the back wheel that allowed the wheel to spin even if the rider wasn't pedaling. However, this meant the rider could no longer stop the bike by backpedaling. As a result, better hand brakes were invented, and a different type of brake which could stop the bike if the pedals were turned backwards. Later inventions included better brakes, and gears which made cycling over hills much easier. During this time the bicycle became very popular. Basic Design. Basic components common to most bikes include a seat, pedals, gearing, handlebar, wheels, and brakes, all mounted on a frame. The majority also have a gear shifter. The cyclist's feet push the pedals to make them go around in circles, which moves the chain, which turns the back wheel of the bike to make the bike move forwards. The front wheel is connected to the handlebar, so turning the handlebar from side to side swivels the front wheel which steers the bike. Safety. Many thousands of people are hurt every year in bicycle accidents, and hundreds die. Careful riding helps prevent accidents. When riding on streets, it is safest to ride on the same side of the street that cars drive (which would mean riding on the right side of the road in countries where people drive on the right side of the road, and riding on the left in countries where people drive on the left). To avoid hitting people, riders must obey signs that say "no bicycling", even if it does not seem to make sense at the time. Low light makes bicycle lighting important. It may not be safe to ride when it is dark. Riders wear reflective clothing to be safer in low light. Wearing a helmet makes bicycle riding safer. Wearing a helmet does not mean that somebody cannot be hurt if they crash their bicycle, but it makes being hurt less likely. Some bicycles have bells or horns that the rider can use to warn other people that they are riding by them. Many places have a bicycle path linking houses with shops, schools and stations. These make bicycling safer, letting cyclists stay away from busy motor traffic on dangerous roads. Wheel A wheel is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to "roll"; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground. It is a simple machine. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage. Most land vehicles roll on wheels. Wheels are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood or metal known as an axle. The wheel and axle turn together. The part of the wheel that attaches to the axle is called the hub. The wheel with an axle is the basis of many machines, not just vehicles. The potter's wheel, the lathe and the windlass are examples. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as gears. History. Most experts believe that the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC. People in Asia also discovered it on their own around 3500 BC. The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work. Africa south of the Sahara desert, Europe, and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe. Early wheels were solid disks; the spoked wheel was invented around 2000 BC. The earliest documentation of a vehicle with wheels is a painting dated between 33503500 BC. Uses. Today, wheels are used in cars, carts, airplanes, wheelchairs, bicycles, trains, and skateboards, in addition to many more devices. Physical exercise The word exercise means: Basic modes of physical exercises. People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image. There are three basic modes of physical exercises: Exercises can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance. Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exerciser to do what he likes and eat enough calories , so when he exercises he is building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit. Exercise benefits. Benefits of exercise for all ages have been known since antiquity. Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: “It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor.” The CDC recommends that adults should get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others. Exercise also helps people feel less tired. Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps sleep better, and boosts overall mood. Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course. Percentage Percent means "out of one hundred". It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. Percent is also used to indicate changes in numerical quantities. For example, we have a bowl of fruit with three apples and one orange. The percentage of apples is 3 out of 4, or 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%. A percentage is only one way of writing a ratio; one can also write it as a fraction or decimal. There are ways to convert fractions to percentages or decimals to percentages. Uses. Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to compare things that are not out of the same number. For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other. Writing Writing is the act of recording language on a visual medium using a set of symbols. The symbols must be known to others, so that the text may be read. A text may also use other visual systems, such as illustrations and decorations. These are not called writing, but may help the message work. Usually, all educated people in a country use the same writing system to record the same language. To be able to read and write is to be literate. Writing differs from speech because "the readers need not be present at the time". We can read writing from long ago, and from different parts of the world. Text stores and communicates knowledge. Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after people settled in towns, and after agriculture started. Writing dates from about 3,300, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East. Writing today is usually on paper, though there are ways to print on almost any surface. Television and movie screens can also display writing, and so can computer screens. Many writing materials were invented, long before paper. Clay, papyrus, wood, slate and parchment (prepared animal skins) have all been used. The Romans wrote on waxed tablets with a pointed stylus; this was popular for temporary notes and messages. The later invention of paper by the Chinese was a big step forward. Writing is traditionally done using a hand tool such as a pencil, a pen, or a brush. More and more, however, text is created by input on a computer keyboard. Definition of writing. There are two schools of thought: Therefore, depending on an author's definition of writing, the term may be used in different ways. With many early systems we do not know what they do convey. The central idea is that "a full writing system must be able to represent anything that might be said in spoken language".p7, 217 From this point of view the invention of the rebus is an essential step. We can only be sure a sign system is full writing if we can translate the symbols into a modern language. In the case of some ancient scripts we cannot do this. History of writing. Writing was invented independently a number of times. The Sumerian, the ancient Egyptian, the Chinese and the Mayan writings are separate in their invention.p85 All these writing systems started with "pictographs", symbols that stood for things. Then they developed a mixture of methods. Our own alphabetic system is different. It is based on the sounds of spoken language. All alphabets are modified versions of the first one, which originated with the Phoenicians and the Ancient Greeks. Sumer. The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 5000 years ago this was a fertile region and is now mostly in Iraq. The Sumerians developed a form of writing called cuneiform. Triangular marks were pressed into soft clay tablets. After the clay had dried in the sun the tablets were baked. Then they were carried somewhere else for others to read. We know that its first uses were for trade, accounting and administration. The earliest signs were mostly pictorial, but soon they stood as symbols for objects, ideas and sounds. This writing system was extremely successful, and outlasted the Sumerian empire. It was then used by other civilisations in the Middle East, such as the Old Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Old Persian and Ugaritic empires. The last cuneiform inscription was dated as 75. Thus the system had lasted for more than 3000 years.p71 Each version of cuneiform had to be deciphered separately, because all the languages were different. Documents (including stone objects) written in more than one language provided the clues. Ancient Egypt. This is the most famous of the old forms of writing, or "scripts". It was invented at roughly the same time as cuneiform, yet was quite different in style, and used different materials. Egyptians ended up with three writing systems for the same language. They were: The writing tools used varied according to the material which was written on. The two cursive scripts were written with reed pens and carbon inks onto papyrus. If the material was cloth, then the writing was done by a brush. Many examples survive. The hieroglyphs were inscribed (carved) into stone (hammer & chisel) or painted onto stone surfaces. Many survive, some with the original colours intact. The key event in the decipherment of hieroglyphic writing was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. This is a granite slab with the same message written in hieroglyphic, demotic and in Greek. Ancient Greek is well understood, and made possible the interpretation of the other two scripts. Chinese. Chinese is the language with the largest number of native speakers. Its history dates back to about 1400.p183 The Chinese writing system is idio-syllabic, a mixed method using characters which may have one or more of these elements: Chinese has a huge number of characters: in the region of 50,000.p186 Because of this, printing methods were never really successful in China, despite their early invention. In the 14th century Wang Tzhen had sixty thousand wood block characters cut, a huge investment in time and money. He printed 100 copies of a local gazette, and was author of a treatise on agriculture and other technical works. Even with printing machines from Europe in the 19th century, the process was hampered by the huge number of characters, which slowed the "composition" to a snail's pace. China has eight regional languages that are mutually unintelligible, and many true dialects. The system appears to work mainly because as many as 70% speak Mandarin. Fluency in Chinese reading and writing is undoubtedly difficult to achieve, and this must act as a brake on the drive for literacy. There have been a number of attempts to reform or simplify the system. The most radical in Pinyin, which is a program to replace Chinese characters with an alphabetic system. This was supported by Mao, but faltered after his death. Alphabets. It seems that the idea of an alphabet–a script based entirely upon sound–arose only once, and has been copied and adapted to suit many different languages. Although no alphabet fits its language perfectly, it is flexible enough to fit any language approximately. It was a unique invention.p12 Our alphabet is called the Roman alphabet, as compared with the Cyrillic and other alphabets. All of these come from the ancient Greek alphabet, which dates back to about 1100 to 800.p167 The Greek alphabet was probably developed from the Phoenician script, which appeared somewhat earlier, and had some similar letter-shapes. The Phoenician language was a Semitic language, often called Canaanite. The Semitic group of languages includes Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and also Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. We do not know much about how the alphabetic idea arose, but the Phoenicians, a trading people, came up with letters which were adapted by the early Greeks to produce their alphabet. The one big difference is that the Phoenician script had no pure vowels. Arabic script has vowels which may be shown by diacritics (small marks above or below the line). The oldest Qu'ran manuscripts had no diacritics. Israeli children today use texts with vowel 'dots' added, to about the third grade.p89 No ancient script, alphabetic or not, had pure vowels before the Greeks. The Greek alphabet even has two vowels for 'e' and two for 'o', to distinguish between the long and short sounds. It is fairly clear from this that careful thought went into both the Phoenician invention and the Greek adaptation. However, no details survive of either process. Semitic scripts apparently derive from "Proto-Sinaitic", a script of which only 31 inscriptions (plus 17 doubtful) are known. It is thought by some researchers that the original source of this script was the Egyptian hieratic script. By the late Middle Kingdom (about 1900) hieratic had added some alphabetic signs for representing the consonants of foreign names. Egyptian activity in Sinai was at its height at that time. A similar idea had been suggested many years before. Undeciphered scripts. There are a number of scripts which have never been deciphered, despite much effort.p145 Perhaps the most famous are the script of the Indus Valley civilization, and Etruscan. The Indus River civilisation predates other literate civilisations on the Indian subcontinent, going back to about 2500. Their cities of Mohenjo-Daru and Harappa were well-planned, with good drainage. The script is found on seal stones, terracotta, bronze, bone and ivory. All are brief, and the language is unknown. The Etruscan language used Greek letter-forms, and is found mainly on Etruscan tombs, from Tuscany through to Venice. They were an empire before the Romans, who defeated them, and absorbed their ideas. All knowledge of their language was lost, except that some of the names on tomb memorials can be read from the Greek letters. Vinča symbols. The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria (Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about from Alba Iulia in Romania. The tablets, dated to around 5300 BC, have symbols in clay: the "Vinča symbols". Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is so, they would be the earliest known form of writing. In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations, by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade. Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture. Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic, they are generally regarded as an original, independent development. Literacy. It is only in the last 150 years that most people have been able to read and write in Europe and North America. In many other parts of the world this did not happen until the 20th century. Until then, literacy was mainly for clerics, that is, people who had training as priests. Even wealthy people were often illiterate, and used scribes to write for them. The invention of printing came before mass literacy. Before 1500, each book had to be created by hand, so there were few books available compared to the billions in the world today. Mass literacy needed cheap books. Even now, there is still widespread illiteracy. Handwriting. The ordinary use of writing by means of a pen and paper. Can refer to writing for oneself, as in a diary, but mostly it refers to sending letters. Once it was almost the only means of communication between people who were separated. Now, the telephone and e-mail are the most common means of distance communication. Rock Rock has several meanings: Plato Plato was one of the most important classical Greek philosophers. He lived from 427 BC to 348 BC. A wealthy man, he owned at least 50 slaves and created the first university school, called "The Academy". Plato was a student of Socrates (who did not write) and the teacher of Aristotle, who founded another university, known as the Lyceum. Plato wrote about many ideas in philosophy that are still talked about today. He wrote about ideas of deductive reasoning. One modern philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead, said that all philosophy since Plato has just been comments on his works. Life. Plato wrote his books in the form of dialogues with two people or more talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them. The "Laws" is Plato's longest dialogue and probably his last. Socrates is usually the main person in Plato's dialogues. Usually, Socrates talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical. Other people in the stories often become angry with Socrates because of this. People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used Socrates as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important. Plato opposed the rhetorics of sophism and insisted on true justice and equality in his work "Gorgias", and on immortality of soul in "Phaedo". One of Plato's most famous works is "The Republic" (in Greek, "Politeia," or 'city'). In that work, he describes Socrates's vision of an "ideal" state. The method of questioning in this dialogue, called the Socratic method, is as important as the content. "The Republic" contains ideas of Socrates: "Socrates said it, Plato wrote it." Philosophy. Plato is famous for developing the idea of the theory of forms. The concept of the world of forms states that actual things of a common nature are imperfect representations of a perfect conceptual thing. For example, there are brown dogs, grey dogs, old dogs, skinny dogs etc. that are all imperfect variants of the perfect form of “dogness”. This led him to believe in “a world of forms” and that our world is a shadow of the world of forms. He thought that all perfect forms of things came from pure perfection itself, which can be seen as God. He thought the human ability to know of nonspecific conceptions of things was proof humans had immortal souls that had been in the world of forms. Works by Plato. There are many dialogues that were supposed to be written by Plato. This list includes those he probably did write. References. Sources: Book A book is a set of printed sheets of paper held together between two covers. The sheets of paper in a book are called pages. The pages have words written in them and illustrations drawn. The book is a more flexible format than the earlier idea of the scroll. The change from scrolls to books began in the Roman Empire and took many centuries to become complete. A writer of a book is called an author. Someone who draws the pictures in a book is called an illustrator. Books can have more than one author or illustrator. A book can be a text that is a part of a larger collection of texts. A section of a text may be published as a book so that it only has one author or only focus on one subject area. Books written in this way can be understood without reading whole collection of writings. Examples are the Iliad, Odyssey, Bible, Quran and Torah. All of them consist of a number of “religious books” in this sense of the word. Encyclopedias often have separate articles written by different people, and are published as separate volumes. Each volume is a book. "Hardcover" books have hard covers made of cardboard that is covered in cloth or leather and sewn together. "Paperback" books have covers made of stiff paper that is glued together. The words in books can be read aloud and recorded on tapes or compact discs. These are called "audiobooks". Books may be borrowed from a library or bought from a bookstore. People can make their own books and write in them, and add family photos and drawings. Some books are empty inside, like a diary, an address book, or photo album. These books are meant to be written in. Most of the time, the word "book" means that the pages inside have words and pictures. Some books are written just for children. Some are for entertainment, and some are textbooks for studying something in school, such as math or history. Content of books. There are two main kinds of book text: fiction and non-fiction. Fiction. These books are novels. They are about stories that have not happened, and have been imagined by the author. Some books are based on real events from history, but the author created imaginary characters or dialogue for the events. Non-fiction. Non-fiction fiction are about true facts or things that have really happened. Some examples are dictionaries, cookbooks, textbooks for learning in school, or a biography (someone's life story). Historical. Between the written manuscript and the book are several inventions. While manuscripts are hand-made, books are now industrial products. Manuscripts. A common type of manuscript was the scroll. It is a long sheet that is rolled up. The sheet could have been made of papyrus (made by the Egyptians, by weaving the inner stems of the papyrus plant and then hammering them together), or parchment or vellum (very thin animal skin, first used by the ancient Greeks), or paper (made from plant fibers, invented by the Chinese). Manuscripts of this kind lasted to the 16th century and beyond. Turning the manuscript into a book required several developments. The codex. The Romans were the first people to put separate pieces of manuscript between covers, to form a "codex". This was more convenient to handle and store than scrolls, but was not yet a book as we understand it. Printing. Scrolls and codices were written and copied by hand. The Chinese invented "woodblock printing", where shapes are carved out of a block of wood, then ink is applied to the carved side, and the block is pressed onto paper. This woodcut method was slow because the symbols and pictures were made by cutting away the surrounding wood. Johannes Gutenberg was the first person to invent a machine for printing, called the printing press. He made it in the 15th century. This involved more than just a press because it involved the production of a movable metal type that was suitable for the machine process. Initially, the machines were slow, and needed a muscle power to work. The Industrial Revolution brought steam power, and later electrification. Paper and ink. Paper had been invented in China in the 8th century, but it was kept secret for a long time. In Europe hand-made paper was available from about 1450. It was cheaper than parchment but still expensive, and the early printing was a slow process. Therefore, books remained rare. In 1800 the first machines for making paper from wood pulp were invented. New kinds of inks were also invented for various purposes, and machines were driven by steam engines and later by electricity. The common cheap supply of paper fed the faster printing machines, and books became cheaper. At the same time, in America, Britain and continental Europe, more people learnt to read. So, in the 19th century, many ordinary people could afford to buy books and could actually read them. Also in the 19th century came public libraries, so poorer people could get access to the best books. Binding. Printing was done on large sheets of paper, which were then folded, guillotined (cut) and sewn into the covers. Bookbinding and all the other processes have been done by machines since the 19th century. Now. Today some of the technologies have been changed, especially those involving illustration and typography. However, books look much the same as they did, with more illustration in color, but basically the same. That is because experience has shown that readers need certain things for pleasurable reading. Graphic design and typography are the practical arts used to make books attractive and useful to readers. Sundial A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted. Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans. Peninsula A peninsula is a region of land that sticks out in a body of water. It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides. Many countries are on peninsulas, and may either take up part of a peninsula (such as Portugal) or all of it (such as India). Parts of a country may also be on a peninsula. For example, Jutland is a peninsula, as is Baja California in Mexico. If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula. In this case, the great peninsulas of Europe, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas would technically be peninsulas within peninsulas. The area of the European Peninsula, comprised of Europe minus Russia, Fennoscandia, and any islands, is roughly 4.4 million square kilometers. The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers. Derivation A derivative is something created from a Primary source, and can mean different things. Combinatorial game theory Combinatorial game theory, also known as CGT is a branch of applied mathematics and theoretical computer science that studies combinatorial games, and is distinct from "traditional" or "economic" game theory. CGT arose in relation to the theory of impartial games, the two-player game of Nim in particular, with an emphasis on "solving" certain types of combinatorial games. A game must meet several conditions to be a combinatorial game. These are: Combinatorial Game Theory is largely confined to the study of a subset of combinatorial games which are two player, finite, and have a winner and loser (i.e. do not end in draws.) These combinatorial games can be represented by trees, each vertex of which is the game resulting from a particular move from the game directly below it on the tree. These games can be assigned game values. Finding these game values is of great interests to CG theorists, as is the theoretical concept of game addition. The sum of two games is the game in which each player on her/his turn must move in only one of the two games, leaving the other as it was. Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway and Richard Guy are the founders of the theory. They worked together in the 1960s. Their published work was called "Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays". Definitions. In the theory, there are two players called "left" and "right". A game is something that allows left and right to make moves to "other games". For example, in the game of chess, there is a usual starting setup. One could also, however, think of a chess game after the first move as a different game, with a different setup. So each position is also called a game. Games have the notation {L|R}. formula_1 are the games the left player can move to. formula_2 are the games the right player can move to. If you know chess notation, then the usual chess setup is the game The dots "..." mean there are many moves, so not all are shown. Chess is very complex. It is better to think of easier games. Nim, for example, is much simpler to think about. Nim is played like this: The easiest game of Nim starts with no counters at all! In such a case, neither player can move. That is shown as , or 0). If instead right moves first, there will be no more moves for left. So both left and right can make a move to 0. That is shown as , or {0|0}. The first player to move will win. Games equal to {0|0} are very important. They are written with the symbol, * (star). Nim Nim is a simple game used for examples in combinatorial game theory. The rules of nim are simple: There is a simple mathematical strategy to play the game perfectly. If both players play perfectly, the winner is determined by the initial setup. Blue Blue is one of the colors of the rainbow that people can see. It is one of the seven colors of the rainbow along with red, orange, yellow, green, indigo and violet. Apart from indigo and violet, it has the shortest wavelength of these colors (about 470 nanometers). Blue is the color of the Earth's sky and sea. Earth looks blue when seen from outer space by astronauts. Blue is a color used to show coldness. It is also one of the colors your lips can turn if you are chilly. Blue is the color of a "bluebird". A blue jay is the cool color blue. Meaning of blue. The color blue is sometimes associated with sadness, which may be where the name of the music style The Blues comes from. Blue is a color of the Jewish religion. In Western cultures since the 1940s, blue is associated with men/boys, while pink is associated with women/girls. Before the 1940s, it was the other way around, so blue was for women/girls and pink was for men/boys. Nobody knows exactly why it changed. Memory Memory is the personal record of past experiences. It is the brain's ability to store information to use later. The Greeks considered memory (Mnemosyne) as the mother of Muses, for without her there would be no art and no science. Memory is studied in sciences known as "cognitive psychology". There are two types of memory: short-term and long-term memory, or known as working memory and reference memory. Murder Murder is where one person wrongfully kills another person with malicious aforethought. If a person does something reckless that makes someone else die, without the intention of killing, it is homicide and may be manslaughter. An accident caused by carelessness may be criminally negligent homicide. Sometimes, a death caused by someone else may not be a crime, for example killing in self-defense. Though, if the killer could've stopped a violent encounter without killing the victim, it's generally "not" a lawful killing. A person who commits murder is called a murderer. The legal definition of "murder" and "manslaughter" may be different between countries. A killing in war is not usually called "murder" by those who fight in the war, as it's justifiable homicide. Killing in self defense is usually not "murder". Some countries do not even have manslaughter as a legal concept, and only have murder; the countries that do not have manslaughter charge with murder instead. In fact, the United States did not have manslaughter on the books until the 20th century. England was the first country to indoctrinate manslaughter, and the United States was second. Most common circumstances for murder in the United States (1999). A total of 12,658 murders were reported in 1999 in the U.S., including 1,903 without a specified reason, and 3,779 for which the reasons were unknown. Worst cities for murder in the United States (1999). New York's status as the murder capital of the world improved during the 1990s. What follows are the number of murders for 1999: Attempted murder. Attempted murder is a crime. Attempted murder, or "attempt murder" in common law countries, also sometimes called "murder attempt", is when someone tries to kill another person. Just planning a murder is not enough. The act must come close to, but does not actually take the life of the other person. It was punishable by death and the execution was carried out in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley, Ancient Greece, The Roman Empire, and of course, China, which is by far the most populated country in the world, to this day. As with murder, attempted murder is a mortal sin to the Catholic Church. The Roman Empire carried out about ten thousand executions, most if not all beheadings, during its time, and there is no doubt that many of these were those convicted of attempted murder. Assassination. "Assassination" is a word which means murdering a prominent person for a reason. The word is most used when the person who was killed was a celebrity or was a person involved in politics. The people who carry out assassinations are called "assassins" or "Hit-men". An assassin may murder someone for political reasons, for money, or for other reasons, such as favors owed and revenge. Assassination is the same as murder and is mortal sin to the Catholic Church. The word "Assassin" comes from Hashishin, a Muslim group that was active in the Middle East from the 8th to the 14th centuries. This secret society killed people for political and religious reasons. It is thought that the assassins were under the influence of hashish and opium during their killings or during their training. The word "assassin" comes from either "hashashim", the influence of the drugs, or "hassansin", after their leader, Hassan-i Sabbah. Murdersuicide. A murdersuicide is when a person kills someone else (murder), and then they kill themselves (suicide). No one is tracking the number of murder–suicides in the United States. However, medical studies estimate between 1,000 and 1,500 deaths per year in the United States are murder-suicides. Bird Birds (Aves) are a group of animals with backbones which evolved from dinosaurs. Technically speaking, they are dinosaurs. Birds are endothermic. The heat loss from their bodies is slowed down by their feathers. Modern birds are toothless: they have beaked jaws. They lay hard-shelled eggs. They have a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live all over the world. They range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.70 m (9 ft) ostrich. They are the tetrapods with the most living species: about ten thousand. More than half of these are passerines, sometimes known as perching birds. Birds are the closest living relatives of the Crocodilia. This is because they are the two main survivors of a once huge group called the Archosaurs. Modern birds are "not" descended from "Archaeopteryx". According to DNA evidence, "modern" birds (Neornithes) evolved in the long Upper Cretaceous period. More recent estimates showed that modern birds originated early in the Upper Cretaceous. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs are in the broader group Avialae. They have been found back to the mid-Jurassic period, around 170 million years ago. Many of these early "stem-birds", such as "Anchiornis", were not yet capable of fully powered flight. Many had primitive characteristics like teeth in their jaws and long bony tails.p274 The Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event 66 million years ago killed off all the non-avian dinosaur lines. Birds, especially those in the southern continents, survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world. Diversification occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species. The only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly. Later, many groups evolved with reduced wings, such as ratites, penguins and many island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also adapted for flight. Some bird species in aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have evolved as good swimmers. In general, birds are effective, and inherit their behaviour almost entirely. The key elements of their life are inherited. It was a great discovery that birds never learn to fly. So it is quite wrong to say, when a chick waves its wings in the nest "It's learning to fly". What the chick is doing is exercising its muscles. They develop the ability to fly "automatically" (assuming they are species that do fly). And if they are species which migrate, that behaviour is also inherited. Many species migrate over great distances each year. Other main features of their life may be inherited, though they can and do learn. Birds have good memories which they use, for example, when they search for food. Several bird species make and use tools. Some social species pass on some knowledge across generations, a form of culture. Birds are social. They communicate with visual signals, calls and bird songs. Most of their social behaviours are inherited, such as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking and mobbing of predators. Most bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species are polygynous (one male with many females) or, rarely, polyandrous (one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised by sexual reproduction. They are often laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as hens, lay eggs even when not fertilised, though unfertilised eggs do not produce offspring. Many species of birds are eaten by humans. Domesticated and undomesticated birds are sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. In English, domesticated birds are often called poultry, undomesticated birds are called game. Songbirds, parrots and other species are popular as pets. Guano, which is bird manure, is harvested for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120–130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational bird-watching is an important part of the ecotourism industry. Bird colours. Birds come in a huge range of colours. These colours can be useful to a bird in two ways. Camouflage colours help to hide the bird, and bright colours identify the bird to others of the same species. Often the male is brightly coloured while the female is camouflaged. The logic is as follows: the female carries the "precious package" of developing eggs. The male has to defend a territory, and the function of his colour and song is to let others know that "this place is occupied". Bird camouflage. Many birds are brown, green or grey. These colours make a bird harder to be seen: they camouflage the bird. Brown is the most common colour. Brown birds include: sparrows, emus, thrushes, larks, eagles and falcons and the female birds of many species such as: wrens, ducks, blackbirds and peafowls. When a brown bird is in long grass or among tree trunks or rocks, it is "camouflaged". Birds that live in long grass often have brown feathers streaked with black which looks like shadows. A bittern is almost invisible in long reeds because its camouflage is helped by its posture (beak and head pointed upwards). Other birds, including starlings and mynas, are quite dark in colour, but are flecked with little spots that look like raindrops on leaves. Bird may also camouflage their nests. Many birds from hot countries are green or have some green feathers, particularly parrots. Birds that live in green trees often have green backs, even if they have bright-coloured breasts. From the back, the birds are camouflaged. This is very useful when sitting on a nest. The bird's bright-coloured breast is hidden. Budgerigars are bred in different colours such as blue, white and mauve, but in the wild, they are nearly all green and yellow. Even though they fly very well, they normally spend a lot of time on the ground, eating grass seeds. Their yellow and black striped back helps to hide them in the shadows made by long dry grass, while their green breasts are a similar colour to the leaves of gum trees. Grey birds include most pigeons and doves, cranes, storks and herons. Grey birds are often rock-living birds like pigeons or birds that sit on dead tree trunks looking like a broken branch. Water birds like herons often have a pale grey colour which makes it harder for a fish to notice that the bird is standing, looking down for something to catch. Water birds, no matter what colour they are on top, are often white underneath, so that when a fish looks up, the bird looks like part of the sky. Black birds include crows, ravens and male blackbirds. Some birds that are dark colours spend quite a lot of time on the ground, hopping around in the shadows under bushes. Among these birds are the male blackbird and the satin bowerbird which is not black but very dark blue. Crows and ravens often perch high on bare trees in the winter, where their black shape against the sky looks like the dark bare branches. Noticeable colours. Many birds are not camouflaged, but stand out with vivid colours. They are usually male birds whose females are dull and camouflaged. The function of the colours is two-fold. First, the colours help them get mates, and second, the colours identify them to other males of the same species. Many birds are territorial, especially in the nesting season. They give out territory sounds and are easily seen. This lets other males know they will defend their territory. It sends out a "look elsewhere" signal to their competitors. Some birds are famous for their colour and some are named for it, such as the bluebird, the azure kingfisher, the golden pheasant, the scarlet macaw. The European robin is known popularly as the red robin. Many other birds are very brightly coloured, in countless combinations. Some of the most colourful birds are quite common, like pheasants, peacocks, domestic fowl and parrots. Colourful small birds include blue tits, the goldfinches, hummingbirds, fairy wrens and bee eaters (which are also called rainbow birds). Some birds, like those of the bird of paradise in Papua New Guinea have such beautiful feathers that they have been hunted for them. The peafowl is the best example of a display of colour to attract a mate. Also the male domestic fowl and junglefowl have long shiny feathers above his tail and also long neck feathers that may be a different colour to his wings and body. There are only a few species of birds (such as the eclectus parrot) where the female is more colourful than the male. "Pied birds" are black and white. Black and white birds include magpies, pied geese, pelicans and Australian magpies (which are not really magpies at all). Pied birds often have brightly coloured beaks and legs of yellow or red. The silver pheasant, with its long white tail striped with fine bars of black, has a brightly coloured face. Flight. Most birds can fly, and if they do, then the ability is inherited, not learnt. They fly by pushing through the air with their wings. The curved surfaces of the wings cause air currents (wind) which lift the bird. Flapping keeps the air current moving to create lift and also moves the bird forward. Some birds can glide on air currents without flapping. Many birds use this method when they are about to land. Some birds can also hover in the air. This method is used by birds of prey such as falcons that are looking for something to eat. Seagulls are also good at hovering, particularly if there is a strong breeze. The most expert hovering birds are tiny hummingbirds which can beat their wings both backwards and forwards and can stay quite still in the air while they dip their long beaks into flowers to feed on the sweet nectar. Types of flight. Different types of birds have different needs. Their wings have evolved to suit their lifestyle. Large birds of prey, such as eagles, spend a lot of time soaring on the wind. They have wings that are large and broad. The main flight feathers are long and wide. They help the eagle to stay on rising air currents without using much energy, while the eagle looks at the ground below, to find the next meal. When the eagle sees some small creature move, it can close its wings and fall from the sky like a missile, opening its great wings again to slow down as it comes to land. The world's largest eagle, the Philippine eagle has a wingspan of about 2 m (6.7 ft) wide. Birds that live in grassland areas or open forests and feed on fruit, insects and reptiles often spend a lot of time flying short journeys looking for food and water. They have wings that are shaped in a similar way to eagles, but rounder and not as good for soaring. These include many Australian birds like cockatoos. Birds such as geese that migrate from one country to another fly very long distances. Their wings are big and strong, because the birds are large. They stock up on food for the long flight. Migrating water birds usually form family groups of 1230 birds. They fly very high, making use of long streams of air that blow from north to south in different seasons. They are well organised, often flying in a V pattern. The geese at the back do not have to flap so hard; they are pulled on by the wind of the ones at the front. Every so often, they change the leader so that the front bird, who does most work and sets the pace, can have a rest. Geese and swans are the highest-flying birds, reaching 8,000 metres or more when on migration. Geese often "honk" loudly while they are flying. It is thought that they do this to support the leader and help the young ones. Birds that fly very quickly, such as swifts and swallows, have long narrow pointed wings. These birds need great speed because they eat insects, catching most of them while they are flying. These birds also migrate. They often collect in huge flocks of thousands of birds that move together like a whirling cloud. Birds that live in bushes and branches have triangular wings that help the bird change direction. Many forest birds are expert at getting up speed by flapping and then gliding steadily among the trees, tilting to avoid things as they go. Birds such as owls that hunt at night have wings with soft rounded feathers so that they do not flap loudly. Birds that are awake at night are called "nocturnal" birds. Birds that are awake during the day are "diurnal". Wandering albatross might spend several years without coming to land. They can sleep while gliding. Arctic terns nest every one to three years. Flocks. Flocks of birds can be very highly organised in a way that takes care of all the flock members. Studies of small flocking birds like tree sparrows show that they clearly communicate with each other, as sometimes thousands of birds may fly in close formation and spiral patterns without colliding (or flying into each other). Two common behaviours in flocking birds are guarding and reconnaissance. When a flock of birds is feeding it is common for one bird to perch on a high place to keep guard over the flock. In the same way, when a flock is asleep, often, one bird will remain awake. It is also common for large flocks to send one or two birds ahead of them when they are flying to a new area. The look-out birds can spy the lie of the land to find food, water and good places to perch. Mixed feeding flocks occur, and can help to spot predators. Flightless birds. Some birds do not fly. Flightlessness in birds has evolved many times. These include running birds like ostriches and emus and ocean-living birds, the large penguin family. Birds on islands have usually lost the power of flight. This is to their advantage because birds with the power of flight can be blown off their island during a storm. The same ability which got them to the island may later take them away in a storm. Ostriches and emus do not need to fly because although they feed and nest on the ground, their great size and their speed is their protection. Some other ground-feeding birds have not been so lucky. Some birds such as the dodo and the kiwi were ground-feeding birds that lived in safety on islands where there was nothing dangerous to eat them. They lost the power of flight. Kiwis are endangered because European settlement to New Zealand brought animals like cats, dogs and rats which kill kiwis and eat their eggs. However, kiwis and also the rare New Zealand ground parrot have survived. In the case of dodos, they were fat and disgusting in taste. All the same, they were killed and eaten by sailors until there was none left. Other flightless birds which have disappeared are the great auk and the moa. Penguins are a very successful group of birds. They are a clade. They spend half their time on land. Their wings are adapted to life in the sea and have become flippers which let them in swim fast. They catch fish at sea, where they are in danger from seals. Preening. Preening is how birds keeps their feathers in order. They use their beak to position feathers, interlock feather barbules that have become separated, clean plumage, and keep ectoparasites in check. Feathers in good shape help the bird's insulation, waterproofing and flight. Their condition is vital to the bid's survival. Digestion. Modern birds do not have teeth, and many swallow their prey whole. Nevertheless, they must break up food before it is digested. First of all, along their throat (oesophagus) they have a crop. This stores food items before digestion. That way a bird can eat several items, and then fly off to a quiet spot to digest them. Their stomach comes next, with two very different parts. One part is like a straight hollow rod (the "proventriculus") which secretes mild hydrochloric acid and an enzyme to break down protein. The other part of the stomach is the gizzard. This is muscular, and grinds up the contents. In herbivorous birds the gizzard contains some gastroliths (small stones or pieces of grit). Bones of fish will mostly be dissolved by the stomach acid. The partly digested and ground-up food now goes to the intestine, where digestion is completed, and most contents are absorbed. Anything indigestible, for example remains of feathers, is regurgitated via the mouth, not the cloaca. The system is effective, and carnivorous birds can swallow quite large prey. A blue heron can swallow a fish as large as a carp successfully. Raptors eat by holding the prey down with a foot, and tearing it apart with their beak. Reproduction. Mating. Although birds are warm-blooded creatures like mammals, they do not give birth to live young. They lay eggs as reptiles do, but the shell of a bird's egg is hard. The baby bird grows inside the egg, and after a few weeks hatches (breaks out of the egg). Birds in cold climates usually have a breeding season once a year in the spring. Migratory birds can have two springs and two mating seasons in a year. Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These birds pair for at least the length of the breeding season. In some cases this arrangement lasts until the death of one of the pair. Monogamy clearly helps if females need males' help to raise a brood successfully. It has other practical advantages: the nest is never left without defence. Birds are generally small, and they have many potential enemies. Some birds mate for life, like married couples. These birds include pigeons, geese, and cranes. Other birds look for new partners each year. For birds that choose new mates, part of the breeding season is display. The male bird will do all sorts of things to attract females. These include singing, dancing, showing off the feathers and building a beautiful nest. Some male birds have splendid feathers for attracting females. The most famous is the peacock who can spread the feathers above his tail into a huge fan. Other mating systems do occur in some species. Polygyny, polyandry, polygamy, polygynandry, and promiscuity do happen. Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males. Some species may use more than one system depending on the circumstances. Nesting. Once the birds have found partners, they find a suitable place to lay eggs. The idea of what is a suitable place differs between species, but most build bird nests. The bird is driven by a hormone (estradiol E2) to prepare a place for the eggs to hatch. Birds' nests may be up a tree, in a cliff or on the ground according to species. When filled with eggs they are almost always guarded by one of the pair. In fact it is virtually impossible for the eggs to survive if one of the parents dies. Robins will make a beautiful little round nest of woven grass and carefully line it with feathers, bits of fluff and other soft things. Swallows like to nest near other swallows. They make nests from little blobs of clay, often on a beam near the roof of a building where it is well sheltered. Many birds like a hollow tree to nest in. Eagle's nests are often just piles of dead wood on the top of the tallest tree or mountain. Scrub turkeys scratch together a huge pile of leaves that may be 10 metres across. Guillemots lay their eggs on rock shelves with no nest at all. Their eggs are shaped so that they roll around in circles and do not fall off cliffs. A cuckoo does not make its own nest. It lays its egg in the nest of another bird and leaves it for them to care for. The cuckoo eggs are camouflaged to look like the host's eggs. When the nest has been prepared, the birds mate so that the eggs are fertilised and the chicks will start growing. Unlike mammals, birds (and reptiles) only have one opening as the exit hole for body fluids, and for reproduction. The opening is called the cloaca. A female bird, called a hen, has two ovaries, of which the left one usually produces eggs. Most male birds have no sex organs that can be seen. But inside the male are two testes which produce sperm which is stored in the cloaca. Birds mate by rubbing their cloacas together, although with some birds, particularly large water birds, the male has a sort of a penis inside the cloaca. Hatching. Once the hen has mated, she produces fertile eggs which have chicks growing inside them. She lays the eggs in the nest. There might be just one egg or a number of them, called a clutch. Emus might lay as many as fifteen huge dark green eggs in a clutch. After the eggs are laid, they are incubated, or kept warm so the chicks form inside. Most birds stay together for the whole nesting season, and one advantage is that the work is shared. Many birds take turns sitting on the eggs, so that each adult can feed. This is not always the case. With emus, the male does all the sitting and all the baby-minding. With emperor penguins it is also the male that cares for the egg. There is only one egg, which he keeps on his feet and under his feathers, standing in a big group of males without feeding until the chick is hatched. While the eggs are hatching, the females are at sea, catching fish, so that they can feed the chicks when they return. Some birds put the eggs inside or on top of the mound of leaves and twigs. The mound acts like a compost heap. The decomposition of the rotting leaves causes the temperature to rise. This is heat released by the chemical action of bacterial and fungal respiration. It is the same reaction as that which keeps mammals and birds at a high temperature. The parents leave the mound. When the chicks hatch, they are able to feed themselves. Many small birds take 2–4 weeks to hatch eggs. Albatrosses take 80 days. During this time the female loses a lot of her body weight. The quickest hatching time is for the cuckoo. Some types of cuckoos take only 10 days. This means that when they hatch in the nest of their "foster parents", the eggs that the parents have laid are not yet ready. Newborn cuckoos are naked, blind and ugly, but they are strong. They get under any eggs that are in the nest and throw them out before they hatch. That means that the cuckoo has the whole care of both parents. Baby cuckoos grow fast and often get bigger than the parents who feed them. When baby birds hatch, in most types of birds, they are fed by both parents, and sometimes by older aunts as well. Their mouths are open all the time and are often very brightly coloured, which acts as a "releaser", a trigger which stimulates the parent to feed them. For birds that eat grain and fruit, the parents eat and partly digest the food for the babies. It is then vomited carefully into the baby's mouth. Families. Many birds, particularly those that mate for life, are very sociable and keep together in a family group which might be anything from 4 or 6 adult birds and their young to a very large flock. As chicks grow they change the fluffy down that covers them as babies for real feathers. At this stage they are called fledglings. Other family members may help care for fledgling chicks, feeding them and protecting them from attack while parents are feeding. When the fledglings have their new feathers, they come out of the nest to learn to fly. In some types of birds, like pigeons, the parents watch over this and as the young ones get stronger, will give them flying lessons, teaching them how to glide, how to fly in spirals and how to land like an expert. Communication. Most birds are social animals, at least part of the time. They communicate to each other using sounds and displays. Almost all birds make sounds to communicate. The types of noises that vary greatly. Some birds can sing, and they are called songbirds or passerines. Examples are robins, larks, canaries, thrushes, nightingales. Corvids are passerines, but they do not sing. Birds that are not songbirds include: pigeons, seagulls, eagles, owls and ducks. Parrots are not songbirds, even though they can be taught to sing human songs. Songbirds. All birds make noises ("bird vocalisation"), but not all sing. Songbirds are passerines, many of which have beautiful melodic songs. Songs have different functions. Danger cries are different from territorial songs and mating calls are a third type. Fledgling may also have different calls from adults. Recognition calls for partners are quite common. As to where the song comes from, there are three kinds of species: Most singing birds that are kept as pets, like canaries, have several tunes and some variations. The same species of bird will sing different songs in different regions. A good example of this is the currawong. This is an Australia bird which is like a black and white crow. In the autumn, families get together in large flocks and do a lot of singing. Currawongs from some areas sing much more complex songs than others. Generally, currawongs from the Blue Mountains are the finest singers. The song of the currawong can be sung as a solo, but is often performed as a choir. One bird will take the lead and sing "Warble-warble-warble-warble!" All the other birds will join in and sing "Wooooooo!". When all the birds know the song, the choir will sing the "Warble" part and the soloist will sing the "Woo!". The song changes from year to year and from place to place. Lorenz's studies. The Austrian naturalist Konrad Lorenz studied the way in which birds communicate, or talk to each other. He found that each type of bird had a number of sounds which they made automatically, when ever they felt a certain way. Every sound had an action that went with it. So, if the bird was frightened, it acted frightened and made a frightened sound. This told the other birds around it that something frightening was happening. If a flock of birds were flying over a field, they would be calling "Fly! Fly!" But a hungry bird, seeing something good to eat down below might start calling "Food! Food!" If other birds were also hungry, they would make the same call until more birds were calling "Food! Food!" than "Fly! Fly!". At this point, the mind of the flock would be changed. Some of the birds would start to yell "Fly downwards! Fly downwards!" as they sank from the sky, until the whole flock was all noisily calling the same thing. These communication sounds are often short hard sounds like: chirps, squeaks, squawks and twitters. Sometimes the calls are longer and more musical. They include the "Rookety-coo" sound of a pigeon and the "Cockadoodledoo!" of a rooster. The bird cannot change these sounds. They always make them in the same way. The bird is locked into making each sound every time a particular idea comes into its head. The connection between how they feel and how they call is innate: they are born with it. Some calls in some species are learnt. Then, it is the tendency to learn which is inherited. The Jackdaw of Altenberg. Konrad Lorenz noticed that when birds sing, they often use a lot of their regular calls as part of the song. Lorenz had a flock of jackdaws which were scattered during World War II. One day, an old bird returned. For many months she sat on the chimney singing her song, but in the song she kept making the call which Lorenz knew meant "Come home! Come home!" One day, to the great surprise of Lorenz, a male bird flew from a passing flock and joined her on the chimney. Lorenz was sure that it was her long-lost "husband" who had found his way home at last. Evolution and taxonomy. Palaeontologists have found some exceptional places (lagerstätten) where fossils of early birds are found. The preservation is so good that on the best examples impressions of their feathers can be seen, and sometimes even the remains of meals they have eaten. From these remains we know that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs (theropods) in the Jurassic period. They radiated into a huge variety in the Lower Cretaceous. At the same time, their direct competitors, the pterosaurs, dwindled in numbers and variety, and became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic. Birds are classified by taxonomists as 'Aves' (Avialae). Birds are the only living descendants of dinosaurs (strictly speaking, they "are" dinosaurs). Birds and Crocodilia are the only living members of the once-dominant Archosaur reptiles. Definition. The class Aves is was defined (1990) as all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and "Archaeopteryx lithographica". But "Archaeopteryx" is almost certainly "not" the ancestor of modern birds. The transition to flight happened a number of times. The researchers offered four definitions. Birds can be: The first bird-like creatures. "Archaeopteryx", from the Upper Jurassic some 150–145 million years ago (mya), was for a long time the earliest known bird which could fly. It is famous, because it was one of the first important fossils found after Charles Darwin published his ideas about evolution in the 19th century. By modern standards, "Archaeopteryx" could not fly very well. Other early fossil birds are, for example, "Confuciusornis", "Anchiornis huxlei" and other Paraves. Many fossils of early birds and small dinosaurs have been discovered in the Liaoning Province of Northeast China. These include "Anchiornis huxlei", from about 160 mya. The fossils show that most small theropod dinosaurs had feathers. These deposits have preserved them so well that the impressions of their feathers can be clearly seen. This leads us to think that feathers evolved first as heat insulation and only later for flight. The origin of birds lies in these small feathered dinosaurs. Palaeontologists now agree that birds are included in Maniraptora group of dinosaurs. This explains why we say that birds are living dinosaurs. Evolution of modern birds. A leading authority says "Most living birds have fossil representatives in the Cenozoic"... "Key problems remain in understanding bird phylogeny... we seem to understand as little about the relationships among living birds as among Cretaceous birds". A useful source for modern birds is Clements J. 2007. "The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World". Cornel University Press (6th ed). Birds and people. Some birds are eaten as food. Most usually it is the chicken and its eggs, but people often also eat geese, pheasants, turkeys and ducks. Other birds are sometimes eaten are: emus, ostriches, pigeons, grouse, quails, doves, woodcocks and even songbirds. Some species have died out because they have been hunted for food, for example the dodo and the passenger pigeon. Many species have learned how to get food from people. The number of birds of these species has grown because of it. Seagulls and crows find food from garbage dumps. The feral pigeon ("Columba livia"), sparrows ("Passer domesticus" and starlings ("Sturnus vulgaris") live in large numbers in towns and cities all over the world. Sometimes people also use working birds. For example, homing pigeons carry messages. Nowadays people sometimes race them for sport. People also use falcons for hunting, and cormorants for fishing. In the past, people in mines often used a canary to see if there were bad gas methane in the air. People often have colorful birds such as parrots and mynahs as pets. These intelligent birds are popular because they can copy human talking. Because of this, some people trap birds and take them to other countries to sell. This is not usually allowed these days. Most pet birds are specially bred and are sold in pet shops. People can catch some bird diseases, for example: psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, Newcastle's disease, mycobacteriosis, influenza, giardiasis and cryptosporiadiosis. In 2005, there was an epidemic of bird influenza spreading through some parts of the world, often called avian flu. Some people have birdboxes in their gardens to give birds a place to nest and bird tables where birds can get food and water in very cold or very dry weather. This lets people see some small birds close up which are normally hidden away in bushes and trees. Bird orders. The following is a listing of all bird orders: Bird population decreasing. A report produced by BirdLife International every five years measures the population of birds worldwide. One in every eight types of birds is now "in decline". Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called Freedom of expression. Freedom of speech is thought to also include freedom of the press and Freedom of information. However, new laws are usually needed to allow information to be used easily. Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If the government does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country. A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill, believed that freedom of speech is important because the society that people live in has a right to hear people's ideas. It's not just important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself. Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. For example, the United States Supreme Court said that it was against the law to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also says that it is not okay to cause national, racial or religious hatred. Also, some countries have laws against hate speech. As Tocqueville pointed out, people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government punishment but because of social pressures. When an individual announces an unpopular opinion, he or she may face the disdain of their community or even be subjected to violent reactions. While this type of suppression of speech is even more difficult to prevent than government suppression is, there are questions about whether it truly falls within the ambit of freedom of speech, which is typically regarded as a legal right to be exercised against the government, or immunity from governmental action. Banana A banana is the common name for a type of fruit and also the name for the herbaceous plants that grow it. These plants belong to the genus "Musa". They are native to the tropical region of southeast Asia. It is thought that bananas were grown for food for the first time in Papua New Guinea. Today, they are cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Most banana plants are grown for their fruits, which botanically are a type of berry. Some are grown as ornamental plants, or for their fibres. There are about 110 different species of banana. In popular culture and commerce, "banana" usually refers to the soft and sweet kind, also known as "dessert bananas". Other kinds, or cultivars, of banana have a firmer, starchier fruit. Those are usually called plantains. Plantains are mostly used for cooking or fibre. Other than being used as food, beer can be made by fermenting the juice of certain cultivars in Africa, known as "beer bananas". The ash of bananas can be used to make soap. In Asia, bananas are often planted to provide shade to plants that like shade, for example coffee, cocoa, nutmeg or black pepper. Because of this, banana plants can often be found in plantations of other crops. Banana plant. The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant. Banana plants are often mistaken for trees. Bananas have a "false stem" (called "pseudostem"), which is made by the lower part of the leaves. This pseudostem can grow to be two to eight meters tall. Each pseudostem grows from a corm. A pseudostem is able to produce a single bunch of bananas. After fruiting, the pseudostem dies and is replaced. When most bananas are ripe, they turn yellow or, sometimes, red. Unripe bananas are green. Banana leaves grow in a spiral and may grow long and wide. They are easily torn by the wind, which results in a familiar, frayed look. Fruit. The banana fruits grow from a banana blossom in hanging clusters, also called a "bunch" or "banana stem". The fruits grow in rows called "tiers" or "hands". There can be as many as twenty fruits to a hand, and as many as twenty tiers in a bunch. A bunch usually weighs between 30 and 50 kilograms (65 to 110 pounds). A single fruit weighs about 125 grams (4.4 ounces) on average; about three quarters of this is water. Each banana (or "finger") has a protective outer layer (called "peel" or "skin"). There is a fleshy part inside that readily spilts into three segments. It is the only known tri-segmented fruit in the world. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten. Western cultures generally eat the inside raw and throw away the skin. Some Asian cultures eat both the skin and the inside cooked. Each fruit has many "strings" that run between the skin and the inner part. Bananas have a lot of vitamin B6, vitamin C, and potassium. Growing and trading bananas. Bananas are grown in at least 107 countries. The banana species growing in the wild have fruits with many hard, large seeds, but almost all bananas grown to be eaten have seedless fruits. Bananas are classified either as dessert bananas or as green cooking bananas. Almost all export bananas are of the dessert types. Only about ten to fifteen percent of all production is for export. Dessert bananas change their color and usually turn yellow, when they are ripe; plantains and bananas generally used for cooking stay green. Certain bananas have other colors when ripe. The countries that produce the most bananas include India, Brazil, China, Ecuador and the Philippines. The top five countries that exported bananas were Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Philippines, Colombia and Guatemala. The United States, the European Union and Japan buy the most bananas. Bananas are among the most valuable agricultural export products; They provided about sixty percent of export earnings of Saint Lucia and about twelve percent of the Gross Domestic Product of the country, between 1994 and 1996. Allergies. Some people are allergic to bananas. There are two basic forms of these allergies. The first is known as oral allergy syndrome. Within an hour of eating a banana, swelling starts inside the mouth or throat. This allergy is related to allergies caused by pollen, like that of the birch tree. The other is similar to latex allergies. It causes urticaria and potentially serious upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Other uses of bananas. Textiles. The fibre gained from the banana plant has been used to make textiles for a long time. In Japan, bananas have been grown to be used for clothing and in the house since at least the 13th century. In the Japanese system, the leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to make sure they are soft. The harvested shoots must first be boiled in lye to prepare the fibres for the making of the yarn. These banana shoots produce fibres of varying degrees of softness. They can be used for yarns and textiles of different qualties, and for specific uses. For example, the outermost fibres of the shoots are the coarsest - they are good for tablecloths. The softest innermost fibres are desirable for kimono and kamishimo. This traditional Japanese banana cloth making process has many steps, all performed by hand. Another system is used in Nepal. There the trunk of the banana plant is harvested instead. Small pieces of this trunk are then softened. The fibres are extracted mechanically, bleached, and dried. They are then sent to the Kathmandu Valley, where high-end rugs are produced. These rugs have a texture and general qualities similar to that of silk. These banana fibre rugs are woven by traditional Nepalese hand-knotted methods. Paper. Banana fiber is also used to make "banana paper". There are two different kinds of banana paper: paper made from the bark, and paper made from the fibre and from unused fruits. Biel/Bienne, Switzerland Biel/Bienne (official name; "Biel" is German, "Bienne" is French) is an industrial town in Switzerland. It is in the part of Switzerland named Bern and near the city also named Bern. The town is known for many companies that make watches and machines. Description. The town of Biel, the capital of Swiss watch-making, lies at the end of Lake Biel, at the foot of the Jura Hills in the Lake Region. The wonderful old town with its town church and its location as the gateway to the three Jura lakes (Lakes Biel, Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Murten) with vineyards on the hillsides and extensive vegetable cultivation make the town very attractive. Biel is the only town in Switzerland in which German and French are spoken side by side We can feel the relaxed mentality here coming from the mixture of these three languages. Biel was awarded the Wakker Prize in 2004 by the Swiss Heritage Society for the way it conserved its 20th century buildings, especially the ‘new construction’ from the 1920s and 30s. Swatch, Rolex, Omega, Tissot, Movado and Mikron all come from this town. But Biel has also become important in the field of other industries and in communication. It is possible to travel on various routes along the lakes on passenger boats in summer. The day trip through all three Jura lakes is especially popular. Of course there are all types of water sports on Lake Biel. Old town. The town of Biel was built by the Prince-Bishop of Bale between 1220 and 1230. The old town is the smallest part of Biel with only . Most buildings there still look as in the 18th century. The biggest part of the old town is without any traffic. There aren’t any big stores or industries or any big companies. Each Saturday there is a market. The castle, “the ring” and the theatre are very popular. The town church is on the “Ringplatz” and was built between 1451 and 1470.There they burned the witches in the 18th century. From the 6 medieval city gates only one and two towers survived. Heritage sites. The entire town of Biel is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Several individual buildings in the old town have also been protected for their cultural heritage. The Reformed City Church is one of the most important late-Gothic buildings in the Canton of Bern. The church has a main floor, two second floors and four small chapels. There are some wall-paintings in the church. Most windows are among the oldest ones in Switzerland. The church was first written about in an index in 1228. After a horrible fire in the old town the church was destroyed. It was rebuilt between 1367 and 1451. The town church got on a new organ on 6th November 2011. The church was closed for more than half a year to put the new organ in and to improve the inside of the church. It cost about 1,74 million Swiss francs. The old organ was sent to Poland. Language. About 57% of the people in Biel speak German as their mother tongue. The remaining 43% speak French as their mother tongue. That is why the city has two names. Swatch Internet Time Swatch Internet Time is a way to measure time invented in 1998 by the Swatch manufacturing firm in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Time is shown as an "@" mark with three numerals. The day starts with @000 for midnight. Noon is @500. Just before midnight is @999. The thousand parts which make up a day are called "dot beats" (.beats). Each dot beat is one minute and 26.4 seconds long. Midnight is the same as Central European Winter Time (UTC+1)and Internet Time is the same all over the world. It does not change during the Summer. People can use it to plan phone calls or Internet meetings. Most types of Linux can show Internet Time as the desktop clock. Test tube A test tube is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded 'U' shaped bottom. They range in size from a couple inches to several inches long, from a few millimeters to a couple centimeters in diameter. They are designed to allow easy heating of samples, to be held in a flame, and often are made of expansion-resistant glasses, such as borosilicate glass (known by brand-names such as Pyrex and Kimax). Tests tubes are often preferred above beakers when multiple small chemical or biological samples have to be handled and/or stored. Vacutainers are a type of test tube that can be used for both collection and storage of blood. Beaker A beaker is a kind of laboratory glassware. A beaker is a cylinder with a lip and a spout (a bend in the rim of the beaker which makes it easier to pour liquids without spilling any). A beaker is usually about the same width as its height. This makes beakers very stable and easy to handle. They may be made of plastic, glass, or borosilicate glass. Some beakers have marks on them to show about how much volume of liquid they hold - these can not be used for exact measurements. Beakers are often used to make solutions and they are probably the most used piece of laboratory glassware. Crucible In chemistry, a crucible is a kind of laboratory equipment that is usually a small cup, about the size of a shot glass, made of porcelain or non-reactive metal. Crucibles are used to heat chemical compounds to very high temperatures using a gas burner. One of the earliest uses of platinum was as a material in crucibles. Metals such as nickel and zirconium are also used as a modern crucible material. Lithium Lithium (from Greek "lithos" 'stone') is a soft, silver-white metal with symbol Li. It is the third chemical element in the periodic table. This means that it has 3 protons in its nucleus and 3 electrons around it. Its atomic number is 3. Its mass number is 6.94. It has two common isotopes, 6Li and 7Li. 7Li is more common. 92.5% of lithium is 7Li. Lithium is a soft silvery metal that is very reactive. It is used in lithium batteries and certain medicines. Properties. Physical properties. Lithium is one of the alkali metals. Lithium is a silvery solid metal (when freshly cut). It is very soft. Thus it can be cut easily with a knife. It melts at a low temperature. It is very light, similar to wood. It is the least dense metal and the least dense element in a solid or liquid state. It can hold more heat than any other solid element. It conducts heat and electricity easily. Chemical properties. It will react with water, giving off hydrogen to form a basic solution (lithium hydroxide). Because of this, lithium must be stored in petroleum jelly. Sodium and potassium can be stored in oil but lithium cannot because it is so light. It will just float on the oil and not be protected by it. Lithium also reacts with halogens. It can react with nitrogen gas to make lithium nitride. It reacts with air to make a black tarnish and then a white powder of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate. Chemical compounds. Lithium forms chemical compounds with only one oxidation state: +1. Most of them are white and unreactive. They make a bright red color when heated in a flame. They are a little toxic. Most of them dissolve in water. Lithium carbonate is less soluble in water than the other alkali metal carbonates like sodium carbonate. Occurrence. It does not occur as an element in nature. It only is in the form of lithium compounds. The ocean has a large amount of lithium in it. Certain granites have large amounts of lithium. Most living things have lithium in them. There are some places where much lithium is in the salt. Some silicates have lithium in them. History. Lithium (Greek "lithos", meaning "stone") was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817. In 1818, Christian Gmelin observed that lithium salts give a bright red color in flame. W.T. Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy later used electrolysis on lithium oxide to isolate the element. Lithium was first used in greases. Then nuclear weapons became a big use of lithium. Lithium was also used to make glass melt easier and make aluminium oxide melt easier in making aluminium. Now lithium is used mainly in batteries. It was apparently given the name "lithium" because it was discovered from a mineral, while other common alkali metals were first discovered in plant tissue. Preparation. It is made by getting lithium chloride from pools and springs. The lithium chloride is melted and electrolyzed. This makes liquid lithium and chlorine. Uses. As an element. Its main use is in batteries. Lithium is used as an anode in the lithium battery. It has more power than batteries with zinc, like alkaline cells. Lithium ion batteries also have lithium in them, though not as an element. It is also used in heat transfer alloys. Lithium is used to make organolithium compounds. They are used for very strong bases. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. In chemical compounds. Lithium compounds are used in some drugs known as mood stabilizers. Lithium niobate is used in radio transmitters in cell phones. Some lithium compounds are also used in ceramics. Lithium chloride can absorb water from other things. Some lithium compounds are used to make soap and grease. Lithium carbonate is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions. Organic chemistry. Organolithium compounds are used to make polymers and fine chemicals. Many lithium compounds are used as reagents to make organic compounds. Some lithium compounds like lithium aluminium hydride, lithium triethylborohydride, n-butyllithium and tert-butyllithium are commonly used as very strong bases called superbases. Other uses. Lithium compounds are used as pyrotechnic colorants and oxidizers in red fireworks and flares. Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are used as desiccants for gas streams. Lithium hydroxide and lithium peroxide are used to remove carbon dioxide and purify the air in spacecrafts and submarines. Lithium hydroxide, lithium peroxide and lithium perchlorate are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen. Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used as a solid fuel by itself. Lithium hydride that contains lithium-6 is used in thermonuclear weapons. Safety. Lithium reacts with water, making irritating smoke and heat. It is not as dangerous as the other alkali metals. Lithium hydroxide is very corrosive. Isotopes. There are 5 isotopes of Lithium having respectively 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 neutrons in the nucleus. The most common isotope in nature is 3Li7 which makes up 92.58% of the total. The second isotope which is widely available is 3Li6 which makes up 7.42% of the total. The other 3 isotopes exist in very small quantities. The atomic mass of Lithium is 6.939. Beryllium Beryllium is in group 2 of the periodic table, so it is an alkaline earth metal. It is grayish (slightly gray) in color. It has an atomic number of 4 and is symbolized by the letters Be. It is toxic and should not be handled without proper training. Beryllium has 4 electrons, 4 protons, and 5 neutrons. Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals: 1560 K (1287 °C). It is added to other metals to make stronger alloys. Beryllium-copper alloy is used in tools because it does not make sparks. At standard temperature and pressure, beryllium resists oxidation when exposed to oxygen. Beryllium is best known for the chemical compounds it forms. Beryllium combines with aluminium, silicon and oxygen to make a mineral called beryl. Emerald and aquamarine are two varieties of beryl which are used as gemstones in jewelry. Since it has a very high stiffness to weight ratio, beryllium is used to make the diaphragms in some high-end speakers. Uses. Beryllium is used to make jet aircrafts, guided missiles, spacecraft, and satellites, including the James Webb telescope. Beryllium can reflect neutrons, and thin foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapons as the outer layer of the plutonium pits. Beryllium is also used in fuel rods for CANDU reactors. Beryllium is used to make many dental alloys. Rarity. It is a relatively rare element in the universe. It usually occurs when larger atomic nuclei have split up. In stars, beryllium is depleted because it is fused and builds larger elements. Data compression Data compression is a set of steps for packing data into a smaller space, while allowing for the original data to be seen again. Compression is a two-way process: a compression algorithm can be used to make a data package smaller, but it can also be run the other way, to decompress the package into its original form. Data compression is useful in computing to save disk space, or to reduce the bandwidth used when sending data (e.g., over the internet). Lossless compression. Lossless compression packs data in such a way that the compressed package can be decompressed, and the data can be pulled out exactly the same as it went in. This is very important for computer programs and archives, since even a very small change in a computer program will make it unusable. This type of compression works by reducing how much waste space is in a piece of data. For example, if you receive a data package which contains "AAAAABBBB", you could compress that into "5A4B", which has the same meaning but takes up less space. This type of compression is called "run-length encoding", because you define how long the "run" of a character is. In the above example, there are two runs: a run of 5 A's, and another of 4 B's. The problem with run-length encoding is that it only works on long pieces of the same value of data. If you receive a package with "ABBAABAAB" inside, that can be compressed into "1A2B2A1B2A1B"; but that's longer than the original! In this case, there's another method that can be used: checking how often a particular value comes up in the whole data package. This is often called frequency compression. The most common kind of frequency compression is called Huffman coding, after the scientist who came up with the idea. The basic plan is to give each distinct value in a piece of data a code:- values that crop up all the time get shorter codes, and values that only show up once or twice get longer codes. Lossy compression. For some types of data, lossy compression can go much further; this is most often the case with media files, like music and images. Lossy compression loses some of the data so that there's less to store. Depending on what information is lost, people do not notice it is missing. As a result, it can simply be removed from the data. Of course, this will not work for computer programs and other such data where every piece is important; throwing away pieces of a computer program is generally unhealthy for the program. Compiler A compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language into another programming language. The first language is called the source language, and the code is called source code. The second language is called the target and can usually be understood by computers. In that case, the instructions become machine code. If a compiler can convert the same instruction text into machine code for different computers (like smartphones or video game machines), it is a 'cross-compiler'. If the compiler can make instruction text that is easier for people to read, it is a 'de-compiler'. People who write these instructions are called programmers. Some even made programs that can translate the instructions that describe how a compiler should work, into a compiler. That kind of program is called a compiler-compiler. A compiler usually has three steps. It reads the text and makes notes about how the instructions go together. If the instructions don't make sense, it will try to tell the programmer. Then it will use what it knows about the target language to make the instructions fit better. It then writes down the instructions in the target language. If the source instructions are on different pages, it may have to compile several before it can write everything down. Compiling the language. A compiler has six parts : The first piece, a lexical analyzer, reads a page of instruction text and splits it into words and sentences. It also marks the type for each word. For example, a word may be number, a variable, a verb, a math sign, or an adjective. The output of a lexical analyzer is a list of tokens. codice_1 codice_2 A parser reads in the output of the lexical analyzer, and verifies the syntax of the language. If the input program is syntactically incorrect or has a type error, it generates errors and warnings. This is called semantic analysis. For example, the parser might complain about the example above, if it "had not" already seen codice_3 with its type adjective. The parser uses all the information to make a structure typically called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). `( sentence ( write value to unknown `( unknown `( type, int ), `( name, x ) , `( value (add `( number, 5 ), `( seen `( type, int ), `( name, y ), `( value, 0 ) The next piece, an optimizer rearranges the tree structure so the target language is optimized. 'Optimized' includes using fewer instructions to perform the same work. This could be important if the final program needs to check a lot of data. (Like seeing how many people, in the whole country, are fifty years old "and" buy medicine.) An 'optimized' result might also mean breaking long instructions into smaller ones. Unused and unaccessible code will be removed at this step. A programmer usually tries to write instructions in small, related groups. That way, they can keep track of fewer changes in the program. But, that means the code may go on several pages. When a compiler sees that the target program uses several pages to explain the whole recipe, it may use a linker. The linker will put instructions that say where to find the code that's next. Finally, the compiler writes down the instructions in the target language. ADD 0, 5, spot_1 LOAD location_y, , spot_2 ADD spot_1, spot_2, spot_3 SAVE spot_3, , location_x Programmers who write compiler code try to make it as perfect as possible. If the programmer writes incorrect code, the compiler informs of them an error, but if the compiler code itself contains errors, it may be hard to tell where exactly the problem lies. Variants. At the end of each compilation step the partial finished product could be stored and then only processed later on. A language like Java uses this successfully, where they lack the final translation step to instructions the processor understands. They only do the final translation step once the Java program is running on a computer. This is either called "interpreting" or "JIT"ting, depending on the technique used. Example. For example, the source code might contain an equation, such as "x = 5*10 ". The lexical analyzer would separate each number and symbol (such as "*" or "+") into separate tokens. The parser would note the pattern of tokens, as being an equation. The intermediate-code generator would write a form of coding which defines a storage variable named "x" and assigns the numerical product of 5*10 plus 6 and 1. The optimizer would simplify the calculation, of 5*10+6+1, as being just 57. Hence, the target machine-code generator would set a variable named "x" and put the value 57 into that storage place in the computer's memory, using the instructions of whichever computer chip is being used. Eye The eye is a round organ for sensing light so organisms can see. It is the first part of the visual system. About 97 percent of animals have eyes. Image-resolving eyes are present in cnidaria, molluscs, vertebrates, annelids and arthropods. In mammals, two kinds of cells, "rods" and "cones", allow sight by sending signals through the optic nerve to the brain. Some animals can see light that humans cannot see. They can see ultraviolet or infrared light. The lens on the front part of the eye acts like a camera lens. It can be pulled flatter by muscles inside the eye, or allowed to become rounder. As some people get older, they may not be as able to do this perfectly. Many people are born with other small problems or get them later in life, and they may need eyeglasses (or "contact lenses") to fix the problem. Like different cameras, different eyes have different abilities. They may have higher or lower resolution, the ability to detect small details. They may have different performance in low light; nocturnal animals can see better at night than daytime animals. They may have different ability to distinguish colours. Parts of the eye. The human eye is composed of several different parts. These parts may or may not be the same in other animals. They are: Types of eye. Today, ten different types of eyes are known. Most ways of capturing an image have evolved at least once. One way to categorize eyes is to look at the number of "chambers". "Simple eyes" are made of only one concave chamber, perhaps with a lens. Compound eyes have many such chambers with their lenses on a convex surface. Eyes also can be grouped according to how the photoreceptor is made. Photoreceptors are either cillated, or rhabdomic. and some annelids possess both. Simple eyes. Pit eyes. Pit eyes are set in a depression in the skin. This reduces the angles at which light can enter. It allows the organism to say where the light is coming from. Such eyes can be found in about 85% of phyla. They probably came before the development of more complex eyes. Pit eyes are small. They are made of up to about hundred cells, covering about 100 µm. The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the opening, and by putting a reflective layer behind the receptor cells. Pinhole eye. The pinhole eye is an advanced form of pit eye. It has several bits, most notably a small aperture and deep pit. Sometimes, the aperture can be changed. It is only found in the "Nautilus". Without a lens to focus the image, it produces a blurry image. Consequently, nautiloids can not discriminate between objects with a separation of less than 11°. Shrinking the aperture would produce a sharper image, but let in less light. Spherical lensed eye. The resolution of pit eyes can be improved a lot by adding a material to make a lens. This will reduce the radius of the blurring, and increase the resolution that can be achieved. The most basic form can still be seen in some gastropods and annelids. These eyes have a lens of one refractive index. It is possible to get a better image with materials that have a high refractive index which decreases towards the edges. This decreases the focal length and allows a sharp image to form on the retina. This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can cause significant blurring. To minimize the effect of eye motion while the animal moves, most such eyes have stabilizing eye muscles. The ocelli of insects have a simple lens, but their focal point always lies behind the retina.They can never form a sharp image. This limits the function of the eye. Ocelli (pit-type eyes of arthropods) blur the image across the whole retina. They are very good at responding to rapid changes in light intensity across the whole visual field — this fast response is accelerated even more by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain. Focusing the image would also cause the sun's image to be focused on a few receptors. These could possibly be damaged by the intense light; shielding the receptors would block out some light and reduce their sensitivity. This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight, because they can be used to detect sudden changes in which way is up (because light, especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation, usually comes from above). Refractive cornea. The eyes of most land-living vertebrates (as well as those of some spiders, and insect larvae) contain a fluid that has a higher refractive index than the air. The cornea is sharply curved and refracts light towards the focus. The lens need not do all of the refracting. This lets the lens adjust the focus more easily, for much higher resolution. Reflector eyes. Instead of using a lens it is also possible to have cells inside the eye that act like mirrors. The image can then be reflected to focus at a central point. This design also means that someone looking into such an eye will see the same image as the organism which has them. Many small organisms such as rotifers, copeopods and platyhelminthes use such this design, but their eyes are too small to produce usable images. Some larger organisms, such as scallops, also use reflector eyes. The scallop "Pecten" has up to 100 millimeter-scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell. It detects moving objects as they pass successive lenses. Compound eyes. Compound eyes are different from simple eyes. Instead of having one organ that can sense light, they put together many such organs. Some compound eyes have thousands of them. The resulting image is put together in the brain, based on the signals of the many eye units. Each such unit is called "ommatidium", several are called "ommatidia". The ommatidia are located on a convex surface, each of them points in a slighly different direction. Unlike simple eyes, compound eyes have a very large angle of view. They can detect fast movement, and sometimes the polarization of light. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, annelids, and some bivalved molluscs. Evolution of the eye. The evolution of eyes started with simplest light-sensitive patches in unicellular organisms. These eye-spots do nothing but detect if the surroundings are light or dark. Most animals have a biochemical 'clock' inside. These simple eye-spots are used to adjust this daily clock, which is called circadian rhythm. Some snails, for example, see no image (picture) at all, but they sense light, which helps them stay out of bright sunlight. More complex eyes have not lost this function. A special type of cells in the eye senses light for a different purpose than seeing. These cells are called "ganglion" cells. They are located in the retina. They send their information about light to the brain along a different path (the "retinohypothalamic tract"). This information adjusts (synchronizes) the animal's circadian rhythm to nature's light/dark cycle of 24 hours. The system also works for some blind people who cannot see light at all. Eyes that are a little bit better are shaped like cups, which lets the animal know where the light is coming from. More complex eyes give the full sense of vision, including color, motion, and texture. These eyes have a round shape that makes light rays focus on the back part of the eye, called the "retina". Other. Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a fovea area which gives sharp vision. In this zone the eyes are flattened and the facets are larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot. This gives a higher resolution. The body of "Ophiocoma wendtii", a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons. Tongue-twister A tongue-twister is a phrase that is hard to say. They often use alliteration and homophones. They are commonly employed to help warm up singers and actors AbiWord AbiWord is a free word processor that can be downloaded for free, it is open source and is much smaller in size than a proprietary alternative, Microsoft Word. It is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and QNX. Its mascot is Abi the ant. It is much smaller than many other commercial word-processors of its time, only using about 15Mb on a computer's hard drive under Microsoft Windows. Insect Insects are a class in the phylum Arthropoda. They are small terrestrial invertebrates which have a hard exoskeleton. Insects are the largest group of animals on Earth by far: about 926,400 different species have been described. They are more than half of all known living species. They may be over 90% of animal species on Earth. New species of insects are continually being found. Estimates of the total number of species range from 2 million to 30 million. All adult insects have six legs; and most have wings. Insects were the first animals capable of flight. As they develop from eggs, insects undergo metamorphosis. Insects live all over the planet: almost all are terrestrial (live on land). Few insects live in the oceans or in very cold places, such as Antarctica. The most species live in tropical areas. Some people call all insects "bugs", but this is not correct. Only some insects are true bugs, which is a particular order of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insect bodies. Insects have exoskeletons (skeletons on the outside). Their skeletons are made out of thin, hard pieces or plates, like armour, made of chitin. All together, these pieces make a hard layer around the insect's body. The exoskeleton protects the insect. The body of an insect has three main parts: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. On the head are an insect's compound eyes, its two antennae (they feel and smell things), and its mouth. On the thorax, insects have wings and legs. All insects have six legs (three pairs of jointed legs) and usually four wings (two pairs). The abdomen is the back part of the insect. Inside the abdomen is the stomach, the heart, and the excretory system where body wastes pass out of the insect. Bees also have a stinger at the back of the abdomen. Physiology. Just like our muscles connect to our bones to make us walk and stand up, the muscles of an insect connect to the exoskeleton to make it walk and move. Their muscles are on the "inside" of their skeleton. Insects are cold-blooded, which means that they cannot control their body temperature. This means that insects are not good at surviving the cold, at any rate out in the open. In the winter, many insects go into something called diapause, which is the insect version of hibernation. Some insects, like cockroaches, cannot go into diapause and they will die if it gets too cold outside. This is why cockroaches love living in people's warm houses. Respiratory and circulatory systems. Insect respiration happens without lungs. There is a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases diffuse or are actively pumped. Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles. Oxygen gets to tissues that need it through their trachea (element 8 in diagram). Many insect larvae live in water. Many of those have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water. Others must rise to the water surface to get air which may be held or trapped in special parts of their body. Adult insects use oxygen at a high rate when they fly. They need it for the flight muscles, the most active tissue known in biology. The flight muscles use oxygen at a huge rate: 100 ccs of oxygen for every single cc of tissue per hour. With this system, the greatest diameter a muscle could have (and still consume oxygen at this rate) is about 0.5 cm. Even with special extra arrangements, insects cannot get larger than about 11 cm long. The largest insect bodies are about as big as a mouse. Some insects also use a molecule called haemocyanin, which does the same job as haemoglobin does in vertebrates (but less efficiently). The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries. The 'blood' is called haemolymph, and moves around in the space called the haemocoel. The organs sit in the haemocoel and are bathed in the haemolymph. The 'heart' is little more than a single tube which pulses (squeezes). How insects grow. Insects start life as an egg. Usually a female (mother) insect lays eggs, but a few species have live birth (the eggs develop inside the mother). The eggs are small; but they can usually be seen with the naked eye. Although the adults are larger, they do need a magnifying glass or a binocular microscope to see the details. A professional entomologist uses a binocular microscope to identify insects, plus a printed reference work. There are far too many insects for anyone to remember them all, and most entomologists specialise in just one or two orders. After the eggs hatch, two kinds of development may occur. Some insects have what is called 'incomplete metamorphosis'. This means that a small insect, called a nymph comes out of the egg, and the nymph looks almost the same as the adult insect. As the nymph grows, it does not change the way it looks, but only how big it is. It goes through a number of stages, called 'instars'. Grasshoppers grow in this way. Other insects have complete metamorphosis, which means that the small larva which comes out of the egg looks very different from the adult insect. Insects that have complete metamorphosis usually come out of the egg as a larva, which usually looks like a worm. The larva eats food and gets bigger until it turns into a pupa. Butterfly pupae (plural for pupa) are often inside cocoons. Inside the cocoon the insect changes the way it looks and often grows wings. When the cocoon opens, the adult insect comes out. Many insects have complete metamorphosis, for example beetles, butterflies and moths, and flies. The adult stage of development is called the imago. Evolutionary history. Origin of insects. The oldest known insect fossil is the Devonian "Rhyniognatha", from the 411 million year old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed mandibles of a type associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, anatomical records suggest the first insects may have appeared earlier, in the Silurian period. Genomic analysis puts their origin even further back in the Ordovician period. If "Rhyniognatha" is not an insect, then "Rhyniella" from the same place is the first known insect. Also 411 mya. Origin of wings. In 2008, researchers uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The origin of insect flight is unclear, since the earliest known winged insects appear to have been capable fliers. Some extinct insects had an additional pair of winglets attaching to the first segment of the thorax, for a total of three pairs. It seems the insects were not a particularly successful group of animals before they evolved wings. Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian insect orders include both living groups and a number of Palaeozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels, which allowed increased respiratory efficiency. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Many of the early groups became extinct during the PermianTriassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago. Kinds of insects. Different kinds of insects are put into groups called orders. There are about 29 insect orders. The biggest insect orders are listed below: All these groups except one (Odonata) are strongly connected with plants as a source of food. Spiders, scorpions, and similar animals are not insects; they are arachnids. Arachnids are arthropods that have four pairs of legs. Centipedes are also arthropods, but not insects: they are in a subphylum called the Myriapoda. Taxonomy. This taxonomy lists some of the better known groups of insects. Insects and people. Some insects can be pests to people in different ways. Some are parasites, such as lice and bed bugs. Some of these parasite insects spread diseases, for example mosquitoes spread malaria. Many insects eat agricultural products (plants meant for people to eat). Locustss are an example of pest insects that eat plants in agriculture. Some insects are used by us. Bees make honey. The larvae of some moths make silk, which people use to make clothing. In some parts of the world, people actually eat insects. Eating insects for food is called entomophagy. Many bees and flies pollinate plants. This means the insects help the plants make seeds by moving pollen from one flower to another. Some good insects eat pest insects, such as lady beetles (or ladybirds or ladybugs) eating aphids. Many insects eat dead plants and animals. Pesticides. People often use poisons called insecticides to kill pest insects. Insecticides do not always work. Sometimes the pest insects become resistant to the insecticides, which means the insecticides do not hurt them anymore. Both the Colorado potato beetle and the diamondback moth are insects that are resistant to many insecticides. Insecticides do not only kill pest insects; sometimes many helpful insects are killed too. When helpful insects are killed, such as those that eat pest insects, the pest insects may come back in larger numbers than before because they are not being eaten by helpful insects anymore. List of operating systems This is a list of operating systems for computers. Hobby OS. Operating systems written for a hobby. Proprietary. Microcontroller, embedded. Little operating systems that run on small devices. Fictional operating systems. Operating systems that have only appeared in fiction or as jokes. Computer jargon Computer jargon means words to do with computers and surrounding topics. Knowing what these words mean can help people know more about computers. Most people use these words to discuss computer ideas, but some people use these words to impress others (also known as buzzwords). Some examples of jargon are: Million 1,000,000 (1000000, one million or one thousand thousand or million or thousand thousand for short) is a natural number between 999,999 and 1,000,001. The name is derived from Italian, where was 1,000, and 1,000,000 became a "milione", as 'a large thousand'. In scientific notation, the number is written as 1×106 or just 106. Physical quantities can also be explained using the SI prefix when using SI units. For example, 1 megawatt is 1,000,000 watts. The word 'million' is common to both the short-scale and long-scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems. The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number, as in 'Never in a million years' and 'You're one in a million', or as hyperbole, as in 'I've walked a million miles'. "Il Milione" is the title of Marco Polo's narration of his travels in China. The name is supposed to come from Polo's nickname after his tales of riches and multitudes. 1000 (number) 1000 (1,000, one thousand or thousand for short) is the natural number after 999 and before 1001. One thousand thousands is known as a million. In Roman numerals, 1000 is written as M. Gross domestic product In economics, gross domestic product (GDP) is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country. To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports ("X – M"). This is shown by the equation:formula_1 This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world. Germany has the largest in Europe, Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia. When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country. There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%. GDP per capita. GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average. There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). Nominal does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries. Gross national product. The GDP measure is different from gross national product (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets in other countries (net income receipts). Nominal GDP. When the gross domestic product is evaluated at the current market prices, it is called the nominal GDP. It includes changes in prices which makes it different from the real GDP due to inflation or price fluctuations. It can be measured in one of three different ways: "income approach" uses the total of all income from businesses and individuals in a single year; the "expenditure approach" uses the market value of all goods purchased in a single year; and the "production approach" is based on the total production in a single year. Cricket Cricket is a sport which is played between two teams of eleven players each (Cricket). One team, which is batting, tries to score runs, while the other team is fielding, and tries to prevent this. Runs are scored by hitting the ball, which is thrown by a player from the fielding team to a player from the batting team, across the boundary, or by the two batting players running back-and-forth between the two wickets. The wickets are sets of three small, wooden posts that are at each end of a rectangle of short grass called 'the pitch', which is 11 yards long. The pitch is inside a much larger oval of grass called the 'area of play'. The area of play is a 30 yard circle inside the cricket ground or stadium. The fielding team can attempt to get batting players "out" in a number of ways. When a player is out, a teammate will replace them in the field. When a team no longer has two "not-out" players left to score, then the other team gets the chance to try to score. In shorter games of cricket, a team may also have to stop batting when the ball has been thrown to their players a certain number of times. After both teams have had enough chances to score, the team with the most runs wins. The game started to gain popularity in England in the 10th century. The earliest definite reference to the sport is in a court case of 1598. The Guildford court heard John Derrick, a coroner, that fifty years earlier, "he and diverse of his fellows did run and play [on the common land] at cricket". Later, the game spread to countries of the British Empire in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, it is a popular sport in England, Australia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, South Africa, New Zealand, the West Indies and several other countries such as Afghanistan, Ireland, Kenya, Scotland, the Netherlands, and Zimbabwe. Cricket rules. There are two teams: The team bowling has 11 players on the field. The team batting has two players, one at each end of the pitch (also sometimes called the wicket). The captain of the bowling team chooses a bowler from his team; the other players are called 'fielders'. The bowler runs towards his wicket, and bowls towards the batsman at the other wicket. The batsman is trying to defend the wicket from getting hit with the ball. He does this with a bat. When he hits the ball with his bat, he may run toward the other wicket. There are different ways that a batsman can get out. The most common ways are: When a batsman is out, another comes onto the field to take his place. The innings is over when ten wickets are taken (i.e. ten of the eleven batsmen are out). After this, the team which was the 'fielding' team becomes the 'batting' team. They now have to score more runs than the other team managed to score. If they score more runs before ten wickets are taken, they win. If they do not, the other team wins. In a one-day game, each side has one innings, and innings are limited to a certain number of overs. In longer formats each side has two innings, and there is no specific limit to the number of overs in an innings. Where cricket is played. Cricket is popular in many countries, mostly in Commonwealth countries. The countries where cricket is most popular compete in international matches (games between countries) that last up to 5 days, which are called Test matches. Those countries are England, Australia, West Indies, South Africa, New Zealand, India, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe, Ireland, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. The West Indies are a group of Caribbean countries that play together as a team. Several other countries have more junior status. The test match idea was invented by teams from England and Australia in the 19th century.Ireland and Afghanistan are the new teams which can play Test cricket. Cricket is also played in Kenya, Canada, Bermuda, Scotland, Holland and Namibia; the national teams of those countries can play one-day international matches, but do not play test matches. The field. A cricket field is where cricket is played. It is circular or oval-shaped grassy ground. There are no fixed dimensions for the field. Its diameter usually varies between 450 feet (137 m) to 500 feet (152 m). Different forms of cricket. Test matches. Test matches are the top international matches played between countries. The main point of test cricket is to test young players. The countries permitted to play test matches are accredited by the ICC: the International Cricket Council. The twelve countries are listed below, with 'West Indies',' England' counting for this purpose as a country. Tests last for up to five days (This is why many also call it "5 day cricket.") and can still end in a draw match : it is the longest format of cricket. Test Playing Nations "in order of first dates": National league systems. Called counties in England, and states in Australia and islands in the West Indies. These are usually four day matches, but are sometimes played over three days. Limited overs cricket. In these games, the length is determined by the number of overs, and each side has one innings only. A special formula, known as the 'Duckworth–Lewis System (DLS)' is applied if rain reduces the time for play. It calculates the target score for the team batting second in a limited overs match interrupted by weather or other circumstance. One day internationals (ODI50). ODIs are usually restricted to 50 overs batting for each side and each bowler can bowl up to 10 overs maximum. The highest team score is England 481-6 against Australia on June 19, 2018. The highest individual score is 264 off 173 balls by Rohit Sharma for India against Sri Lanka. Twenty20 cricket (T20 Cricket). Twenty20 cricket has 20 overs for each side and each bowler can bowl up to 4 overs maximum unlike 10 overs in an ODI match. The highest team score is 263/5 by Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) against Pune Warriors India (PWI) in the 2013 IPL season. The highest individual score is 175* off 69 balls by Chris Gayle for RCB in the same match. Averages. In cricket there are two special kinds of average, used to measure how good a player is: There is a separate set of averages for each type of cricket listed above. Track and field athletics Track and field is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and "throwing". Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. These tracks are generally made up of synthetic rubber – rubber particles bound with latex or polyurethane. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium. Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short-distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put. There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing. One of these is the "decathlon", which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault. All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results. Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games. Badminton Badminton is a sport for two or four( "singles" or "doubles") people. The game is either one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players. Players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock over a net but if it goes too far it will be an out. The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back properly before it hits the floor. Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point. They also get to serve. The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a set. The winner of the match is the first to win 2 sets. History. Badminton traces its history to a game called George Cajoles, which was played in Pune, India in the 19th century by the British military officers stationed there. This game was taken by retired officers back to England where it developed and quickly grew in popularity. In 1877, the first set of written rules were arranged by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club. The All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, was held in 1899. Badminton has been an Olympic sport since 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Although badminton originated in England, it is mainly played in countries of Asia such as China, Nepal, Indonesia, India, and the Republic of Korea that now dominates this sport. The first Indian to win the All England Badminton Championship was Prakash Padukone in the year 1980 Chemical warfare Chemical warfare means using chemical compounds in war to injure or kill people. The chemicals used for chemical warfare are poisonous. Chemical warfare has been used since the Stone Age. Since 1899, several international laws have said that using chemical weapons is illegal. But chemical weapons have still been used in wars since then. Definition. Chemical weapons are different than regular weapons (like bombs) or nuclear weapons because they do not explode. Some chemical weapons are meant to kill people; they do this by poisoning them. Other chemical weapons are meant to "incapacitate" people (make them unable to fight back). They do this by causing pain, injuries, or sickness. Chemical warfare does not include using living organisms (like anthrax bacteria) to make people sick. That is called biological warfare. However, some living organisms make toxins (poisons). These toxins are not alive. For example, botulinum toxin is made by a bacteria, and ricin is made by the castor oil plant. Because botulinum toxin and ricin are not alive, using them to make people sick is called chemical warfare. This is explained in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The convention also says that any toxic chemical is a chemical weapon unless it is used for legal reasons. About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled (saved up) as chemical warfare agents during the 20th century. The Chemical Weapons Convention says that all of these chemicals should be destroyed. The Chemical Weapons Convention lists three different groups of chemicals. These are chemicals that are poisonous enough to be used as chemical weapons, or chemicals that may be used to make chemical weapons. History. Although very basic chemical warfare has been used in many parts of the world for thousands of years, "modern" chemical warfare began during World War I (see the page Chemical weapons in World War I). Since modern chemical warfare started in World War I, countries have tried to research and make chemical weapons. They have had four main goals: Ancient history. Chemical warfare was first used during the Stone Age. Stone Age people used poisoned arrows and spear-tips. These were dipped in poisons, like venom from snakes or scorpions. Sometimes they used poisonous plants. The Ancient Chinese used different forms of poisonous smokes, when they besieged a city to try to take it over. The Ancient Greeks used a form of burning wood, pitch from plants, and sulphur. World War I. Poison gas was first used in World War I. France was the first country to make this type of gas. However, Germany was the first to use it in battle, on March 15th, 1915. On that day, they used tear gas against France. The three types of gas used in World War One were: At first, very basic ways of spreading these gases were used. Even so, many soldiers could be hurt or killed. This was partly because World War I was fought using trench warfare, so many soldiers would be in the same place at the same time, and escaping from poisonous gases would be very hard. Germany was the first country in World War I to use chemical warfare in battle. They simply opened containers of chlorine upwind of enemy soldiers, so that the wind would carry the chlorine gas to their enemies. Soon after this, the French started using chemical weapons too. They filled artillery projectiles with phosgene and fired them at the Germans. This was a much more effective way of using chemical weapons. It would become the most common way of delivering chemical weapons during World War I. Modern use. Chemical weapons were not used very much in World War II, except by the Japanese army during the invasion of China. This was because everybody was afraid that the other side would use weapons like theirs. Also, chemical weapons were not easy to use. They took time to use, and this made it harder for soldiers to move quickly. Also, the raw materials needed to make chemical weapons were not easy to get. This was because World War II was fought in areas which were not connected well by railroads. During the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq used chemical weapons (Iran did not). Many people believe that Iraq used chemical weapons against the Kurdish people. The United States has used chemical weapons even after World War II. For example, the U.S. used Agent Orange during the Vietnam War. It has been reported that many other countries, like the People's Republic of China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Sudan, Syria, Taiwan, and Serbia and Montenegro, have chemical weapons. Laws about chemical weapons. According to international law, it is wrong to use chemical weapons. Since 1899, there have been many rules that make it illegal to make, import, and use chemical weapons. The first international law to make chemical warfare illegal was the Hague Convention in 1899. After World War I, the Geneva Protocol of 1925 made it illegal to use chemical or biological weapons on people. In 1997, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was created. As of the end of 2015, 192 countries had agreed to follow the CWC. According to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, as of October 2015, 90% of the world's chemical weapons stockpiles had been destroyed. Chemical agents. The main types of agents used in chemical warfare are: If we use chemicals (like Agent Orange or glyphosate) to destroy plants, sometimes human beings may be affected by side effects. But, we will not call it chemical warfare. Chemical warfare covers only direct attacks on human life. Iran Iran officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (), historically known as Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is part of the Middle East region. It shares borders with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Tehran is the capital and biggest city. Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world. It has more than 84.9 million people. Iran has been a member of the United Nations since 1945. It is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It is an Islamic republic. In Iran, Persians, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Mazandaranis, Gilaks, Lurs and Bakhtiaris make up the nations minority ethnic groups. History. In the past, Iran was called "Persia" by people outside of the country. The people that lived there called the country "Iran". The official name was Persia, The name Persia was used when dealing with other countries and in government papers. In 1935, Reza Shāh Pahlavi was Shah of Iran. He officially asked foreigners to call the country "Iran". This was done to show that Iran belongs to all the non-Persian Iranians as well as to Persian Iranians. The name Iran means "land of the Aryans". It is used in the ancient book of the Zoroastrians, the Avesta. In the 19th and early 20th century, the name "Aryan" was used by Europeans to mean "all Indo-Europeans". The "Aryan Race" was a term that Hitler used to describe his "Superior" or "perfect" race, but it first meant Iranians. "Aryan" means "noble" in Iranian languages. Persian Empire. Around 500 BC, the area that is now Iran was the center of the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek city states fought against the Persian armies led by Darius the Great and Xerxes. Then Alexander the Great took the country by fighting the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia. He ruled until he died,then the Greek Seleucids ruled until they were defeated by the Parthian Empire which later fought the Roman Empire. After the Parthians, the Sassanian dynasty (224-651) took over. Other people took Persia by fi\ghting, like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century). However, Iran has always had a different culture and continued to survive. After the Arab Muslims conquered the Iranians, Persian women were enslaved as domestic servants while Persian men were forced to build and farm and engage hard labour. The Arab Abbasid Harun caliph had Persian concubines like Marajil al-Badghisiyya whom the later Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun descended from in the maternal line. After World War II. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) worked in Iran to create 1953 riots which led to the removal of Prime Minister Mosaddegh. The United States and Great Britain then made the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the most powerful person in Iran, again. The Shah left Iran in 1979 in the face of a revolt. The Iranian government was changed to an Islamic Republic by Islamic Revolution. Soon afterwards, the Iranian Students Movement (Tahkim Vahdat), with the backing of the new government, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. They held most of the diplomats hostage for 444 days. Relations between the two countries have not been good since. For example, the United States claims that Iran supports terrorist groups against Israel. Iran does not see Israel as a country. Iran, along with most Arab countries, believes that Israel does not have the right to exist. However, Iran has collaborated with the West at times. These deals have been about energy or about fighting terrorism. Iran fought the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. Many foreign countries supported Iraq. Now, the West is trying to prevent Iran from using nuclear technology, even though Iran is a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reported many times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons. However, it also says that it can not say for sure that Iran is not doing so in secret. A December 2007 CIA report on nuclear activity in Iran said that Iran's secret program to get nuclear weapons technology was stopped in 2003. It said that Iran will probably not be able to build a nuclear weapon soon. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action is a political strategy to deal with this issue. Economy. Iran has the natural resource of oil. It is a member of OPEC. Oil is one of its main exports. Rice, handicrafts, carpets and crocus are important local products. Iran is the world's largest exporter and producer of caviar. Iran is also one of the world's biggest exporters of pistachio nuts. Iran has factories that produce industrial products. Iran is also involved in the field of biomedical sciences. Rial is the money used in Iran. Religion in Iran. About 90% of Iranian people are Muslim. The state religion is Shia Islam. It has been the state religion since the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century. This is the religion of about 75% of Iranians. They belong to the Twelver branch. About 9% of Iranians Muslim belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. The 9% of Iranians who are not Muslim are Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews. It is thought that there are between 300,000 and 350,000 Persian (Iranian) Jews. Gautama Buddha The Buddha is a title used to refer to a man named "Siddharth Gautama". It means Fully Awakened One. He was born in a region of what is now known as the country Nepal as Prince Siddharth Gautam in a Shakya Kingdom in Lumbini and was the person who created the religion of Buddhism. He lived from about 563 BC to about 483 BC. He is also called Shakyamuni Buddha because he was a member of the Śākyan clan, the ruling class of an aristocratic republic in Lumbini in that region. Early years. About 2600 years ago, a clan called the "Shakyas" in Lumbini ruled the city of Kapilavastu. Siddhartha Gautama was born just outside the city in Lumbini as Prince Siddhartha Gautam in a Shakya clan. His father was a ruler named Shuddhodana, and his mother was named Maya. Maya died when Siddhartha was about 7 days old. His father controlled him in a very peaceful and nice way. There were home tutors for him as he was not interested in the outward things that took place at that time. Siddhartha lived in luxury; his father kept trouble and hard work far from him. A seer predicted that if Siddhartha stayed inside his palace his whole life, then he would become a great king. However, if he left the palace, then he would become a great religious leader. The king did not want his son to become a religious leader. He kept Siddhartha in the palace for his entire childhood. When Siddhartha turned 16 years old, his father found a woman for him to marry. He married a woman named Yashodhara, and they had a son named Rahula. Although Siddhartha had everything he could want, he was still not happy. He wanted to learn about life outside his palace. Legend says that he got out of the castle against his father's orders. He saw the "Four Great Sights": an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and a holy man with no home. Siddhartha left his family, his land and everything else at the age of 29. He left everything to travel to neighbouring country India to be a mendicant (a wandering ascetic); eventually he became a religious leader for the people. Seeking. Many holy men at this time were "ascetics". They hurt their bodies for religious reasons. They abstain from certain pleasures so they can get rid of desire. One group of ascetics were called the Jains. They practiced self-denial and made themselves suffer very much. They believed this would free the ātman (soul) from pain and sadness. There were many types of ascetic mendicants (wanderers) throughout the region which would become known as India. Siddhartha tried these ascetic practices and meditation techniques, and eventually became better than his teachers. He still found no answer, so he left his teachers and friends to discover another way. He decided to eat only six grains of rice a day. He tried holding his breath. His body became very thin, like skin and bones, and he nearly died. Still, he had no answer. Siddhartha began to think again about this path. He recalled sitting under a roseapple tree as a boy, and reaching a profound happy peaceful state. He thought this memory might point to a better way than hurting himself. He accepted a meal of milk-rice so he would have strength to make focussed effort. He found a fig tree (now called the "Bodhi tree") and decided to meditate beneath it. He promised himself that he would not leave this spot until he had found "enlightenment". He meditated under the tree (some say for 49 days). His mind is said to have become pure, and then--after a total of six years practicing--he became enlightened. He was now the Buddha the Fully Awakened His life as a Buddha. When the Buddha became "enlightened", he found the answer to "suffering", and he knew how to defeat "suffering". This answer was called the Four Noble Truths. He was not sure if he should teach his new ideas or not. He asked himself if the world was ready for such a deep teaching. But in the end, he decided to travel to a town called Sarnath to teach the people his new way. He taught about the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The people listened to him. When he taught, he did not pretend to be a god. He said he was just a man who had found the meaning of life (enlightenment), and that any person can also find the meaning of life. For the rest of his life, he walked all over what is now Southern Nepal and parts of India to teach people what he believed. He started a "Sangha", which is a group of Buddhist monks and nuns. Many people became enlightened because of him. At the age of 80, after 45 years teaching the Four Noble Truths, Gautama Buddha died. The life teachings. The teachings of the Buddha are known as "Buddhism". Buddhism is mostly about ending the feeling of pain that all people feel inside. Gautama Buddha taught that old age, sickness, death and suffering is a part of everyone's life. He taught that pain is caused by craving. And he showed that there is a way to end craving and end suffering by doing good things, not doing bad things, and training one's mind. When a person is able to perfect these qualities, they will gain "enlightenment". Buddhism teaches non-harm and balance – not going too far one way or the other. The Buddha taught people to meditate while sitting in the lotus position or when standing, sitting, walking, or lying down. The Buddha urged his followers to remember the Teachings, and ask questions. Some Buddhists chant (which was a way to remember and preserve the Teachings). Buddhists sometimes do these things to understand the human heart and mind. Sometimes they do these things to understand the way the world works. Sometimes they do these things to find peace. The Buddha taught that people should not look to gods to save them or bring them enlightenment. The gods may have power over world events and they might help people, or they might not. But Buddha believed that it is up to each person to become enlightened. North North is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. North is usually up on most maps. For Example: The United States is north of the Mexico, which is itself north of Brazil. The North Pole is the farthest north you can go. The North of the world is considered to be the top. List of football clubs in Portugal These are some Portuguese football teams. Epiphany (software) Epiphany is a Web browser for GNOME. It is also available for Mac OS X and was made from Galeon. It uses the Gecko layout engine from the Mozilla project to show web pages; however, the Epiphany developers have a new but less stable version of Epiphany 2.21.4 using the WebKit engine instead of Gecko. The Epiphany team wants to stop using Gecko and only use the WebKit engine, by the time they release Epiphany 2.24 or 2.26. Epiphany has tabbed browsing, cookie management, popup blocking and an extensions system. Epiphany can be extended with the Epiphany-extensions package in GNU/Linux Operating Systems. Epiphany was made from Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti (also the creator of Galeon) with the aim of making a web browser with a very simple user experience. Because of that, Epiphany does not have its own themes, instead, it uses GNOME’s settings that are set in the GNOME Control Center. Video game console A video game console is a machine that is used to play video games. Video game consoles usually connect to a television. Special controllers are attached to the console to control the game. Some video game consoles are handheld. They can be carried around and have their own screens. The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable are examples of handheld consoles. Some video game consoles can also run general software, such as Linux. PlayStation The PlayStation (often known as the PS1 or the PSX) is a video game console made by Sony released in December 1994. At the time, it was competing against the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn. PlayStation games were stored on CDs. The controllers that were first released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but analog joysticks and a vibration feature were added to later controllers. A slimmer version of the console called the "PS one" was released in 2000. It was white instead of grey. It was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in March 2000 and was discontinued on March 23, 2006 (eight months before the PlayStation 3 was released). Sales. The PlayStation and the PSOne have sold over 120 million consoles. Peripherals. PocketStation. The PocketStation was a very small games console released as a peripheral (an extra accessory) for the PlayStation. It had a clock, an LCD display and four buttons. It could be used as a memory card. It wasn't released in the United States, because it did not sell well. Election An election is a way people can choose their candidate or their preferences in a representative democracy or other form of government. Most democratic countries hold new elections for their national legislature every few years. What elections do is select representatives for the local areas. These are called MPs (Members of Parliament) in the British parliamentary system. Parliamentary systems may have a head of government and a head of state, but sometimes the two posts are held by the same person. The legislature chooses the government, usually by majority vote in the legislature. Some democracies elect a president, who then selects the government. Many democratic countries also have regional, provincial or state elections. There are different ways to organize an election in different countries. Voters might vote for an individual, or they might vote for a political party (party list). This is because different countries use different voting systems. As a foundation of democracy, voting in elections has been adopted in most countries around the world. Whilst the process of electing an individual as a representative in a government can be simple, many election candidates spend mass amounts of money on their campaigns. The past decade has seen a consistent trend of politicians and election candidate spending more and more on their campaigns. Higher household incomes, inflation and population growth are all factors that have contributed to this trend of higher election spend. Every country around the world has different rules and regulations when it come sot voting in elections. The biggest differences amongst most major countries is, the age in which an individual may vote and whether voting in an election is compulsory or not. Argentina, Brazil and Austria are among the few countries where the legal voting age is 16. Countries that are not democracies can also hold elections. This is usually done to let the people choose a local representative (like a mayor). Also many countries call themselves democracies, but behind the scenes have a more autocratic form of government. Vatican City is a theocracy: The pope (and a few high-ranking clerics) run the state. When the pope dies, or steps down, a number of high-ranking priests (called cardinals) select a new pope, through an election. When they are done, they will announce the result in a speech, called Habemus Papam (Latin: We have a pope) Elections keep a democratic country functioning, as they give people the right to select their own government. However, there are ways a government can "fix" elections. Opposition candidates are permitted in former USSR countries, but they are usually prevented from using broadcasting or the newspapers. This means that, in effect, the ruling president is never challenged. Elections which are fixed are sometimes called sham elections or show elections. Countries where the candidates are elected with a very high approval rating usually use elections to hide a more autocratic form of government. When Saddam Hussein was elected president of Iraq in 1995, he got 99.96% approval. There were about 8.4 million valid votes, 3,052 people voted against him. 99.47% of all people allowed to vote did so (this is called voting turnout). Another example: Kim Jong-un was elected the leader of North Korea, in 2014, with 100% of the vote. Psephology is the study of elections. Medicine Medicine is the science that deals with diseases (illnesses) in humans and animals, the best ways to prevent diseases, and the best ways to return to a healthy condition. People who practice "medicine" are most often called medical doctors or physicians. Often doctors work closely with nurses and many other types of health care professionals. Many doctors specialize in one kind of medical work. For example, pediatrics is the medical specialty about the health of children. Specialties in Medicine. Anaesthesiology. In this specialty, the doctor is trained to provide anaesthesia and sedation. This is important for surgeries and certain medical procedures. Anaesthesiologists also provide pre-operative assessments, ensuring the patient is safe during the operation and successfully awakens from anaesthesia after the operation. They assess for medical conditions and suitability for anaesthesia. They screen for risk factors prior to surgery and try to optimize the operative environment for the patient and the surgeon. They are the doctors who give epidurals during labor and delivery, provide spinal blocks, local nerve blocks, and general anaesthesia for procedures. They are the doctors who are especially trained in intubation (putting a tube into the lungs to help a person artificially breathe when the person is paralyzed and asleep during surgery). Hence, due to their skill in intubation, they are often the first line responders for emergencies. They help people who are in distress with their breathing, who have lost their airway or when their airway has become obstructed. Cardiology. A cardiologist is a doctor with special training on the heart. The doctor in this field ensures the heart is healthy and functions properly. The heart is a vital organ whose role is to pump blood to the rest of the body. The purpose of blood is to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Without the heart functioning well, our tissues and organs would die and not function properly. Cardiologists treat heart attacks, sudden cardiac arrests, arrhythmias (rhythm issues related to a faulty electrical system of the heart), heart failure (where the heart fails to pump blood forward properly) and many other heart related illnesses. They specialize in life saving procedures like cardiac stents and cardiac ablation. There is a subspecialty within cardiology called "Interventional cardiology." These are cardiologists who specialize in interventions or procedures to save the function of the heart, such as cardiac stenting or angiography. Cardiovascular surgery. This specialty consists of well trained doctors who practice cardiac surgery. They are best known for their role in cardiac bypass surgeries. In cardiac bypass, the surgeon restores blood flow to the area of the heart that was deficient due to a blocked coronary artery. This is usually done by taking a vein, most commonly the saphenous vein from the leg, to create a pathway of blood flow to the heart region that needs it. Dermatology Emergency Medicine. Emergency room doctors are in charge of sudden important or life-threatening emergencies. In addition to dealing with heart attacks, strokes, traumas, issues that require immediate medical attention or surgeries, they also deal with a wide range of other health conditions, such as mental health and drug overdoses. Their training is broad and diverse as anyone can walk through the door seeking help. They see patients of all ages and walks of life. However, unlike a general practitioner or family doctor, their immediate goal is to make sure the patient is stable and exclude any serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions. Family medicine. A family doctor, otherwise known as general practitioner, is trained to provide medical service to people of all ages, demographics, and walks of life. Their training is diverse to deal with a variety of conditions including all non surgical specialties. They also follow the patient from birth to death and are trained to treat an individual as a whole, in the context of their social setting and also their family situation and mental health. Unlike specialists who mainly deal with problems of one organ or system, family doctors deal with all parts of the body and synthesize this information for the patient's general health. They provide a global perspective of the person's health in the patient's unique life situation. They are an individual's regular doctor who knows the patient in their social and family context. They can refer to specialists for issues that require more detailed or specialized treatments unavailable to them as an outpatient or beyond their expertise. Gastroenterology. Gastroenterologists are doctors who specialize in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and upper abdominal organs. The GI tract is consists of the esophagus all the way down to the anus. The upper abdominal organs include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen. In addition to dealing with medical conditions associated with these organs, doctors in this speciality also perform endoscopies. This is where a camera is placed to visualize the esophagus and stomach (upper endoscopy) or the colon (lower endoscopy or colonoscopy). Gastroenterologists that specialize in the liver is called a Hepatologist. They are responsible for treating patients with liver failure or cirrhosis. They also treat patients with viral Hepatitis (A,B,C) and many other forms of liver disease. Infectious Disease. Infectious disease specialists are MDs who study and treat difficult infections, such as rare tropical diseases, antibiotic resistant bacterial infections, dangerous viruses and other highly contagious diseases. Internal Medicine. Doctors in this specialty are trained to recognize and treat a variety of different conditions involving the internal organs. They have wide knowledge in a number of specialties including, but not limited to: Respirology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Cardiology. Doctors who practice broadly in this field are known as General Internists (or General Internal Medicine doctors). Internists can go to receive further training beyond residency in a particular field. For example, Gastroenterologists are internists that have chosen to specialize in GI medicine. Internal medicine doctors are in charge of inpatient units when patients are admitted for a general reason. Unlike family doctors and emergency doctors, although their training is diverse and they have broad knowledge in many organ systems, they do not treat or manage children, babies, or pregnant women. (Those patients are instead cared for by Pediatricians and Obstetrics/gynecology, respectively.) Gynecology and obstetrics. Doctors in this field, abbreviated OBGYN or Obs/Gyn, specialize in women's health covering conditions of the female reproductive organs, and pregnancy care and delivery. Some examples of gynecological issues they deal with include contraceptive medicine, fertility workup and treatments, prolapse and incontinence, sexual health, ovarian tumors/ cysts, gynecological oncology. They are also surgeons in their fields, capable of performing numerous gynecological surgeries. Doctors in this field also practice obstetrical medicine, specializing in maternal fetal care and deliveries, complications related to deliveries, assisted deliveries (such as vacuum and forceps deliveries) and Caesarian sections. Nephrology. Nephrologists are MDs who specialize in health and diseases of the kidneys. Neurology. Neurologists are MDs who study and treat the nervous system, which includes the brain, the spinal cord and it's branches. Oncology. Oncology is the field of medicine that studies and treats cancer. Ophthalmology. This medical specialty consists of well trained doctors who recognize and treat medical conditions associated with the eyes. Some common complaints they see include red eye, eye pain, visual changes and trauma. They deal with many eye diseases including conjunctivitis, iritis, blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, retinal detachments, papilloedema, central retinary artery occlusion. They are trained to perform surgery. Orthopedics. Orthopedists are bone doctors. They treat broken bones, musculo-skeletal and other bone problems such as osteoporosis. Otolaryngology. These are doctors with special training to treat the ears, nose and throat. These are the doctors who will very commonly remove an organ call the "tonsils" from a patient. Pathology. Pathologist study the reasons things go wrong with the body. They examine tissue samples, look for cancer cell types under a microscope, evaluate DNA samples and many other specimens with advanced laboratory techniques. Psychiatry. Psychiatrists are MDs who study and treat behavioral and thinking disorders. Pulmonary. This medical area, commonly known as chest medicine or respiratory medicine, deals with the respiratory system. It usually involves patients who require intensive care including life support and mechanical ventilation. Doctors of this field usually are knowledgeable in diseases and conditions of the chest, such as pneumonia or asthma. Doctors in this field tend to perform minor procedures in surgery of the respiratory tract. Pulmonary specialists often practice critical care medicine. They also manage complicated chest infections. Radiology. Radiologists are physicians who read and explain medical images such as x-ray pictures, CT scans, MRIs, Ultrasound images and other diagnostic movies and pictures. They also direct radiation treatments for cancer patients and others. Urology. Urologists are doctors who study and treat the urinary tract. Transport Transport, or transportation, is moving people or things from one place to another place. Transport can be divided into "infrastructure", "vehicles" and "operations". "Infrastructure" includes roads, railways, airports, canals and pipelines. The infrastructure is the network where things are carried. Infrastructure also includes airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports (docks). Infrastructure is usually built by governments and paid for by taxes from the citizens of a country or region. Infrastructure such as roads and railways are designed by civil engineers and urban planners. "Vehicles" or vessels travel on the infrastructure. Vehicles include cars, trucks, trains and airplanes. Vehicles are usually designed by mechanical engineers. Vessels include boats, ferries, and barges which travel on canals and use docks and seaports. In the same way that trains use train stations, airplanes use airports. In the same way that trains use railway lines (train tracks), airplanes use flight paths and then fly in the sky. "Operations" control the system. Operations include traffic signals, railway signals and air traffic control. Operations also include the government policies (a policy is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions) and regulations (a set or group of laws and rules) used to control the system, such as tolls, fuel taxes, and traffic laws. Transport and communications. Transport and communication can be used instead of each other (someone could telephone a person rather than visit them). Transport traffic also needs communication. For example, air traffic control lets more airplanes fly. So, an increase of either transport or communication usually leads to an increase in the other one. Transport, energy, and the environment. Transport uses a lot of energy. Most transport uses hydrocarbons (oil and gas). This can create pollution. Environmental regulations (laws) and low-pollution fuels (for example liquified natural gas) can reduce pollution. But as more vehicles are used, more pollution is created. Ethanol and biodiesel pollute less than petroleum. Kinds of transportation. Transport can be by land, water or air: Road A road is a piece of land which connects two or more places. Usually, a road has been made easy to travel on, for example by removing trees and stones so the ground is more level. Although many roads are made of gravel and dirt, some are paved with concrete or bricks or stones. People have been making roads for a long time. Roman roads in Britain and the Inca road system are famous. Transport by boats on waterways was usually easier and faster than transport by road. In the industrial revolution, the railway was invented. A railway is a special type of road, using railway tracks. Roads are now usually made for wheeled vehicles, like cars, to travel on. When traffic congestion becomes a frequent problem, the road may be made wider or other roads built. Road building and care is usually paid for by taxes. Some roads are toll roads, where people pay to use the road. 2004 2004 (MMIV) was . 2004 was the Chinese Year of Wood Monkey based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle. Hawaiian Islands From west to east, Hawaii is made up of the following Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii has been a U.S. state since 1959. The Hawaiian islands, plus former islands now below sea level (guyots), make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Mauna Kea Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the highest point in Hawaii at 4,205 meters. If measured from top to bottom, below sea level, it is 10,200 meters high and would be the tallest mountain in the world. It is around 1,000,000 years old. Mauna Kea means 'white mountain' because in winter it often has snow at the summit. Astronomy. Mauna Kea is an important site for astronomy. Many different countries or institutions have an observatory there, including the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The W. M. Keck Observatory with its 10-meter mirror is one of the most powerful in the world. Mauna Kea is an important site, especially for infrared astronomy, because of its height and clear skies. High altitude is important because atmosphere causes an effect called seeing, which limits the quality of images by blurring them. At high altitude, there is less atmosphere between the observatories and space and this lessens the effect. Mauna Loa Mauna Loa is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. Name. “Mauna Loa” is Hawaiian for “long mountain”. Size. The volcano is at least in volume and over 4 kilometers above sea level. Measured from its base on the ocean floor it reaches above 8 kilometers making it the tallest mountain on Earth, but not the highest. That distinction is reserved for Mount Everest. Measured from sea level Mauna Loa is 4,169 meters high. It is also one of the largest volcanoes measuring 60 miles long and 30 miles wide. The world's biggest volcano is named Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is part of the five volcanoes on Hawaii's 'Big Island'. The most recent time this volcano erupted was in 1984. It erupted 33 times in the last 170 years. Like all the other Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Loa was created by the movement of the Pacific tectonic plate which moved over the Hawaii hotspot in the Earth's mantle. It is a shield volcano. The largest recent eruption from Mauna Loa left a lava trail 51 kilometres (32 miles) long. Kilauea Kīlauea is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a shield volcano. The volcano is 1,277 meters high. Kīlauea is a large lake of lava. The crater of Kīlauea is named Pu'u'O'o. The first eruption of Kīlauea is estimated as 300 to 600 thousand years ago. Its first recorded eruptions were in 1823. Its most recent eruption was March 3 2018. It is still erupting now. The Hawaiian name "Kīlauea" means "spewing" or "much spreading". It refers to the constant flow of lava. Kīlauea lies on the curve of volcanoes on the island of Hawaii that includes Mauna Loa and Kohala. The volcano of Kīlauea is one of the youngest and also is said to be the home of an ancient volcano goddess Pele. The oldest dated rocks are said to be about 23,000 years old. It has its own magma plumbing under the Earth that goes down under the Earths crust by 60 km. Kīlauea has a basalt-based lava rock type hot-spot. In May 2018, the volcano erupted causing damage in nearby homes and strets. Van A van is a type of vehicle. A van can carry either goods or people. A van is usually bigger than the regular sized car. Panel vans (= vans whose cargo space has no side windows) are used for deliveries and carrying goods. These usually have large cargo space and few windows. A van which is used to carry people is often called a "minibus". It can usually carry many people, sometimes up to a total of 15. Many companies make vans, including: Chevrolet, Daihatsu, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, GMC, Honda, Hyundai, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, Vauxhall, and Volkswagen. A minivan is smaller and usually carries up to seven people. You may usually drive a van with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but the heaviest and largest vans may require a truck licence. The demand for minivans is decreasing due to the introduction of crossovers. However, some companies still make minivans. The most popular minivans are the Toyota Sienna and Honda Odyssey. Luggage People use luggage to carry their possessions when travelling. In the United States luggage is often called baggage. Pan Pan can mean: Pantograph A pantograph is a machine. It is used in drawing or planning. It makes it easy to copy diagrams. The device that an electric train uses to get its electricity is also called a pantograph, because it looks a bit like the drawing instrument. Paperback A paperback is a type of book. It has a cover of thick paper or thin cardboard. Paperback book covers can bend and be folded. The covers are laminated (have layers), and some of the methods are more durable (lasting) than others. Another name for paperback is "soft cover". Paperback books may be glued or held by sewing. If the pages are held only by adhesive, the book will eventually come apart. The quality of the paper also varies. It is generally less white than bound hardback books because it is less bleached. Usually, paperback books cost less money than hardback books. In the middle 20th century a "mass market" type of paperback became commonplace, having a standard size, fitting a standard display rack, and glued. Palette A palette is used for mixing colours.They are usually made out of plastic or wood but can be made out of other materials. An artist often uses one of these and is in fact an essential item in art, when painting. Glow-worm A glow-worm, or glowworm, is an insect. Other names for glow-worms are fire-fly and lightning bug. There are several insects given this name. Most are beetles, but one is a fly, "Arachnocampa". They are nocturnal, active during the night. They have special organs that can produce light. This is used to find mates. The patterns in which the beetles flash is unique to each species. The major families are Palette knife A palette knife is not actually a knife. It has a very flexible steel blade and no sharpened cutting edge. It is a tool. Uses. A palette knife is used for mixing paint colors. It may be used for mixing and applying a whole range of semi-fluid mixtures. Foolscap Foolscap is paper cut to the size of , sometimes . This was a traditional paper size used in Europe and the British Commonwealth, before the adoption of the international standard A4 paper, the most common standard size in the world. Foolscap was so called because, in the 18th century, folio-sized paper had the watermark of a fool's cap on it. Basically, it is taller than A4. In North America, foolscap is lined, legal-size paper. In some South American countries it is called "oficio", because it is or was used for official documents. Paper of the size is now very rarely used, being superseded by A4 (297 x 210). However, some ring binders, lever arch files, suspended files, and other filing related things still use the size. Polymer A polymer is a molecule, made from joining together many small molecules called monomers. The word "polymer" can be broken down into "poly" (meaning "many" in Greek) and "mer" (meaning "unit"). This shows how the chemical composition of a polymer consists of many smaller units (monomers) bonded together into a larger molecule. A chemical reaction bonding monomers together to make a polymer is called polymerization. Some polymers are natural and made by organisms. Proteins have polypeptide molecules, which are natural polymers made from various amino acid monomer units. Nucleic acids are huge natural polymers made up of millions of nucleotide units. Cellulose and starch (two types of carbohydrate) are also natural polymers made up of glucopyranose monomer bonded together in different ways. Rubber is a mixture of polymers. Plastics are man-made polymers. Many fibers are made of polymers. If the "units" called monomers in a polymer are all the same, then the polymer is called a "homopolymer". Homopolymers are named by adding the prefix poly- before the monomer name from which the polymer is made. For example, a polymer made by bonding styrene monomer molecules together is called polystyrene. If the monomers are not all the same, the polymer is called a "copolymer" or a "heteropolymer". Many polymer molecules are like "chains" where the monomer units are the links. Polymer molecules can be straight-chain, have "branching" from the main chain, or "cross-linking" between chains. As an example of cross-linking, sulfhydryl (-S-H) groups in two cysteine amino acid units in polypeptide chains can bond together to make a disulfide bridge (-S-S-) joining the chains together. In the same way how large hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil can be broken down in smaller molecules e.g. ethylene by applying heat (a process called cracking), the monomer ethylene can then be turned into the polymer polyethylene by applying pressure and adding catalysts. Polyethelene is the basis of many plastic objects. Medium Medium might mean: Phrase A "phrase" is a group of words that adds meaning to a sentence. A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject, verb and a predicate. In English there are five different kinds of phrases, one for each of the main parts of speech. In a phrase, the main word, or the word that is what the phrase is about, is called the "head." In these examples, it is printed in "bold". The other words in the phrase do the work of changing or "modifying" the head. In a 'Noun phrase', one or more words work together to give more information about a noun. In an Adjective phrase, one or more words work together to give more information about an adjective. In a Verb phrase, one or more words work together to give more meaning to a verb. In English, the verb phrase is very complex, but a good description of its many forms can be found here. In an Adverb phrase, one or more words work together to give more information about an adverb. In a Prepositional phrase, one or more words work together to give information about time, location, or possession, or condition. The preposition always appears at the front of the phrase (preposition = pre-position). Preposition Prepositions often describe the position of something, the time when something happens or the way in which something is done. The prepositions "of", "to" and "for" have other functions. Prepositions may sometimes be used to end sentences. For example, "What did you put that there for?" (better English is the alternative: "Why did you put that there?") Example 2: "A pen is a device to write with" (better English is "A pen is a writing device"). In general, because they are links, prepositions belong in the middle of sentences, rather than at the end. The table below shows some examples of how prepositions are used in sentences. Here is a list of common prepositions: Pronoun A pronoun is traditionally a part of speech in grammar, but many modern linguists call it a type of noun. In English, pronouns are words such as "me, she, his, them, herself, each other, it, what". Pronouns are often used to take the place of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. For example, instead of saying it is easier to say When a pronoun replaces a noun, the noun is called the antecedent. For example, in the sentence: "The dog that was walking down the street", the relative pronoun is the word that referring back to the antecedent, the word 'dog'. In the sentence "The spy who loved me", the relative pronoun is the word 'who' and its antecedent is the word 'spy'. Differences and similarities to nouns. Pronouns are different from common nouns because pronouns normally do not come after "article"s or other "determiner"s. For example, people do not say "the it". Pronouns rarely come after adjectives. They are also different because many of them change depending on how they are used. For example, "we" is a 'subject' in grammar, but the word changes to "us" when used as an object. Pronouns are the same as nouns because they both change for number (singular & plural), case (subject, object, possessive, etc.), and gender (male, female, animate, inanimate, etc.) Nouns and pronouns can be used in almost all the same places in sentences, and they name the same kinds of things: people, objects, etc. Even though they can not normally come after determiners, or adjectives, neither can proper nouns. Kinds of pronouns. There are different kinds of pronouns: personal, reciprocal, interrogative, and relative. Personal pronouns in English. This table shows all the personal pronouns in English that are commonly used today. A subject pronoun can replace a noun that is the subject of a sentence. Refer to the table above; the subject pronouns are: I, You, He, She, It, We, They. An object pronoun can replace a noun that is the object of a sentence. A possessive pronoun shows who or what a noun belongs to. Another type of personal pronoun is called the 'reflexive pronoun'. Reflexive pronouns are the words ending in '-self' or '-selves', such as: "myself, itself, themselves". One of the primary functions of reflexive pronouns is for situations in which a single agent is both the doer of the action and the receiver of the action. For example, if I cut my finger, we don't typically say "I cut me." in English; we use the reflexive pronoun and say "I cut myself." "It" and its other forms "its", and "itself" only refer to objects, not people. "They" and its other forms "them", "their", and "theirs" can be used as a singular, for a person whose gender is unknown at the time, or for a person who does not identify with either the "she/her" or "he/him" pronouns. For example: "The patient will be told how much "they" will be required to pay." Adverb An adverb is a word used to tell more about a verb, and it almost always answers the questions "how?", "when?", "where?", "how often?", and "in what way?". Words like "slowly", "loudly", "carefully", "quickly", "quietly" or "sadly" are all adverbs. Adverbs usually, but not always, end in "-ly". Examples of adverbs in a sentence (with the adverb in italics): An adverb can also modify (describe) an adjective or another adverb Examples: In the first two examples the word 'well' is an adverb. In the last example, it is an adjective. This is one example in which the same word can be both an adjective and an adverb but not in the same sentence. As a rule, the same word can play different roles but not in the same sentence. It all depends on what the word is doing in the sentence. It could be a noun, an adjective, an adverb, a verb, etc. Example: take the word 'cool'. In the sentence, "he walks cool", the word 'cool' is an adverb. In the sentence, "cool the hot dish", the word 'cool' is a verb. In the sentence, "it is a cool evening", the word 'cool' is an adjective. In the first example, "he walks cool", the word 'cool' really means 'coolly' as in "play it cool" (do not get excited; be calm). Adverb form. Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the end of an adjective. To see 100 adjectives used in Basic English, click here ---> : adjective Sunday Sunday is one of the seven days of the week. It is part of the weekend, along with Saturday. Sunday is the Sabbath or day of worship for most Christians (for example, Easter is celebrated on Sunday). Sunday is the beginning of the week in the United States, but is the end of the week in the United Kingdom. Ottawa Ottawa is the capital of Canada and is part of the province of Ontario. It is south of the Ottawa River. In 2004, there were about 808,391 people in the city. The region has about 1,146,790 people. The mayor of the city today (since December 2010) is Jim Watson. Ottawa is in the Ottawa Valley on the border with the province of Quebec which is divided by the Ottawa River. Ottawa is the fourth largest city in Canada and the second largest city in Ontario (after Toronto). Ottawa is the only officially bilingual city in Canada, where the English language and the French language are official languages and have equal status. Every official sign in the city is, as a result bilingual. The reason for this bilingual status, is not only because Ottawa borders the French-speaking province of Quebec, the city itself has a large French-speaking minority. When people talk about Ottawa, they are sometimes using the name as an eponym meaning the highest government in Canada, and not its local government or the city. The cities of Ottawa, Kanata, Nepean, Gloucester and Vanier and the villages of Manotick and Rockcliffe Park joined in the year 2000 to form the new city of Ottawa. Ottawa also includes Orléans, which joined at that same time. The city began with the name Bytown and became the city of Ottawa in 1855. The Rideau Canal ends in Ottawa. Ottawa has many museums, many buildings for the government of Canada and many parks. There is a market area downtown. There are many festivals during the year including Winterlude in February, The Tulip Festival in May, and BluesFest in the summer. There is also a large celebration on July 1st for Canada Day. The Ottawa Senators play ice hockey in an arena called The Canadian Tire Centre. Climate. Ottawa has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: "Dfa"). Rain and snow. The average yearly precipitation in Ottawa is 943 millimetres. 2017 was a record year in Ottawa because there was precipitation of 1,213 millimetres during the first ten months of the year. The old record was in 1972, when the precipitation was 1,174 millimetres. News agency A news agency is a kind of company. It supplies information to newspapers, radio and television. In the United Kingdom and some other countries a news agency or newsagent is a shop which sells newspapers, magazines and cigarettes. Although there are many news agencies around the world, three global news agencies, Agence France-Presse (AFP), Associated Press (AP), and Reuters have offices in most countries of the world, cover all areas of information, and provide the majority of international news printed by the world's newspapers. Mudguard A mudguard, fender or wing is a part covering the wheels of a vehicle to stop it from throwing off mud, water or objects from the road. It protects people and property from dirtiness, dampness, and damage. Mudguards protect in several ways: Para rubber tree A Para rubber tree (or simply, rubber tree) is the tree which naturally produces rubber. It is native to tropical areas from South America, in the Amazon (Brazil), but was spread by European farmers to the Far East. Para Rubber trees belong to the Euphorbiaceae family. In the wild they may reach heights of 100 to 125 ft (30-38 m) with large cylindrical trunks with or without buttresses. Crop trees reach a width of about 20 in. (50 cm), usually with a short bole, and with a sloped taper. Most rubber plantations are in South Asia and Southeast Asia. When trees reach 5-6 years old, they are harvested. Their trunks are cut just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the sap is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping. Older trees produce more latex, but they stop producing it after 30-40 years. Safety curtain A safety curtain is a curtain in theatre at the front of the stage. It is made of material that will not burn. The safety curtain may be lowered during the intermission and after the performance. A safety curtain is there in case there is a fire on stage. It will stop the fire from spreading to the auditorium where the audience sits. Safety lamp A safety lamp is a miner's lamp with a covered flame that used to be used in coal mines. Types of safety lamps. The first safety lamp was invented by William Reid Clanny. It used bellows and water to separate gasses. Later, two newer designs were invented. One newer design was the Geordie lamp, made by George Stephenson, and the other was the Davy lamp, made by Sir Humphry Davy. In 1815, Davy discovered that if a flame was in a lamp, it would not ignite the flammable gases in mines. How it works. Coal mines are dangerous because of flammable gasses like methane that can accumulate (gather together). A lamp with a naked (exposed) flame might make these flammable gasses catch fire, causing an explosion, which could kill people. The safety lamp prevents the hot flame of the lamp touching the flammable gasses, reducing the chance of an explosion. Christmas stocking A Christmas stocking is a long sock hung by a fireplace or bed on Christmas Eve. Christmas presents are put into it for children. It came from an old legend. Stockings are now a European Christmas tradition. List of football clubs in Austria These are the Austrian football teams and the leagues they played in for the 2022/23 season. Admiral Zweite Liga (Second Division). The champion of the league promotes to the Austrian Bundesliga. Regionalliga (Third Division). The Regionalliga is divided into three sections. Regionalliga West (West). The league plays three separate rounds with twelve clubs. The first and the second of each league plays a play off for promotion to 2. Liga. The other teams play against relegation to the Landesliga. 2001 2001 (MMI) was . Sex Sex is a type of reproduction common among living things. Sex is used by plants and animals, and also by fungi and various single-celled organisms. It usually needs two individuals which are different sexes from the same species. It works by combining genes from more than one source. Biological type. Organisms may have more than one kind of reproduction: Benefits and drawbacks. Asexual reproduction is easier than sexual reproduction, but there are benefits and drawbacks to both: Humans. In humans, sex is normally either male or female. For example: John's sex is male. Jane's sex is female. Most of the time, the sex of a person depends on what sex chromosomes that person got from his or her parents. A woman's ovum (egg cell) contains one X chromosome. A man's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. When a sperm and ova combine to form a fertilised egg, the baby may get either of these chromosomes from its father. If the baby gets two X chromosomes, it will develop into a female. If the baby gets one X and one Y, it will develop into a male. Before babies are born, their sex parts are already formed, but not ready yet. During Puberty, the sex parts finish developing as well as other parts of the body like breasts and body hair. There are some exceptions to this rule. Sometimes, the process of meiosis, which makes the sex cells, can go differently. This can result in a person having 3 X chromosomes, or 2 Y chromosomes or XXY instead of XY. Other times, the body may not follow exactly what their chromosomes are telling it to do. Evolution. Sexual reproduction first appeared about a billion years ago. It evolved within single-celled eukaryotes. The scientific community still discusses why it appeared, and why it still exists. Reasons commonly given include: Sexual reproduction is a process that can only be found in eukaryotes. These cells have a nucleus and mitochondria. There are other kinds of organisms (other than animals, plants and fungi), the other eukaryotes – such as the malaria parasite – that also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between bacteria. This is not the same as sexual reproduction, but it results in a similar mixture of genetic traits. In sexual reproduction the cells used for reproduction, called gametes, are either eggs or sperms. Fertilisation needs two different such cells. The mechanism of cell division only works when one sperm alone enters the egg. Once it is in, a fast reaction goes through the egg cell wall to shut off all other sperm. Sex determination. Sex determination in biology is about the function of sex, not what individuals look like. In humans, males and females usually look different. In many species they do not, except for the sex organs. Sex can be determined in different ways: When there is sex determination there are basically two cases: Genetic. Usually, sex is determined by an organism's genes. With genetic sex determination, most alleles or genes that influence sexual development are on the same chromosome. That chromosome is then called the sex chromosome. Because genetic sex determination is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes (or if of one of the chromosomes is there or not), there are usually the same number of male and female offspring. In humans, for instance, sperms carry either an X or a Y chromosome, and they occur in roughly equal numbers. Nongenetic. For some species sex is not determined by inheritance, but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life. Many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination: the temperature embryos experience during their development determines the sex of the organism. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 °C. Some fish change sex over the course of their life. This phenomenon is called "sequential hermaphroditism". In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasse the opposite is true—most fish are female at birth and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male. In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite. Ferns which grow in soil which has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by hormones remaining to develop as male. Hacksaw A hacksaw is a tool for sawing. A hacksaw is designed for cutting materials like very thin metals and plastic. It has a handle on one end, and can be either pushed or pulled across the object being cut. There are manual and electric hacksaws. Spade In gardening, a spade is a tool for digging. It is similar to a shovel. It has a straight handle, usually of wood and a blade, usually of steel. For some purposes the difference between a spade and a shovel is important. For example, spade more easily digs in hard soil; a shovel more easily moves gravel. In card games a spade is one of the four shapes or "suits" of cards. Hoe (tool) A hoe is a tool in farming and gardening. It has a blade, usually metal, attached to a long handle, usually wood. There are many types of blade and several uses, probably the most common of which is weeding. Other uses include shaping the soil and harvesting root crops such as potatoes. Along with the spade and fork, the hoe is considered a basic, essential hand farming implement. Shovel A shovel is a tool used for moving loose material. Shovels have a flat bottom head which is angled slightly from the handle to enable scooping and moving of material. Although a shovel can be used for digging, it is much less efficient than a spade. Spades are straight, and transmit force straight downwards. Shovels move loose material, such as coal, snow, gravel etc. They are usually made of metal at the bottom, and wood is sometimes used for the handle. Plunger A plunger is a tool. It is used to get rid of things that are blocking pipes. The plunger is placed over one end of the pipe, and the handle is pushed up and down. Doing this creates a sucking force, which makes the thing blocking the pipe move and unclog. Ladder A ladder is a tool which is made for people to climb up or down. Ladders have two vertical supports that go along the whole length of the ladder. Between these supports are the horizontal rungs. The rung is what the climber can put his foot on. The climber can use his hands to hold on to the rungs above him, or to the supports at the side. Ladders can be made of metal, wood or even rope. There are different types of ladders. Some ladders are made in one piece. They can be carried around and made to lean against something such as the wall of a house. There should be a good distance between the bottom of the ladder and the wall so that the ladder is not too vertical, otherwise the ladder might fall backwards and the climber would fall off. Sometimes these ladders are extension ladders. Extension ladders are made in two or more sections so that the ladder can fold up to make it easier to carry about and to store. To open up the ladder, each section slides up almost to the top of the next section. Step ladders are useful in the home or the garden to reach things that are not too high, e.g. ceilings or the tops of hedges. They have two parts which are joined together by a hinge, so that they are shaped like an upside down V. There is usually a platform at the top to stand on, but this can be dangerous unless great care is taken that the ladder will not wobble or fall down. Some ladders are vertical (they go straight up or down). These are fixed onto something. Examples are: ladders in a swimming pool for climbing in and out of the water, small ladders to climb up to a top bunk bed, ladders at the side of a big boat or at the side of a canal lock or of any other high or low construction where workmen may need to get up or down to do repairs. Fire engines always have ladders. They often have a turntable ladder which makes it possible for the ladder to be facing in any direction. Rope ladders can be folded away easily. They may be used for climbing trees or for rock climbing or in caves. Oral history Oral history is history that is told rather than written down. It is given through talking rather than reading a book. It is usually passed from generation to generation in order to explain events that have occurred. Though today oral history is not as popular as written history, it is still used in many places as a way of transferring knowledge about the past. Generation A generation can mean any group that is sorted by the time they were created. In a family, a generation means all the people on one level of a family tree. For example, your brothers, sisters and cousins are in the same generation as you. In populations of people, a “generation” means groups of people born in different periods of time. Each generation lasts for the average amount of time between the birth of parents, and the birth of their children. ”Generation” can also mean a wave or series of something, like a generation of car model (2nd generation for example). Anything that is created in waves can have generations or editions. Gene Genes are parts of DNA. DNA is a molecule inside a cell that carries the instructions for making the proteins the cell will need. Each gene contains a single set of instructions. These instructions usually code for a particular protein. Humans have about 20,000 genes that code proteins and many more that are non-coding. Half of a person's genes come from the mother. The other half come from the father. The definition. Originally: a hereditary unit which occupies a specific position ("locus") on a chromosome. Other definitions are ways the gene showed itself: Modern definitions must take note of later discoveries. There are now two classes of genes:p173 What genes do? Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what decides how children look and act (their biological properties). Genes affect the way our bodies work, including how we look. Our eye, hair and skin color are decided by genes. It is said that genes cause "genetic" effects in our bodies. A gene may be "dominant" or "recessive". These terms refer to the effect a gene has on the offspring who carry it in their genome. For example, let's say a mother only has genes for brown hair and a father only has genes for red hair. The child will inherit – receive – genes for red hair (from her father) and brown hair (from her mother). The brown hair gene is 'dominant' to the red hair gene. This means the child will have brown hair even though she has genes for both red and brown hair. This means only one dominant gene is needed for the child to receive that particular trait, while two recessive genes are needed for one. A recessive trait might stay hidden for many generations. Let us use the child from the last example. We will call her "Mary". Mary has brown hair but has genes for both red and brown hair. Let us say Mary grew up and married Tom. Tom also has brown hair, but like Mary one of his parents had red hair. This means Tom has genes for both red and brown hair. Mary and Tom would each have a chance of passing either brown or red hair genes to their children. This means that the children of Mary and Tom could have either red or brown hair. This explains why a person might look different from their parents, but look like their grandparents or great-grandparents. Structure and function. The structure of a gene has many elements: the actual protein coding sequence is only a small part. There are DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA. Alliteration Alliteration is when a sentence or phrase has words that start with the same sound. It is commonly used in advertising, poetry, headlines, and tongue-twisters. Basically the first consonant repeats itself throughout the sentence. Alliteration is common for poetry. It was used one thousand years ago in Anglo-Saxon poems. A fine example is a strophe from "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Robert Browning used alliteration many times, too. he employed it in the poem "Summum bonum". This is a Latin expression and means "all the best". Alliteration is most commonly used in modern music but is also seen in magazine article titles, advertisements, business names, comic strip or cartoon characters, common sayings, and a variety of other titles and expressions. One example of alliteration is "Sally sold sea shells by the sea shore". In "Death Note", the pseudonym of the detective, L, is Ryuzaki Ryuga, his real name is L Lawliet. Often, characters in books are named with alliteration. Many names in Harry Potter feature alliterations (for example, Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw, and Salazar Slytherin). Similarly, in "Hairspray", most characters' names feature alliterations (e.g. Tracy Turnblad, Link Larkin, Corny Collins, Dan Dougherty, Penny Pingleton, and Seaweed Stubbs). Titles of books sometimes use alliteration, including the titles of all thirteen books (except the last one) in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. Author Jeff Lindsay's novels about serial killer Dexter Morgan all feature alliteration in their titles: for example, Darkly Dreaming Dexter. Another example is William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost. A common application of alliteration is in books intended for children learning about letters. Animalia by Graeme Base famously applies alliteration within a storybook, going in order through each letter of the English alphabet and providing many sentences with alliteration. Places in books: Bat Barn, Terror Tombs, Vampire Village, etc. Code names: The release names of the Linux distribution, Ubuntu (e.g. Breezy Badger, Hoary Hedgehog, Feisty Fawn, etc.). Game Titles: Prince of Persia (also the tag: Prince of Persia – Warrior Within). Brand Names and Alliteration Companies company use this alliterative effect all the time. The major reason companies use this technique is to ensure that their brand name is memorable. Think, for example, of all of the famous and well known brands and companies that have used alliteration in their names: •Dunkin’ Donuts •PayPal •Best Buy •Coca-Cola •LifeLock •Park Place •American Apparel •American Airlines •Chuckee Cheese’s •Bed Bath & Beyond •Krispy Kreme •The Scotch and Sirloin Famous People and Alliteration Alliterative names can also help you stand out in the crowd and can make you more memorable. For example, both fictional characters and real people may stand out in your head as a result of the alliterative effect of their name. Think of: •Ronald Reagan •Sammy Sosa •Jesse Jackson •Michael Moore •William Wordsworth •Mickey Mouse •Porky Pig •Lois Lane •Marilyn Monroe •Fred Flintstone •Donald Duck •SpongeBob SquarePants •Seattle Seahawks •Katie Courec (Remember, alliterative words don’t even necessarily have to start with the same letter, they simply have to have the same first sound). Phrases and quotes. Finally, many famous phrases, quotes and saying also make use of alliteration: •Busy as a bee •Dead as a doornail •Get your goat •Give up the ghost •Good as gold •Home sweet home •Last laugh •Leave in the Lurch •Living the life •Look to your laurels •Mad as a March hare •Make a mountain out of a molehill •Method to the madness •Moaning Minnie •Neck and neck •Not on your nelly •Out of order •Pleased as punch •Pooh-pooh •Primrose path •Right as rain •Right roughshod •Round Robin Alliteration is commonly used since it adds interest to a sentence and can be a great way to help you remember names and phrases that you might other wide forget. Enjoy alliteration. It is a very fun and useful literary device. Homophone Homophones are words that sound the same as another word but have a different meaning, and often a different spelling. Examples include: Condensation Condensation is how gas changes into a liquid when it touches a cooler surface. Condensation is part of the water cycle. It is the opposite of evaporation. Process. Condensation of water is when water changes from gas to a liquid or crystal shape. Any gas can condense, either because the temperature is dropping or the pressure is increasing. In either case the pressure of the condensing gas is higher than the vapor pressure of the gas, at that temperature). During condensation, the molecules in the matter slow down. Heat energy is taken away, causing the state of matter to change. Condensation is exothermic. This means that condensation makes the temperature go up. Evaporation is the opposite and causes a temperature loss. It is a useful process. One use is in distillation. The gas made from a boiling liquid mix is sent to a condenser, where the different parts condense differently. This can purify a liquid, such as alcohol or water. The condensing liquid makes heat, which must be removed for the condensation to continue. Other websites. kinematics Precipitation Precipitation is a form of water from the atmosphere. It is a term in meteorology, and includes rain, snow, sleet, ice pellets dew, frost, and hail. These form by condensation from atmospheric water vapor, and fall under gravity. Fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions. In that case, the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. If liquid, precipitation can be measured using a rain gauge. The most common form of solid precipitation is snow. Snow is made when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly to solid crystals. Frozen rain is hail or ice pellets. Relative humidity Relative humidity is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be. Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places. When the temperature is warm, more water vapor can be in the air than when it is cold. If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist. The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form. When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity become 100% and the water vapor condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.). Vitamin C Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a vitamin. It is found in fresh fruits, berries and vegetables. It is one of the water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin C is important in wound healing. Without enough vitamin C, a person can get a sickness called scurvy. Lack of vitamin C was a serious health problem on long ocean trips where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up. Many people died from scurvy on such trips. Most animals make their own vitamin C. Some mammals cannot. Those that cannot include the main suborder of primates, the Haplorrhini: these are the tarsiers, monkeys and apes, including humans. Others are bats, capybaras and guinea pigs. Vitamin C was first discovered in 1928. In 1932, it was proved to stop the sickness called scurvy. That fruit was a cure for scurvy was known long before vitamins were known to exist. History. Through history the need for people to eat fresh plant food to help them get through long sieges or long sea trips was known by some wise people but was often forgotten. The first attempt to prove this idea was by a ship's doctor in the British Royal Navy called James Lind, who at sea in May 1747 gave some crew members lemon juice as well as their normal ships food, while others continued on normal food alone. The results showed that lemons prevented the disease. Lind wrote up his work and published it in 1753. Lind's work was slow to be noticed. In 1795 the British navy adopted lemon or lime juice as food for sailors. As well as lemons, limes and oranges; sauerkraut, salted cabbage, malt, and soup were tried with different effects. James Cook relied on sauerkraut to prevent the disease on his long voyages of exploration. It was believed that only humans got scurvy but in 1907, Alex Holst and Theodore Frohlich, two Norwegian chemists found that guinea pigs could also get it if not given fresh food. In 1928 the Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson proved that Eskimo (Inuit) people are able to avoid scurvy with almost no plant food in their diet by eating raw meat. In 1912 the Polish American scientist Casimir Funk first used the word "vitamin" for something present in food in small amounts that is essential to health. He named the unknown thing that prevented scurvy "Vitamin C". From 1928 to 1933, the Hungarian research team of Joseph L Svirbely and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, and separately the American Charles Glen King, first took out vitamin C from food and showed it to be an acid they called "ascorbic acid". In 1933/1934, the British chemists Norman Haworth and Edmund Hirst, and separately the Polish Tadeus Reichstein, successfully synthesized the vitamin. It was the first man-made vitamin. This made it possible to make lots of vitamin C cheaply in factories. Haworth won the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work. In 1959 the American J.J. Burns showed that the reason why some animals get scurvy is because their liver cannot make one chemical enzyme that other animals have. Sources. Plant sources. Citrus fruits (such as lime, Indian gooseberry, lemon, orange, and grapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C. Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, sweet peppers, and kiwifruit. The following table is to give an idea of how much vitamin C is in different plant foods. Each individual fruit will vary. The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then. Cooking food destroys vitamin C. Animal sources. Most species of animals synthesise their own vitamin C. It is therefore not a vitamin for them. Synthesis is achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid. It is carried out either in the kidneys, in reptiles and birds, or the liver, in mammals and perching birds. The loss of an enzyme concerned with ascorbic acid synthesis has occurred quite frequently in evolution and has affected most fish, many birds; some bats, guinea pigs and most but not all primates, including humans. The mutations have not been lethal because ascorbic acid is so prevalent in the surrounding food sources. It was only realised in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans. The muscle and fat that make up the modern western diet are however poor sources. As with fruit and vegetables cooking destroys the vitamin C content. Artificial chemical synthesis. Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes. The Reichstein process developed in the 1930s uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route. The more modern Two-Step fermentation process was originally developed in China in the 1960s, uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages. Both processes yield approximately 60% vitamin C from the glucose feed. In 1934, the Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche was the first to mass-produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name of Redoxon. Main producers today are BASF/ Takeda, Roche, Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd of the People's Republic of China. Functions of vitamin C in the body. In living organisms, ascorbate is an antioxidant, since it protects the body against oxidative stress. It is also a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions, including several collagen synthesis reactions that cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy when they are dysfunctional. In animals, these reactions are especially important in wound-healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries. Vitamin C deficiency. Lack of ascorbic acid in the daily diet leads to a disease called scurvy, a form of avitaminosis that is characterized by: Daily requirement. A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet. People who smoke, those under stress and women in pregnancy have a slightly higher requirement. The amount of vitamin C needed to avoid deficiency symptoms and maintain health has been set by variously national agencies as follows: Some researchers have calculated the amount needed for an adult human to achieve similar blood serum levels as Vitamin C synthesising mammals as follows: High doses (thousands of mg) may result in diarrhoea, which is harmless if the dose is reduced immediately. Some researchers (Cathcart) claim the onset of diarrhoea to be an indication of where the body’s true vitamin C requirement lies. The small size of the ascorbic acid molecule means the kidneys cannot retain it in the body. Quite a low level in the blood serum will cause traces to be present in the urine. All vitamin C synthesising mammals have traces in the urine at all times. In April 1998 "Nature" reported alleged carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of excessive doses of vitamin C. This was given great prominence in the world's media. The effects were noted in test tube experiments and on only two of the 20 markers of free radical damage to DNA. They have not been supported by further evidence from living organisms. Almost all mammals manufacture their own vitamin C in amounts equivalent to human doses of thousands of milligrams per day. Large amounts of the vitamin are used in orthomolecular medicine and no harmful effects have been observed even in doses of 10,000 mg per day or more. Therapeutic uses. Vitamin C is needed in the diet to prevent scurvy. It also has a reputation for being useful in the treatment of colds and flu. The evidence to support this idea, however, is ambiguous and the effect may depend on the dose size and dosing regime. The Vitamin C Foundation recommends 8 grams of vitamin C every half hour to show an effect on cold symptoms. Vitamin C advocacy. Fred R. Klenner, a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to repeated megadoses of intravenous vitamin C. Nobel Prize winning chemist Linus Pauling began actively promoting vitamin C in the 1960s as a means to greatly improve human health and resistance to disease. A minority of medical and scientific opinion continues to see vitamin C as being a low cost and safe way to treat infectious disease and to deal with a wide range of poisons. A meta-study of the published research claimed that relatively high levels of vitamin C must be maintained in the body for it to function effectively as an antioxidant. Some research shows that there are veterinary benefits of vitamin C as well. One meta-study of the published research examined the effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the treatment of infectious disease and toxins. It was conducted in 2002 by Dr. Thomas Levy, medical director of the Colorado Integrative Medical Center in Denver. It claimed that overwhelming scientific evidence exists for its therapeutic role. Some vitamin C advocates say that vitamin C is not used therapeutically because it cannot be patented. Pharmaceutical companies seek to generate revenue and profit their shareholders. They may be reluctant to research or promote something that will make them little money. Dichlorphenolindophenol DCPIP (its full name is "2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol") is a blue chemical used as a dye because when it is oxidized it is blue. Once DCPIP is reduced (by addition of electrons) it does not have a color anymore. This reaction can be reversed, and the colourless DCPIP will turn blue again, when it is oxidized. Purpose. DCPIP is often used to measure the electron transport chain in plants. It has a higher redox potential (electron affinity) than the Fe-S complex in cytochrome b and will therefore "steal" electrons from it. This means that cytochrome c does not receive them. The process cuts off the electron supply of photosystem I. A common way to illustrate this change is by the addition of vitamin C solution. This reduces the 'jelly' by transforming it to a colourless mass. This experiment can be carried out to illustrate the effect of changing cell sizes on SA/V (surface area:volume ratio). This is known as Titration. Healthy diet A healthy diet or balanced diet is a diet (what you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food groups. It includes fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and protein. It does not include too much or too little of any kind of food. Eating wrong amounts of a food group, whether it be too much or too little, is called an 'unhealthy diet' or an 'imbalanced diet'. A healthy diet is one that includes more foods that come from plants and fewer convenience foods. Basic nutrition. What is known about nutrition and diet keeps changing as more is learned. However, basic nutrition remains much the same. The best advice is to talk to a doctor or dietitian for personalized information based on an individual's lifestyle, health, and food likes and dislikes. Special diets. There are some diets made for people with some diseases. Here are some examples: Dye Dye is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing. It has low solubility. A pigment won't do this because it won't stick to the fibers of the fabric and color them. A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals. Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic and are made from petrochemicals. Classification. Dyes can be classified based on their solubility and chemical properties. Poetry Poetry is a type of art form and a type of literature. Poetry uses the qualities of words, in different ways, to be artistic. Poetry can be as short as a few words, or as long as a book. A poem as short as one line is called a monostich. A poem that is as long as a book is an epic. There are many "poetic forms" (forms of poetry). Some of forms are: Sonnet, Haiku, Ballad, Stev, Prose poem, Ode, Free verse, Blank verse, thematic, limerick and nursery rhymes. Poetry can be used to describe (comparing, talking about, or expressing emotion) many things. It can make sense or be nonsense, it can rhyme or not. It can have many shapes and sizes; it can be serious or funny. "To say something poetically" means to give information in an artistic way. Digital Poetry. A more modern approach is digital poetry. Computers and webtechnology is used to express poetry and make it interactive. So called interdisciplinary poetry (wich means combination of different forms of poetry) are made possible by linking the poetic texts with audio, video or web-animation (e.g. with CSS) or among themselves via hyperlinks. Modern artists use digital poetry to not only express artistic intention, but also to design a layout around their texts. An example for this use of interdisciplinary art, which combines abstract text and abstract visuals is the German project "Schwarzer Flamingo". It uses digital poetry to collect pieces of written art but also to give different artists a plattform. So some projects of digital art can be described as a form of an artwork as well as an exhibition. Literature Literature is a group of works of art made up of words. Most are written, but some are passed on by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups through their language, historical period, origin, genre, and subject. The word "Literature" comes from the Latin word "Literatura" (English: "Learning", "Writing", "Grammar"). Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures. "Ramayana" and "Mahabharta", two Indian epics, are still read today. "Odyssey" and "Iliad" are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were passed down through speaking and written down around the 8th century BC. Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is looked at for its artistic value. Imagination Imagination is the ability to form images of things or events in one's mind. When someone "imagines" something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening. Calorimeter A calorimeter is a tool that measures the amount of thermal energy contained in a substance, or released in a reaction. A commonplace use is to measure heat of combustion. Bolus In biology, a bolus (from the Latin word for "ball"), is a ball-shaped living thing. In medicine, a "bolus" is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment. A "bolus" can also refer to a ball of food after it has been chewed. It passes down the oesophagus by peristalsis. Oesophagus The oesophagus (or esophagus) is also called the gullet. It is the part of the gastrointestinal system between the mouth and the stomach. It connects the pharynx and the stomach. It is about long. The oesophagus is lined with muscle, and is lubricated. Its muscle pushes food down into the stomach. The oesophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food. The muscular movement that pushes the food down the oesophagus is called peristalsis. At the entrance to the stomach there is a ring of muscle called a sphincter. This is usually closed, but relaxes as food approaches, allowing it to enter the stomach. In the stomach, the food is churned until it turns into a soupy mixture called chyme. Protease A protease is a digestive enzyme. It breaks down long chains of proteins into shorter amino acids. Proteases have evolved a number of times. We know this because different kinds of protease can do the same reaction in completely different ways. Proteases are found in animals, plants, bacteria, archaea and viruses. Now more than 50 types of protease are known. Each is a separate evolutionary origin of proteolysis. Protease can be divided into 6 types : Dental floss Dental floss is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day. Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased. These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease". Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this. Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker. When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing. Rickets Rickets is a disease that happens in young children. It happens in children who do not get enough vitamin D and calcium. It causes larger spaces inside bones, and makes them dry, like sponges. It can make the legs curve toward each other (so the knees touch) or away from each other. Rickets in adults is called osteomalacia. The word "rickets" comes from the Greek word "rhakhis", which means "spine." Cause. People need both vitamin D and calcium to make their bones strong. Vitamin D helps the bones absorb (take up) calcium. Low vitamin D makes it hard to absorb calcium. The human body makes vitamin D3 in the skin, from cholesterol. Then the liver changes vitamin D3 into calcitriol, which sends calcium from the blood into the bones. The bones need calcium to stay strong. However, the skin will not make vitamin D3 unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. Sunlight contains ultraviolet light, so getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D3. People need calcium for calcification. Calcification uses calcium to help make bones bigger and stronger. Low calcium makes bones delicate and easier to break. Prevention. Rickets can be prevented if a person gets plenty of calcium and vitamin D. The best way to do this is to get a lot of sunlight, and eat foods that have a lot of vitamin D and calcium in them. However, people who cannot get enough vitamin D and calcium this way can take supplements (vitamin pills that have calcium and vitamin D in them). Calcium. Foods that have a lot of calcium in them include: Calcium is absorbed best by the bones when it is taken in amounts of 1000mg or less. Because of this, doctors suggest eating smaller amounts of foods with calcium in them, at different times in the day, instead of all at once. Vitamin D. There are three ways to get vitamin D: sunlight, foods, or supplements (vitamin pills that have vitamin D in them). However, many people cannot get enough vitamin D just from their diet. There are only a few foods that have a lot of vitamin D in them. They include: Breast milk may not have enough vitamin D in it to prevent rickets. Babies who are only breastfed, and not fed any other foods, may be given vitamin D drops to make sure they do not get rickets. However, this is not a significant risk if mothers and child have some exposure to sunlight. Children with dark skin are more likely to need additional vitamin D. Risk factors. These things make a person more likely to get rickets: Symptoms. Signs and symptoms of rickets include: Bile Bile or gall is a green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat. The components of bile are The name "gall" comes from the Greek word "cholè" meaning green or yellow. The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall. Bile is also stored in bile ducts. Often after liver transplants, bile comes out of the body. Dental pulp The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth (pulp cavity). It is made up of living soft tissue and cells. It is surrounded by dentine and contains nerves and blood and lymph vessels. Protoplasm Protoplasm is an old term, which means the living substance that makes up a cell. It is no longer much used. Biologists prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. In plant cells, it is surrounded by a cell wall. In animal cells, the whole cell is made of protoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane. Protoplasm in living beings is made up of about 7580% water. However, this is rather misleading because the cytoplasm is full of structures called organelles, which do various tasks. The endoplasmic reticulum is the largest of these structures; there are many other organelles. The word "protoplasm" was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl to describe the substance in plant cells, apart from the cell wall, the cell nucleus and the vacuole. After the invention of the electron microscope it was clear that a living cell is much more complicated than von Mohl knew. Amylase Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starch into sugars which the body can use. More accurately, it is a family of similar enzymes which work in a wide range of animals, plants and fungi. There are two variants in humans: alpha-amylase, and gamma-amylase. Alpha-amylase is a major digestive enzyme. Its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. It is found in saliva and pancreatic juice. It takes starch chains and breaks them into smaller pieces with two or three glucose units. It can break down starch into maltose. It works in the mouth and stomach during digestion. The gamma-amylase has most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. Therefore, it works best in the stomach, which does have an acidic pH. Human evolution. Apparently, early humans did not possess salivary amylase. The closest evolutionary relatives of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, have either one or no copies of the gene for producing salivary amylase. A duplication event of the AMY1 gene led to the production of amylase in the saliva. The same event occurred independently in rodents. This shows the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that eat relatively large amounts of starch. Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. After the agricultural revolution, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift marked the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans. As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities. Not all humans have the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Populations which rely on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than populations that eat little starch. The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts. The correlation between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies suggests that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations is caused by natural selection. It is a favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is likely that having more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring. Geographically close populations with different eating habits possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene. Variegated leaf A variegated leaf is a type of leaf. Uses. A variegated leaf is useful in conducting experiments to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis to happen. They are also popular in horticulture. Experiments. The easiest of these experiments is to stain the places where starch is produced (starch is a more compact form of glucose). Place the leaves in boiling water for six minutes to soften the cells, and then in ethanol (alcohol). When the leaves are drained of colour, spread them out on a flat surface. Soak the leaves in iodine and the green parts will turn blue/black and the non green parts will stay the yellowish brown colour of iodine liquid. The green parts contain starch, which makes iodine turn blue/black. The blue/black stain is what shows starch is present. You could take "before & after" photos to prove the black areas were green at the start. Seam ripper A seam ripper is a cutting tool. It is used for removing stitches in sewing and cutting open buttonholes made on a sewing machine. Sometimes it is also called a thread ripper. The tool usually has a handle, shaft, and head. The head has two points: one flattened to form a pointed blade and the other forming a small point. To use a seam ripper to remove sewn threads, the blade is placed underneath the thread to be cut. The thread slips down between the two points, and the tool is then lifted upwards allowing the blade to cut through the thread. Then the loose thread ends can be removed. Plaque Plaque: a word meaning a flat, plate-like object. Pin cushion A pin cushion is small cushion used for holding pins and needles. It is used so that the pins and needles are stored safely and can be taken out by pulling the head. Chemical cell A chemical cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Most batteries are chemical cells. A chemical reaction takes place inside the battery and causes electric current to flow. There are two main types of batteries - those that are "rechargeable" and those that are not. A battery that is not rechargeable will give electricity until the chemicals in it are used up. Then it is no longer useful. It can be rightly called 'use and throw'. A rechargeable battery can be "recharged" by passing electric current backwards through the battery; it can then be used again to produce more electricity. It was Gaston Plante, a French scientist who invented these rechargeable batteries in 1859. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from very small ones used in toys and cameras, to those used in cars or even larger ones. Submarines require very large batteries. Electrochemical cells. An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries. A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulphates. In the process of the reaction, electrons can be transferred from the zinc to the copper through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current. An electrochemical cell can be created by placing metallic electrodes into an electrolyte where a chemical reaction either uses or generates an electric current. Electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells, and common batteries consist of one or more such cells. In other electrochemical cells an externally supplied electric current is used to drive a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously. Such cells are called electrolytic cells. Voltaic cells. An electrochemical cell which causes external electric current flow can be created using any two different metals since metals differ in their tendency to lose electrons. Zinc more readily loses electrons than copper, so placing zinc and copper metal in solutions of their salts can cause electrons to flow through an external wire which leads from the zinc to the copper. As a zinc atom provides the electrons, it becomes a positive ion and goes into aqueous solution, decreasing the mass of the zinc electrode. On the copper side, the two electrons received allow it to convert a copper ion from solution into an uncharged copper atom which deposits on the copper electrode, increasing its mass. The two reactions are typically written Zn(s) --> Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- --> Cu(s) The letters in parentheses are just reminders that the zinc goes from a solid (s) into a water solution (aq) and vice versa for the copper. It is typical in the language of electrochemistry to refer to these two processes as "half-reactions" which occur at the two electrodes. In order for the voltaic cell to continue to produce an external electric current, there must be a movement of the sulfate ions in solution from the right to the left to balance the electron flow in the external circuit. The metal ions themselves must be prevented from moving between the electrodes, so some kind of porous membrane or other mechanism must provide for the selective movement of the negative ions in the electrolyte from the right to the left. Energy is required to force the electrons to move from the zinc to the copper electrode, and the amount of energy per unit charge available from the voltaic cell is called the electromotive force (emf) of the cell. Energy per unit charge is expressed in volts (1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb). Clearly, to get energy from the cell, you must get more energy released from the oxidation of the zinc than it takes to reduce the copper. The cell can yield a finite amount of energy from this process, the process being limited by the amount of material available either in the electrolyte or in the metal electrodes. For example, if there were one mole of the sulfate ions SO42- on the copper side, then the process is limited to transferring two moles of electrons through the external circuit. The amount of electric charge contained in a mole of electrons is called the Faraday constant, and is equal to Avogadro's number times the electron charge:Faraday constant = F = NAe = 6.022 x 1023 x 1.602 x 10-19 = 96,485 Coulombs/moleThe energy yield from a voltaic cell is given by the cell voltage times the number of moles of electrons transferred times the Faraday constant. Electrical energy output = nFEcell The cell emf Ecell may be predicted from the standard electrode potentials for the two metals. For the zinc/copper cell under the standard conditions, the calculated cell potential is 1.1 volts. Simple cell. A simple cell typically has plates of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in dilute sulphuric acid. The zinc dissolves and bubbles of hydrogen appear on the copper plate. These hydrogen bubbles interfere with the passage of current so a simple cell can only be used for a short time. To provide a steady current, a depolarizer (an oxidizing agent) is needed to oxidize the hydrogen. In the Daniel cell, the depolarizer is copper sulphate, which exchanges the hydrogen for copper. In the Leclanche battery, the depolarizer is manganese dioxide, which oxidizes the hydrogen to water. Daniel cell. English chemist John Frederick Daniell developed a voltaic cell in 1836 which used zinc and copper and solutions of their ions. Deutschlandlied Das Lied der Deutschen (; "The Song of the German people"), also known as Deutschlandlied, (; "The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem). A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany. History. The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the anthem of Austria. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841. Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British. Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a patriotic song supporting a united German state. In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War. In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time. This verse was rarely used. During the time of Adolf Hitler, only the first part of the song was used. This was often followed by a Nazi party song. This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations. After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new Western Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, the third part of the Fallersleben song was made into the national anthem. In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland". After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists. Lyrics. Metrical English Translation. <poem> Translated by Kevin Kallande Unity and Right and Freedom, For the German Fatherland! Let us all be strive towards them; Brotherly with Heart and Hand! 𝄆 Unity and Right and Freedom, Are the pledge of Happiness; Flourish in this pledge of fortune, Flourish, German Fatherland! 𝄇 Flourish in this pledge of fortune, Flourish, German Fatherland! </poem> Cavity A cavity is a hole. It can also mean: Evidence Evidence is something that is used to support an argument. It gives examples of why something is true. For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence. Dyadic A dyadic is a math function that needs two things in order to give something out. Addition and multiplication are dyadic. Powers are also dyadic. There are many more functions that are dyadic. Dyadic may specifically refer to: Hill A hill is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Hill is a highland of much lower elevation than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. By definition, a hill is often described as being lower than 600 meters (about 2,000 feet). However, some definitions say a hill is lower than 300 meters (about 1,000 feet). The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune. Hill have long been used for hill forts Enzyme An enzyme is a protein molecule in cells which works as a biological catalyst. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process, so they can be used over and over again. Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need enzymes. With an enzyme, chemical reactions go much faster than they would without the enzyme.p39 Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. The substances at the start of a reaction are called substrates. The substances at the end of a reaction are the products. Enzymes work on the substrates, and turn them into products. The study of enzymes is called enzymology. The first enzyme was found in 1833 by Anselme Payen. Enzyme structure. There are thousands of different enzymes and each one is specific to the reaction which it catalyses. Enzymes have names which show what they do. Enzyme names usually end in –ase to show that they are enzymes. Examples of this include ATP synthase. It makes a chemical called ATP. Another example is DNA polymerase. It reads an intact DNA strand and uses it as a template to make a new strand. One example of an enzyme is amylase, found in saliva. It breaks down starch molecules into smaller glucose and maltose molecules. Another kind of enzyme is lipase. It breaks down fats into smaller molecules, fatty acids and glycerol. The proteases are a whole class of enzymes. They break down other enzymes and proteins back into amino acids. Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA or RNA, often in specific place in the molecule. Enzymes are not only for breaking large chemicals into smaller chemicals. Other enzymes take smaller chemicals and build them up into bigger chemicals, and do many other chemical tasks. The classification below lists the main types. Biochemists often draw a picture of an enzyme to use as a visual aid or map of the enzyme. This is hard to do because there may be hundreds or thousands of atoms in an enzyme. Biochemists can not draw all this detail. Instead, they use ribbon models as pictures of enzymes. Ribbon models can show the shape of an enzyme without having to draw every atom. Most enzymes will not work unless the temperature and pH are just right. In mammals the right temperature is usually about 37oC degrees (body temperature). The correct pH can vary greatly. Pepsin is an example of an enzyme that works best when pH is about 1.5. Heating an enzyme above a certain temperature will destroy the enzyme permanently. It will be broken down by protease and the chemicals will be used again. Some chemicals can help an enzyme do its job even better. These are called "activators". Sometimes, a chemical can slow down an enzyme or even make the enzyme not work at all. These are called "inhibitors". Most drugs are chemicals that either speed up or slow down some enzyme in the human body. Lock and key model. Enzymes are very specific. In 1894 Emil Fischer suggested that both the enzyme and the substrate have "specific complementary geometric shapes" that fit exactly into one another. This is often referred to as "the lock and key" model. However, this model fails to explain what happens next. In 1958, Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to the lock and key model. Since enzymes are rather flexible structures, the active site is reshaped by interactions with the substrate. As a result, the substrate does not simply bind to a rigid active site. The amino acid side-chains of the active site are bent into positions so the enzyme does its catalytic work. In some cases, such as glycosidases, the substrate molecule also changes shape slightly as it enters the active site. Function. The general equation for an enzyme reaction is: Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction by forming an intermediary complex with the substrate. This complex is called an enzyme-substrate complex. For example, sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose. Water molecules join in and make the cleavage in a fraction of a second. Enzymes have these key features: Control of enzyme activity. There are five main ways that enzyme activity is controlled in the cell. Enzyme inhibitors. Inhibitors can be used to stop an enzyme from binding to a substrate. This may be done to slow down an enzyme-controlled reaction. The inhibitors fit loosely or partially into the enzyme's active site. This prevents or slows down an enzyme-substrate complex being formed. Denaturation. Denaturation is the "irreversible" alteration of an enzyme's active site, caused by an extreme change in temperature or pH. It will decrease the rate of reaction because the substrate molecule will not be able to fit into the active site, so products cannot be formed. Cofactors. Cofactors, or coenzymes, are helper molecules which are needed to make an enzyme work. They are not proteins, and may be organic or inorganic molecules. Both types of molecules sometimes contain a metal ion at the centre, such as Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ or iron-sulphur clusters. This is because such ions may act as electron donors, and this is important in many reactions. The need of enzymes for various little helpers is the basic reason why animals, including ourselves, need trace elements and vitamins. Classification. Enzymes have been classified by the "International Union of Biochemistry". Their Commission on Enzymes has grouped all known enzymes into six classes: The individual enzymes are given a four-figure number which classifies them in the database.p145 Uses of enzymes. Enzymes are used commercially for: List of science fiction awards Several awards are given to authors, editors and illustrators for creating works of science fiction. These awards show that fans or other professionals recognize the quality of stories, novels, movies, illustrations, or other works. Awards are usually given once a year. The list below gives the name of the award, additional information, and the year it began. Gold Coast, Queensland The Gold Coast is the name given to a 57-kilometre long stretch of coast in the south east corner of Queensland, Australia. At the south end is the town of Coolangatta on the border with New South Wales. The north end of the Gold Coast is at Beenleigh and includes South Stradbroke Island. It also includes the foothills of the Great Dividing Range. The Gold Coast is famous for its surf beaches which include Coolangatta, Currumbin, Palm Beach, Burleigh Heads, Miami, Broadbeach, Surfers Paradise and Main Beach. The Gold Coast City is the sixth largest city in Australia with a population of more than 515,000 people (2010). It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall. It is a very popular place for holidays and has its own international airport. Many people go there for the beaches and to visit the theme parks which include Warner Bros. Movie World, Dreamworld, Seaworld and Wet and Wild. A lot of houses on the Gold Coast are built in canal estates with over 260 kilometers of canals. Q1 is the tallest residential building in the world. Including the spire it reaches 322.5 metres above the street. Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia also known as the Plaza de Toros de Mérida is a plaza de toros first class located in the city of Mérida, Venezuela being one of the main infrastructure for cultural and artistic events to large scale of the city after the Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano and the fence locations for the bullfights in the frame of the Feria Internacional del Sol. The Plaza was inaugurated in 1967 to serve as a forum to various events of Ferias del Sol, and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators. He has received prominent bullfighters like Julian López "El Juli", Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, Juan José "Morante de la Puebla", Miguel Ángel Perera, Enrique Ponce, Francisco Rivera "Paquirrí", Pálomo Lináres, Javier Conde, Manuel Bénitez "El Cordobés", José María Manzanares, Antonio Barrera, Paquito Perlaza, Leonardo Bénitez, Luis Bolivar, David Fandila "El Fandi", Mary Paz Vega, Morenito de Maracay, Nerio Ramirez "El Tovareño", Rafael Orellana, César Vanegas, César Faraco, Eduardo Valenzuela, among others. But he has also received several Venezuelan and international artists and singers like Juanes, Maná, Desorden Público, Caramelos de Cianuro, Franco De Vita, Paulina Rubio, Chino y Nacho, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Molotov, Wisin & Yandel, Dalmata, Vos Veis, Los Hombres G, Aterciopelados, Jorge Celedón, Jean Carlos Centeno, L'squadron, Tecupae, Luis Silva, Armando Martínez, among others. Angolemi Angolemi (Turkish: "Taşpınar" or "Angolem" - the old name) is a village in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Its population is 212. Its area is 6.727 km2. It is a village of Lefka Municipality. It is in the Nicosia District of the Republic of Cyprus and Güzelyurt District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Kim Jong-pil Kim Jong-pil (, January 7, 1926 – June 23, 2018) was a former South Korean politician and general. He fought in the Korean War. He was the 11th Prime minister of South Korea (1971 to 1975), 31th Prime minister of South Korea (1998 to 2000). first Central Intelligence Agency of South Korea 1961 to 1963. His nickname was 'Unjeong'(Korea:운정, hanja:雲庭) or 'JP'. Kim died on June 23, 2018 in Seoul from respiratory failure at the age of 92. Vanessa Williams Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963), known professionally as Vanessa L. Williams or Vanessa Williams, is an American singer, actress, producer and former fashion model. In 1983, she became the first African-American woman crowned Miss America, but a scandal occurred when "Penthouse" bought and published nude photographs of her. She left her title early and was succeeded by the first runner-up, Suzette Charles of New Jersey. Williams earned multiple Grammy, Emmy, and Tony Award nominations. Williams released her debut album The Right Stuff in 1988, which spawned the hits "The Right Stuff". "The Right Stuff" was a No. 1 on Hot Dance Songs. "Dreamin'" was a No. 1 on R&B and No. 8 on Billboard Hot 100. Her second studio album The Comfort Zone in 1991 topped the Billboard R&B Album Chart, which spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit "Save the Best for Last". In 1994 she performed on Broadway in the musical Kiss of the Spider Woman. In 1995 she recorded "Colors of the Wind", which became the Oscar-winner for Best Original Song from the Disney animated feature movie "Pocahontas", which reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Early life. Williams was born in Millwood, New York. She is the daughter of music teachers Helen L. (née Tinch) and Milton Augustine Williams, Jr. A DNA test revealed that her ancestry is 23% from Ghana, 17% from the British Isles, 15% from Cameroon, 12% Finnish, 11% Southern European, 7% Togo, 6% Benin, 5% Senegal and 4% Portuguese. Her parents, put on her birth announcement "Here she is: Miss America" Miss America title. In September 1983, she became the first African American woman to be crowned Miss America, There was a scandal when Penthouse magazine bought and published nude photographs of her. She gave up her title early and was succeeded by the first runner-up, Suzette Charles of New Jersey. Since then, Vanessa has been successful in every area of her life. Singing career. Williams released her debut album "The Right Stuff" in 1988, which spawned the hits "The Right Stuff", a #1 on Hot Dance Songs, and "Dreamin'" a #1 on R&B and #8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Her second studio album, "The Comfort Zone", in 1991 topped the "Billboard" R&B Album Chart, which spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit "Save the Best for Last". In 1994, she did her first Broadway musical "Kiss of the Spider Woman". In 1995, she recorded "Colors of the Wind", the Oscar-winner for Best Original Song from the Disney animated feature film "Pocahontas", which went to #4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Acting career. Williams' first film acting role was as the co-star of the Arnold Schwarzenegger feature film "Eraser" in 1996. She has also been in movies "Soul Food", "Dance with Me", "The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland", "Shaft" and "Johnson Family Vacation". From 2006 to 2010, she played the role of the scheming, self-absorbed diva and former supermodel Wilhelmina Slater in the ABC comedy series "Ugly Betty", for which she got three Emmy Awards nominations. In 2009, Williams released her eighth studio album, "The Real Thing". From 2010 to 2012, she starred in "Desperate Housewives" as spoiled rich woman Renee Perry. She currently stars in the supernatural drama series "666 Park Avenue". Name conflict. Williams is most often known and publicly recognized simply as "Vanessa Williams". There is, however, occasional confusion with similarly named actress Vanessa A. Williams, who is just two months younger. It has been reported that Williams first became aware of Vanessa A. in the 1980s when her New York University registrar told her that another, similarly aged student with the same name and from the same state had applied. When Williams appeared as Miss America in a Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Vanessa A. accidentally received her check for the appearance, which she returned. The two ran into name conflict when Screen Actors Guild rules stopped the same stage naming. Vanessa A. had registered the name "Vanessa Williams" first. As a compromise, Williams was occasionally credited as "Vanessa L. Williams" in acting credits. Both actresses starred in versions of the drama "Soul Food" (Williams in the film version, and Vanessa A. in its "Soul Food" adaptation). The Screen Actors Guild eventually took the issue to arbitration, and decided that both actresses could use the professional name "Vanessa Williams". Today, Williams' prominence has led to a more wide association with the stage name "Vanessa Williams", so much so that it has widely become only known to her. She is credited as such in the American television series "Ugly Betty" and "Desperate Housewives". Williams is also the owner of the internet domain name vanessawilliams.com. Today, the younger Vanessa Williams is most often publicly and professionally referenced as "Vanessa A. Williams". Tiger salamander The tiger salamander is a species of mole salamander. Another name for this salamander is the eastern tiger salamander. Description. Eastern tiger salamanders are big, with a normal length of 6–8 inches (15–20 cm). They can grow up to 14 inches (36 cm) in length. Grown-ups are usually spotted with grey, green, or black, and have large eyes. They have short mouths, big necks, strong legs, and long tails. They eat small insects and worms. Sometimes, grown ups eat small frogs and baby mice Adults are almost never seen in open fields and often live in holes that are usually 2 feet from the top. Tiger salamanders almost always stay on land as adults, and usually only return to the water to lay eggs. But also they live in both land and water. They also like to swim, even if they are on land. They also are good swimmers. Like all ambystomatids, they are extremely loyal to their birthplace, and will travel long distances to go back. However, a single tiger salamander has only a 50% chance of laying eggs more than once in its lifetime. Males bump a female to initiate mating, and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom. The female picks up the packet and deposits the now-fertilized eggs on vegetation. Large-scale captive breeding of Tiger salamanders has not been accomplished, for unknown reasons. The larvae are entirely aquatic, with large gills on the outside and a big tail fin that begins just behind the head. Arms are grown within a short time of coming out of their egg. Some larvae metamorphose quickly. These are known as 'small morph adults'. Other larvae, especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates, may not metamorphose until fully adult size. These large larvae are usually known as waterdogs, and are used many times in the fishing bait and pet trade. Some populations may not metamorphose at all, and become sexually mature while in their larval form. These are the neotenes, and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are bad. Conservation status. While remaining common in many places, tiger salamander numbers have gone down compared with old levels. One of the threats to them is wetland (habitat) destruction. Since they tend to breed in semipermanent wetlands, baby tiger salamanders often experience mass deaths in association with pond drying. Related species. The California tiger salamander ("Ambystoma californiense"), the barred tiger salamander ("Ambystoma mavortium"), and the plateau tiger salamander ("Ambystoma velasci"), were all once subspecies of "A. tigrinum", but are now separate species. Genetic studies made it right to break up the first "A. tigrinum" population, even though there is some hybridization between the groups. The Axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander. Brewing Brewing is the process of making beer. It is usually made in a brewery, though it can be made at home. It is made by adding yeast that ferment malt, barley or sugar into a large vat. Ethanol is produced by yeasts using up the energy from the mixture (which the yeasts digest into glucose) because there is no oxygen in the vat. Interborough Rapid Transit Company The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) was the first operator of the original underground New York City Subway line that opened in 1904, as well as other earlier railways and rapid transit lines in New York City. The company was bought by New York City in June 1940. The former IRT lines (the numbered lines in the current subway system) are now the A Division or IRT Division of the Subway. The following services are or were part of the IRT or MTA IRT Division: BSFA Award The BSFA Awards are prizes given every year by the British Science Fiction Association (BSFA). The prize is for excellent works of science fiction. The first BSFA Award was given in 1970. Prizes are given for works from the year before the award is given. At first, the award was only for novels. Categories for short works and artwork were added in 1980. Awards for media were given from 1979 to 1992. In 2002, the BSFA Award started to be given for nonfiction too. Members of the BSFA vote for the nominees who may win an award and then for the final winners. Recently members of Eastercon also vote. Reticulated python The reticulated python (Python reticulatus) is a species of "Python" found in Southeast Asia. Adults can grow to 22.8 feet (6.95 m) in length but average is 9.8-19.7 feet. They are the world's longest snakes and longest reptile, but not the most heavily built. They usually weigh about 350 lbs. The thickest and heaviest living snake is the anaconda, also known as the green anaconda. Like all pythons, they are non-venomous constrictors (they squeeze their prey) and normally not considered dangerous to humans. Although large ones are powerful enough to kill an adult human, attacks seldom happen. Qwest Qwest Communications International Inc. was an American telecom company. It served 14 north central and western states. Qwest merged with Baby Bell company US West Communications during 2000. US West had consisted of Pacific Northwest Bell, Mountain Bell and Northwestern Bell before 1991, during which year the three telephone companies merged to become US West. Qwest Communications was founded around 1996. On April 22, 2010, CenturyLink announced that it was going to buy Qwest for $22.4 billion. CenturyLink's purchase of Qwest was completed in early 2011. Qwest now operates as part of CenturyLink. Conan (TV series) Conan is a late-night talk show on TBS. It is hosted by Conan O'Brien, who used to host "The Tonight Show" and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". His sidekick and announcer is Andy Richter, and his band is Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band. The show started in November 2010, and ended in 2021. A show has two celebrity guests and a monologue. In addition, there is either a musical guest or a stand-up comedian. Rounding out the show are comedy bits, which include spoofs of local newscasts, recurring characters, and ridiculous things happening to trombone player LaBamba Rosenberg. Flag carrier A flag carrier is an airline or ship line that is owned by the government of the country it is based in. Sometimes this means that the company has a monopoly on some routes, especially those to other countries. The term may have come about because of laws that all planes and ships have to show the flag of the country they are registered in. Somewhere in Time (album) Somewhere in Time is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 29 June 1986. It was the third most popular album in England when it started being sold. The album got average reviews; one reviewer said that it was "less inspired" than Iron Maiden's earlier albums, but that the first half of it was still good. Baird's tapir Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is a species of tapir that is native to Central America and northern South America. It is one of four Latin American species of tapir. Baird’s tapir is found in the dense jungles of Central America, including southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador. The animal can be found at altitudes as high as 3,350 metres (10,990 ft). Malayan tapir The Malayan tapir ("Tapirus indicus"), also called the Asian tapir, Asiatic tapir, Oriental tapir, Indian tapir, or piebald tapir, is the largest of the five species of tapir. It the only one native to Asia. This shows that the original distribution of its family was much wider, because all the other species are found in Central or South America. The scientific name refers to the East Indies, the species' natural habitat. In the Malay, the tapir is commonly referred to as "cipan", "tenuk" or "badak tampong". Ford Ranger Ford Ranger is a North American pickup truck distributed via Ford Motor Company. The Ranger currently in operation dates back to around 1983, although the name "Ranger" first got used on other types of Ford trucks in 1965. The Ford Ranger was discontinued in 2011, though it will be brought back in 2019. Korea under Japanese rule Korea under Japanese rule is a term to define Korea when it was under Japanese control. Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 cleared the way. Japan controlled Korea for 35 years during Japanese Imperialism. The Japanese control of Korea lasted from 22 August 1910 until 15 August 1945. The Japanese rulers of Korea left the country on 2 September 1945. In Japan, the more common term is "Korea of the Japanese-Governed Period" (日本統治時代の朝鮮, Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chosen). The period is usually divided into three parts. In 1910-1919, the Japanese treated Koreans very badly. From 1919 to 1930-s they created better policies to deal with the Korean people. However, they later tried to force them to become Japanese. Despite them being allies to the United States and having an interest in each other's cultures, Japanese and Koreans still tend to have suspicion of each other because of how Japan treated Korea during its time as a colony. Melanin Melanin is a special pigment of the epidermis. It helps protect the body from the sun's radiation. This pigment contributes to the color of the skin and is produced deep within the layers of the epidermis. It is created from amino acid tyrosine It help our skin to protect from the sun. Hey There, It's Yogi Bear Hey There, It's Yogi Bear is a movie starring Daws Butler, Don Messick, Julie Bennett, and Mel Blanc. It is based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon show, "The Yogi Bear Show". Plot. Yogi tells Ranger Smith that he wants out of the park, so he tries to get Yogi sent away. Cindy gets captured by an evil circus owner, so Yogi and Boo-Boo leave Jellystone Park to save her. Mercury (automobile) Mercury was one of the automobile divisions owned by Ford. The company was founded in 1938. Between 1945 and 2011, it was the Mercury half of the Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company. The vehicles made by Mercury include Mountaineer, Sable, Milan and Grand Marquis. The Mercury brand was phased out in early 2011. The car was called Mercury because it was the name of the Roman god of messengers. This claims the car's performence was good. Adelaide of Austria Adelaide of Austria (Adelheid Franziska Marie Rainera Elisabeth Clotilde; 3 June 1822 – 20 January 1855) was the first wife of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, future King of Italy. She was the mother of eight children including the future Umberto I of Italy. She was the Queen of Sardinia from 1849 until 1855 when she died as a result of childbirth. The present Italian pretender is her direct great great grandson. Biography. Archduchess of Austria. She was born at the Royal Palace of Milan to Rainer Joseph of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Savoy. Named "Adelaide", or known as "Adele" in the family, she held the title of Archduchess of Austria. Her father was the Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia and was a son of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her mother was a member of the House of Savoy and a daughter of the then Prince of Carignano, the head of the junior branch of the House of Savoy who ruled the Kingdom of Sardinia. Duchess of Savoy. On 12 April 1842, at the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi, she married Victor Emmanuel of Savoy. The marriage was used to strengthen relations between the House of Savoy and that of the House of Habsburg but was viewed by many people of the time to increase Austrian power in Italy. Victor Emmanuel was her first cousin and heir apparent to the King of Sardinia. He was styled the ""Duke of Savoy" prior to succession. Adelaide thus took on the style of "Duchess of Savoy"". She maintained her style of "Imperial & Royal Highness" till she became Queen. Her husband's mother Maria Theresa of Austria retained great influence over her son throughout his life. Her mother-in-law was also her first cousin, both she and Adelaide being grandchildren of Emperor Leopold II. Adelaide and her husband of thirteen years had eight children. Four of these went on to have further progeny. Her husband had various extramarital affairs throughout the marriage. Adelaide was a quiet and religious woman and had had a strict upbringing. A loving wife and frequently would give to charity. Queen of Sardinia. In March 1849 her father-in-law King Charles Albert abdicated after the events of the Revolutions of 1848. Her husband succeeded as Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. During her tenure as queen consort she had three further children all of which died in infancy. On 8 January 1855 she gave birth to a son who was styled the "Count of Genevois". Days later Queen Maria Theresa died on 12 January 1855. Adelaide went to the late queens funeral on 16 January and returning to the palace caught a cold. She died four days later at the Royal Palace of Turin having had an acute attack of Gastroenteritis. Another story says that Adelaide died of her burns after stepping on a match that set fire to her clothes. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Superga. In 1861 her husband would become the first post-unification King of Italy. Her husband wed again to Rosa Vercellana in a morganatic marriage. Wolbachia Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects. It is one of the world's most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere. Erotica (song) "Erotica" is the lead single of Madonna's 1992 album of the same name. The song was released during October 1992. This single caused controversy when it was released because the music and lyrics are suggestive of sexual intercourse. This was thought to be bad by some people and critics. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO means American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It is a standards setting body which publishes specifications, quality control protocols and guidelines which are used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. Despite its name, the association represents not only highways but air, rail, water, and public transportation as well. Though AASHTO is not a government body, it possesses quasi-governmental powers in the sense that the organizations that supply its members customarily obey most AASHTO decisions. Besides its publications, AASHTO performs or cooperates in research projects. Great Migration (African American) The Great Migration was the migration (movement) of around 6 million African Americans out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West. The main reasons African Americans left the South were to escape racism and seek jobs in industrial cities. There is a series of paintings about it. When a lot of African Americans moved to the south from the 1960s and onwards, it was called the New Great Migration. In 1963 to 2000, data shows the movement of African Americans back to the South following de-industrialization in Northeastern and Midwestern cities, the growth of good jobs in the South, and better racial relations. Many people moved back because of family ties. Dione (mythology) Dione in Greek mythology is a vague goddess presence who has her most concrete was the mother of Aphrodite. Zeus was the father are stories about Dione are in the Iliad by Homer. Aphrodite journeys to Dione's side after she has been wounded in battle while protecting her favorite son Aeneas. Marilyn Quayle Marilyn Tucker-Quayle (born July 29, 1949) is an American politician, lawyer and novelist. She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1989 until 1993. Early life. She was born in Indianapolis. Her parents were Mary Alice (nee Craig, died 1975) and Warren Samuel Tucker (died 2004). She is the fourth of six children. She has three sisters (Nancy, Sally, and Janet) and two brothers (James and William). Marilyn's parents were both doctors. Her maternal grandfather was born in Maybole, Scotland. References. New York Herald The New York Herald was a daily newspaper based in New York City. The paper was circulated from 1835 to 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr. on May 6, 1835. By 1845, it was the most popular and most bought daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it had sold about 84,000 copies and called itself "the most largely circulated journal in the world." Bennett said that the point of newspapers "is not to instruct but to startle." Bennett's politics influenced the articles in the "Herald". He tended to be anti-Catholic, but not particularly anti-immigrant like most people who did not like the Catholics in New York at the time. During the American Civil War, it was a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party. When the "Herald" was still controlled by Bennett, it was considered to be the most sensationalist of the leading New York papers at the time. Yelawolf Michael Wayne Atha (born December 30, 1979), known by his stage name Yelawolf, is an American rapper. He is of Caucasian and Cherokee descent, and his stage name Yelawolf is a reference to his Native American roots. Yelewolf is currently signed to Shady Records and signed with them on January 12th, 2011. Discography. Albums. Yelawolf is set to release his first studio album: Condamine, Queensland Condamine is a very small town of 150 people in Queensland, Australia, 373km west of the state capital, Brisbane. It is built on the banks of the Condamine River. The town is famous for being mentioned in songs, stories and poems. The song "Banks of the Condamine" is about the girlfriend of a shearer who wants to go shearing with him. In it also mentioned in poems by Breaker Morant and Dame Mary Gilmour. Steele Rudd also mentions the town in his stories. In 1827 Allan Cunningham became The first Europen to visit the Condamine area was Alan Cunningham in 1827. He named the river after Governor Ralph Darling's assistant whose surname was De la Condamine. The town was settled in 1859. During the 2010-2011 Queensland floods the town was flooded twice, and all the people had to be taken to other areas. Premier of Queensland The Premier of Queensland is the head of the Government of Queensland, Australia. The Premier does the same job at a state level as the Prime Minister of Australia does at a national level. Formal power is held by the Queen who is represented in Queensland by the Governor of Queensland. The Governor acts on the advice given to him by the Premier. The current Premier of Queensland is Annastacia Palaszczuk. Queensland is governed under the Westminster system of parliamentary government. Unlike other Australian states, it is not a bicameral system, having only one elected house. This house is called the Legislative Assembly. After an election, the State Governor appoints as Premier, the leader of the party who can control a majority of the elected members in the lower house. The Premier must resign if they no longer have a majority in the Legislative Assembly. This can happen if they lose seats at an election, or if their own political party does not support them. Queensland was a British colony, and power was held by the Governor. In 1859 Britain allowed Queensland to have its own parliament, and the power was passed to the Premier. Mary Fallin Mary Fallin (born December 9, 1954) is an American politician. She was the 27th Governor of the U.S. state of Oklahoma from 2011 to 2019. Before becoming governor, she was a U.S. Representative, serving from 2007 until 2011. She is the second woman elected to the United States Congress from Oklahoma. The first was Alice Mary Robertson in 1921. She was the first Republican and first woman to serve as Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. She served in that post from 1995 to 2007. She is also the first woman to serve as Governor in the state of Oklahoma. Early life and career. Fallin was raised in Tecumseh. Her mother and father both served terms as mayor of Tecumseh. She is a graduate of Tecumseh High School. She attended Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee and University of Central Oklahoma in Edmond. Fallin has a Bachelor of Science degree from Oklahoma State University. Fallin has two children, Christina and Price. They live in Oklahoma City. Fallin was first elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1990. She served two terms. Lieutenant Governor (1995–2007). In 1995, Fallin became Oklahoma’s first woman and first Republican to be elected as the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. She served as president of the Senate and on 10 boards and commissions. She followed an aggressive agenda focusing on economic development, education, health care and government reform during her 12 years in office. In the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing, she formed a task force to rebuild the childcare center lost in the disaster. Fallin also initiated Project Homesafe, a gun safety program that has distributed more than 80,000 free cable gun locks to Oklahomans. Congressional career (2007–2011). Fallin did not seek re-election in 2006 as lieutenant governor. She ran for the 5th Congressional District seat being vacated by Ernest Istook. In the July 25 GOP primary, she received the most votes. On August 22, she faced the second-place finisher, Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett in the GOP candidate runoff election. She won with 63% of the vote. Fallin was elected on November 7, defeating Democrat Paul David Hunter. She is the first woman elected to Congress from Oklahoma since 1921. Alice Mary Robertson was the first woman to be elected to U.S. Congress from Oklahoma. She resigned her office on January 2, 2007 in order to be sworn in to Congress on January 4, 2007. Lieutenant Governor-elect Jari Askins was appointed by Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry to fill the remaining days of Fallin's term. Fallin easily won reelection in 2008. During her last term in Congress, Fallin served on the House Committee on Armed Services, the House Committee on Small Business, and the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Governorship (2011–2019). On November 10, 2010, Fallin defeated Jari Askins with more than 60% of the vote. Laayoune Laayoune (or El Aaiún) is a city in northern Western Sahara. It is the capital. About 200,000 people live in El Aaiún. Loris The Lorises are solitary mammals that live in tropical rainforests in southeast Asia. The loris is arboreal, living in trees. It is nocturnal, most active at night. In captivity, the loris lives for up to 13 years. The loris is a group of primates. They are closely related to galagos and slightly less closely related to lemurs. The loris has enormous eyes, grasping fingers, and toes with opposable digits. The loris ranges from 7 to 15 inches (18 to 38 cm) long. It has a stubby tail, only about 1 inch (3 cm) long. The loris is an omnivore (eating plants and animals); it eats mostly insects, lizards, fruits, and some plant shoots. Sogod, Cebu Sogod is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 28,955 people. Barangays. Sogod is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. Rockhampton Rockhampton is a city in Queensland, Australia. In June 2018, 78,592 people lived there. It is built on the banks of the Fitzroy River about 30 km from the coast. It is called the "Beef Capital of Australia." The town was first settled in 1855, and grew when gold was found in the Fitzroy River in 1858, and later at Mount Morgan. The town is the service centre for a large number of cattle stations (large farms). There are two abattoirs for exporting beef from Rockhampton. There are also large coal mines to the west of Rockhampton, and a magnesium mine. Rockhampton was flooded during the 2010-2011 Queensland floods and was completely cut off. Road, rail and the airport were covered in water. Lightning Bar Lightning Bar was an American Quarter Horse racehorse and breeding stallion. He was owned by Art Pollard. Lightning Bar's father was a Thoroughbred, and his mother was originally from Louisiana. Louisiana was known for breeding racehorses that ran short distances. Although he only raced for one year, he still managed to achieve an AAA speed index. His racing career was cut short by illnesses. After racing, he became a show horse and a roping horse. As a breeding stallion, he only fathered eight crops of foals, but fathered a number of important horses. His most famous son was Doc Bar. Lightning Bar died in 1960 from disease, at the age of 9. Lightning Bar was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association's (AQHA's) American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008. Early life. Born in 1951, Lightning Bar was bred to be a racehorse. Injuries and illnesses kept him from racing past the age of two. He was bred by Art Pollard, who owned him his entire life. He was fathered by Three Bars, a Thoroughbred stallion later inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame. Lightning Bar's mother was Della P, a daughter of the Thoroughbred stallion Doc Horn. His maternal grandmother, was a mare who was never given a name and was sired by Old D. J. Art Pollard bought Della P from "Dink" Parker for $1,750 ($ as of ) in the late 1940s. Della P was bred in Louisiana, which was a leading state breeding short distance racehorses during the years 1900–1940. Della P was brought to Arizona by Parker. When Lightning Bar was about 5 days old, Pollard was afraid that he had leg problems and was buck-kneed. Pollard thought about putting the young horse to sleep. First, though, he asked the advice of Parker. Pollard later said about the story, "Dink just looked at me and shook his head. 'Ain't you ever gonna learn nothing? That colt's just what you're looking for.' " When mature, Lightning Bar stood 15.2 hands (or ) tall and weighed about . He was a sorrel-colored horse. Racing and show career. Lightning Bar started ten times on the racetrack. He won four times, came in second three times, and came in third once. Among those finishes, he ran second and third in two stakes races. His total earnings on the track were $1,491 ($ as of ). His highest speed index, or comparative rating of his speed, was AAA. He only raced for one year, as he suffered from pneumonia, distemper, and injured legs. He did equal one track record for two-year-olds at Pomona Racetrack, running in 17.2 seconds. After Lightning Bar's racing career, he went on to be a show horse. He earned 18 open halter points with the AQHA. He earned an AQHA Champion award in 1955. He won one grand championship and one reserve championship in halter classes at recognized AQHA shows. Breeding career. The first year Lightning Bar stood as a breeding stallion, his stud fee, or the fee charged to breed a mare to him, was $250 ($ as of ). Only nine mares were bred to him. The next year, he only bred 11 mares. In 1956, he bred 102 mares at $500 ($ as of ) each. One of Pollard's attempts to advertise his stallion involved letting one of his ranch hands take the stallion to a local jackpot roping. Pollard assumed that the employee would just ride Lightning Bar around and show him off. Pollard later discovered that more was involved. Pollard said later that "I should have been suspicious when he (the ranch hand) returned with Lightning Bar that afternoon, with a sheepish grin on his face. I asked him how the horse was received and he said 'The stud did good and I won the jackpot!' After congratulating him, I asked which rope horse he had used. He replied, 'The stud.' " Pollard said of Lightning Bar that "I always had to be careful about the kind of latch I used on a gate with that horse. He could figure them out faster than I could. He would open a gate, and go for a stroll." Lightning Bar sired 148 foals in his eight breeding seasons. 118 of those foals went on to either race or show careers. 108 of his foals started races, and 77 of them won races, with a total of $476,949 total earnings. Lightning Belle was the foal who earned the most on the racetrack, earning $60,134 ($ as of ). Five of Lightning Bar's foals earned AQHA Championships: Cactus Comet, Crash Bang, Lightning Rey, Pana Bar and Relampago Bar. One earned a Supreme Championship, Lightning Rey. His offspring earned $1,163.32 in National Cutting Horse Association competition. Another four earned a Superior Halter Horse title. Death and legacy. Lightning Bar died in June 1960 from Colitis-X, a virus of unknown origin that can kill quickly without warning. The virus infected a large number of Pollard's horses. Only three horses that caught the disease survived. Pollard was so heart-broken, he sold off his remaining stock and did not return to the Quarter Horse business for 15 years. Pollard later said about the loss of his horses that "it was a nightmare when they were wiped out. Even now, we can still feel the sadness of losing those horses." Another time, Pollard said that "Someone once said that a man deserves one good woman and one good dog in his lifetime. To that quip I would add one good horse. I certainly had one in Lightning Bar." Lightning Bar was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008. Lightning Bar's most famous son was Doc Bar, who also was inducted into the Hall of Fame. Two stakes races were run in his memory, the first one at Los Alamitos Racetrack for one year in 1961. The second ran from 1962 to 1966 and was at Ruidoso Downs in New Mexico. Shonisaurus Shonisaurus is the largest ichthyosaur, and the largest extinct marine animal that has yet been found. It was found first in rocks of the Upper Triassic in Nevada, and later in British Columbia. Discovery and description. Fossils of "Shonisaurus" were first found in a large deposit in Nevada in 1920. Thirty years later, they were excavated, uncovering the remains of 37 very large ichthyosaurs. These were named "Shonisaurus", ("Lizard from the Shoshone Mountains"). "Shonisaurus" lived 216–203 million years ago. "S. popularis" was about 15 metres (50 ft) long. A longer specimen is now placed in "Shastasaurus" rather than "Shonisaurus". "Shonisaurus" had a long pointed mouth that contained teeth only at the front end. It had a large whale-like body, a long dolphin-like snout, and its flippers were much longer, and narrower than in other ichthyosaurs. All of these features suggest that "Shonisaurus" may be a relatively specialised offshoot of the main ichthyosaur evolutionary line. Fossils. The first species discovered, "S. popularis", was adopted as the state fossil of Nevada in 1984. Excavations, begun in 1954 under the direction of Charles Camp and Samuel Welles of the University of California, Berkeley, were continued by Camp throughout the 60s. The Nevada fossil is at the Berlin–Ichthyosaur State Park, Nevada, USA. The park has several undisturbed ichthyosaur fossils of the species "Shonisaurus popularis" as well as the early-20th Century ghost town of Berlin. The park is about east of Reno. The discovery of "S. sikkanniensis" in British Columbia in the 1990s made "S. popularis" the smaller of the "Shonisaurus" species. An ichthyosaur found in the Himalayan mountains called "Himalayasaurus", may be the same animal as "Shonisaurus". British Columbia specimen. The British Columbia specimen was described as follows: Life-style. Its slender skull and lack of teeth except at the front are obvious adaptations to its method of feeding. They are like those of modern whales which feed on squid, such as the pilot whale and sperm whale. Twenty20 Twenty20 or T20 cricket is a short version of the game of cricket. It started in England for inter-county competitions in 2003. A Twenty20 game has two teams, each has a single innings at batting for a maximum of 20 overs. A Twenty20 game is usually takes about three and half hours, with each innings lasting around 75 minutes. This means that it is similar to other team sports. It was hoped that the games would have more action and that people would enjoy the games, both at the ground and on television. It has been very successful. The England Cricket Board did not want Twenty20 to take over from other forms of cricket and these are still played. The game has now spread around the whole cricket world. On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test-playing nations have their own competitions. The first ICC World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India winning by five runs against Pakistan in the final. Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, defeating Sri Lanka by eight wickets. England won the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 defeating Australia in the final by seven wickets. All T20 World Cups as of 2021: Hands All Over (song) "Hands All Over" is a single released under A&M/Octone Records by pop/rock band "Maroon 5". It is the 3rd single released off of the band's 3rd studio album called "Hands All Over". It was released on December 22, 2010. The music video for the song was leaked on YouTube and Yahoo! Music on December 23, 2010. Music Video. The music video for "Hands All Over" was leaked on Maroon 5's home YouTube page on December 23, 2010. However, the music video was leaked on YouTube for only if a user had the link to the video. The band released the link for anyone on Facebook and Twitter. The Facebook page "Hands All Over (Maroon 5 album) 9.21.10" leaked the leak along with the band's official Facebook page. The music video shows a somewhat animated feature showing the bandmates performing in separate areas with "hands" on the bodies of the band members. Never Gonna Leave This Bed "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" is the 4th single released by pop/rock band "Maroon 5" under A&M/Octone Records off the album "Hands All Over". The song was written by frontman Adam Levine and produced by producer Robert "Mutt" Lange. The single was released on February 22, 2011. Music video. The music video for the song was shot at several different places including Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles, California. The video shows scenes of Levine and his girlfriend in 3 different bed settings including a bed setting on the beach of Santa Monica, a bed setting on Broadway in Los Angeles, CA, and a bed setting in the upper floor of the Hilton Hotel. The video also features the band performing in a small room, or box, more likely to be explained, on a busy street in downtown Los Angeles singing the song. The music video was released on iTunes on 8 February 2011. Premier. The music video for the single premiered on February 5, 2011 on VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown. Epoch (geology) An epoch in geology is a part of a period. Thus the Cainozoic era is now divided into three periods, the Palaeogene, the Neogene and the Quaternary. These are finally broken down into these epochs: Palaeocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. The Tertiary, now not used ('deprecated'), included the Palaeogene and Neogene. That is why the last period is called the Quarternary, and there was a big debate about that, too. These decisions are made by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This organisation runs an International Commission on Stratigraphy, which decides how we should name geological strata and stages. They describe their work as follows: Tesla (unit) The tesla (symbol T) is the SI unit used to measure the strength of magnetic fields. Tesla can be measured in different ways; for example, one tesla is equal to one weber per square meter. The tesla was first defined in 1960 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM). It was named in honor of the physicist, electrical engineer, and inventor, Nikola Tesla. Definitions. Using only the seven base SI units, the definition of a tesla is: Using other SI derived units, a tesla is also equal to: The units used are: A = ampere <br>C = coulomb <br>kg = kilogram <br>m = meter <br>N = newton <br>s = second <br>T = tesla <br>V = volt <br>Wb = weber A tesla is also equal to 10,000 (104) gauss in the CGS system of units. Demography Demography studies the statistics of human populations. Demography is usually used to study dynamic (constantly changing) populations. It covers the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations and the changes in these populations due to births, deaths, migration and emigration. Demography can also be applied to entire groups defined by nationality, religion and ethnicity. Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of populations processes, while the more broad field of social demography population studies also analyze the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population. Fiorello La Guardia Fiorello Henry La Guardia (sometimes LaGuardia) (pronounced //; born Fiorello Enrico La Guardia) was Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945 as a liberal Republican. He was elected to Congress in 1916 and 1918, and again from 1922 through 1930. La Guardia and is often touted as one of the three or four greatest mayors in American history. Since he was only five feet tall and his first name was Italian for "Little Flower", he was called "the Little Flower" throughout his life. He moved to Arizona with his family, where his father had a bandmaster position at Fort Whipple in the U.S. Army. La Guardia, a Republican who was liked across party lines, was very popular in New York during the Great Depression. As a supporter of the New Deal, he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, and in turn Roosevelt heavily funded the city and cut off patronage from many politicians and establishments who did not support La Guardia. Many people felt that La Guardia improved New York City economically and socially and restored public faith in City Hall. During his terms, he unified the transit system, directed the building of low-cost public housing, public playgrounds, and parks, constructed airports, reorganized the police force, defeated the powerful political machine Tammany Hall, and improved employment rates in New York City, even during the depression. In the mid-1940s There was a newspaper strike in New York City. La Guardia responded to the public clamor by sitting at a radio microphone and describing and reading the Sunday comics to the children of the city. He described the cartoons and portrayed the dialects and accents of the characters. This endeared La Guardia to the electorate and the children of New York and gave him a larger national image. Chinchilla, Queensland Chinchilla is a small town of 3,100 people in Queensland, Australia. It is 294 kms west of the state capital Brisbane. The Chinchilla area was first explored by Europens when Alan Cunningham made his journey from Sydney to explore the Darling Downs in 1827. Farmers arrived to settle the area in 1848 and set up Chinchilla Station. This was part of the Wongongera Station which had been set up in 1846. It was probably named after the local Aboriginal word "jinchilla" meaning cypress pine. The railway from Brisbane reached Chinchilla in 1878. The area became well known for its' dairy farming which became the main industry. In the 1920s, the Chinchilla area, and more than 24 million hectares of Australia had become overgrown with an imported cactus, called prickly pear. In 1925 the Australian government imported a moth from Argentina, cactoblastis, which ate the prickly pear. The Chinchilla Experimental Station was set up to breed these moths and release them. At one time the station was sending out 14 million moth eggs a day. Built on the banks of Charley's Creek, Chinchilla has been flooded several times. During the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, Chinchilla was flooded twice in two weeks. Revelstoke Mountain Resort Revelstoke Mountain Resort (RMR) is a ski resort near the town of Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada. The resort is located on Mount Mackenzie, south of the town of Revelstoke. The resort has 1263 hectares (3121 acres) of terrain to ski on, accessible by chairlifts. It has a 1713 vertical meter descent. The resort has two high-speed quad chairs and an eight-person gondola. Besides the lift-access terrain, the resort also has a large cat skiing operation in the three alpine bowls immediately east of the lift terrain. In addition to the lift and cat skiing operations, there is also a heli-skiing operation with access to 200,000 hectares (500,000 acres) of skiable terrain. The resort first opened on December 22, 2007. It was thought to be the biggest North American ski resort debut in twenty years. The event was overshadowed by the death of an Edmonton ski instructor who disappeared on the "Jalapeno" run and whose body was found in a tree well three days later. Reformism Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a society would mean that a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures would change. This belief grew out of opposition to revolutionary socialism, which challenges that revolutions are necessary to fundamentally change a society. Someone who believes in reformism is a "reformist". Pisanosaurus Pisanosaurus (meaning "Pisano lizard") is a genus of primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of what is now South America. It was a bipedal herbivore described by Argentine paleontologist Rodolfo Casamiquela in 1967. Only one species the type, "Pisanosaurus mertii", is known, based on a single partial skeleton. It is the oldest known ornithischian. Golden Fleece In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram. It is in the story of Jason and his group of Argonauts. They set out on a quest ordered by King Pelias to get the fleece so that Jason can rightfully claim the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Zack Ryder Matthew Cardona (born May 14, 1985 in Merrick, New York) better known by his ring name Zack Ryder, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and to the Raw brand. Ryder was also known for being part of a tag team with Curt Hawkins. Ryder is a one time WWE Tag Team champion with Curt Hawkins and has also won a Slammy Award for Most Annoying Catchphrase in 2010. Pinacosaurus Pinacosaurus ("plank lizard") is a genus of medium-sized ankylosaur dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia and China. It lived about 80–75 million years ago, and was first found in 1923. "Pinacosaurus" had between two and five additional holes near each nostril, which have not been explained. The animal was a medium-sized ankylosaur, about five metres long, weighing up to two tonnes. Its body was flat and low-slung but not as heavily built as in some other ankylosaurs. Its head was protected by bone tiles, hence the name. A smooth beak bit off low-growing plants that were sliced up by rows of small teeth and then swallowed. Food was slowly processed by its enormous hind gut. Neck, back and tail were protected by osteoderms. The animal could also actively defend itself with its tail club. Gorgosaurus Gorgosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Upper Cretaceous, between about 76.5 and 75 million years ago. Fossil remains have been found in the Canadian province of Alberta and possibly the U.S. state of Montana. It was closely related to "T. rex" and "Albertosaurus". "Gorgosaurus", like "T. rex", had huge jaws with large, sharp, cone-shaped teeth, powerful legs, tiny arms and two-fingered hands. "Gorgosaurus" lived in a lush floodplain environment along the edge of an inland sea. It was an apex predator: it preyed on ceratopsids and hadrosaurs. "Gorgosaurus" spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. Most specimens of "Gorgosaurus libratus" have been recovered from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. This formation was laid down in the later Cretaceous, between 76.5 and 74.8 million years ago. Masiakasaurus Masiakasaurus was a small predatory theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Its a small, bipedal, meat-eating dinosaur that had forward-pointing teeth, a long neck, and a long tail. It was about the size of a really big dog. The species name "Masiakasurus knopfleri", was named for Mark Knopfler, a guitarist and singer from the rock band Dire Straits. The paleontologists who discovered this dinosaur were listening to Knopfler's music when they found and dug up "Masiakasaurus". Yeonsangun of Joseon Yeonsangun of Joseon (, 1476 - 1506) was the tenth King of the Joseon Dynasty. His real name was Yi Yung (). His posthumous name was Heoncheonhongdogyeongmunwimudaewang (). Son's of King Seongjong, great-grandson of Sejong the Great. Sporangium A sporangium (pl: "sporangia") is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be a single cell or multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce asexual spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis, and produce genetically unique haploid spores. In flowering plants the sporangium tissue (except the epidermis) that produces the female spores is also called the nucellus. Central Queensland University The Central Queensland University is a large ten campus university in Queensland, Australia. It has main campuses at Bundaberg, Gladstone, Rockhampton and Mackay. It has two learning centres at Noosa and Emerald. It also has campuses for international students in Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Sydney and Melbourne. The university began in 1967 as the Queensland Institute of Technology (Capricornia). It was made a university in 1992 as the University of Central Queensland and changed the name to CQUniversity Australia in 2008. Federico Barocci Federico Barocci, born Federico Fiori (born 1535 or 1536 in Urbino, died 1612) was an important Italian painter. He is also known as "Fiori da Urbino". His real name was " Federico Fiori". His style is between that of Mannerism and Baroque. Deinosuchus Deinosuchus is an extinct relative of the alligator which lived 80 to 73 million years ago, in the Upper Cretaceous period. The first remains were discovered in North Carolina in the 1850s, but it was not until 1909 that the genus was named and described. Additional fragments were discovered in the 1940s and were later made into an influential, but inaccurate, skull reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History. Knowledge of "Deinosuchus" is still incomplete, but better skull material has been found in recent years. "Deinosuchus" was far larger than any modern crocodile or alligator: it was up to and weighed up to . However, its overall appearance was fairly similar to its modern relatives. It had large, robust teeth that were adapted to crushing, and its back was covered with thick round bony plates. One study suggests that "Deinosuchus" may have lived for up to 50 years, growing at a similar rate to that of modern crocodilians, but growing for a much longer period. "Deinosuchus" fossils have been found in ten U.S. states, as well as northern Mexico. It lived on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway, and was an ambush apex predator in the coastal regions of eastern North America. "Deinosuchus" reached its largest size in its western habitat, but the eastern populations were far more abundant. Opinion remains divided as to whether these two populations represent separate species. "Deinosuchus" was probably capable of killing and eating large dinosaurs. It may have also fed upon sea turtles, fish, and other aquatic and terrestrial prey. Windows on the World Windows on the World was a complex of venues at the top floors (106th and 107th) of the North Tower of the World Trade Center and it included Windows on the World, a smaller restaurant which was called Wild Blue, and a bar which was called The Greatest Bar on Earth. The restaurant was destroyed in the September 11 attacks and it has also been speculated that "The Falling Man" was an employee at Windows on the World but his identity was never released. Sarcosuchus Sarcosuchus is an extinct genus of giant crocodile. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous of what is now Africa 135 to 112 million years ago. Strictly speaking, it was not a modern type of crocodile but a kind of pre-crocodile. These earlier types are called Crocodylomorphs. True crocodiles arrived in the Upper Cretaceous. "Sarcosuchus" was one of the largest giant crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived. It was almost twice as long as the modern saltwater crocodile and weighed about 8 tonnes. Until recently, all that was known of it was a few fossilised teeth and armour scutes, which were discovered in the Sahara Desert in the 1940s or 1950s. In 1997 and 2000, Paul Sereno discovered half a dozen new specimens, including one with about half the skeleton intact and most of the spine. All of the other giant crocodiles are known only from a few partial skulls, so which is actually the biggest is an open question. Palaeobiology. Unlike other giant crocodiles, "Sarcosuchus" was a river predator. As the overhanging jaw and stout teeth are designed for grabbing and crushing, its primary prey may have been large animals and smaller dinosaurs, which it ambushed, dragged into the water, crushed, drowned and then tore apart. However, the long, thin snout of "Sarcosuchus" was very similar to the thin snouts of the modern gharial, the false gharial and the slender-snouted crocodile, all of which are nearly exclusive fish-eaters and incapable of tackling large prey. This can be contrasted to both the modern Nile crocodile and the extinct "Deinosuchus", both of which have very broad, heavy skulls, suitable for dealing with large prey. This, coupled with the abundance of large, lobe-finned fish in its environment, leads many to suggest that, far from being a dinosaur killer, Sarcosuchus was simply a large piscivore, a scaled-up version of the modern gharial. Environment. 110 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous, the Sahara was still a great tropical plain, dotted with lakes and crossed by rivers and streams that were lined with vegetation. Based on the number of fossils discovered, the aquatic "Sarcosuchus" was probably plentiful in these warm, shallow, freshwater habitats. Unlike modern true crocodiles, which are very similar in size and shape to one another and tend to live in different areas; "Sarcosuchus" was just one of many Crocodyliformes, of different sizes and shapes, all living in the same area. Four other species of extinct Crocodyliformes were also discovered in the same rock formation along with the "Sarcosuchus", including a dwarf crocodile with a tiny, 8 cm (3 in) long skull. They filled a diverse variety of ecological niches, instead of competing with each other for resources. HMS Endeavour HMS "Endeavour, also known as HM Bark "Endeavour, was a British Royal Navy ship commanded by Lieutenant James Cook on his first voyage of discovery to Australia and New Zealand from 1769 to 1771. The ship was launched in 1764 as the coal carrying ship "Earl of Pembroke". She was bought by the Navy in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean. She was also to search for the unknown southern land, "Terra Australis Incognita". Renamed as "His Majesty's Bark the Endeavour", she left Plymouth in August 1768. After sailing around Cape Horn she reached Tahiti to see the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the Pacific islands of Huahine, Borabora, and Raiatea which Cook claimed for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman's "Heemskerck" 127 years earlier. In April 1770, "Endeavour" became the first ship to reach the east coast of Australia, when Cook went ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay. "Endeavour" then sailed north along the Australian coast. She ran into the Great Barrier Reef near Cape Tribulation. The crew were able to get the ship onto a beach on the mainland. This is now the site of the town of Cooktown. They stayed for seven weeks so that basic repairs could be made to her hull. On 10 October 1770, she limped into port in Batavia in the Dutch East Indies for more substantial repairs. She left on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. The "Endeavour" spent the next three years shipping Navy stores to the Falkland Islands. She was renamed and sold in 1775, but was used as a troop transport during the American Revolutionary War. She sank in a blockade of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island in 1778. Her wreck has not been found, but relics, including six of her cannons and an anchor, are displayed at maritime museums worldwide. A full size working copy of "Endeavour" was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Harbour. Largest extinct animals The largest extinct animals known to date are listed here. They are arranged by their taxonomy (classification). The list only deals with individual animals; size of colonies (such as coral reefs) is not dealt with here. Vertebrates. Fish. The largest bony fish of all time was "Leedsichthys problematicus" from the Middle Jurassic, at around long. Earlier claims have been scaled down. The extinct megatoothed shark, "C. megalodon" is by far the biggest and most powerful shark that ever lived. This giant shark reached a length of more than . Recent higher estimates place the largest individuals of Megalodon at 20.3 meters (66 ft), making it the largest fish of all time. Reptiles. Turtles. The largest fossil turtle seems to be the freshwater turtle "Stupendemys", with an estimated total carapace length of more than 11 feet (3.3 metres). A close contender is "Archelon ischyros", a sea turtle, which reached a length of 16 feet (4.8 m) across the flippers and a weight of over 4,850 lb (2,200 kg). For comparison, the largest living turtle is the Leatherback Sea Turtle at a maximum 2000 lbs (900 kg). Archosaurs. While often suggested to be the largest crocodilian, "Sarcosuchus imperator" has been recently cut down to 4 tonnes in weight and 9 meters in length. "Deinosuchus", estimated at around , is a strong contender for the title. Pterosaurs. The largest pterosaur was "Quetzalcoatlus northropi", at 127 kg (280 lbs) and with a wingspan of 11 m (36 ft). Another close contender is "Hatzegopteryx", also with a wingspan of 11 m (this estimate is based on a skull 3 m long (10 ft). Dinosaurs. Titanosaurs hold the world record for the size of a land animal. A recent discovery in the Argentine found "Dreadnoughtus", an estimated length of 26 metres (85 feet) and weight of 59,291 kg (65.4 short tons). Its bones showed it was a sub-adult. A notably large titanosaurid is "Argentinosaurus", which is known from partially preserved remains. This sauropod has been estimated as long and 73–99 metric tons in weight. The lack of skeletal material makes these estimates uncertain. The very largest ornithopods, like "Shantungosaurus" were as heavy as medium-sized sauropods at up to 23 metric tons "Lambeosaurus laticaudus" appears to be close contender at around in length. The largest known theropod is "Spinosaurus aegyptiacus", estimated at in length and around 7–9 metric tons in weight. "Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" is also recognized as the largest terrestrial predator yet known. A close contender in size is a giant theropod from South America, "Giganotosaurus carolinii", whose holotype specimen is estimated at in length, and another specimen is estimated at in length. A study however presents "Carcharodontosaurus" as a close contender in size to "Spinosaurus aegyptiacus". Some other notable giant theropods (e.g. "Tyrannosaurus rex", "Acrocanthosaurus", and "") may also have rivaled these giant theropods in size. Another very large theropod was "Deinocheirus", being tall at hips, and weighing up to 16,000 pounds. The largest dromaeosaurid is "Utahraptor". In addition to being the largest known dromaeosaurid, it was also the largest known deinonychosaur and the largest known paravian. The largest thyreophoran was "Ankylosaurus" at in length and 6.5 tons in weight. "Stegosaurus" was also 9 meters (30 ft) long but around 5 tons in weight. The largest ceratopsian known is probably the newly discovered "Eotriceratops" with a skull alone being in length. Maximum size of this ceratopsian is suggested to be around in length and 13 tonnes in weight. Ichthyosaurs. The largest ichthyosaur was "Shonisaurus sikanniensis" at ~21 metres (70 ft) in length. This would make it the largest extinct marine animal. Plesiosaurs. The largest plesiosaur was "Mauisaurus haasti", growing to about 20 metres (66 ft) in length. Next behind was "Elasmosaurus" at 14 metres (46 ft) long. There is much controversy here. Fossil remains of a pliosaur nicknamed "Predator X" were excavated from Norway in 2008. It was about in length and 41 metric tons in weight. However, in 2002, a team of paleontologists in Mexico discovered the remains of a pliosaur "Monster of Aramberri", which is also estimated at in length. However, this specimen is thought to be a juvenile, with evidence that it had been attacked by an even larger pliosaur. Some media claimed that "Monster of Aramberri" was a "Liopleurodon" this is unconfirmed. Squamata. The largest known prehistoric snake is "Titanoboa", estimated at in length and 1135 kg–1819 kg in weight. Another large fossil snake is ', estimated at around in length. Both these snakes lived in tropical rain forests. In third place is an aquatic snake, ', which may have been around in length. Giant mosasaurs are the largest animals in the Squamata. The largest known mosasaur is likely "Mosasaurus hoffmanni", estimated at least in length. A close contender in size is "Hainosaurus bernardi", estimated at in length. Another giant mosasaur is "Tylosaurus", estimated at in length. Birds. The largest birds of all time might have been the elephant birds of Madagascar. Of almost the same size was the Australian "Dromornis stirtoni". Both were about 3 m tall (10 ft). The elephant birds were up to 400 kg and "Dromornis" was up to 500 kg in weight. The tallest bird ever was the Giant Moa ("Dinornis maximus") at 12 ft tall. The largest flight-capable bird was "Argentavis magnificens" which had a wingspan of 7 m (~23 ft), and a body weight of 110 kg (244 lb), or "Pelagornis sandersi" with a wingspan of 6.4 to 7.4 metres. Mammals. Whales. "Basilosaurus" was once recognized as one of the largest known extinct cetaceans at in length. The largest fossil toothed whale was the Miocene whale "Livyatan melvillei" which was estimated to be in length. One notable feature of "L. melvillei" was its teeth which were 36 cm long and is unmatched by any other animal, extinct or alive. However, the largest fossil whales were baleen whales (plankton feeders) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs. A notable example is the bones of a Pliocene age baleen whale, assigned the questionable name "Balaenoptera sibbaldina", which likely rivaled the modern blue whale in size. Land mammals. The largest perissodactyl, and land mammal, of all time was "Palaeoloxodon namadicus". It stood 5.5 m (18 ft) tall at the shoulder, with a total height of 8 m (27 ft). It was 12 m (40 ft) long and may have weighed 20 tonnes (22 tons), though mass estimates vary. Some prehistoric horned rhinos also grew to large sizes. The giant woolly rhino "Elasmotherium" reached 20 ft long and 6.6 ft high. Invertebrates. Myriapoda. Millipedes (Diplopoda). The largest by far was the giant "Arthropleura". Measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and 45 centimetres (18 in) wide, it was the largest terrestrial arthropod of all time. FC Seoul FC Seoul is a professional football club based in Seoul, South Korea. It is currently owned by GS Sports, a subsidiary of GS Group. The club used to be usually considered a powerhouse in the K League 1, with financial backing from the well-known GS Group. The club is currently managed by An Ik-Soo. Oldsmobile 88 Oldsmobile 88 (a.k.a. Eighty Eight) was a car distributed via Oldsmobile division of General Motors. The car was first manufactured in the 1949 model year. It underwent many facelifts and redesigns over the years. This vehicle was available in multiple versions. Oldsmobile 88 was discontinued after 1999. Pip Skid Patrick Skene, known professionally as Pip Skid and Wicked Nut, is a Canadian rapper and writer, and a cornerstone of the successful Vancouver based independent hip hop label Peanuts & Corn. Originally hailing from Brandon, Manitoba, Pip is known in underground hip hop circles for his distinctive gravel-throated vocals, as well as his clever writing, and angry delivery. As a co-founder of landmark Canadian hip hop group Farm Fresh, as well as a member of other famed crews such as Fermented Reptile, Hip Hop Weiners, Taking Care of Business, and Break Bread, Pip has sold thousands of albums while starring on over a dozen albums since 1994, appearing on many more, and touring all over North America. His current album "Skid Row" peaked at #4 on the Canadian Hip Hop charts on May 1, 2010. This album follows in the footsteps of "Funny Farm 2" which hit #3 on the hip hop charts and "Funny Farm" which hit #32 on the combined charts. His single "Alone Again" from the Funny Farm album achieved rotation on the national music network Much Music. Lee "Scratch" Perry Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, 20 March 1936 – 29 August 2021) is a musician, who was influential in the movement and acceptance of reggae and dub music in Jamaica and overseas. He had many pseudonyms, such as Pipecock Jackxon and The Upsetter. Career. Perry's musical life began in the late 1950s as a record seller for Clement Coxsone Dodd's sound system. As his sometimes bad relationship with Dodd developed, he found himself doing a variety of important tasks at Dodd's Studio One hit factory, going on to record nearly thirty songs for the label. Disagreements between the pair due to personality and financial problems, a now normal theme throughout Perry's career, led him to leave the studio and seek new musical outlets. He soon found a new home at Joe Gibbs's Amalgamated Records. Working with Gibbs, Perry carried on his recording career but, once again, financial problems caused problems. Perry broke ranks with Gibbs and formed his own label, Upsetter, in 1968. His first single "People Funny Boy", which was an insult directed at Gibbs, sold well with 60,000 copies sold in Jamaica alone. It is notable for its innovative use of a sample (a crying baby) as well as a fast, chugging beat that would soon become identifiable as "reggae" (the new kind of sound which was given the name "Steppers"). From 1968 until 1972 he worked with his studio band The Upsetters. During the 1970s, Perry released many recordings on a variety of record labels that he founded, and many of his songs were popular in both Jamaica and the UK. He soon became known for his unique production types as well as his mad character. Death. Perry died at a hospital in Lucea, Jamaica on 29 August 2021, aged 85. Amagerbro station Amagerbro station is a Metro station in Copenhagen in Denmark, established in 2002. The station is operated by the Metro service M2 and Movias bus services 77, 78, 2A, 5A, 350S, 871, 872 and 81N. Cliff Burton Clifford Lee Burton (February 10, 1962 – September 27, 1986) was an American bassist and songwriter. He is best known for playing the bass guitar in the thrash metal band Metallica from 1982 until his death in 1986. He died during a European tour in Sweden on September 24, 1986 when Metallica was celebrating the success of their album Master of Puppets. The band’s tour bus skidded off the road and flipped over. Burton was thrown out of the bus window and the bus fell on him. They attempted to rescue Burton from underneath the bus by lifting it with a crane, but the crane slipped, and the bus landed down on top of Burton a second time. By that time, he was already dead at just 24 years old. Beipiaosaurus Beipiaosaurus is a therizinosaur theropod dinosaur. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous, about 125 million years ago. Its fossil was found in the Yixian Formation near Beipiao, Liaoning Province of China. The theroziosaurs were a group of theropods which became herbivorous. "Beipiaosaurus" had a toothless beak, cheek teeth, and protofeathers. Prime Minister of Russia The Prime Minister of Russia (, "Prem'er-ministr Rossii") is Russia's head of government. He is the second most powerful leader in the Russian Federation. The Prime Minister serves the same time as the President of Russia, and has a term of office of six years but may be appointed again. The President appoints the Prime Minister and must be approved by the State Duma. Only two acting Prime Ministers: Yegor Gaidar and Viktor Chernomyrdin were appointed by the President, but not approved by the Duma. The most recent Prime Minister is Mikhail Mishustin since 16 January 2020. Living former Prime Ministers. As of 2020, there are eight living former Prime Ministers. The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Yevgeny Primakov (1998–1999) on 26 June 2015, aged 85. The American Crisis The American Crisis is a series of pamphlets (short books) written by Thomas Paine. They were written during the American Revolutionary War. They begin with the quote, "these are the times that try men's souls". The first of the pamphlets was written after a series of losses to the British, and was meant to keep the patriots in the fight. Brian Guebert Brian Guebert (born December 19, 1981) is a Canadian Football League defensive end who last played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. High school years. Guebert went to Lutheran Collegiate Bible Institute in Outlook, Saskatchewan. His team won the six-man Saskatchewan High School Provincial Football Championship in 1998. He was selected as the Defensive MVP in the 1999 Can-Am Bowl, and was chosen as the Outstanding Defensive Lineman in the 1999 Saskatchewan Senior Bowl. Junior football. Guebert played with the Saskatoon Hilltops, and he won the Canadian Junior Football League championship in 2001, 2002, and 2003. In both 2002 and 2003, Guebert was picked as the Prairie Football Conference Outstanding Defensive Lineman. He was also chosen as the Hilltops' Outstanding Lineman in 2002 and their Outstanding Graduate in 2003. University. After his time with the Hilltops, Guebert moved on to play university football with the University of Saskatchewan Huskies. He was picked as a Canada West All-Star in 2004, and both a Canada West All-Star and First Team All-Canadian in 2006. His team played in the Vanier Cup in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Guebert is a member of the 2004–05 Huskie Athletics All Academic 1st Team and 2004–05 CIS Academic All-Canadian Team. CFL. Guebert went to training camp with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 2003, playing in one exhibition game against Winnipeg. Guebert was signed as a free agent with Winnipeg on May 30, 2007 and was a good special teams player. He was let go following the 2008 season. Iran Air Flight 227 Iran Air Flight 277 was a passenger plane which, on , 2011, crashed while trying to land in bad weather at Urmia Airport, West Azarbaijan province, Iran. The aircraft that crashed was going between Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran, Iran, and Urmia. It was an Iran Air Boeing 727-286Adv, registration EP-IRP. Aircraft. The aircraft that crashed was a Boeing 727-286Adv. It was registered EP-IRP and was built in 1974. The aircraft spent a long time out of service, and was in Baghdad, Iraq from 1984-90, and then stored from 1991-2002. After that, it was fixed and went back to flying. Accident. The flight was going between Tehran and Urmia. The plane crashed when it was about to land. It crashed near a lake. The crash happened at around 19:45 (16:15 UTC), and was thought to be caused by bad weather. The aircraft had missed its first try at landing, and it either crashed during a go-around, or while trying to return to Tehran. The weather at the time of the accident included snow and it was hard to see. When it crashed, the plane broke into more than one piece, but there was no fire or explosion. There were different reports right after the crash as to the type of aircraft that it happened to. Either a Fokker 100 or a Boeing 727 was thought to have crashed, but it was later made clear that the plane was a 727. The number of people on board was not known; RIA Novosti said that 95 passengers were on the plane, but Reuters said there were 156 passengers and the Associated Press said there were 105 passengers. Later reports said there were either 105 or 106 people on board. Between 10 and 12 were crew and either 95 or 94 were passengers. The Iran Civil Aviation Organization said the day after the crash that a total of 93 passengers and 12 crew were on board. Casualties. At least 77 people were killed and 26 were hurt. It was hard to rescue people because there was a lot of snow at the time. A local official said that "[the] problem at the moment for rescue work is the heavy snow," which he said was around deep at the site of the crash. After the crash, 36 ambulances and 11 hospitals were used in the rescue. After the crash. Iran ordered that the reason the plane crashed be found out. A day after the crash, people at the location had found both the flight's cockpit voice recorder, which records sounds in the cockpit, and the flight data recorder, which records what the plane does. Iran's Transport Ministry said that the investigation will be made up of several groups of people that study different parts of. The Iran Civil Aviation Organization will be in charge. The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were both taken to Tehran as part of the investigation. Space colony Space colony may mean: Ford Focus (North America) The North American Ford Focus was a compact vehicle made by the Ford Motor Company. The North American version was introduced in 1999 for the 2000 model year, although the Escort was sold alongside it until 2002. It was then facelifted in April 2004 for the 2005 model year, a new version came in late 2007 for the 2008 model year and was then redesigned in early 2011 for the 2012 model year, that generation was the same that was sold worldwide. The North American Ford Focus was discontinued after the 2018 model year. Edward E. Smith Memorial Award The NESFA gives the Edward E. Smith Memorial Award for Imaginative Fiction award each year to a science fiction writer. The award is for their work and for acting like "Doc" Smith. Many people who knew Smith loved him. The award is also called the Skylark. The award is a trophy with a large lens in it. Regular members of the New England Science Fiction Association, Inc. vote for the winner. It is presented at Boskone, NESFA's annual convention. Sinornithoides Sinornithoides (meaning "Chinese bird form") is a genus of troodontid theropod dinosaur. It lived during the Early Cretaceous (Barremian stage, around 130 125 million years ago). It measured approximately 1 meter long (3 ft). It lived in Inner Mongolia, China, and probably ate invertebrates and other small prey. Shuvuuia Shuvuuia is a genus of bird-like theropod dinosaur from the later Cretaceous of Mongolia. It is a member of the family Alvarezsauridae, small coelurosaurian dinosaurs which have short but powerful forelimbs specialized for digging. The name "Shuvuuia" is derived from the Mongolian word "shuvuu" meaning "bird". WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 is a wrestling video game that's published by THQ, It is available for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii and Xbox 360 systems. The game featured new physics system which can allow the player to use weapons more realistically for example tables can now break differently depending on the impact of them. Inside and outside the ring, ladders can now be rested onto the ring ropes and be broken into pieces and chairs can be thrown at the player's opponents. It is part of the WWE SmackDown vs. Raw video game series. Collage Collage is an art term. It is a work of art like a painting but with pieces of paper and fabric ('found objects') stuck on a surface such as a piece of paper, wood or canvas. Collage is a popular technique in modern art. Types of collage are 'decoupage', photomontage and digital collage. When actual painting is included, or any other medium, the technique is called 'mixed media'. Work in three dimensions may be called 'assemblage'. Chevrolet Van Chevrolet Van-simply called Chevy Van-refers to passenger or cargo vans which were full size. The vans went by the names of Sport Van, Beauville and Chevrolet G-Series. GMC's version of the vans were called Vandura and Rally Wagon. The vehicles were first made around 1964 under Chevrolet and GMC divisions of General Motors. They were discontinued after 1996. The post 1996 replacements were the Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana. Pro-choice Pro-choice is the view that a woman should have the right to decide whether or not to have an abortion and that there should not be laws that stop people from getting abortions. People who are pro-choice believe that people should be able to use abortion to end a pregnancy. The view that abortion should be against the law is called pro-life. The pro-choice movement is sometimes called the abortion rights movement. It is largely based on the belief, that woman should be able to decide what they want to do with their bodies. Having a baby would be a huge invasion to the body and should be a choice. They believe that an unborn embryo should not be valued over the pregnant woman. Pro-choice believes in a woman's right to choose. Clinical psychology Clinical psychology is the study in psychology of mental disorders. It is about learning, understanding, diagnosing, treating or preventing these types of illnesses. Clinical psychologists examine the mental functioning of a person and use psychotherapy to treat the disorder. Psychotherapy uses talking instead of medical or physical treatments. The first psychological clinic opened in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer.In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology mainly about psychological assessment, not treatment. After World War II, there was a big increase in the numbers of trained clinical psychologists. There are two main educational models - the Ph.D. scientist-practitioner model which looks at research, and the Psy.D. practitioner-scholar model which looks at treatment. Clinical psychologists are now regarded as experts in psychotherapy. Four main schools. Clinical psychologists generally train in one of four primary academic areas – psychodynamic, humanistic, behavior therapy/cognitive behavioral, and systems or family therapy. Psychodynamic. Sigmund Freud's ideas led to the development of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Its goal is to help the patient, or client, to understand the meaning of the unconscious desires and conflicts that have caused their problems. Humanistic. Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviourism (the belief that conditioning is the main cause of human behavior) and psychoanalysis (the belief that the unconscious is the main cause of human behavior). The major principles of humanistic psychology are: Lapu-Lapu City Lapu-Lapu City is a first class highly-urbanized city in the Philippine province of Cebu. The city occupies most of Mactan Island, a few kilometers off the main island of Cebu and also covers the area of Olango Island further to the southeast region, plus a few other islands. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of about 292,530 people. The city is linked to Mandaue on mainland Cebu by the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge and Marcelo Fernan Bridge. Mactan-Cebu International Airport, the second busiest airport in the Philippines, is in Lapu-Lapu City. The only aquarium attraction in the Visayas is also in Lapu-lapu City. It is known as "Opon'.It is also home to the Mactan Shrine. Location. Lapu-Lapu City borders Mandaue to the west, Cebu Strait to the east, Consolacion to the north, and Cordova to the south. History. In the 16th century, Mactan Island was colonized by Spain. Augustinian friars founded the town of Opon in 1730. It became a city in 1961 and was renamed after Native Royalty the Datu Lapu-Lapu, the Island's chieftain who defeated Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. This battle is commemorated at the Lapu-Lapu shrine in Punta Engaño. Politician Manuel A. Zosa, the representative of the Sixth District of Cebu, sponsored the Bill converting the former municipality of Opon into the present day City of Lapu-Lapu. This was the Republic Act 3134, known as the City Charter of Lapu-Lapu which was signed on June 17, 1961 by former Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia. Barangays. Lapu-Lapu City is politically subdivided into 30 barangays. Lee Hoi-chang Lee Hoi-chang(Korean:이회창, hanja:李會昌, June 2 1935 - ) is South korean politicians and Judges. Chairman of Comptroller's, 26th prime minister of South Korea. nickname was 'Kyungsa'(경사), 'TaeZZeok'(대쪽). After 1960, he was served to 30years as a judge, 1993 13th Chairman of Comptroller's of South Korea, prime minister of South Korea December 17 1993 to June 2 1994. Typhoon Xangsane Typhoon Xangsane (international designation: 0615, JTWC designation: 18W, PAGASA name: Typhoon Milenyo) was a deadly typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. It was the fifteenth tropical storm and ninth typhoon recognized by the Japan Meteorological Agency operationally during the season, although in post-operational analysis it became the tenth typhoon of the season with the addition of Typhoon Maria. According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Xangsane was the sixteenth tropical storm and tenth typhoon of the season, and was a Category 4-equivalent typhoon in terms of 1-minute average wind speeds. The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant. Xangsane made landfall in the Philippines, battering the northern islands with torrential rains and strong winds, and causing widespread flooding and landslides. After passing over Manila and emerging over the South China Sea, the typhoon made a second landfall in central Vietnam, also causing flooding and landslides there and in Thailand. The storm was responsible for at least 279 deaths, mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam, and at least $747 million (2006 USD) in damage. Meteorological history. Late on September 24, 2006, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, noted that an area of convection, had persisted about 460 NM to the southeast of Manila, in the Philippines. The JTWC assessed the development of a significant Tropical cyclone, as fair. This was because convection was beginning to flare up near a developing Low Level Circulation Center, the JTWC also noted that the disturbance had a broad circulation. Early the next day both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) designated the Tropical disturbance as a Tropical Depression with PAGASA assigning the local name of Tropical Depression Milenyo, to the depression. Later that morning the JTWC reassessed the potential of the disturbance forming into a significant tropical Cyclone within 24 hours as good, and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing disturbance. Early that afternoon the JTWC started to issue advisories on the disturbance and designated it as Tropical Depression 18W. Later that day the JTWC upgraded as the depression moved towards the west it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm by the JTWC. Early on September 26 the JMA also upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, and assigned the international name of Xangsane. Later on September 26, the JMA upgraded Xangsane to a severe tropical storm, whilst six hours later both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded Xangsane to typhoon with the JTWC reporting wind speeds equivalent to a category one typhoon. Early the next day Xangsane was upgraded to a category 2 typhoon and then over the next six hours Xangsane rapidly intensified into a category 4 typhoon with wind speeds of 115 kts (130 mph, 215 km/h). Meanwhile the JMA reported that Xangsane had reached its peak wind speeds of 85 kts (100 mph, 155 km/h). Early that afternoon the JTWC reported that Xangsane, had reached its peak wind speeds of 125 kts (145 mph, 230 km/h). Xangsane then passed through the Philippine islands, wreaking havoc and becoming the strongest typhoon to directly impact Metro Manila in eleven years. As it entered the South China Sea as a weak typhoon, it began to re-intensify, reaching its secondary peak strength shortly before landfall at Danang, Vietnam on October 1. The JTWC ceased advisories after landfall, while the JMA carried the storm inland until it was over Thailand as a tropical depression. It remained as a low pressure area over central Indochina on the JMA's weather charts for several days, while the U.S. Navy's Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting system carried the remnants of Xangsane into the Bay of Bengal. Preparations. Philippines. On September 27, PAGASA issued Storm Signal Number 3, a warning for winds of 100– 185 km/h (62– 115 mph), for areas of southern Luzon. Storm Signal Number 2, for winds of 60– 100 km/h (37– 62 mph), was raised for northern Samar Island and central Luzon. Storm Signal Number 1 (30– 60 km/h, 20– 37 mph) was issued for northwestern Luzon, including Metro Manila, and northern Visayas, including the rest of Samar Island. Schools in the warned area were suspended, and airports and seaports were closed. Philippine Airlines cancelled over half of its flights to and from Ninoy Aquino International Airport for September 28, and various transit services also suspended service. Metro Manila and the Tagalog provinces were warned of possible flooding and strong winds. When it became clear that Xangsane would approach the Capital, PAGASA upgraded the warning for Manila and central Luzon to Storm Signal Number 3 on September 28. All the storm signals were discontinued later that day. David Trimble William David Trimble, Baron Trimble, PC (15 October 1944 – 25 July 2022), was a politician from Northern Ireland. He was Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP; 1995–2005), the first First Minister of Northern Ireland (1998–2002), and was a Member of the House of Commons (1990–2005). He was a life peer for the Conservative Party. Trimble was awarded the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize, along with John Hume because of effort toward Belfast Agreement. Trimble died on 25 July 2022, aged 77. Stamen The stamen is a male reproductive organ of a flower. It produces the pollen. The stamen has two parts: anther and stalk. The stalk is also called a filament. The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which contain the male gametes (sperm). The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes. The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the receptive surface of the stigma of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a "pollen tube" and the two male gametes move through the pollen tube to the ovule. 2011 Pacific typhoon season The 2011 Pacific typhoon season was an event in which tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2011 with most tropical cycle agency storming between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100th meridian east and the 180th meridian. Within the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies who assign names to tropical cyclones. This can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency named a tropical cyclone if it was judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin. While the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigned names to tropical cyclones which moved into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N and 25°N even if the cyclone has had a name assigned to it by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Tropical depressions that were monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center were given a number with a "W" suffix. On average, 27 storms form in this basin every year. Seasonal forecasts. During each season several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. City University of Hong Kong. Since the 2000 Pacific typhoon season, the Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre (GCACIC), of the City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK), have issued forecasts of activity for each upcoming typhoon season. On May 4 and July 5, 2011, the GCACIC issued forecasts which predicted the amount of tropical cyclones, tropical storms and typhoons there would be during 2011 as well as for how many tropical cyclones will make landfall on China or pass within 100 km (60 mi) of the Korean Peninsula or Japan. This season the GCACIC predicted in May that 31 tropical cyclones, 27 tropical storms, and 17 typhoons would either form or move into the northwestern Pacific this year. In their July forecast, the GCACIC lowered their prediction for the number of tropical storms developing into a typhoon by one which they blamed on the strength of the India-Burma trough. For Southern China the GCACIC predicted in May that seven tropical cyclones would make landfall, during the year compared to an average of five. They further predicted that five of the cyclones would make landfall on Southern China between May and August, while the other two would landfall between September and December. After two tropical cyclones had made landfall on Southern China during June, the July GCACIC forecast predicted that seven tropical cyclones would make landfall, during the main season between July and December. For the Korean Peninsular and Japan, the GCACIC predicted in May that six tropical cyclones would affect either Japan or the peninsular during the year compared to an average of four, and predicted that there would be an above average amount of landfalls on Japan. After three tropical cyclones affected the region in May and June, the GCACIC predicted that seven tropical cyclones would affect either the Korean Peninsular or Japan during the main part of the season. Tropical Storm Risk Consortium. Since the 2000 Pacific typhoon season, the Tropical Storm Risk Consortium (TSR) of University College London have issued forecasts of activity for each upcoming typhoon season. Forecasts on the number of tropical storms, typhoons and intense typhoons there would be during 2011 in the Western Pacific were released in March, May, July and August. In all of their forecasts this year, TSR predicted that the season would see activity close to the average with 28 tropical storms, 18 typhoons and 8 intense typhoons developing during the season. National meteorological service predictions. On January 17, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reported that they were expecting between 20 and 22 tropical cyclones to pass through the Philippine area of responsibility during 2011. On March 23 the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), reported that they had predicted that 6-9 tropical cyclones would affect Hong Kong during the season. On April 26, the Thai Meteorological Department predicted that 2 tropical storms would affect Thailand during 2011. They predicted that 1 would move through Vietnam and affect Upper Thailand, during August or September. While the second tropical storm was expected to move through Southern Thailand during October or November. On June 30, Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau predicted that the 2011 season would be near its normal climatic average of 25.7, and predicted that 22-26 tropical storms, would occur over the Western Pacific during 2011, with 3 to 5 of them affecting Taiwan. Storms. Tropical Depression (01W). On April 1, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of low pressure associated with intermittent convection over the South China Sea, roughly 535 km (335 mi) east-southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The former of these two agencies immediately declared the system a tropical depression, the first of the 2011 season. Following further development of the system, most notably convective banding around the low-level circulation center, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the storm. Early on April 2, the agency followed through with this alert and designated the low as Tropical Depression 01W. However, within hours of this, the depression became devoid of convection as wind shear buffeted the system. This prevented the cyclone from intensifying beyond depression status as it remained nearly stationary. Failing to regain convection by April 3, the depression degenerated into a remnant low and the final advisory from the JTWC was issued. The JMA continued to monitor the system as a tropical depression for another day before issuing their last warning on the system. Tropical Depression (Amang). On March 30, the JMA began monitoring an area of low pressure southwest of Yap. By April 2, the system developed a low-level circulation, though convection appeared disorganized. Exhibiting good outflow within a region of weak wind shear, the low was anticipated to develop further over the following several days as it drifted west-northwestward. After briefly stalling early on April 3, the storm turned towards the east. Additionally, the JMA considered the system sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression. As the system was to the west of 135°E, PAGASA began issuing advisories on the depression as well, assigning it the name "Amang". Tracking northeastward, the depression eventually developed enough convection to be declared Tropical Depression 02W by the JTWC on April 4. However, this was expected to be brief as a decaying frontal boundary approached from the west and prompted the system to undergo an extratropical transition. This intensification prompted the National Weather Service (NWS) in Tiyan, Guam to issue a tropical storm warning for the islands of Agrihan, Pagan and Alamagan. Interacting with the front and high wind shear, the system became partially exposed and elongated as it moved over cooler waters. Early on April 6, the JTWC issued their final advisory on the depression as it began to dissipate over open waters. Following degradation of the storm's structure, the NWS discontinued warnings for the Mariana Islands on April 6. The JMA continued to monitor the system for several more hours before ceasing advisories on it as well. Tropical Storm Aere (Bebeng). Early on May 4, an area of low pressure formed about 140 km (85 mi) to the west of Palau Island. On that same day, the low pressure starts to strengthen rapidly with improved LLCC, tightly–wrapped shallow convective banding and a well–defined center. On the next day the low pressure starts to move northwest in general direction to the seas east of Philippine Islands. However it remained almost stationary by afternoon due to the influence of high pressure in the northeast of the system. By that time, its LLCC starts to become elongated and the system was also in favorable sea surface temperatures with low vertical wind shear. Later of that day, its LLCC starts to consolidate again and the system starts to move northwest slowly, whilst the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the system into a tropical depression In the afternoon of May 6, Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the low pressure into a tropical depression. In the same evening, PAGASA upgraded the low pressure into a tropical depression and assigned its local name 'Bebeng'. In the afternoon of May 7, JMA upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm, and assigned the name 'Aere'. During the early morning of May 12, the JMA downgraded Aere to a tropical depression while south of Kyushu Island. Throughout the Philippines, multiple agencies activated their emergency plans as the storm approached. The Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police, and the Philippine Coast Guard were all placed on standby to deploy to areas struck by Aere once the storm passed. Several ports were affected by the storm, stranding 1,379 passengers by the afternoon of May 7. According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, at least 35 people have been killed and two more are missing as a result of Aere. Agricultural losses are estimated at PHP1.37 billion (US$31.7 million). Widespread flooding and landslides damaged homes, blocked off roads and severed communications. In Catarman, Northern Samar, of rain fell in just 24 hours, resulted in significant flash flooding. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng). On May 19, the JTWC reported that an area of low pressure had persisted about 510 km (320 mi) to the southeast of Yap. As the system moved towards the northwest under the influence of a subtropical ridge of high pressure, it rapidly consolidated in an area of light to moderate vertical windshear. The JMA then started to monitor the system as a tropical depression later that day, before the JTWC designated it as Tropical Depression 04W early on May 20. The JTWC then reported later that day that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm with windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), however it later reported that it had overestimated the windspeeds and consequently lowered the storm's status to a tropical depression, based on observations from Yap island. Late on May 21, both the JMA and the JTWC reported that the depression had now become a tropical storm with the JMA naming it as Songda. Over the next couple of days, the system gradually intensified further while moving northwest into PAGASA's area of responsibility. PAGASA named it as Chedeng. At 1200  UTC on May 24, the JTWC reported that Songda had intensified into a typhoon. 12 hours later the JMA followed suit while the system was about 800 km (500 mi) to the southeast of Manila in the Philippines. It rapidly intensified into a Category 5 typhoon. In the afternoon of May 29, Songda became extratropical south of Shikoku Island. Although Songda remained offshore, heavy rains within the typhoon's outer bands impacted the Philippines, causing significant flash flooding and landslides. Four fatalities are attributed to the system there. Further north, Okinawa experience intense wind gusts, measured up to 198 km/h (123 mph), along with torrential rain. Extensive damage took place across the area with losses reaching ¥23.2 billion ($287 million); however, there were no fatalities. As it became extratropical, Songda brought heavy rains from Kyushu to eastern Honshu, causing significant flooding. At least 13 people were killed in the country and an estimated 400,000 had to be evacuated around Tokyo alone. Tropical Depression. During the evening of May 31, the JMA upgraded an area of low pressure to a tropical depression. Initially, the tropical depression was about 400 km (250 miles) southwest of Hong Kong. The system did not develop further and was downgraded to an area of low pressure by the JMA on June 2. Tropical Storm Sarika (Dodong). On early June 8, an area of low pressure formed about 10 km west of Cebu City, Philippines. As it moved towards the Mindoro Strait the JMA and JTWC began to monitor the system. In the early morning hours of June 9, the Philippines' PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression and reported the storm center to be about 450 km west of Dagupan City in the Philippines. The next day, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the tropical depression into a tropical storm, with the JMA naming it Sarika. During the morning of June 11 the JTWC downgraded Sarika to a tropical depression after making landfall in Shantou, China. The JTWC soon issued their final advisory on Sarika. Sarika made landfall on mainland China with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). As a result of the storm, 23 people were killed in Xianning, and ten more were declared missing. Damages from Sarika are estimated at $248 million. Tropical Depression. Early June 15 an area of low pressure area embedded along the Intertropical Convergence Zone about 250 km west of Puerto Princesa, Palawan. As is moved towards the South China Sea, both the JMA and the JTWC started monitoring it. During the morning of June 15, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical depression. Due to an anticyclone, the system dissipated during the early morning of June 16,as it made landfall in Hong Kong.As it drifted over Hong Kong, the Hong Kong observatory's radar captured the center of the system. Tropical Storm Haima (Egay). On June 15, the JTWC started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was about 1350 km (835 mi), to the southeast of Manila, Philippines. Over the next couple of days the system gradually developed further, before late on June 16, the JMA, JTWC and PAGASA, all reported that the system had developed into a tropical depression, with PAGASA naming it as Egay. Egay continued to develop during June 17 as it moved towards the northeast, and on June 18 the JTWC reported that Egay had intensified into a tropical storm. Late on June 19, the JTWC downgraded Egay to a tropical depression, but they upgraded Egay again to a tropical storm on June 20. Early on June 20, the JTWC downgraded Egay to a tropical depression again. On June 21, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named it Haima, with the JTWC following suit on June 22. During the evening of June 23, the JTWC downgraded Haima to a tropical depression after making landfall in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China but upgraded it to a tropical storm again on June 24. Early on June 25, Haima became a tropical depression after moving inland in Vietnam. As it made landfall over Hanoi, Vietnam, the JTWC and the Hong Kong Observatory downgraded Haima to a low pressure area. Severe Tropical Storm Meari (Falcon). Early on June 20, and area of low pressure about 760 km (470 miles), east of the Philippines began to be monitored by both the JTWC and JMA. That evening, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. Soon afterwards, PAGASA upgraded the system into a tropical depression, naming it as "Falcon". At the time of the upgrade, Falcon was about 1000 km (620 miles), east northeast of Cebu City. During the evening of June 21, the JTWC also reported that Falcon had strengthened into a tropical depression. On June 22, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Falcon into a tropical storm, and the JMA named it Meari. Meari leaves Philippines with 2 deaths and 5 missing. In the afternoon on June 24, the JMA upgraded Meari to a severe tropical storm as it passed Okinawa, Japan. On June 26, Meari rapidly moved to the Yellow Sea but slowly passed Weihai, Shandong, China, and then the JMA downgraded Meari to a tropical storm on the same day. On June 27, the JTWC downgraded Meari to a tropical depression before it made landfall in North Korea, and the JMA reported that Meari became a low pressure area later. Heavy rains from the storm's outer bands triggered significant flooding and landslides in South Korea. At least nine people were killed and three others were reported missing across the country. In North Korea, heavy rains from the storm caused widespread flooding and damage. At least 160 homes were destroyed and 50,000 hectares of crops submerged. Several reports of confirmed fatalities arose but no details on how many were given to news agencies. Tropical Depression Goring. Late July 9, 2011, an area of low pressure area formed about 300 km (186 mi) east of Aurora. The center was north of Basco, Batanes. On the morning of July 9, JMA upgraded the low pressure area into a tropical depression and it was 450 km northeast of Cagayan. In the afternoon, PAGASA upgraded the low pressure area into a tropical depression and named it Goring. After moving to Fujian, China, it weakened into an overland low pressure area on the evening on July 10.The remnant low of Goring appears to have redeveloped into a Tropical Depression on July 16 Typhoon Ma-on (Ineng). On July 11, both the JMA and JTWC upgraded a tropical disturbance to a tropical depression which was near Minamitorishima. On July 12, both the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Ma-on. Early on July 13, the JMA upgraded Ma-on to a severe tropical storm. Late on July 13, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded Ma-on to a typhoon. After absorbing Tokage, Ma-on reached its peak strength on July 16. The PAGASA named it Ineng on July 17. As Ma-on was affecting Japan, the JTWC downgraded it to a tropical storm in the evening on July 19. Ma-on made landfall in Tokushima later. The JMA downgraded Ma-on to a severe tropical storm after it made landfall in Wakayama early on July 20. The JTWC downgraded Ma-on to a tropical depression on July 21 and discontinued advisories the following day. The JMA downgraded Ma-on to a tropical storm early on July 23. On July 24, Ma-on weakened into an extratropical cyclone east of the Tōhoku region. Tropical Storm Tokage (Hanna). A low pressure area has formed about 740 km north-northwest of Palau. Early on July 14, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical depression, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. On July 15, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Tokage, and the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression later. PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical depression and named it Hanna. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, Typhoon Ma-on, the powerful storm just northeast of Tokage, later weakened Tokage to a tropical depression and completely absorbed it early on July 16. Tropical Depression. It can be traced back to a Tropical Depression on July 10, which made landfall over Fujian, China.The remnant low of the weak depression drifted back south, and entered the South China Sea on July 13, and later started to reintensify as it drift back inland, the JMA reported that a low has strengthen into tropical depression as it drifted over Guangdong, China on July 16. On July 17, the depression dissipated completely. Tropical Depression. Originally a low pressure area, the JMA reported that a tropical depression formed from it in the Gulf of Tonkin near Guangdong, China on July 16. However, it quickly dissipated after only six hours. Severe Tropical Storm Nock-ten (Juaning). Early on July 22, an area of low pressure formed to the east of Philippines. The system gradually drifted west over the next few days and late on July 24, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center Started Monitoring the system as a Tropical Depression. Early the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the area of low pressure into a Tropical Depression. A few hours later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started monitoring the system as a Tropical Depression and named it 'Juaning'. The system continued to drift westwards and strengthened rapidly, that on midnight, that day, the JMA furhter upgraded the system into a Tropical Storm, naming it Nock-Ten. Early on July 27, the JMA reported that Nock-ten continued to strengthen and upgraded it into a Severe Tropical Storm. A few hours later, the JTWC reported that Nock-ten rapidly intensified to a category 1 typhoon and made its landfall over northern Aurora (province) and started weakening. Later the same day, the JMA reported that Nock-ten has exited the Luzon island at Candon maintaining severe tropical storm strength. However, overnight, the storm rapidly weakened and the JMA downgraded it into a minor tropical storm the next day. However, on July 29, the storm gradually regained strength and approached south China coast at Qionghai, China. Later that day, the storm strengthened over land and headed north towards Hainan's provincial capital region Haikou. Over the next day, the storm drifted to the west and made landfall over Northern Vietnam. The storm weakened rapidly and at midnight that day, the JMA, issuing their final warning on the system, Downgraded it into a tropical low. The provinces of Albay and Camarines were reported to be completely flooded by the rain. Minor damage to rice crops was reported. More heavier rains were expected throughout the day as the system has exited land into south china sea and will soon start reintensifying. The number of missing was also pushed up to 31 after 25 crewmembers of a fishing boat were reported missing when their fishing boat was caught in the storm off Masbate. Nock-ten suspended all classes in Luzon from Pre-school to college levels on July 26 and 27. In Northern Luzon, Nock-ten poured down heavy rainfall becoming widespread flooding in the area. The national roads were impassable and landslides were also reported. About 26 domestic flights were cancelled from July 26 to 27 due to heavy rains and strong winds. Typhoon Muifa (Kabayan). Late on July 23, an area of low pressure formed to the southeast of Chuuk. the system gradually drifted to the west and on July 25, the JTWC upgraded the low pressure area to a tropical depression. At that time, it was about to the west of Guam. At midnight, that day, the JMA started monitoring the system as a tropical depression. Early on July 28, the JTWC upgraded the system into a Tropical Storm. A few hours later, the JMA too upgraded the system to a tropical storm, naming it "Muifa". Soon, the storm moved into the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named it "Kabayan". The storm gradually drifted north over the next day maintaining strength. On the night of July 29, Muifa was upgraded into a Severe Tropical Storm. Overnight, the storm strengthened rapidly and was upgraded into a Typhoon the next morning. The storm strengthened so rapidly, and the JTWC reported that the storm's peak winds were reaching , as it strengthened into a Category 5 Typhoon. However, the typhoon could not maintain Category 5 strength for a long time. According to the JTWC, On July 31, the typhoon interacted with an upper-level trough and weakened into a Category 4 Typhoon on the SSHS. The system gradually moved north, then turned west and drifted towards Okinawa, before turning northwest again, when it was finally downgraded into a Tropical Storm by the JTWC. Soon afterwards, the JMA too downgraded Muifa to a Severe Tropical storm. After weakening to a tropical storm, Muifa made landfall at the estuary of the Yalu River on August 8, and the JTWC issued the final warning. Early on August 9, Muifa weakened to a tropical depression in Northeast China and became a low pressure area later. Muifa killed 2 men, as their boat was capsized in the vicinity of Hagonoy, Bulacan and Pampanga Delta. Due to the southwest monsoon enhanced by Muifa, it caused heavy rains in several parts of Luzon including Metro Manila. Early of August 2, the Malacañang Palace suspended government offices and Pre-school to college level in NCR. Nearby provinces like Calabarzon (Region IV-A) also suspended their classes. In Marikina 200 residents or 31 families living in communities along the Marikina River have sought shelter in evacuation centers. Tropical Depression (Lando). On July 28, an area of low pressure formed about to the West of Guam. Over the next few days, the system gradually drifted to the northwest and on July 31, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the low into a Tropical Depression to the west of Philippines. Later that day, The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started monitoring the system as a tropical depression and named it "Lando". The system slowly tracked northward. However, on the next day, due to Fujiwhara effect, Typhoon Muifa the much more powerful system, just to the northeast of Lando, weakened Lando. As a result, the PAGASA issued their final warning on the system, downgrading it to a tropical low. But despite this, Tropical Depression Lando regenerated soon afterwards, and the JMA reissued their advisories on Lando. Tropical Depression Lando continued to persist for another day, as it slowly tracked eastward, just off the western coast of Luzon. Then, during the late afternoon of August 2, the JMA stopped tracking Lando, as it had dissipated. Early on August 3, the remmants of Tropical Depression Lando dissipated completely, without ever reaching Luzon. Severe Tropical Storm Merbok. Early on August 3, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded an area of low pressure near Wake Island to a tropical depression. The system intensified rapidly and just 6 hours later, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, naming it "Merbok". Soon, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started monitoring the system as a tropical depression, and upgraded it to a tropical storm later. Merbok began to move westward slowly, but soon afterwards, it turned northwest and gradually drifted in that direction. Late on August 5, the JMA upgraded Merbok into a Severe Tropical Storm. Early on August 6, the JTWC upgraded Merbok into a Category 1 Typhoon East-southeast of Tokyo, Japan. Early the next day, the storm's winds reached a peak of on the SSHS. Later that day, the system was caught in a moderate Vertical Wind Shear and started weakening. On August 8, the system started accelerating towards north at the speed of and was gradually diminishing because of colder and colder sea surface temperatures and unfavorable conditions. As a result, the JMA reporting that the system was no longer a Severe Tropical Storm, downgraded Merbok to a Tropical Storm. Late on that day, the system started showing extratropical characteristics as the convection near the eye dissipated rapidly. Thus, the JTWC issued their final warning on the system reporting that the system was no longer tropical. Later, the JMA, issuing their final warning on the system, reported that the system was no longer tropical. Tropical Depression. Early on August 3, a tropical depression formed near the Bonin Islands. The system slowly began to track northwestwards, towards Japan. Late on August 4, the system dissipated near the Kii Peninsula. Tropical Depression (13W). Late on August 8, the JMA upgraded a low pressure area to a tropical depression west of Guam, and the JTWC issued a TCFA. The system gradually drifted north and early on August 10, the JTWC started monitoring the system as a tropical depression and designated it with "13W". Initially, the JMA predicted the system to strengthen into a tropical storm, but on August 11, as it moved further north into cool waters and experienced unfavourable conditions, the JMA issued their final advisory. Later, the JTWC too issued their final warning on the system, reporting that it has moved into a subtropical ridge and was expected to dissipate into a remnant low. However, the JMA continued to track the remants as a weak tropical depression over the next few days until the system dissipated on August 15. Tropical Depression. Late on August 8, the JMA upgraded an area of low pressure to a tropical depression, to the northwest of Minamitorishima. The system gradually moved to the northeast. On August 10, the system was caught in a moderate vertical wind shear and due to cold sea surface temperature, the system dissipated into a remnant low. Tropical Depression. On August 19, a low pressure area developed east-northeast of Guam. Early on August 20, the system developed a broad area of low level circulation center and a good divergence aloft becoming more well defined. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression southeast of the Bonin Islands. On August 22, the system started interacting with an anticyclone and was exposed to a strong vertical wind shear, prompting the JMA to stop monitoring the system as a tropical depression, as the system dissipated to a remnant low. However, at midnight, the same day, the remnants regenerated, and the JMA started tracking the system as a tropical depression again, until it last appeared near Okinawa, Japan on August 25, as the system dissipated completely. Typhoon Nanmadol (Mina). Late on August 19, an area of low pressure developed north of Palau. Early on August 20, the system became more better organized and developed a low-level circulation center. The system then turned north and continued to drift north until on August 21, when the JMA upgraded the low pressure area to a tropical depression east of Philippines. The JTWC also issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the system reporting that the system was becoming more well organized. Later that day, the PAGASA started monitoring the system as a tropical depression and named it "Mina". Late on August 22, the system became more well organized prompting the JTWC to initiate advisories on the system, designating it with "14W". On August 23, the JMA upgraded 14W to a tropical storm, naming it "Nanmadol". Overnight, the system continued to intensify and early on August 24, the JMA upgraded Nanmadol to a severe tropical storm. Later that day, convective banding improved and Nanmadol developed an eye-like feature. As a result, Nanmadol continued to intensify rapidly and became a typhoon, by midnight, that day. Nanmadol continued to drift northeast and made landfall over Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines with strong winds of over . Nanmadol weakened significantly after interacting with land and early on August 28, the JMA downgraded Nanmadol to a severe tropical storm. Late on August 28, Nanmadol made its second landfall over Taimali in the Taitung County of Taiwan and started weakening. Landfall weakened the system rapidly prompting the JMA to downgrade Nanmadol to a tropical storm with winds of under . Soon it started experiencing strong wind shear and continued weakening. The shear pushed convection about south of the LLCC. The system also accelerated towards China at and weakened to a minimal tropical storm. After its third landfall over Fujian, China, Nanmadol weakened rapidly prompting both the JTWC and the JMA to issue their final warnings on the system. On August 27, five people died after Nanmadol caused landslides. At least two Filipino fishermen were reported to be missing after Nanmadol's strong winds whipped up large waves. Typhoon Talas. Late on August 22, an area of low pressure developed to the west of Guam. At midnight that day, the system became sufficiently well organized that the JMA started tracking it as a tropical depression. On August 23, the system moved into an environment of low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures prompting the JTWC to issued a TCFA on it. By August 25, the system grew strong enough that the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm, naming it "Talas". Later that day, the JTWC followed suit and initiated advisories on Talas. Talas continued to strengthen and by midnight that day, it became a severe tropical storm. Over the next few days, Talas continued to drift north very slowly until late on August 29, when the JMA upgraded Talas to a typhoon. Soon, a subtropical ridge to the west of the storm weakened and the subtropical ridge to the east of the system pushed Talas to the west. As a result, Talas accelerated towards the west maintaining strength and outflow. An upper-level cyclone over the system suppressed the convection and kept it from reaching the center. Therefore, Talas remained weak and did not strengthen further. Convection never managed to consolidate the center and convective banding remained well away from the fully exposed low-level circulation center. The convective banding continued to expand more and more with the outer rainbands already brushing parts of Japan. Coastal areas in the nation have already reported gale-force winds several hours before landfall, while the Omega block continued to drive Talas towards the nation. Land interaction weakened Talas, prompting the JMA to downgrade Talas from a typhoon to a severe tropical storm with winds of under . Early on September 3, Talas made landfall over Aki, Japan. After landfall, Talas accelerated north at over and its central convection became significantly eroded and was displaced to the northeast as Talas was exposed to a very strong wind shear of over that made the LLCC very distorted and difficult to pin-point. Talas was embedded in a baroclinic zone and the JTWC anticipated an extratropical transition, which prompted them to issue their final warning on the system. On September 5, the JMA issued their final warning on the system, reporting that Talas has become extratropical on the Sea of Japan. Tropical Storm Noru. On September 1, a low pressure area formed to the northeast of Guam. On the next day, the JMA started monitoring the low pressure area as a tropical depression. Soon, the system developed a well-defined but partially exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC), prompting the JTWC to issue a tropical cyclone formation alert. On September 3, the central convection around the LLCC deepened with favorable equatoward outflow prompting the JTWC to initiate advisories on the system, designating it with "16W". Soon, 16W accelerated north at over with its LLCC being being consolidated by convection. Also, data from an ASCAT scatterometer pass revealed that the LLCC was tightly wrapped with winds prompting the JTWC to upgrade 16W to a tropical storm. An Aqua microwave imagery depicted that the LLCC remained partially exposed though consolidated with deep central convection. Albeit in an area of moderate vertical wind shear, an anticyclone enhanced northeastward outflow while a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT cell) suppressed the outflow towards the west. As 16W continued to accelerate north at a staggering , convective banding became fragmented and detached behind the main area of central convection. However, the outflow to the southeast of the storm remained favorable and 16W continued to strengthen, prompting the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, naming it "Noru". Late on September 4, Noru's LLCC that remained partially exposed since formation unexpectedly became elongated and started weakening. However, data from an ASCAT scatterometer pass depicted that the LLCC had an expansive area of strong tropical storm force winds along the eastern and northern peripheries. A TUTT cell wrapped the east and northeastern sides of Noru suppressing its outflow. Soon, the convective banding, which was already fragmented started becoming disorganized causing Noru to start weakening. A new TUTT cell developed over the system and started restraining outflow. As a result, the LLCC became fully exposed and virtually lacked convection. The TUTT cell moved over Noru snuffing outflow in all directions and sheared the remnant central convection, prompting the JTWC to downgrade Noru to a tropical depression. However, data from an scatterometer pass depicted that Noru had winds of over near the center, prompting the JTWC to reupgrade the system to a tropical storm. On September 5, Noru started to appear like a hybrid system, primarily showing subtropical characteristics. The JTWC added that Noru was undergoing an extratropical transition and would become an extratropical cyclone within 24 hours. Noru continued to transition into an extratropical cyclone with a broadening LLCC and weaker winds at the core, being embedded in an upper-level trough that suppressed the formation of convection within the LLCC. With the extratropical transition well underway, Noru drifted into an area of low sea surface temperatures and started weakening, prompting the JTWC to downgrade Noru to a tropical depression. On September 6, Noru finished the extratropical transition becoming an extratropical cyclone east-southeast of Hokkaido, Japan, prompting the JMA and the JTWC to issue their final warning on the system. Tropical Storm Kulap (Nonoy). Late on September 4, an area of low pressure developed to the southeast of Okinawa, Japan. Over the next two days, the system drifted north and developed a well defined LLCC with organized convective banding, prompting the JMA to upgrade the low pressure area to a tropical depression. On September 7, convection consolidated the low-level circulation center very well with tightly curved banding wrapped into it. Also, high sea-surface temperatures and very low wind shear caused the system to undergo rapid deepening, prior to which, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it "Kulap". However, the system stopped strengthening soon after as the LLCC became partially exposed and the convection was displaced to the south. Kulap remained small in size and dry air entering from the western periphery kept it from strengthening further. Wind shear increased, pushing convection about south of the LLCC. Also, Kulap was beneath a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT cell) that caused subsidence. A mid-level subtropical steering ridge cuased Kulap to track in a northwestward direction. On September 8, Kulap moved into the east-northeast periphery of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) prompting the PAGASA to start issuing advisories on the system, naming it "Nonoy". However, Kulap quickly accelerated north and exited the PAR on the same evening, prompting the PAGASA to issued their final advisory on the system. After increasing wind shear caused further weakening, the JTWC downgraded Kulap to a tropical depression late on September 8. Early on September 10, the JMA too downgraded Kulap to a tropical depression, and continued to track Kulap's remnants as a tropical depression until it finally dissipated early on September 11. Typhoon Roke (Onyok). Early on September 8, a cluster of thunderstorms came together as a low pressure area with imporoving outflow and a developing low-level circulation center (LLCC). Later that day, the JMA upgraded the low pressure area to a tropical depression north-northeast of the Northern Mariana Islands. Over the next two days, the system gradually drifted west and intensified slightly, prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on it. Convection gradually consolidated the LLCC and the JTWC initiated advisories on the system on September 11, designating it with "18W". The next day, the depression drifted into the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and the PAGASA initiated advisories on the depression, naming it "Onyok". However, just as similar to Kulap, Onyok also exited the PAR in 6 hours from entering the region. In an advisory, the JTWC reported that there were at-least two more vortices associated with the system, that caused an abrupt, erratic movement. However, being in an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low vertical wind shear, the depression continued to strengthen and on September 13, the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and named it "Roke". On September 17, Roke developed a small, deep convective eye promoting the JMA to upgrade Roke to a severe tropical storm with winds of over . Between September 19 and 20, Roke underwent "Explosive intensification", a more extreme case of rapid deepening that involves a tropical cyclone deepening at a rate of at least 2.5 mbar per hour for a minimum of 12 hours. Also, they added that Roke developed a eye and a good poleward outflow channel. On September 21, Typhoon Roke made landfall over Hamamatsu, Japan at about 5:00 UTC (14:00 JST). Soon Roke started weakening as cloud tops started getting warmed up and eye diameter started to decrease. However, the system still maintained a near radial outflow and the convective structure continued to remain organized that kept Roke from dissipating rapidly. Although Roke entered a de-intensification phase, it still had plenty of strength that posed a great threat to regions of Japan. Being about southwest of Yokosuka, Kanagawa, the typhoon accelerated north-northwestward at about with winds of over (1-min sustained) being a Category 3 typhoon on the SSHS. Being embedded in the baroclinic zone, Roke started its extratropical transition. Also, land interaction severely weakened the storm to a minimal Category 1 typhoon with winds of under (1-min sustained). Only six hours later, the storm further weakened and accelerated northeastward at about with rapidly dissipating deep convection completely sheared to the northeast of the LLCC. As a result, the JTWC ceased advisories on the storm, as it became fully extratropical. Typhoon Sonca. Early on September 13, a low pressure area formed northeast of the Northern Mariana Islands. The system gradually drifted north and steadily intensified until the next day when the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression. Later on September 14, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the system reporting that the system could intensify into a tropical storm within 24 hours from then. Convection rapidly consolidated the center with persistent, deep convection around the northeastern periphery, prompting the JTWC to initiate advisories on the system, designating it with "19W". Soon, the JMA also initiated advisories on the system, upgrading it to Tropical Storm "Sonca". In the begging, Sonca seemed to have intensified rapidly since formation, however, soon the storm weakened back to a minimal tropical storm because of dry air entering the LLCC that caused it to elongate and weaken. However, that was not for too long as vigorous convection persisted over the well defined LLCC with tightly curved banding wrapped in, Sonca continued to strengthen gradually and the JTWC reported winds of at-least near the center. As Sonca continued to strengthen, and the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm on September 17. Later that day, Sonca developed a large ragged eye with deep convective banding tightly wrapped into it. As a result, Sonca strengthened more rapidly and by early the next day, it became a typhoon. On September 18, Sonca reached a peak intensity of (1-min mean) and (10-min mean) and soon the convection around the northern periphery started weakening. Being embedded in a baroclinic zone with low sea surface temperatures, Sonca started its extratropical transition late on September 19. The transition took place relatively fast because of a frontal boundary and the JTWC reported that Sonca became extratropical early on September 20, while the JMA did the same later in the evening. Tropical Depression. Early on September 14, the JMA started monitoring a cluster of thunderstorms to the southeast of Taiwan as a tropical depression. But because of the land interaction, the system could not be empowered and the JMA stopped tracking the depression late on September 15, as the system dissipated. Typhoon Nesat (Pedring). In the evening of September 21, a low pressure area developed to the east-southeast of Palau. The low gradually drifted west and became more well organized prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on it. Later, the LLCC became well organized with flaring deep convection developing around it, so the JMA started monitoring the low as a tropical depression. Later on September 23, the JTWC also initiated advisories on the system designating it with "20W". Early on September 24, the JMA further upgraded 20W to a tropical storm and named it "Nesat". Nesat continued to drift west with expanding deep convection around the entire system and consolidating convection around the LLCC. The mid-level warm anomaly near the system continued to intensify and convective banding near the LLCC became more and more tighter. As a result, the JMA upgraded Nesat to a severe tropical storm on September 25. Late on the same day, the JMA further upgraded Nesat to a typhoon. Tropical Storm Haitang. On the evening of September 21, at almost the same time when Nesat was first seen, another low pressure area persisted far south of Hong Kong. The low slowly drifted north and strengthened slowly until on September 24, when the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression east of Vietnam. Later that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert stating that the low could develop into a tropical cyclone. Early on September 25, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it "Haitang". Typhoon Nalgae (Quiel). On September 26, the Japan Meteorological Agency started to monitor a weak tropical depression. It had developed about to the northwest of Manila in the Philippines. The next day the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on the system. However less than 3 hours later, the JTWC designated it as Tropical Depression 22W. JMA reported that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it Nalgae. The storm slowly drifted to the west. It got stronger slowyl. Nalgae developed a microwave eye like feature and well defined convective banding in all the quadrants. The system had a tiny radius of winds. It was still strengthening significantly and was very well defined. On the evening of September 28, the JMA reported that Nalgae continued to intensify. They upgraded it to a severe tropical storm with winds of over . On that night, the PAGASA began advisories on Nalgae. They gave it the local name "Quiel" as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). Late on September 29, the JMA upgraded Nalgae to a typhoon. Nalgae quickly intensified on September 30, and became a category 4 super typhoon early on October 1. This was just before making landfall over Luzon. Due to land interaction and colder sea surface temperature in the South China Sea, the JMA downgraded Nalgae to a severe tropical storm on October 2. Then a tropical storm late on October 3. The JTWC downgraded Nalgae to a tropical depression on October 4. The JMA also did it on the next day. Later on October 5, the last low of Nalgae dissipated. Hitting the Philippines just days after Typhoon Nesat, Nalgae caused further damage across Luzon. It was first feared that Nalgae would cause much more damage to Luzon. But damage from the storm was lighter than Typhoon Nesat. Nearly 2,900 homes were destroyed and about another 15,400 took damage. At least 18 people were killed by the storm and another 7 were reported as missing as of October 11. A total of 1,113,763 people were affected by the storm. Total losses in the country reached just over 115 million PHP (US$2.62 million). Tropical Storm Banyan (Ramon). On October 7, the JTWC started monitoring a tropical disturbance about 750 km (465 mi) to the south of Hagåtña, Guam. Over the next couple of days the system gradually developed further while moving towards the west. The JMA reported on October 9, that the disturbance had become a tropical depression. Early on October 10, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression called "23W". The PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical depression and named it "Ramon". On October 11, the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it "Banyan". Early on October 12, Banyan made landfall over Leyte, Philippines. The JTWC downgraded it to a tropical depression. A half day later, the JMA also downgraded Banyan to a tropical depression. The system dissipated in the South China Sea on October 16. While going through the Philippines, Banyan had heavy rains across much of the country. This led to widespread flooding. At least ten people were killed by the storm. A total of 75,632 people were affected by the storm. Severe Tropical Storm Washi (Sendong). On December 11, a disturbance formed and stayed near Chuuk. On December 13, the low pressure area quickly got stronger. On the same day, the JTWC upgraded the low pressure to a tropical depression. They named it "27W". The JMA also upgraded it to a tropical depression. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm on December 14. They then downgraded it to a tropical depression early on December 15. The PAGASA called it "Sendong" as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. After passing Palau on December 15, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm. They named it "Washi". On December 16, Washi made landfall over Surigao del Sur, a province of the Philippines. Several hours later, Washi arrived at the Sulu Sea and regained its strength quickly. Late on December 17, Washi crossed Palawan, and arrived at the South China Sea. On December 19, Washi weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated. Storm Names. Within the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies who assign names to tropical cyclones which often results in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency names tropical cyclones should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph), to the north of the equator between the 180° and 100°E. Whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N-25°N even if the cyclone has had a name assigned to it by the Japan Meteorological Agency. International names. Tropical Cyclones are named from the following lists by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Tokyo, Japan, once they reach tropical storm strength. Names are contributed by members of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Each of the 14 nations or territories submitted 10 names, which are used in alphabetical order, by the English name of the country. The next 24 names on the naming list are listed here. Philippines. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. Retirement. During their 2012 annual session the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee said that the name Washi would be retired from its naming lists. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) said that the names Bebeng, Juaning, Mina, Pedring were retired from PAGASA's list of local names after they each caused over 1 billion PHP in damages to the Philippines during 2011. The name Sendong was also retired from the list after it caused over 300 deaths, when it made landfall on the Philippines during December 2011. Season effects. This table lists all the storms that developed in the western Pacific Ocean to the west of the International Date Line during the 2011 season. It includes their intensity, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All damage figures are in 2011 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm include when the storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low. The Saga Begins "The Saga Begins" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "American Pie" by Don McLean It's All About the Pentiums "It's All About the Pentiums" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "It's All about the Benjamins (Rock Remix)" by Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs . It is about a man who is obsessed with computers. Pretty Fly for a Rabbi "Pretty Fly for a Rabbi" (also called "Pretty Fly (For a Rabbi)" in Australia) is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)" by The Offspring. You're Pitiful "You're Pitiful" is a parody song by musician "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "You're Beautiful" by James Blunt. It was released only online in June 2006. Blunt's record label did not want Yankovic to release the song, so he put it on his website for a free download. Stage (geology) A stage or age in geology is a period of time measured in millions of years. It is less than an epoch, and more than a chron or chronozone. Technically, a "stage" is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of sedimentation or deposition. An example of a stage in the Geologic time scale is the Kimmeridgian. Red beds The term red beds usually refers to strata of reddish-colored sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone or shale that were deposited in hot climates under oxidizing conditions. They are usually formed in terrestrial situations: on land, and in rivers and lakes. The red color comes from iron oxide in their mineral structure. Although they have been deposited throughout the Phanerozoic, they are most commonly associated with rocks deposited during the Devonian, Permian and Triassic periods. The Old Red Sandstone is one of the most famous rock formations. Red beds have economic significance since many of them contain reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas. Secondary red beds are linked to the uplift, erosion and surface weathering of previously deposited sediments and require conditions similar to primary red beds for their formation. Formation. The formation of red beds has been much discussed. The basic chemical change which produces them is oxidation. At first it was thought they indicated desert conditions. Some do, and this can be proved if the strata show signs of dune formations. However: Wesel Wesel is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has been a city since 1241. About 60,000 people live there. Wesel is near Duisburg. It belongs to the Ruhr area. Titanosaurus Titanosaurus was a genus of sauropod dinosaur, first described by Lydekker in 1877 from fragments, but not confirmed by later research. Titanosaurus was 9-12 metres (30-40 ft) long and weighed about 13 tons. Titanosaurus has traditionally been treated as a "wastebasket taxon" for poorly preserved sauropod remains. The most well-known species of "Titanosaurus", "Titanosaurus" colberti, has been renamed "Isisaurus". The remains were from the Upper Cretaceous of India. First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland The First Minister and the deputy First Minister (Irish: "Céad-Aire agus an leas-Chéad-Aire", Ulster Scots: "Heid Männystèr an tha Heid Männystèr depute"), (FM/dFM for short), are jobs in the Northern Ireland Government. The First Minister is not more important than the deputy First Minister. The two positions are a diarchy, meaning they have equal power; both are nominated and appointed by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly. Currently, the position is held by Sir Jeffrey Donaldson (DUP) and Michelle O’Neill (Sinn Fein). Before however, the incumbents were Peter Robinson of the Democratic Unionist Party as First Minister and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin as deputy First Minister. Election. Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly are divided into two groups, Nationalists and Unionists (although there are also some independent or "Other" members). The First Minister and the deputy First Minister are elected on a joint ticket. Under the St Andrews Agreement, the Leader of the largest party nominates the First Minister, and the leader of the next largest party that is in the other group nominates the deputy First Minister. Their joint nomination has to obtain an overall majority in the Assembly along with a majority of both designated Nationalist MLAs and designated Unionist MLAs. Designated Other MLAs also vote. This diarchy was created to enable the leaders of the main unionist and nationalist parties to work together as a team jointly representing both communities. "Deputy" becomes "deputy". The first two holders of the office now known as "deputy First Minister", namely Seamus Mallon and Mark Durkan, were both referred to during their periods of office as "Deputy First Minister", with a capital D. This version was also adopted in 1999 for the logo of the OFMDFM. Several weeks after Martin McGuinness took up office as Deputy First Minister in 2007, civil servants began asking the Assembly's Hansard team to replace the capital D with a lower-case d, deputy was spelled this way in the Northern Ireland Act 1998, the legislation which created the office. It was neither Mr McGuinness nor his advisers who asked for the change. The Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly, William Hay, ordered the change and the capital D was dropped from Hansard references. The Office of the First and deputy First Minister still uses both versions of Mr McGuinness' title on their website, and their archive of press releases has been changed, but the capital D still appears in some places, and a spokesman confirmed on 20 March 2008 that the office has "no plans" to change the OFMDFM logo. However, the Assembly committee that looks at their work is now listed as the "Committee for the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister". It was decided that Mr McGuinness should be the deputy First Minister, unless all the other letters in the title are in capitals. Confusion is not completely resolved however; if Mr McGuinness writes to the Assembly committee, his note will have a letterhead that comes from the Office of the First Minister and "Deputy" First Minister, but he'll get a reply back from the Committee for the Office of the First Minister and "deputy" First Minister. Outlook, Saskatchewan Outlook is a town in west central Saskatchewan. It is about 80 kilometres south-southwest of Saskatoon. About 2,000 people live in Outlook. It has the longest pedestrian bridge in Canada, the Skytrail. Skytrail The Skytrail Bridge is a bridge in Outlook, Saskatchewan that crosses the South Saskatchewan River. Today, it is a pedestrian bridge, but it was a railway until 1987. It is now the longest pedestrian bridge in Canada. Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants, with around 3000 species in around 200 genera, mainly found in the northern temperate regions of the world. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia. Cold seep A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich liquids leak out of the Earth's crust, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold seeps form a biome supporting several native species. Cold seeps change the shape of the ocean floor over time, where reactions between methane and seawater create carbonate rock formations and reefs. These reactions may change when bacteria are present. Types. Cold seeps at different depths have different names. Other kinds of cold seeps are: Formation and ecological succession. Cold seeps occur over cracks in the seafloor caused by the movement of the Earth's crust. Oil and methane "seep" out of those cracks, get dissolved by tiny bits of rock, and emerge over an area several hundred meters wide. Methane () is the main part of what we commonly refer to as natural gas. But in addition to being an important energy source for humans, methane also forms the basis of a cold seep ecosystem. Calamba City Calamba City is a city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. It is the regional center of Calabarzon, after Lucena City, Calamba is a component city in the placed, first is San Pablo City, The City of Calamba, is one of the fastest growth city in region 4A, and it growth population, which divided into barangays, because of its economic some, commercials, entertainment, factory companies and others, are served in city, Calamba City is south of Manila. Calamba City is a popular tourist destination. It has several hot spring resorts. Most of these are in Barangay Pansol. There are 651 resorts and hot springs in the city. The Canlubang Golf and Country Club has been the host of many Philippine Opens. Calamba is also an important modern industrial center in the CALABARZON region. This is shown by the large number of industrial parks and business estates in the city. 454,486 people live in the city (2015). There are in 58,466 households. Calamba City is the most populated city in Laguna province. San Pedro, Santa Rosa City, Biñan City, and San Pablo City follow it as the top 5 municipalities and cities by number of people in the province. Calamba City is the birthplace of José Rizal. He is a national hero in the Philippines. History. The name of the city comes from a legend. The legend says that during the early time of the Spanish period in the country, two "guardias civil" or Spanish soldiers were lost. As they moved through the area that is now Calamba, they met a young woman. She came from a river carrying a jar of water and a wooden stove. The soldiers asked the lady what the name of the place was. They asked this in Spanish and used an angry tone to hide the fact that they were lost. She did not speak Spanish and thought she was being questioned about what she was carrying. She answered "kalan-banga", meaning "clay stove" ("kalan") and "water jar" ("banga"). Because they could not pronounce it correctly, the city has been called Calamba since then. This legend is immortalized with a large concrete water jar built in the city plaza with the names of the city's barangays written on it. It is said to be the World's Biggest "Claypot". This same jar is also in the city's seal. The idea to build the plaza came from Dr. Agapito Alzona. He was a town councilor at the time. It was built on an unused area that was at one time the old town market. The plaza was built in 1939. Before it became a separate city, Calamba was a part of Tabuco. Tabuco is now known as Cabuyao, Laguna. Calamba became an independent "pueblo" on August 28, 1742. While the area was under the control of the Japanese in World War II, the city was the site of a massacre. The Imperial Japanese Army killed at least 2,000 civilians. With the passage of Republic Acts of the Philippines-Republic Act,No. 9024 on April 7, 2001 and the approval of the people on April 21, Calamba went from being a municipality into being Laguna's second component city. San Pablo City was the other component city at the time. Calamba is seen as a major growth center. On October 28, 2003, Calamba City became the regional center of Region IV-A CALABARZON. Calamba has been the home to five national heroes: Dr. Jose Rizal, General Paciano Rizal, Teodora Alonzo, General Vicente Lim, and Lt. Geronimo Aclan. The main church in Calamba City is the St. John the Baptist Church. It was built in 1859. The church was burned by the Japanese during World War II. It was rebuilt by Fr. Eliseo Dimaculangan. It was the christening site of Jose Rizal. The original baptismal font has been is still there. Laguna (province) Laguna is a landlocked province in the Philippines. It is about 30 kilometres south of Manila. Laguna is named after "La Laguna" which means the lake, meaning Laguna de Bay. This is the largest lake in the Philippines, and is on the north edge of the province. Laguna province has six cities: Biñan, Cabuyao, Calamba, San Pablo, San Pedro, and Santa Rosa. There are two international schools, IB World Schools, to be specific, located in Biñan: Brent International School Manila, and The Beacon Academy. Deposed Queen Yun Deposed Queen Yun (, 1445? August 16, 1482) was a queen of Joseon Dynasty. She was the second wife of King Seongjong. She was the mother of Yeonsangun of Joseon. Institute of Welsh Affairs The Institute of Welsh Affairs is an independent, think-tank based in the capital of Wales, Cardiff. It focuses its research on politics, culture, economy, education, environment, science and technology in Wales, with the aim of developing plans for "policy innovation and improvement" and promoting new thinking on Welsh issues. The IWA publishes numerous reports on the research it carries out, and organises public seminars and conferences to encourage discussion and debate. It is highly regarded for the quality of its work and its commitment to informed public discussion. 2010 saw the begin of ClickonWales.org, the IWA’s online news-analysis magazine. ClickonWales is designed to bring users a new level of regular commentary and analysis on Welsh affairs, and opportunities for debate. Expert contributors and commentators from across the political spectrum will be commissioned daily. The site also features the ‘Wales factfile’ and the ‘Lecture Library’. Wales factfile is a handy one-stop shop for information and data about many aspects of Wales and its economic, social, cultural and political life. The ‘Lecture Library’ is a place where organisations will be able to post the texts of public lectures on a wide range of subjects. Foundation of the IWA. The Institute of Welsh Affairs was created on 22 July 1987 (Company No: 02151006). Organisation. The IWA is a membership based organisation, it has approximately 1,200 individual and 150 corporate members, and more than 100 Fellows. The corporate members include BBC Wales, British Gas, Cardiff County Council, Corus Steel, Eversheds, Julian Hodge Bank, ITV Wales, the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, S4C, Welsh Water, and the University of Wales. The Institute is governed by a Board of Trustees. Its first chairman was Henry Kroch, then chairman of AB Electronics. Since 1992, the chairman has been Geraint Talfan Davies, and since 1996 the director of the organisation has been former journalist and television producer, John Osmond. As at November 2010, the Board members were Eurfyl ap Gwilym, Guy Clarke, Rhys David, Geraint Talfan Davies (Chairman), Peter Davies, Sue Essex, Nigel Griffiths, Gerald Holtham, Megan Mathias, Rob Humphreys, Robert Jolliffe, Ruth Marks, Chris O'Malley, Wendy Sadler, Professor John Tucker, Sir Adrian Webb, Dr. Ruth Williams and Professor Laura McAllister. The IWA has five area branches – for north Wales, for west Wales, Swansea Bay, Gwent, and Cardiff and the Valleys. A sixth 'virtual' branch - IWA Women - has been formed to raise the profile of women's concerns in Wales and to increase the engagement of women with the IWA and civil society in Wales more generally. Approximately one third of the IWA's income is derived from membership subscriptions, the remainder coming mainly from the funding of specific research projects by trusts and foundations, and other public and private organisations. Publications. The IWA publishes a journal three times a year (in spring, summer and winter), called "Agenda". First published in 1994, "Agenda" contains numerous articles on current issues in Wales, written by experts in their field, including academics, politicians and business people, and a wide range of participants from Welsh civil society. It now publishes a regular bulletin on developments in the Assembly, "Assembly Bwletin Cynulliad", published in association with Grayling Wales. These can be downloaded from clickonwales.org . In addition, the IWA has published a multitude of research reports, discussion papers and books. Events. One of the IWA’s central activities is holding events which are designed to disseminate information to the public on a host of public policy issues. The events range from the smaller ‘coffee shop’ debates to full-scale conferences. Typically, an IWA event will focus on a contested issue in Welsh politics. It will bring in an expert (or number of experts) who have detailed knowledge and understanding of the issue, to clearly present both side’s arguments clearly. This is inline with the first part of its mission, which to help raise the level of public debate on issues affecting Wales, by placing quality information in the public domain. In 2010 the IWA began the Inspire Wales Awards, in association with the Western Mail . The Awards aim to raise the profile of Welsh men and women who are making a contribution to our society, to encourage active citizenship and create role models for others. Categories for the awards include the environment, business, education, sport, and arts, media and the creative industries. 2011 sees the IWA/Western Mail Business Awards, celebrating business achievement in Wales. Research. In November 2006 the IWA published a report entitled "Time to Deliver: The Third Term and Beyond". This looked at policy options for the Assembly’s third term, and was the result of work by eight study groups in individual policy areas. In 2010 the IWA's director, John Osmond was asked by the Older People's Commissioner to carry out a study exploring Welsh policy responses to our rapidly ageing society, in particular the Welsh Government’s policy which has been developing in a number of innovative ways since 2003. The findings were published in the bilingual report, 'Adding Life to Years / Ychwanegu Bywyd at a y Blynyddoedd'. The IWA's most recent publication, entitled 'Engaging Wales' disengaged youth', explores the issue of so-called 'NEETS' - Children Not in Education, Employment of Training. It contains contributions from experts in the fields of youth policy, education, employment, and youth-centred charities. A full list of the IWA's research outputs is available on its website . The IWA's priority areas for its future work include economic development, the environment and climate change, education, health and culture, governance and civil society. Table Mountain Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa. It is 1084.6 meters (3,563-feet) tall, of sandstone and granite. With nearby mountains and Table Bay, it surrounds the central part of Cape Town. It is a significant tourist attraction, featured in the flag of Cape Town and other local government insignia. Many visitors use the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway or hike to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park. Geology. The upper part of the mountain "mesa" (table) consists Silurian/Ordovician quartzitic sandstone, commonly referred to as Table Mountain Sandstone (TMS). It is highly resistant to weathering and forms steep grey crags. Below the sandstone is a layer of micaceous shale, which weathers quite readily. The basement of folded metamorphic shales intruded by the Cape Granite are of late Precambrian age. Fingal’s Cave Fingal's Cave is a sea cave on the uninhabited island of Staffa, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, part of a National Nature Reserve owned by the National Trust for Scotland. It is formed entirely from hexagonally jointed basalt columns. These are part of the same ancient lava flow as the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland and those of nearby Ulva. In both cases, the cooling surface of the mass of hot lava cracked in a hexagonal pattern in a similar way to drying mud cracking as it shrinks. These cracks slowly extended down into the mass of lava as it cooled and shrank to form the columns, which were later exposed by erosion. The breakup of Pangaea separated the two parts of the same rock formation. The size of the cave, and its naturally arched roof, and the eerie sounds produced by the echoes of waves, give it the atmosphere of a natural cathedral. The cave's Gaelic name, Uamh-Binn, means "cave of melody." In art and literature. Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn visited in 1829 and wrote "Die Hebriden" (in English, "Hebrides Overture Opus 26", commonly known as "Fingal's Cave overture"), inspired by the weird echoes in the cave. Mendelssohn's overture popularized the cave as a tourist destination. Other famous 19th-century visitors included author Jules Verne; poets William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson; and Romantic artist J.M.W. Turner, who painted "Staffa, Fingal's Cave" in 1832. Queen Victoria also made the trip. Deadpool Deadpool (Finn Anderson the ranga), better known as Flanders not Randerz, is a comic book character in the Marvel Universe published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Rob Leifeld in 1991. Deadpool began as a villain but is currently being used as an anti-hero and in his own comic book series he ended as a good guy. He is currently one of the most popular Marvel characters. He has had many of his own book series as well as been in most of Marvel's other titles. He is often seen in several of the X-Men series of books and is a regular character in the series "Uncanny X-Force". His clothing is colored red and black, and he has two guns and short katanas as well as many other weapons. Deadpool's special power is regeneration. His body can repair itself from any injury. He has formed a relationship with the personification of Death but because his healing power is so strong, he cannot die. This is a common theme in his stories. Deadpool is well known for "breaking the fourth wall". He knows he is a comic book character. Deadpool will often talk to the readers or refer to a specific issue when talking about something that happened in the past. He also can transport to the other alternative universes. His fighting skills are also very known. In the comic book universe, Deadpool was mostly considered neutral and sometimes even evil, but near the end of the series he was proved to be a good person. He tried really hard to fight his own psychotic mind behaviour and stop killing people. He got married with a person that cared for him and had a daughter. He made friends with an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and by himself destroyed a whole evil army that was trying to kill his family. In the end, on a vacation with his family and friends, Deadpool hugged his daughter as a second earth came crashing down from the sky, presumably killing him and his family and friends, along with many lives on earth, joining up the story with Secret Wars. However, Deadpool is seen again in the preview of All-new All-different Marvel, confirming his return. Portrayals. He has been portrayed by Ryan Reynolds in "" before having a more faithful take starting with "Deadpool". Villain A villain is a bad person in fiction. The word comes from a Latin word meaning a feudal farm worker or peasant. Villains, or antagonists, are usually found in fiction, such as books and movies. The audience do not usually like the villain and they support the hero or heroine. However, in some cases the villain is more praised by the public than the hero, as the example of Joker in the Batman franchise. In some movies and books (such as the movie Ocean's Eleven), the villain is a good person and the hero/heroine is bad (such as a robber). When used in comic books, they are depicted as supervillains. Supervillains usually hold some kind of unnatural force. Giant's Causeway The Giant's Causeway is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns. The formation is a result of an ancient volcanic eruption. It is in County Antrim on the northeast coast of Northern Ireland. It is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was named a National Nature Reserve in 1987 by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. In a 2005 poll of "Radio Times" readers, the Giant's Causeway was named as the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom. The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven and eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (36 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places. The Giant's Causeway is today owned and managed by the National Trust. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern Ireland. Geological significance. The Giant's Causeway and Fingal's Cave are part of the same volcanic eruption. They were separated by the plate tectonics movements which happened when the supercontinent Pangaea broke up. During the Palaeogene period, some 50 to 60 million years ago, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity. Highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form a large scale lava plateau. As the lava cooled rapidly, contraction occurred. The size of the columns is mostly determined by the speed at which lava from a volcanic eruption cools. The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau which formed during the Paleogene period. Parts of this plateau can be found in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Norway, as well as at Fingal's Cave. Ornithopter An ornithopter from the ancient Greek language is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers try to make the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects seem real. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as these flying creatures. Manned ornithopters have also been built, and some have worked. The machines are of two general types: those with engines, and those powered by the muscles of the pilot. Calgary Stampede The Calgary Stampede happens every year and has a rodeo, exhibits, and a festival held every July in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The ten-day event, which calls itself "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth," brings over one million visitors every year and has the world's largest rodeo. It also has a parade, rides, stage shows, concerts, farming games,and racing. People from Calgary also begin wearing cowboy hats and other cowboy gear in spirit of the event. The stampede began as a farming fair in 1886 and turned into the Calgary Stampede in 1923. Juggling Juggling is a skill where a person (the "juggler") keeps objects ("props") moving for a long time, using their hands or other parts of their body. The most common props are balls (or beanbags), clubs and rings. Some jugglers use more dangerous-looking objects such as knives, fire torches and chainsaws. There are other kinds of juggling prop such as diabolos, yo-yos, poi, devil sticks, cigar boxes, foot bags and hats. Some jugglers use bouncing objects. Juggling can be for entertainment, art or sport. 3753 Cruithne 3753 Cruithne is an asteroid. Discovery. 3753 Cruithne was discovered on October 10, 1986, by Duncan Waldron on the UK Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, Coonabarabran, Australia. The 1983 appearance is given to Giovanni de Sanctis and Richard M. West of the European Southern Observatory in Chile. It was not until 1997 that its unusual orbit was found by Paul Wiegert and Kimmo Innanen, working at York University in Toronto, and Seppo Mikkola, working at the University of Turku in Finland. The asteroid is named after the Cruithne, a people of early medieval Ireland. Measurements. 3753 Cruithne is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in diameter. From 1994 through 2015, 3753 Cruithne makes its annual closest approach to Earth every November. Although Cruithne's orbit is not thought to be stable over the long term, calculations showed that it has probably been synchronized with Earth's orbit for a long time. There is no danger of a collision with Earth for millions of years, if ever. Its orbital path and Earth's do not cross. Orbit. Cruithne is in a normal elliptic orbit around the Sun. Its period of revolution around the Sun, about 364 days at present, is almost equal to that of the Earth. Because of this, Cruithne and Earth appear to follow each other in their paths around the Sun. This is why Cruithne is sometimes called "Earth's second moon". However, it does not orbit the Earth and is not a moon. In 2058, Cruithne will come within 13.6 million kilometres of Mars. Cruithne's distance from the Sun and orbital speed vary a lot more than the Earth's, so from the Earth's point of view Cruithne actually follows a kidney bean-shaped horseshoe orbit ahead of the Earth, taking slightly less than one year to complete a circuit of the "bean". Because it takes slightly less than a year, the Earth "falls behind" the bean a little more each year, and so from our point of view, the circuit is not quite closed, but rather like a spiral loop that moves slowly away from the Earth. After many years, the Earth will have fallen so far behind that Cruithne will then actually be "catching up" on the Earth from "behind". When it eventually does catch up, Cruithne will make a series of annual close approaches to the Earth and gravitationally exchange orbital energy with Earth; this will alter Cruithne's orbit by a little over half a million kilometres so that its period of revolution around the Sun will then become slightly more than a year. The kidney bean will then start to migrate away from the Earth again in the opposite direction — instead of the Earth "falling behind" the bean, the Earth is "pulling away from" the bean. The next such series of close approaches will be centred on the year 2292 — in July of that year, Cruithne will approach Earth to about 12,500,000 kilometres. After 380 to 390 years or so, the kidney-bean-shaped orbit approaches Earth again from the other side, and the Earth, once more, alters the orbit of Cruithne so that its period of revolution around the Sun is again slightly less than a year (this last happened with a series of close approaches centred on 1902, and will next happen with a series centered on 2676). The pattern then repeats itself. More resonant near-Earth objects (NEOs) have since been discovered. These include 54509 YORP, (85770) 1998 UP1, 2002 AA29, and 2009BD which exist in resonant orbits similar to Cruithne's. Other examples of natural bodies known to be in horseshoe orbits include Janus and Epimetheus, natural satellites of Saturn. The orbits these two moons follow around Saturn are much simpler than the one Cruithne follows, but operate along the same general principles. Mars has four known co-orbital asteroids (5261 Eureka, 1999 UJ7, 1998 VF31, and 2007 NS2, all at the Lagrangian points), and Jupiter has many (more than 1000 known objects, the Trojan asteroids); there are also other small co-orbital moons in the Saturnian system: Telesto and Calypso with Tethys, and Helene and Polydeuces with Dione. However, none of these follow horseshoe orbits. Mirror's Edge Mirror's Edge is a single-player first person action-adventure video game made by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. Plot. The plot of Mirror's Edge follows Faith, a member of a group called the Runners. The Runners deliver things from person to person as an underground system, as the city spies on the citizens a lot. Faith's sister is accused of killing a candidate for mayor of the city, and Faith finds out it's part of a plan to kill the Runners. The true killer ends up being an ex-Runner gone rogue working for the government, and Faith saves her sister from being arrested. WWE Fatal 4-Way Fatal 4-Way was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on June 20, 2010. Okaloosa County, Florida Okaloosa County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on June 13, 1915. As of 2000, 170,498 people lived there. Okaloosa County's seat is Crestview. Martin County, Florida Martin County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on June 13, 1915. As of 2000, 170,498 people lived there. Martin County's seat is Stuart. The county is named after John W. Martin. The state park Jonathan Dickinson State Park is in this county. Wuerhosaurus Wuerhosaurus was a stegosaurid dinosaur (related to Stegosaurus) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Many details of the skeleton are lacking. It had bony, rounded plates along its back and probably 4 bony spikes at the tip of its tail. It had a shorter body and wider hip bones than other stegosaurids. It was one of the last genera of stegosaur known to survive, since most others died out by the end of the Jurassic. Franklin County, Florida Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on June 13, 1915. As of 2000, 11,057 people lived there. Franklin County's seat is Apalachicola. Hillsborough County, Florida Hillsborough County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on June 13, 1915. As of 2000, 11,057 people lived there. Hillsborough County's seat is Tampa. Inner Hebrides The Inner Hebrides is an archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, which enjoy a mild oceanic climate because the Gulf Stream runs past them. There are 36 inhabited islands and a further 43 uninhabited Inner Hebrides with an area greater than . The main commercial activities are tourism, crofting, fishing, and whisky distilling. Combined, the islands have an area of approximately , and had a population of 18,257 people in 2001. The population density is therefore a little over 4 persons per km2 (11 persons per square mile). There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. In the historic period the earliest known settlers were Picts to the north and Gaels in the south. The islands became part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles, the "Suðreyjar" kingdom of the Norse. The Norsemen ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by various clan chiefs, principal of which were the Clan MacLeod and Clan MacDonald. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline. Sea transport is crucial and ferry services operate between the islands and the mainland Britain. The Gaelic language and the Wee Free Church of Scotland remains strong in some areas. The landscapes have inspired a variety of artists, and there is a diversity of wildlife. Islands. Skye, Mull and Islay are the largest islands. There are also many small, uninhabited islands. One of the uninhabited isles, Staffa, is home to Fingal's Cave and basalt columns. Hebrides The Hebrides are two archipelagos off the west coast of Scotland. They are: Hebrides or Hebridean may also be: Scion xB The Scion xB was a car made by Toyota for the United States and was sold under the Scion brand. It is a box-shaped, 5-door small car and is sometimes called the box car. There are two types of Scion xB cars on the road today. The first type was made from 2004 until 2006. This type was known for its boxy shape and high fuel economy. The second type was made from 2008 until 2015. This type looks much rounder and it is more powerful than the first type of car. This type is also not as popular because it is a more generic type of car. There has been a lot of criticism about the second type of Scion xB because of this reason. Also, many original xB owners despise the xB2 even being called an xB. The xB2 has its own name in other markets. Scion used the xB name in an attempt to help sell it in America. Earthquake protector An earthquake protector is a type of base isolation made to protect building and non-building structures against damage from strong earthquakes. A building's seismic performance may be improved by reducing vibrations. This may be done with damping mechanisms in vibration control technologies and especially in base isolation. However, for the very pliant systems such as base isolated structures, with a relatively low bearing stiffness but with a high damping, the so-called "damping force" may turn out the main pushing force at a strong earthquake. This finding created a theoretical ground in earthquake engineering for a damping-disengaged base isolation technology called Earthquake protector. Storegga Slide The three Storegga Slides were large landslides. They occurred under water, at the edge of Norway's continental shelf, in the Norwegian Sea. This is between Norway and Greenland, just north of Great Britain. They caused a very large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. About 290 km length of coastal shelf, 3,500 km3 of debris fell. This is an area the size of Iceland covered to a depth of 34 m (112 ft). Based on carbon dating of plant material, the latest incident occurred around 6100 BC. In Scotland, traces of this tsunami have been found in the Montrose Basin (estuary of the South Esk river), and the Firth of Forth, up to 80 km inland and 4 metres above today's normal tide levels. For the Ormen Lange natural gas field, the incident has been thoroughly investigated. One conclusion is that the slide was caused by material built up during the previous ice age, and that it would only happen again after a new ice age. This conclusion is supported by scientific studies. Facts and arguments supporting this conclusion were made public in 2004. It was decided that the development of the Ormen Lange gas field would not significantly increase the risk of triggering a new slide. A new slide would trigger a very large tsunami which would be devastating for the coast areas around the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Brett Skinner Brett Skinner (born June 28, 1983 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing in the Russian Kontinental Hockey League with Amur Khabarovsk. Playing career. Skinner was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks 68th overall in the 3rd round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Brett was a member of the Trail Smoke Eaters in the BCHL in 2000–01, the Des Moines Buccaneers in the USHL in 2001–02, and then the University of Denver from 2002–2005. As a Denver Pioneer, he was a member of two NCAA national championship winning teams, was named an All-American in 2004–05. He was named team captain for what would have been his senior year at Denver (2005–06) but signed his first professional contract with the Canucks on August 30, 2005, and made his pro debut with affiliate, the Manitoba Moose of the AHL, in the 2005–06 season. At the trade deadline, Skinner was traded by the Canucks, along with a 2nd round pick to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for Keith Carney and Juha Alen on March 9, 2006. Despite being dealt, Skinner remained on loan with the Moose until the end of the season. Brett spent the 2006–07 season, playing with the Augusta Lynx, Portland Pirates and the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights. He was traded by the Ducks, along with Nathan Saunders, to the Boston Bruins for Mark Mowers just prior to the 2007–08 season on September 24, 2007. Skinner enjoyed a break out year with the Providence Bruins recording 47 points in 68 games and playing in the AHL All-Star game. On July 3, 2008, Skinner was signed to a one-year contract by the New York Islanders. Brett was assigned to affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers of the AHL, to start the 2008–09 season. When a rash of injuries hit the Islanders, Skinner was recalled and made his NHL debut in a 4-2 defeat against the New York Rangers on October 27, 2008. Skinner played 11 games with the Isles before he was returned to the Sound Tigers. On January 13, 2009, Brett was traded by the Islanders to the Atlanta Thrashers for Junior Lessard. He was then assigned to affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, where he remained for the rest of the season. On July 8, 2009, Skinner signed a one-year contract with the Colorado Avalanche. He was assigned to the Avalanche's AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, for 2009–10. Skinner scored 28 points in 73 games for the Monsters. During the season on January 22, 2010, Skinner was re-called but did not debut with the Avalanche. Skinner left North America as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with Russian team, Amur Khabarovsk, of the KHL on August 12, 2010. Alex Smart Alexander Smart (May 29, 1918 – April 18, 2005) was a Canadian ice hockey forward. He played one season for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League and spent the majority of his career in the Quebec Senior Hockey League. Playing career. Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Smart played junior hockey in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League with the Portage Terriers for two seasons. In 1937–38, joined the senior ranks with the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association and scored 23 points in 12 games at a goal-per-game pace. The following season, he began a three-year stint in the Montreal City Hockey League (MCHL) with the Verdun Maple Leafs and Montreal Sr. Canadiens. In 1941–42, Smart moved with the Sr. Canadiens to the Quebec Senior Hockey League (QSHL). Affiliated with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League, Smart was called up to the NHL in 1943 and, on January 14, became the first player in league history to score a hat trick in his NHL debut (this feat was later matched by Réal Cloutier of the Quebec Nordiques in 1979, Fabian Brunnström of the Dallas Stars in 2008, and Derek Stepan of the New York Rangers in 2010). He completed the season with 5 goals and 2 assists in 8 games – the lone NHL stint of his career. Smart spent the remainder of his career in the QSHL with the Montreal Royals and Ottawa Senators with the exception of one more season in the MCHL with the Montreal Vickers and the final season of his career in the OVHL with Eastview St. Charles. He recorded a career-high 66 points in 47 games with the Senators in 1947–48, then helped the club to an Allan Cup in 1949 as Canada's senior amateur champions. Smart retired after the 1950–51 season spent with Eastview. Post-playing career. After retiring from the QSHL, Smart became a scout for the Los Angeles Kings and worked with Goodyear Tire for forty years. Brock Trotter Brock Trotter (born January 16, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey Centre who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He played two games in the NHL with the Montreal Canadiens during the 2009-10 NHL season. Playing career. On April 15, 2008, he was recalled from the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League. He was expected to play his first NHL game on April 19, 2008, against the Boston Bruins but was a late scratch. In the 2009–10 season on February 5, 2010 Brock was again recalled from Hamilton Bulldogs to Montreal. He finally made his NHL debut on February 6, 2010 against the Pittsbugh Penguins in a 5-3 victory. Playing with familiar Bulldogs teammates with Ryan White and David Desharnais, Trotter went scoreless in two games before returning to the Bulldogs to lead the team with 36 goals and place second to Desharnais with 77 points. On July 28, 2010, Trotter left the Canadiens organization and North America to sign a two-year contract as a free agent with Latvian team Dinamo Riga of the KHL. Firth of Forth The Firth of Forth is the estuary or "firth" of Scotland's River Forth. It flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh and East Lothian to the south. Geologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period. The river is tidal as far inland as Stirling. Traffic is carried across the Firth on the Kincardine Bridge, the Forth Road Bridge and the Forth Rail Bridge. In the 21st century, the Clackmannanshire Bridge has been built close to the Kincardine Bridge and the Queensferry Crossing has been built close to the Forth Road Bridge to handle increased road traffic. In July 2007, a hovercraft passenger service completed a two week trial between Portobello, Edinburgh and Kirkcaldy, Fife. The trial of the service (marketed as "Forthfast") was hailed as a major operational success, with an average passenger load of 85%. It was predicted to cut congestion for commuters on the Forth road and rail bridges by carrying about 870,000 passengers a year. The service was canceled in 2011. Don't Download This Song "Don't Download This Song" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a style parody of charity songs like "We Are the World". White & Nerdy "White & Nerdy" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire and Krayzie Bone. It is about a person who is a nerd and wants to join a gang, but cannot because he is too "white and nerdy". Canadian Idiot "Canadian Idiot" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "American Idiot" by Green Day. EBay (song) "eBay" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "I Want It That Way" by Backstreet Boys. It is about a man who buys strange and unnecessary things on eBay. Northern Isles The Northern Isles are a chain of islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. The group includes Shetland, Fair Isle and Orkney. Sometimes Stroma is included, which is part of Caithness. Culture and politics. The Northern Isles are usually separated for political purposes, but they come under the Orkney and Shetland parliamentary constituency in Westminster. Due to their history, the islands have a Norse, rather than a Gaelic flavour, and have historic links with the Faroes, Iceland, and Norway. Orkney and Shetland were given to Scotland as a deposit on the dowry of Margaret of Denmark when she married James III of Scotland in 1469. Michele Bachmann Michele Marie (née Amble) Bachmann (born April 6, 1956) is a Republican politician and activist. Since 2007 she has been a United States Congresswoman from Minnesota. Early life and career. She was born in Waterloo, Iowa but grew up in Anoka, Minnesota. At age 16 she became a born again Christian. In 1974 she spent a summer on a Kibbutz near Beer Sheva, Israel. She went to college at Winona State University. In the 1980s and 90s, she was a tax attorney. She was also a pro-life advocate. She served in the Minnesota State Senate from 2001 to 2007. Since 2007, she has been a U.S. Congresswoman from Minnesota's 6th district. Bachmann is one of the leaders of the Tea Party movement in Congress. She started the Congressional Tea Party Caucus. She has often been critical of President Obama, who she considers anti-American. Bachmann has been critical of the American education system, in part because it teaches evolution. Bachmann also does not believe in global warming. In June 2012, she said that she was running for President of the United States. Personal information. She is married to Marcus Bachmann. They live in Stillwater, Minnesota where they run a mental health care practice with 42 employees. They have five children and 23 foster children. Cam Newton Cameron "Cam" Jerrell Newton (born May 11, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn University, where he won a National Championship in 2011. Biography. Newton was born in Savannah, Georgia to parents Cecil and Jackie Newton. His father also played professional football in the NFL. He grew up in College Park, Georgia. He attended Seaborn Lee Elementary School and then Camp Creek Middle School. In 2003, he attended Westlake High School in Fulton County, Georgia, where he played football and basketball. In 2007, as a freshman at the University of Florida, Newton earned the spot over fellow freshman quarterback John Brantley as the back-up for star quarterback and eventual Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow. He played in five games and threw for 40 yards on 5-of-10 passing and ran the ball 16 times for 103 yards and three touchdowns. In 2008, during his sophomore season, Newton played in the season opener against Hawaii. He then suffered an ankle injury and decided to take a medical redshirt season. On November 21, 2008, police arrested Newton for stealing a laptop computer from a student at the University of Florida. He was subsequently temporarily suspended by the team after the laptop was in fact found to be in his possession. Investigators tracked the stolen laptop to the athlete. Newton tossed the computer out his dorm window in an attempt to hide it from the Police. (A friend scooped up the laptop and hid it behind a dumpster at a nearby school building). Newton was suspended indefinitely and announced his intention to transfer three days before Florida's national championship win over Oklahoma. All criminal charges against Newton were dropped after he completed a court-approved pretrial diversion program. Foxsports.com reported that Newton left the University of Florida after the fall semester in 2008 rather than face suspension or expulsion in part because of three instances of academic cheating. In January 2009, Newton transferred to Blinn College a junior college in Brenham, Texas. In fall 2009, he was quarterback for the team. The team won the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship. Newton then wanted to transfer to a four-year college, and his father allegedly sought money from the schools competing for Newton's attendance. Newton transferred to Auburn University where he also played quarterback. Eligibility controversy. Newton spent much of the second half of the 2010 football season haunted by allegations that his father, Cecil Newton, who wanted a fair amount of money money in return for his son playing for a major-college team. If true, this would violate National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules. In early November, officials with Mississippi State University charged that Cecil Newton said that it would take "more than just a scholarship" to secure his son's services. This demand was apparently spread by Kenny Rogers, a recruiter who formerly played for the Bulldogs, to John Bond, his former teammate at MSU. Rogers later said in a Dallas radio interview that Cecil Newton said it would take "anywhere between $100,000 and $180,000" to get his son to transfer to MSU. Auburn maintained throughout the scandal that they were not involved in any pay-for-play scheme, and that Cam Newton was allowed to play. On December 1, the NCAA announced that Auburn had declared Cam Newton to be ineligible. Auburn found evidence that Cecil Newton did in fact solicit Mississippi State for money in exchange for Cam Newton's athletic service. Auburn immediately asked the NCAA to reinstate Newton. The NCAA quickly reinstated Newton, declaring him eligible for the 2010 SEC Championship Game three days later. The NCAA said that there was not sufficient evidence that Cam Newton or anyone from Auburn had any knowledge of Cecil Newton's actions. Auburn subsequently limited the access Cecil Newton had to the football program as result of NCAA findings. Also due to increased pressure by the media and the NCAA investigation, Cecil Newton announced he would not attend the Heisman Trophy Ceremony. The NCAA reinstatement did not clear Cecil Newton of any wrongdoing. The NCAA action did make Cam Newton eligible to win the Heisman Trophy. He won the award with 2,263 points and 729 first-place votes. In October 2011, the NCAA closed its 13-month investigation into the Auburn University recruitment of Newton. The NCAA conducted over 50 interviews, and reviewed bank records, IRS documents, telephone calls, and e-mail messages. The NCAA found nothing that would indicate Auburn participated in a pay-for-play in recruiting Newton to become an Auburn student. The NCAA would say that the charges failed to "meet a burden of proof, which is a higher standard than rampant public speculation online and in the media". The NCAA's Stacey Osburn would say "We've done all we can do. We've done all the interviews. We've looked into everything, and there's nothing there. Unless something new comes to light that's credible and we need to look at, it's concluded." Professional career. Newton was selected 1st overall by the Carolinia Panthers in the 2011 NFL Draft. On July 29, 2011, Newton signed a four-year deal worth over $22 million that is fully guaranteed. He was the number one quarterback for the team, above Jimmy Clausen and Derek Anderson. In his first NFL game on September 11, 2011, Newton was 24–37 passing for 422 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception in a 28–21 road loss to the Arizona Cardinals. With a quarterback rating of 110.4, he also rushed for a touchdown, and became the first rookie to throw for over 400 yards in his first career game. His 422 passing yards broke Peyton Manning's rookie record for most passing yards on opening day. In his second career game, his team lost 30–23 to the defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers. Newton broke his own record, set the weekend previously, with 432 yards passing, throwing and rushing for a touchdown. Newton's 854 passing yards in the first two games of the season was the most in league history by a rookie. Newton broke the NFL record of 827 set by Kurt Warner in the 2000 season and stood as the most by any quarterback in the first two weeks of the season until New England's Tom Brady broke the mark again later in the day with 940. He also became the only player to begin his career with consecutive 400-yard passing games He broke the Carolina Panthers franchise record of 547 yards previously held by Steve Beuerlein. After Newton's second career game, Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers commented "I think someone said in the locker room that I'm kind of glad we played him early in the season because when he figures it out fully, he's going to be even tougher to stop." Newton's three additional interceptions against the Packers tied him for the most interceptions thrown in the league. He passed a total of 1,012 yards in the first three games. The Panthers won for the first time in the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars 16–10. Newton threw for 158 yards and one touchdown. The Panthers played the Atlanta Falcons, losing 31–17 while passing for 237 yards with no passing touchdowns. Newton's three interceptions returned him to leading the NFL in interceptions. On October 23, 2011, the Carolina won over the Washington Redskins, 33-20. Newton completed 18 of 23 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. Newton also ran for 59 yards and a touchdown. Despite his bad interception count, Newton was voted the 2011Offensive Rookie of the Year. Anna Louise Strong Anna Louise Strong (November 24, 1885 – March 29, 1970) was an American journalist and activist who reported on communist movements in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. She also supported these movements. Biography. Early years. Strong was born on November 24, 1885 in Friend, Nebraska. Her father, Sydney Dix Strong, was a minister in the Congregational Church and was a missionary. She was a very smart child and went through school very fast. She then went to Europe to study other languages. She first attended Pennsylvania's Bryn Mawr College from 1903 to 1904, then graduated from Oberlin College in Ohio, where she later returned to speak many times. In 1908, at the age of 23, she finished her education and received a PhD in philosophy from the University of Chicago with a thesis later published as "The Social Psychology of Prayer". She supported child welfare, and traveled around speaking about it. When she came toSeattle to speak about it in May 1914, more than 6,000 people came per day. At least 40,000 people came on her last day in Seattle. Strong was 30 years old when she returned to Seattle to live with her father, then pastor of Queen Anne Congregational Church. She liked the progressive politics that were popular there, which supported organized labor. Strong also enjoyed mountain climbing. She organized cooperative summer camps in the Cascades and led climbing groups up Mt. Rainier. Political career. When Strong ran for the Seattle School Board in 1916, she won easily because she was helped by women's groups and organized labor and because she was known as an expert on child welfare. She was the only female board member. She argued that the public schools should offer social service programs for poor children and that these programs should be community centers. But there was little she could do: Other members chose to devote meetings to things that Strong felt were less important, such as plumbing in the schools. In the year of her election, 1916, the Everett Massacre happened . Strong was hired as a stringer by the "New York Evening Post" to report on the bloody conflict between the IWW (or "Wobblies") and the army of armed guards hired by Everett mill owners to keep them out of town. At first, she was just somebody who was watching without taking a side. However, she soon started taking the side of workers' rights and speaking about this belief. Strong's endorsement of left-wing causes made her different from the other people on the school board. She was against war, and when the United States entered World War I in 1917, she spoke out against the draft. On one hand, the PTA and women's clubs joined her in opposing military training in the schools. On the other hand, the Seattle Minute Men, many of whom were veterans of the Spanish-American War, said that she was unpatriotic. The anti-war beliefs of the Wobblies led to many of them being arrested at the Seattle office where Louise Olivereau, a typist, was mailing things to draftees that told them to think about becoming conscientious objectors and not enter the draft. In 1918, Strong stood by Olivereau's side in the courtroom, as the typist-activist was tried for sedition, found guilty, and sent to prison. Strong's fellow school board members started recall campaign to get Strong removed from the school board, and they won. She showed up at their next meeting to argue that they should choose a woman to replace her. The school board decided to do this, but they said that they wanted a mainstream, patriotic representative, and a mother with children in the schools. They replaced Anna Louise Strong with Evangeline C. Harper, a well known country club woman. Journalistic career. Strong because known as part of the city's labor-owned daily newspaper, "The Union Record", writing forceful pro-labor articles and saying good things about the new Soviet government. On February 6, 1919, two days before the beginning of the Seattle General Strike of 1919, she wrote in an editorial: "We are undertaking the most tremendous move ever made by labor in this country, a move which will lead – NO ONE KNOWS WHERE!" The strike shut down the city for four days and then ended as it had begun – peacefully and with its goals still unclear. Not knowing what to do, she took her friend Lincoln Steffens' advice and in 1921 travelled to Poland and Russia serving as a correspondent for the American Friends Service Committee. The reason she was going was to give the first foreign relief to the Volga famine victims. After a year of that, she was named Moscow correspondent for the International News Service. Strong saw many things in Europe which inspired her to write. Some of her works include "The First Time in History" (preface by Leon Trotsky) (1924), and "Children of Revolution" (1925). After remaining in the area for several years, Strong grew to become an supporter of socialism in the newly formed Soviet Union. In 1925, during the era of the New Economic Policy in the USSR, she came back to the United States to make businessmen interested in investing in industry and development in the Soviet Union. During this time Strong, also gave many speeches and became well known as an authority on "soft news" (such as how to get an apartment) about the USSR. In the late 1920s, Strong travelled in China and other parts of Asia. She became friends with Soong Ching-ling and Zhou Enlai. She wrote some more books about her travels, including "China's Millions" (1928), "Red Star in Samarkand" (1929). In 1930 she came back to Moscow and helped start "Moscow News", the first English-language newspaper in the city. She was managing editor for a year and then became a featured writer. She married Soviet official and fellow socialist Joel Shubin in 1932. Much like Strong, Shubin was a man passionately dedicated to his work and the two were often apart because of work, and would ultimately spend little time together before Shubin's death in 1942. While living in the Soviet Union, she became more happy with the Soviet government and wrote many books praising it. They include: "The Soviets Conquer Wheat" (1931), an updated version of "China's Millions: The Revolutionary Struggles from 1927 to 1935" (1935), the best-selling autobiographical "I Change Worlds: the Remaking of an American" (1935), "This Soviet World" (1936), and "The Soviet Constitution" (1937). In 1936 she returned once again to the United States. Quietly and privately upset with news in the USSR (The "Great Purges"), she continued to write for leading periodicals, including "The Atlantic Monthly", "Harper's", "The Nation" and "Asia". A visit to Spain resulted in "Spain in Arms" (1937); visits to China led to "One Fifth of Mankind" (1938). In 1940 she published "My Native Land". Other books include "The Soviets Expected It" (1941); the novel "Wild River" (1943), set in Russia; "Peoples of the U.S.S.R." (1944), "I Saw the New Poland" (1946) (based on her reporting from Poland as she accompanied the occupying Red Army); and three books on the success of the early Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War. While in the USSR she travelled throughout the huge nation, including the Ukraine, Kuznetsk, Stalingrad, Kiev, Siberia, Central Asia, Uzbekistan, and many more. She also travelled into Poland, Germany, and Britain. While in the Soviet Union, Strong met with Stalin, Molotov, and many other Soviet officials. She interviewed factory workers, farmers, and pedestrians. In World War II, when the Red Army began its advance against Nazi Germany, Strong stayed in the rear following the soldiers through Warsaw, Łódź and Gdańsk. In great part because of her overtly pro-Chinese Communist sympathies she was arrested in Moscow in 1949 and charged by the Soviets with espionage. She later returned to the USSR in 1959, but settled in China until her death. Strong met W. E. B. Du Bois, who visited Communist China during the Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s. Neither ever supported famine-related criticisms of the Great Leap. Strong wrote a book titled "When Serfs Stood Up in Tibet" based on her experience during this period, which include the Chinese invasion of Tibet. Partly from fear of losing her passport if she came back to the US, she moved to China until her death in 1970, publishing a "Letter from China." During that time, she got to know Zhou Enlai very well, and also knew Mao Zedong. She lived in the old Italian Legation which had been changed into flats for the leading "foreign friends". Death. Anna Louise Strong died in Beijing, on March 29, 1970. Winona, Minnesota Winona is a city in southeast Minnesota just west of the Mississippi River. Winona State University serves the region. For Your Entertainment For Your Entertainment is the debut studio album by American singer and "American Idol" season 8 runner-up Adam Lambert. The album was recorded during the summer and fall of 2009 and was released on November 23, 2010 in the United States. The album was released under RCA Records. The album was produced by Dr Luke, Max Martin, Linda Perry, and Ryan Tedder. It his #1 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart and #29 on the 2010 Year-End U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart. Release. The album was first released in the United Kingdom, on November 20, 2009, to generally positive reception. The album was released internationally with "Time for Miracles", "Master Plan", "No Boundaries", "Down the Rabbit Hole" and "Voodoo" as bonus tracks. The CD was also released in a "Tour Edition", featuring the bonus tracks, live performances, music videos, and the making of "If I Had You"'s music video. The album was released with a different cover, the same image of the title track artwork. The only difference it's that "Adam Lambert" and "For Your Entertainment" are above, instead of being down. Ingredient An ingredient is a part that forms part of a mixture (in a general sense). For example, in cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific dish. Many commercial products contain a secret ingredient that is purported to make them better than competing products. In the health industry, an active ingredient is that part of a recipe that yields the effect required by the buyer. National laws usually require prepared food products to show a list of ingredients, and require that certain "bad things" be listed. In most developed countries, the law requires that ingredients be listed according to their weight in the product. If an ingredient itself consists of more than one ingredient (such as the cookie pieces which are a part of "cookies and cream" flavor ice cream), then that ingredient is listed by what percentage of the total product it occupies, with its own ingredients showed next to it in brackets. Chainsaw A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable mechanical saw, typically powered by a two-stroke engine. It is used for cutting trees, to fell snags, to cut firebreaks in wild land fires, and to harvest firewood. Special chainsaws are used for cutting concrete. Parts. A chainsaw has several parts, including: As chainsaw carving has become more popular, the makers of chainsaws are making special short, narrow-tipped bars for carving. These are called "quarter tipped," "nickel tipped" or "dime tipped" bars, based on the size of the round tip. After sometime the chainsaw chain gets dull. Orion (spacecraft) Orion is a spacecraft built by Lockheed Martin for NASA. Each Orion spacecraft will be able to carry up to six astronauts. The Orion vehicle will be launched on the Space Launch System. The first launch (Exploration Flight Test-1) was on the Delta IV Heavy. Orion will launch from Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center, the same launch site used by the Space Shuttle and the Saturn V. Orion is meant to take humans to the Moon and Mars. History. Orion was first made for the Constellation program in 2004, as the Orion CEV (Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle). It was meant to be launched on the Ares I rocket. Then it would be able to go to the International Space Station. It was also planned to go to a spacecraft launched in pieces on different Ares V rockets, and the spacecraft with the Orion would go to the Moon, Mars, or another place. On October 11, 2010, Constellation was cancelled. They created a new program and a new rocket called the Space Launch System, and changed the name of Orion to the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. This rocket will launch Orion for going to the Moon in 2022 and Mars in 2033. Bracket Brackets are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text. They are used in mathematics and in literature (written language). They are sometimes used to set apart or interject other parts of the text. They are noted as left/right: the "left bracket" is "[" and the "right bracket" is "]". In the American English, "bracket" usually refers specifically to the "square" or "box" type. In British English, "bracket" normally refers to the "round" type, which is called a "parenthesis" mark in American usage. Parentheses are the curved brackets "(  )". They are also called "round brackets", "curved brackets", "oval brackets", or, colloquially, "parens". Parentheses have several different meanings, such as: There are also other uses for parentheses. Parentheses enclose text which could be left out, without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence. In most writing, overuse of parentheses is usually a sign of a badly structured text. A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas around the text, although if the sentence contains commas for other uses, then visual confusion may result. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add more information, such as in: They can also note "either singular or plural" for nouns, such as in the word "claim(s)". In mathematics, various brackets are used for various purposes. These include, in particular: Theogony The Theogony (, "Theogonía", the birth of the gods) is a poem by Hesiod. It was written in the 8th or 7th century BC, and uses the same dialect of Ancient Greek as Homer. This dialect is known as Epic dialect today. With the exception of the Illiad and the Odyssey, the Theogony is the oldest known source of Greek mythology. The poem is a synthesis of different Greek stories and traditions. It is a story that tells how the gods came to be and how they established permanent control over the cosmos. It is the first Greek mythical cosmogony. In the beginning, the state of the universe is chaos - a dark indefinite void. Everything else appeared from divine chaos. Musaceae The Musaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of the Old World. The plants are large herbs with very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. The species of this family are native to the tropics of Africa, East Asia, Australia and South Pacific; some of them, like bananas and plantains, are grown in all tropical countries for their fruits. Description. These are perennial herbaceous plants; they are not very tall. The lower parts of the big leaves are closely packed making a false stem ("pseudostem") that is not made of wood. The true stems grow underground; it is called a rhizome or a corm. The false stems die after flowering and producing fruits and are replaced by new false stems rising from the underground corm. The flowers have bracts and grow in groups (inflorescences) and are pollinated by insects, birds, bats and treeshrews. Fruits are berries with many hard seeds but the fruits of commercial bananas and plantains do not have seeds because they are steriles. Genera. The French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu created this family in 1789. There are three genera in this family: Acceptance of "Musella" has varied; , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families considers it a synonym of "Ensete". Uses. In addition to banana and plantain fruits and their products (including alcohol, meal), "Musa" species and varieties are important sources of fibre (abacá, Manila hemp). Zingiberales Zingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains of the Musaceae or banana family, along with arrowroot of the Marantaceae or arrowroot family. Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae, or the Ginger family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes, comprising ca. 52 genera and more than 1300 species, distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. TWAS Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam of Pakistan led a group of scientists in starting TWAS in 1983. This group of important and respected scientists knew that scientific research in developing countries was not good enough and wanted to improve it. TWAS meant Third World Academy of Sciences. The name was changed to TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world in 2004. TWAS is a science academy uniting 1,000 scientists in some 70 countries. Its main goals are promoting the ability to do science and excellence for sustainable development in the South (see North-South divide). Its headquarters are at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy. The founding members of TWAS therefore decided to set up an organization that would help to: The Italian government has supported TWAS financially since it began. The director general of UNESCO and the president of TWAS signed an agreement. UNESCO has managed TWAS finance and staff since 1991. Original members. These are some of the original fellows. They started TWAS in 1983. For Your Entertainment (song) For Your Entertainment is the debut mainstream single by pop singer/songwriter and runner up of American Idol's 8th season "Adam Lambert". It is the lead single for the album "For Your Entertainment". The song was released commercially on November 3, 2009. The single was written by Claude Kelly and Dr. Luke. It's set to be his first U.K single and his third Australian single. Background. On October 28, 2009, Lambert announced via Twitter that his lead single from his debut album would be "For Your Entertainment", a song that was produced by Dr. Luke. The following day, Lambert announced that the single would debut on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on October 30, 2009. The song became available as a legal download in the United States on November 3, 2009 and on November 15, 2009 in the United Kingdom. Remixes. On November 24th, 2009 UK dance music group comprising producers Lee Dagger and Marc JB and vocalist Katherine Ellis called "Bimbo Jones" remixed "For You Entertainment" and released it on iTunes Store. It also has a short edit for radio mainstream. On December 1st, 2009 RCA/Jive released American producer Brad Walsh's remix of the song "For Your Entertainment" on iTunes on Adam Lambert's "Remixes" EP. The remix also opened Adam's Glam Nation tour and was on an E! commercial. Music Video. The music video premiered on Lambert's official website on November 24, 2009. It was directed by Ray Kay. The video was filmed in a one-day shoot, on November 15 at The Alexandria, an old hotel which is now an apartment building in downtown Los Angeles. Concept. The video opens with a nighttime street level shot in a city. As the camera pans down below the ground, Lambert is shown walking into an underground club, filled with scantily clad men and women. As he begins singing, he walks through the crowd and interacts and dances with others. Mixed with dancing are close up shots of Lambert and various dancers. Towards the end of the song, Lambert begins to play with his band and the video shows everyone in the club dancing. As the song ends, the camera pans back up to the street level where life is continuing on, completely oblivious of what is going on below the streets. No Boundaries (song) "No Boundaries" is a song originally written for season 8 "American Idol" winner Kris Allen. The song was covered by Allen in 2009 for the finale and winning of season 8. The song was officially released by Kris Allen on May 20, 2009. The song was written by Kara DioGuardi, Cathy Dennis, and Mitch Allen. Kris Allen's version of this single was produced by independent producer Emanuel Kiriakou. Adam Lambert, runner-up of "American Idol"'s 8th season, covered the song in late May. He released it as his own on June 9, 2009. Lambert's version was going to be featured on his first studio album, but it was replaced by his soon to be released single "Time for Miracles". Purdue University Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University System. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university, accepted a donation of land and money from Lafayette businessman John Purdue to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name. The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with three buildings, six instructors, and 39 students. Today, Purdue enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana as well as the second largest international student population of any public university in the United States. Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 major areas of study. Purdue has produced multiple Nobel Prize winners, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and NFL Super Bowl MVPs. The university has been highly influential in America's history of aviation, and Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the highest rated and most competitive in the world. In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology giving rise to Purdue's nickname, "Cradle of Astronauts". Purdue's tenured faculty comprises sixty Academic Deans, Associate Deans, and Assistant Deans; 63 Academic Department Heads; 753 Professors; 547 Associate Professors and 447 Assistant Professors. Purdue employs 892 non-tenure-track faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its West Lafayette campus. Purdue employs another 691 tenured and 1,021 Non-Tenure Track Faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its Regional Campuses and Statewide Technology. Purdue University generated a record $333.4 million in sponsored research funding during the 2007–08 fiscal year with participation from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services. Whataya Want from Me Whataya Want from Me is the 2nd single released off the album "For Your Entertainment" by Season 8 runner-up of American Idol "Adam Lambert". The song was written by Pink, Max Martin, and Shellback and was recorded by Pink for her fifth studio album, Funhouse, but did not make it to the final cut. It was produced by Max Martin and Shellback, who have collaborated with Pink, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and fellow Idols Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry, Allison Iraheta and Carrie Underwood. The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The track was originally recorded and co-written by Pink for the album Funhouse but did not make the final cut. On November 18, 2009, Lambert announced via his official website that his second single from his debut album would be "Whataya Want from Me". The song was the second single announced before the CD was officially available to the public. The song became available as a legal download in the United States on November 20, 2009 when his CD was officially released. The song was also included on Now That's What I Call Music! #34 and was covered in the Kidz Bop series. In 2010, it was announced that Pink's recording on the song will appear on her first greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits... So Far!!!. Music video. The music video for "Whataya Want from Me" was directed by Diane Martel and shot on December 20, 2009. It premiered on January 15, 2010, on VH1. The video features Lambert becoming frustrated with the very intrusive camera man. There are also performance clips throughout the video of Lambert performing with his band. One scene in the video features Lambert making his way through a crowd of paparazzi and fans into a car. At the beginning of the song, Adam switches the TV off, and then begins singing "slow it down, whataya want from me," leading one interpretation to be that what he was watching was actually the AMAs. Chart performance. "Whataya Want from Me" debuted at number 72 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on the week of January 2, 2010.[34][35] Following his appearance as a mentor on American Idol (season 9), the song reached #10, becoming Lambert's second Top 20 single (the first being his cover of "Mad World", which peaked at #19) and first Top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100. Remixes and other versions. P!nk. The song was originally written and recorded for pop artist Pink. The song was supposed to be featured on the album "Funhouse" in 2008, however never made it to its final cut. Lambert was offered the song to be a single and later ended up being featured as the 2nd track on his album "For Your Entertainment". Fonzerelli's Electro House Club Group. The Fonzerelli's Electro House Club released their remixed version of the song "Whataya Want from Me" on November 27th, 2009 and was released for radio mainstream on January 5th, 2010. Brad Walsh. Brad Walsh previously remixed Lambert's "For Your Entertainment" and "Time For Miracles". On November 27th, 2009, Walsh's remix of the song hit mainstream and was released for digital download on iTunes Store. The remixed version of the song by Brad was cut down in a shortened version for radio mainstream. Jason Nevins. On November 27th, 2009, American DJ, producer and remixer Jason Nevins released his remixed version of the song "Whataya Want from Me" on iTunes Store. If I Had You (Adam Lambert song) If I Had You (styled as If I Had U) is "Adam Lambert's" 3rd official mainstream single released of his debut album, "For Your Entertaintment". The song was written by Max Martin, Shellback, and Savan Kotecha for Lambert's debut album, For Your Entertainment. It was released as the third single on May 5, 2010. Music video. James Montgomery from MTV describes the video as having "a clearing in the forest, one packed with party people — of all races, colors, creeds and proclivities, naturally — who are all in the midst of a totally excellent celebration. (Most of said party people are actually Lambert's friends, from his days performing with L.A.'s "Zodiac Show.")" Montgomery states the message of the video is "Humanity can, in fact, put their differences aside and just dance." Premier. The video premiered June 14, 2010 on VH1 and "takes the late-night wilderness party motif of Jennifer Lopez's classic "Waiting for Tonight" clip and adds more lasers, guyliner, thrashy dance moves, silver top hats and outrageously spiky shoulder pads." Bryan Barber directed the video, which was inspired by Lambert's self-proclaimed "psychedelic" experience at Burning Man. Remixes. Remixes of the song include an instrumental remix and a radio edit. As well DJ's and producer's like Jason Nevins, Dangerous Muse, and Morgan Page. Capri pants Capri pants are a type of pants. They are shorter than normal pants; they end between the knee and lower leg. They were first made in 1948 by Sonja de Lennart, a clothes designer from Prussia. They were popular in the 1950s and 1960s, but went out of style until the 2000s, when they became popular again. Some pants have a zipper at the knee, allowing them to be converted into shorts. This design allows people to change between shorts and pants in variable weather conditions. Fever (Adam Lambert song) Fever is a song by international pop singer/songwriter Lady Gaga. The song, however, was given to Adam Lambert to be released off the album "For Your Entertainment" for mainstream radio in New Zealand. The song hit #3 on the New Zealand Pop chart in September 2010. The song was released by Lambert on August 3rd, 2010. Sleepwalker (song) "Sleepwalker" is a song by Adam Lambert released off his debut album "For Your Entertainment". The song was written by frontman of OneRepublic, Ryan Tedder, as well as Aimee Mayo, and Chris Lindsey. It was produced by Tedder and was released in Canada and New Zealand for radio mainstream on June 15, 2010. Time for Miracles Time for Miracles is a song written and composed by Alain Johannes and Natasha Schneider and produced by Rob Cavallo. "Adam Lambert" is the singer for the song and was released as a single off the album "For Your Entertainment". It was also released as a promotional single for the 2009 action-thriller movie "2012". The single was released on October 18th, 2009 for promotional release and on November 3rd, 2009 for radio mainstream. Before "Time for Miracles" was released to the public, it had already garnered positive reviews. Brian May of Queen was able to listen to the full track and praised the song as "truly sensational" and complimented Lambert's vocals, stating, "Adam's voice reaches out with sensitivity, depth, maturity, and awesome range and power that will make jaws drop all around the world." Chart performance. On the chart week ending November 7, 2009, "Time for Miracles" debuted at #50 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the United States, the song has sold 124,000 legal digital downloads. 2010–11 Philippine floods In December 2010, strong rains in some places in the central part of Visayas and the eastern section of Luzon and Mindanao caused floods in the Philippines. By January 12, 2011, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) pegged those affected at 235,867 families or 1,230,022 people in 1,267 villages in 137 towns and 10 cities in 23 provinces. Causes. The causes of flood were blamed on a stationary front or called tail-end of a cold front and wind convergence. PAGASA reported that the cold front would pass at the places of Eastern Visayas and Central Visayas, along with the wind convergence. Floods. December 2010. The first reports of flooding were at the Bicol Region provinces of Albay and Sorsogon. In late December, Albay governor Joey Salceda had placed his province under a state of emergency after the rains caused the deaths of two people and the displacement of 4,000. He has also issued a mandatory evacuation on residents in affected areas. Fears of lahar flows from the recently active Mayon Volcano had been dismissed. In adjacent Sorsogon, 170 families had already been evacuated. January 1 to 5. At the start of the new year, the cold front moved to the central part of the Philippines, stretching a rain band from Southern Leyte to Misamis Oriental. PAGASA forecast more rain until January 6 in these areas. At least five deaths have been confirmed in these areas: three children died after being buried by a landslide in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, while two others drowned in the same province. The town and five other municipalities in the province had also been without power. Several towns in Eastern Samar and Northern Samar have also reported flooding. Elsewhere, minor landslides were reported in Hinabangan, Samar and Tacloban. In Cebu City, a flight going to Siargao had been canceled, and landslides have also been reported. More than 2,000 people have been displaced in the Caraga due to the rains. A landslide claimed a life of a person in Monkayo, Compostela Valley, while three girls were reported missing in the area. January 6 to January 10. On January 6, the cold front that affected Caraga and Eastern Visayas moved to Bicol and brought rains anew. This caused the evacuation of 8,200 people in the region. By January 6, Butuan, Agusan del Sur towns of Bunawan and San Francisco, and Surigao del Sur were placed under state of calamity as additional seven deaths were recorded. Flood damage to government infrastructure in Caraga was at 141 million Philippine pesos (US$3.2 million). More than 80% of the evacuees in Albay were sent home after conditions improved on January 7. Classes that were suspended on January 6 reopened the next day except for schools that were used as evacuation centers. Meanwhile, the floods subsided in Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley, but it destroyed the crops of some 2,100 farmers. The NDRRMC pegged the damages to agriculture and infrastructure nationwide at 183 million pesos (US$4.1 million). January 23 onwards. As of January 23, 2010 the death toll from the floods has risen to 68 with 26 others still missing. Another causes of flooding was the Wind Convergence.On January 26 heavy rain bought by the northeast monsoon fall down Cebu. Reaction. Salceda urged PAGASA to assign names to weather systems that are not storms that cause disruptions. Secretary of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Rogelio Singson also said in a DWIZ interview that PAGASA "should draw up a classification system, not just for typhoons but also for massive rainfall." PAGASA for their part had already installed automatic weather stations, and established a community-based early warning system. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), which had been in a decades-long insurgency, instructed its military arm the New People's Army to help in relief operations. The government and the CCP ended their ceasefire on January 3. Ryan White (ice hockey) Ryan White (born March 17, 1988) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey center who previously played for the Montreal Canadiens, Philadelphia Flyers, Arizona Coyotes and Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). Playing career. White spent four seasons, from 2004–05 to 2007–08, in the Western Hockey League with the Calgary Hitmen. He was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the third round, 66th overall, in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. Following his WHL career, White was assigned to the Canadiens' minor league affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL), where he recorded 29 points in 80 games as a rookie in 2008–09. White made his NHL debut in a call-up with the Montreal Canadiens on November 5, 2009 against the Boston Bruins, recording an assist. He was called up once again for a game against the Ottawa Senators the following month on December 8. White played the entirety of the first period before being pulled from the game after the NHL noticed he was playing, despite the Canadiens not having properly reported his call-up to the league before the 5 p.m. deadline. Ken Wregget Kenneth Wregget (born March 25, 1964) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He won the Stanley Cup in 1992 with the Pittsburgh Penguins. Playing career. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Calgary Flames, and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League from 1983 through 2000. He played one season for the Manitoba Moose of the International Hockey League in 2000–2001 before retiring at the age of 37. Wregget played for three seasons with the Lethbridge Broncos of the Western Hockey League and won the Del Wilson Trophy as the WHL's top goaltender in 1984. In 1983, he joined the St. Catharines Saints, the Toronto AHL affiliate, after being drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the third round of the 1982 NHL Entry Draft, 45th overall. He split time for two seasons between St. Catharines and the Maple Leafs. The 1986–87 season was his first full year in the NHL. In 1992, he was traded from the Philadelphia Flyers to the reigning champion Pittsburgh Penguins along with Kjell Samuelsson and Rick Tocchet in exchange for Mark Recchi. Wregget was generally backup to Penguins goaltender Tom Barrasso, although Wregget was regarded as a solid goaltender in his own right. There was frequent speculation that Wregget would take over as the starting goaltender. Wregget's best season came in 1994–95 when he played in 38 games and compiled a 25–9-2 record with a 3.21 goals against average and a .903 save percentage while also leading the NHL in wins. He was also the goaltender who faced the first penalty shot ever awarded during an overtime period in NHL playoff history (1996). He stopped Washington Capitals star Joé Juneau, extending what was the third-longest game in NHL history, the longest game since 1936. The Penguins finally won 3–2 in the fourth overtime period. In 2009, he was inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame. Eau Claire, Wisconsin Eau Claire is a city in west central Wisconsin just south of Chippewa Falls. There is a campus of University of Wisconsin System. The Eau Claire river flows into the Chippewa river in this town. The city started as a lumber town and wood was transported over the river. The name is from the French "eau claire" (clear water). Isles of Scilly The Isles of Scilly form an archipelago off the southwestern tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. The islands have had a unitary authority council since 1890, and are separate from the Cornwall unitary authority. Some services are combined with Cornwall and the islands are still part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall. The islands are designated an 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty'. They have been dangerous for ships, and there are 530 known shipwrecks around the archipelago. Ancient history. Scilly has been inhabited since the Neolithic. Its history has been one of subsistence living until the early 20th century (people lived from what they could get from the land or the sea). Farming and fishing continue today, but the main industry now is tourism. It is likely that until relatively recent times the Isles were much larger with many of them joined into one island, named Ennor. Rising sea levels flooded the central plain around 400–500 AD, forming the current islands. Evidence for the older large island includes: Offshore, midway between Land's End and the Isles of Scilly, is the supposed location of the mythical lost land of Lyonesse, referred to in Arthurian literature. Scilly has been identified as the place of exile of two heretical 4th century bishops, Instantius and Tiberianus, who were followers of Priscillian. Geography. The Isles of Scilly form an archipelago of five populated islands and many other small rocky islets (around 140 in total) lying 45 km (28 mi) off Land's End. They are all composed of granite of early Permian age. The position of the islands causes great contrasts. The warming effect of the sea means they rarely have frost or snow. This allows local farmers to grow flowers earlier than would grow on mainland Britain. The chief agricultural product is cut flowers, mostly daffodils. Exposure to Atlantic winds means that spectacular winter gales lash the islands from time to time. This is reflected in the landscape. On Tresco, the lush sub-tropical Tresco Abbey Gardens shelter on the southern end of the island, but the low heather and bare rock get the wind on the exposed northern end. Calluna Calluna vulgaris (heather) is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing perennial shrub growing to tall, or rarely to . It is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. Heather is the dominant plant on most heaths and moorland in Europe, and in some bog vegetation and acidic pine and oak woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning. It is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. The flowers emerge in late summer; in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. Uses. Heather is an important food source for various sheep and deer which can graze the tips of the plants when snow covers low growing vegetation. Willow Grouse and Red Grouse feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant. Both adults and larvae of the Heather Beetle "Lochmaea suturalis" feed on it, and can cause damage. The larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species also feed on the plant. Heather honey is a highly valued product in moorland and heathland areas, with many beehives being moved there in late summer. It has a strong taste, and an unusual texture. It is thixotropic, being a jelly until stirred, when it becomes a syrup (like other honey), but then sets again to a jelly. This makes the extraction of the honey from the comb difficult, and it is therefore often sold as comb honey. Cultural references. Heather is seen as iconic of Scotland, where the plant grows widely. When poems like "Bonnie Auld Scotland" speak of "fragrant hills of purple heather', when the hero of "Kidnapped" flees through the heather, when heather and Scotland are linked in the same sentence, the heather talked about is "Calluna vulgaris". Piperales Piperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but otherwise has been treated variously over time. Well-known plants which may be included in this order include black pepper, kava, lizard's tail, birthwort, and wild ginger. Piperaceae The Piperaceae, also known as the pepper family, is a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,610 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of peppers can be found within the two main genera: "Piper" (2000 species) and "Peperomia" (1600 species). Carson Cistulli Carson Cistulli is a poet and a journalist. He was born on December 23, 1979 in New Hampshire. He writes about himself and life. One important part of his life is baseball. Another important part of his life are books. He really likes the French poet Arthur Rimbaud and the American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. He is also a radio host. Life. Carson started writing when he was a child. He read a lot of poetry when he was away from home at a boarding school called Milton Academy. One of his favorite poets was Kenneth Koch. When he grew up he went to school at Columbia University in New York City, the school where Kenneth was a teacher. When talking to a newspaper Carson said that he was "delighted" to study with Kenneth. Carson said, "if you’re a musician and your favorite musician is Bob Dylan you can’t just show up at Bob Dylan’s house. You can’t just [meet and talk to] Bob Dylan. The poetry world is like that. [Sometimes you can meet and talk to famous poets.]" Eastern wallaroo The eastern wallaroo ("Macropus robustus") sometimes called the, common wallaroo, the red wallaroo, or just wallaroo lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range. This runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia. There are four subspecies of Eastern Wallaroo: Chrysler Town & Country Chrysler Town & Country was a family minivan made by Chrysler. It was first sold in 1990. This vehicle was a luxury variant for the Dodge Grand Caravan, the Volkswagen Routan and the Plymouth Grand Voyager. The design has been changed several times, until it was discontinued in 2016. Marjoram Marjoram ("Origanum majorana", Lamiaceae) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. In some middle-eastern countries, marjoram is synonymous with oregano, and there the names sweet marjoram and knotted marjoram are used to distinguish it from other plants. Sidewise Award for Alternate History The Sidewise Awards for Alternate History were established in 1995. These awards are for the best alternate history stories and novels of the year. The awards are named after the 1934 short story "Sidewise in Time" by Murray Leinster. In the story, a strange storm makes parts of the Earth exchange places with similar places from other timelines. Steven H Silver, Evelyn C. Leeper, and Robert B. Schmunk created the award. The number of judges has changed in different years. There have been three to eight judges, including judges in the UK and South Africa. There are two Sideways awards. The Short-Form award is for writing that is shorter than 60,000 words. The Long-Form award may be for writing that is longer than 60,000 words. This can include a novel or a complete series of novels. The judges may also give a Special Achievement Award, but this is not required every year. Special Achievement awards are for writing that was published befor1995. The awards are given each year, usually at Worldcon. Gardner Dozois Gardner Raymond Dozois (July 23, 1947 – May 27, 2018) was an American science fiction writer and editor. He was editor of "Asimov's Science Fiction" magazine from 1984 to 2004. He won several Hugo and Nebula awards. He won as an editor and as a writer of short fiction. Biography. Dozois was born on July 23, 1947 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was in the Army from 1966 to 1969 as a journalist. He then moved to New York City to work as a science fiction editor. Dozois said that one reason he started reading fiction was to escape from his isolated home town. In 2004, Dozois was badly injured in a traffic accident while going home in a taxi from a Philadelphia Phillies game. He missed Worldcon for the first time in many years because of the accident. He did make a full recovery. On July 6, 2007, Dozois had a planned heart surgery. A week later, he experienced problems and had another operation to put in a defibrillator. On May 27, 2018, Dozios died of multiple organ failure complicated by an infection at a hospital in Philadelphia at the age of 70. Fiction. Dozois mostly wrote short stories. He won the Nebula Award for best short story twice: once for "The Peacemaker" in 1983, and again for "Morning Child" in 1984. His short fiction has been collected in "The Visible Man" (1977), "Geodesic Dreams" (a best-of collection), "Slow Dancing through Time" (1990, with other authors), and "Strange Days" (2001, another best-of collection). He wrote fewer novels. He wrote one novel by himself, "Strangers" (1978). He wrote, "Nightmare Blue" (1977) with George Alec Effinger. Dozois also wrote "Hunter's Run" (2008) with George R. R. Martin and Daniel Abraham. After he became editor of "Asimov's", Dozois wrote less fiction. Later, he began writing more. His 2006 novelette "Counterfactual" won the Sidewise Award for best alternate-history short story. Dozois also agreed to write short fiction reviews for "Locus". Editorial work. Dozois mainly worked as an editor. He won 15 Hugo Awards for Best Professional Editor, nearly every year between 1988 and his retirement from "Asimov's" in 2004. That is more than anyone else. He also worked in the 1970s with magazines such as "Galaxy Science Fiction", "If", "Worlds of Fantasy", and "Worlds of Tomorrow". Dozois was well known for publishing books that collected many short stories. After leaving "Asimov's", he continued as the editor of the series "The Year's Best Science Fiction". This has been published each year since 1984. He also edited a long series of themed anthologies with Jack Dann. Each book has a title that explains the theme, such as "Cats", "Dinosaurs", "Seaserpents", or "Hackers". Dozois always said he was especially interested in adventure science fiction and space opera. He calls these two sub-genre "center-core SF". Michael Swanwick published a book-length interview with Dozois in 2001. The book was called "Being Gardner Dozois". It was about each published piece of fiction Dozois ever wrote. Swanwick had written some stories together with Dozois. In 2002, the interview was named as a possible Hugo Award for Best Related Book winner. It won the 2002 Locus Award for Non-Fiction. Linear equation In mathematics, a linear equation is a type of equation. A linear equation is the equation of a straight line. This type of equation is written in the form: formula_1 or formula_2 also known as rise over run. The m is the rate of change or slope. The slope is how fast the line moves up or down. Numbers farther from 0, or a larger absolute value will make the slope steeper. If m is a negative number, then the line will appear to fall or go down the page when read from left to right. If m is a positive number, then the line will appear to climb the page when read from left to right. While b is the y-intercept of the function. This is where the function crosses the y-axis of the coordinate plane. The first equation is called slope-intercept form because, in it, the slope (m) and y-intercept (b) are easily found. The second equation is called point-slope form because, in it, a point on the graph (x1, y1) and the slope (m) are easily found. You can find the slope of a graph by seeing how much the y-value increases by for every one x-value. You can find the y-intercept of a graph by looking at where the x coordinate equals 0, and see what the y-value equals. Matt Duchene Matt Duchene (born January 16, 1991 in Haliburton, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Ottawa Senators, Colorado Avalanche, and Columbus Blue Jackets. He was picked by the Avalanche with the third overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Brampton Battalion. 2081 (movie) 2081 is a science fiction short film set in 2081. It was shown for the first time at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 29, 2009. Chandler Tuttle wrote and directed the film. It is based on the short story "Harrison Bergeron" by author Kurt Vonnegut. There are few actors in the film. The Kronos Quartet and Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra performed thesoundtrack written by Lee Brooks. IMDb ranks the movie in the top 10 Most Popular Short movies. Story. "2081" shows a dystopian future in America. Amendments to the Constitution give great power to a member of government called the United States Handicapper General (HG). The HG's job is to make sure everyone is equal in every way. In this satire that means putting weights on strong people and making beautiful people look ugly. Production. "2081" was produced for $100,000. It was produced in 2009. Release. "2081" was first shown at the Seattle International Film Festival in May 2009. The film was released on DVD on January 25, 2010. Reviews. As of January 2011, RottenTomatoes.com lists no professional reviews of "2081" and a 65% user rating. The IMDB user community gave the movie a weighted average rating of 6.9 / 10. Reviewer Robert Ring described the film as "An amazing twenty-six minutes..." and that each scene adds to the one before. He said that some people would call the film an Orwellian warning. But he thinks it is better to call it a story about how important it is to be an independent person, even if that means life is terrible. He wrote, "This is a great film." Revolution Science Fiction magazine called the movie "stirring and dramatic". They added that the short movie moves quickly to the main point of the story and is a good version of the story. The movie blog Filmonic compares the film to "Children of Men". Crystal Gayle Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb, January 9, 1951 in Paintsville, Kentucky) is an American country singer. She had twenty one country hits in the 1970s and 1980s. She is the younger sister of singer Loretta Lynn. Crystal Gayle has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, near Loretta Lynn's star. She is well known for her hair, which is floor length. Joannie Rochette Joannie Rochette (born January 13, 1986 in Montreal, Quebec) is a French-Canadian figure skater and six time Canadian champion who is known for her powerful, dynamic and musical skating abilities that she has gained through years of experience. According to Postmedia Network Inc. newspaper Rochette has been able to succeed in her skating career while maintaining a healthy diet, exercising, always being hydrated and training hard as she is serious about being healthy under duress. Postmedia Network Inc.newspaper claims that she emotionally captured her audiences attention during the 2010 Winter Olympics performance right after her mother died while arriving in Vancouver. Postmedia network newspaper quoted her stating that she was "not prepared either emotionally or physically" to compete in the World Championships. However, regardless of her emotional state, Rochette decided to courageously step out into the skating rink and complete her final performance making her mother proud. Rochette won a bronze medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics for her performance that year. Personal life. Rochette was born in Montreal, Quebec on January 13, 1986, she was the only child of Thérèse  and Normand Rochette . Joannie's father, Normand, trained young hockey players and he was the first to introduce Joannie to figure skating at a very young age of twenty-two months . Growing up in île Dupas, Quebec, Joannie seriously began taking skating lessons when she was only six years of age. Joannie's interests other than skating growing up were yoga, trampoline, ballet, reading, dancing and music. One of Rochette's tragic moments was on February 21, 2010, two days before the ladies' figure skating contest at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver, her mother, Thérèse Rochette, died of a heart attack at Vancouver General Hospital after coming to see her in the contest. However, even after this sudden death, Rochette stayed in the contest and skated in her mother's honour. At her mother's funeral, she placed her Olympic bronze medal on the casket for some time. When asked in the National Post newspaper if her mother showed any symptoms of heart disease before her death Rochette stated " My grandfather had heart disease and he was not quite active, he was a heavy smoker and didn’t live a very healthy lifestyle". Rochette is currently participating in many events to create awareness about heart disease and the ways in which individuals can live an active lifestyle to prevent these types of diseases. Career. Joannie Rochette started skating at a young age and made her first appearance in Canadian skating between the year of 2000 and 2001 where she was announced winner of the Novice and Junior titles back to back . Rochette continued with the following year winning a bronze metal in her Senior debut . Rochette has also received several awards and medals such as the ISU Grand Prix Circuit and has earned the Grand Prix Final three times in a row . In 2006, Rochette's long dream of taking part in the Olympic Games in Turin, Italy came true. Rochette was placed in fifth place among several of other competitors. Before becoming a Canadian Champion, Rochette won second place at the 2003 Canadian Championships which led her to the World Championships . She returned every year since then and was placed in the top ten five times. In 2006, Rochette decided to participate in the Stars On Ice tour and describes her experience as a good way to skate outside of a competing environment . Rochette continued to skate in 2008 and was able to win both the Skate Canada and the Trophée Eric Bompard with her performances. Before competing in the 2010 Olympics competition, Rochette participated in the 2009 Canadian Champion and won her fifth national title, this successful event led her to compete in the 2010 Olympics competition. In 2010, Rochette's dream came true when she turned twenty-four as she performed in front of thousands at the 2010 Winter Olympics. This was a significant accomplishment as she displayed strength and courage while performing after having gone through a tragic moment of her mother's death. The Global News newspaper quoted Rochette saying "If I was going to compete, might as well do it well, and I knew that's what my mom would have wanted me to do". Rochette was able to complete an outstanding performance and received a bronze medal. After her 2010 Winder Olympics performance, Rochette received several awards such as Canada's flag bearer for the closing ceremonies and the named co-recipient of the Vancouver 2010 Terry fox award. Since the 2010 Winter Olympics, the National post newspaper asked Rochette what she has been doing in the time spent after her win at the Olympics, Rochette stated that she has been skating in a less competitive environment where she can concentrate on her own abilities and perform in her personal way. She also claimed that she is with Stars on Ice doing shows in the U.S, Canada and Japan. Rochette also stated that she has been doing some minor independent shows and sometimes does conferences. Rochette is presently a spokesperson for the "iheartmom" campaign at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, which tries to prevent heart disease in women. Duval County, Florida Duval County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on August 12, 1822. As of 2008, 850,962 people lived there. Duval County's seat is Jacksonville. Brevard County, Florida Brevard County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on March 14, 1844. In 2000, 476,230 people lived there. Brevard County's seat is Titusville. Collier County, Florida Collier County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on May 8, 1923. As of 2007, 315,839 people lived there. Collier County's seat is Naples. Highland Boundary Fault The Highland Boundary Fault is a geological fault that crosses Scotland diagonally from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven in the east. It separates two distinctly different regions: the Highlands from the Lowlands. The geological history of Scotland can be understood as the result of two great tectonic events. The first was the formation of the global super-continent Pangaea, the second was the break-up of Pangaea to form the continents we know today. The fault is the middle of three great faults which run from the south-west to the north-east across Scotland. In the north there is the Great Glen Fault, and in the south the Southern Uplands Fault. Further south, just over the border with England, is the Iapetus Suture, where the palaeo-Iapetus Ocean closed. These four major geological signs mark the ancient history of Scotland. The Highland Boundary Fault was active during the Caledonian orogeny. This was a plate tectonic collision which took place from Mid Ordovician to Mid Devonian periods (520 to 400 million years ago), during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. The fault allowed the Midland Valley to descend as a major rift by up to 4000 metres and there was subsequently vertical movement. This movement was later replaced by a horizontal shear. A complementary fault, the Southern Uplands Fault, forms the southern boundary for the Central Lowlands. Columbia County, Florida Columbia County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on February 4, 1832. As of 2000, 56,513 people lived there. Columbia County's seat is Lake City. Glades County, Florida Glades County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on February 4, 1832. As of 2000, 10,576 people lived there. Glades County's seat is Moore Haven. Hendry County, Florida Hendry County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 4, 1832. As of 2000, 36,210 people lived there. Hendry County's seat is La Belle. Lake County, Florida Lake County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on May 27, 1887. As of 2000, 210,528 people lived there. Lake County's seat is Tavares. San Fernando, Chile San Fernando (in ) is the capital of the province of Colchagua, in the central zone (central part) of Chile. San Fernando is the second most populated urban center of the Region of O'Higgins. It is located near to the Tinguiririca River, in the valley of Colchagua, San Fernando is 1,112 feet (339 m) above the level of the se. San Fernando was founded in 1742, and became the provincial capital in 1840. Demography. According to the census of 2002, by the National Statistics Institute, San Fernando covers an area of 2,441.3 square kilometers, and has 63,732 inhabitants (31,157 men and 32,575 women). Leon County, Florida Leon County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on December 29, 1824. As of 2008, 264,063 people lived there. Leon County's seat is Tallahassee. Liberty County, Florida Liberty County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on December 29, 1824. As of 2000, 7,021 people lived there. Liberty County's seat is Bristol. 2011 Egyptian revolution In the 2011 Egyptian revolution, many demonstrations and riots were held in Egypt. It is also called The Day of Anger and The Day of Revolt. It started on January 25, 2011. Before the demonstrations began, there was an uprising in Tunisia. In the weeks after that, demonstrations and riots began in Egypt. The people who started these protests hoped that people would be encouraged to mobilize (or start working together to protest) because of the Tunisian uprising. Protests happened in Cairo, Alexandria, Suez and Ismailiya. On the first day of the protests, the Egyptian government censored most of the media (like newspapers and news stations) inside Egypt. The government also tried to block most social media websites, which the protesters had used to spread news about the events. On January 28, an Internet and cell phone "blackout" began across Egypt. However, before dawn the next morning, the blackout for cell phones was ended. By January 29, about 1,000 people had been arrested. Also, at least 1,030 protestors had been hurt, and at least 53 deaths had been reported. People demonstrated and protested about many different things. Some of these things were police brutality, state of emergency laws, not having free elections, corruption, limits on freedom of speech, high unemployment, low minimum wages, not having enough housing, food price inflation, and poor living conditions. Mohamed ElBaradei said that one of the revolution's goals could be to force Hosni Mubarak to quit. ElBaradei was seen as someone who would probably be a leader in a new government. Before 2011, protests were common, but they were always local; they did not spread to different parts of the country. However, on January 25, 2011, major protests and riots broke out all over the country. January 25 became the "Day of Anger". Egyptian opposition groups (groups working for change) and other activists had picked this date for a major demonstration. The 2011 protests have been called "unprecedented" for Egypt. This means that nothing like the protests had ever happened before. The protests have also been called "the largest display of popular dissatisfaction in recent memory". These were the largest demonstrations seen in Egypt since the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots. For the first time, Egyptians from different social backgrounds, economic backgrounds, and faiths joined together to protest. During the protests, the capitol city of Cairo was described as "a war zone". In the port city of Suez, there were many violent clashes. The Egyptian government used different methods to try to break up and limit protests. Anti-riot police groups used shields, rubber bullets, batons, water cannons, and tear gas. At times, they also used live ammunition. Most of the police response to the protests was non-lethal. However, some people were killed. The government turned off internet access and set a curfew. The government argued that they needed to make sure there was as little disruption from the protests as possible. They said this was needed to keep order and to keep Islamic fundamentalist groups from rising up. Many people across the world became interested in the protests in Egypt. This was partly because of things like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. Activists, and people interested in the protests, were able to use these social media platforms, and others. They used these platforms to talk to each other, work together, and keep records of what was happening. As the protests got more publicity, the Egyptian government tried harder to limit people's access to the Internet, especially social media. On February 11, 2011, Mubarak resigned from the presidency. On 24 May, he was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters. He was acquitted. Scottish Highlands The Scottish Highlands is an historic region of Scotland. It is the area to the north of the Highland Boundary Fault. The fault separates the hard igneous and metamorphic rocks to the north from the softer sedimentary rocks of the Scottish Lowlands in the south. The Highlands are divided in two parts. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. Population. The area is generally sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. Before the 19th century the Highlands was home to a larger population but, for several reasons, the area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. The average population density in the Highlands and Islands is lower than that of Sweden, Norway, Papua New Guinea and Argentina. The reasons for the low population include the harsh nature of the land. Also, the outlawing of the traditional Highland way of life after the Jacobite Rising of 1745, the infamous Highland Clearances, and mass migration to urban areas during the Industrial Revolution all had their effects. People from this region are traditionally called highlanders. Religion. Like the Scottish islands, the Highlands are a stronghold of Protestant churches. There is the Kirk (the national Presbyterian Church of Scotland), but the Wee Frees (Free Church of Scotland, several versions) are the typical religion of the Highlands and Islands. Old-style observance of the Sabbath is typical of these areas. Dick Scobee Francis Richard "Dick" Scobee (May 19, 1939 - January 28, 1986) was an American astronaut. He was flying as the commander of Space Shuttle "Challenger" when the shuttle exploded. In the explosion, Scobee and six other astronauts were killed. Scobee was selected for NASA's astronaut program in January 1978 and he completed his training in August 1979. In April 1984, Scobee piloted the "Challenger" mission STS-41-C, which successfully deployed one satellite and repaired another. "Challenger" STS-51-L. He was elevated to the role of spacecraft commander for the STS-51-L mission ("Challenger" mission). The mission was designed to deploy a satellite to study the approaching Halley's Comet and to inaugurate the Teacher in Space Project. It was delayed several times due to bad weather and technical glitches. When they did the mission, an O-ring seal failure destroyed the shuttle 73 seconds into the flight, killing Scobee and the other six members of the crew; the tragedy was viewed live on national television and prompted several days of national mourning. Personal life. Scobee is survived by his wife Virginia June Kent, and two children, Kathie R. (Scobee) Fulgham and Lieutenant General Richard W. Scobee, USAF. Bay laurel The bay laurel ("Laurus nobilis", of the Lauraceae family) is also known as sweet bay, bay tree, true laurel, Grecian laurel, laurel lree, or simply laurel. It is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glossy leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. Bay leaves used in cooking come from the bay laurel. Scottish Lowlands The Scottish Lowlands is the part of Scotland not referred to as the Highlands. That is everywhere south and east of the Highland Boundary Fault, between Stonehaven and Helensburgh (on the Firth of Clyde). Geographically, Scotland Lowlands are divided into two distinct areas: the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The southernmost counties of Scotland, nearest the border with England, are also known as the Borders. Central Lowlands. The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland. It consists of a rift valley between the Highland Boundary Fault to the north and the Southern Uplands Fault to the south. The Central Lowlands are one of the three main geographical sub-divisions of Scotland, the other two being the Highlands and Islands which lie to the north and west and the Southern Uplands, which lie south of the second fault line. Human geography. The Midland Valley has fertile low-lying agricultural land and significant deposits of valuable coal and iron have led to the Central Lowlands being much more densely populated than the rest of Scotland. The major cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Stirling and Dundee all lie in the Central Lowlands, and over half of Scotland's population lives in this region. Southern Uplands. The Southern Uplands is the least populated of mainland Scotland's three major geographic areas. They lie south of the Southern Uplands Fault line that runs from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast northeastwards to Dunbar in East Lothian on the North Sea coast, a distance of some . The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills within this region. Southern Uplands Fault. The Southern Uplands Fault in Scotland is a fault that runs from Girvan (or more specifically from the Rhins of Galloway) to Dunbar on the East coast. It marks the southern boundary of the Scottish Midland Valley. Grampian Mountains The Grampian Mountains or Grampians are one of the three major mountain ranges in Scotland, occupying a considerable portion of the Scottish Highlands in northeast Scotland. They occupy almost half the land-area of Scotland. The Grampians extend southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault (south) and the Great Glen (north). This includes the Cairngorms and the Lochaber hills. The range includes Ben Nevis (the highest point in the British Isles at 1,344 metres above sea level) and Ben Macdui (the second highest at 1,309 metres). The mountains are composed of granite, and metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, marble, schists and quartzite. The other major mountain ranges in Scotland are the Northwest Highlands and the Southern Uplands. Northwest Highlands The Northwest Highlands are the northern third of Scotland, which is separated from the Grampian Mountains by the Great Glen. The Caledonian Canal, which extends from Loch Linnhe in the west, via Loch Ness to the Moray Firth in the north splits this area from the rest of the country. The Highlands are formed on Lewisian gneiss, the oldest layers of rock in Scotland. There are impressive rock islands of dark red or gray Torridonian sandstone which stick up out of the gneiss. Some of the peaks, such as Beinn Eighe and Canisp, are topped with light gray or white Cambrian quartzite. The city of Inverness, known as the "Capital of the Highlands", is by far the largest settlement in the region. It is the administrative centre for the Highland Council area. Climate. This area's climate varies with altitude. It has wet, warm summers, average under 17C (62.6F). The winters are mild at low altitude but become snowier and colder with higher elevation. Mountains may have up to 6 months of snow. Naturally the area would be a vast birch, pine and montane shrub forest, such as those surviving in Glen Affric. Snow may lie from more than a month to 105 days, but not at coastal or very low altitudes. Geography. The region has steep, glacier-carved mountains, valleys and interspersed plains. Many islands (which also vary widely) lie off the coast. Elevations of around 800 metres or over are common, as are mountains exceeding 1000 metres. The Northwest Highlands are typically not quite as cold as the Cairngorms. Considering its terrain and its latitude of about 57 to 58 degrees North, the area is surprisingly warm: this is due to the mild influence of the Gulf Stream. The aurora borealis is sometimes visible on winter nights, weather permitting, especially at the climax of the 11 year cycle. Bordering the region to the north east is the lowland area of Caithness. The region has a very low population density. Significant settlements are Kyle of Lochalsh, Mallaig, Dingwall, Dornoch, and Ullapool. Geology. Geologically, the Northwest Highlands includes the Hebrides, especially Lewis and Harris. Lewisian complex. The main outcrops of the Lewisian complex are on the islands of the Outer Hebrides, including Lewis, from which the complex takes its name. It is also exposed on several islands of the Inner Hebrides, small islands north of the Scottish mainland and forms a coastal strip on the mainland. The Lewisian complex or Lewisian Gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean Terrane. These rocks are of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0–1.7 billion years ago. They form the basement on which later sediments were deposited. The Lewisian consists mainly of granitic gneisses. Rocks of the Lewisian complex were caught up in the Caledonian orogeny, appearing in the hanging walls of many of the thrust faults formed during the late stages of this tectonic event. Its presence at the seabed and beneath Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata west of Shetland has been confirmed by shallow boreholes and hydrocarbon exploration wells. Basement rocks of similar type are found at the base of the Moine Supergroup, sometimes with well-preserved unconformable contacts. These form part of the Lewisian, so the Lewisian complex extends at least as far southeast as the Great Glen Fault. Calidonian orogeny. The Highlands are formed from the remains of the old Caledonian mountain range in northern Europe, the Caledonian orogeny. This included what is now Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden), Scotland, Wales, Normandy and Brittany in France. Exposé (group) Exposé is an American pop-rock group. The group was formed in 1984. Members of the group included Ann Curless, Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. They had success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Exposé are the first music group to have four top 10 hit songs on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The group have had over 25 million records worldwide. Caper The caper ("Capparis spinosa"), is a perennial winter-deciduous species that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers. A caper is also the pickled bud of this plant. Caper bush is present in almost all the countries and is included in the floristic composition of most of them but whether it is indigenous to this region is uncertain. Although the flora of the Mediterranean region has considerable endemism, the caper bush could have originated in the tropics, and later been naturalized to the Mediterranean basin. Titan stick insect The Titan stick insect is one of the largest stick insects in Australia. The scientific name is Acrophylla titan. It has a brown body with spikes on its neck. The Titan stick insect can reach up to in length. It takes the form of a stick as a disguise to predators. The Titan stick insect can be found in two states of Australia; Queensland and New South Wales. The Titan Stick insect reproduces through sexual reproduction and lay eggs that hatch. Physique Physique is the makeup (build, constitution, figure, form, shape) of a person's body. Constitution or body type refer to a number of classification systems used to empirically or theoretically classify the body shape of human individuals. Saitama (city) is the capital city of Saitama Prefecture that is in Japan. It is in the south-east of the prefecture. It includes the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. It is about 15 - 30 kilometres north of central Tokyo, so many people commute from here into Tokyo. More people live in Saitama than any prefecture in Saitama. History. The city was founded on May 1, 2001, and was designated on April 1, 2003 as a government ordinance. For the histories of Urawa, Ōmiya and Yono before the merger, see Urawa-ku and Saitama, Ōmiya-ku and Saitama and Yono and Saitama, respectively. On April 1, 2005, it merged with the city of Iwatsuki to its east, which became a new ward, Iwatsuki-ku. Geography. The city is 20 to 30 km north of central Tokyo. This is the center of the Kantō Plain. The city is mostly below 20 meters above sea level. There are no mountains or hills in the city. Wards. Saitama has ten wards ("ku"), which were assigned official colours as of April 2005: Economy. Manufacturing includes automotive (Honda manufactures the Honda Legend here), food, optical, precision and pharmaceutical products. Iwatsuki is famous for manufacturing of "hinamatsuri" dolls and ornate "kabuto" (samurai helmets). Transportation. Saitama is a regional transportation hub for both passengers and freight. Ōmiya Station is the biggest railway hub in the prefecture. The closest major airports are Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport, both about two hours away. Culture. Education. Professional Graduate School. Omiya Law School Sports. Saitama has two J. League football (soccer) teams: the Urawa Red Diamonds and Omiya Ardija. Origin of the name "Saitama". The name "Saitama" originally comes from the Sakitama (埼玉郡) district of what is now the city of Gyōda in the northern part of what is now known as Saitama Prefecture. "Sakitama" has an ancient history and is mentioned in the famous 8th century poetry anthology Man'yōshū. The pronunciation has changed from Sakitama to Saitama over the years. With the merger of Urawa, Ōmiya, and Yono it was decided that a new name, one fitting for this newly-created prefectural capital, was needed. The prefectural name "Saitama" (埼玉県) was changed from kanji into hiragana, thus Saitama City (さいたま市) was born. It is the only prefectural capital in Japan whose name is always written in hiragana, and belongs to the list of hiragana cities. However, Saitama written in hiragana (さいたま市) actually finished in second place in public polling to Saitama written in kanji (埼玉市). Despite this, government officials decided to name the new city Saitama in hiragana, not kanji. In third place in the poll was Ōmiya (大宮市). In fourth was Saitama (彩玉市), written with an alternative kanji for "sai" (彩) which means "colorful". The "sai" (埼) used in the prefectural name is a rare form of a common character (崎) that means cape or promontory. Sister cities. Saitama has six sister cities. Eino Tamberg Eino Tamberg (May 27 1930— December 24 2010) was a composer and musician from Estonia. He was famous for the variety of works he wrote including symphonies, concertos, operas and ballets. he was a student of the Tallinn Conservatory, where he later taught composition. He was given many awards including: Works. These are some of the works written by Tamberg: Marilu Henner Mary Lucy Denise Henner (born April 6, 1952), better known as Marilu Henner, is an American actress, author and producer. She is best known for her role in the television sitcom "Taxi". Henner was born in Chicago. Henner has been a contestant in two seasons of "The Celebrity Apprentice". She was married to actor Frederic Forrest. Danny Woodhead Danny Woodhead (born January 25, 1985 in North Platte, Nebraska) is an American football running back for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). Woodhead made his NFL debut with the New York Jets in 2008 and was signed by the New England Patriots on September 18, 2010. Andean condor The Andean condor ("Vultur gryphus"), is a vulture-like bird species found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America. It is the largest flying land bird in the Western Hemisphere and the heaviest member of the order Accipitriformes. The condor is primarily a scavenger, feeding on carrion, and belongs to the New World vulture. Although about 5 cm shorter (beak to tail) on average than the California condor, the Andean condor is undoubtedly larger in wingspan: 108-122 in (274–310 cm). It is also heavier: up to 24-33 lb (11–15 kg) for males and 16-24 lb (7.5–11 kg) for females. Overall length can range from 46 to 53 inches (117 to 135 cm). Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity. Lost Horizon (novel) Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton. In this book, Hilton imagined a special place high in the mountains of Tibet. It was a utopian city where people could live to be hundreds of years old. This perfect place was called Shangri-La. Plot summary. Overview. Hugh Conway is a member of the British diplomatic service. He finds inner peace, love, and a sense of purpose in Shangri-La. People there live a very long time. One theme of the book is the possibility of another world war and war preparations. This was actually happening at the time. The story is similar to travel stories in the Tibetan borderlands by Joseph Rock in the "National Geographic" magazine. The remote communities he visited, such as Muli are similar to Hilton's fictional Shangri-La. The Muli town of Zhongdian has its name to Shangri La (Chinese: Xianggelila). The book describes how war on the ground would move into the air. Life and all special things could be lost, even history. Maybe Shangri-la would protect these important things for later when the world was tired of war. That was the real purpose of the city. Conway survived the trench warfare of WWI. This strongly affected his emotions. He was exhausted and felt older than he really was. He is strongly attracted to life at Shangri-La because the monks understood him. Story. The origin of the eleven numbered chapters of the novel is explained in two opening and closing sections. The narrator is a neurologist. This neurologist friend named Rutherford were eating dinner at Tempelhof, Berlin with their old school-friend Wyland. The topic of Hugh Conway comes up in conversation. He was a British consul in Afghanistan, who disappeared mysteriously. Rutherford tells the narrator later that evening that he met Conway in a French mission hospital in Chung-Kiang (probably Chongqing), China. Conway had amnesia, but recovered his memory. He told Rutherford his story, then disappeared again. Rutherford wrote down Conway's story and gave it to the neurologist. That story became the main part of the novel. In May, 1931, during the British Raj in India, 80 white residents were evacuated to Peshawar because of a revolution. Conway, the British consul, age 37; Mallinson, his young vice-consul; an American, Barnard; and a British missionary, Miss Brinklow are in an airplane. The plane is hijacked and flown over the mountains to Tibet. After a crash landing, the pilot dies. But, he told the four to get help at the nearby lamasery of Shangri-La. They do not know where they are, but Conway thinks they passed the Himalayas and are near the Kuen-Lun (i.e. Kunlun). Chang lives at Shangri-La and speaks English. He takes the four to the lamasery. It has modern conveniences, like central heating; bathtubs from Akron, Ohio; a large library; a grand piano; a harpsichord; and food from the valley below. Above is Karakal, a mountain more than high. Karakal mean "Blue Moon". Mallinson wants to hire help and leave, but Chang stops him politely. The others eventually decide they are happy to stay. Miss Brinklow will teach the people a sense of sin. Barnard wants to hide form the police and look for gold. Conway likes the quiet life of study. Lo-Tsen is a Manchu woman at the lamasery. She seems very young. She does not speak English but plays the harpsichord. Mallinson falls in love with her. Conway does too. Conway meets the High Lama. He learns that the lamasery was built by a Catholic monk named Perrault from Luxembourg in the early eighteenth century. The lamasery has since then been joined by others who have found their way into the valley. Once they enter the valley, they age slowly. If they leave the valley, they age quickly and die. Conway guesses that the High Lama is Perrault, now 300 years old. He is correct. Later, the High Lama says that he is finally dying. He wants Conway to lead the lamasery. Meanwhile, Mallinson has arranged to leave the valley with Lo-Tsen and workers to carry their food and belongings. They are waiting for him outside the valley, but Mallinson cannot cross the dangerous route by himself. He convinces Conway to go along. This ends Rutherford's story. The last time Rutherford saw Conway, it seemed he was preparing to return to Shangri-La. Rutherford tells the neurologist that he tried to follow Conway and check his stories of Shangri-La. He found the Chung-Kiang doctor who had treated Conway. The doctor said Conway had been brought in by a Chinese woman who was ill. She soon died. The doctor told Rutherford the woman was very old. Rutherford thought the old woman was Lo-Tsen. She had aged quickly after leaving Shangri-La. Cultural importance. The book was published in 1933. It only became popular after Hilton's next book, "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", was published in 1934. "Lost Horizon" then became a huge success. In 1939, it was published in paperback, as Pocket Book #1. Because of its number-one position in what became a very long list of pocket editions, "Lost Horizon" is often called the first American paperback book. This is not correct. The first pocket-sized, paperback book sold in many stores in America was Pearl Buck's "The Good Earth" by Pocket Books in 1938 as an experiment. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. Now it is called Camp David. Roosevelt also lied to the public and said that the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La. This became the idea to name an aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La. The book has been made into two movies: The book was also made into the unsuccessful 1956 Broadway musical "Shangri-La". Hilton's novel was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in three hour-long episodes under its Classic Serial banner. It was broadcast 20 September to 4 October 1981. Barry Campbell directed. Derek Jacobi played Hugh Conway. The novel is important in the book "Deadeye Dick" by Kurt Vonnegut. Black vulture The black vulture ("Coragyps atratus"), also known as the American black vulture, is a bird in the New World vulture family. Its range is from the southeastern United States to Central Chile and Uruguay in South America. It is a common and widespread species, but less so than the turkey vulture, which breeds well into Canada and south to Tierra del Fuego. Despite the similar name and appearance, this species is unrelated to the Eurasian black vulture. Alabaster (disambiguation) The term alabaster could mean: Mark Dayton Mark Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 40th Governor of Minnesota from 2011 to 2019. He was the United States Senator from Minnesota 2001 to 2007. He is a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. He ran for Governor in 1998, but lost the nomination to Skip Humphrey. In January 2017, Dayton was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Daryn Colledge Daryn Colledge (born February 11, 1982 in Fairbanks, Alaska) is an American football guard. Colledge won Super Bowl XLV in 2011 with the Packers. Welcome to Paradise Welcome to Paradise is a song by rock band Green Day. It first appeared on their second album "Kerplunk" in 1992. A new version appeared on the album "Dookie" in 1994. Song meaning. The song is about young people moving out of their parents' home. The song was written by Billie Joe Armstrong. Music video. The music video shows Billie Joe (Green Day's singer) playing a West Oakland citizen who watches a dangerous notoriety caused by a group of thugs then he goes home to watch the citizens and what they do each day. Differences between "Kerplunk" and "Dookie" version. The "Kerplunk" version has a slower sound and the "Dookie" version is more fast paced and also both versions have slightly different lyrics. The original version of the song from "Kerplunk" was not a single but the "Dookie" version was. The album cover for "Dookie" in fact, shows a comedic depiction of chaos happening in West Oakland. In the booklet for the "Dookie" album a cartoonish drawing in West Oakland is shown. CP violation CP Violation is the way that nature breaks the laws that say that when you change a system by C symmetry or P symmetry then some descriptions of the system should stay the same before and after the change. The 'violation' is that they don't stay the same and the amounts are not conserved. CP symmetry says that the laws of physics should act the same on a particle and on its antiparticle (Charge conjugation symmetry) and if it was also turned around like in a mirror (P symmetry.) The 1964 nobel prize was given to James Cronin and Val Fitch for finding CP violation in the way neutral kaons decay. Parity In physics, parity is a transformation in which the mirror image of a system (meaning experiment) is considered. If the system behaves in the mirror image as it normally would, it is said to respect parity symmetry, usually shortened to "P symmetry." Most types of physics respects P symmetry. One type of interaction that often does not respect this symmetry is the weak interaction. Charge conjugation Charge conjugation describes a type of symmetry of nature. To preform a charge conjugation, one would exchange all particles with their corresponding antiparticles. This action would create a physical system where everything would be the same except the electromagnetic charge would be reversed. For example, one could make an antihydrogen atom with an antiproton and an antielectron. This would result in an atom with a negatively charged nucleus orbited by a positively charged positron. The masses of the nucleus and the lepton orbiting the nucleus would remain unchanged. If the behavior of the system (such as the atom mentioned above) remains unchanged after charge conjugation, the system is said to be symmetric with respect to charge conjugation. This symmetry is also known as "C symmetry." Another Love Song (Insane Clown Posse song) "Another Love Song" is a 1999 midwest hip hop song by the American horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse. It is the first single from their fifth studio album "The Amazing Jeckel Brothers", which was released in 1999. The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark. The main music for "Another Love Song" comes from the 1996 single "Jack-Ass" from Beck. Great Glen The Great Glen is a series of glens in Scotland. It runs 100 kilometres from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe. The Great Glen follows a large geological fault known as the Great Glen Fault. It bisects the Scottish Highlands into the Grampian Mountains to the southeast and the Northwest Highlands to the northwest. The Glen is a natural travelling route in the Highlands of Scotland. It is used by both the Caledonian Canal and the A82 road, which link the city of Inverness on the east coast with Fort William on the West. Geography and social history. It was important in controlling the Highland Scottish clans, particularly in the Jacobite uprisings of the 18th century. This is recognised by the towns of Fort William (population ~10,000) in the south, Fort Augustus (popln. 600+) in the middle of the Glen, and Fort George (to this day an army barracks), just to the north of Inverness. These settlements were built by the British Army to control the Highlands in the 17th/18th centuries. Fort William is now a significant town. Despite the difficult terrain, Fort William has rail connection with Glasgow in the south and Mallaig on the north-west coast. It is a tourism centre. The Caledonian Canal connects it with Inverness. Much of the Glen is taken up with a series of lochs, with rivers connecting them. The Caledonian Canal also uses the lochs as part of the route, but the rivers are not navigable. From northeast to southwest, the natural water features along the Great Glen are: The watershed, or water-divide, lies between Loch Oich and Loch Lochy. Loch Linnhe to the south of Fort William is a sea-loch into which both the River Lochy and Caledonian Canal emerge. At the north end, the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. Great Glen Fault. The Great Glen Fault is a long strike-slip fault that runs through its namesake the Great Glen in Scotland. The fault is actually much longer, and over 400 million years old. It extends in both directions beyond mainland Scotland. Position. Aligned northeast to southwest, the Great Glen Fault extends further southwest in a straight line into northwestern Ireland, directly through Lough Foyle, Donegal Bay and Clew Bay. To the northeast the fault continues, before becoming obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting to the north of Shetland. The fault continues on the North American side of the North Atlantic Ocean, but is no longer part of a continuous fault. The complete fault was broken when the Mid-Atlantic Ridge formed 200 million years ago. The North American side of the fault runs the length of northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at least 300 miles (480 km) long. History. The Great Glen Fault has a long history of movements. It formed towards the end of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain building). It was caused by the collision of tectonic plates at the end of the Silurian period. The rifting continued into the early Devonian. The fault first happened about 430–390 million years ago. The second main phase of movement was during the Carboniferous. The exact timing is uncertain. Folds in Devonian rocks are cut by members of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian dyke swarm. The Great Glen Fault had its final phase of movement during the Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary. The displacement (of one side compared to the other) is about 64 miles (104 km). Weathering along the fault zone during Quaternary glaciation formed the famous Loch Ness. The fault is mostly inactive today, but occasional moderate tremors have been recorded over the past 150 years. Bizzar Bizzar is the sixth studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse and is the second half of "Bizaar". It was released on October 31, 2000. The producer of the album were Mike E. Clark. While on the Howard Stern show, ICP talked with Sharon Osbourne who bet $50, 000 they could not sell more than 200,000 copies, and that it would be subsequently dropped from its distributor. Violent J predicted that the group's next album would sell at least 500,000 units and they sold 400,000 units but Sharon never paid them. They left Island Records after "Bizaar" and "Bizzar" because their contract expired. Hell's Pit Hell's Pit is the ninth studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 31, 2004. The producer of the album was Mike Puwal. The album was the final of the "Joker Cards" chapter of the Dark Carnival mythology. The album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard 200, peaked number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and peaked at number 1 on the Top Internet Albums. The Tempest (album) The Tempest is the tenth studio album by American horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on March 20, 2007. The producer of the album was Mike E. Clark. Reception. The album peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200, peaked number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and peaked at number 20 on the Top Internet Albums. Bang! Pow! Boom! Bang! Boom! Pow! is the eleventh studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on September 1, 2009. The producer of the album was Mike E. Clark. The album is the first in a set of six new Joker's Cards since the conclusion of the original Joker's Cards. The music video for their song, "Miracles" became viral and was known for being parodied on Saturday Night Live which Insane Clown Posse called "A huge honor". The album peaked at number 4 on the Billboard 200, peaked number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and peaked at number 3 on the Top Rap Albums. The Mighty Death Pop! The Mighty Death Pop! is the twelfth studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 14, 2012. The Mike E. Clark produced the album. The album is the second in a set of six Joker's Cards since the conclusion of the original Joker's Cards. The album features guest singers such as Hopsin and Tech N9ne on the song ""Skreem!". They released their first single "Chris Benoit"" from the album and it's about the professional wrestler Chris Benoit who died in a murder-suicide after he killed his wife and son. Mike E. Clark Michael Earl Clark (born December 25, 1962) is an American record producer and DJ. Mike E. Clark has worked with famous musicians and groups like Insane Clown Posse, Kid Rock and George Clinton. As of 2012 he had produced all twelve of the Insane Clown Posse's albums. Miracles (Insane Clown Posse song) "Miracles" is a 2010 midwest hip hop song by the American Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse and is the first single from their eleventh studio album "Bang! Pow! Boom!", which was released in 2009. The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark. The song is also known becoming an internet meme. The music video for the song became viral. It was parodied by Saturday Night Live, which Insane Clown Posse called "a huge honor". Insane Clown Posse discography This article presents the discography of the hip hop/horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. Beverly Kills 50187 Beverly Kills 50187 is the first EP by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on July 16, 1993. The producers of the EP were Mike E. Clark, Insane Clown Posse, Esham and Chris Conley. The EP featured the only appearance of member Greez-E, who appears on the songs "In the Haughhh!" and "17 Dead". The EP's name is a parody of Beverly Hills 90210. Betaucourt Betaucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in the east of France. Betoncourt-lès-Brotte Betoncourt-lès-Brotte is a commune. It is found in the region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in the east of France. Bassigney Bassigney is a commune. It is found in the region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in the east of France. Rosids The rosids are a large clade of flowering plants. It includes about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The rosids are divided into 17 orders. These orders together make up about 140 families. The rosids and the asterids are by far the largest clades in the eudicots. Rosids are very basic flowering plants. Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago (mya). Three different definitions of the rosids are in use. Some authors include the order Saxifragales in the rosids. Others exclude it. Commelinales Commelinales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It is considered that the Commelinales together with Zingiberales evolved in the Late Cretaceous around 80 millions of years ago. Two of the best-known genera in the order are "Commelina" and "Tradescantia". Commelinales is made of the families Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Phylidraceae, and Pondteriaceae. Another name for this plant order is the Haemodorales. White Center, Washington White Center is a place in King County, Washington, United States. It is near Seattle and Burien. It is connected to Burien and has been ever since April 1, 2010. There were 16,631 people living in White Center in 2020. Geography. About 99.71% of White Center is land and 0.29% is water. Statistics. There are 7,542 homes in White Center. 35.6% have children that are under 18 living in the homes. Another 6.7% are seniors age 65 and older in a home by themselves. Education. White Center is a part of the Highline School District. Its schools cover most of southwestern King County. Elementary schools include Beverly Park Elementary, Mount View Elementary, Southern Heights Elementary, and White Center Heights Elementary. Secondary schools include Cascade Middle School, New Start High School, and Evergreen High School. Evergreen has three "small schools" on its campus, namely the Arts & Academic Academy, the Health, Science, & Human Services School, and the Technology, Engineering, & Communications Schools. Toni Collette Antonia "Toni" Collette (born 1 November 1972) is an Australian actress and singer. She was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney. Collette's acting career began during the early 1990s. She starred in several Australian movies, including: "Muriel's Wedding", "In Her Shoes", "Little Miss Sunshine" and "The Black Balloon". In 2013 she had a convincing starring role as an American mother in the Nat Faxon and Jim Rash Hollywood coming of age comedy "The Way, Way Back". She is the lead singer of rock band Toni Collette & the Finish. King vulture The king vulture ("Sarcoramphus papa"), is a large bird found in Central and South America. This vulture lives predominantly in tropical lowland forests stretching from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. It is the only surviving member of the genus Sarcoramphus, although fossil members are known. Large and predominantly white, the king vulture has gray to black ruff, flight, and tail feathers. The head and neck are bald, with the skin color varying, including yellow, orange, blue, purple, and red. The king vulture has a very noticeable yellow fleshy caruncle on its beak. Turkey vulture The turkey vulture ("Cathartes aura"), is a bird found throughout most of the Americas. It is also known as the turkey buzzard (or just buzzard), and in some areas of the Caribbean as John crow or carrion crow. It is one of three species in the genus "Cathartes", ranging from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South America. It lives in open and semi-open areas, including subtropical forests, shrublands, pastures, and deserts. The turkey vulture got its common name from the resemblance of the adult's bald red head and its dark plumage to that of the male wild turkey. The name "vulture" comes from the Latin word "vulturus", meaning "tearer", and is a reference to its feeding habits. Ford Escape The Ford Escape is a compact crossover SUV that is manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. It was introduced during 2000 as a 2001 model year SUV. The Ford Escape is also available in a hybrid version. The current Escape is actually a European based model that is sold in Europe as the Ford Kuga (not to be confused with the similar sounding Cougar) Battle of Wuhan The Battle of Wuhan was a Japanese attack on the Chinese city of Wuhan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The battle started on February 1938 and ended on October 1938. The city of Wuhan had a military base with 1,100,000 Chinese soldiers. The Japanese, planned to encircle and invade Wuchang. In October, the Chinese army was able to retreat out of Wuhan. Tatsu (roller coaster) Tatsu ("Dragon") is a steel rollercoaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, United States. It was opened (people could go on it) on May 13, 2006. It is one of the coasters considered to be Six Flags Magic Mountain's signature roller coaster. The roller coaster is located in the Samurai Summit section of the park. It is a flying type coaster, which means it is suspended below the track, with riders secured so that their backs are parallel to the track. The maximum speed of the ride is 62 mph and it also broke records with a 124-foot (38 m) pretzel loop. It is also the only flying type to feature a Zero-gravity roll. Media coverage. Tatsu has been featured on three different shows: Alaska Airlines Alaska Airlines () is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Seattle, Washington, where they have one of their four hubs. Alaska Airlines also has hubs in Anchorage, Alaska, Los Angeles, California and Portland, Oregon. The company was named the top "Traditional Carrier" in customer satisfaction for the third year in a row by J. D. Power and Associates. As of 2016, it goes to 104 cities and has 164 airplanes. History. Alaska Airlines began in 1932 with the name "McGee Airways". McGee Airways was combined with several other airlines in 1934 and this created "Star Air Lines". The name was finally changed to "Alaska Airlines" on May 2, 1944. Starting in 1947, Alaska Airlines bought many new planes. In the 1950s, Alaska Airlines started flying many worldwide charter (irregular) flights. The government later said that Alaska Airlines could only fly in the state of Alaska. In 1961, Alaska Airlines started flying to the Continental United States. In the 1970s, Alaska Airlines started flying charters to the Soviet Union. In 1972, Alaska Airlines introduced its famous "Eskimo" logo which is still used today. In 1985, Alaska started flying to many new cities in the West Coast of the United States. In 1988, Alaska Airlines started its first flights to Mexico. In the 1990s, Alaska Airlines became the first to sell tickets on the internet, to have self-service check-in and to have GPS on its planes. On January 31, 2000, an Alaska Airlines plane crashed in the Pacific Ocean. That crash led to many changes at the airline over the following years. Alaska Airlines introduced a brand new logo on January 25, 2016. Alaska Airlines and Virgin America announced plans to merge on April 4, 2016. The merged airline kept the Alaska Airlines name, with Virgin America flying for the last time on April 24, 2018. Okeechobee County, Florida Okeechobee County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on May 8, 1917. As of 2008, 40,334 people lived there. Okeechobee County's seat is Okeechobee. Iapetus Ocean The Iapetus Ocean existed in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic eras (between 600 and 400 million years ago). The ocean was in the southern hemisphere, between three paleocontinents. The ocean disappeared when these three continents joined to form one big landmass. That large continent has been given various names, such as Laurussia or the Old Red Sandstone continent. Probably the best name is Euramerica, because basically it was American and Europe stuck together. The Iapetus Ocean was between continental masses that would at a much later time roughly form the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. It was a kind of precursor of the Atlantic. At the start of the 19th century, American paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott noticed differences in early Paleozoic benthic trilobites either side of the line which later was called the Iapetus Suture. The so called "Pacific fauna" of Laurentia, as found in Scotland and western Newfoundland, was quite different from those of Baltica, often called the "Atlantic fauna". The latter is found in the southern parts of the British Isles and eastern Newfoundland. Geologists of the early 20th century thought a large trough, a so-called geosyncline, had existed between Scotland and England in the early Paleozoic, keeping both sides separated. With the development of plate tectonics in the 1960s geologists concluded the Atlantic Ocean must have had a precursor before the time of Pangaea. That ocean had closed as three continents joined, producing the Iapetus Suture. Line of the suture. The Iapetus suture runs where the Iapetus Ocean was before. There are other suture lines caused by the collision of continents in the run-up to Pangaea, but the Iapetus is the main one. Osceola County, Florida Osceola County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on May 8, 1917. As of 2000, 172,493 people lived there. Osceola County's seat is Kissimmee. St. Johns County, Florida St. Johns County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 21, 1821. As of 2000, 123,135 people lived there. St. Johns County's seat is St. Augustine. Washington County, Florida Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 21, 1821. As of 2000, 20,973 people lived there. Washington County's seat is Chipley. The county is a dry county which means alcoholic drinks cannot be sold. Eduardo Nájera Eduardo Alonso Nájera Pérez (born July 11, 1976) is a Mexican basketball player that currently plays for the Charlotte Bobcats of the NBA. He also played for the Dallas Mavericks for five seasons, the Golden State Warriors for one season, the Denver Nuggets for 4 seasons and the New Jersey Nets for two seasons. He went to University of Oklahoma for college. Pole vault Pole vault is a track and field event in which a person uses a long, flexible stick (which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to leap over a bar. Pole jumping competitions were known to the ancient Greeks, as well as the Cretans and Celts. It has been a full medal event at the Olympics since the Summer Olympics at 1896 for men and 2000 for women. It started in the ancient Greece. Samuel Dalembert Samuel Davis Dalembert (born May 10, 1981) is a Haitian-Canadian former professional basketball player who played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During his career, he played for the Philadelphia 76ers, the Sacramento Kings, the Houston Rockets, the Milwaukee Bucks, the Dallas Mavericks, the New York Knicks, and Shanxi Zhongyu. He played college basketball at Seton Hall University. Dalembert pledged $100,000 to UNICEF and traveled to Haiti to help with the relief efforts. He won the 2009-10 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award for helping with the relief efforts in Haiti. Bobby Ryan Bobby Ryan (born Robert Shane Stevenson; March 17, 1987 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Anaheim Ducks for 7 seasons. Before playing in the NHL, Ryan played 4 seasons with the Owen Sound Attack of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 2nd overall pick by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Luke McShane Luke McShane (born 7 January 1984) is an English chess Grandmaster. A former World Youth Champion, he is one of England's leading players and a member of the English Chess Olympiad team. He has also been a trader in London's financial sector. Early career. McShane won the World Under-10 Championship in Duisburg at the age of eight. Shortly afterwards he found a sponsor in the form of computer company Psion. At sixteen he became the then youngest ever British grandmaster. In January 2004 McShane was ranked second in the world among junior (under-21) players behind Teimour Radjabov. Grandmaster. From around 2002, McShane has been facing stiffer opposition, including players from the world's top ten. He played for England in the 2002 Chess Olympiad in Bled, scoring 6½/11, and won the silver medal at the World Junior Championship in Goa. In 2009/10 he tied for first through fifth place at the 39th Rilton Cup in Stockholm. In December 2010 McShane participated in the 8-player London Chess Classic Tournament, which included Viswanathan Anand (reigning World Chess Champion), Magnus Carlsen (rated #1 for most of 2010), Vladimir Kramnik (former World Champion) and Hikaru Nakamura (US Champion). Under a scoring system of 3 points for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss, McShane finished joint second with Anand, behind Carlsen, whom McShane had beaten in their individual game. Undefeated, his event performance rating was 2838 – higher than Carlsen's or Anand's. In the January 2011 rating list, he overtook Nigel Short, to become the UK's second highest ranked player after Michael Adams. In January 2011 McShane came joint first with David Navara in the B group of the Tata Steel tournament, winning on tie break. Alfa Romeo 147 The Alfa Romeo 147 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo from 2000 until 2010. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 146. Kevin Nash Kevin Scott Nash (born July 9, 1959) is an American professional wrestler, actor and former basketball player. He is currently signed to WWE under a legends contract. Kevin Nash returned to the WWE during the 2011 Royal Rumble as a surprise entrant. Nash also wrestled for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2004-2010. On March 28, 2015, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by friend and Kliq member Shawn Michaels. Nash has been married to his wife Tamara since 1988, the couple separated in 2000, but later reconciled. Together they have a son, named Tristan. No Way Out (2003) No Way Out was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on February 23, 2003 at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec. It was the 4th No Way Out event. Eight matches were scheduled on the event's card. Ivory (wrestler) Lisa Moretti (born November 26, 1961 in Inglewood, California) is an American professional wrestler. Moretti is better known by her ring name, Ivory. She is currently wrestling on the independent circuit. Moretti is best known for wrestling for WWF/E. She was the WWF Women's champion three times. World Wrestling Federation. Ivory first appeared in 1999 as a valet for Mark Henry and D'Lo Brown. Immediately she feuded with Debra. The two divas were often in catfights. At one point, Ivory stripped Debra at St Valentine's Day Massacre. On an edition of "RAW", Debra and Jarrett were in a tag team match with Ivory and Brown. It ended early when Debra hit Ivory with Jarrett's guitar. Ivory began getting momentum in matches. She soon started working to win the Women's Championship. Debra was the champion at that time. On the June 14 episode of "RAW", Ivory beat Debra and won her first championship . Ivory was a hard champion to beat. This was seen when she defended the title in a hardcore match against Luna Vachon at Unforgiven 1999 . At No Mercy 1999, Ivory lost the title to The Fabulous Moolah. She won the title back a week later in a rematch and became a two time champion . At Survivor Series, she lost to Moolah again in a tag team match . She lost the Women's Championship at Armageddon to Kat. Heat. Ivory began wrestling occasionally on "Heat" . On "Heat", she tried to win the title many times by beating Jacqueline but did not win . For months she appeared occasionally on "RAW", "Smackdown" and "Heat" . Ivory returned to compete weekly after Lita became champion. After not winning the title from her twice, Ivory finally won it on "Smackdown" in a Four Corners match. This was her third championship . Right to Censor. By this time, Ivory was being more conservative. She was a member of the group Right to Censor. Ivory was accompanied to the ring by Steven Richards . She kept the title at Survivor Series against Lita. She also kept it Rebellion. In both matches, she won with help from Richards . At Armageddon, she kept the title by winning in a triple threat match with Molly Holly and Trish Stratus . In 2001, at Royal Rumble, Ivory defended the championship against Chyna. Chyna had just returned from an injury caused by Right to Censor. Ivory won the match when Chyna reinjured herself . Next, Ivory feuded with Kat over her faction, "Right to Nudity". She defended the championship against Kat on "Smackdown". At Wrestlemania X-Seven, she lost the title to Chyna and lost her rematch. Invasion. During the Invasion of WWF by the Alliance, Ivory caused Jacqueline lose a handicap match to Tori Wilson and Stacy Keibler. This led to Ivory joining the alliance . She became a regular on "Raw" and "Smackdown". She wrestled against Holly and Lita in many matches . She was partnered with Lance Storm. Ivory often accompanying him to the ring . At Survivor Series, she was in a match to pick a new champion but was pinned by Stratus . In 2002, Ivory competed rarely because she was working as a trainer on Tough Enough 2 . After Wrestlemania, on "Raw", she returned and attacked Stratus and Lita. This set up a tag team match for "Smackdown". The match was Jazz and Ivory vs Trish and Lita. She was drafted to "Smackdown" when the Brand Extension began but she rarely wrestled . In late 2002, just before Survivor Series, Ivory was traded to "Raw". She lost a match to Trish Stratus who was champion at the time. She competed a few times in 2003 on "Heat". Most of her work at this time was a feud with Victoria. They fought in some singles matches but more often in tag team matches . She lost a number one contender's match to Victoria on "Heat" . In 2004 Ivory retired from in-ring competition. She began co-hosting a new program called "WWE Experience" with Todd Grisham . In mid 2004, Ivory left WWE. Personal life. Lisa Moretti was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She has two brothers and one sister. She studied public relations at the University of Southern California. Moretti was a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League in the mid-1980s. Before starting her career in wrestling, Moretti worked as a make-up artist for the cosmetics brand Revlon. After leaving WWE, Moretti began working in the landscaping industry. Moretti also worked with her niece to help the pet population affected by Hurricane Katrina. She volunteered for an organization called Best Friends Animal Society. It is a no-kill animal shelter—a shelter that does not euthanize to control animal populations—in Utah. She also worked with her local animal shelter on San Juan Island in northwestern Washington. She has lived there since 2000. She opened Downtown Dog in 2007 with Jessica Ray. It is an animal daycare. It also deals with training, grooming, and cat boarding. The company is in Friday Harbor. In June 2007, they added veterinary care and later the Bow Wow Bus. The Bow Wow Bus takes the dogs on outings. Moretti has taken classes to learn how to groom animals. She now grooms them as part of the business. Ayako Hamada Ayako Valentina Hamada Villareal (born February 14, 1981 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Japanese-Mexican professional wrestler currently wrestling on the independent circuit. She is probably best known for wrestling for TNA Wrestling where she won the TNA Knockout Tag Team Championship twice once with Awesome Kong and once with Taylor Wilde. Rosa Mendes Milena Leticia Roucka (born October 25, 1979) is a Canadian professional wrestler, valet and former model. She currently wrestles for WWE on its SmackDown brand under the ring name, Rosa Mendes. She made her WWE debut as part of the 2006 Diva Search, even though she finished fourth WWE still hired her. She won a Slammy Award in 2010 for "Best Use of Exercise Equipment". She is also a part of the main cast on the E! reality series "Total Divas". In October 2014, Mendes came out as bisexual. Highlands and Islands The Highlands and Islands of Scotland are broadly the Scottish Highlands plus Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides. This area consisted of parts of seven counties of Scotland: Order of Merit The Order of Merit () is an award, for notable work in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. The order was set up in 1902, by Edward VII. Membership of the order is a personal gift of its Sovereign (the monarch does not take advice from politicians about who should be a member). The sovereign of the order is the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth realms. The award is limited to 24 living recipients at any one time from these countries, plus a small number of honorary members. Whilst all members can use the post-nominal letters "OM" and a medallion for life, the Order of Merit's precedence, amongst other honours, differs between Commonwealth realms. History. The award filled a gap in the honour system under Queen Victoria. It was only possible to reward people who held official positiions. So, for example, T.H. Huxley could be rewarded because he had sat on Royal Commissions, but Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace held no official positions. Without question their work was as important as Huxley's, or more so. This kind of problem was known by Edward VII, and when he eventually became king, he drew up this new award which had no such limitations. The idea had been discussed before. The first mention of a possible Order of Merit was made after the Battle of Trafalgar, in 1805. It was discussed in letters between the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Barham and Prime Minister William Pitt. Nothing came from the idea. Later, Queen Victoria, her courtiers, and politicians, all thought that a new order, based on the Prussian order "Pour le Mérite", would make up for the insufficient recognition offered by the established honours system to achievement outside of public service, in realms such as art, music, literature, industry, and science. Victoria's husband, Albert, Prince Consort, took an interest in the matter; he wrote in his diary that he met on 16 January 1844 with Robert Peel to discuss the "idea of institution of a civil Order of Merit" and three days later he talked with the Queen on the subject. The concept did not wither and, on 5 January 1888, British prime minister the Marquess of Salisbury submitted to the Queen a draft constitution for an Order of Merit in Science and Art, consisting of one grade split into two branches of knighthood: the Order of Scientific Merit - for Knights of Merit in Science, with the post-nominal letters "KMS" and the Order of Artistic Merit - for Knights of Merit in Art, with the post-nominal letters "KMA". However, Sir Frederic Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, advised against the new order, primarily because of its selection process. It was Victoria's son, Edward VII, who eventually founded the Order of Merit, on 26 June 1902 the date for which his coronation had been originally planned as a means to acknowledge "exceptionally meritorious service in Our Navy and Our Army, or who may have rendered exceptionally meritorious service towards the advancement of Art, Literature and Science"; all modern aspects of the order were established under his direction, including the division for military figures. From the outset, prime ministers attempted to propose candidates or lobbied to influence the monarch's decision on appointments, but the Royal Household adamantly guarded information about potential names. After 1931, when the Commonwealth of Nations came into being and the former Dominions of the British Empire became independent states, equal in status to the UK, the Order of Merit remained an honour open to all the King's realms; thus, as with the monarch who conferred it, the order ceased to be purely British. From the start, the order has been open to women, Florence Nightingale being the first woman to receive the honour, in 1907. Several people have not taken the honour, such as Rudyard Kipling, A. E. Housman, and George Bernard Shaw. To date, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, remains the youngest person ever inducted into the Order of Merit, having been admitted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1968, when he was 47 years of age. Eligibility and appointment. All citizens of the Commonwealth realms are able to be given the Order of Merit. There can only be 24 living people in the order at any given time, not including honorary appointees, and new members are personally selected by the reigning monarch of the 16 realms, presently Queen Elizabeth II, with the help of her private secretaries; the order has thus been described as "quite possibly, the most prestigious honour one can receive on planet Earth." Within the limited membership is a designated military division, with its own unique insignia; though it has not been abolished, it is currently unused, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma having been the last person so honoured. Honorary members form another group, to which there is no limit, though such appointments are rare; individuals from countries in the Commonwealth of Nations that are not headed by Elizabeth II are considered foreigners, and thus are granted only honorary admissions, such as Nelson Mandela (South Africa) and Mother Teresa (India). On admission into the Order of Merit, members can use the post-nominal letters "OM", and have the badge of the order, consisting of a golden crown from which is suspended a red enamelled cross, itself centred by a disk of blue enamel, surrounded by a gold laurel wreath, and bearing in gold lettering the words "FOR MERIT"; the insignia for the military grouping has a pair of crossed swords behind the central disk. The ribbon of the Order of Merit is divided into two stripes of red and blue; men wear their badges on a neck ribbon, while women carry theirs on a ribbon bow pinned to the left shoulder, and aides-de-camp may wear the insignia on their aiguillettes. Since 1991, the insignia is to be given back upon the recipient's death. Precedence in each realm. As the Order of Merit is open to the citizens of sixteen different countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the order's place of precedence varies from country to country. While in the United Kingdom, members rank below Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, it has been claimed by Stanley Martin, in his book "The Order of Merit 1902-2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour", that the Order of Merit is actually the pinnacle of the British honours system. Similarly, though it was not listed in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals until December 2010, except relating to those who were appointed to the order prior to 1 June 1972, both Christopher McCreery, an expert on Canadian honours and secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, and Rafal Heydel-Mankoo, an editor of "Burke's Peerage", stated that the Order of Merit was the highest civilian award for merit a Canadian could receive. Some orders of precedence are as follows: Ellsworth Street Bridge The Ellsworth Street Bridge is a highway bridge that crosses the Willamette River in Albany, Oregon, United States. Built in 1925, the two-lane structure carries U.S. Route 20 eastbound traffic, with the adjacent Lyon Street Bridge carrying westbound traffic. The -long steel-truss bridge was designed by Conde McCullough and opened in 1926. History. In 1887, a bridge was built across the Willamette River at Albany for the Corvallis and Eastern railway followed by the Steel Bridge built in 1893 just down river. The state of Oregon began building a new bridge across the river at the city in 1925 to carry vehicular traffic. Designed by state highway department bridge designer Conde McCullough, it was constructed by the Union Bridge Company based in Portland, Oregon. The steel truss structure was completed in 1926. When the bridge opened, the Albany-Corvallis Highway was completed. At the time the structure was named the Albany Bridge. In 1973, the neighboring Lyon Street Bridge was completed to the east to expand capacity to a total of four lanes between the two bridges. Ellsworth Street Bridge was refurbished in 1971 and 2002. As of 2004, the bridge handled an average of 9,850 cars per day. East Caribbean dollar The East Caribbean dollar (sign: $; code: XCD) is the currency of eight of the nine members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (the exception is the British Virgin Islands). It has existed since 1965, when it replaced the British West Indies dollar, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$" or, alternatively, "EC$" to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 1976 and the exchange rate is currently at US$1 = EC$2.70. Members of the Currency Union. Six of the eight countries which use the EC$ are independent (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). The other two are British overseas territories: Anguilla and Montserrat. All of the countries except Dominica are Commonwealth realms. Hurdle race Hurdle race is a type of track and field race. There are "sprint" hurdle races and "long hurdle" races. The standard sprint hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women. Men and women run 400 meters in the standard long hurdle race. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events. Other distances are sometimes run, particularly indoors. The sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run. Hammer throw Hammer throw is an athletic throwing event. The goal of it is to throw a heavy metal ball attached to a wire and handle. The name "hammer throw" is derived from the older Scottish sport competitions. Like in other throwing events, competitors gain maximum distance by swinging the hammer above their head to set up the circular motion. Then, they apply force and pick up speed by completing one to four turns in the circle. In competition, most throwers turn three or four times to gradually increase the velocity with each turn. The thrower releases the ball from the front of the circle. The most important factors for a long throw are the angle of release and the speed of the ball. The hammer throw was one of the first Olympic games played. Any gender can take part in the event. Ocean thermal energy conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a way of getting useful energy from the world's oceans. The sun shines on the oceans of the world and in the hot parts near the water at the sea's surface can be quite warm, sometimes as high as 30°C. Many oceans are very deep and the water at depths of 1,000 meters can be around 5 °C. If a pipe is put down into the ocean we can bring the cold water to the surface where we also have warm water available. The difference in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water may only be around 15 °C. But we can build a machine called a heat engine, which can use this difference to generate power that can be used by people that live in that place. A machine which can do this is called an OTEC machine which stands for "ocean thermal energy conversion". Because the difference in temperature is small we will need to get large quantities of warm and cold water to go through the machine to get a useful amount of work, but large quantities are available in the ocean. It has been estimated that OTEC could give amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than the other ocean energy source, wave power. The first OTEC machine was built in Cuba in 1930 and made 22 kW of electricity. The largest machine built so far generated 250 kW in 1999 and was made by the US. Plans to build even bigger machines of around 10 MW have been made. OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product. This can be used for refrigeration and can help crops and fish grow. OTEC can also produce large amounts of salt-free water, which can be useful on mid-ocean islands as drinking water. Middle distance race Middle distance race event is longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and the mile run, while the 3000 metres may also be classified as a "middle distance event". The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century. Powerslave Powerslave is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 3 September 1984. It was the second most popular album in England when it started being sold. The album got good reviews; one person said it was "classic and essential." One of the songs, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," was adapted from a poem of the same name by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is Iron Maiden's longest song (almost 14 minutes). New World vulture New World vultures are the group of vultures that are found in the Americas. They form the family Cathartidae. There are seven species in five genera. Four of the genera contain only one species each, so they are monotypic. These are large birds of prey that feed on the meat of dead or dying animals. The name "Cathartidae" comes from the Greek word "katharsis" meaning to purge or make clean. Unlike other birds of prey, they have a good sense of smell. The opening of their nostrils has a hole through from one side of the beak to the other. Some other vultures hop to move on the ground, but the New World vultures walk. The two largest species are called condors. Counter-Strike Counter-Strike is a first-person shooter video game. It was made by Valve Corporation and released on November 9, 2000. It was made for Microsoft Windows first, but it was also released for the Xbox in 2003 and for OS X and Linux in 2013. Before it became its own game, "Counter-Strike" was a mod for Valve's other game, "Half-Life". It is a multiplayer game where two teams, counter-terrorists and terrorists, fight each other and try to finish their mission, or try to stop the other team from finishing their mission. These missions include exploding a bomb, rescuing hostages, or killing the VIP on the other team. The mission changes depending on the level the teams are playing on. A team wins if they finish their mission, or if they kill all the players on the other team. Players can buy weapons and equipment at the beginning of each round with the money they get from the previous rounds. People usually play the game online, where they connect to a server and fight other players. "Counter-Strike" is also sometimes called Counter-Strike 1.6, because there have been more games released in the series, and 1.6 was the last update for the game. There have been two sequels to the game, ' and '. Racewalking Racewalking, or Walking race, is a long-distance athletic event. It is different from running: in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. Stride length is reduced, so to achieve competitive speeds, race walkers must walk at speeds close to those that Olympic 400-meter runners use. They must walk at those speeds for hours at a time since the Olympic events are the 20 km race walk and 50 km race walk. Sriharikota Sriharikota is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle. Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai. Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis As a Commonwealth realm, St Kitts and Nevis has the same monarch as several other Commonwealth countries, King Charles III. In St Kitts, or when representing St Kitts in another country, he is known as the King of St Kitts and Nevis, His full official title being: "Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, Kingof Saint Christopher and Nevis and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". When acting as King of St Kitts, Charles III only takes advice from the Government of St Kitts and Nevis. This is because the Statute of Westminster of 1931 said that all Commonwealth countries were independent of each other, and that the British government no longer had the right to interfere or give orders to the other countries. Usually the King's constitutional roles are carried out by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Royal succession (who is next in line to the throne) is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, which is part of constitutional law. Wonder Pets Wonder Pets is a children's television series that currently airs on Nick Jr. and is based on the short Nick Jr.'s film series which was called "Linny the Guinea Pig". The series won an Emmy Award in 2008 for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition. Giant impact hypothesis The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This is the favoured scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from Moon samples which show that: The colliding body is sometimes called Theia for the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the moon. There are several unanswered issues with this hypothesis. Lunar oxygen isotopic ratios are essentially identical to Earth, with no evidence of a contribution from another solar body. Also, lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements, iron oxide, or siderophilic elements (chemical elements which bond with iron), and there is no evidence that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by the hypothesis. Context. The Earth's relatively large natural satellite, the Moon, is unique. During the Apollo program, rocks from the Moon's surface were brought to Earth. Radiometric dating of these rocks has shown the Moon to be 4527 ± 10 million years old, about 30 to 55 million years younger than other bodies in the solar system. New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later, 4.48±0.02 Ga, or 70–110 Ma after the start of the Solar System. Another notable feature is the relatively low density of the Moon, which must mean it does not have a large metallic core, which other terrestrial bodies in the solar system have. The Moon has a bulk composition closely resembling the Earth's mantle and crust together, without the Earth's core. This has led to the giant impact hypothesis: the idea that the Moon was formed during a giant impact of the proto-Earth with another protoplanet. The impactor, sometimes called Theia, is thought to have been a little smaller than the planet Mars. Theia collided with Earth about 4.533 Ga. Models reveal that when an impactor this size struck the proto-Earth at a low angle and relatively low speed (), much material from the mantles (and proto-crusts) of the proto-Earth and the impactor was ejected into space, where much of it stayed in orbit around the Earth. This material would eventually form the Moon. However, the metallic cores of the impactor would have sunk through the Earth's mantle to fuse with the Earth's core, depleting the Moon of metallic material. The giant impact hypothesis thus explains the Moon's abnormal composition. The ejecta in orbit around the Earth could have condensed into a single body within weeks. Under the influence of its own gravity, the ejected material became a more spherical body: the Moon. The radiometric ages show the Earth existed already for at least 10 million years before the impact, enough time to allow for differentiation of the Earth's primitive mantle and core. Then, when the impact occurred, only material from the mantle was ejected, leaving the Earth's core of heavy elements untouched. Consequences. The impact had some important consequences for the young Earth. It released an enormous amount of energy, causing both the Earth and Moon to be completely molten. Immediately after the impact, the Earth's mantle was vigorously convecting, the surface was a large magma ocean. The planet's first atmosphere must have been completely blown away by the enormous amount of energy released. The impact is also thought to have changed Earth’s axis to produce the large 23.5° axial tilt that is responsible for Earth’s seasons (a simple, ideal model of the planets’ origins would have axial tilts of 0° with no recognizable seasons). It may also have sped up Earth’s rotation. Recent evidence. Analysis of lunar rock brought back by Apollo astronauts appears to show traces of Theia. The researchers claim this confirms the theory that the Moon was created by a cataclysmic collision. Some scientists are surprised that the difference between the Theian material found in the Moon rock and the Earth is so small. COBOL COBOL is a programming language that was developed in the year 1959. It was one of the first computer programming languages. The name COBOL stands for "COmmon Business-Oriented Language". Background. COBOL was created because people wanted a language they could use to describe the problems in a way that is independent of the hardware used. Like SQL COBOL uses a syntax that is close to that of natural languages. As an example, "ADD YEARS TO AGE" is a valid expression. History. There are several different versions of COBOL. The newest is from 2002. In general, versions of the language before 1985 are not compatible with the newer versions, from 1985 and later. In his letter to an editor in 1975 titled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", computer scientist and Turing Award recipient Edsger Dijkstra remarked that "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offense." In this letter, Dijkstra also criticised several other languages which were used at the time. In recent years, COBOL has been extended to allow object-oriented programming, user-defined functions, and user-defined data types. Reputation. The computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins disagreed, and defended structured COBOL: "COBOL programs with convoluted control flow indeed tend to 'cripple the mind'", but this was because "there are too many such business application programs written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well...". Edsger W. Dijkstra Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (May 11, 1930 – August 6, 2002; ) was a Dutch computer scientist. He received the 1972 Turing Award for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000. Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor. 3 Doors Down 3 Doors Down is an American Alternative rock band. They formed in 1994 in Escatawpa, Mississippi. The members of the group are Brad Arnold, the singer, Matt Roberts, who plays the lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Henderson, who plays the rhythm guitar, Todd Harrell who plays the bass guitar and Greg Upchurch, who plays the drums. Third Treaty of San Ildefonso The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (short for the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a treaty between France and Spain. In it, Spain gave the territory of Louisiana to France. Viglen Viglen is an IT company based in the United Kingdom. Viglen is operated by UK businessman Lord Sugar and most schools in the UK own Viglen computers. Some of the products that Viglen have made are the Incepta II and the Genrie Pro. Lotus Cars Lotus Cars is a British builder of sports and racing cars. It is based at the old site of RAF Hethel, a World War II airfield in Norfolk. The company designs and builds race and production cars. The cars are built to have a low weight. The cars handle well (they can turn, start and stop quickly.) Lotus Cars was founded and owned for many years by Colin Chapman. After his death and a period of financial instability, it was bought by General Motors, then by businessman Romano Artioli and DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton. It is currently owned by Chinese multinational Geely. History. The company was started as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by engineer Colin Chapman in 1952 but had roots in 1948 when Chapman first started building racing cars in a garage. The first factory was in old stables in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus was started in 1954. It was split off from the Lotus Engineering company. Team Lotus was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994. The Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. One company was Lotus Cars Limited which made road cars. The other company was Lotus Components Limited which worked on customer race cars. Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971 but stopped building cars in the same year. In 1959, the company moved to Cheshunt, Hertfordshire into a factory built to make cars. Since 1966 the company has been in a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel, near Wymondham. This site is the former RAF Hethel base. The test track uses parts of the old runway. In its early days, Lotus sold cars aimed at privateer racers and trialists. Its early road cars could be bought as kits, in order to save on purchase tax. The kit car era ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the introduction of the Elan, the first car manufactured by the company. In early 1982, Chapman came to an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. This resulted in Lotus collaborating in the design and development of Toyota sports cars and Toyota supplying parts to Lotus, making development and production of their new models, such as the Excel, cost effective. Chapman died of a heart attack in 1982 at the age of 54. The car maker built tens of thousands of successful racing and road cars. They won the Formula One World Championship seven times. At the time of his death he was linked with the DeLorean scandal over the use of government subsidies for the production of DeLorean DMC-12 for which Lotus had designed the chassis. In 1986, the company was bought by General Motors. On 27 August 1993, GM sold the company to Bugatti Automobili SpA owned by businessman Romano Artioli. In 1996, a majority share in Lotus was sold to Proton, a Malaysian car company. On 24 May 2017, Chinese multinational Geely announced that was taking a 51% controlling stake in Lotus. The remaining 49% was acquired by Etika Automotive. The company is organized as Group Lotus. Group Lotus is divided into Lotus Cars and Lotus Engineering. Lotus Engineering builds suspension for other car builders. They also worked with General Motors to develop the 4-cylinder Ecotec engine. The four letters in the middle of the logo stand for the initials of Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman. Formula One. The Lotus Cars helped its customers to race its cars. They entered Formula One through its sister company Team Lotus in 1958. In 1960, Lotus got its first win in F1. A Lotus 18 driven by Stirling Moss won at Monaco. The car was entered by privateer Rob Walker. They had big success in 1963 with the Lotus 25. With Jim Clark driving, Lotus its first F1 World Constructors Championship. Clark was killed in a crash in a Formula Two Lotus 48 in April 1968. It was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One. Clark was the dominant driver with the best car at the time. He is an important part of Lotus' early years. The 1963 championship was won by Clark's teammate, Graham Hill. Team Lotus made the mid-engine layout popular for IndyCars. They developed the first monocoque Formula One chassis. They also made the engine and transaxle a part of the chassis. A transaxle is a combination of the transmission and rear axle. Lotus was also among the first in Formula One to add wings and shaping the bottom of the car. This created aerodynamic downforce. They were the first to move radiators to the sides of the car. This improved the aerodynamic performance of the car. Team Lotus is also considered as the pioneer of the active suspension. After Chapman's death, until the late 1980s, Lotus was still to be a major player in Formula One. Ayrton Senna drove for the team from 1985 to 1987. Senna won twice in each year and earned 17 pole positions. By the company's last Formula One race in 1994, the cars were not competitive. At the end of the 1994 season, Lotus left Formula One racing. Team Lotus won a total of 79 Grand Prix races. Team Lotus was the first team to achieve 50 Grand Prix victories. Formula One Constructors' Championships (Drivers' Championship winner for Lotus) In 1992, Team Lotus started Classic Team Lotus for the Works historic motorsport activity. Classic Team Lotus repairs and keeps Lotus F1 cars in running condition. They race them in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. It keeps the Team Lotus archive and the Works Collection of cars. It is managed by Clive Chapman, son of company founder Colin Chapman. The Lotus name returned to Formula One for the 2010 season. A new team in Malaysia was started called Lotus Racing. They used the Lotus name with license from Group Lotus. The new team was unrelated to the old Team Lotus. The new team was funded by a Malaysian Consortium (group of companies) including Proton, the former owner of Lotus. After the 2010 season, Proton ended the license for Lotus Racing to use the Lotus name. Proton believed the team broke the license rules. Lotus Racing then bought Team Lotus Ventures Ltd. This company owned the rights to use the name "Team Lotus". The Lotus Racing team announced they would be known as Team Lotus starting in 2011. In December 2010 Group Lotus (Proton) purchased part of the Renault F1 team. They announced the team would be now be known as Lotus Renault GP. Lotus Renault GP will compete in Formula One starting in 2011. Lotus also unsuccessfully participated in the 24 Hours of LeMans and in the Indianapolis 500 in 2011 and 2012. Lotus car models. Concept cars. At the 2010 Paris Motorshow, Lotus announced five new models. These were to be introduced over the next five years. Out of the five models introduced, only the Elise reached the production stage with Lotus cancelling the rest of the models to focus on making lightweight sports cars. Lotus Engineering. Lotus Engineering Limited, is an offshoot of Lotus Cars. They consult with other companies that build cars and car equipment. In addition to the United Kingdom, Lotus Engineering has offices in China, Malaysia and United States. APX and VVA. The APX (also known as the "Aluminum Performance Crossover") is a concept car made from aluminum presented at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. It is built on Lotus Engineering's Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA). The VVA design was to be used on a mid-engine sports car. The APX is a high performance 7 seat Multi Purpose Vehicle. It is four-wheel drive and has a front mounted V6 engine. Cars produced using VVA: Projects worked on by Lotus Engineering. Examples of work done by Lotus Engineering include: Electric vehicles. Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles. Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid executive sedan project called "Limo-Green"—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle was a series plug-in hybrid. Lotus unveiled their first series production electric sports car called the Evija in July 2019. The car is undergoing development under the codename Type 130. Production would be limited to 130 units and is scheduled to begin in Summer 2020. The Evija makes use of a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering. There are 4 electric motors placed on each wheel supported by an Integral powertrain. The powertrain is rated at a total output of and of torque. The Evija has a range of . Queen's Award for Enterprise. Lotus Cars were awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise for contribution to International Trade, one of 85 companies receiving the recognition in that category in 2002. Lotus cars wore the badge of the award for a number of years. In popular culture. Lotus cars have appeared in several movies and TV shows. The most popular appearance of Lotus cars was in two James Bond movies namely "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977) and "For Your Eyes Only" (1981). The amphibious Lotus Esprit appearing in the 1977 movie was more popular of the two appearances. Genetic counselling Genetic counselling, or "counseling", is how clients are advised about genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, by definition, can be passed on in heredity. Example: many descendents of Queen Victoria carried one or both alleles for haemophilia. It was a hereditary disease in European royal families. Clients with a disorder may be interested in the probability of transmitting a genetic disorder to their children. They may ask what the options are to prevent, avoid or improve it. Genetic counsellors. Facilities and rules vary in different countries. In the United States the National Society of Genetic Counselors defines genetic counselling as: A genetic counsellor is an expert with a Master of Science degree in genetic counseling. In the United States they are certified by the American Board of Genetic Counseling. Most enter the field from biology, genetics, nursing, psychology, public health and social work. Genetic counsellors need to be expert educators, skilled in translating ideas into terms that are easy to understand. Reasons and results. Families may choose to attend counselling or undergo prenatal testing for a number of reasons. Training. Training of genetic counselling is not done in all countries, and the service of genetic counselling is not available in all countries. The basis. The cost of complete genome analysis has come down so far that individual people can have their own genome analysed. The problem is interpret what the analysis shows. At present there are many genes whose functions are not yet known, and many alleles whose effect is not known. Practical consequences. Already it is possible to identify the sex of a foetus in the womb, and to identify some of the most common disorders. This may, depending on legal and religious constraints, influence abortion of the foetus in some cases. In some cases, the effects of a defect can be anticipated and prevented or cured. These issues do not affect most people today, but as genomic analysis advances, genetic counselling will become of much greater significance. Root causes. A number of themes occur. Almost universal is: groups which marry a restricted set of partners tend to have more genetic defects. The two most obvious cases are: In the case of royal families there were a number of marriages of cousins and other close relationships. They suffered a disproportionate number of haemophiliacs, and some distorted features such as the Habsburg jaw (prognathism). It has been suggested that the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs suffered short lives because of their frequent incestuous marriages. In this connection it is interesting that Tutankhamun's mother was the full sister of his father. However, the immediate cause of his death seems to be malaria. Ashkenazi jewery has a very sophisticated understanding of the genetic problems they face, and maintain an excellent advice service. In both cases the key causal element is the restricted set of permissible partners available for marriage. Susan Collins Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician who is the senior U.S. Senator from Maine since 1997. She is a moderate in the Republican Party. Collins was elected to the Senate in 1996. The Senator was born December 7, 1952. On February 13, 2021, Collins was one of seven Republican senators to vote Donald Trump guilty of starting an insurrection at the U.S. Capitol attack in his second impeachment trial. Frill-necked lizard The Frill-necked lizard ("Chlamydosaurus kingii") has a large reptile, thin frill around its head, which it displays in order to frighten enemies. To appear even more impressive, it also opens its mouth wide and often rears up on its hind legs. When frightened, this lizard will run away, using its back-legs only, earning it the nickname, the "bicycle lizard." Description. These lizards spend most of their life in trees (they are primarily arboreal). They live in the north of Australia and in New Guinea. They inhabit moist tropical and warm-temperate forests and in woodlands with shrubby understory. When displayed, the frill is 9.5-14 inches (24-34 cm) wide. When the lizard is at rest, the frill folds down on its shoulders. Adults are over 8 inches (20 cm) long. Diet. Frill-necked Lizards are carnivorous (meat-eaters). They eat bugs (like cicadas, ants, and spiders) and small lizards. They hunt in trees and on the ground. Jodi Picoult Jodi Lynn Picoult (born 19 May 1966 in Nesconsent, Long Island, New York) is an American author. Picoult comes from what she calls a "non-practicing Jewish family". She was raised in her hometown in Long Island, but moved to the U.S. State of New Hampshire when she was 13 years old. She went to Princeton, a university in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where she studied writing and graduated from in 1987. She also went to Harvard University, where she earned a master's degree in education. She had many jobs, as a guest writer for magazines like "Seventeen", to editing textbooks and teaching eighth grade English. She published her first novel "Songs of the Humpback Whale" in 1992. Her first book to debut as a New York Times best-seller was her 2007 novel "Nineteen Minutes"; the following year her novel "Change of Heart" became her second novel to debut as #1 on the New York Times Best Seller's list. Her last novel to be featured on the list was "Handle With Care" (2009). Four of her novels, "The Pact" (1998), "Plain Truth" (2000), "The Tenth Circle" (2006) and most recently, "My Sister's Keeper", which published as a book in 2004 but released as a movie in 2009. She was awarded the New England Bookseller Award for fiction in 2003. Picoult currently has some 14 million copies of her books in print worldwide. In addition to writing novels, Picoult had written for DC Comics' third volume of Wonder Woman in 2007; she only wrote 5 issues. She lives with her husband, Tim Van Leer, their three children and pets in Hanover, New Hampshire. Shad Gaspard Shad Gaspard (January 13, 1981 – May 17, 2020) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He teamed with JTG and they formed the tag team, Cryme Tyme. Gaspard later began an acting career which he stated in an interview for Right After Wrestling. He starred in "Get Hard". Gaspard was born in New York City. Gaspard married his longtime girlfriend Siliana Gaspard in 2009, together the couple had a son, in April 2010. On March 5, 2011, Gaspard was arrested by police in Columbus, Ohio for having allegedly refused the commands of a police officer and then resisting arrest for jaywalking. He was later cleared of all charges in July 2011. On May 17, 2020, Gaspard was caught in a strong rip current at Marina del Rey beach in Venice Beach, California. On May 20, 2020, his body was found washed up in Venice Beach, California, three days after he had gone missing and identified by the Los Angeles County coroner's office. He was 39 years old. Bukittinggi Bukittinggi (Indonesian for "high hill", formerly called "Fort de Kock") is a city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The population of this city was estimated at 120,000 according to the 2010 census. Bukittinggi became the capital city of Indonesia from 1948 to 1949 when Indonesia was at war with the Netherlands. Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Yogyakarta was the capital city of Indonesia from 1947 to 1948. The city is near two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple. Education. Yogyakarta is a major center of education in Indonesia. Public universities in the city include: Private universities include: Kenzo Suzuki Kenzo Suzuki (born July 25, 1974) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling for WWE and New Japan Pro Wrestling. Suzuki is currently wrestling for All Japan Pro Wrestling and is part of the stable, Voodoo Murders. He is often managed to the ring by his real-life wife, Hiroko Suzuki. Gifu Prefecture is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is on the island of Honshu. Its capital is the city of Gifu. Gifu is part of the Tōkai region. Shirakawa in Gifu is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site. History. In the Meiji period, Gifu Prefecture was created by merging several old provinces, including Hida Province and Mino Province. "Gifu" may have been named by Oda Nobunaga. Geography. Gifu shares borders with seven other prefectures: Aichi Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture. Special products. National parks. National parks cover about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture. Otaki Limestone Cave. Otaki Limestone cave is one of the biggest limestone caves in Japan. There is no daylight inside, so you may feel that the air in there is very still. If you go there in summer, you may feel cool, and if you go there in winter, you may feel much warmer than outside of it. The walls are made of limestone and look milky white. Shrines and temples. "Hidaichinomiya-Minashi jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Xavier Woods Austin Watson (born September 4, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he competes under the ring name Xavier Woods. He is a member of The New Day stable with Kofi Kingston and Big E. He holds the WWE Tag Team Championship with Kingston and Big E. He defends the championship under the Freebird Rule. He has also wrestled for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2007 to 2010 where he won the TNA World Tag Team Championship one time with Jay Lethal. Woods also is famous for a leaked sexual intercourse video of himself and fellow wwe wrestler paige Semih Erden Semih Erden (born July 28, 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey) is an Turkish basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA. He was selected 60th overall in the 2nd round in the 2008 NBA Draft by the Boston Celtics, while he was playing for Fenerbahçe Ülker in his homeland. Erden arrived in Boston for the 2010–11 season, but was traded to Cleveland near the end of the season. During the 2011 NBA lockout, he returned to Turkey and played for Beşiktaş; after the lockout ended in December 2011, he returned to the Cavaliers. Doug Williams (wrestler) Douglas Clayton Durdle (born September 1, 1972) is an English professional wrestler that is currently signed to TNA Wrestling wrestling under the ring name, Douglas Williams. Philidor defence Philidor's defence, usually called "the Philodor", is one of the basic chess openings. It was used often by the 18th century master François-André Danican Philidor, and he published analysis about it in his textbook "L'Analyse du jeu des échecs" (1849). Variations. Transposition. Black can reach a line called the Hanham variation by transposing from the Pirc defence: Robert Boyle Robert Boyle FRS (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and founding member of the Royal Society. Boyle was born in Ireland to a titled Anglo-Irish family. He was the fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who had arrived in Ireland in 1588. Career. Robert Boyle is best known for Boyle's law. When Robert Hooke was young, Boyle employed him as an instrument-maker and assistant. They continued to cooperate when Hooke took charge of experiments at the Royal Society. Scientific research was the main focus of Boyle's life. He joined other like-minded men in a group which called itself the "Invisible College". He was part of the group which founded the Royal Society in 1660. Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. His 1661 book, "The Sceptical Chymist", is important in the history of chemistry. Religious interests. As a director of the East India Company Boyle spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East. He contributed liberally to missionary societies and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages. Boyle supported the policy that the Bible should be available in the language of the people, in contrast to the Latin-only policy of the Roman Catholic Church at the time. Myrtillocactus Myrtillocactus is a genus of plants in the family Cactaceae. All of these plants are succulents. The plants grows in Mexico and Guatemala. In total, there are 4 species: Flowers are white or yellowish, its length is appr. 2.5 cm. Some species of Myrtillocactus are popular houseplants. USS Nimitz (CVN-68) The USS "Nimitz" (CVN-68) is a supercarrier of the United States Navy. Starting in late 2011, The USS "Nimitz" will be stationed at Naval Station Everett in Everett, Washington. It is named after Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. It is set to replace the USS "Abraham Lincoln". Its length is an amazing 1063 feet or 333 meters. It has four steam catapults that can speed up a 100,000 pound plane to 160 mph in 100 meters. It can launch early warning planes, F/A-18 hornets and Super Hornet fighter-bomber aircraft. It is powered by two nuclear reactors and can stay at sea for 24 years without refueling although refueling needs to be done carefully and only in special naval bases. It weighs 100,000 tons. It carries a maximum of 130 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornets or 85-90 other planes. Commelinoideae Commelinoideae is a subfamily of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the dayflower family (Commelinaceae). The Commelinoideae is one of two subfamilies within the Commelinaceae and includes 39 genera (out of 41 in the family) and all but 12 of the family's several hundred known species. Emma Bunton Emma Bunton, also known as Baby Spice, is a British singer-songwriter and television promoter. She was born on 21 January 1976. She was a member of girl group the Spice Girls. She gained her nickname from being the youngest member of the group and also because she looked young. She was a contestant in the 2006 series of "Strictly Come Dancing". She is also the host of the Heart FM Saturday evening show from 4pm to 7pm. On 12 August 2012, the Spice Girls performed a medley of "Wannabe" and "Spice Up Your Life" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. They got back together just for the event. Their performance was the most tweeted moment of the Olympics closing ceremony with over 116,000 tweets on Twitter per minute. Personal life. Bunton's long-term partner since 1998 is singer Jade Jones. The couple have two sons: Beau Lee Jones and Tate Lee Jones. She is also a godmother to Geri Halliwell's daughter Bluebell Madonna Halliwell, alongside Victoria Beckham. Steeplechase (athletics) The steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics, which derives its name from the word "steeplechase" in horse racing. its when you have to run around the track over hurdles an water to win Ken Anderson (wrestler) Kenneth Anderson (born March 6, 1976 in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin) is an American professional wrestler who is currently wrestling for TNA Wrestling under the ring name, Mr. Anderson and is the current reigning TNA World Heavyweight Champion. Anderson also wrestled for WWE from 2005 to 2009 as Mr. Kennedy before being released by the company because it was reported that Kennedy had injured his wrist during his last match with the company, and a stiff back suplex almost injured Randy Orton. South Sudan South Sudan is a country in East Africa. Its official name is the Republic of South Sudan. It was part of Sudan until 2011. A civil war began in 2013. The landlocked country is bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya to the southeast; Uganda to the south; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest; the Central African Republic to the west; and the Republic of Sudan to the north. South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the "Bahr al Jabal". History. What is now South Sudan was once part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. This part of the British Empire became the Republic of Sudan when independence was achieved in 1956. After the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 at midnight local time, after a referendum held in January 2011. In the referendum, nearly 99% of voters wanted to separate from the rest of Sudan. The United Nations Security Council met on 13 July 2011 to formally discuss membership for the Republic of South Sudan. The next day, 14 July 2011, South Sudan became a United Nations member state. South Sudan has also applied to join the Commonwealth of Nations, the East African Community, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The country was declared eligible to apply for membership in the Arab League as well. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, one athlete from South Sudan competed under the flag of the International Olympic Committee. In 2013 a civil war broke out. Geography. Its capital is Juba. Between eight and twelve million people live there. Over 200 languages are spoken, but the official language is English. Arabic is also spoken by many people. The main religion is Christianity, practised by nearly 78% of the population. Another 20% practise African traditional religions, and just 3% are Muslim. Much of South Sudan's economy is based on oil, but they also have a large lumber industry mainly consisting of teak. It is a very poor and under-developed country. There is very little infrastructure, and the civil wars have caused a lot of damage. References. Notes S Club S Club, formerly S Club 7 and currently touring under the name S Club 3 and a bit are a British pop group. They formed in 1998 in London and split up in 2003. The group reunited in 2008 with Jo O'Meara, Bradley McIntosh and Paul Cattermole and was renamed S Club. The New York Times Best Seller list "The New York Times" Best Seller list is a list of best-selling books in the United States that has been published weekly on Sundays by the "New York Times", a New York City based newspaper since 9 April 1942. It is also released a stand-alone publication, meaning it is sometimes published separately outside of the newspaper, and can also be found online. The list is usually split into fiction and non-fiction sections; each contain ten to twenty titles. Muskmelon Muskmelons ("Cucumis melo") are a type of melon. Cantaloupes are a popular type of muskmelon, but there are other types like the Honeydew Melon. They come from Persia (Iran) and nearby countries. They were transported west to Europe near the time of Christ's birth. The name Cantaloupe comes from the italian town they were cultivated in: "Cantalupo" "nel Sannio" The name of the muskmelon comes from the words "musk," which means "perfume" in Persian and "melon," which is French and comes from a Latin word melonem (melo in the accusative form - direct object function in a sentence) that means "fruit of a cucurbit." History. Muskmelons are native to Iran, as well as parts of India and Afghanistan. The first known mention of the muskmelon was in Greece in the 3rd century BC. There is an old Egyptian painting that shows a fruit some people think was a muskmelon. In the first century AD, Romans knew about the muskmelon, and both the Greeks and Romans found that it could be used as medicine or to eat. At about this time, China also found out about the muskmelon. During the Middle Ages the muskmelon spread across Europe to as far west as Spain and Christopher Columbus brought seeds of it to the Caribbean in 1494. In the 1600s it was being grown across North America by the Spanish, the English and Native Americans. By 1650 the muskmelon was being grown in Brazil. Taste. Muskmelons can widely vary in taste, depending on each fruit: some are sweet and some more closely resemble their cucurbitaceae cousin, the cucumber, in taste. In 1513, a Spanish writer said of the muskmelon that "the good [muskmelons] are like good women, and the bad like bad women." Maybe expecting all melons to be sweet, which is not the case as mentioned earlier. 2006 Hengchun earthquakes The 2006 Hengchun earthquake happened on Tuesday December 26, 2006 at 12:25 UTC (20:25 local time) near Taiwan. On the surface the center of the earthquake was about 22.8 km west southwest of Hengchun, Pingtung County, Taiwan. The center of the earthquake underground was 21.9 km deep in the Luzon Strait (). Reports of the strength of the quake do not all agree. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau reported 7.0 ML The United States Geological Survey estimated the quake to be 7.1 Mw The Hong Kong Observatory and the Japan Meteorological Agency said 7.2 Mw. Taiwan's Central News Agency reported that it was the strongest earthquake to hit Hengchun in one hundred years. The earthquake hurt and killed many people and damaged many buildings. It also damaged several undersea cables. The broken cables were a problem for telecommunication services in parts of Asia. The date of the earthquake was unusual. The earthquake happened exactly two years after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that caused terrible damage to the coastal communities across Southeast and South Asia. It was also exactly three years after the 2003 earthquake that almost destroyed the southern Iranian city of Bam. Tsunami warning. Taiwan. This earthquake was the first time Taiwan detected a tsunami. The water level changed only 25 cm and did not damage anything. Warning from agencies in other areas. An early tsunami warning came from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). They reported that the earthquake caused a 1-meter tsunami. It was moving towards the east coast of the Philippines. The Hong Kong Observatory also reported a tsunami that would probably not affect Hong Kong. Cuban solenodon The Cuban solenodon or almiqui ("Solenodon cubanus") is a species of soricomorph that is endemic to Cuba. It belongs to the family Solenodontidae along with a similar species, the Hispaniolan Solenodon ("Solenodon paradoxus"). The solenodon is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous. Since its discovery in 1861 by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters. Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune is a major newspaper in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded on June 10, 1847 by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, and Joseph K. C. Forrest. The Tribune ran the wrong result in its headline, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" during the 1948 United States presidential election. Snooki Nicole Elizabeth "Snooki" LaValle (née Polizzi; born November 23, 1987) is an American reality television personality, television host, author, professional wrestler, and dancer. She is best known for being a cast member of the MTV reality show "Jersey Shore" and starring in "Snooki & Jwoww" and "". She earned $150,000 per "Jersey Shore" episode by the last season. She also appeared as the guest hostess for "WWE Raw" in 2011 and competed at WrestleMania XXVII that year. Angelina Pivarnick Angelina Pivarnick (born June 26, 1986) is an American television personality. She is best known for starring in the first two seasons of the MTV's reality show "Jersey Shore" and the VH1 show "Couples Therapy". Pivarnick made her return to television in "". She was born in Staten Island, New York. Vinny Guadagnino Vincent "Vinny" Guadagnino (born November 11, 1987) is an American reality television personality and actor. He is best known for his time on MTV's" Jersey Shore". In the November 8, 2011 episode of "90210", he played a small role that he reprised in the episode titled "O Holly Night". MTV has also produced Guadagnino's own talk show, "The Show with Vinny", which debuted in May 2013. Sammi Giancola Sammi Giancola (born March 14, 1987) is an American television personality and businesswoman. She is best known as one of the eight main cast members of the MTV reality series "Jersey Shore". Michael Sorrentino Michael Sorrentino (born July 4, 1982), also known as The Situation, is an American television personality. He appeared on the MTV reality show "Jersey Shore" in all six seasons from December 2009 through its final episode in December 2012. On January 19, 2018, Sorrentino pleaded guilty to one count of tax evasion, as part of a plea bargain with prosecutors. On October 5, 2018, Sorrentino was sentenced to 8 months in prison, 2 years of supervised probation, and 500 hours of community service. JWoww Jennifer Lynn "Jenni" Farley (born February 27, 1986), also known as JWoww, is an American television personality. She is known for being one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series "Jersey Shore", and is a main cast member of its spin-off, "Snooki & Jwoww". Ronnie Ortiz-Magro Ronald Magro Jr. (born December 4, 1985) is an American television personality and actor. He is best known as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series "Jersey Shore". She was born in The Bronx, New York City. In 2017, Ortiz-Magro appeared in the second season of the E! reality series "Famously Single." In 2018, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro became part of the main cast in the MTV reality television series "". Deena Nicole Cortese Deena Nicole Buckner (born Deena Nicole Cortese; January 12, 1987) is an American reality television personality. She appeared on the MTV reality show "Jersey Shore" from 2010 to 2012. In November 2016, Cortese became engaged to Christopher Buckner. They were married on October 28, 2017. Pauly D Paul DelVecchio Jr. (born July 5, 1980), publicly known as DJ Pauly D, is an American television personality and disc jockey. He is best known for being a housemate on MTV's reality show "Jersey Shore". He is the first of the "Jersey Shore" cast to get his own spin-off show, "The Pauly D Project". Stephen Baldwin Stephen Andrew Baldwin (born May 12, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for his conservative religious and political beliefs. He is the youngest of the Baldwin brothers. He was a housemated in the 2010 series of Big Brother (UK). References. <br> Pirc defence The Pirc defence is one of the asymmetrical hypermodern defences, usually to 1.e4. It is similar to the Modern defence, but reserves the decision as to whether to fianchetto the g8 bishop. Because it is so flexible it lends itself to transpositions. This is one of the main lines: A completely different idea is: which is a transposition into Philidor's defence. Another idea is: which is called Wade's defence. Cyclone Yasi Tropical Cyclone Yasi was a tropical cyclone that caused a lot of damage when it reached the Australian coast at about midnight on Wednesday 2 February 2011. The storm which started in the Coral Sea, destroyed hundreds of homes in the northern Queensland towns of Tully, Mission Beach, Innisfail and Cardwell. Yasi was a Category Five storm, the highest level, with winds of about 300 km/h. It was the biggest storm in Queensland's history, with more than 10,000 people moved from their homes. The storm passed between the two big cities of Cairns and Townsville which only suffered minor damage. Early estimates of damage put the cost at about AU$100 million. Cyclone Yasi did not cause the damage that government expected as it missed major cities. It did however destroy 30% of the houses in Tully. At least 75% of the banana crop was destroyed, and damage to the sugar cane farms is expected to cost about AU$500 million. One person died when they were poisoned by fumes from a portable generator. Damage to power lines left 150,000 homes without electricity. The rainforest around Mission Beach was flattened by the cyclone. This meant that most of the food and shelter needed for the wildlife has been destroyed. The Southern Cassowary, a large endangered bird, will need help to survive in the forest. After Cyclone Larry in 2006 it is thought that about one third of the cassowaries at Mission Beach died from starvation. A group, called Rainforest Rescue, is going to set up feeding areas in the forest for the birds. Fianna Fáil Fianna Fáil is an Irish political party. It was founded in 1926 by Éamon DeValera and Constance Markievicz, . Its leader is Micheál Martin, who has also been Taoiseach since 2020. It was a faction of Sinn Fein - another Irish political party alongside Fine Gael - before splitting to become its own political party in 1926. Its name is translated from Irish as 'Soldiers of Destiny' but literally means 'Warriors of Fál' (Fál was the name of Ireland in legends). The party is part of a coalition government with Fine Gael and the Green Party, with Fianna Fáil being the largest party in the Dáil Éireann. Presidents/Leaders. There have been eight leaders of the Fianna Fáil since its creation in 1926. They are: Youth Wing. The Youth Wing of Fianna Fáil is the Ógra Fianna Fáil, which was created in 1975 to get younger people to vote and support the party. Jim Agnew Jim Agnew (born March 21, 1966) is a Canadian retired professional hockey defenceman. Agnew was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the 8th round (157th overall) in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft. After a stellar career in the Western Hockey League with the Brandon Wheat Kings and Portland Winter Hawks, Agnew began his professional career with the Canucks in 1986. Playing career. Agnew spent most of the 1986–87 in the American Hockey League, although he did receive a four-game stretch with the Canucks. He would spend four full seasons in Vancouver's minor-league system while seeing occasional action in Vancouver. Playing ten games for the team in the 1987–88 during which time he recorded his only career point, and was called up again for seven games in 1989–90. While playing for the Canucks in March 1990, Agnew seriously injured his left knee and required surgery. This would be the start of a chronic knee problem. Injuries to his left knee caused him to miss significant action six times over the next four seasons, and required three separate surgeries. His knee problems struck just as he made the NHL on a full-time basis. He spent virtually the entire 1990–91 and 1991–92 seasons on the Canuck roster as a utility player seeing action at both forward and defence, but was limited to just 44 games over that stretch due to injury and failed to record a point. He was released by the Canucks in 1992 and signed as a free agent with the Hartford Whalers. Again, however, he was limited to only 16 games by an injury to his left knee. After injuring his knee again during the Whalers' 1993 training camp, he decided to retire. Agnew appeared in 81 NHL games over parts of six seasons, recording 1 assist and 257 penalty minutes. Deloraine, Manitoba Deloraine is a farming town in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is near the Turtle Mountains in the southwest corner of the province. Western Hockey League The Western Hockey League (WHL) is a major junior ice hockey league based in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is an insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northwest Pakistan. It involves the United States, United Kingdom, Pakistani military and Pakistani tribes against the Taliban, al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The main reason for the conflict was tensions breaking out between Pakistan Armed Forces and al-Qaeda in 2004. 3117 Pakistani armed forces members have been killed, as well as 235+ tribe members and 15 United States soldiers. 17742 insurgents have been killed or captured. During 2004, S.A.S. soldiers were ordered to take out a renegade police officer. Two men were caught by the police and taken back to the station. Tempers had already been running high because of an arrest by soldiers who had turned out to be agents working in the Taliban. Area code 869 Area code 869 is the local telephone area code of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The 869 area code was created during a split from the original (809) area code which was done in October, 1996. Like many Caribbean countries St Kitts uses +1 followed by the area code as the international direct dial phone code. When in Saint Kitts and Nevis, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Saint Kitts and Nevis from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(869) + seven digit phone number. Metropolitan Police The Metropolitan Police is the name of the police service for the Metropolitan police district of Greater London. It covers all of London boroughs, except the City of London. It is the largest of the 52 police forces in the United Kingdom. In 2009, it had about 30000 police officers, more than three times the size of the next largest force. Network port A network port is a 16-bit number that identifies one side of a connection between two computers. Computers use port numbers to determine to which process or application a message should be delivered. As network addresses are like street address, port numbers are like suite or room numbers. Any program may use any port, though some port numbers have a standard use and some programs may be limited in which ports they can use for security reasons. Firewalls often block access to ports based on the network address and port of the source or destination computer, or the program using the port (if the firewall is running on the same computer). False pregnancy A false pregnancy, hysterical pregnancy or pseudopregnancy is when a mammal shows some of the symptoms associated with a pregnancy, but without being pregnant. False pregnancies commonly occur in dogs and mice. False pregnancy in humans is less common, and usually has psychological causes. False pregnancy is probably caused by changes in the endocrine system of the body, which leads to the secretion of hormones. These hormones are the reason physical changes happen, similar to those during pregnancy. The underlying cause is often mental. Naomi Campbell Naomi Eliane Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a British supermodel and actress who was born in Streatham, a district in Lambeth, London and started her modelling career in the 1980s. She has appeared on over 500 magazine covers. Naomi was one of six models of her generation declared "supermodels" by the fashion world. As the most famous black model of her time, Campbell has been outspoken throughout her career against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. Her personal life is widely reported, particularly her affairs with famous men—including boxer Mike Tyson and actor Robert De Niro—and several high-profile assault convictions. Early life. Campbell is the daughter of Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris. In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her father, who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant and who went unnamed on her birth certificate. She took the surname Campbell from her mother's second marriage. During her early years, Campbell lived in Rome, where her mother worked as a modern dancer. Following their return to London, she was left in the care of her maternal grandmother, Ruby, while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. At five years old, Campbell was enrolled at the Barbara Speake Stage School and at the age of ten, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where she studied ballet. Career. In 1978 Campbell was in the video for "Is This Love" by Bob Marley. When she was 12 she tap-danced in Culture Club's video for "I'll Tumble 4 Ya". In April 1991 Campbell was in the video for "In the Closet" by Michael Jackson. In 1993 Campbell fell over while she walked down the runway for Vivienne Westwood in a pair of foot-high platform shoes. That year she was on the cover of "Vogue" twice. In September 1994 Campbell released an album called "babywoman". It has sold over a million copies. A novel that she wrote called "Swan" was also published. Campbell was on the cover of "Playboy" in 2000. In 2011 she was in the music video for "Girl Panic!" by Duran Duran. In 2013 she was a judge on the reality show "The Face". Blue-ringed octopus The blue-ringed octopus (genus Hapalochlaena) is the most venomous octopus. This small cephalopod mollusc lives in warm, shallow reefs off the coast of Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It has a life span of about two years. As of 2020, four different species have been described and named. Other species likely exist. Description. The blue-ringed octopus has distinctive blue rings on its body and on its eight arms. This is its warning colouration, which it shows when attacked. The full warning display is bright yellow with blue rings or lines. It is only about 8 in (20 cm) with the tentacles spread wide. Diet. It eats crabs, shrimp, and small fish. It hides in the reef, then catches prey with its arms, bites it with its tough beak, and kills it by delivering a poison in the saliva. The poison is a neurotoxin (maculotoxin) that is strong enough to kill a human being. Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of "Plasmodium" which cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female "Anopheles" mosquito. "P. falciparum" is the most dangerous of these infections as "P. falciparum" (or malignant) malaria has the highest rates of complications and mortality. There are about 200 species in the genus "Plasmodium", divided into 15 sub-genera. The parasites are partners in a complex co-evolution with mosquitos and land vertebrate species. Alexander Kazarsky Aleksandr Ivanovich Kazarsky () (June 16, 1797 – June 16, 1833) was a Russian Navy officer. He was the hero of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829). Kazarsky was the captain of brig Mercury. He became famous after the victory in the battle against two Turkish ships of the line. Career. A brig and a torpedo boat were named after Alexander Kazarsky. Chrissie Hynde Christine Ellen "Chrissie" Hynde (born September 7, 1951 Akron, Ohio) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She is a member of the rock band The Pretenders. She has been singing since about 1975. Sandhill crane The sandhill crane ("Grus canadensis") is a bird that lives in Canada and the northern U.S. It migrates to Mexico and the southern U.S. in winter. Behind the Paint Behind the Paint is an autobiography of Joseph Bruce better known as Violent J, one half of the hip-hop group, Insane Clown Posse. The book was published by Psychopathic Records in July of 2003 and had a revised second edition that was released in August 2004. The book is about Bruce's childhood, professional wrestling career, and musical career. Brian Raftery, a writer for "Wired" magazine commented on the book saying: it was a "soul-baring memoir filled with unpleasant details." Kratts' Creatures Kratts' Creatures was a 1996 children's television series. The show was about learning about the world of animals. The show produced a spin-off show called "Zooboomafoo" due to "Kratts' Creatures" popularity. Reruns are currently airing on PBS in America. Lenticular cloud A lenticular cloud ("Altocumulus lenticularis") is a type of cloud that forms at high altitudes. They are shaped like discs, and remain roughly in the same position. Because of the way they are shaped, they have been offered as an explanation for some UFO sightings. Lenticular clouds are formed when the wind forces the air up a mountain ridge to where the air is cooler and water vapor condenses. Wiz Khalifa Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987 in Minot, North Dakota), known by his stage name, Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and actor. His stage name comes from Khalifa, an Arabic word meaning "successor", and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was a young boy. He released his first album, "Show and Prove", in 2006. He signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007. His Eurodance-influenced single "Say Yeah" received urban radio airplay and entered the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008. In November 2009, Khalifa released his second album, "Deal or No Deal". He released the mixtape "Kush and Orange Juice" as a free download in April 2010. He then signed with Atlantic Records. He is also well known for his first single for Atlantic, "Black and Yellow". The single peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His fist album for Atlantic, "Rolling Papers", was released on March 29, 2011. Khalifa's fourth album "O.N.I.F.C." followed on December 4, 2012. It included the singles "Work Hard, Play Hard" and "Remember You". Khalifa released his fourth album "Blacc Hollywood" on August 18, 2014, featuring the lead single "We Dem Boyz". In March 2015, he released the song "See You Again" for the soundtrack of the movie "Furious 7". It peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for 12 weeks. Patric Hörnqvist Patric Gösta Hörnqvist (born January 1, 1987) is a Swedish professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Nashville Predators of the NHL and Djurgårdens IF of the SEL. Hörnqvist was selected 230th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Nashville Predators. On June 28, 2014, the Predators traded Hörnqvist along with Nick Spaling to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for James Neal. Jackass (TV series) Jackass was an American reality television comedy series which was first shown on MTV on October 1, 2000. The series centers around the cast and celebrity guests performing lots of dangerous, crude, ridiculous, and self-injuring stunts and pranks. The show has spawned three movies "", "Jackass 2" and "Jackass 3-D". The show has also made several spin-off shows including "Viva La Bam", "Wildboyz", "Homewrecker", "Dr. Steve-O" and "Blastazoid" and a video game called . City of London Police The City of London Police is the police force responsible for law enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner Temple. The service responsible for law enforcement within the rest of Greater London is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate organisation. Nationally, as a result of the Fraud Review 2008, the force was recognised as the lead police force for fraud and granted funding from government to further develop its capabilities nationally and internationally. The police authority is the Corporation of London. The City of London area has a resident population of 8,043 with 4,421 households. These numbers are increased by the daily influx of approximately 300,000 commuters working in the City, and many tourists. 300,000 cars passing through the square mile a day. The Force has 1,200 employees, including 813 police officers, 85 Special Constables, 48 Police Community Support Officers and three police stations (in Snow Hill, Wood Street and Bishopsgate). The City of London Police is the smallest territorial police force in England, both in terms of geographic area – the square mile centre of London – and the number of police officers. Counter-terrorism. Counter-terrorism is the Force’s top priority, because the threat of terrorist activity to the City, and therefore to the economic and psychological wellbeing of the nation, is a real risk. The Force is the lead organisation responsible for planning and operating the anti-terrorist measures known as the Ring of Steel. Regular police officers in the Ring of Steel cordon are guarded by other officers armed with Heckler & Koch MP5 semi-automatic submachine guns. As well as the 'Traffic and Environmental zone' (the Ring of Steel), the Force carries out both high visibility and covert patrols, educates the security staff of City companies, and has an advanced Camera Watch system. There is ANPR (automatic number plate reading) within the City. The Force says "A wide range of unarmed and armed tactics are available to the Force to counter any perceived threat". Claudia Schiffer Claudia Schiffer (born 25 August 1970) is a German supermodel and actress. She was born in Rheinberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. Schiffer is one of the world's most successful models. She has appeared on over 500 magazine covers. Jack Crawford (sailor) Jack Crawford (22 March 1775–10 November 1831) was a sailor of the Royal Navy. He was most famous for his actions at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797, and so is known as the "Hero of Camperdown." Crawford was born in the east end of Sunderland. He trained as a keelman until 1786 when he joined the crew of the "Peggy" at South Shields as an apprentice. He was still only 11 or 12 years old. In 1796, he was press-ganged into the Royal Navy and served on HMS "Venerable" under Admiral Duncan, the Royal Navy Commander-in-Chief of the North Seas. At the Battle of Camperdown (11 October 1797), "Venerable" was Admiral Duncan's flagship. During the battle, part of the "Venerable's" mast was felled, including the admiral's flag. Lowering the Admiral's personal flag was a sign of surrender. Crawford climbed the mast and nailed the colours to the top. After the victory procession in London he was formally presented to King George III of the United Kingdom and was given a government pension of £30 a year, and later a silver medal from the people of Sunderland. However, Crawford fell on hard times and drunkenness, and had to sell his medal. He became the second victim of the cholera epidemic of 1831 and was buried in an unmarked "pauper's" grave. Towards the end of the nineteenth century interest in the 'Hero of Camperdown' was renewed. A headstone was put up in Holy Trinity, Sunderland churchyard in 1888. Two years later a monument was erected in Mowbray Park, opposite what is now the Civic Centre. A pub in Monkwearmouth was named the Jack Crawford and sported a carved figure of him on the side of the building. After the pub was destroyed during World War II, the figure was removed. In 1987 it was loaned to Sunderland Museum and put on display in the local history gallery but has been returned to the owner. The Museum holds Jack Crawford in high regard. There was an exhibition about him on the bicentenary of the Battle of Camperdown and there was a display about him in SeaBritain Year (2005). One of the Learning Rooms is named after him and there are several pieces of nineteenth century Jack Crawford commemorative pottery on display in the Pottery Gallery and the silver medal that was presented to him by the Town following the battle in 1797, and given to the Museum by the Earl of Camperdown in 1880, is proudly on display in the Sunderland Heroes section of the Museum Street near the entrance of this award winning Museum. Outside Sunderland doubt has been raised about Crawford's heroics. Nevertheless, possible evidence that Crawford was not a volunteer, that he was forced to climb the mast, or that he was drunk is ignored by the people of his hometown. One book, written by the American Sheri Holman, attracted criticism from the City's Mayor. However, local historian William Corder had already made the criticism in the 1890s; Corder thought little of Crawford. He claimed that it was reported by reliable witnesses that Crawford was "drunk, acted without orders, and should have been court-martialled". Furthermore, Corder dismissed as a "deplorable monument" what others called the "fine headstone" of 1888. Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily (Maria Cristina Amelia Teresa; 17 January 1779 – 11 March 1849) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily and later Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Felix of Sardinia. Princess of Naples and Sicily. She was a daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria, a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. She was her mother's favourite child. Duchess of Genevois. She was married on 6 April 1807 in Palermo with Prince Charles Felix of Savoy, who became King unexpectedly, when his two elder brothers abdicated, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia in 1802 and Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia in 1821. Till her husband became king, she was styled as the "Duchess of Genevois". Queen of Sardinia. The royal couple were interested in the arts and artists, and turned the Royal House in Agliè and the Villa Rufinella in Frascati into comfortable residences. During her husband's reign, they resided at the Palazzo Chiablese, where her husband died in 1831. In 1825, the Queen engaged the archaeologist Marquess Luigi Biondi (1776–1839), whose excavation work uncovered Tusculum. In 1839 and 1840, the architect and archaeologist Luigi Canina (1795–1856) was engaged by the royal family and excavated the Theatre area of Tusculum. The ancient works of art excavated were sent to the Duke of Savoy's Castle of Agliè in Piedmont. Charles Felix died in 1831 after a reign of ten years. Maria Cristina lived the rest of her life in Turin, Naples, Agliè and Frascati, and died in Savona, Liguria. She was buried beside her husband in the Basilica of Superga, Great Mausoleum, Savoy Crypt, Turin, Piedmont, Italy. The couple had no children. Court-martial A court martial is a trial by military authorities. "Martial" is a word that is often used instead of military. Martial law sometimes means, in time of emergency such as wartime, that civilians can be tried by court martial. Plasmodiidae The Plasmodiidae are a family of apicomplexan parasites, including the type genus "Plasmodium", which is responsible for malaria. This genus was created in 1903 by Mesnil. They are one of the four families in the order Haemosporida. Martha Wainwright Martha Wainwright (born May 8, 1976) is a Canadian-American folk-rock singer. She is the daughter of singers Loudon Wainwright III and Kate McGarrigle. Her brother Rufus Wainwright is also a well known singer. Philadelphia Quakers The Philadelphia Quakers was a professional ice hockey team from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Quakers played in the National Hockey League for only one season, the 1930-31 NHL season. The team started as the Pittsburgh Pirates when the Pirates moved to Philadelphia. Protest song A protest song is a song that is part of a movement to change society. Many protest songs have lyrics that directly call for change, while others use humor, irony, or the ballad form to make their point. Protest songs can come from just about any type of music. In the 1960s in the United States, many folk musicians such as Phil Ochs, Joan Baez and Bob Dylan made protest songs. Some of these songs were against the United States fighting in the Vietnam War. Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Love. Angel. Music. Baby. is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. Before releasing the album Stefani was the lead singer of a ska and rock band called No Doubt, the album's music was different as it was mainly a mixture of pop, dance and R&B; music that No Doubt hadn't made. Ben Bernanke Ben Shalom Bernanke (born December 13, 1953) is an American economist of Jewish descent. He was the Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States. He won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2022. Carrie Fisher Carrie Frances Fisher (October 21, 1956 – December 27, 2016) was an American screenwriter, actress and writer. She acted in many movies. Fisher was best known for playing Princess Leia in the "Star Wars" movies. She was also known for her 1987 novel "Postcards from the Edge". Fisher was born in Beverly Hills, California. She was the daughter of actress Debbie Reynolds and singer Eddie Fisher. Fisher had bipolar disorder. In 2008 her memoir "Wishful Drinking" was published. Fisher died on December 27, 2016 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from complications of cardiac arrest caused by sleep apnea along with other drug uses. at age 60. The next day, her mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage. (Z.A) The Expendables 2 The Expendables 2 is an American action movie. It is the sequel to Sylvester Stallone's 2010 movie, "The Expendables". The movie was released in August 17th, 2012. It got many good reviews and did well at the box office. The movie earned $84.2 million in the United States and Canada and $285.7 million worldwide. Sequel. In March 2012, it was announced that "The Expendables 3" might start filming in late 2012, with Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Jet Li and the rest of the cast returning for the third movie. The Expendables 3, was scheduled to begin filming in August 2013. The film sees the return of several cast members and the addition of new ones including Wesley Snipes, Antonio Banderas, Harrison Ford, and Mel Gibson. The Expendables 3 was released theatrically in the United States on August 15th, 2014. Sylvester Stallone filmography This is a list of filmography of all of Sylvester ″Sly″ Stallone's most prominent onscreen acting action roles as well as directing, screenwriting, producing and voice acting roles. Also, included in this list are some of Stallone's special cameo appearances and exclusive extra. American actor, filmmaker, singer, character actor, voice actor, director, movie producer, film producer, and screen writer, Sylvester Sly Stallone has appeared in over seventy-eight films. Pygmy hippopotamus The pygmy hippopotamus ("Choeropsis liberiensis") is a large mammal native to the forests and swamps of West Africa. The specific name "liberiensis" means "of Liberia", as this is where most live. The pygmy hippo is reclusive and nocturnal. It is one of only two living species in the Hippopotamidae family, the other being its much larger cousin the common hippopotamus. The pygmy hippopotamus has many terrestrial adaptations, but like its larger cousin, it is semi-aquatic. It relies on proximity to water to keep its skin moisturized and its body temperature cool. Behaviors such as mating and giving birth may occur in water or on land. The pygmy hippo is herbivorous, feeding on ferns, broad-leaved plants, grasses and fruits it finds in the forests. Ski jumping Ski jumping is, mostly, a winter sport performed on snow where skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump forward and land as far as possible down the hill below. Judges give points both for length of the jump and for the jump style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long (). Ski jumping is a part of the Winter Olympic Games. True ski jumping originates in Norway in 1809 when a Norwegian lieutenant launched himself 9.5 metres in the air in front of his soldiers. The first widely known ski jumping competition was held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 metres(meters) Ski jump techniques are divided into four sections; 1) In-run, 2) Take-off (jump), 3) Flight and 4) Landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize his or her length and style marks. Ahura Mazda Ahura Mazdā (also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hormazd, Aramazd and Azzandara) is the Avestan name for what Zoroastrians believe is the Supreme, the creator of all good and all good things including people. Angra Mainyu Zoroastrians believe that Ahura Mazda, the creator of all supreme beings, is opposed by Angra Mainyu or the destructive spirit, the creator of all evil things. Limousine Limousines are luxury cars. They are longer than regular cars. The front and rear wheels are far apart. A limousine may have security features such as bulletproof glass. KT Tunstall Katherine Victoria "Katie" Tunstall, also known as KT Tunstall (born 23 June 1975), is a Scottish singer and songwriter. She was born in St Andrews, Fife. Her father is Irish; her mother is half-Chinese, half-Scottish. She was adopted when she was 18 days old. She has had many hit songs, including, "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree"'. Self-synchronizing code Self-synchronizing code is a special kind of line code that is easy to "synchronize" (having two computers "stay in time with" each other when "communicating"). Code like this happens in telecommunications. Information on computers is made from binary bits - 0's and 1's (OFFs and ONs). This means that when a computer is being "communicated to", it must "listen" for bits at the correct speed by staying "synchronized", or else there will be a misunderstanding. A computer needs to notice misunderstandings immediately, so that wrong things don't happen. Confusion can happen when two signals combine or misalign, so it's helpful for different "words" in a code to be "unique" from each other. Example. Code A: self-synchronizing. Imagine the language only has the words and . Code B "is" self-synchronizing, because its "words" are very different from each other, and "hard" to confuse with each other. Code B: not self-synchronizing. Imagine the language has the words , , and . Code B is "not" self-synchronizing, because its "words" are too similar to each other, and "easy" to confuse with each other. Pitfall! Pitfall! is a 1982 platforming video game made by Activision for Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, Intellivision and the Sega SG-1000. The game was a best seller for the Atari 2600, with over 4 million copies sold. In this game, the player has to move a character who is known as Harry through a maze-like jungle where he has to attempt to recover 32 treasures in a 20-minute time period. The player has to avoid many hazards including pits, quicksand, rolling logs, fire, rattlesnakes, scorpions, and crocodiles. Alexei Zhamnov Alexei Yuryevich Zhamnov (born October 1, 1970 in Moscow, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey centre. He is currently the head coach for the KHL's Vityaz Chekhov. Zhamnov played a combined 14 seasons in the NHL with four teams, 4 while part of the Winnipeg Jets, 8 while part of the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 while part of the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 while part of the Boston Bruins. Zhamnov was also the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 2002-2004. Jenny McCarthy Jennifer Ann McCarthy, known as Jenny McCarthy, is an American model, actress, writer and activist. She was born on November 1, 1972 in Evergreen Park, Illinois. She was raised in West Elsdon, Chicago. Career. She started her career as a Playboy model in 1993. She later became an actress, comedian, author and autism activist. In 2013 McCarthy hosted a show called "The Jenny McCarthy Show" for one season. Activism. McCarthy has made controversial but unproven claims that vaccines lead to autism. She said that chelation therapy helped cure her son of autism. Personal life. McCarthy married John Mallory Asher in 1999. The couple's son, Evan Joseph was born in 2002. In 2005, Evan was diagnosed with autism. the couple divorced in 2005. She lived with Jim Carrey; the couple split in 2010. She married Donnie Wahlberg in 2014. Nellee Hooper Nellee Hooper (born 1963, Bristol, England) is a British producer/remixer/composer best known for his work with Björk, No Doubt/Gwen Stefani, Madonna, Garbage, Andrea Corr, U2, Sneaker Pimps, Soul II Soul and Massive Attack. He also started being a motion picture music composer with famed Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries for the soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet in 1996. Biography. Hooper began his career as a DJ and as a member of the Wild Bunch, the Bristol-based group that would turn into Massive Attack. Between 1989 and 1992 he produced the first albums for Soul II Soul ("Club Classics Vol. I"), Massive Attack ("Blue Lines") and Björk ("Debut"), which in 1995 Mixmag magazine ranked the 31st, 1st and 3rd best dance albums of all time. The 1995 BRIT Awards honored Hooper as Best Producer for his work on Massive Attack's "Protection", Björk's "Post" and Madonna's "Bedtime Stories" albums. In 1998 he won a BAFTA Award (Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music) for his work arranging the score and soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet. In the late 1990s Hooper set up the Meanwhile imprint, which is a company part of Virgin Records. Hooper continued to work slowly into the 2000s. He received a Grammy nomination in 2003 for his work on No Doubt's "Rock Steady" and Lamya's "Learning From Falling" albums. His other work has included producing the singles "GoldenEye" (1995) for Tina Turner, "Under the Bridge" (1998) for All Saints and "Down Boy" (2002) for Holly Valance, as well as providing remixes for artists like Janet Jackson and Sade. Most recently he has worked with Gwen Stefani on her solo albums and on U2's 2004 release "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb", for which he won a Grammy Award. He also produced the first solo album of Andrea Corr of The Corrs, entitled "Ten Feet High" which was released on June 25, 2007. Emma Roberts Emma Rose Roberts (born February 10, 1991) is an American actress, model and singer. She acted in many movies during the 2000s. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and the niece of actresses Lisa Roberts Gillan and Julia Roberts. Currently she is the lead role in the FOX's horror comedy "Scream Queens" as Chanel Oberlin. Early life. Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and Kelly Cunningham. She is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts and Kelly Nickels, and the niece of actresses Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan. She has a half sister, Grace Nickels. The Terror Wheel The Terror Wheel is the second EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 5, 1994. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. If you called the number featured in the song "Amy's in the Attic" at 6:06 into the song, it would tell you the name of the next Joker's Card, Riddle Box. Keri Hilson Keri Lynn Hilson (born December 5, 1982) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She has had many hit singles. Hilson's debut album was released in 2009. Her second studio album was released in 2010. Hilson acted for the first time in the 2012 romantic comedy movie "Think Like a Man". A Carnival Christmas A Carnival Christmas is the third EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on December 6, 1994. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. The EP was a Christmas EP. Tunnel of Love (EP) Tunnel of Love is the fourth EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on June 11, 1996. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. A XXX Version which contained different cover art and a bonus track was also released at the same time. The Calm The Calm is the fifth EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on May 17, 2005. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. The EP peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200, number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and number 32 on the Top Internet Albums. Freestyle skiing Freestyle skiing is an acrobatic form of skiing which is divided into a number of different disciplines. Freestyle skiing first began to be taken seriously in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, some people thought that this style of skiing was too dangerous and did not want it to be an Olympic sport. The free-form sport had few rules and was not without danger; knee injuries became a common case for professional freestylers. The International Ski Federation (FIS) recognized freestyle as a sport in 1979 and brought in new regulations regarding certification of athletes and jump techniques in an effort to curb the dangerous elements of the competitions. The first World Cup series was staged in 1980 and the first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championship took place in 1986 in Tignes, France. London Livery Company The City of London Livery Companies began as trade associations or trade guilds, which controlled who could carry out certain jobs in the City of London. The Companies today. Today the companies act mainly as social and charitable groups, because over the centuries the livery companies have lost most rights to control trade, often as statute law applied the same standards across the whole country. Some support schools which were set up in the 1500s. Others sponsor apprentices in colleges and unversities. Some still have a statutory role. For example the Goldsmiths' Company continue to run the London Assay Office where several million articles of gold, silver and platinum are hallmarked each year. List of Companies in order of precedence. The order of precedence was first set down in 1515 by the Aldermen of the City of London. Forty-eight livery companies then existed. The list was based on the companies' economic or political power. The first twelve livery companies are known as the "Great Twelve City Livery Companies". There are now 108 livery companies, some very new, so the Order of Precedence is sometimes reviewed. The Merchant Taylors and the Skinners have always disputed their precedence, so once a year (at Easter) they exchange sixth and seventh place. This is one of the theories for the origin of the phrase "at sixes and sevens", as the master of the Merchant Taylors has said a number of times, although the first use of the phrase may have been before the Taylors and the Skinners decided to alternate their position. Both companies had been founded before the birth of Chaucer, who was one of the first people to use the phrase, so it may have dated from before him. Two old companies do not intend applying for a grant of the right to wear the special costume or uniform known as a livery. Three groups intend applying for livery. One has already been recognised as a "Company without Livery" the other two have not yet existed long enough or become well enough known. Farrier A farrier is a person who works with iron, or other materials, to make horseshoes and take care of horse's hooves. They check for signs of disease and make sure the feet are well cared for. History. At one time, a farrier and blacksmith had almost the same job, which can be seen by the etymology of the word: farrier comes from Middle French: "ferrier" ("blacksmith"), from the Latin word "ferrum" ("iron"). Today, farriers usually specialize in horseshoeing, and on the care of the horse's hoof. For this reason farriers and blacksmiths are now known to be different jobs. Law. By law, in Great Britain, it is illegal for anyone except a registered farrier to call themselves a farrier or to carry out any farriery work under the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975. The main aim of this act is to "prevent and avoid suffering by and cruelty to horses arising from the shoeing of horses by unskilled persons". Worshipful Company of Farriers. The Worshipful Company of Farriers a London Livery Company, was set up in 1356. It still offers diplomas which are recognised qualifications to be a modern farrier. My Sister's Keeper My Sister's Keeper is a 2004 novel written by Jodi Picoult. Set in Rhode Island, it tells the story of a 13-year-old girl named Anna Fitzgerald, a "savior sibling", who sues her parents so that they can no longer legally control her medical decisions once she learns she is expected to donate a kidney to her older sister Kate, who is dying from leukemia, cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It is written in first person, from the perspectives of several main characters. In 2008, the book was adapted into a movie. Plot summary. Anna Fitzgerald's older sister, Kate, suffers from acute promyelocytic leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. When Anna's parents learn about Kate's diagnosis, they decide to conceive Anna through artificial selection and in vitro fertilization because nobody in the family is a genetic match to donate organs to Kate. Once Anna is born, her umbilical chord blood was used in treatments for Kate to save her life. Although the treatment was initially successful, Kate relapsed (became sick again). Since then, Anna had been used as a donor for any other bodily substance needed to treat Kate, who continues to swing between remission and relapse as she grows up. Oracle An oracle (in ancient Greek times) was a person who was seen as a messenger for the gods. The Oracle of Delphi was the most famous. Oracles would answer questions about the future, and would often speak in riddles. In Ancient Greece oracles lived in temples and people travelled many miles to visit them and seek their advice. The oracles were a part of Greek religion. Ichthyornis Ichthyornis (meaning "fish bird") was a tern-like bird which lived 93-83.5 million years ago in the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in flocks, nested on shorelines, and hunted for fish in the Western Interior Seaway, a huge inland sea in what is now North America. Description. "Ichthyornis" was about 8 inches (20 cm) long. It had a large head, toothed jaws, and a long beak. This powerful flyer is the oldest-known bird that had a keeled breastbone (sternum) similar to that of modern birds. "Ichthyornis" was originally found in 1872 in Kansas by Benjamin Franklin Mudge, a professor from Kansas State Agricultural College. Othniel C. Marsh of Yale University described and named the first fossils. Fossils of the bird have been found in Kansas, Texas and Alberta. Designer baby The term designer baby is used sometimes, but its meaning is not clear or simple. It means something like "influencing the quality of a child which is not yet born". By this is meant not just health care. The idea is to change the nature, usually the genetics, of the child for the better. There are many technical, social, moral and legal issues connected to this idea. Society has scarcely begun to think about these issues. However, it is now certain that some of these ideas can, in principle, be done. The following is a brief survey of what might be done. It is not a list of what should or will be done. Some elements are already happening in some parts of the world. Choosing the gender of a child. In some parts of the world there is a strong preference for male children. If that were widely gratified, it would probably have considerable unplanned effects on those societies. However, technically, it is simple to arrange so long as a good local health service is present. The technique is as follows. A sample of the father's sperm is spun in a centrifuge. Sperms carrying an X-chromosome are heavier than sperm carrying a Y-chromosome. The male-causing sperm end up at the top of the plug of sperm in the test-tube. Sperm from the top of the tube are inserted into the mother. This greatly increases the chance of the mother conceiving a male child. Another method is to conceive normally, but abort any foetus which is female. The sex of a baby is discovered by recovering cells from the sac covering the foetus. This procedure is standard, and is called amniocentesis. Amniocentesis and stem cells. Recent studies have discovered that amniotic fluid is a rich source of stem cells. A benefit of getting amniotic stem cells is that risk to the foetus is low. These stem cells would also, if used to treat the same individual they came from, sidestep the donor/recipient issue which has so far stymied all attempts to use donor-derived stem cells in therapies. Artificial heart valves, working tracheas, as well as muscle, fat, bone, heart, neural and liver cells have all been engineered through use of amniotic stem cells. Tissues got from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients suffering from congenital diseases/malformations of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and cerebral tissue. The first amniotic stem cells bank in the US is active in Boston, Massachusetts. The relevance of this is that a stock of stem cells creates the possibility of surgical corrections or replacements during the life of the individual. Identifying serious birth defects. The one area where there is, on balance, a consensus is the need to identify serious defects in a foetus before birth. This is now routine in many countries. The definition of "serious" would certainly include defects which make life of the foetus (if born) so defective that its life would be troubled and short. Some conditions, like triple-21 Down's syndrome, are often not that serious. In many cases, the parents' wishes decide whether or not an abortion will be carried out. Analysis of parents' DNA. A complete sequence analysis of an individual's DNA is possible, and costs about $5,000 US dollars. It is not yet done routinely, but it is going to become widespread. If the genetics of both parents is well understood, the possibilities for the foetus are well defined. Already, counselling is given to parents who have already had a defective baby. DNA analysis would allow problems to be spotted in advance. Analysis of the foetus DNA. Already, from the cells recovered by amniotic contuses, chromosome defects like triple-21 can be seen under the microscope. DNA analysis takes this a step further. The only limitation to the analysis is our ability to understand the function of the various genes. Our understanding is limited at present, but we do understand in great detail the causes of "some" important genetic defects. What can be done when defects are found. Until recently, the only practical action was to offer abortion to the mother. This is a legal alternative in some countries. However, the coming of genetic engineering offers the potential for actually fixing the defects in the genes of a foetus. Ways are being developed to change the genetic make-up of a living being. Several Nobel prizes have been awarded in the last ten or so years research related to this idea. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for: Heron Herons are wading birds in the "Ardeidae" family. There are 64 recognised species in this family. Some are called egrets or bitterns instead of herons. In the family, all members of the genera "Botaurus" and "Ixobrychus" are called bitterns: they are a monophyletic group within the Ardeidae. On the other hand, egrets are not a biologically distinct group. They are called egrets because they are mainly white and/or have decorative plumes. Although egrets have the same build as the larger herons, they tend to be smaller. The classification of the individual heron/egret species is difficult, and there is no clear consensus about the placement of many species into either of the two major genera, "Ardea" and "Egretta". Although herons look like birds in some other families, such as the storks, ibises and spoonbills, they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have 'powder down'. Some members of this group nest colonially in trees; others, notably the bitterns, use reedbeds. Other examples: Debbie Gibson Deborah Ann Gibson (born August 31, 1970 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s and had many hit songs. In 1988 she became the youngest artist to write, produce, and perform a #1 single on the Billboard Hot 100, with her song "Foolish Beat". She remains the youngest female to write, record, and perform a #1 single. Although never married, Gibson was once engaged to Jonathan Kanterman. Movies and television. On January 6, 2008 Gibson was on "Deal or No Deal" along with Corey Feldman as part of an 1980s special. Gibson co-starred with actor Lorenzo Lamas in the low-budget movie "Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus". It was released on May 19, 2009. This movie had 2 million viewers on Syfy in 2009. The movie premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. Gibson's former music rival Tiffany had her movie "Necrosis" (a.k.a. "Blood Snow") premiere at the Cannes as well. Tiffany and Debbie Gibson starred in a Syfy original movie called "Mega Python vs. Gatoroid". It aired on January 29, 2011. The pairing was at the suggestion of Tiffany, who wanted to play off their supposed rivalry. Gibson made a cameo appearance in the 2012 movie "Rock of Ages" in the ("We're Not Gonna Take It"/"We Built This City") face-off. Serotonin Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Its chemical name is 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. It is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is found in all vertebrates, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and central nervous system. Its name is derived from its effect on blood pressure: serotonin is a part of the "serum" which regulates the "tonus" of blood vessels. Serotonin does several jobs within the human body. Unlike dopamine, serotonin causes happiness, while dopamine causes pleasure. It is believed to regulate mood, intestinal activity and appetite, memory, and sleep. Many antidepressant medications are thought to work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the body. Some non-medical treatments for depression have also been shown to raise serotonin levels. Serotonin is also found in insect venom, fungi and plants. Its presence in the seeds of many fruits helps speed those seeds through the digestive tract of animals that consume them. In insect venom, it causes pain, and sometimes death, through its effect on smooth muscle contraction. Serotonin is involved in social rank. A lobster injected with serotonin behaves like an alpha male. Ibis The ibises (collective plural ibis; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. They all have long down curved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. Most species nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons. The word ibis comes from Greek and Latin, and probably from the Ancient Egyptian. According to Josephus, Moses employed ibes against serpents during a desert campaign into Ethiopia in his early life. Pliny the Elder also recounted, "The Egyptians invoked ibes against the serpents." Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Egyptians would make ibises into mummies and offer them to the god Thoth, whom they drew and carved with the head of an ibis. Egyptologists have found many thousands of ibis mummies in tombs. In 2019, scientists looked at the DNA from the ibis mummies and from living ibises around Africa and came to believe that the ibises that were made into mummies were not caught in the wild. Instead, ancient Egyptians fed the ibises in large lakes near their temples and caught them when they wanted them. Molineux Stadium Molineux Stadium is a football stadium in Wolverhampton, England. It is the current home stadium of the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.. The stadium was built in 1889 and was opened that same year. The total number of people that can be seated is about 31,700, although the view from some seats in the Stan Cullis stand are restricted by the Steve Bull stand roof until it is redeveloped, due to this they are never sold. The stadium has also hosted the England internationals and, more recently, the England under-21 internationals, and the UEFA Cup Final in 1972. Spoonbill Spoonbills are a group of large, long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, which also includes the Ibises. All have large, flat, spatulate bills and feed by wading through shallow water, sweeping the partly-opened bill from side to side. The moment any small aquatic creature touches the inside of the bill—an insect, crustacean, or tiny fish—it is snapped shut. Spoonbills generally prefer fresh water to salt but are found in both environments. They need to feed many hours each day. Spoonbills are monogamous, but, so far as is known, only for one season at a time. Most species nest in trees or reed-beds, often with ibises or herons. The Hawthorns The Hawthorns is a football stadium in West Bromwich, Sandwell, England. It is the current home stadium of the West Bromwich Albion F.C.. The stadium was built in 1900 and opened in that same year. The total number of people who can seat in the stadium is about 26,500. The stadium is also near The Hawthorns station which provides transportation to the stadium. It is the highest ground above sea level in England. The four stands at the ground are called the East Stand, the Birmingham Road, the West Stand (formerly Halfords Lane) and the Smethwick End. TrES-4b TrES-4 is an exoplanet. It orbits around the star GSC 02620-00648. The planet is 4.5 million miles from its sun. Being this close to its sun, the year on TrES-4 about three days long. This makes the temperature on the planet very hot. In fact, the temperature on TrES-4 is about 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit (1,260 degrees Celsius). TrES-4 is a gas giant that is 70 percent bigger than Jupiter. However, the planet is only as dense as cork. At the time of its discovery, TrES-4b was the largest known planet in the universe. Discovery. The planet was found by Georgi Mandushev at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. Mandushev discovered the planet as a part of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey project. TrES-4 was discovered using the transit method. When an exoplanet passes between its sun and the Earth, astronomers can see a change in light from the star. Oxpecker The oxpeckers are the two species of bird which make up the family Buphagidae. Oxpeckers are endemic to the savanna of Sub-Saharan Africa. Their names come from their habit of perching on large mammals (both wild and domesticated) such as cattle or rhinoceroses, and eating ticks, botfly larvae, and other parasites. According to the more recent studies of phylogeny, the oxpeckers are an ancient line related to the Mimidae (mockingbirds, thrashers &c.) and starlings, but not particularly close to either. Considering the known biogeography (distribution) of these groups, the most plausible explanation seems that the oxpecker lineage originated in Eastern or Southeastern Asia like the other two. This would make the two species of "Buphagus" something like living fossils. Diet and feeding. Oxpeckers feed exclusively on the backs of large mammals. Certain species seem preferred, whereas others, like the Lichtenstein's hartebeest or topi are generally avoided. The smallest regularly used species is the impala, probably because of the heavy tick load and social nature of that species. In many parts of their range they now feed on cattle, but avoid camels. They feed on ectoparasites, particularly ticks, as well as insects infecting wounds and the flesh and blood of some wounds as well. Oxpecker/mammal interactions are the subject of some debate and ongoing research. They were originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead. Oxpeckers do eat ticks, but often the ticks that have already fed on the ungulate host and there has been no proven statistically significant link between oxpecker presence and reduced ectoparasite load . However one study of impalas found that impalas which were used by oxpeckers spent less time grooming themselves suggesting they had fewer parasites. Oxpeckers have been seen opening new wounds and worsening existing ones in order to drink the blood of their perches . Oxpeckers also feed on the earwax and dandruffs of mammals, although less is known about the benefits of this to the mammal, it is suspected that this is also a parasitic behaviour. Some oxpecker hosts are intolerant of their presence. Elephants and some antelope will actively dislodge the oxpeckers when they land. Other species tolerate oxpeckers while they search for ticks on the face, what one author described as "appear[ing] ... to be an uncomfortable and invasive process." Oxpeckers as guards. The Swahili language word for oxpecker is "Askari wa kifaru," which means "the rhino's guard" in English. A team of scientists from California State University and Victoria University in Australia wondered if oxpeckers really did help guard the rhinos. They found that the black rhinoceros listens for the noises the oxpecker makes. Rhinoceros cannot see well but oxpeckers can. When an oxpeckers sees a human, it makes a noise. It does not make this noise at any other time. The rhinos hear this noise and then either look for the human or run away. The scientists performed an experiment: A human would slowly walk toward a rhino. Rhinos without oxpeckers on their backs only noticed the human one out of five times, but rhinos with oxpeckers noticed the human every time and from much further away. The scientists wondered if bringing flocks of oxpeckers to groups of rhinoceros without them would help the rhinos avoid human hunters. Elimination Chamber (2011) Elimination Chamber (2011) (also known as No Way Out (2011) in Germany) was the second annual Elimination Chamber professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on February 20, 2011 at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, California. John Cena, who was the winner of the Raw Elimination Chamber match received a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania XXVII against The Miz. Edge, who was the winner of the SmackDown Elimination Chamber match won the World Heavyweight Champion. Dnipro Dnipro (, , Dnepr), called Dnipropetrovsk until May 2016 ( ; Dnepropetrovsk) is a city in Ukraine and is the third largest city in Ukraine. About 1 million people live there. It lies southeast of Ukraine's capital city, Kyiv. It was founded in 1776. Dnipro enjoys a borderline semi-arid/Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification "BSh/Csa"), with relativity mild temperatures and plentiful sunshine year-round. Dnipro is one of the key places for the nuclear, arms and space industries of the former Soviet Union. Suez Suez (, Egyptian pronunciation "Es Suwais") is a town in Northern Egypt, on the coast of the Gulf of Suez. Almost 750.000 people live in the city. The city is the southern terminus of the Suez Canal. It has two harbours, and a large seaport. An oil refinery is in Suez. Highways and railroad tracks connect Suez to the cities of Cairo, Port Said and Ismailia. Mae Young Johnnie Mae Young (March 12, 1923 – January 14, 2014) is an American female professional wrestler and is also a WWE Ambassador. She is probably best known for wrestling for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). She helped increase the popularity of women wrestling during World War II and has trained many wrestlers. She is the only professional wrestler to compete in documented matches in nine different decades, having her first match in 1939 and her last match in 2010. She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2008. She was best friends with fellow wrestler The Fabulous Moolah whom she appeared with on WWF/E television with as a comedic duo. On December 30th, 2013, she was hospitalized with an undisclosed illness and was placed on life support. On January 9th, 2014, she was taken off life support and was placed under hospice care at home. Ismaïlia Ismailia () is a city in Egypt, on the Suez Canal. Ismailia is the capital of the Governorate with the same name. The city has a population of approximately 750,000. It is approximately halfway between Port Said to the north and Suez to the south. The Canal widens at this point to include Lake Timsah, one of the Bitter Lakes. Khedive Ismail the Magnificent founded the city in 1863, when the Canal was constructed. The city is named after him. The head office of the Suez Canal Authority is in Ismaïlia at the shore of Lake Timsah. Many of the buildings that were built when the British and French were involved in running the canal are still standing. Some of them are still being used by Canal employees and officials. Sela Ward Sela Ann Ward (born July 11, 1956) is an American Emmy and Golden Globe Award winning movie and television actress. She was in the NBC television series "Sisters". She acted in the CBS television series "". Ward was born in Meridian, Mississippi Eye of the Storm (EP) Eye of the Storm is the sixth EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 20, 2007. Cattle egret The cattle egret ("Bubulcus ibis") is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones. It is the only member of the genus Bubulcus, with two subspecies, the western cattle egret and the eastern cattle egret. It is a stocky white bird adorned with buff plumes in the breeding season. It nests in colonies, usually near bodies of water and often with other wading birds. Unlike most other herons, it feeds in relatively dry grassy habitats, often with cattle or other large mammals. It catches insect and small vertebrate prey disturbed by these animals. It also captures ticks and flies from cattle. Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its distribution and successfully colonised much of the rest of the world. This is because humans now raise domesticated cattle throughout most of the world. Some populations of the Cattle Egret are migratory and others disperse after breeding. It can be a safety hazard at airfields, and has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases. Distribution and habitat. The cattle egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide reaching natural expansions of any bird species. It was originally native to parts of Southern Spain and Portugal, tropical and subtropical Africa and humid tropical and subtropical Asia. In the end of the 19th century it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the Cape Province in 1908. Cattle egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of Guiana and Suriname in 1877, having apparently flown across the Atlantic Ocean. It was not until the 1930s that the species is thought to have become established in that area. The species first arrived in North America in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in Florida in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in Canada in 1962. It is now commonly seen as far west as California. It was first recorded breeding in Cuba in 1957, in Costa Rica in 1958, and in Mexico in 1963, although it was probably established before that. In Europe the species had historically declined in Spain and Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century it expanded back through the Iberian Peninsula, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe; southern France in 1958, northern France in 1981 and Italy in 1985. Breeding in the United Kingdom was recorded for the first time in 2008 only a year after an influx seen in the previous year. In 2008 cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into Ireland for the first time. In Australia the colonisation began in the 1940s, with the species establishing itself in the north and East of the continent. It began to regularly visit New Zealand in the 1960s. Since 1948 the cattle egret has been permanently resident in Israel. Prior to 1948 it was only a winter visitor. The massive and rapid expansion of the cattle egret's range is due to its relationship with humans and their domesticated animals. Originally adapted to a commensal relationship with large browsing animals, it was easily able to switch to domesticated cattle and horses. As livestock keeping spread throughout the world it was able to occupy otherwise empty niches. Feeding. The bird feeds on a wide range of prey, particularly insects, especially grasshoppers, crickets, flies (adults and maggots), and moths, as well as spiders, frogs, and earthworms. The species is usually found with cattle and other large grazing and browsing animals, and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals. Studies have shown that Cattle Egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly. When foraging with cattle, it has been shown to be 3.6 times more successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone. Its performance is similar when it follows farm machinery, but it is forced to move more. Merginae The Merginae or seaducks are a subfamily of the Anatidae, the duck, goose and swan family of birds. As the name suggests, most are marine outside the breeding season. Many species have specialized salt glands to allow them to tolerate salt water, but these have not yet developed in young birds. Some species prefer riverine habitats. Boundary Park Boundary Park is a football stadium in Oldham, England. As of 2021, it is the home stadium of the Oldham Athletic A.F.C. and the Oldham Roughyeds. The stadium was built in 1904. It opened August 1, 1904. The total seating capacity of the stadium is about 10,638. Immigration to Canada Immigration to Canada is a way that people from other countries can move to Canada. Some laws about this include the Immigration Act 1976, and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2002. Canada lets many people move to Canada. Because of this, there are some high percentages of non-Canadians in ethnicity results. History. Even after Canadian colonization by the United Kingdom and France, there have been many other people coming to Canada in large groups. First large group: 1700s. In the 1700s, the French were settling in Quebec and Acadia, followed by some American and European movement. After the American Revolution ended many Americans loyal to Britain went to Canada as it was the last main territory in North America still loyal to the Crown. Second large group: 1800s. The War of 1812 promoted British and Irish immigration to Canada. Some British officers went to Canada, fearing that the Americans would invade Canada. While Irish immigration was still high, eventually some went to the United States. Others went to Canada from America, especially during the Klondike Gold Rush. Third and fourth groups: 1900s. This time, many people went to Canada from Europe. A large spike in the third group was pre-World War I. Fifth group: the present. This group saw an increase in Asian immigrants. Glans The glans (Latin for "acorn") is a vascular structure on the tip of the penis in men or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in women. Lessepsian migration Lessepsian migration is the name given for the migration of marine species through the Suez Canal, between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. It is named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, who built the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal joined two biospheres that were separate before. Many species migrated from the Red Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean. Only a few species migrated in the other direction, from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. The migration can be seen most clearly when looking at fish species, even though other animals also migrated. When the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, it created the first salt-water passage between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes are two very salty (hypersaline) lakes about mid-way in the canal. At first, this blocked the migration of species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Over the last decades, the salinity of the lakes changed, which made it easier for species to migrate. The Red Sea is higher than the Mediterranean, at high tide, water flows from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The Red Sea is also poor in nutrients, so species who migrate will find more nutrients. The waters of the Red Sea are saltier than that of the Mediterranean. For these reasons, most species migrate from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, and only very few migrate in the other direction. When the Aswan High Dam was built in the 1960s, this blocked the flow of freshwater from the Nile into the Mediterranean. As a result, the salinity levels in the Eastern Mediterranean increase, and make it much more like the Red Sea – this means that migration will become even easier, as conditions are very similar. Invasive species coming from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the construction of the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. They have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. To this day, about 300 species native to the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean Sea, and there are probably others still unidentified. The Egyptian government announced it plans to deepen and widen the canal. This announcement has raised concerns from marine biologists, who fear that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and make the crossing of the canal easier for additional species. Today, the term "Lessepsian migration" is used more broadly for any migration of animals over man-made structures. Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village is a large, private community where people live. It is on the east side of Manhattan, a borough in New York City. It is one of the most and successful post-World War II private housing communities. Stuyvesant Town is known to its residents as "Stuy Town". It was named after Peter Stuyvesant, the last Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, whose farm occupied the site in the seventeenth century. Peter Cooper Village is named after Peter Cooper, a 19th-century industrialist, inventor and philanthropist. Cooper also founded Cooper Union. The complex was planned beginning in 1942. It opened its first building in 1947. It replaced several very big gas storage tanks. The complex has many red brick apartment buildings. They stretch from First Avenue to Avenue C between 14th and 23rd Streets. It covers about of land. Some of this land is also playground land or parkland. Between 14th and 20th Street is Stuyvesant Town. It has 8,757 apartments in 89 residential buildings. Peter Cooper Village is between 20th and 23rd Streets. The complex has a total of 110 residential buildings, 11,250 apartments, and over 25,000 people living in it. The East River and Avenue C is on the east, the Gramercy Park neighborhood on the west, the East Village and Alphabet City to the south, and Kips Bay to the north. To the west is a historic two-block park. Around the park is Stuyvesant Square, Saint George's Church, and the Beth Israel Medical Center. Keri Russell Keri Lynn Russell (born March 23, 1976 in Fountain Valley, California) is an American actress. She has starred in many movies for both the cinema and television. She starred in the television series "Felicity" from 1998 to 2002. Russell won a Golden Globe for "Best Actress in a Drama Series" in 1999. Russell has been in a relationship with Matthew Rhys since 2014. They had their first child together in 2016. Constitution of Pakistan One of the most pressing tasks for the new government was to draft a new constitution. When martial law was finally lifted, the Assembly was summoned in April 1972 on the basis of the 1970 election result in the former west Pakistan region. A committee was set up from a cross-section of politicians from different parties. There were disagreements within the committee to whether the new constitution should bring in parliamentary rule or a presidential system of government. There were also differing views over the question of provincial autonomy. It took the constitutional committee eight months before it submitted it's report on 10th April 1973. Establishment. The draft constitution was passed by the federal Assembly by 135 votes in favour, with three abstentions. It was brought into force on 14th August 1973, and Bhutto was elected prime minister by the National Assembly on 12th August. Features. The Constitution's main features were: I. Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic with a Parliamentary system of government. The prime minister shall be the head of government, elected from the majority party. II. The special position of lslam as the state religion shall be emphasized and both the prime minister and president are required to be Muslims. III. Pakistan shall be declared an lslamic republic by default. IV. A bill to amend the constitution shall need a two-thirds majority in the lower house and a majority in the upper house. V. All fundamental human rights shall be guaranteed but the stipulation was added that it was subject to resonable restrictions imposed by law'. VI. The supreme court and High Courts shall be given the power to enforce fundamental rights. VII. The president shall act in accordance with the binding advice of the prime minister, and all orders of president shall be counter signed by the prime minister. VIII. The senate, or upper house, shall be elected mostly from the provincial governments and so, for the first time, the interests of the provinces shall be safeguarded at the centre. The Senate shall not be dissolved even in emergencies. IX. In case of emergencies, the federal government can pass legislation on anything and can even suspend fundamental freedoms. X. Urdu shall be the official language of the country, with Pakistani language to be retained for the next 15 years. Xl.The teaching of holy Quran and Islamiat should be compulsory. XlI. Pakistan shall be a federal lslamic state, so residuary powers shall rest with provinces not the central government. Importance. The 1973 Constitution, therefore, marked a return to a parliamentary form of democracy after the presidential experiment introduced under the 1962 constitution. There were also concessions made to the provinces to alleviate fears that the central government would overrule them on every issue. This was important as the one unit scheme had only recently been abolished and because 2 of the 4 provincial governments in the new state of were non-PPP. The 1973 Constitution, however, had another advantage over its two predecessors: it had been agreed and voted on by a democratically elected Assembly. This gave it greater authority and, even though it was suspended under the next martial law regime, Since independence, Pakistan has devised and changed three written constitutions and the fourth one was drawn up and it was restored on the 30th of December in 1985 and remains in place to date. Aleutian Islands The Aleutian Islands (; possibly from Chukchi "aliat", "island") are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands. They are in the Northern Pacific Ocean. They are spread out over an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and go out about west from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula. They mark a line between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Gulf of Alaska. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the furthest West part of the United States Nearly all the islands are part of Alaska but at the extreme western end are the Commander Islands which are in Russia. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Alaska Marine Highway passes through the islands. About 8.200 people live in 11 towns or villages on seven islands, of the US part. About 600 people live in the Russian part of the islands. Yarlung Tsangpo Yarlung River is a watercourse that originates upstream from the South Tibet Valley and the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, in Southern Tibet. It then passes through the province of Assam, Republic of India, where it is known as the Dihang. <br> <br> Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon () or simply the Tsangpo Canyon or Tsangpo Gorge, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China, is regarded by some as the deepest canyon in the world, and is slightly longer than the Grand Canyon, making it one of the world's largest. Clay Matthews III William Clay Matthews III (born May 14, 1986 in Northridge, California) is an American football outside linebacker for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). Matthews was drafted out of the University of Southern California by the Green Bay Packers with the 26th pick in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Matthews is the son of former NFL player Clay Matthews, Jr. and his uncle is Bruce Matthews who also played in the NFL. Lea Thompson Lea Katherine Thompson (born May 31, 1961) is an American actress. She acted in the 1983 movie "All the Right Moves" and the 1990s sitcom "Caroline in the City". She also starred in many made for television movies. Early life. Thompson was born in Rochester, Minnesota. Both she and her older brother Andrew Thompson took ballet classes as children. Both became dancers with major dance companies--Andrew with the Colorado Ballet and Lea with the American Ballet Theatre. After Lea had many injuries, she left professional ballet to become an actress. Rallidae The rails, or Rallidae, are a large family of small to medium-sized birds. The rails are related to cranes, and both are in the order Gruiformes. The family is diverse, and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, although the family is found in every terrestrial habitat except dry deserts, polar regions and alpine areas above the snow line. The Rallidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are numerous island species. The most common habitats are marshland or dense forest. They like dense vegetation.<Hor/> There are many rails on islands, and they are often flightless. Flight and flightlessness. The wings of all rails are short and rounded. Their flight is not powerful, but can continue for long periods, and many species migrate annually. The weakness of their flight means they are easily blown off course, so they are common vagrants. This has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense shrub or woodland habitats. Some are also flightless at some time during their moult period. Many island rails are flightless because on a small island without threatening predators they do not need to fly or move long distances. Flight makes intense demands, with the keel and flight muscles taking up to a quarter of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles lowers the metabolic demands, and reduces the flightless rail's energy needs. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. Flightlessness can evolve extremely rapidly in island rails; it took as little as 125,000 years for the Laysan rail to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly. Tim Masthay Tim Masthay (born March 16, 1987 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American football punter for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Masthay was not drafted but started his football career in 2009 with the Indianapolis Colts when he was part of their practice squad. Masthay's father, Dr. Mark Masthay is a chairman of the chemistry department at the University of Dayton and his mother is the Executive Director of TriState Habitat for Humanity in Cincinnati, Ohio. All Pakistan Muslim League The All-Pakistan Muslim League, is a political party in Pakistan founded by Pervez Musharraf in Karachi, Pakistan, in 2010, . The party was registered at the Election Commission. All Parties Hurriyat Conference The All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) (formed March 10, 1993) is a political front formed as an alliance of 26 political, social and religious organizations in Kashmir. It was formed achieving the right of self-determination according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 47. "Hurriyat" in Koshur (as well as in Arabic from which the word is loaned, Urdu and Persian) means "liberty". Tabish Bhat was elected its leader in January 2010. Objectives. The primary objective of Hurriyat Conference is to have Islamic governance in Jammu & Kashmir and liberating the regions from India to Pakistan. Matt Turk Matthew Edward Turk (born June 16, 1968 in Greenfield, Wisconsin) is a former American football punter that played 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Turk was not drafted but started his football career in 1995 with the Washington Redskins. He played for the Washington Redskins from 1995 to 1999, the Miami Dolphins from 2000 to 2001, the New York Jets in 2002, the Miami Dolphins again from 2003 to 2005, the St. Louis Rams in 2006, the Houston Texans from 2007 to 2010, the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2011 and the Houston Texans again in 2011. Anthurium Anthurium is a large plant genus of about one thousand species, belonging to the arum family (Araceae). Anthurium can also be called "Flamingo Flower" or "Boy Flower", both referring to the structure of the spathe and spadix. The species has neotropical distribution; mostly in wet tropical mountain forest of Central America and South America, but some in semi-arid environments. Wynonna Judd Wynonna Ellen Judd (born Christina Claire Ciminella; May 30, 1964) is an American singer and songwriter. She was born in Ashland, Kentucky. She first rose to fame during the 1980s as part of the duo The Judds with her mother Naomi Judd, who was also a singer. The duo had seven albums via Curb Records. Wynonna has had many solo albums. In 1992 she had her first number one album on Billboard's Top Country Albums. Wynonna's half-sister is actress Ashley Judd. She was married to Arch Kelley from 1996 to 1999, with whom she has two children. She was later to married to D. R. Roach from 2003 until 2007 and to Cactus Moser as of 2012. Blades of Glory Blades of Glory is a 2007 American sports comedy movie that was produced by Ben Stiller, Stuart Cornfeld and John Jacobs and was directed by Josh Gordon and Will Speck. Blades of Glory was given a 69% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 rating on Metacritic. Blades of Glory grossed $33,014,202 on its opening weekend with 3,372 theaters, beating Disney's Meet the Robinsons to be the number 1 film. Voice clips from the movie are featured in the 2011 song, "Niggas in Paris" by Jay-Z and Kanye West. Autobiography of Mark Twain The Autobiography of Mark Twain or "Mark Twain’s Autobiography" is a book by Mark Twain, (the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens). It has many stories about his life in it. Twain did not write and publish the book in the usual way. He told the stories and they were written down for him. The book was published in November 2010, one hundred years after his death. Documents and preparation. According to Harriet Smith, editor of the book, some of the manuscripts of Twain’s autobiography are handwritten by him but most are transcripts of what he said. These were created on typewriters by helpers such as his secretaries and his youngest daughter. There are three versions of much of the autobiography, including the original. There was a copy used to send 25 sections of the book, one at a time, to be published in "North American Review". Then a copy was used for Albert Paine’s 1924 edition of the book. Clemens proofread them all. Into his vocal dictations, he often inserted earlier manuscripts he wrote and also letters, newspaper clippings and other documents. In Harriet Smith’s 2010 edition, Clemens instructions are not always followed. For example, she did not insert his article about the survivors of the sunken ship in his February 20, 1906 dictation. Also, she did not include in the January 12, 1906 dictation the illustrated magazine about his 70th birthday dinner. Mistakes that were made are just pointed out in the book’s explanatory notes instead of being changed to be correct. She has made some changes to bad spelling and adding missing prepositions to fix the grammar. She does not correct grammar when the text would lose the spoken style. For example, she believes “. . . the world’s sympathy and compassion are with her, where it belongs” is bad grammar but does not correct it. Reviews. Larry Rohter in his July 9, 2010 review in "The New York Times" describes Twain as a Colonel Sanders without the chicken who told stories, whose books "Huck Finn" and "Tom Sawyer" he had to read in high school. In writing his autobiography, Twain spoke his recollections and opinions to his secretary for a more natural, frank, colloquial tone than if he had written them down. Twain died on April 21, 1910. He was 74 years old. The content of his 500,000 word autobiography is being published in the random order he wrote it, and that is the way he wanted it to be. Previous editions of the work have put things in chronological order. They have also censored it for interest and propriety. This edition, published over 100 years after his death, has the material in the order he wrote it and uncensored. The University of California Press is publishing it in three volumes. Five percent of the first volume was never published before, and about fifty percent of all three volumes was never published before. Twain claims some shocking things, such as the elder Rockefeller paying taxes on only 2.5 million of his fortune and a U.S. Army overkill against six hundred Philippine savages resisting U.S. imperialism. In Twain’s boyhood in Missouri, he was not aware there was anything wrong about slavery. When Cleveland was U.S. President, Twain met him in the White House and got the First Lady’s autograph. Twain resented his publisher and an inventor for fleecing him, and also a rude landlord, from when he lived in Italy in 1904. Julie Bosman’s review on November 19, 2010, in "The New York Times" said the book is a four-pound, 500,000-word, $35.00 doorstopper more political than Twain’s previous works. The content is nonlinear although very readable. It seems like a reader could flip the book open at random to any part of it and not worry about plot. The book includes 200 pages of end notes. At first the publisher planned to print 7,500 copies. However, because it was being published a century after Twain’s death, as he wanted it to be, the book got in the news. Before the book’s November 15th publication date, magazines including "Newsweek", "Playboy," and "Harper’s" ran excerpts from the book. The book was quickly sold out and back-ordered. The publisher was University of California Press. A girl with them said, “We feel like, wow . . . people are interested in a 736-page scholarly tome about Mark Twain.” They rushed to send copies to bookstores in time for the holidays. The publisher hired a small printer in Michigan to print the books. They worked overtime producing 30,000 copies a week and got bigger trucks to bring the books to the warehouses. Instead of 7,500 copies, the book got on best seller lists with over 275,000 copies in November 2010. The book was the biggest success the University of California Press had in sixty years. Kathleen Turner Mary Kathleen Turner (born June 19, 1954) is an American actress. She became famous during the 1980s with Hollywood movies including: "Body Heat", "Romancing the Stone" and "Peggy Sue Got Married". Turner has starred in many television programs and theatrical movies. She was born in Springfield, Missouri. She is a Democrat. Jewel (singer) Jewel Kilcher (born May 23, 1974), known simply as Jewel, is an American singer-songwriter. She has had four Grammy Award nominations. Jewel was born in Payson, Utah, but raised in Anchorage, Alaska. Lynton and Barnstaple Railway The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway (L&B) is a Heritage railway in North Devon, England. The original line opened in May 1898, but closed in 1935. It was a single track narrow gauge railway just over 19 miles (30 km) long, running through rugged rural countryside in Exmoor National Park For a few years the line earned a small profit, but for most of its life the L&B lost money. The L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway in 1923, and finally closed in September 1935. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was created in 1979. A short section of the line opened again in 2004. This was extended in 2006 and a year later, plans were announced to open nine miles (14 km) of track, linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton and Blackmoor Gate, and eventually to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir. History. Several plans were put forward to extend railways from Barnstaple to Lynton. Because of the hills and valleys which would need tight curves and steep slopes, one scheme suggested a gauge of , already being used on other lines like the Ffestiniog Railway, to make building the line easier. This plan was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895, and the line was officially opened on 11 May 1898. Public services started on 16 May. The L&B did not attract enough passengers to make a profit. The journey of nearly twenty miles normally took about one and a half hours. To make things worse, to satisfy several powerful local people, Lynton station was built quite a long way from the town itself, and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth. Falling traffic during World War I, better roads, and more people owning cars cut the line's income even more, until it was no longer economic. Despite many cost-saving changes, and extra money being spent on the line, the Southern Railway was still unable to make money, so they closed the line. The last train ran on 29 September 1935. The Southern Railway removed everything they could use on other lines, and by 8 November, they had lifted the track from Lynton to the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station. On 13 November a sale was held, but the railway did not attract much interest. Most of the carriages and wagons, and every engine apart from "Lew", were scrapped at Pilton. Some carriages were cut up and used as garden sheds. Third class seats became garden furniture, and first class seats were used in local public halls. In December, Sidney Castle got the job of taking the rest of the railway apart. The remaining track was lifted by June 1936, and in September, "Lew" was shipped to South America - probably Brazil. The stations and track bed were sold in 1938. The L&B had a very good safety record, and no members of the public were killed or injured, although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did take the lives of three workers. Along the route. The L&B rises and falls several times along its length. Starting at above sea level, The first , through Barnstaple, and along the Yeo Valley stays nearly level. "Collard Bridge" marks the start of an climb, mainly at one in fifty (2%), to Blackmoor Gate. A slight down-gradient follows, about m long, towards Parracombe Bank, and the start of another climb, about , to Woody Bay – at , the highest railway station in southern England. The line then falls, again mostly at one in fifty - to Lynton & Lynmouth station, still above the sea, and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton. The minimum radius on curves was . Rail vehicles. One of the most obvious features of the L&B was its rail vehicles, with the engines appearing first in a plain lined Holly green colour, later on a black base, with chestnut under-frames, pulling passenger carriages coloured terra-cotta with cream upper panels, and light grey goods wagons. The painting was simplified as each vehicle was repainted. With the take-over by the Southern Railway and arrival of Lew, the paint scheme was slowly changed to a lighter green with yellow lettering for the engines and passenger carriages, and brown for the goods wagons. The engine headlamps which had been black were re-painted red. Engines. At least three builders' engines were used for building the line. Unusually, some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example, crossing the Heddon valley, was built to gauge, with an engine known as "Winnie". A fifth engine - perhaps named "Spondon" - may also have been used, although little is known of either of these. In 1900, "Kilmarnock" was sold by the L&B. It is thought that it was left behind by James Nuttall, because of the financial problems and legalcase between the railway and the builder. The L&B used only coal-fired steam engines. The railway ordered three 2-6-2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds. The engines were named after local rivers: "Yeo", "Exe", and "Taw". These were supplemented by a 2-4-2T, "Lyn", built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, USA, as the company realised that three engines would not be enough. Baldwin was chosen as they could deliver the engine – built mainly from standard parts – more quickly than British builders, who had a backlog of orders, caused by a national engineering dispute from July 1897 to January 1898. After it was built by Baldwin, the engine was shipped across the Atlantic in parts, and re-assembled at Pilton by railway staff. It first steamed in July 1898. The Manning Wardles were delivered before the dispute, and "Yeo" and "Taw" were used to help build the line. In 1923 the L&B became part of the Southern Railway, and began an upgrade programme. All stock was repainted in Southern Maunsell livery, and track and buildings were improved. A fifth engine, "Lew" was bought in 1925, with a few improvements to the original Manning Wardle design. Fate of "Lew". Although bought at the auction by December 1935, "Lew" was working for Sidney Castle, the dismantler of the railway. This work was completed by July 1936 and in September, "Lew" was moved by rail to Swansea and then shipped to South America where Lew just disappeared. Despite several searches, no trace of the engine, or clues to what happened to it, have been found. Passenger Carriages. Sixteen passenger carriages were delivered for the opening. These were of comprised six different types, all the same size, being long, wide, ( over steps) and high – large by narrow gauge standards – and certainly better than any earlier British narrow gauge stock. The coaching stock was very solidly made, and offered levels of accommodation far better that any others at the time - certainly compared to any other narrow gauge railway. Almost 70 years later, the design was used as the basis for a new set of carriages built by the Ffestiniog Railway, suggesting how good the original design was. The body for coach 17 was built in 1911 by a local firm, Shapland and Petter, and fitted to a steel underframe made by the railway at Pilton. Slightly longer than the earlier coaches, it had both smoking and non-smoking compartments for first and third class passengers, as well as the brake van space. Goods Wagons. The Southern Railway introduced several new goods wagons, and also bought two ex-War Department travelling cranes for the line. Goods-only trains were not normally used, and usually goods wagons were attached to any passenger trains. The extra work to shunt wagons at stations along the line slowed down the passengers' journey times. The open goods wagons were originally delivered with a single top-hung side door on each side, but these proved inefficient, and all were eventually converted to side hung double doors. By 1907, most had been fitted with tarpaulin rails. The goods vans used the same underframe, and were fitted with double sliding doors on each side. Van 23 - now restored and at Woody Bay - was built at Pilton by the L&B. Unlike all other L&B stock, its underframe was entirely made of wood. The travelling cranes were bought from the War Department, and were fitted with outriggers, they could lift up to 4½ tons. They were intended to be used as recovery cranes if there3 was a derailment, but they were not used much. One crane was kept at Pilton, the other was used in Lynton goods yard. The 1927 bogie goods vans were originally fitted with heavy diagonal wooden cross braces at each end, but these were later replaced with single diagonal angle-iron braces. Present. More than seventy-five years after it closed, much of the line can still be seen. The most spectacular is Bridge 22 - the brick-built Chelfham Viaduct, which was fully restored in 2000. Its eight wide arches reach above the Stoke Rivers valley – the largest narrow-gauge railway structure in England. The stations at Lynton and Bratton Fleming are now private homes, Blackmoor Gate is a restaurant and Barnstaple Town is a school. Chelfham and Woody Bay are both owned by the new L&B. Chelfham station is used for storage, and Woody Bay is the main centre of operations. Snapper Halt was purchased in 2010 by Exmoor Associates - a private company dedicated to securing trackbed for restoring the railway. Restoration. Unlike other railways, the track bed was sold off in many pieces - often to the original owners, who paid much less than they had sold it for originally. Although there has been some minor building on parts of the route, and Wistlandpound Reservoir has flooded the track bed close to its middle, much is still in open countryside, with many sections identifiable. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association (since 2000, a charity) was formed in 1979. Woody Bay Station was bought by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995 and, after much effort, a short section of railway reopened to passengers in 2004. This was extended to over a mile in 2006, with steam and diesel trains running between Woody Bay and the new, temporary station at Killington Lane Station. In 1995, the Lynbarn Railway – at the "Milky Way", a theme park near Clovelly, was created and operated by L&B volunteers. Profits from this funded the purchase, restoration and reopening of Woody Bay. The "Lynbarn" was handed over to the park in 2005, once Woody Bay had become established, and continues to operate as part of the attraction. Most of the original rail vehicles did not survive, but Van 23 is on display at Woody Bay. Coach 7 and Coach 17 are being rebuilt. The remains of several other carriages and Goods Van 4 are being stored ready to be rebuilt. The carriages will then be used as a "Heritage Train" to complement more modern carriages. Coach 2 was sold and used as a summer house. It is now on show at the National Railway Museum in York, with nameplates from the original engines. Coach 15, recovered from Snapper Halt in 1959 and rebuilt by the Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales, has been running there (now as FR Coach 14) for longer than it did on the L&B. In September 2010, Coach 15 visited the L&B with the "Lew" replica engine, "Lyd". A "Joffre" class 0-6-0 steam engine built by Kerr Stuart in 1915 was bought in 1983, and named "Axe". Restored to working order in 2008, Axe now pulls most of the passenger trains at Woody Bay. An 0-4-0 engine built by Maffei of Germany in 1925, now named "Sid", is owned by several L&B members, and is also sometimes used on the L&B steam service. The Trust owns three industrial diesel engines. One of these - Heddon Hall - is some times used in place of the steam engines, and for engineering trains. A number of other visiting diesel and steam engines have also seen service on the line. Prospects. Restoring passenger services from Woody Bay was a major undertaking by the enthusiastic volunteers. Although much of the track bed survives intact, several obstacles – including Wistlandpound Reservoir – must be overcome to restore most of the old route. In October 2007, the railway announced plans for reinstating enough trackbed to reopen nine miles (14 km) of track, linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton (at a new terminus on an extension to the original line, closer to the town) and Blackmoor Gate, and as far as a new station at Wistlandpound. "Exmoor Enterprise" is likely to cost around £30 million, including the building of replica vehicles and improving the line as an important local tourist attraction. The railway believes that the scheme will generate over £70 million for the south west economy within five years. Long-term plans see reopening the line towards Barnstaple. Further reading. Multimedia: Books: Magazines: Woody Bay railway station Woody Bay was a station on the old Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, a narrow gauge railway line that ran through Exmoor from Barnstaple to Lynton and Lynmouth in North Devon. The station was inland, about 2 km from Woody Bay itself. It opened with the line (as "Wooda Bay" until the name was changed in 1901) on 7 March 1898, and closed when the line was closed on 29 September 1935. From 1923 until closure, the line was part of the Southern Railway. Woody Bay station was built in part to serve the expected development of a resort at Woody Bay, a mile or so to the north. A pier was built in the bay, although not much more building took place, and the pier was destroyed by storms before it properly opened. The development was stopped when the promotor went bankrupt in 1900, and although a route was surveyed for a branch line to the bay, it was never built. After being bought by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995, restoration of the station began, and it opened as a Visitors' Centre in 2003. An "out and back" service over a few hundred yards of track began in 2004, and with the opening of a temporary station at Killington Lane, about one mile towards Parracombe Halt, a regular "point to point" service started in 2006. A carriage shed has been built into a cutting beyond the station. It is a temporary structure erected in 2003, and can be moved when the line expands. Woody Bay station is at: Chess endgame The endgame in chess (or "end game" or "ending") is the part of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. Alternatively, endgames begin when the middlegame is over, and kings are relatively safe. Features of endgame play. There are three main strategic differences between earlier parts of the game and endgame: the All endgame positions can be put into two camps. On the one hand are positions which may be won by force. On the other hand are positions which are drawn, or which should be drawn. The ones that are drawn for certain may be legally drawn (mate could not happen) or drawn by chess experience (no sane defence could lose). All endgames in master chess revolve around the borderline between winning and drawing. Generally, once a 'textbook' drawn position is reached the players will agree a draw; otherwise they play on. Endgames can be studied according to the type of pieces that remain on board. For example, king and pawn endgames have only kings and pawns on one or both sides and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns. Other endings are studied according to the pieces on board other than kings, e.g. rook and pawn versus rook endgame.<ref name="H/W">Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.</ref> Basic checkmates. Basic checkmates are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces, enough to checkmate the opponent's king. They are usually learned at the beginner stage. Examples are mate with K+Q v K; K+R v K; K+2B v K; K+B&N v K (this one is quite difficult). Technical endgames. Positions for which the result is certain, given best play, are technical positions. The best example is the analysis by computer chess engine of all possible positions with six pieces or fewer. This is called proof by exhaustion or exhaustive proof. It is logically the same as proving a mathematical theorem by proving the complete set of individual cases covered by the theorem. Endgame tablebases. After the chess engine has analysed the positions, the results are put into an endgame tablebase for easy retrieval by users. Working with a database to discover previously unknown facts is called 'data mining'. A number of interesting and surprising facts have indeed emerged. For example, For all three- to five-piece endgames and pawnless six-piece endgames, a complete list of mutual zugzwangs has been tabulated and published. Another case is the longest sequence of moves to reach a definite result, called 'Depth to conversion'. In May 2006, Bourzutschky and Konoval discovered a KQN vs KRBN position with an astonishing DTC of 517 moves. Brent Peterson (ice hockey, born 1972) Brent Peterson (born July 20, 1972 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Peterson, a left winger, played in 56 games over three seasons for the National Hockey League's (NHL) Tampa Bay Lightning, scoring nine goals and assisting on one. After his three NHL seasons, Peterson spent four seasons in Europe, playing for teams in Switzerland and Germany. Early years. Peterson joined the United States Hockey League's Thunder Bay Flyers for the 1990–91 season, at the age of eighteen. In 48 regular season games, he recorded 27 goals and 40 assists, and added eight goals and nine assists in 10 playoff games. In 1991–92, Peterson began playing college hockey with the Western Collegiate Hockey Association's Michigan Tech Huskies. After scoring 20 points in the 1992–93 season, Peterson increased his point total to 42 in 1993–94. In 1994–95, he scored 25 goals and had 21 assists; both totals were the highest of his college career, as was his 46 points. Peterson's statistical production declined slightly in his last college season, 1995–96, as he posted 20 goals and 16 assists. Professional career. In the 1993 NHL Supplemental Draft, Peterson was chosen as the third overall selection by the Tampa Bay Lightning. Following the end of his college career, he was sent to the Atlanta Knights, the Lightning's affiliate in the minor league International Hockey League (IHL). With the Knights, Peterson had 28 points in 69 regular season games, but went scoreless in three playoff games. In 1996–97, Peterson spent most of his playing time with the American Hockey League's Adirondack Red Wings, for whom he scored 45 points in the regular season and four in the playoffs. During that season, he made his NHL debut with the Lightning, and scored two goals in 17 games. The 1997–98 season saw Peterson again split time between the NHL and minor league hockey; he tallied five goals in 19 games for the Lightning, and 20 goals and 39 assists for the IHL's Milwaukee Admirals. He played his final NHL games in the 1998–99 season, when he posted two goals and his only NHL assist in 20 games for the Lightning. In addition, he had 13 goals and 12 assists in 35 games for two IHL clubs. In March 1999, the Lightning traded Peterson to the Pittsburgh Penguins organization. He became a free agent after the season, and the Nashville Predators signed him. During the 1999–00 season, Peterson spent the entire campaign with the Admirals, the Predators' IHL affiliate, scoring 32 points in the regular season and five in the playoffs. Peterson moved to Europe for the 2000–01 season, beginning the season with the SCL Tigers in Switzerland's National League A. In 10 games, he recorded three goals and two assists before moving to Germany to play for the Deutsche Eishockey Liga's Kassel Huskies. Peterson finished 2000–01 season with the Tigers and spent three more seasons with the club; his best statistical season in Germany was 2002–03, when he had 25 regular season points, along with three in the playoffs. Jimmy Roy Jimmy Roy (born September 22, 1975 in Sioux Lookout, Ontario) is a Canadian ice hockey player currently playing for the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. Playing career. Roy was drafted 254th overall by the Dallas Stars in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft but never played in the National Hockey League. After spending two years at Michigan Technological University he signed with the Manitoba Moose in 1997. Roy spent nine seasons with the Manitoba Moose, the first four in the International Hockey League and the rest in the American Hockey League after the Moose became members of the league when the IHL folded. He holds different team records like games played and most goals. For the 2006–07 season Roy signed with the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. In Iserlohn he developed to a key player, known for his leading quality on and off the ice. He also helped the club to sign some former Moose players like Ryan Ready and Pat Kavanagh. Roy extended his contract after his first season in Germany for two years. On Christmas Day 2008 the Roosters announced again that Roy has signed for two more years. As a Rooster he usually plays on a line with Ryan Ready. In the 2007–08 season their center was Pat Kavanagh, the next season Bob Wren was their linemate. Jean-François Labbé Jean-François "J.F." Labbé, nicknamed Ti-Mine, (born June 15, 1972) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Playing career. After playing four seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, Labbé began a very successful American Hockey League career. He played for the Prince Edward Island Senators, Cornwall Aces, Hershey Bears, Hamilton Bulldogs, Hartford Wolf Pack and Syracuse Crunch in his AHL tenure. His best season came in 1996–1997 with the Hershey Bears, when he won both the Hap Holmes Memorial Award for lowest goals against average and the Les Cunningham Award for league MVP. Labbé won the Calder Cup with the Hartford Wolf Pack in 2000. Labbé appeared in 15 NHL games: one with the New York Rangers at the end of the 1999–2000 season and 14 with the Columbus Blue Jackets during the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons. He played for the Saint-Georges Garaga in the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey in 2003–2004 after a short stint with the Tolyatti Lada in the Russian Hockey Super League. Labbé has played in the DEL for three seasons, with Augsburger Panther in 2004–05 and with the Sinupret Ice Tigers in 2005–06 and 2006–07. For the 2007–08 season he joined the Vienna Capitals in Austria's Erste Bank Hockey League. Labbé was selected for induction as part of the American Hockey League Hall of Fame's 2016 class. Records. Labbé currently holds records with the Syracuse Crunch for: Tatyana Ali Tatyana Ali (born January 24, 1979) is an American R&B singer and actress. She is best known for playing Ashley Banks in "The Fresh Prince of Bel Air". She later played Roxanne in "The Young and the Restless". Ali was born in North Bellmore, New York, a suburb of New York City. Damian Marley Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley (born July 21, 1978 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, rapper and DJ. Marley has won four Grammy Awards. He is the son of Bob Marley. Personal life. Marley has released four studio albums. Marley has ten siblings: Ky-Mani, Julian, Stephanie, Karen, Rohan, Robbie, Stephen, Ziggy, Cedella and Sharon. Marley has a football team named after him in England called FC Zion. Discography. Damian Marley has released 4 studio albums: Upstate New York Upstate New York is the part of the state of New York that is north or west of the New York metropolitan area. Geography. Upstate cities include Binghamton, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Ithaca and Utica. Rural areas of New York are also upstate. These include the Adirondack Mountains and the Mohawk Valley. Culturally, upstate New York is quite different than New York City. Politics. The people who live in upstate New York came from different places than the people who live in New York City. Also, upstate New York is more moderate politically, with rural counties voting more conservative and urban counties more liberal, contrasted with the mostly liberal New York City. Attractions. Attractions in Upstate New York include: Precision Approach Path Indicator The Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) is a visual system next to the touch-point on a runway. The purpose of the system is to lead a plane in correct approach. The PAPI creates ray of light which gives pilot information about his actual height. Principle: The rules about the parameters are written in standard ANNEX 14 ICAO. The brochure contains more specific information about intensity of ray, location where we can get device etc. Social Futebol Clube Social Futebol Clube is a football club which plays in Brazil. Twiztid Twiztid are an American hip-hop/Horrorcore group from Detroit, Michigan. The group consists of two members: Jamie Madrox and Monoxide. Albums. Twiztid has released five studio albums: Websites. Twiztid's Official website University of California, San Diego The University of California, San Diego (UCSD or UC San Diego) is a public research university. It is in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, United States. UCSD is part of the University of California system. It was founded in 1960 near the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. There were 22,048 undergraduate and 5,073 graduate students in Fall 2007. The university awarded 6,802 degrees in 2005/06. The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges and six graduate divisions. It offers 125 undergraduate majors, 52 masters degrees, 51 doctoral programs, and four professional degrees. In 2012, UCSD was ranked the 15th best university in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The 2010 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked UC San Diego as the 35th best university in the nation. UCSD is consistently ranked high in other college and university rankings. In 2010, the university ranked 1st nationally in "The Washington Monthly". University of California The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. The University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges system. The University of California has a combined student body of more than 220,000 students and over 170,000 faculty and staff. Its first campus, UC Berkeley, was founded in 1868, while its tenth and newest campus, University of California, Merced, opened for classes in fall 2005. The University of California's campuses boast large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every field and is widely regarded as one of the top public university systems in the world. Eight of its undergraduate campuses are ranked among the top 100, six among the top 50, and two among the top 25 U.S. universities by the "U.S. News and World Report". Six of its campuses are members of the Association of American Universities, a group of over 60 top U.S. and Canadian research universities. The current president of the University of California is Janet Napolitano. Luther Vandross Luther Vandross (April 20, 1951-July 1, 2005) was an American R&B/soul singer-songwriter. He had over 25 million albums and won eight Grammy Awards during his singing career. Vandross died of a heart attack on July 1, 2005. University of California, Santa Barbara The University of California, Santa Barbara (also referred to as UCSB and UC Santa Barbara) is a research university in Santa Barbara, California, United States. The third-oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara offeres 87 undergraduate and 55 graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The main campus is located on a 1,022-acre (4.1 km2) site in Santa Barbara, California, 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Los Angeles. The University was founded in 1909 and joined the University of California-system in 1944. UC Santa Barbara is a "very high activity" research university. UCSB houses twelve national research centers. UCSB faculty includes five Nobel Prize laureates, one Fields Medalist, 29 members of the "United States National Academy of Sciences", 27 members of the "National Academy of Engineering", and 23 members of the "American Academy of Arts and Sciences". Brown pelican The brown pelican ("Pelecanus occidentalis") is a large bird that lives along the coasts of the Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico in North and South America. Brown pelicans are carnivores (meat-eaters) and hunt during the day (they are diurnal). They eat mostly fish and some amphibians and crustaceans. Lincoln Continental The Lincoln Continental was an American luxury car first produced around in 1939. The production ended around 1948, but resumed during 1956. This car was a fully sized vehicle during most of its years. Its production ended around 2002. The replacement vehicle was Lincoln LS V8. Julia Stiles Julia Stiles (born March 28, 1981, New York City) is an American actress. She played Nicky Parsons in the "Bourne" movie series. She is also a stage and television actress. On March 17, 2001, Stiles hosted "Saturday Night Live". She is a feminist. Ryu Gwan-sun Ryu Gwan-sun or Yu Gwan-sun (Hangul: 유관순, Hanja: 柳寬順) (November 17, 1902 – September 28, 1920) was a Christian Korean freedom fighter who protested against the Japanese occupation of Korea. Childhood. Ryu Gwansun was born on November 17, 1902, in a small farming village. Her brother said that she taught herself how to read Hangul. She was a playful, lively child who enjoyed running "like a boy" and was able to memorize Bible verses quickly. Her nephew, who grew up in the same village as her, said that she had very large, bright black eyes. Her brother described her as tall, with a plump, fair face. When she was 12, she entered the Ewha Girls' School in Seoul, where she learned more about Christianity. Demonstrations. Ryu Gwansun joined in the March 1st Movement with some friends from her school, though her teacher strongly told them not to. She was taken to prison for a short time, and her school was closed. With the help of her family and friends, Ryu planned a peaceful demonstration in her province for 1 March. The day before the demonstration, Ryu lit a bonfire on a mountain as a signal to begin the demonstration. The next day, over 2000 people came together in a marketplace for the demonstration. The Japanese police shot at the people, and about 19 people died, including Ryu's parents. Ryu Gwansun was taken to prison. She died on September 28, 1920 from injuries sustained from torture and beatings in prison. Dorothy Hamill Dorothy Hamill (born July 26, 1956) is an American athlete. She won a gold medal in the 1976 Winter Olympics in figure skating. Hamill was born in Chicago but grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. She was married to Dean Paul Martin from 1982 until they divorced in 1984. She was married to Kenneth Forsythe from 1987 until 1995. Hamill has been married to John MacColl since 2009. She has a daughter by Forsythe. Peggy Fleming Peggy Fleming is an American figure skater and ABC Sports television commentator. She was the champion at 1968 Winter Olympics. She was born July 27, 1948 in San Jose, California. Display (zoology) Display is a form of animal behaviour, linked to survival of the species in various ways. One function of display is in courtship. In most species the male has a striking feature that is distinguished by colour, shape or size, used to attract a female. In many species the male has another, more cryptic, form out of the mating season. A related function is armament (horns, teeth) exhibited and used by 'tournament' species. In these species, males fight to gain the 'right' to breed. The display part of the process is a mechanism for younger males to avoid being damaged by prime males. Instinctive behaviour prompts lesser males to leave the field. Peafowl, deer, antelope and elephant seals are good examples. The other main function is in species which have territorial display behaviour. This may preserve a foraging or hunting territory for its family or group. Mary Lou Retton Mary Lou Retton (born January 24, 1968) is an American gymnast. She was born in Fairmont, Virginia. Retton won gold, silver and bronze medals in the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was the first female outside Eastern Europe to win an Olympic all around title. Air mass An air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content. Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles. Colder air masses are called polar or arctic, while warmer air masses are called tropical. Antelope Antelope is a term for many even-toed ungulate species. "Antelope is not a strict taxonomic term" because they are not a clade. Antelope is a 'wastebasket taxon' in the family Bovidae. It includes the old-world species which are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, or goats. Antelopes occupy the ecological niche which deer occupy north of the Sahara. Both deer and antelopes are grass-eating mammals which have replaced browsers as the dominant vegetarian animals as forests gave way to grasslands. Antelope are found mostly in Africa below the Sahara, and parts of Asia. No antelope are native to North America: the pronghorn is a member of the family Antilocapridae, another family. True antelope have horns which are unbranched and never shed, while pronghorns have branching horns, and shed annually. There are 91 species of antelope, most of which are native to Africa, in about 30 genera. A group of antelope is called a herd. Species of forest, woodland, or bush tend to be sedentary, but many of the plains species undertake huge migrations. These migrations enable grass-eating species to follow the rains and therefore their food supply. The gnus and gazelles of East Africa perform some of the most impressive mass migratory circuits of all mammals. All bovids have even-toed hooves, horizontal pupils, ruminating guts, and (in at least the males) bony horns. Many antelope are sexually dimorphic. In most species, both sexes have horns, but those of males tend to be larger. There is a tendency for males to be larger than the females Horns are not shed and are not made of bone, which distinguishes them from antlers. Gazelles and springbok are known for their speed and leaping abilities. Even larger antelope, such as elands, and kudus, are capable of jumping 8 feet (2.4 m) or greater, although their running speed is restricted by their greater mass. Ming kipa sherpa Current Wikipedia page does not have her full name, as commonly used. Bredevoort Castle The Castle of Bredevoort was a castle in the city of Bredevoort, Guelders in the Netherlands. History. The name of the castle was for the first time written in the year 1188 as "castrum Breidervort". In 1646 lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived. In April 2009 big walls were discovered underground in the heart of the town. On the square they found remain of the gate building which was a part of the ring wall surrounding the castle. That foundation is visible on the square today. Tim Leveque Tim Leveque (born June 13, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is most famous for being the Laval Chiefs enforcer that is called up later in the season in the hockey documentary "Les Chiefs". Playing career. Leveque started his career with the Thunder Bay Senators of the Colonial Hockey League during the 1993-94 season. In two games, Leveque accumulated 23 PIMs. After an eight year layoff, Leveque would resurface with the Laval Chiefs of the Quebec Semi-Pro Hockey League (currently the LNAH). Leveque would engage in several fights with Dominic "The Giant" Forcier of the Sorel Royaux during the season. Forcier who stood 6' 7" and 320 lbs, was taken down by Leveque during each of their three fights. After Leveque's final fight with Forcier on February 10, 2002, he would fight Chad Nicholson in the closing minutes of the same game. This would be Leveque's final game with the Chiefs. After the game, Leveque would tell the team that he had "connections in Norfolk" and that he was leaving the team. In 2004, Leveque received a tryout with the Sherbrooke Saint-Francois. He would play one game with Sherbrooke, and was briefly involved in a fight with David Lessard. Leveque would be released after the game. In 2005, Leveque played a preseason game with the Sorel-Tracy Mission and fought Corey Dean. After one game with the Mission, Leveque was released. Trent McCleary Trent Kenneth McCleary (born September 8, 1972) is a Canadian former professional hockey player who played for the Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). His career was ended in 2000 after taking a slapshot to the throat, an injury that required life-saving surgery moments after the incident. He played 192 games, scoring 8 goals and 23 points. Playing career. A native of Swift Current, Saskatchewan, McCleary played junior hockey in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with his home-town Swift Current Broncos beginning in 1988. He played a total of four seasons with the Broncos, winning the WHL championship and Memorial Cup with the team in 1988–89 though he played only three games with the team. He was a defensive forward in the WHL, but scored 50 points in his final year in helping the Broncos win a second championship. He added a goal in four games at the 1993 Memorial Cup. The Ottawa Senators signed McCleary as an undrafted free agent upon his graduation, and he spent the majority of the 1993–94 season with the Thunder Bay Senators of the Colonial Hockey League (CoHL). He moved up to the Prince Edward Island Senators of the American Hockey League (AHL) in 1994–95 but missed three months of the season after suffering retinal damage to his right eye when he was hit in the face by a stick. Upon his recovery, McCleary returned wearing a visor that he would retain throughout his career. He made his NHL debut in Ottawa in 1995–96, scoring 14 points in 75 games. The Senators traded McCleary, along with a draft pick to the Boston Bruins for Shawn McEachern following the season. He appeared in 59 games with the Bruins but was unable to come to an agreement on a new contract for the 1997–98 season. As a result, he signed to play in the International Hockey League (IHL), splitting the season between the Las Vegas Thunder and Detroit Vipers. His rights ultimately released by the Bruins, McCleary signed with the Montreal Canadiens as a free agent in 1998, appearing in 46 NHL games in 1998–99. Early the following season, he again suffered a severe injury to his right eye, suffering a severed tear duct when he was hit in the face by an errant skate. He recovered, splitting the early part of the season between the Canadiens and the Quebec Citadelles in the AHL. During a game between the Canadiens and the Philadelphia Flyers on January 29, 2000, McCleary dropped to the ice in an attempt to block a Chris Therien slapshot. He was critically injured when hit in the throat by the shot which fractured his larynx and resulted in a collapsed lung. Unable to breathe, McCleary rushed to the bench, collapsing upon his arrival. Medical staff worked to partially open his airway in the hallways of Molson Centre, actions which McCleary credits with saving his life. He was then rushed to a waiting ambulance and transported to hospital where surgeons performed an emergency tracheotomy. He remained in full equipment during the procedure; hospital staff did not even have time to remove his skates. Unable to speak immediately following his surgery, McCleary sent a written note to his teammates explaining he was all right while his surgeon revealed that he came "as close ... as you could come" to dying in the moments after he was struck. He met with the media two weeks following his injury, responding to questions via note pad, stating that he hoped to return to his career upon recovery. He regained the ability to talk after six weeks and several surgeries. McCleary attempted a comeback at the start of the 2000–01 season. Despite doubts he would be capable of returning, the Canadiens signed him to a one-year, US$300,000 contract. He appeared in exhibition games with the Canadians, but found he was unable to play a full shift without running short of breath. He was examined by his doctor, who noted that because his air passage was left 15% narrower than before his injury, it was too dangerous for him to continue playing. As a result, on September 20, 2000, McCleary announced his retirement, calling it the "toughest day" in his seven year career. The Canadiens kept him in the organization, naming him a WHL scout. Family. McCleary's parents Kyle and Leah still live in Swift Current. He has an elder brother, Scott, and a younger sister, Shannon. He and his wife Tammy have three children. Pirate Party Germany The Pirate Party Germany (German: "Piratenpartei Deutschland"; short: "PIRATEN", "Pirates") is a political party in Germany based on the model of the Swedish Piratpartiet. Party Platform. The party opposes the loss of civil rights in telephony and on the Internet, in particular the rules for keeping information about telephone calls and Germany's new Internet censorship law called "Zugangserschwerungsgesetz". The party favours the civil right to information privacy and reforms of copyright, education, computer science and patents. It wants more open and transparent government, and the electronic inspection and control of government operations by the citizen. History. The party was founded on 10 September 2006. Party leader has been Patrick Schiffer since August 2016. Previous leaders were among others Sebastian Nerz, Dirk Hillbrecht, Jens Seipenbusch and Christof Leng. In February 2009, the village spokesperson of Hohenstein, a city councillor in Strausberg, Jens Knoblich joined the Pirate Party Germany. In June 2009, Bundestag member Jörg Tauss, who has been charged with the crime of child pornography possession and distribution, left the SPD and joined the Pirate Party after the "Zugangserschwerungsgesetz" was passed. He said that while he supports the fight against child pornography, the means are unacceptable. In late August 2009, Herbert Rusche, one of the founding members of the German Green Party and, in the 1980s, the first openly homosexual member of parliament in Germany, joined the Pirate Party. Election results. 2009 German Federal election. On 27 September 2009, the PIRATEN received 2.0% (845,904 votes) in the 2009 German federal election. This result means that the party failed to secure any seat in the Bundestag, however this was also the best result among the parties who did not achieve the required 5% threshold. Among the first-time male voters the party received 13%. The election results in 2009 means the party still qualifies for some government funding of campaign finance. 2009 European Parliament election. It received 229,117 votes in the 2009 European Parliament election, which was 0.9%, but not enough (at least 5%) for a seat. The number of party members has increased since then. As of March 2010, the party had over 12,000 members. German State and Regional elections. On 30 August 2009, the PIRATEN received 1.9% in the 2009 Saxony state election. On the same day, the party also received one seat in each council in the local elections of Münster and Aachen, although candidates of the party ran for office only in some constituencies of both cities. Support for The PIRATEN differs between States. The party received 1.8% in the 2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election and 1,5% in the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election (though without securing seats), but only 0.5% in the 2009 Hesse state election and did not participate in the 2009 Brandenburg and Saarland state elections Opossum Opossums are the largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, the Didelphimorphia. They are often called possums, though that term is more properly applied to Australian fauna of the suborder Phalangeriformes. The Virginia opossum was the first animal to be called an "opossum": the word comes from the Algonquian language, and means "white beast." It was one of the few South American marsupials to establish itself permanently in North America after the Great American Interchange, and the only one to survive there today. Opossums can help slow the spread of Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever because they eat deer ticks and other ticks that carry the germs for these diseases. One opossum can eat 5000 ticks each year. They also eat garden pests, for example slugs, and animals that can carry disease, for example mice and rats. Marsupials like opossums are born before their jaw bones have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do. Scientists from King's College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow. Damian Jackson Damian Jacques Jackson (born August 16, 1973 in Los Angeles, California) is an American baseball player. He is a second baseman for the Orange County Flyers of Golden Baseball League. Jackson has formerly played for the Cleveland Indians from 1996-97, Cincinnati Reds from 1997-98, San Diego Padres from 1999-01, Detroit Tigers in 2002, Boston Red Sox in 2003, Chicago Cubs in 2004, Kansas City Royals in 2004, again with the San Diego Padres in 2005 and the Washington Nationals in 2006. Eland The eland is the largest antelope. There are two species, both African. The common eland, "Taurotragus oryx", is from East Africa and South Africa. The giant eland, "Taurotragus derbianus", is found in Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon and Senegal and West Africa. The two species are rather similar in size: males range in size from and may even reach a ton on rare occasions; females range from . Giant eland are alert and wary, making them difficult to approach and observe. They are gregarious, and migrate in small herds of twenty or so animals. Giant eland live in open forest and savannah where they eat grass, leaves, and branches. Common eland live in large herds. Observers have, as usual, found it difficult to measure their speed of running. Some claim they move quickly, running at over , and despite their size are exceptional jumpers, easily clearing heights of . Others claim elands are one of the slowest antelopes, but can even jump a height of or more. When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Naturalists think it is a form of communication in elands. Daryl Hannah Daryl Christine Hannah (born December 3, 1960 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actress and environmental activist. She starred in many movies during the 1980s, including "Splash". Air India Flight 182 Air India Flight 182 was a passenger plane which, on June 23, 1985, exploded from a bomb that was placed on the plane. The aircraft was going between Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, and New Delhi, India. It was an Air India Boeing 747-237B, registration VT-EFO. The bombing was called the largest mass murder in modern Canadian history, and the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9/11. Accident. The flight was going between Montreal and New Delhi. The plane exploded when it was flying 31,000 feet over Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland. The bomb was hidden in a Sanyo tuner in a suitcase which was in the forward cargo hold. Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft, a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japan’s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby. The suitcase was on its way to another airliner at Narita. At least 329 people were killed in the explosion aboard flight 182. Passengers. Most of the victims on-board were Canadians, but 27 came from the United Kingdom, and 10 more came from the United States, five from Brazil, four from Germany, three from France, two each from Italy and Australia, one each from Japan, Mexico, Russia, China, and Belgium. Four passengers and all 22 crew members were from India' Suspects. The suspects in the bombing were from the Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa: Tachisme Tachisme is a French art style popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It had large brush strokes and had many drips and blobs of paint straight from the paint tube. Wale (rapper) Wale Victor Folarin (born Olubowale Victor Akintimehin; September 21, 1984 in Washington D.C.) is an American rapper better known by his stage name Wale. In 2010, Wale was nominated for Best New Artist from both the Soul Train Awards and BET Awards. He did not win. Discography. Studio albums. Wale has released 7 studio albums: Mixtapes. Wale has released 8 mixtapes: Singles. Wale has had 5 singles: National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is United States corporation whose members serve as advisers to the nation on science. New members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. The National Academy of Sciences is part of the United States National Academies, which also includes: The NAS is running 21-month project which will study how humans might influence weather patterns, assess dangers and investigate possible national security implications of climate geoengineering attempts to mitigate global warming. The project is funded by the CIA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NASA. K-os Kevin Brereton (born February 20, 1972 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian rapper and producer better known by his stage name, k-os which is an acronym for Knowledge of Self and is spelt with a lowercase "k". Discography. Albums. k-os has released 4 studio albums: Belinda Carlisle Belinda Carlisle (born August 17, 1958) is an American Grammy Award nominated singer, author and songwriter. She is the lead singer of The Go Gos. Carlisle was born in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. She is a Buddhist. Aquaplaning Hydroplaning or Aquaplaning happens when a layer of water builds between the rubber tires of the vehicle and the road surface and leads to the loss of traction (grip) on the road. Hydroplaning causes the vehicle to stop responding to control inputs such as steering, braking or accelerating. The effects of hydroplaning depends on which wheels have lost traction and the direction that the vehicle is traveling. Sintel Sintel is a short 15-minute movie made with computers using open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2009 and was released on September 28, 2010. The online release was made available for download on September 30, 2010. It was first developed under the name "Projet Durian", named after a type of smelly fruit. It was changed to "Sintel" a word from the Dutch language, which can mean 'cinder', or 'ember'. Overview. "Sintel" is a story about a girl who lives in the made-up city. One day, a dragon lands on the roof of a house she is standing next to. The dragon is hurt, so she helps it. She and the dragon (which she names Scales) become good friends. One day, Scales goes to chase a group of birds flying in the sky. Another, bigger, dragon comes along, and kidnaps Scales. Sintel goes to looks for Scales. She finds the adult dragon in a Dragon Blood tree, There she fights the big dragon and kills it. But, it turns out that the big dragon is actually Scales. The movie ends with Sintel sad, because she accidentally killed her friend. Ton Roosendaal announced the movie in May 2009. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Film Fund paid for part of the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the movie's credits. The movie was released for download on the Official Durian Project website on October 1, 2010. United States National Academies United States National Academies or National Academies comprising serve collectively as the scientific national academy for the United States. The NAS, NAE, and IOM are honorary membership organizations, with a total membership of over 6,000 scientists, engineers, and health professionals. New members for each organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. The NRC is called the "working arm" of the Academies, which serves to collect, analyze, and share information through studies and reports. The National Academies produce independent recommendations and policy reports by enlisting top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in Academies membership) to address important scientific and technical problems. The National Academies do not perform original research; rather they provide independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized. Jens Seipenbusch Jens Seipenbusch (born 6 August 1968) is a German politician and physicist. He was leader of the Pirate Party of Germany. Seipenbusch was a founding member of his party. He studied physics at the University of Münster. He was first elected party leader in May 2007. In May 2008 he became deputy leader for one year, before he became re-elected leader of the party in July 2009, and once more in May 2010. In May 2011, Sebastian Nerz became leader of the party. Maria Beatrice d'Este Maria Beatrice d’Este (Maria Beatrice Ricciarda; 7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829) was heiress of the two Duchies of Modena and Reggio. She was married to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in an attempt to give the Austrians more influence in the Italian states. Maria Beatrice was the Duchess of Massa and Carrara in her own right as well as an Archduchess of Austria by marriage. from 1790 until 1797 and from 1816 until her death in 1829. She and her husband formed the "House of Austria-Este". Infancy. Maria Beatrice was born at the Ducal Palace of Modena. She was the only daughter of Ercole III of Modena and Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, ruling Duchess of Carrara and Massa. Three years after her birth, her mother gave birth to a son who died aged 5 months in May 1753. Her parents were part of an unhappy marriage which made the chance of having another son very unlikely. Her parents separated and Maria Beatrice was soon acknowledged as an heiress to four sovereign duchies. Marriage. As heiress to four duchies, Modena and Reggio from her father and Massa and Carrara from her mother, she was a very attractive candidate for marriage. From 1753 it was arranaged that she would marry Archduke Leopold of Austria, younger son of Empress Maria Theresa. The situation changed when Leopold's childlessness made Leopold the heir to the Holy Roman Empire. As a result, she was instead engaged to Leopold's brother, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Plans began in 1754 and it was concluded by their actual marriage in Milan on 15 October 1771. Some of the festivities for the marriage were played by Mozart. Succession. When her mother died in 1790 Maria Beatrice succeeded to Massa and the Principality of Carrara which she held in her own right. After the French conquest of her domains in Italy, she spent her life in Austria and left the rule to administrators. Just after the marriage, the couple had settled in Modena then travelled to Milan where Maria Beatrice gave birth to most of her 10 children by Ferdinand. As Modena did not allow female succession, Maria Beatrice's rights to the throne passed to her son when her father died in 1803. By her marriage, the House of Austria-Este was created, a cadet branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, which ruled Modena between 1814 and 1859. At her death in her palace in Vienna in 1829, Massa and Carrara were added to the Duchy of Modena which were subsequently given to her son. Sharon Stone Sharon Vonne Stone (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress and movie producer. She received a Golden Globe Award for her part in the 1995 movie "Casino". Her role in the movie "Basic Instinct" was also notable. Stone won the title of Miss Crawford County in Meadville. She was a candidate for Miss Pennsylvania. One of the pageant judges said she should quit school and move to New York City to become a fashion model. In 1977, Stone left Meadville, moving in with an aunt in New Jersey. Within four days of her arrival in New Jersey, she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency in New York. While living in Europe, she decided to quit modeling and become an actress. Stone was cast for a brief role in Allen's "Stardust Memories" (1980). She had many roles in movies in the 1980's. Being in "Total Recall" (1990) with Arnold Schwarzenegger helped her career. To promote the movie, she posed nude for "Playboy". The movie that made her a star "Basic Instinct" (1992). She played a person thought to be a serial killer. In the movie's most notorious scene, her character is being questioned by the police. She crosses and uncrosses her legs, exposing her genitalia, which are not covered by underwear. After "Basic Instinct", she was listed by "People magazine" as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world. In November 1995, Stone received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd. In 2003, she appeared in three episodes from the eighth season of "The Practice". For her performances, she received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Stone tried a return to the mainstream with roles in the movies "Cold Creek Manor" (2003) with Dennis Quaid and "Catwoman" (2004) with Halle Berry. Both movies were not well liked by either the public or critics. Personal life. Stone married Michael Greenburg in 1984. They separated in 1987 and the divorce was finalized in 1990. In 1993, Stone met William J. MacDonald (aka Bill MacDonald) on the set of the movie "Sliver". MacDonald left his wife Naomi Baca for Stone and became engaged to her. They separated one year later in 1994. While working on the movie "The Quick and the Dead" in 1995, Stone met Bob Wagner and they became engaged. On February 14, 1998, Stone married Phil Bronstein, executive editor of the "San Francisco Examiner". They adopted a son, Roan Joseph Bronstein (born on May 22, 2000) in late May or early June of 2000. They divorced in 2004. After her divorce she adopted another two boys, Laird Vonne Stone (born on May 7, 2005) and Quinn Kelly Stone (born in June 2006). Stone is a convert to Tibetan Buddhism. She is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church. Kim Delaney Kim Delaney (born November 29, 1961) is an American movie and television actress. She played Jenny Gardner in the soap "All My Children". She played a detective in the television series "NYPD Blue". She also acted in the television series "Philly". Delaney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti, also called yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. It is a small mosquito, with a body length of about half one centimeter. Aedes Aedes is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but has spread by human activity to all continents excluding Antarctica. Several of the species transmit important human diseases and one species, "Aedes albopictus", is the most invasive mosquito in the world. The name comes from the Greek "aēdēs", meaning "unpleasant" or "odious", so called because of the diseases this type of mosquito transmits, including dengue fever and yellow fever. Scirpophaga innotata The Rice White Stemborer ("Scirpophaga innotata") is a species of moth of the Crambidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Pakistan the Philippines and the tropical north of Australia. Eugene Airport Eugene Airport, also known as Mahlon Sweet Field, is a medium-sized airport in Eugene, Oregon in the United States. It has ten connections to larger airports in the forty-eight states via four airlines. Allegiant flies to Las Vegas, Oakland, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. Delta Connection flies to Salt Lake City. Horizon Airlines flies to Portland and Seattle, and United Express flies to Portland, Denver and San Francisco. Hank Hill Henry "Hank" Rutherford Hill (born April 19, 1953) is a fictional character in the television series, King of the Hill. He lives in Arlen, Texas with his wife Peggy and his son Bobby. He was named one of the wisest people on television by The Economist. He suffers from Diminished Gluteal Syndrome (DGS) which is a fictional genetic disorder. He works at Strickland Propane and sells propane and propane accessories. His father's name is Cotton who was a World War II veteran who had his shins "blowed off by a Japanman's machine gun" in combat, and had his feet attached to his knees, he has a Japanese half brother named Junichiro, and his cousin is the bassist and vocalist for ZZ Top, Dusty Hill. He is usually seen hanging out with his friends Dale, Bill and Boomhauer. References. Notes Caviar Caviar is a luxury food. Caviar is salted and un-fertilized sturgeon roe eggs. The world's largest producer and exporter of caviar is Iran. The producer of 90 percent of the world's caviar is the Caspian Sea. Caviar is usually put in gold, plastic, wood, ivory containers. It is rarely in silverware or steel because this may interfere with the flavor and color. Jackson, Wyoming Jackson is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Teton County. The current mayor of Jackson is Mark Barron. As of 2000, 8,647 people lived there. Many tourists go through Jackson when they visit the nearby Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the National Elk Refuge. 2009 Pacific typhoon season The 2009 Philippine region typhoon season was the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout the year during 2009, with most tropical cyclones forming between May and November.The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones (including tropical depressions) that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines. During the season, 39 tropical depressions developed within the Western Pacific, whilst 2 formed outside the region before moving into the Western Pacific. Body of Proof Body of Proof is an American medical drama television series on ABC starring Dana Delany and Jeri Ryan. Plot. The series stars Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner. The show focusses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life with her personal life. Hunt was previously employed as a top-flight neurosurgeon who had a life-changing automobile accident. Her boss is the city's chief medical examiner, played by Ryan. Blue Valentine (movie) Blue Valentine is a 2010 movie. It is a romantic drama starring Michelle Williams and Ryan Gosling. The original rating of this movie was NC-17, but the rating was successfully appealed to an R rating. The movie is about a married couple who are shifting back and forth, along with their eventual divorce. Patty Loveless Patty Lee Ramey (or Patty Loveless; born January 4, 1957) is an American country singer and songwriter. She emerged onto the country music scene around 1986. She has also sung Bluegrass and country pop. She was born in Pikeville, Kentucky. Awards. Academy of Country Music American Music Awards Country Music Association Grand Ole Opry Georgia Music Hall of Fame Grammy Awards Kentucky Music Hall of Fame Islamic state An Islamic state is a state that has adopted Islam as its state religion, and Islamic law as the foundation for political institutions. Current examples of such states are Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mauritania and the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Niko Tinbergen Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen (15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz. Their discoveries were about individual and social behaviour patterns, and how they are triggered. In the 1960s Niko collaborated on a series of wildlife movies, including "The Riddle of the Rook" (1972) and "Signals for Survival" (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971. Aspects of his life. Niko, who had two eminent brothers, Luuk and Jan, was a prisoner of war during World War II. His experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled. After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. He remained in England for the rest of his life. Several of his Oxford graduate students went on to become prominent biologists; these include Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morris, and Iain Douglas Hamilton. He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children. Supernormal stimuli. The body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed supernormal stimuli. This was the concept that an artificial object could be a stronger trigger for an instinct than the natural object for which the instinct originally evolved. He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polkadots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs. Tinbergen found that territorial male stickleback fish would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly showed what features were triggering the response. Four Questions. He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were: Proximate mechanisms: Ultimate mechanisms: Autism. Niko gave his Nobel Lecture on autism in children, which he and his wife had been researching for some time. SF1 Kraken SF1 Kraken is a weapon mainly used by police forces during riots to restore order. It is not lethal (hit causes only injury, not death). The weapon is specially made for usage against civilians without risking casualties (loss of life). The average distance of fire is about 30m, maximum is 100m and depends on type of bullet. SF1 Kraken uses the energy of gases from .357 Magnum blank cartidges (without a bullet) which are made by Libra a.s. in the Czech Republic. It is also able to use several types of 59mm calibre bullets. Oedema Oedema (U.S. edema) is dropsy. It was usually called "dropsy" until about the middle of the 20th century. It is a medical condition, and a sign or symptom. It is swelling caused when fluid leaks out of the body's capillaries into the tissues. The fluid builds up and gets trapped in the tissues around the leaking blood vessels. This causes swelling. If there is enough swelling, oedema can be seen from outside of the skin. Oedema can happen in any part of the body. However, it is easiest to see in the arms and legs, including the hands, ankles, and feet. Oedema in the arms and legs is called "peripheral oedema". "Pulmonary oedema "is fluid in the lungs. Pulmonary oedema is dangerous because having fluid in the lungs makes breathing difficult. If pulmonary oedema gets bad enough, a person can drown in the fluid. Oedema in the abdomen is called "ascites." Signs and symptoms. Some of the signs and symptoms of oedema are: Oedema in the lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it hard to breathe or cause chest pain. Causes. Many things can cause oedema. When oedema is mild (not very serious), the most common causes are: However, oedema can also be a sign of serious disease. Diseases that can cause edema include: Treatment. If oedema is not very serious, it often goes away on its own. If a person has mild oedema in an arm or leg, they can often make oedema go away quicker by keeping the arm or leg raised above the level of the heart. If oedema is more serious, it is treated with medicines called diuretics. These are medicines which help the body get rid of extra fluid by urinating it out. If oedema is caused by a disease, that disease needs to be treated. National Academy of Engineering United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE), a private, non-profit institution that was founded in 1964. Election to the NAE is considered the highest achievement in engineering-related fields and often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. The NAE is part of United States National Academies advising the federal government on engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research. New members of the organization are elected annually by current members composed of senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among the world’s most accomplished engineers in one or both of the following categories: The Academy annually awards three prizes that award $500,000 to the winner. In a sense these constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering." Dianne Wiest Dianne Wiest (born March 28, 1948) is an American actress. Her movies include "Edward Scissorhands" in 1990. She has won two Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards. She was also in other movies, including "Footloose" and "Parenthood". Wiest was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She also made a suprise appearance on an American TV show called Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She later went on to make multiple episodes of her own failing tv-show called "Get rid of that Wiest Infection". She was also the star in multiple weetabix commercials, dubbing them Wiestabix. Nissan Altima The Nissan Altima is a car made by Nissan Motor Company. It was first made in 1993 and has had four generations. The car won the 2002 North American Car of the Year and the 2010 Altima received the NHTSA's Highest Front- Impact Crash Safety Rating (five stars). There is a hybrid version of the Altima available which was first made in 2007. The car comes in a 4-door sedan and a 2-door coupe. National Research Council National Research Council (NRC) of USA is the working arm of United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names. The National Research Council was organized in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I. The president of National Academy of Sciences is the chair of its "Governing Board" and "Executive Committee"; the president of the National Academy of Engineering is vice chair. Its members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Linas Kleiza Linas Kleiza (born January 3, 1985 in Kaunas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian executive, and a former basketball player. Kleiza played college basketball with the University of Missouri Tigers. Kleiza was drafted into the NBA by the Portland Trailblazers in 2005, and was traded to the Denver Nuggets. Kleiza played in Denver from 2005 until 2009. In 2010, Kleiza joined the Toronto Raptors. In 2013 Kleiza left Toronto, and went to play for Fenerbahçe Basketball. He has played for the Lithuanian national basketball team. Coxiella Coxiella refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Coxiellaceae. It is named after Harold Herald Rea Cox (1907–1986), an American bacteriologist. "Coxiella burnetii" is the only member of this genus. It is one of the Gammaproteobacteria. Shewanella Shewanella is the only genus included in the Shewanellaceae family of marine bacteria. "Shewanella" is a marine bacterium capable of modifying (or converting to an altered state) metals so they are much less toxic and can break up in the environment. Mary Chapin Carpenter Mary Chapin Carpenter is an American and Grammy Awards winning folk and country singer and songwriter. Her first record was released in 1987. She has won five Grammy Awards. She has had many hit songs and albums. Early life. Carpenter was born February 21, 1958 in Princeton, New Jersey. Marcia Gay Harden Marcia Gay Harden (born August 14, 1959) is an American Academy Award winning television, movie and theater actress. She has acted in many television programs and in many movies. She is from La Jolla, San Diego, California. Jack Skille Jack Skille (born May 19, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Florida Panthers, and Columbus Blue Jackets. Skille was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan for Michael Frolik and the rights to goaltender Alexander Salak on February 9, 2011. On July 1, 2014, Skille signed one-year, two-way contract with the New York Islanders. Michael Frolík Michael Frolík (born February 17, 1988 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey player that currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League as a center. He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 10th overall pick in the 2006 NHL Draft. He also played for Rabat Kladno of the Czech Extraliga, the Florida Panthers of the NHL from 2008 to 2011 and the Chicago Blackhawks from 2010 to 2013. Frolík was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with Alexander Salak for Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan on February 9, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Frolík to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for the 74th and 134th overall picks in the 2013 NHL Entry draft. International Commission of Jurists International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is a non-governmental organization created at Berlin in 1951 by specialists of law, lawyers or judges for the protection of human rights and rule of law. The headquarters are in Geneva and has relationships with United Nations, Council of Europe and African Union. This commission has also played an important role in the creation of the International Criminal Court and the Yogyakarta Principles. From 2008 to 2010, Mary Robinson was the president of this commission. Paul Bibeault Joseph Arsine Paul Emile Albert "Babe" Bibeault (April 12, 1919 – August 2, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins. Bibeault served briefly in the army, after he was discharged he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs in December, on loan for half of the 1943-44 NHL season. Bibeault was part of the 1944 NHL All-Star Team. Bibeault is in the NHL record book for being one of five goaltending victims of a player’s five goals in a single playoff game. Bibeault died on August 2, 1970 at the age of 51 of cancer. Martina McBride Martina Mariea Schiff (born July 29, 1966), known professionally as Martina McBride, is an American country music singer and songwriter. McBride has been called the "Celine Dion of Country Music" for her big-voiced ballads and soprano range. She debuted around 1992, having five #1 singles between 1995 and 2001 and another during 2003. She has had a string of major hit singles. Johnny Knoxville Philip John Clapp (born March 11, 1971), known professionally as Johnny Knoxville, is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker and stunt performer. He is best known for being the co-creator and star of the MTV television series, Jackass. Karl von Frisch Karl Ritter von Frisch (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, jointly with Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. His work was on the communication and senses of the European honey bee. He was the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. By doing the dance when they come back to the hive, honey bees indicated where they have found nectar, and other details. His theory was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at the time. Only recently was it definitively proved to be an accurate theoretical analysis. Bee perception. Sense of smell: Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is “flower constant”.45–51 Polarization pattern: Light scattered in a blue sky forms a pattern of partially polarized ultraviolet light. This depends on the position of the sun, and is invisible to human eyes. Each lens unit of a compound eye has a UV receptor, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, so a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also information on the time of day. Variations in the daytime position of the sun: Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun gave bees with a tool for navigation. They use this capability to get information on the progress of the day deep inside a dark beehive. This makes it possible for the bees to convey up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. Internal clock: Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.137–147 Waggle dance. A simple dance called “round dance” is used for nearby flowers. It means "there is a feeding place near the beehive at 50 to 100 meters". Blossom scent would also be picked up. The waggle dance proper is used to give the directions to a source further away. Other bees follow her as she dances, keeping in touch with their antennae. The dance takes a figure of eight, with variations such as angle and vigour of wiggles. The communication is apparently quite effective. Tyler Seguin Tyler Seguin (born January 31, 1992 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey center for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Boston Bruins with the 2nd overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons in the OHL with the Plymouth Whalers. Seguin has also played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, he won the Stanley Cup on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 4, 2013, he was traded by the Bruins along with Rich Peverley, and Ryan Button to the Dallas Stars for Loui Eriksson, along with Reilly Smith, Matt Fraser, and Joe Morrow. He won a gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia and a gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia. Jeff Skinner Jeffrey Skinner (born May 16, 1992 in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was picked by the Carolina Hurricanes with the seventh overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Kitchener Rangers. He was currently the youngest hockey player in the NHL during the 2010-11 season. Gustav Stresemann Gustav Stresemann (10 May 1878–3 October 1929) was a German liberal politician. He was Chancellor and Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic. He shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. Stresemann's politics are hard to define. Today, he is generally considered one of the most important leaders of Germany and a strong supporter of democracy in the fragile Weimar Republic. He is noted as one of the first to see European economic integration. His most important achievement was probably reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Peace Prize. Early years. Stresemann was born on 10 May 1878 in the Köpenicker Straße area of southeast Berlin, the youngest of seven children. His father worked as a beer bottler and distributor, and also ran a small bar out of the family home, as well as renting rooms for extra money. The family was lower middle class, but relatively well-off for the neighbourhood, and had enough money to give Gustav with a high-quality education. Stresemann was an excellent student, especially in German literature and poetry. In an essay written when he left school, he wrote that he would have enjoyed becoming a teacher, but he would only have been qualified to teach languages or the natural sciences, which were not his primary areas of interest. He entered the University of Berlin in 1897 to study political economy. During his studies, Stresemann was exposed to the principal political arguments of his day, particularly the German debate about socialism. During his university years, Stresemann also became active in Burschenschaften movement of student fraternities, and in April 1898 became editor of the "Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung" (), a newspaper run by Konrad Kuster, a leader in the liberal part of the Burschenschaften. His editorials for the paper were often political, and dismissed most political parties as wrong in one way or another. In these early writings, he combined liberalism with nationalism. In 1898, Stresemann left the University of Berlin, and went to the University of Leipzig so that he could study for a doctorate. He completed his studies in January 1901, submitting a thesis on the bottled beer industry in Berlin, which received a relatively high grade. In 1902 he founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. In 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld (1885-1970), daughter of a wealthy Jewish Berlin businessman. At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected to the Dresden town council. Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony. In 1907, he was elected to the Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. However, his support of more social-welfare programmess was not popular with some of the party's more conservative members, and he lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912. Later that year he lost both his Reichstag and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 he returned to the Reichstag. He was exempted from war service due to poor health. With Bassermann kept away from the Reichstag by either illness or military service, Stresemann soon became the National Liberals' de facto leader. After Bassermann's death in 1917, Stresemann succeeded him as party leader. His political ideas grew and changed. At first, in the German Empire, Stresemann was on the left wing of the National Liberals. During World War I, he gradually moved to the right. He supported the monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He also spoke in support of unrestricted submarine warfare. However, he still favoured an expansion of the social welfare programme, and also supported allowing more ordinary Prussians to vote. When the Allies' peace terms became known, Constantin Fehrenbach denounced them and claimed "the will to break the chains of slavery would be implanted" into a generation of Germans. Stresemann said of this speech: "He was inspired in that hour by God to say what was felt by the German people. His words, spoken under Fichte's portrait, the final words of which merged into “"Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"”, made it an unforgettably solemn hour. There was in that sense a kind of uplifting grandeur. The impression left on all was tremendous". Stresemann briefly joined the German Democratic Party after the war, but was expelled for his association with the right wing. He then gathered most of the right wing of the old National Liberal Party into the German People's Party (, DVP), with himself as chairman. Most of its support came from middle class and upper class Protestants. The DVP platform promoted Christian family values, non-religious education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsides and hostility to "Marxism" (that is, the Communists, and also the Social Democrats). The DVP was at first seen, along with the German National People's Party, as part of the "national opposition" to the Weimar Republic, particularly for its grudging acceptance of democracy and its attitude towards the Freikorps and the Kapp Putsch in 1920. Although they did not support the Freikorps, the party did not publicly condemn them either. By late 1920, Stresemann gradually moved to cooperation with the parties of the left and centre – possibly in reaction to political murders like that of Walther Rathenau. However, he remained a monarchist at heart. In the Weimar Republic. On 13 August 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor and Foreign Minister of a grand coalition government. As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis. In the so-called year of crises (1923) he showed strength by calling-off the popular peaceful resistance at the Ruhr. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Hans Luther, who was the current finance minister, ended this disastrous process by introducing a new currency, the Rentenmark, which reassured the people that the democratic system was willing and able to solve urgent problems. Stresemann's decision to end passive resistance was motivated by his view that making a good faith effort to fulfill the terms of Versailles was the only way to win relief from the treaty's harsher provisions. He, like virtually every German, felt Versailles was an onerous "Diktat" that sullied the nation's honour. However, he felt that trying to fulfill the treaty's terms was the only way Germany could demonstrate that the reparations bill was truly beyond its capacity. He also wished to recover the Rhineland - he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: "The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from foreign occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat". However, some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats. They left the coalition and caused its collapse on 23 November 1923. Stresemann remained as Foreign Minister in the government of his successor, Centrist Wilhelm Marx. He remained foreign minister for the rest of his life in eight successive governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left. As Foreign Minister, Stresemann had numerous achievements. His first notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which reduced Germany's overall reparations commitment and reorganized the Reichsbank. After Sir Austen Chamberlain became British Foreign Secretary, he wanted a British guarantee to France and Belgium as the Anglo-American guarantee had fallen due to the United States' refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Stresemann later wrote: "Chamberlain had never been our friend. His first act was to attempt to restore the old Entente through a three-power alliance of England, France and Belgium, directed against Germany. German diplomacy faced a catastrophic situation". Stresemann conceived the idea that Germany would guarantee her western borders and pledged never to invade Belgium and France again, along with a guarantee from Britain that they would come to Germany's aid if attacked by France. Germany was in no position at the time to attack, as Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "The renunciation of a military conflict with France has only a theoretical significance, in so far as there is no possibility of a war with France". Stresemann negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium. On the third day of negotiations Stresemann explained Germany's demands to the French Foreign Secretary, Aristide Briand. As Stresemann recorded, Briand "almost fell off his sofa, when he heard my explanations". Stresemann said that Germany alone should not make sacrifices for peace; European countries should cede colonies to Germany; the disarmament control commission should leave Germany; the Anglo-French occupation of the Rhineland should be ended; and Britain and France should disarm as Germany had done. The Treaties were signed in October 1925 at Locarno. Germany officially recognized the post-World War I western border for the first time, and was guaranteed peace with France, and promised admission to the League of Nations and evacuation of the last Allied occupation troops from the Rhineland. Germany's eastern borders were guaranteed to Poland only by France, not by a general agreement. Stresemann was not willing to conclude a similar treaty with Poland: "There will be no Locarno of the east" he said. Moreover he never excluded the use of force to regain the eastern territories of Germany which had come under Polish control as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles. The reason were atrocities against the German minority in the former German territories committed by or tolerated by the Polish government, see: and Hermann Rauschning. In the session of the League of Nations on 15 December 1928 in Lugano Stresemann formulated a furious charge against Poland because of these crimes which were well known to the League of Nations. The chairman Aristide Briand, French foreign minister, concluded the session after this speech with the words: "The League of Nations must never break the sacred support of the minority-rights." After this reconciliation with the Versailles powers, Stresemann moved to allay the growing suspicion of the Soviet Union. He said to Nikolay Krestinsky in June 1925, as recorded in his diary: "I had said I would not come to conclude a treaty with Russia so long as our political situation in the other direction was not cleared up, as I wanted to answer the question whether we had a treaty with Russia in the negative". The Treaty of Berlin signed in April 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened the Rapallo Treaty of 1922. In September 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as permanent member of the Security Council. This was a sign that Germany was quickly becoming a "normal" state and assured the Soviet Union of Germany's sincerity in the Treaty of Berlin. Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "All the questions which to-day preoccupy the German people can be transformed into as many vexations for the Entente by a skilful orator before the League of Nations". As Germany now had a veto on League resolutions, she could gain concessions from other countries on modifications on the Polish border or Anschluss with Austria, as other countries needed her vote. Germany could now act as "the spokesman of the whole German cultural community" and thereby provoke the German minorities in Czechoslovakia and Poland. Stresemann was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for these achievements. Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in August 1928. It renounced the use of violence to resolve international conflicts. Although Stresemann did not propose the pact, Germany's adherence convinced many people that Weimar Germany was a Germany that could be reasoned with. This new insight was instrumental in the Young Plan of February 1929 which led to more reductions in German reparations payment. Gustav Stresemann's success owed much to his friendly personal character and his willingness to change. He was close personal friends with many influential foreigners. The most noted was Briand, with whom he shared the Peace Prize. Stresemann was not, however, in any sense pro-French. His main preoccupation was how to free Germany from the burden of reparations payments to Britain and France, imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. His strategy for this was to forge an economic alliance with the United States. The U.S. was Germany's main source of food and raw materials, and one of Germany's largest export markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus in the interests of the U.S., and gave the U.S. an incentive to help Germany escape from the reparations burden. The Dawes and Young plans were the result of this strategy. Stresemann had a close relationship with Herbert Hoover, who was Secretary of Commerce in 1921-28 and President from 1929. This strategy worked remarkably well until it was derailed by the Great Depression after Stresemann's death. During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. By the mid-1920s, having contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble democratic order, Stresemann was regarded as a "Vernunftrepublikaner" (republican by reason) - someone who accepted the Republic as the least of all evils, but was in their heart still loyal to the monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting the republic and fulfilling too willingly the demands of the Western powers. Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was attacked as an "Erfüllungspolitiker" ("fulfillment politician"). In 1925, when he first proposed an agreement with France, he made it clear that in doing so he intended to "gain a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders in the East and [...] concentrate on a later incorporation of German territories in the East". In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country. Stresemann hoped for an escalation of the Polish crisis, which would enable Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World War I, and he wanted Germany to gain a larger market for its products there. So Stresemann refused to engage in any international cooperation that would have "prematurely" restabilized the Polish economy. In response to a British proposal, Stresemann wrote to the German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization of Poland must be delayed until the country is ripe for a settlement of the border according to our wishes and until our own position is sufficiently strong". According to Stresemann's letter, there should be no settlement "until [Poland's] economic and financial distress has reached an extreme stage and reduced the entire Polish body politic to a state of powerlessness". Gustav Stresemann died of a stroke in October 1929 at the age of 51. His massive gravesite is in Berlin's Luisenstadt Cemetery at Südstern in Kreuzberg, and includes work by the German sculptor Hugo Lederer. Stresemann's sudden and premature death, as well as the death of his "pragmatic moderate" French counterpart Aristide Briand in 1932, and the assassination of Briand's successor Louis Barthou in 1934, left a vacuum in European statesmanship that further tilted the slippery slope towards World War II. Gustav and Käthe had two sons, Wolfgang and Joachim Stresemann. Second Cabinet, October - November 1923. Changes Amon Amarth (band) Amon Amarth is a melodic death metal band from Tumba, an outer quarter of Stockholm, Sweden. They signed a recording contract with the US-american label "Metal Blade Records". The band was founded in 1996. Their lyrics are mostly about viking battles and viking gods, but they do not want to be called a "Viking Metal band". Their most recent album, "The Great Heathen Army", was released on August 5, 2022. It was #1 on the music charts in Germany. History. Amon Amarth band was formed from the previous band, Scum, which was formed in 1988. After a 1991 demo, the band broke up. Johan Hegg convinced the other members to come together again, and they formed Amon Amarth in 1992. They recorded their first demo, "Thor Arise" (1993), with Johan Hegg on vocals, Anders Hansson on guitar and Ted Lundström on bass. It was never released because it was low quality. However, the band caught the attention of a lot of extreme metal fans. In 1994 another demo, "The Arrival of the Fimbul Winter", was recorded and 1,000 copies were released. They then signed with Metal Blade Records and released their first album, "Once Sent from the Golden Hall". The album made Amon Amarth famous internationally. In June of 1998, Amon Amarth was about to go on tour with Deicide, Six Feet Under, Brutal Truth when guitarist Anders Hansson left and was replaced by Johan Soderberg. After the tour Martin Lopez quit to join Opeth and Fredrik Andersson (ex-A Canorous Quintet) came in. With him in Spring 1999 the band recorded and released its second full-length, "The Avenger". They released "The Crusher" in 2001, and went on tour to support it with Marduk, Vader. It was planned to be held in the United States, but was cancelled because of the September 11 attacks. It was held a year later later instead, but this time without Marduk. In April 2002 the band toured Europe with Vomitory and in August performed at Wacken Open Air in front of 12,000 fans. "Versus The World", their 4th studio album, was released on 18 November 2002. The bonus edition of the album included their earlier demos. Touring continued until Spring of 2004 when the band started working on the "Fate of Norns" album which was released on 6 September 2004. With Oden on Our Side was released two years later, and Allmusic said about the band, "Amon Amarth continue to be champions of the worldwide death metal tournament." They went on tour in Australia and New Zealand for the first time in January of 2008. They toured with Dimmu Borgir after finishing another tour with Sonic Syndicate and Himsa. Amon Amarth extended its record deal with Metal Blade Records in 2008 for three more albums. After extending its record deal, the band released "Twilight of the Thunder God". The album had many guest appearances, including Lars Göran Petrov, Roope Latvala, and Apocalyptica. The album came with an eight-page comic strip based on Norse mythology which was released by magazines in Europe. "Twilight of the Thunder God" was very successful and reached number 6 in Germany, number 10 in Finland, number 11 in Sweden, number 14 in Austria, number 21 in Switzerland. It ended up at the number 7 position in Revolver Magazine’s Top 20 Albums that year. The band went on another North America tour in October 2008 along with Ensiferum, Belphegor and The Absence. Amon Amarth played its first show in India, headlining the Deccan Rock Festival in Bangalore on 5 December 2009 and played with Slayer during their European tour. They released their 8th album, "Surtur Rising", on 29 March 2011. Metal Blade Records released their first single, "War of the Gods," on 27 January 2011 via YouTube. To support the album, the band went on a 4-month world tour with Children Of Bodom and Ensiferum, among others. Amon Amarth performed at Wacken Open Air in 2012, Hellfest 2013, Download Festival 2013, Sweden Rock Festival and Mayhem Festival 2013. On 25 June 2013 Amon Amarth released its ninth studio album, "Deceiver of the Gods." The album cover showed Ragnarök during the last battle between the Æsir gods and Loki, accompanied by the army of the dead. On 19 March 2015 Amon Amarth posted on Facebook that their drummer Fredrik Andersson had left the band after 17 years of working together. The band released its 10th album "Jomsviking" on 25 March 2016. Tobias Gustafsson, was used as a new drummer for this album. From 22 March to 25 March, they played shows in London, Paris, Tilburg and Berlin. They also played with Testament in the UK on a tour from October and November 2016. Haley Joel Osment Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor and voice artist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the brother of Emily Osment. He had many television and movie roles throughout the 1990s. He is best known for starring in movies including "Forrest Gump" (1994) and "The Sixth Sense" (1999). Glasgow International Airport Glasgow International Airport () (used to be called Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport) is an international airport in Scotland. It is west of the Glasgow city centre. The airport is near Paisley and Renfrew in Renfrewshire. In 2011, almost 6.9 million passengers passed through the airport. This was 5.1% more than 2010. This makes Glasgow the second busiest airport in Scotland (Edinburgh Airport is the busiest). It is also the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport is the primary airport of Greater Glasgow. The airport is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited owns four other UK airports. ADI Limited owns Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. The airlines which use the airport the most are British Airways and Loganair (as Flybe). Loganair uses Glasgow as a hub. Other big airlines using Glasgow as a base include BMI Regional, Flybe, EasyJet, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Glasgow Airport was first opened in 1966. First, the only flights which took off from there flew to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. The British Airports Authority (BAA) took control of the airport in 1975. In the 1980s, flights from Glasgow began to go to other places in the world. On 30 June 2007, Glasgow Airport had a terrorist attack. A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters was driven into the main terminal building. It caused some damage, killed one person (the terrorist) and injured four people. Mikhail Chigorin Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player. He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century. Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time. Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6). Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death. His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time. Fran Drescher Francine Joy "Fran" Drescher (born September 30, 1957) is an American television, movie, musical theatre and voice actress, television director and producer, comedian, screenwriter, model, health, LGBT rights and political activist. She is of Jewish descent. Her acting career began around 1977 when she acted in the movie "Saturday Night Fever". She is best known for playing Fran Fine from the sitcom "The Nanny". Her other notable movie roles include "Jack" (1996) and "Beautician and the Beast" (1997). Drescher wrote her memoirs and is a Universal Life Church minister. She was born in New York City. She is a uterine cancer survivor. She is a Democrat and a critic of capitalism. In 1985, she was raped by armed robbers. In September 2021, Drescher was elected President of SAG-AFTRA. En Vogue En Vouge are an American female R&B and pop quartet. Four members-Cindy Herron, Terry Ellis, Dawn Robinson and Maxine Jones-make up this female group. En Vogue released their first record "Born to Sing" during 1990. They won many awards in the 1990s and 2000s, including seven MTV Video Music Awards and four Soul Train Awards. Smart Technologies Smart Technologies is a company that was started in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1987. It is most famous for its invention of the "Smart Board", which is the most popular interactive whiteboard in the world. Smart Technologies has received over 15 awards, including the 2009 EdNET Pioneer Award. In 2010, the company placed shares on the NASDAQ stock exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. In 2016, SMART Technologies Inc. was acquired by Foxconn for $200 million. Icing (ice hockey) Icing in ice hockey is a rule the happens when a player shoots the puck across at least two red lines, the other team's goal line being the last, and the puck remains untouched but it is not icing if the player shoots the puck from behind the halfway line of the ice into the goal. If the goal went into the net it would be counted as a goal. There is also automatic or no-touch icing which is used mostly in lower-level professional hockey leagues like the ECHL and Central Hockey League, It was enforced in 1990 after Luděk Čajka, a Czech player rushed to get to the puck in an icing situation, he crashed into the boards, suffered severe spinal injuries, and died a few weeks later. Sometimes the goaltender will raise his hand for icing also. If icing is waved off by a referee it is either because: Copenhagen interpretation The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in physics. It was developed by Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein in Copenhagen in 1927. It is based on an idea called Born's law of the wave function by the Nobel Prize laureate Max Born. It is one of the first usable models of quantum mechanics. Cam Fowler Cam Fowler (born December 5, 1991 in Windsor, Ontario) is an American-Canadian NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Anaheim Ducks. He was picked by the Anaheim Ducks with the twelfth overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Windsor Spitfires. He holds dual citizenship because his mother is a native of Michigan and his father is a native to Newfoundland. Staphylococcus Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. The name comes from the ("staphylē") which means "bunch of grapes" and κόκκος ("kókkos") which means "granule". Under a microscope they appear round, because they are cocci. They form in grape-like clusters. The "Staphylococcus" genus includes at least forty species. Of these, nine have two subspecies and one has three subspecies. Most are harmless and live normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora. Streptococcus Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. They are cocci, meaning that they are shaped like spheres or circles. Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name from Greek στρεπτος "streptos", meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain (twisted chain). Contrast this with staphylococci, which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells. Streptococci are oxidase and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes. Kimberley Locke Kimberley Dawn Locke (born January 3, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter and model. Locke first came to national attention when she was a contestant on "American Idol". Locke was born in Hartsville, Tennessee. BlackBerry BlackBerry is a line of mobile phones made by the Canadian company BlackBerry Limited (originally known as Research In Motion, or RIM, NASDAQ:BBRY). It does many different things like a computer but is small enough to fit in someone's hand. It is a mobile phone; it makes calls without wires. It can access the Internet as well. It also has a calendar and camera, and can send text messages. The BlackBerry started out as a pager and later turned into a mobile phone. The BlackBerry has a PIN which is an eight character hexadecimal identification number which is given to every BlackBerry phone. The President of The United States Barack Obama uses and supports the BlackBerry. Penélope Cruz Penélope Cruz Sánchez (; ; born 28 April 1974 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish television and movie actress. She has starred in many movies of many different genres, including "Vicky Cristina Barcelona". Cruz got her start when she was picked from 300 other girls in a talent agency audition at age 15. This led to acting jobs in television and in commercials. Her movie debut was in 1992. She has been married to Javier Bardem since 2010. They have two children. Mount Rowan Mount Rowan is a small extinct volcano on the edge of the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It was also known as Waldies Hill. It is 518 metres above sea level. The lava flows from the volcano are thought to be from 2.1 million to 2.9 million years ago. It is one of the 123 volcanoes in the Ballarat and Daylesford area. These are part of the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains. In 2009, a geologist, Professor Bernie Joyce warned that the volcanoes around Ballarat could become active again. Hakenkreuz literally 'crooked cross' in German, now more popularly known as Swastika. In Germany, Hakenkruez is used by native speakers than Swastika Laura Branigan Laura Branigan (July 3, 1952 – August 26, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter and actress. She was best known for her 1982 platinum hit "Gloria". She also starred on several television shows. Branigan's songs were featured in soundtracks for the movies "Flashdance" and "Ghostbusters". Early life. Branigan was born on July 3, 1952 in Brewster, New York, United States. Her father was an account executive and mutual funds broker. In 1970, she graduated from high school and attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. Career. Branigan toured Europe as a backup singer with Leonard Cohen. She started her solo career in 1982. Her first album, "Branigan", was released in 1982. A song "Gloria" from that album stayed on top of the pop charts for 36 weeks. It reached number six on the British pop charts. It was a remake of an Italian song from the 1970s. The song got her a nomination for a Grammy for best female pop singer. She was nominated for three more during her career. She released seven more albums. She co-wrote the song "How Am I Supposed To Live Without You?" with a then unknown Michael Bolton. In 1981 Branigan appeared on German television in "An American Girl in Berlin". She was a guest on the American TV show, "CHiPS". She starred in the movie "Mugsy's Girls" in 1984. She also appeared in the 1988 movie "Backstage". In 2002 she starred in the Off-Broadway production of "Love, Janis", playing Janis Joplin. She received rave (very good) reviews for her performance. Personal. In 1981, Branigan met Larry Kruteck, an attorney, at a party in Manhattan. They married that same year, when she was 24 years old and he was 44. In 1994 her husband was diagnosed with colon cancer. She quit singing to take care of him full time. Kruteck died in 1996. In 2001, as she was just returning to singing again, she fell from a ladder at her home and broke both her legs. Branigan was in physical therapy for six months. On August 26, 2004, Branigan died of a brain aneurysm. She died in her sleep at her home in East Quogue, New York. She was 52 years old. Bangladesh–South Korea relations Bangladesh–South Korea relations are foreign relations between Bangladesh and South Korea. Bangladesh is the nation which established both relations among two Koreas. North Korea made its official diplomacy with Bangladesh in 1973. In 1974, South Korea opened its embassy in the capital Dhaka while her counterpart in 1987. Aalten Aalten is a town and municipality in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It lies in the Achterhoek region near the German border. The former municipality of Bredevoort merged into Aalten in 1818 and that of Dinxperlo in 2005. Aalten village had about 17,400 inhabitants and Aalten municipality about 27,000 inhabitants in 2021. Calico sheep Calico sheep is a kind of sheep with more than one color in its coat. It is a mutation, but not a recognized breed. History. Calico sheep are not related to the black and white sheep that are native to ancient Sudan and to South Africa. The modern mutation was developed by breeding the Shetland sheep with Barbadian Black Belly Sheep. Peat Peat, or turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, mires, and swamps. Formation. Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of marshland vegetation: trees, grasses, fungi, as well as other types of organic remains, such as insects, and animal remains. Under certain conditions, the decomposition of the latter (in the absence of oxygen) is inhibited. Peat formed in very wet conditions accumulates faster, and is less decomposed, than that in drier places. This allows climatologists to use peat as an indicator of climatic change. The composition of peat can also be used to reconstruct ancient ecologies by examining the types and quantities of its organic constituents. Under the proper conditions, peat is the earliest stage in the formation of coal. The coal measures of the Pennsylvanian period were laid down in a gigantic tropical river basin, and later squeezed and heated to form the metamorphic rock we call 'coal'. Most modern peat bogs formed in high latitudes after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age some 9,000 years ago. They usually grow slowly, at the rate of about a millimetre per year. The peat in the world's peatlands has been forming for 360 million years and contains 550 Gigatonnes of carbon. Wario is a character from Nintendo's popular video game series "Mario". He has appeared in most of the "Mario Party" and sports-related games, and has been the subject of a few video games of his own. Characteristics. Wario wears purple overalls with a yellow shirt, and green, pointed shoes. He has a purple W on his hat, similar to how Mario has an M on his. Wario is Mario's rival. He is greedy, and loves money and garlic. He is fat, but also very strong. He often works together with Waluigi as his partner. Reception. Wario ranked 10th on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. He also ranked seventh on GameDaily's top 10 ugliest game characters list; the authors referenced his snarling smile, moustache, and outfits. They also included him in a top 25 list of video game anti-heroes, stating that in spite of his greed, he's actually a "cool dude". Screwattack rated Wario as the 10th Biggest Douchebag in Gaming. IGN editor Travis Fahs commented that while he was not the most likable character, he has incredible confidence that overshadows his flaws and makes him an entertaining character. In an article written by Kombo editors Agustin Olvera and Stephen Smith, they exclaim their surprise that he had not appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" as a playable character, stating that he would be a great addition to the game. Iconoclasm Iconoclasm means symbols of a culture (like icons or monuments) being destroyed by people of that same culture. This is usually done for religious or political motives. Often, it occurs together with major political or religious changes. It is generally distinct from destruction by foreigners, for example by Spanish conquistadors in America. The term does not generally include the specific destruction of images of a ruler after his death or overthrow ("damnatio memoriae"), for example Akhenaten in Ancient Egypt. People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called iconoclasts. This word is also used for people who are against established dogmata or conventions. Similarly, people who revere or venerate religious images are called idolators. In an Eastern Orthodox context they are known as iconodules, or iconophiles. Iconoclasm may be carried out by people of a different religion, but is often the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion. The two Byzantine outbreaks during the 8th and 9th centuries were unusual because the use of images was the main issue in the dispute, rather than a by-product of wider concerns. In Christianity, iconoclasm has generally been motivated by a literal interpretation of the Ten Commandments, which forbid the making and worshipping of "graven images" of God. United Church of God The United Church of God (UCG) is a denomination of Christianity. It is one of many denominations to come out of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG) in 1995. The Worldwide Church of God was started by Herbert W. Armstrong. UCG calls itself "The United Church of God, "an International Association"", with the last three words italicized. This is so people do not confuse it with other churches. UCG is its own denomination. Beginning. After Herbert Armstrong's death in 1986, leaders in the WCG began to change the teachings of the church. This started in 1994. They changed the teachings to be more like other Christian churches. Many of the members wished to keep the original teachings, which they believed were the same beliefs as the early church of the First Century. Because of this, they left to start their own churches. UCG was established in May 1995 and is the largest church to come out of the WCG. UCG began when former WCG ministers met in Indianapolis, Indiana in the spring of 1995. The were concerned about the changing teachings of the church. UCG's first president was David Hulme. He was later removed from office because he refused to move the church's home office to Ohio in 1998, among other reasons. After this, he started a new church called "Church of God, an International Community." After Hulme, church elders elected other new presidents. They elected Les McCullough in 1998, Roy Holladay in 2002, Clyde Kilough in 2005 and Dennis Luker in 2010. Victor Kubik was elected to serve for three years in May 2013. Government. UCG is led by twelve men called the "Council of Elders". They are elected by a group of church ministers called the "General Conference of Elders." This is not like the WCG, which was led by one man only. The General Conference of Elders meets once a year in May to decide how money should be spent and how the church should be run. They also decide the teachings of the church and go to seminars. The council meets four times a year. UCG's "Home Office" and is in Milford, Ohio, (a suburb of Cincinnati). This office is led by UCG's President, who is also the church's main spokesperson. He also leads the church's ministers and controls the printing of the church magazine, newsletter, and booklets. He is elected by the Council of Elders (COE) and can be removed by them. Teachings. The UCG believes and worships like many other Christian churches, except: Ambassador Bible College. Ambassador Bible College (ABC) is an in-depth nine-month program where students can learn about the Bible, Christian living and the teachings of the United Church of God. The program also prepares young people to lead and serve, and it prepares them to teach future generations. Students study church teaching and all the books of the Bible thoroughly. Mission and Media. UCG states: "The mission of the Church of God is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God in all the world, make disciples in all nations and care for those disciples." Their goal is to preach about "The Kingdom of God" to everyone, through the UCG website, through Twitter and YouTube, and through radio, magazines, booklets, and television. UCG produces the following: UCG also has 33 booklets on different Bible teachings, and a 12-lesson Bible study course. It also has a monthly Bible reading program where the Bible is explained, and a number of articles. "Kingdom of God Bible seminars" began in September 2011 and are held at different locations around the world. Jewish–Roman wars The Jewish–Roman Wars is the name given to a number of revolts of Jews in the province of Judea in the Roman Empire. These were directed against the Roman rule. Further revolts by the Jews in Iudaea Province: Triple-Zero Triple-Zero (000) is the national emergency number within Australia. If someone has an emergency situation that is life threatening or time critical, this number will connect them to a Telstra operator who will then connect them to the police, fire or ambulance service as required. 112 is a secondary emergency number that will direct calls to the Triple Zero answering point. It is against the law to use this number if there is no emergency. History. Before 1961, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services; each of the different emergency branches (police, fire department or ambulance) had their own number. In 1961, the Postmaster General (PMG) introduced the Triple Zero (000) number in most of the major Australian cities and by the end of the 1980s it had become nation-wide. The number Triple Zero (000) was chosen for several reasons, one of which was that it was easy to dial in darkness because the number zero was next to the finger stop on most Australian telephones. Possible uses. A person would dial Triple-Zero (000) if they require a response from police, fire or ambulance for life threatening or time critical events. Procedure. When Triple-Zero (000) is dialled, a Telstra operator will answer and ask the caller the following: “Emergency, police, fire or ambulance?”. The Telstra operator will then connect the caller to the required emergency service. The emergency service call taker will then ask the caller further, and send assistance as required. Districts of Germany German districts () are administrative units used in Germany for local government. The districts are in between the (German states) and the local / municipal levels (). They are not to be confused with the larger . Their equivalent in other nations is the county or arrondissement. Types of districts. Most of the districts are rural districts (). There are 295 "Landkreise". Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (and smaller towns in some states) are not usually part of a district, but do the work of a district themselves. These are known as urban districts ( or "Stadtkreise") The equivalent in the United Kingdom is a unitary authority, they do the work of a town and a county. There are 107 of these Kreisfreie Städte. This makes a total of 402 districts. In North Rhine-Westphalia, there are some cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants which are not urban districts, for example Iserlohn, Recklinghausen, Siegen, Paderborn, Bergisch Gladbach, Witten and Neuss. These cities belong to a district, but still do so the districts jobs themselves, as though they were independent. Responsibilities. The districts are responsible for the following: All these tasks are carried out by local (municipal) authorities operating together. Urban districts have these responsibilities and also those of the municipalities. District council. The district council, the , is the legislative body of the district and is responsible for local self-administration. The parliament is elected every five years, except in Bavaria where it is elected every six years. District administration. The person in charge of the district's government is the or . In parts of northern Germany, this is also the name of the district administration, in southern Germany it is known as "Kreisverwaltung". Rural districts of Germany Germany is divided into 401 administrative districts. There are 294 rural districts (), listed here. There are also 107 urban districts (' / ') listed in List of German urban districts. Urban districts are large towns or cities which handle their own local government. Rural districts provide services for the smaller towns and villages in an area. In some states the towns and villages in a district are joined into ämter (although "amt" is not always the name used). This is because the towns and villages in the area are too small to provide the local services (for example fire brigade or cemeteries). If the "Amt" system is used towns or settlements might be "amtfrei" that is, not part of an amt because the town can handle its own local affairs. In some states there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things like land-use planning which can affect several districts. Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until 24 July 1567, when she was forced to give up her kingdom ("abdicate)." She was executed because it was said she had been plotting to kill her cousin, Elizabeth I of England. Early life. Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland, who died just after she was born. She was crowned queen when she was only 6 days old. She went to live in France when she was very young. Scotland would be ruled by "regents" until she was 18 years old. The first regent was the Earl of Arran. After 1554, the regent was Mary's mother, Mary of Guise. King Henry VIII of England tried to get Lord Arran to agree that Mary would marry his son. This led to a series of battles called the "Rough Wooing". In the end, Lord Arran turned to the French for help. Lord Arran and King Henry II of France agreed that France would protect Scotland if Mary could marry the King's son Francis. When she was 15 years old, Mary married Francis, who was now King Francis II of France. But their marriage was short. Francis became very ill and later died from an ear infection that had spread to his brain, leaving Mary a widow shortly before her 18th birthday. When Mary was born, Scotland was a Catholic country. While she was living in France, Protestant ideas were spreading to Scotland. Her mother tried to stop this but could not. In 1560, the Parliament of Scotland said it wanted Scotland to be a Protestant country. Reign in Scotland. In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland. She found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants. As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband. For her second husband, she chose an English lord named Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who was of royal blood. Darnley was good-looking and charming, but he was often very childish, and he was jealous of Mary's secretary, an Italian named David Rizzio. Mary became pregnant. While she was expecting the baby, Darnley and his friends got drunk one night and decided to kill David Rizzio. They came into Mary's private rooms at Holyrood Palace while she was talking with Rizzio and they stabbed him to death. Darnley got away with the murder because he was the queen's husband, but Mary never forgave him for murdering her friend Rizzio and avoided being with him again. When her baby was born, it was a boy, who would later become King James VI of Scotland. In 1567, Darnley was murdered. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was put on trial for the murder but found not guilty. He was a powerful Scottish nobleman who was loyal to Mary and hated Darnley. Mary then married him. This caused her problems, because Bothwell had many enemies and many still believed he had murdered Darnley. Mary's enemies forced her off the throne and made her young son king in her place. Mary was put in prison in Loch Leven Castle. She escaped and crossed the border into England, which was ruled by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England. Imprisonment and execution. Mary hoped that Elizabeth would help her to get her throne back, but Elizabeth did not since it was always believed that Mary would try to take the throne from her. She kept Mary a prisoner for many years. Mary was eventually accused of making plans to murder Elizabeth. A jury of thirty noblemen convicted her of treason and she was executed. Even though Elizabeth signed the death warrant, she put it off for a long time as she was not comfortable with executing someone who was both a family member and another queen. Administrative divisions of Germany This is a list of the administrative divisions of Germany. It includes the "Kreise"/"Landkreise" as well as the "kreisfreie Städte". The list is sorted alphabetically, by state. Jack Peñate Jack Fabian Peñate (born 2 September 1984) is a British singer-songwriter and musician, of English and Spanish heritage. He is signed to XL Recordings, the record label. Well known for his soulful ska-fuelled songs and eccentric dancing whilst on stage, his live performance has received some very high praise. He attended Alleyn's School and spent one year at University College London studying Classics before leaving to start his musical career. He performs with friends and band members Joel Porter (bass) and Alex Robins (drums). Discography. Singles: Albums: Guillaume Dufay Guillaume Dufay (pronounce "GHEE-oam Doo-FYE", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century. Life. From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting. From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest. When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made "maistre de chappelle" in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet "Nuper rosarum flores", one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence. During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support. At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it. Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song "L'homme armé", as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost. After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet "Ave regina celorum" to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in the Palais des Beaux Arts museum in Lille. Music and influence. Dufay’s music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days. Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing. Upper Egypt Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. The northern part of Upper Egypt, between El-Aiyat and Asyut is sometimes called Middle Egypt. Upper Egypt was known as "Ta Shemau" which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo. For most of pharaonic Egypt's history Thebes was the administrative centre of Upper Egypt. Upper Egypt was represented by the tall White Crown "Hedjet", and its symbol was the flowering lotus. It is in this region that the Arab Bedouin were installed before settling between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantinois) Brandenburg an der Havel Brandenburg an der Havel (Upper Sorbian: "Branibor", Low German: "Brannenborg an de Havel") is a town in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the banks of the Havel river. Population: 74,129 (December 31, 2005). The town of Brandenburg is less known than the state of Brandenburg: But the state is named after the town, and so is the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margravate of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but once it was the start of the countries of Brandenburg and Prussia. History. Brandenburg was only on western bank of the Havel until 1196. But even after that year the parts on either side of the river were regarded as two different towns (Old and New Brandenburg) for centuries. In 1314 the two towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the towns were robbed and destroyed. Potsdam became the new capital, and the Royal Court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 the two halves of the town were merged to form a single town. The concentration camp Brandenburg-Görden was in Görden, a suburb of Brandenburg, during the years of Nazi Germany. After the fall of the Berlin Wall the population dropped from over 100,000 in 1989 down to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration mainly affects the young people and thus the future of the city is uncertain. Earl Hooker Earl Hooker (born January 15, 1929 in Clarksdale, Mississippi; died April 21, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues guitarist. Life and career. Early life. Earl Hooker was born Earl Zebedee Hooker in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar around the age of 10 and began going to the Lyon & Healy Music School in 1941 soon after. Teen life. While a teen, Hooker played on Chicago street corners, sometimes with Bo Diddley. He also became friends with slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk, which led to Hooker playing slide guitar and some performances with Nighthawk's group outside of Chicago. First band. In 1949, Hooker moved to Memphis, joined Ike Turner's band, and played in the South. Hooker made his first recordings mainly 78 rpm and 45 rpm records in 1952 and 1953 for small labels Rockin', King, and Sun. Hooker spent most of the '60s playing in Chicago clubs with his band. First album. In 1969 he recorded an album, "Hooker 'n Steve", with organist Steve “Mr. Blues” Miller for Arhoolie Records. Hooker also played slide guitar on the 1962 Muddy Waters recording "You Shook Me". The 1970 album "Sweet Black Angel", co-producer Ike Turner contain songs "I Feel Good", "Drivin' Wheel", "Country and Western", "Boogie", Don't Blot! "Shuffle", "Catfish Blues", "Crosscut Saw", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Mood", and "Funky Blues". Death. Earl Hooker died at the age of 41 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His story was told in a 2001 book by author Sebastian Danchin titled "Earl Hooker, Blues Master". Roma people The Roma are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group found mainly in Europe. In English, they are often called Gypsies. Some Roma, but not all consider "Gypsy" to be a slur. The old word "Chingar" is now rarely used. The Roma are people that originally came via the Silk Road from the Indian subcontinent around the time of the Migration period and settled in Egypt. Genetic. A DNA study by Indian and Estonian researchers shows that the Roma people's ancestors originate from Chandala (untouchables), Dalit and Shudra community of their ancestral homeland Gene flow from Turks into the Roma people population at the Ottoman Empire , happened through the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans and Byzantine Empire. Much DNA from the People of the Host Countrys where the roma live in flow also into the Romani people trough intermarriages Another gene study shows South Indian Tamil people DNA to Romani people, also the Y-DNA H in Roma community if from India. View Romani Men share the R1a1 Y-DNA Haplogroup, who show a Brahmin Ancestry. It is also claimed the Roma people came from Sindh.. Also the J and R Y-DNA from Jats can be found in Roma people The newborns of the Romani people from different countries, as a Indian study shows, have the blue-greyish so called Mongolian spot. Another study show's that many Romani Men from the Zargari tribe in Iran at Qazvin Province are born without a foreskin or a very short foreskin, a rare condition called Aposthia. There are populations of Roma all over Europe, but the largest populations are in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans. There are various groups of Roma: the Roma of East European birth; the Sinti in Germany and the Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; the Romanichals of Britain; and the Romanlar in Turkey. Language. The Romani language is now an official language in many European countries under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. History. The 18th-century idea on the Indian birth of the Roma is based on the likeness between Romani and the languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent. The theory is now supported by genetic evidence. The origins of the Roma were not known until 1763, when a theology student, Stefan Vali, met Indian medical students. He noticed that they were physically similar to the Roma he saw in Hungary. He also noticed that they used similar words. It is believed that the remnants from the Indo-Greeks , the Atsinganos (Untouchables) left the Indian subcontinent as traders about Indo-Roman trade via the Silk Road through Byzantine Empire to Egypt at the time of the Migration period , where they live for centuries. The Copts named them ⲣⲱⲙⲁ ("man or human", also "these people there") in Coptic. Around the 12th or the 13th centuries, the Roma reached the Balkans, in the wake of the Crusades. From there, they dispersed in Western Europe. The first arrivals were well accepted. European people thought they were Christian pilgrims. The local people of Europe were fascinated by their nomadic way of life and their new sciences. A Roma was often recruited as a musician, for Horse training and circus artists, a lion tamer, a Blacksmith, a town crier, a hawker, avgroundskeeper, a dishwasher, a cleaner, a lumberjack, a caretaker, a locksmith, and other low jobs. Roma were crossing Europe aboard large caravans, which contained their luggage. The Egyptians Act of 1530 expelled Roma people from England, and 10,000 expelled Roma people went to the Ottoman Empire and became Muslims. Their descendants have , call themself until today Egyptians. During World War II, Roma people suffered from the Nazis' persecution and ethnic cleansing policies. Statistics show that about 500,000 Roms died in Nazi concentration camps.. The Xoraxane Roma from Bosnia, also named white sedentary muslim gypys was not deportated, because Muslims of Bosnia decleared they belong to us. Around the year 1000, an event in northern India, about the time of Muslim invaders, likely triggered their mass exodus. The precise event is still unknown, but the possible reasons include a conflict that resulted in the Roma's persecution, a natural disaster, or even recruitment into a mercenary military. The Roma journeyed towards the Caucasus and China, as well as through the Middle East and Greece towards the Balkans; they covered all corners of today's Central and Western Europe by the end of the 16th century. The Roma typically traveled in patriarchal extended families, consisting of up to hundreds of people. During colonial times, some European countries dealt with the Roma by shipping them overseas, mainly to various Caribbean islands and the present-day United States. In the 1860s, Roma from Britain arrived in the U.S., but the largest wave of Roma arrived in the early 1900s. Culture. The culture of roma people differs from country to country where there live in and also many differences from group to group. The different Religions also have a big influence of the difference of roma-culture. The Roma left a musical heritage. Guitars and violins are part of their traditions. The Roma influenced musical styles in Europe, such as the belly dance, flamenco, rumba, and jazz. On 8 April 1971, the Roma nationality was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the Roma national day. Most Romani people practise endogamy and arranged marriage's in very young age. Exogamy, marrying a Gadjo (non-Roma), is seldom. In some groups Cousin marriage is prohibited. Beliefs. The Roma's religions are mostly Eastern Christianity, Catholicism, and Islam. Baptism by the Dasikane (Christian Roma) and male circumcision by the Xoraxane (Muslim Roma) are practiced. Their ancient religion was Hinduism and Buddhism. Some formally Christian and Muslim Roma have embraced the Noahidic faith. According to Jewish law, non-Jews do not have to convert, but are supposed to obey the Noahide commandments. Persons who submit to the commandments are called children of Noah (B'nei Noach) Noahids. In Hungary there are many former Christian Roma who adopted Buddhism, especially in Hungary. There are also some Christian Roma groups, who taken one of the several evangelicalism faith. Several Muslim Roma belong to one of a Sufism Tarika. The Old Dualist-Religion of the Roma people called "Romanipen" is a simple belive in "Devla-God and Beng-Satan ". There is no holy books but Priests called Rashai derived from Rishi, the Priests wife is called Rashani. Only Roma or partial roma may be members. Some Roma belonges to Bahá'í Faith and Mormonism Persecutions. Even though they have been recognized, they still suffer from discrimination and antiziganism. Some countries still apply discriminatory attitudes towards Roma, especially in workplaces and schools, where they are not accepted. Their squatting communities also irritate locals. The Romani created an association in 1978 to defend their rights. Scrubland Scrubland is plant community with scrub vegetation. "Scrub" means low shrubs, mixed with grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Scrublands are sometimes known as heathlands. Scrublands may develop naturally or as result of human activity. They may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as a major fire. Lower Egypt Lower Egypt is the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea. Lower Egypt was known as "Ta-Mehu" which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes. Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs. The climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and there is more rainfall. The capital of Lower Egypt was Buto. Its patron goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown "Deshret", and its symbol was the papyrus. Evelyn Barbirolli Evelyn Barbirolli (born Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, 24 January 1911; died 25 January 2008) was a famous oboist. She was an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Only 116 people have ever been made honorary members. She was the wife of the conductor Sir John Barbirolli. She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was always known by that name until after the death of her husband, John Barbirolli, when she changed her professional name to “Evelyn Barbirolli”. She became famous at a time when there were very few women in orchestras. Life. Early years. Evelyn Rothwell’s father was a tea dealer in the City of London. Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a 19th century novelist. She started to learn the oboe at her school, Downe House, near Newbury. Her father did not want her to study music, but in the end she was allowed to go to the Royal College of Music. She studied the oboe there, and the piano as a second instrument. She also played the cello and timpani. She was a student there at the same time as Benjamin Britten, who sometimes asked her to play some of the oboe music he had just written. Evelyn started her professional career as an oboist in the Drury Lane orchestra. She soon got a job with the Royal Opera House touring company whose conductor was John Barbirolli. Barbirolli was married, but his marriage did not last long. Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now called the Royal Scottish National Orchestra). He gave Evelyn the job of first oboe in this orchestra. He made an arrangement of a concerto by Handel for her to play. She played several other concertos with him conducting, and they made several recordings. Vaughan Williams was very pleased with their recording of his oboe concerto. Several composers wrote music especially for her. Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen’s Hall Orchestra. Years of marriage. Evelyn married Barbirolli in 1939, after he had divorced his first wife. By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He had taken this job after Toscanini had left. Barbirolli and his new wife lived in New York until 1943 when they returned to England so that Barbirolli could be the conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester. Sometimes she played in the orchestra, but not very often because she thought people might say that it was because her husband was the conductor. When the Hallé Orchestra went to Austria in 1948 she played Mozart’s oboe concerto with them. People at that time only knew this work in an arrangement for the flute. In Manchester Evelyn helped her husband by being his secretary. She drove him everywhere, and was always by his side at rehearsals to help him. As Barbirolli gradually became ill she spent nearly all her time with him instead of playing the oboe. She travelled with him to America when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. Barbirolli kept working hard although he was not well. During his last years they had financial problems when Barbirolli’s manager caused them to lose a lot of money. After Barbirolli’s death. After Barbirolli’s death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again. She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, and was always known as “Lady Barbirolli” (or “Lady B”). She often adjudicated at music competitions. Her pupils respected her for her honesty and kindness. She wrote a book about "Oboe Technique" and the "Oboist’s Companion", a book in 3 volumes. She also wrote an autobiography called "Living with Glorious John". She was made an OBE in 1984. She died the day after her 97th birthday. List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants This is a list of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The following table lists all towns in Germany that currently have a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list rules because it is too small) in light blue. List. Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name is given first. Regierungsbezirk A Regierungsbezirk is a government region of Germany in some federal states ("Bundesländer"). "Regierungsbezirke" are divided into districts ("Kreise"), either "Landkreise" or urban districts: cities which constitute a district in their own right ("kreisfreie Städte"). The "Regierungsbezirk" is governed by a "Bezirksregierung" and led by a "Regierungspräsident". Not all "Bundesländer" have this sub-division; some are directly divided into districts. Currently, five states are divided into 22 "Regierungsbezirke", ranging in population from 5,255,000 (Düsseldorf) to 1,065,000 (Gießen): History. The first "Regierungsbezirke" were created by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808/16, which divided its provinces into 25 "Regierungsbezirke". The "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia are in direct continuation of those created in 1815. Other states of the German Empire created similar entities, named "Kreishauptmannschaft" (in Saxony) or "Kreis" (in Bavaria and Württemberg) (not to be confused with the "Kreis" or "Landkreis" today). During the Third Reich, the Nazi government unified the naming; since then all these entities are called "Regierungsbezirk". On January 1 2000 Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke" Koblenz, Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier - the employees and assets of the three "Bezirksregierungen" were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the "Bezirksregierung". On January 1, 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke": Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg. The responsibilities are now covered by a "Landesverwaltungsamt" with three offices at the former seats of the "Bezirksregierungen". On January 1, 2005, Lower Saxony disbanded its four "Regierungsbezirke": Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg, and Weser-Ems. In 2005, North Rhine-Westphalia planned to abolish its five "Regierungsbezirke" and create three self-government entities. The old, "Prussian-style", Regierungsbezirk had no self-government organs. Joschka Fischer Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. He was a leading figure in the German Green Party and according to opinion polls , he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the government's duration. He left office on 22 November 2005. Early life. Fischer was born in Gerabronn in Baden-Württemberg. His parents were Germans from Hungary. His nickname Joschka is from "Jóska", which is the Hungarian nickname for Joseph (). Fischer dropped out of high school in 1965, and started working for a photographer which he quit in 1966. In 1967 he became active in the German student movement and Left-wing politics. Working in a left-wing bookstore in Frankfurt was when he started going to leftist university events as a guest student. He studied the works of Marx, Mao and Hegel and became a member of the militant group "Revolutionary Combat" (). Fischer took part in some street battles when the anarchist "Putzgruppe" attacked the police and hurt some officers a lot. (In German the word "Putz" can mean a cleaner, but in "Putz-group" it is an acronym. That means the letters stand for other words. "Proletarische Union für Terror und Zerstörung", i.e. "The Workers Union for Terror and Destruction"). Photos of one battle in March 1973 show Fischer clubbing policeman Rainer Marx . getting a workout (photo) In the German Autumn () of 1977, there were a lot of terrorist attacks by the Red Army Faction (RAF). Fischer says that these attacks, especially the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, made him give up violence as a way to get political change. Instead, he became involved in the new social movements and later in the newly founded German Green Party, mainly in the state of Hesse. In May 1981 the Minister of Economics of the state of Hesse, Heinz-Herbert Karry, was murdered. The gun that killed the minister was stolen from an American army base in 1973, and Fischer's car was used in the robbery. As Foreign Minister, Fischer apologised for the violence of his "Putzgruppe" days, Green politician. From 1983 to 1985, Fischer was a member of the Bundestag for the Green party. In 1985, he became Minister for the Environment in Hesse in the first Social Democrat-Green coalition (1985-1987). Fischer caused a stir when he arrived to take his oath of office ceremony wearing trainers. These trainers are now on display in a museum in Bonn. Fischer was again Environment Minister in Hessen from 1991 to 1994, and, later on, became co-chairman of the Greens parliamentary party in the Bundestag. During his years in opposition, Fischer was respected for his speeches. For a large part of the 1990s, with the SPD was not very popular, and Fischers friends often called him "real" Leader of the Opposition. Foreign Minister. In September 1998 the Social Democrats, led by Gerhard Schröder, beat the Christian Democrat government of Helmut Kohl. With the SPD's 42% and the Greens' 7%, a coalition government could be formed. After several weeks of talks between Social Democrats and Greens, the new government took power on 27 October 1998. Fischer became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1999 Fischer supported German participation in the Kosovo War. This was very extremely controversial within the largely pacifist Green Party, because it meant that, for the first time since World War II, German soldiers would actively go into combat. He justified this war with allegations that Serbia was planning to commit genocide against the Kosovo Albanians. Fischer was also in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, but he advised Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. He is known as a good friend of Kofi Annan. By 2005 he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in German postwar history (after Hans-Dietrich Genscher). In 2005 Fischer was accused by critics of carelessly relaxing controls on visa regulations for Ukraine, thus allowing many illegal immigrants to enter Germany with fake identities. A parliamentary committee was established to examine the case, and unlike in other such committee hearings, Fischer's statement (and that of other top officials) was shown live on public TV. Fischer's appearance before the committee took twelve hours. (See German Visa Affair 2005). After the defeat of the coalition government in the 2005 election, Fischer announced that he would retire to the backbench. "After 20 years of power, now I want my freedom back", he was quoted as saying. On 13 October 2005, it was announced that Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) would succeed Fischer as Foreign Minister. Life after politics. Since the beginning of September 2006 Joschka Fischer has been a senior fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, a visiting professor at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has also spoken at other American universities, notably Brandeis University, on various topic in foreign affairs and international relations. Private life. Fischer has often been the most popular German politician, even among supporters of other parties. Until 1996, Fischer had been an outspoken lover of good wines and food. He often bet cases of expensive wine with other politicians on the outcome of elections. Fischer had also been overweight. Within a short time he lose a lot of weight. Fischer said that this was due to his giving up alcohol completely and changing his diet. He had also been doing fitness training and even running marathons. He cashed in on his weight loss by writing the book "My long race towards myself" about his experience, which became an immediate bestseller. Recently he has been putting on weight again. Fischer has been married five times: his first four marriages, to Edeltraud Fischer (1967-1984), Inge Vogel (1984-1987), Claudia Bohm (1987-1999), and Nicola Leske (1999-2003), all ended in divorce. In October 2005 he married (in Rome) Minu Barati, who was his common-law wife for 2 years. With Inge, his second wife, he has two children: David and Lara. In April 2005 Fischer became a grandfather for the first time. Further reading. The following sources reflect the views of U.S. adversaries of Fischer and his policies, especially Germany's decision not to participate in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Other websites. Fischer writes a monthly commentary series, "The Rebel Realist", for Project Syndicate, a non-profit association of newspapers around the world. Flora family The Flora family of asteroids is a big group of S-type asteroids in the closer part of the main belt, whose origin and properties are not well understood right now. About 4-5% of all main belt asteroids belong to this family. Because of its poorly defined edges, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, this asteroid group has also sometimes been called the Ariadne family, when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappala 1995). Characteristics. The biggest member is 8 Flora, which mesures 140 km in diameter, and takes up about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost for sure destroyed by the impact/s that made the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%, with the remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter. Unrelated asteroids. Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of asteroids unrelated to the collision that made the family would be present. However, few have been found. This is because unrelated asteroids are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the closer main belt overall. The few unrelated asteroids that have been found are all small (Florczak "et al." 1998, and also by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the biggest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Liliputia, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai. Tseax River Cone The Tseax River Cone (also known as Aiyansh Volcano) is a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano and the area around it are protected as a provincial park called the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park. In the 18th century it caused the death of about 2000 people. Mike Dirnt Mike Dirnt (born Ryan Pritchard on May 4, 1972, in Berkeley, California) is the bass guitar player from the punk rock band Green Day, he also sings back up vocals. Personal life. Dirnt was adopted. His adoptive parents divorced when he was 7, and both are now remarried. Dirnt owns a restaurant in California called "Rudy's Can't Fail Cafe". He married his long time girlfriend Anastasia in 1996 and their daughter, Estella-Desiree, "Stella", was born in April 1997. He recently was remarried in 2004, however his wife left him because he spent too much time in the studio recording American Idiot. Dirnt lives in Oakland, California. Tré Cool Tré Cool (born Frank Edwin Wright III on December 9, 1972, in Frankfurt, Germany) is a German-born American drummer for the punk band Green Day. Appearance. He has red hair and blue eyes. Personal life. He has two children, Ramona, born January 1995 to ex-wife, Lisea Lyons; Frankito ("Little Frank"), born 2001 to Claudia. Tré grew up with his father and 2 siblings. He dated The Donnas drummer Torry Castellano in 2003, they then separated in mid 2005. Tre' Cool is currently single. Plain White T's Plain White T's are an alternative rock band from Chicago. Their newest release, "Every Second Counts" (2006), was the first Plain White T's album to reach the mainstream. When the album came out, one song, "Hey There Delilah", an acoustic love song, was played on many radio stations daily. Another famous song of theirs is "Our Time Now". Biography. Formation. The singer of the band, Tom Higgenson, first wanted to be a drummer. He was in many bands during his High School. However, when Plain White T's were made, he decided to become a singer and a songwriter. Bassist, Ken Fletcher, and drummer, Dave Tirio, joined the band began performing in Downers Grove, Illinois. Early Career, 1999- 2001. They started out by playing other people's songs, but in the summer of 1999 the band was beginning to become known by record labels like Atlantic Recordings. In 2000 they released their first album, "Come On Over". They toured around Chicago to try and make the album sell more and to get more fans. Stop 2001-2004. At the end of 2001, Plain White T's left Atlantic Recordings and signed to Fearless Records. They began recording for their next album, called "Stop". They chose in Downers Grove, Illinois and Santa Barbara, California. The album took four months to record, being finished in April 2002. The album was shown around Plain White T's home town before being released finally on August 20th 2002, a whole twenty months after it was started. In October, the band went on their first big tour. The tour in the band ending up stopping being friends, this was solved with new members, with Dave switching from drums to guitar, Steve being replaced by Tim Lopez, Ken being replaced by Mike Retondo and De'Mar Hamilton taking up drums. All That We Needed 2004-2006. The band went into the studio to record their next album, called "All That We Needed",in May 2004. After recording the album, they toured the US. During this tour, they released their first single, "All That We Needed". They then promoted the album internationally, gathering a growing fanbase, before heading back for the 2005 Take Action Tour. During the "Take Action Tour '05", Plain White T's recorded their first music video with a single which they hoped would be more famous than "All That We Needed" . Every Second Counts era 2006-present. In 2006 they signed to another new label, Hollywood Records, and then began recording a new album. Shortly before the release of the album, the single "Hate (I Really Don't Like You)" was released, it was the first single by them to achieve noticeable success. Plain White T's started touring in Winter and Autumn of 2006. By this time they were starting to get noticed in the music industry at last. Although they were beginning to get noticed in the minor US rock industry, internationally Plain White Ts were not doing so well, by this point, they had not even sold 100,000 copies of any album anywhere outside of the US. Hollywood Records thought that re-releasing "Hey There Delilah" would make the band famous. Breakthrough: "Hey There Delilah". "Hey There Delilah" is an acoustic song, first released as a single in May 2006 as chasing cars, and was the last track in the band's first album, All That We Needed. One year later, in 2007, the song became the band's first mainstream hit. On 11 July 2007, the song reached number one for sales in the Billboard Hot 100. One month later, the song became a hit single all over the world. "Hey There Delilah" reached number two in the UK Singles Chart and Ireland Singles Chart, number four in the Australian chart and number six in the United World Chart. Its popularity made it to #1 in other countries like Germany and Canada. Suharto Suharto (February 20, 1921 – January 27, 2008) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian Army. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998. Political power. In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Suharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist with Suharto's tacit approvement. Estimates range around half a million. Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese. His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad. Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used. Death. Suharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Suharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure. He was taken off life support. He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town. Sukarno, Suharto and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo/Slaughter of Indonesian "Communists". The balance of power was shifted in favour of anti-Communists in December 1965, when personnel from both the Army Para-commando Regiment and 5th Brawijaya Military Region units arrived in Bali after having carried out killings in Java. Led by Suharto's principal troubleshooter, Sarwo Edhie Wibowo who with Javanese military commanders permitted Balinese squads (led by Anwar Congo, Adi Zulkadry, Safit Pardede) to kill until reined in. In contrast to Central Java where the Army encouraged people to kill the "Gestapu", Bali's eagerness to kill was so tremendous and spontaneous that, having provided logistic support initially, the Army eventually had to step in to prevent chaos. Sukarno's choice of Bali's provincial governor, Suteja, was recalled from office and accused of preparing a communist uprising, and his relatives were tracked down and killed. A series of killings similar to those in Central and East Java were led by black-shirted PNI youth. For several months, militia death squads went through villages capturing suspects and taking them away. Hundreds of houses belonging to communists and their relatives were burnt down within one week of the reprisal crusade, with occupants being butchered as they ran from their homes. An early estimate suggested that 50,000 people, including women and children, were killed in this operation alone. The population of several Balinese villages were halved in the last months of 1965. All the Chinese shops in the towns of Singaraja and Denpasar were destroyed and many of their owners who were alleged to have financially supported the "Gestapu" killed. Between December 1965 and early 1966, an estimated 80,000 Balinese were killed, roughly 5% of the island's population at the time, and proportionally more than anywhere else in Indonesia. Most of the people killed had little to do with Communist Party or other allegations thrown at them. Sukarno continued to command loyalty from large sections of the armed forces as well as the general population, and Suharto was careful not to be seen to be seizing power in his own coup. For eighteen months following the quashing of the 30 September Movement, there was a complicated process of political manoeuvres against Sukarno, including student agitation, stacking of parliament, media propaganda and military threats. In January 1966, university students under the banner of KAMI, begin demonstrations against the Sukarno government voicing demands for the disbandment of PKI and control of hyperinflation. The students received support and protection from the army. Street fights broke out between the students and pro-Sukarno loyalists with the pro-Suharto students prevailing due to army protection. In February 1966, Sukarno promoted Suharto to lieutenant-general (and to full general in July 1966). The killing of a student demonstrator and Sukarno's order for the disbandment of KAMI in February 1966 further galvanised public opinion against the president. On 11 March 1966, the appearance of unidentified troops around Merdeka Palace during a cabinet meeting (which Suharto had not attended) forced Sukarno to flee to Bogor Palace (60 km away) by helicopter. Three pro-Suharto generals, Major-General Basuki Rahmat, Brigadier-General M Jusuf, and Brigadier-General Amirmachmud went to Bogor to meet Sukarno. There, they persuaded and secured a presidential decree from Sukarno (see "Supersemar") that gave Suharto authority to take any action necessary to maintain security. Using the "Supersemar" letter, Suharto ordered the banning of PKI the following day and proceeded to purge pro-Sukarno elements from the parliament, the government and military, accusing them of being communist sympathisers. The army arrested 15 cabinet ministers and forced Sukarno to appoint a new cabinet consisting of Suharto supporters. The army arrested pro-Sukarno and pro-communist members of the MPRS (parliament), and Suharto replaced chiefs of the navy, air force, and the police force with his supporters, who then began an extensive purge within each service. In June 1966, the now-purged parliament passed 24 resolutions including the banning of Marxism–Leninism, ratifying the Supersemar, and stripping Sukarno of his title of President for Life. Against the wishes of Sukarno, the government ended the Konfrontasi with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations (Sukarno had removed Indonesia from the UN in the previous year). Suharto did not seek Sukarno's outright removal at this MPRS session due to the remaining support for the president among some elements of the armed forces. By January 1967, Suharto felt confident that he had removed all significant support for Sukarno within the armed forces, and the MPRS decided to hold another session to impeach Sukarno. On 22 February 1967, Sukarno announced he would resign from the presidency, and on 12 March, the MPRS session stripped him of his remaining power and named Suharto acting president. Sukarno was placed under house arrest in Bogor Palace; little more was heard from him, and he died in near seclusion in June 1970. IG Farben IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG), was a group of German chemical companies formed in 1925. "Farben" is German for "paints", "dyes", or "colors". Initially most of these companies produced dyes, but soon began to do more advanced chemistry. The founding of IG Farben was a reaction to Germany's defeat in World War I. IG Farben held a near total monopoly on chemical production. IG was the company which produced chemical weapons which were available to the Wehrmacht in WWII. These included nerve gases which were never used against the allied armies for the reason that the Allies were though to have the same capability. However, Zyklon B was used in the Holocaust to murder Jewish prisoners. The SS was an authorized applier of the chemical. Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's rough switch to independence. Sukarno was forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto. Suharto formally became President in March 1967. The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947. It is still common to see the older spelling Soekarno, mainly because he signed his name with the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from 1947-1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. Indonesians also remember him as Bung" Karno or Pak" Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno'. Cybele asteroid The Cybele asteroids are a group of asteroids in the asteroid belt with an orbital radius usually between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, with an orbital eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 25°. Mettembert Mettembert is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Montsevelier Montsevelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi. Movelier Movelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Pleigne Pleigne is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Rebeuvelier Rebeuvelier was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat became part of the municipality of Courrendlin. Rossemaison Rossemaison is a municipality of the district of Delémont of the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Saulcy Saulcy is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Soulce Soulce was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Soulce, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne. Soyhières Soyhières is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Screamo Screamo is a musical genre which came from both emo and hardcore punk in the mid 1990s. This genre usually consists of minor chord progressions on guitar with both dissonance and reverb, the time signatures used are usually not in 4/4 instead bands and artists use less used time signatures to create a more tense feel, This genre has both a mellow and chaotic feel to it. The vocals are usually high-pitched screams and lyrics are often poetic or political. An example of some Screamo bands include Saetia, Orchid, Circle Takes the Square, Envy, pageninetynine, and Thursday. Comcast Comcast Corporation is the biggest cable television company, the second biggest Internet service provider and the third biggest telephone company in the United States. History. In 2007, Comcast was accused of bandwidth throttling, or the provider slowing the Internet connection they have, by its customers. The FCC has launched an investigation regarding the situation. On January 28, 2011, Comcast bought 51 percent of NBCUniversal (owner of NBC and Universal Studios) from General Electric, but Comcast owns 51 percent of NBCUniversal while General Electric remains 49 percent of NBCUniversal until 2013. In March 2013, Comcast completed the purchase by acquiring the remaining 49 percent of NBCUniversal from General Electric. In February 2014, Comcast settled a deal to purchase the second largest cable television provider, Time Warner Cable for US$45 billion. On April 28, 2016, Comcast NBCUniversal announced that it would acquire DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion. The Comcast NBCUniversal-DreamWorks Animation acquisition was completed on August 22, 2016. Business. Comcast offers cable TV, High Speed Internet, telephone and home security. Their products are branded as Xfinity. Comcast has launched their own streaming service called Peacock. It has many movies and TV shows made by NBC and Universal, as well as those made by companies that they own, such as DreamWorks they own Classic Media (CM's subsidiaries are Bullwinkle and Harvey together) and Illumination. List of victims of Nazism Millions of people were arrested, tortured or murdered by the Nazis. This is a list of victims of Nazism who were famous for some reason. This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as a result of Nazism. This list includes those whose deaths were part of The Holocaust as well as people who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. People who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the National Socialists or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered. This list is sorted by occupation and within by nationality. Music. "See also: List of composers influenced by the Holocaust" Aeolian Islands The Aeolian Islands is an archipelago of seven islands, which are north of Sicilly. The islands are of volcanic origin. About 13.000 people live on the islands, which belong to Italy. The biggest of the islands is "Lipari". For this reason, the islands are also known as Lipari islands. There are two active volcanoes on these islands, called Stromboli and Vulcano. Stromboli is the only volcano that is active all the time. The volcano on Vulcan is called "Grande Fossa". It is dormant or slightly active. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe. The islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They were important for the obsidian that can be found there. Volcanology In geology, volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the part of geology that studies volcanoes, lava, magma, and other related things. The term "volcanology" comes from the Latin word "vulcan", the Roman god of fire. A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes and their eruptions. Volcanologists visit volcanoes often, especially active ones. This makes it a dangerous science. They analyze physical and chemical variations related to historical and current activity of the volcanoes. Volcanologists look at volcanic eruptions, collect material from the eruptions, such as ash or pumice, rock and lava samples. Birmingham Small Arms Company The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) was a British company that started making guns and bicycles in the 19th century. From 1910 the company started making motorcycles. At one time, It was the most popular maker of motorcycles in the world. Over half a million of the company's most popular model, the Bantam, were sold. The company went out of business in the 1970s. It has started again as a gun making company. BSA Bantam The BSA Bantam is a small two-stroke motorcycle that was made by the Birmingham Small Arms company from 1949 to 1972. History. The bike originally came from a German design, the DKW RT 125, from before World War II. There were more than 8 different versions of the bike, from the D1 to the B175, these bikes has engines that range from 125cc to 175cc Caló language Caló is a dialect spoken by the Gitanos or Zincarli (also "calés", "dark ones") that came to Spain. Caló uses Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar, as Spanish Roma lost the full use of their ancestral language. The language is mainly used for private talking between Roma people. Industrialisation Industrialisation (or industrialization) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns. Industrialisation is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. More things can be produced by fewer people. After industrialisation people also do more specialised jobs. For example before industrialisation, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. Industrial shoemaking involves many people in making shoes in a factory. An individual worker has a smaller task, however. One person cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. They make even more shoes when they use cutting machines, sewing machines and other special machines. The factory may be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines, or by a company. Industrialisation started in England with the industrial revolution in the 18th century. It spread first to parts of Europe, and to North America. In the 20th century industrialisation spread to most other countries. The Falling Man The Falling Man is the title of an article about a photograph taken by Richard Drew at 9:41:15 a.m., on September 11, 2001. The story was written by Tom Junod and appeared in the September 2003 issue of Esquire magazine. It is about the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City. The man in the photo, Jonathan Briley, is known as "The Falling Man". He himself had worked in the twin towers and he as many other coworkers had jumped out of the twin towers. Avon Avon can mean: Places. United States. There are also several Avon Townships. BSA BSA could stand for: Blues-rock Blues Rock is a type of music which mixes blues with rock and roll, and uses mostly electric guitar as a main instrument. It began in the mid 1960s in England and the United States with bands such as Cream and The Rolling Stones, who experimented with music from the older bluesmen like Elmore James, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf and Bo Diddley. AboutUs.com AboutUs.com is a wiki Internet domain directory. It lists websites along with information about their content. As a wiki, AboutUs allows Internet users to add entries or modify information. It was created by Ray King in 2006. It started in Portland, Oregon, where the website's headquarters is today. Ray King started AboutUs with only five people working with him, but, now he has more than thirty-five employees. AboutUs is in two different continents now, and they have an office in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Nile Delta The Nile Delta () is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers some 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo. Dams at Aswan farther upstream on the Nile have stopped further addition of the silt that built the delta in past centuries. Because of this, the delta is shrinking. Shape and composition. The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), and resembles a triangle or lotus flower when seen from above. Climate. The Nile Delta has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by little rainfall. Only 100 to 200 mm of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, averaging 30 °C, with a maximum of around 48 °C. Winter temperatures are normally in the range of 5° to 10 °C. The Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the summer months. The Nile Delta is currently eroding. References. 1. p87 in W. Hayes, 'Most Ancient Egypt', JNES, 23 (1964), 73-114. Lotus Lotus may refer to: in horticulture: in culture (Asian): in corporate and computing: in geography: in maritime in other meanings: Lotus position The lotus position (Sanskrit: "Padmasanam") is a cross-legged sitting position which is common in meditative practices of Hinduism. It is a part of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble a lotus plant and to encourage proper breathing and to be helpful for physical stability. Polypropylene Polypropylene (PP), or polypropene, is a type of plastic. It is a thermoplastic polymer which can be made into a fibre for yarn and fabric, film for packaging, or many other shapes. As a plastic it can be made translucent but usually is opaque and often brightly colored. It is tough, and resists many solvents, acids and bases. It can be formed into a thin thread and woven into a strong strap, often used on backpacks, bags, and other things. In 2008, the global market for polypropylene had a volume of 45.1 million metric tons, which led to a turnover of about $65 billion (~ €47.4 billion). Millau Viaduct Millau Viaduct is a large bridge in Millau, France in the Département of Aveyron. It was designed by the French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Sir Norman Foster. Before the bridge was built, traffic had to go down into the valley of the Tarn river and pass along the national route N9 near the town of Millau, causing heavy congestion at the beginning and end of the July and August vacation season. The bridge now crosses the Tarn valley above its lowest point, linking the Causse du Larzac to the Causse Rouge, and is inside the perimeter of the Grands Causses regional natural park. The bridge forms the last link of the A75 autoroute, (la Méridienne) from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers. The A75, with the A10 and A71, provides a continuous high-speed route south from Paris through Clermont-Ferrand to the Languedoc region and through to Spain, considerably reducing the cost of vehicle traffic traveling along this route. Many tourists heading to southern France and Spain follow this route because it is direct and without tolls for the 340 km between Clermont-Ferrand and Pézenas, except for the bridge itself. Shemale Shemale (also she-male) is a slang word. It describes a transwoman or intersex person with a penis, but a female body (e.g. breasts). Some people think "shemale" is a bad word to describe trans or intersex people because it is often used in pornography and sex work. Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (in German: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche, but mostly just known as Gedächtniskirche ), known in English as the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, is a ruined church in Berlin. It belongs to the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany It is on the Breitscheidplatz, at the end of the Kurfürstendamm. The old church was built between 1891 and 1895 according to plans by Franz Schwechten. Emperor Wilhelm II ordered the building of the church to honour his grandfather Wilhelm I. The neo-romanesque style is a reminder of the many Romanesque churches in the Rhineland like Bonn Minster. Mosaics inside the church showed the life and work of Emperor Wilhelm I. During World War II, the church was destroyed during a British RAF bombing raid in 1943. The only remainder of the old building is the ruin of the belfry, which is also called ("the hollow tooth"). After the war, from 1951 to 1961, a new church was built right next to the site of the old one. the new church was designed by Egon Eiermann. The new church has a cross made of nails from the old Coventry Cathedral, destroyed by German Luftwaffe bomb attacks in what was called the Coventry "Blitz". It was consecrated on May 25, 1962, the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. Both churches were built next to the ruins of the old building, which were kept as reminders of the horrors of war. As well as the Coventry cross, the "Gedächtniskirche" has a cross of the Russian Orthodox Church and a design known as the Stalingrad Madonna by Lieutenant Kurt Reuber, created in December 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd), as symbols of peace between the three countries that were once at war. In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, asking for its tower be restored. A fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair. Catherine Zeta-Jones Catherine Zeta-Jones CBE (born 25 September 1969) is an Academy Award-winning Welsh actress living in the United States. She started acting at in theatre when she was young. After this, she has many small role British and American television and movies. She became a famous actor once she start acting in Hollywood movies such as The Phantom, The Mask of Zorro, and Entrapment in the late 1990s. She won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for acting as Velma Kelly in 2002 movie Chicago. She is the first and only Welsh actress to win that award. In 2010 Zeta-Jones was given a CBE. Zeta-Jones is married to American actor Michael Douglas, with whom she shares a birthday. They have two children - Dylan (named after Dylan Thomas) and Carys. Zeta-Jones said in 2011 that she has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. John Bodkin Adams John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was a British doctor, fraudster and suspected serial killer. Early years. Adams was born in Randalstown in what is now Northern Ireland. His parents were from a very strict Christian sect called the Plymouth Brethren - and they believed that what ever they did in life, they would go to heaven anyway. He had one brother, William, born in 1903. His father died in 1914 and Adams was brought up by his mother. The family moved to Belfast but in 1918 William died from flu. Adams studied medicine at university. Job. Adams worked for one year in a hospital in Bristol. He then moved to Eastbourne, England where he became a general practitioner. He cared for a lot of old female patients and many of them were very rich. 132 left him money or gifts when they died. Rumours started that Adams was killing them with heroin and morphine and the police decided to investigate. Many of the possible victims had been cremated (burnt), so there were few bodies for the police to analyse. Trial. Adams was arrested and tried for the murder of one patient in 1957, but found not guilty. Another charge was withdrawn - an event the judge later criticised. The trial was reported in newspapers around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time". Claims of unfairness. Some have claimed that the trial was not held fairly. Police files show that the prosecution gave secret records to the defence to help them defend Adams. Evidence (some notebooks written by the patient's nurses) was lost by the prosecution and then found later by the defence. When it was produced during the trial, the prosecution pretended that it had never seen it. Also, the case that was chosen (Mrs Morrell) was probably one of the least likely to succeed. One historian claims that the government did not want Adams to be convicted, because he would then have been hanged. If this had happened, many doctors would have refused to treat government (NHS) patients and the government would have become very unpopular. Other crimes. Adams was later found guilty of 13 other crimes - prescription fraud, lying on cremation forms, obstructing a police search and failing to keep a register of the dangerous drugs he used. He had his license to be a doctor taken away in 1957 but it was given back in 1961. He was banned for life from prescribing dangerous drugs. Scotland Yard's files on the case were meant to be secret until 2033, but special permission was given in 2003 to open them. Opinions. Even though he was found not guilty, most experts now consider him to have been a serial killer. The judge in his trial later wrote a book in which he said Adams was probably guilty. The police thought that Adams killed 163 of his patients. Alex Andrew Kelly Alexander Andrew Kelly (born May 8, 1967) is an American from Darien, Connecticut, who was convicted of rape in 1997. He is an Irish American who is the middle of three children, having both an older and a younger brother. Crimes. Alex Kelly was charged with having done two aggravated assaults in Darien, Connecticut, in 1986. Before his trial was due to begin in 1987, Kelly fled the United States and spent the next seven years on the run, mostly in Europe. In 1995, Kelly gave him self up to the authorities in Switzerland and was extradited to the United States in order to stand trial on rape and kidnapping charges. Kelly faced two trials in 1997. After the first was declared a mistrial, the second resulted in his conviction for the first rape and a sentence of 16 years in prison. Release. In 2005, after having served eight years of his 16-year sentence, Kelly appeared before a Connecticut parole board; his bid for release was rejected. On November 23, 2007, Kelly was released from prison on "good behavior". He is now has to serve 10 years probation, perform 200 hours of community service, pay a $10,000 fine, and register with the Connecticut Sex Offender Registry. While in prison, Kelly claims that he earned a bachelor's degree in economics and third-world development. Dr. Phil (TV series) Dr. Phil is an American talk show hosted by Phil McGraw. It debuted on September 16, 2002, after McGraw had success with the "Tuesdays With Dr. Phil" segment on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". On both shows McGraw offers advice in the form of "life strategies" from his experience as a clinical psychologist. The show is in syndication throughout the United States and Canada, as well as a number of other countries. Also, the show's syndication contracts specifically state that if "Dr. Phil" is on another station, it cannot air at the same time as "Oprah". The sixth season premiered on September 10, 2007. It was announced on August 3, 2005 that "Dr. Phil" had been renewed through at least 2012-2013, lasting through the 11th season. In 2007, Dr. Phil was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Talk Show Host". Phil McGraw Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950), best known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality, psychologist and author. He is the host of the psychology-themed television show "Dr. Phil". He became a celebrity after appearances on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Early life. McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma. He is the son of Jerry Stevens and Joe McGraw. He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister, Brenda. They lived in the oil fields of North Texas. His father was an equipment supplier there. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could become a psychologist. McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Mission, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa. He played middle linebacker. His coach was Glenn Dobbs. Glenn Dobbs is the father of Gary Dobbs. Gary Dobbs went into business with McGraw. On November 23, 1968, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100-6. This is one of the most badly played games in college football history. After that season, McGraw moved to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology. He next got a Master's degree in experimental psychology in 1976. He then got a Ph.D in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas. At the University of North Texas, his dissertation was titled "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention." Career. After obtaining his Ph.D., McGraw joined his father, Dr. Joe McGraw, in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the elder McGraw had a private psychology practice. In 1983, McGraw and his father joined Thelma Box, a successful Texas businesswoman, in presenting "Pathways" seminars, "an experience-based training which allows individuals to achieve and create their own results." In 1990, McGraw joined lawyer Gary Dobbs in co-founding Courtroom Sciences Inc. (CSI), a trial consulting firm through which McGraw later came into contact with Oprah Winfrey. After some time, CSI became a profitable enterprise. It advising Fortune 500 companies and injured plaintiffs about achieving settlements. McGraw is no longer an officer or director of the company. After starting CSI, McGraw ceased the practice of psychology. Oprah Winfrey and the "Dr. Phil" show. In 1995, Oprah Winfrey hired McGraw's legal consulting firm CSI to prepare her for the Amarillo Texas beef trial. Winfrey was so impressed with McGraw that she thanked him for her victory in that case, which ended in 1998. Soon after, she invited him to appear on her show. His appearance proved so successful that he began appearing weekly as a "Relationship and Life Strategy Expert" on Tuesdays starting in April 1998. The next year, McGraw published his first best-selling book, "Life Strategies", some of which was taken from the "Pathways" seminar. In the next four years, McGraw published three additional best-selling relationship books, along with workbooks to complement them. As of September 2002, McGraw formed Peteski Productions and launched his own syndicated daily television show, "Dr. Phil", produced by Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The format is an advice show, where he tackles a different topic on each show, offering advice for his guests' troubles. Weight loss products. In 2003 Dr Phil started selling weight loss products. They were called, "Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!" McGraw said science showed they could help users control their weight. Many people criticized this and the Federal Trade Commission investigated. McGraw stopped selling weight loss products in March 2004 In October 2005, several people who used McGraw's products said they would file a class action lawsuit against him because although the supplements cost $120 per month they did not cause weight loss. McGraw paid $10.5 million in September 2006 to stop the lawsuit. Dr. Phil Dr. Phil could mean: Miss USA The Miss USA pageant is a beauty contest. It has been held every year since 1952. Winners compete in the Miss Universe pageant. On November 29, 2021, Elle Smith of Kentucky became Miss USA 2021. It used to be owned by billionaire businessman and television personality Donald Trump who is currently the 45th President of the United States since 2017. Since September 2015, the pageant has been owned by and the which are collectively known as WME-IMG. The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" is a story from the well known book "The Canterbury Tales". It is about a knight who sets on a quest to find the object that women most desire. The story has been changed into many plays. The story begins when a man rapes a young lady. He is sentenced to death by the King, but the Queen asks for mercy. She gives the knight a year and a day to find out what women really want. The man hunts the entire year, and gets many different answers, from the different women he asks. After a year passed he was on his way to back the castle to tell the queen his answer when he saw many young women. They disappeared and left one old lady. The old lady gives him the answer but in return wants to marry him. The man is forced to marry the old woman after she gives him the correct answer, which was mastery (sovereignty) from their husbands/men. On their honeymoon he hides from her and she gives him the choice of her old ugly self, who would never cheat on him or a pretty woman who might cheat on him. He gives her the power to make the decision on her own, and in return she turns herself into a pretty and faithful young woman he had truly wanted. Vuze Vuze (formerly Azureus) is a Java-based BitTorrent used for file sharing. The program's logo is the Blue Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates azureus). The Azureus name was given to the project by co-creator Tyler Pitchford, who uses the Latin names of poison dart frogs as "nickname" for his development projects. Azureus was first released in June 2003 at SourceForge.net. It is now one of the most popular BitTorrent clients License. Since version 2.5.0.4, Azureus was distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Stabio Stabio is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Tegna Tegna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged into the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte. Tenero-Contra Tenero-Contra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Torre Torre may refer to: Torre, Switzerland Torre was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It came together with 3 other villages to become the new municipality Blenio. Girolamo Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498), was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. Savonarola is famous for burning books, and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art. Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome. His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI. He is sometimes seen as a forerunner of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, however he remained a devout Roman Catholic. In the twentieth century, a movement for the canonization of "Frà Savonarola" began to develop within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly among Dominicans. Many believe that his excommunication and execution were not legal. However, his beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits, who think Savonarola's attacks on the papacy to have been a serious crime. Early years. Savonarola was born in Ferrara, which was the capital of the independent Duchy of Ferrara. In his youth he studied the Bible, and then went to the University of Ferrara. He wrote two poems which showed his anger at morally corrupt clergymen. The first, about the end of the world, was written when he was only 20. Savonarola wrote the second poem "De Ruina Mundi" ("On the Downfall of the World") in 1475. In this poem he said the Roman Curia was "a false, proud whore". Florence. Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475, and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna. He studied theology. In 1479 he went to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli. In 1482 the Dominicans sent him to Florence, the ‘city of his destiny’. After five years, he went back to Bologna where he became 'master of studies’. He returned to Florence in 1490 and began to preach about the end of the world. He had visions and prophecies which he said had come to him from God and the saints. Several disasters made his prophecies real. He spoke about the failing power of the ruling Medici family. Savonarola never tried to make war on the Roman Curia. He wanted to put an end to the sins of the popes who cared more about their riches and power than they did about God . After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were removed. Savonarola became the new leader of the city, both as a secular leader and priest. He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence. Savonarola wanted to make Florence a city devoted to God, a good “Christian and religious Republic.” Homosexuality had been acceptable in Florence, and many were important people. One of Savonarola's first laws was to make sodomy a crime which would be punished by death. In 1497, he and his followers went to the Piazza della Signoria, and began to burn mirrors, cosmetics, obscene pictures, pagan books, gaming tables, musical instruments, fine dresses, women’s hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets. They also burnt paintings by some famous artists, such as Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo. This event is now called the "Bonfire of the Vanities". The Fall. Florence soon became tired of Savonarola. The city had become an unhappy place to live. Savonarola's promises that God would change things in the city did not come true, and his predictions of the end of the world did not happen. During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4, 1497, groups of young men rioted in the streets, people began singing and dancing, and the taverns reopened. The riot became a revolution. Excommunication and execution. On May 13, 1497, Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI. In 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution. On April 8, soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco and after a bloody battle Savonarola's guards and religious supporters were killed. He surrendered and during the next few weeks was tortured to make him say that he was gulity of heresy, corruption, and other crimes against the Church. On the day of his execution he was taken out to the Piazza della Signoria with Fra Silvestro and Fra Domenico da Pescia, two religious friends of Savonarola. They were stripped of their clerical clothing, and called heretics and schismatics. The three men were put on crosses,and burned alive. Savonarola died in the same place where he had burnt the paintings and books. Niccolò Machiavelli, author of "The Prince", also saw and wrote about the execution. The Medici soon retook control of Florence. Crepe myrtle The common crepe mirtle was introduced in South Carolina by Andre Michaux. This multistemmed shrub with crepe-like texture petals, and diverse colors is resistant to frosts. The genus is dedicated to Magnus von Lagerstroem, who supplied Linnaeus plant he collected. Torricella-Taverne Torricella-Taverne is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Tremona Tremona was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio. Valcolla Valcolla was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Geography. Valcolla is in the upper part of the Val Colla, the mountain valley in which the Cassarate River rises. It has villages of Colla, Cozzo, Curtina, Insone, Maglio di Colla, Molino, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. It borders the following municipalities: Bidogno, Bogno, Capriasca, Cavargna (Italy), Certara, Cimadera, Corticiasca, Ponte Capriasca and Sonvico. History. In 1956 the municipality was created from the merger of Colla, Insone, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla merged into the city of Lugano. Vergeletto Vergeletto was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. History. Since 1803, the municipality of Vergeletto also contained the current municipality of Gresso. Both municipalities were moved away from each other in 1882. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone. Coat of arms. The coat of arms of the municipality are taken from the Garbani, or Garban family for its French and Northern American branch, starting from the village, who are people who sell things or people of power. Vernate, Ticino Vernate is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Verscio Verscio was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte. Vezia Vezia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Vico Morcote Vico Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Villa Luganese Villa Luganese was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008. Vira (Gambarogno) Vira (Gambarogno) was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno. Vogorno Vogorno was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village can be found above Lago di Vogorno. There is an old church with frescos from about 1400 in the village. On 17 October 2020, the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca. Lago di Vogorno Lago di Vogorno is a lake near Tenero, in Ticino, Switzerland. The reservoir on the Verzasca river is made by the Verzasca Dam, built 1961-1965. The water surface area is 1.68 km2 Alt St. Johann Alt St. Johann was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus merged into the new municipality of Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann. Mika Pohjola Mika Pohjola (born December 1, 1971, in Helsinki, Finland) is a jazz pianist and composer. He lives in New York City. Biography. Mika Pohjola lived in Vantaa, Finland, outside Helsinki until 1987. He started studying piano and music theory with his father, Heikki Pohjola in 1979. In 1982, he started singing in the Helsinki cathedral boy choir, Cantores Minores. He then studied classical piano, music theory and counterpoint at the Vantaa Music Institute. After completing his classical studies, Pohjola moved to Stockholm, Sweden to study jazz music. He met Alvaro Is Rojas while studying at the Södra Latin Gymnasium. Is Rojas taught him piano improvisation and jazz ear-training for five years. Pohjola received a Master's Degree in Jazz Education at the Royal Swedish College of Music in 1992. Encouraged by Alvaro Is Rojas, Pohjola moved to Boston, Massachusetts to study at Berklee College of Music. His teachers included Herb Pomeroy, Gary Burton, Phil Wilson, Ed Bedner and Hal Crook. Pohjola also met many new music collaborators, such as Johanna Grüssner, Matt Penman, Roberto Dani, Fernando Huergo, Sophie Dunér and Yusuke Yamamoto. Pohjola graduated from Berklee with honors in 1994. That same year he recorded his first album, "Myths and Beliefs" (GM Recordings) produced by Gunther Schuller. In 1995, Pohjola moved to New York City and became a part of the downtown jazz scene. He briefly studied with pianist Sal Mosca. Pohjola performed at New York clubs such as the Blue Note, Birdland, the Five Spot, Smalls, The Jazz Standard and Visiones. His many bands featured saxophonists Chris Cheek, Mark Turner and Miguel Zenón, guitarist Ben Monder, bassists Matt Penman, Johannes Weidenmüller and Fernando Huergo, drummers Roberto Dani, Marlon Browden, Darren Beckett, Matt Wilson and Mark Ferber. In the 1990s, Pohjola often toured Europe, and performed in his native Finland, Sweden, Denmark, The United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Pohjola was also invited to play in Ukraine in 1999, 2001 and 2002. In 2002 to 2005 Pohjola spent much time in his own recording studio, documenting ambitious arrangements of Scandinavian traditional and popular music. He released the catalogue of the original Moomin music on "Moomin Voices" (2003 in Swedish; 2005 in Finnish). His main collaborators included vocalists Theo Bleckmann, Rigmor Gustafsson, Lisa Werlinder, Sanni Orasmaa and Eeppi Ursin; and instrumentalists Alan Ferber, David Ambrosio, Christof Knoche, Laura Arpiainen and Ayumi Takeshima. He also recorded Scandinavian Christmas music on "Scandinavian Yuletide Voices" (2005), and a tribute to the Finnish legendary tango composer, Toivo Kärki on the album, "Leivonen lumimyrskyssä (A Lark in a Snowstorm)" (2006). Pohjola has since 1995 been a jazz piano principal at the Nilsiä Music Camp in Finland. Additionally, he has been a guest lecturer at many conservatories in Scandinavia. In 2006 Pohjola was invited as a lecturer to Berklee College of Music as a major visiting artist. Pohjola plays chacarera and jazz compositions with Argentinean bassist and composer Fernando Huergo. Pohjola also leads several groups in Finland, such as the popular Moomin Voices (in Finnish Muumilauluja-bändi) which often performs at children's events and festivals. Zug Zug is a small town in Switzerland. It is at the northeastern corner of Lake Zug. BitTorrent BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer program, first developed in mid-2001 by Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Inc., to use for uploading and downloading files under the BitTorrent protocol. In the protocol, a "Tracker" hosts information about any active computers which are trying to share data. Trackers are used to find other active computers, but do not store or share file data. Using the .torrent files, BitTorrent users can "Leech" (download) the files. Once a "Leecher" gets 100% of the file(s), they become a "Seeder" and helps "Seed" (upload) the files to other Leechers. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. Before version 6.0, BitTorrent was written in Python, and was free software. The source code for versions up to and including 3.4.2 were distributed under the MIT license and versions 4.x and 5.x were released under the BitTorrent Open Source License, a modified version of the Jabber Open Source License. Since version 6.0, BitTorrent is a rebranded version of µTorrent. As a result, its source is closed. The BitTorrent protocol now has many clients, for example : List of BitTorrent clients A BitTorrent client is a program that downloads files using the BitTorrent protocol. The first client, known as BitTorrent, was created by Bram Cohen in the summer of 2002. Most of the other clients are based in part on BitTorrent. Programs that use BitTorrent protocol are: Bali Nine The Bali Nine is the name of the nine Australian citizens arrested and convicted for drug trafficking on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The group tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about 4 million AUD from Indonesia to Australia. Members of the group are: Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran. All of them are between ages 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests. After the trial, two of the Bali Nine received death sentences, and the others got 20 years or life sentences. Renae Lawrence finished serving her 20-year sentence in Kerobokan Prison together with Schapelle Corby. Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015. Eunuch A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals have been removed. This can be cutting off the testicles. The term "castration" is sometimes used to refer to emasculation where both the testicles and the penis are removed together. Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his wives' children since eunuchs were always infertile. In Byzantine art, angels and eunuchs were often shown in a similar light and manner. Antares Telescope The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project. There is also a star called Antares. Functions. It uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea to detect neutrinos. The strings are held onto the sea floor by an anchor and straight up by a buoy floating in the sea. Although the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water. The muon then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water. The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light. Location. The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 European countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008. Trivia. It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube). Cherenkov radiation Cherenkov radiation, also known as Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation (; Russian: Черенков) is a type of electromagnetic radiation produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at a speed which is greater than the speed of light in that medium. (It doesn't violate special relativity because the refractive index slows down the speed of light in a medium. So, the particle doesn't have to travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.) It is named after Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov, who discovered this phenomenon in 1934 under the supervision of Sergey Vavilov. Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank developed a theory on this effect in 1937. Pavel Čerenkov, Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics because of their contribution in cherenkov radiation. Theory. According to special relativity, a particle cannot move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. However, when light travels in a transparent medium (such as water or glass), it moves more slowly than it would in a vacuum. This means that particles can actually move faster than the speed of light in certain mediums. When a particle with an electric charge moves faster than light in a medium which can be polarized, it causes the medium to send out photons (light particles) and thereby loses energy. The photons that are sent out can be measured, as they are simple light. Explanation. The formation of Cherenkov radiation is analogous to the bow wave caused by a power boat traveling faster than the speed of water waves or to the shock wave (sonic boom) produced by an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound in air. When an aircraft passes through the air, it creates a series of pressure waves in front of the aircraft and behind it. These waves travel at the speed of sound and, as the speed of the object increases, the waves get compressed as they cannot get out of each other's way quickly enough. When the aircraft gets the velocity of sound wave, the pressure waves get merge into a single shock wave. As the velocity keeps increasing, the single shock wave extends mostly to the rear and extends from the craft in a restricted widening cone. We hear this as sonic boom. Similarly, a bow wave forms when something moves through a fluid at a speed greater than the speed of a wave moving across the fluid. The mechanism of Cherenkov radiation is same but it occurs for light waves. When a charged particle moves inside a polarizable medium, it excites some the ellectrons of that medium. As the excited ellectrons return to their ground state, they emits electromagnetic radiation. According to the Huygens principle, the emitted waves move out spherically at the phase velocity of that medium. If the particle moves faster than the speed of light in that medium, the emitted waves add up and at an angle with respect to the particle direction a radiation is emitted which is known as Cherenkov radiation. Because nothing can move faster than light in a vacuum, there is no Cherenkov light in a vacuum. However, if we say that light in water moves only with 75% of its speed in vacuum, particles with very high energy are now able to move faster than light (through water) and create Cherenkov light. The reason Cherenkov light often appears blue is because its effect is proportional to the frequency, in that the higher the frequency, the higher the effect of the radiation. Because higher frequency light equates to shorter wavelengths, and blue light has one of the shortest wavelengths of visible light, Cherenkov light is usually blue. Emission angle with respect to the first image. In the first image, a charged particle (red) moves at a speed of formula_1 where Ratio between the speed of the particle and the speed of light is In this medium, the velocity of light is (n is the refractive index) Left side of this image is the initial point ("t" = 0) and the right side is the location of the particle after "t" time। So, the distance passed by the particle in "t" time is And the distance passed by the light is So, the emission angle is (using trigonometry) We can also derive the emission angle from the second image too. List of cities and towns in Germany Complete list of 2,073 cities in Germany (as of September 1, 2005) Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the "Stadtrecht" (city rights) are included. Foot-pound force The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb), is a unit of energy and also a unit of torque. By definition it is one foot times one pound-force. Unit of energy. As a unit of energy, one foot-pound is the energy it takes to push with one pound-force one pound for a distance of one foot. 1 foot-pound is equivalent to: Unit of torque. As a unit of torque, one foot-pound is the torque created by one pound force acting at a perpendicular distance of one foot from a pivot point. 1 foot-pound is equivalent to: Dachau (disambiguation) Dachau can mean: Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach (also known as Aeschlen) was a municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach. Büren District The district of Büren is a district of the Swiss canton of Bern. Its capital is Büren an der Aare. It contains 14 municipalities in an area of 88 km²: Burgdorf District The district of Burgdorf in the Swiss canton of Bern has 24 municipalities in an area of 197 km²: Budai Budai (Chinese:布袋), pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the Laughing Buddha, was a Buddhist monk in China. Many Chinese Buddhists believe he was a reincarnation of Maitreya, the person who will become the next Buddha after Gautama Buddha. He has become incorporated into Buddhist, Taoist and Shinto. Images of him can be found in many temples, restaurants, and businesses. Budai has become a god of happiness and plenty in some forms of Taoism and Buddhism. In Japan, Hotei is one of the Seven Lucky Gods ("Shichi Fukujin"). He is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in Chinese, the "Laughing Buddha" (Chinese:笑佛). History. As Angida Arhat. Budai may be based on a monk that lived in the time of Sakyamuni Buddha. This monk's name was "Angida", whose name means "calico bag". According to legend, Angida was an Indian snake catcher who caught poisonous snakes to stop them from biting people. Budai and Angida look similar because they are both depicted as plump, laughing and carrying a bag. As a Chinese Buddhist monk. In the Chinese tradition, Budai was a monk who lived in China around 907 to 923 CE. He was a man who was good and loving. Apart from his character, his likeness with the Maitreya Bodhisattva (the future Buddha) come from a Buddhist hymn (Chinese: 偈语; Pinyin: Jiéyǔ) which he said before his death: Description. Budai is almost always shown carrying a sack, which never empties, and is filled with many precious things, including rice plants (symbolizing wealth), sweets for children, food, and the sadness of the world. His duty is to protect the weak, the poor and children. In Chinese Buddhist temples, Budai's statue is put in the front part of the entrance hall. He is shown as a stout, smiling or laughing man in robes with a largely bare belly, which represents happiness, good luck, and plenty. Some statues show small children at his feet. Another item that is usually seen in Budai statues, is a begging bowl, which shows that he is a Buddhist. All of these images show Budai as a wandering monk who goes around and takes sadness from people. Because he represents richness and happiness, statues are often found in homes and businesses in China and Japan. Chán Buddhism. The main story that concerns Budai in Chan is a short koan. Phra Sangkadchai/ Phra Sangkachai. In Thailand Budai is sometimes confused with another monk that is respected in Thailand. Phra Sangkadchai or Shanghai (Thai: พระสังกัจจายน์), a Thai spelling of Mahakaccayanathera (Thai: มหากัจจายนเถระ), was a Buddhist monk in the time of the Buddha. The Buddha praised "Phra Sangkadchai" for his excellence in explaining complicated dharma (or dhamma) in an easily understandable way. Although both Budai and Phra Sangkadchai may be found in both Thai and Chinese temples, Phra Sangkadchai is found more often in Thai temples, and Budai in Chinese temples. Two points to distinguish them from one another are: 1. Phra Sangkadchai has a bit of hair on his head while Budai is bald.2. Phra Sangkadchai wears the robes in Theravadin Buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. Budai wears the robes in Chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered. Folklore. One belief surrounding the figure of Budai in popular folklore is that if a person rubs his belly, it brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. This belief however is not part of any Buddhist ritual, but is a part of a Chinese folk belief. He is often admired for his happiness, abundance, wisdom, and contentment. Juroujin In Japan, Juroujin (寿老人), also known as Gama, is one of the Seven Lucky Gods, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the God of long life. He has a staff and a fan. He is shown as an old man with a long beard, and a scroll is tied to the staff, which has the lifespan of all living things written on it. The deer, the crane and the tortoise, symbols of long life, sometimes follow him. Source code In computer programming, source code is (generally speaking) a text file version of a computer program or software that contains instructions that the computer follows to do something. Source code is written in a programming language which a human can read and change. A large program may contain many different source code files that all work together. Source code is in many cases compiled before running it. That means translating the code into assembly language or machine language which is much faster and easier for the computer to read, but hard for a human to read. Another very common way is to interpret the code, without needing a compilation step, while that's generally slower. A computer program may be open source, which means the source code is shared with anyone who wants to look at it and change it. Many programs are however closed source, which means only the executable code is distributed and people are not allowed to look at and change the code. Many open source programs are also compiled to such code, that may or may not be allowed to be inspected, while to change it is most convenient to change the source code that came with it, or possibly can be downloaded. Example of C source code. int main() printf("Hello world!\n"); return(0); When compiled by a C compiler and executed, this will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then finish. Legendary Pokémon Legendary Pokémon are very rare Pokémon in the "Pokémon" world. Characters in the series often claim that very few people have seen them. They are hard to catch, and are stronger than most other Pokémon. They have powers that other Pokémon do not have. In the games some roam around, while others stay in one spot until the it. If the player defeats a legendary Pokémon, they will often not be available again, because there is only one of them, in rare cases they might reappear after certain conditions are met. Because of this, players usually save their game before going to battle the Pokémon. The Master Ball and Ultra Ball are popular choices for catching legendary Pokémon. But legendary Pokémon can also be caught with a normal Poké Ball. It is often advised to catch a legendary Pokémon with a Quick Ball since a Quick Ball has a high capture rate at the beginning of a battle. Legendary Pokémon typically have a 3/255 catch rate with Ultra Balls, and 1/255 catch rate with regular Poké Balls. There are about 905 Pokémon. Kanto. These Pokémon are in the Kanto region, which appears in "Pokémon Red and Blue", and its related games. Johto. These Pokémon are in the Johto region, which appears in "Pokémon Gold and Silver", and its related games. Hoenn. These Pokémon are in the Hoenn region, which appears in "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire", and its related games. Sinnoh. These Pokémon are in the Sinnoh region, which appears in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl", and its related games. Unova. These Pokémon are in the Unova region, which appears in "Pokémon Black and White" and "Pokémon Black 2 and White 2. Kalos. These Pokémon are in the Kalos region, which appears in "Pokémon X and Y". Alola. These Pokémon are in the Alola region, which appears in "Pokémon Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon" Gilles Binchois Gilles Binchois (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September, 1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: “Binchoys”, “Binch” or “Binche” or “Gilles de Bins”. He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers. Life. He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier. Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension. Music and influence. Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse. John Dunstaple John Dunstaple or Dunstable (born about 1390; died 24 December 1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century. He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent. He helped to develop the style of the Burgundian School. The spelling "Dunstaple" is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable". Life. Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436. He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester. Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey. He was probably married. During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. Music and influence. We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music. England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling. Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy. This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe. He influenced Dufay and Binchois. The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England. Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as "cantus firmus." He wrote many carols (religious songs), but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them. He wrote secular music, but it has been lost. Equals sign The equal sign, equals sign, or "=" is a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality. It looks like two parallel horizontal lines. The equals sign is placed between the things stated to be exactly equal or the same. Computers display the equals sign with the Unicode or ASCII character 003D (in hexadecimal). Similar symbols. The symbol used to say when items are not equal is "≠" (slashed equal sign). There are several symbols that can be used to say items are "approximately the same," "similar to" or "about equal." Some of these symbols include: Each of these symbols has more than one possible meaning, and are all used to state that two things are about equal (or equivalent in some way). Crimean War The Crimean War (1853–1856), also called the Eastern War (), was fought between the Russian Empire against the French Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the fighting, including the Battle of Balaclava, happened in Crimea, but some of it was what is now western Turkey and around the Baltic Sea. The Crimean War is sometimes called the first "modern" war since its weaponry and tactics were used for the first time and affected all later wars. It was also the first war to use a telegraph to give information to a newspaper quickly. Background. The Ottoman Empire was declining by the mid-1800s. The war started after the Ottoman Empire decided that France, not Russia, had the right to protect Christians in the Holy Land near the area of modern-day Israel. Russia sent an army to take part of Ottoman Romania and so the British and the French allies sent an army and a navy to help the Ottomans. When the allies got to their camp in Gallipoli, Russia retreated and so the allies decided instead to take back Crimea, where Russia had its naval base. Russia had taken Crimea from the Ottoman Empire in an earlier war. Results. The Allies won the war in Crimea but gave it back to Russia in return for Russia giving back other places and promising not to have a navy on the Black Sea. The Crimean War was a very important point in the history of warfare since new weapons were used. It was also the first war to be reported by the press via photography and journalists. Another very important factor was that it was the first war with real field hospitals, which were started by Florence Nightingale. After it lost the war, Russia decided to make changes, including increasing its development of weaponry and ending serfdom in 1861. Homophobia Homophobia is the fear or poor treatment of homosexuals. The word was created in the 1960s by a psychologist named George Weinberg. The word "homophobia" is often used together with the word "transphobia" in documents explaining human rights violation of LGBT people by United Nations and Council of Europe. There are events to stop homophobia, like the "gay pride parades" and "International Day Against Homophobia" on May 17. It was first celebrated on 17 May 2005 in more than 40 countries. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia have developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In some places, it is illegal to treat people badly because they are homosexual, and it is a hate crime to hurt them for that reason. Laws against such discrimination have been made in several countries. Internationally, the Declaration of Montreal and the Yogyakarta Principles were adopted in 2006. Successful strategies to prevent homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching students about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. A person who is homophobic may be called a homophobe. Homophobia is often related to heterosexism, the belief that sex and love between men and women is better than other types of sex and love. Such as sex between two men or sex between two women. Tickling Tickling is to lightly touch, scratch, or rub a person or animal to make them laugh. For most people, it causes pleasure and happiness whereas others hate it. Tickle spots are feet, armpits, and sides of stomach. Tickling yourself. It is believed by many that tickling yourself is very hard and by some that it is nearly impossible. Research shows that the brain notices and senses our movements and actions. This lets the brain prepare itself when we try to tickle ourselves. The unexpected senses are then cancelled by our brain, so we do not feel the reaction we would have if someone else tickled us when we least expected it. Unlike others, some people in the world know how to tickle themselves. This is because they know the tickling spots in their body and are able to use other objects to tickle themselves. For example, they can use a piece of tissue and rub it against their stomach to tickle themselves. Tickling may be relaxing, but may also be painful. English Springer Spaniel The English Springer Spaniel is a dog breed used as hunting dogs to retrieve animals. It is one of many spaniel breeds. They are clever and cheerful. Their coat can be brown and white, black and white, or have tan spots. They look like their cousins, the Welsh Springer Spaniel and Cocker Spaniel. Common colors include black, brown and white. Ottawa Hills, Ohio Ottawa Hills is a village in Ohio, United States. 4,564 people lived there in 2000. The village is a rich suburb of Toledo. They have a police and fire department. The high school is the second best public school in Ohio. Ottawa Hills is 13th out of 1065 places in Ohio by average income. Congo River The Congo River (also known as Zaire River) is the largest river in Africa. Its overall length of 4,700 km (2,922 miles) makes it the second longest in Africa (after the Nile). The river and its tributaries flow through the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America. The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon, and the second-largest watershed of any river, again trailing the Amazon. Its watershed is a little larger than that of the Mississippi River. Because large parts of the river basin sit north and south of the equator, its flow is steady, as there is always at least one river having a rainy season. The Congo gets its name from the old Kingdom of Kongo which was at the mouth of the river. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries sitting along the river's banks, are named after it. From 1971 to 1997, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was called Zaire and its government called the river the Zaire River. The sources of the Congo are in the Highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River. This then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is usually taken as the source of the Congo because of the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River. The Congo flows mostly west from Kisangani just below the falls, then slowly bends southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the river narrows and falls through a few cataracts in deep canyons (collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and Boma, and into the sea at the small town of Muanda. History of exploration. The mouth of the Congo was visited by Europeans in 1482, by the Portuguese Diogo Cão, and in 1817, by a British exploration under James Kingston Tuckey that went up the river as far as Isangila. Henry Morton Stanley was the first European to travel along the whole river. Economic importance. Although the Livingstone Falls stop ships coming in from the sea, almost all of the Congo is navigable in parts, especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani. Railways cross the three major falls that interrupt navigation, and much of the trade of central Africa passes along the river. Goods include copper, palm oil, sugar, coffee, and cotton. The river can also be valuable for hydroelectric power, and Inga Dams below Pool Malebo have been built. In February of 2005, South Africa's state owned power company, Eskom, said that they had a proposal to increase the amount of electric power that the Inga can make through improvements and the building of a new hydroelectric dam. The project would bring the highest output of the dam to 40 GW, twice that of China's Three Gorges Dam. Geological history. In the Mesozoic period before the continental drift opened the South Atlantic Ocean, the Congo was the upper part of a river about 12,000 km (7,500 miles) long that flowed west across the parts of Gondwanaland, now called Africa and South America. Tributaries. Listed from down a river, to up a river: Literature. The Congo River was the location the novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad. Breast reduction Breast reduction is a plastic surgery to make human breasts smaller. The doctor takes out fat, skin, and glands. It is done on women most of the time, but men can also get it. In 2005, more than 113,000 women had breast reductions. Aside from aesthetic reasons, many women choose to undergo breast reduction surgery to help reduce back strain, skin irritation, or breathing problems caused by large breasts. Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts or BA is a college degree. It takes three years to get it in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Quebec, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It takes four years in Canada, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Japan, United States, Republic of Korea, and the Philippines. "Bachelor of Arts" is often written as "BA" or "B.A." The Latin term is "artium baccalaureus" so some colleges use the abbreviation of "AB" or "A.B." Izanami Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology. She is said to have died giving birth to one of her children {who Izanagi killed due to the grief of losing his beloved} and was sent to Yomi, the land of the dead. Izanagi, her husband, came down to Yomi to bring her back to earth. While she Izanami was in Yomi, she felt hungry and ate the fruit. After eating the fruit, she turned into one of the undead, a rotting, maggot-infested pile of flesh. When Izanagi arrived, she would not step out from the shadows and told her husband to go back to earth. Izanagi tried to persuade her to come back with him and she agreed if she could take a rest in her bedchambers, forbidding Izanagi to enter. Izanagi, anxious to return to earth, snuck into her chambers and, taking his comb from his hair, lit it on fire, showing him her rotting body. Izanami woke up and seeing him, became enraged. Izanagi fled from the underworld and sealed the way with a giant rock. Izanami then became known as the Shinigami, the goddess of death. Izanami vowed to kill 1,000 people everyday, and Izanagi vowed to create 1500 every day. Computer architecture In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is the technical drawings and functional description of all design requirements (especially speeds and interconnections), it is how to design and implement various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) operates internally and how it accesses addresses in memory. It can be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. Computer architecture includes at least three main subcategories: Once both ISA and microarchitecture has been specified, the actual computing system needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called "implementation". Implementation is usually a hardware engineering design process. Implementation can be further broken down into three but not fully separate pieces: For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design; it can also be a family of related CPU designs, such as RISC and CISC. More sub-definitions. Some practitioners of computer architecture use more fine subcategories: Mary Harrison McKee Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her father's First Lady for the remainder of his term. Zella-Mehlis Zella-Mehlis is a town in the Schmalkalden Meinigen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is in the Thuringian Forest, north of Suhl, and east of Meiningen. Port Said Port Said (Arabic بورسعيد, transliterated ) is an Egyptian city near the Suez Canal, with a population of about 500,000. Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. Food processing Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed. Industries. Food processing industries and practices include the following: 60 (number) 60 (also written as sixty or six ten) is a number. It comes after fifty-nine and before sixty-one and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60. 72 (number) Seventy-two is an even number. It comes after seventy-one and before seventy-three. CN Tower The CN Tower is a telecommunications tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is tall and is the tallest free-standing structure (meaning it cannot have wires to keep it standing) in Canada, North America, and the Western Hemisphere. It is not the tallest building as there are no floors for people to work or live in. That title goes to One World Trade Center in New York City, New York, United States, which is a bit shorter at tall. It is not the tallest structure of any kind in the Americas either, as the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, also in the United States, is taller at , but that needs wires to keep it upright. Construction of the concrete tower started on February 6, 1973. In 1975, while it was still being built, it became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. When it opened to the public on June 26, 1976, it became the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. It held this record for more than thirty years, until the Burj Khalifa, while it was still being built, became taller on September 12, 2007 . The CN Tower continued to be the world's tallest tower until the Canton Tower became taller in 2010. It is now the ninth tallest building in the world and the fifth tallest free-standing structure behind both of these, the Shanghai Tower, and the Burj Khalifa. The "CN" in the tower's name came from the "Canadian National" Railway, the railway company that built the tower. In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC). Local residents wanted to keep the name "CN Tower", though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower. Today, the CN Tower is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million tourists and visitors every year. It has been one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World since 1995. It has a restaurant that spins around every 1 hour & 12 minutes. Freiburg im Breisgau Freiburg () is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is "Freiburg im Breisgau". Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest (). Twin cities. Freiburg has many twin cities throughout the world: Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the Alliance '90/The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership. Baden-Baden Baden-Baden () is a spa town with around 50,000 inhabitants in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is at the border of the Rhine valley and the Black Forest. The town is well known as a spa town, as a place for rich people and for many cultural offers. In the 19th century the town played an important role as a meeting place for the nobles, rich and other important people. A rich cultural heritage from that time can still be found at Baden-Baden. History. The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle. In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp. From September 23 to September 28, 1981, the 11th Olympic Congress took place in the "Kurhaus" in Baden-Baden. The Baden Airpark is west of Baden-Baden. The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino. Coburg Coburg (East Franconian: "Coborch", "Coburch") is a town on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany. Its 2005 population was 42,015. It joined with Bavaria by popular vote in 1920. Before 1918, it was the larger of the two capital cities in the united duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Coburg's Coat of Arms honoring the city's patron Saint Maurice was granted in 1493. History. Coburg is about 90 km south of Erfurt and about 100 km north of Nuremberg. Coburg was first mentioned in a document dated 1056, although there was a settlement at the site that before then called Trufalistat. Following several changes of noble owners, it came into the hands of the House of Wettin in 1353 when Friedrich III, the Strong, married Katherina von Henneberg. In 1596, it became the capital of one of the new Duchy of Saxe-Coburg under the leadership of Duke Johann Casimirs (ruled 1596-1633). Due to the royal connections among the royal houses of Europe, Coburg was the site of many royal Ducal weddings and visits. Britain's Queen Victoria made 6 visits to Coburg during her 64-year reign. In 1896 one ceremony brought together Queen Victoria, her son Edward (future Edward VII), her second son Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), her daughter the German dowager Empress Friedrich (Victoria), and many of her grandchildren, such as Tsar Nicholas and Alexandra of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and the future King George V of Great Britain. In 1920, two years after the abdication of the last duke, the locals voted to join Bavaria. Thus whilst the other Saxon-Thuringian principalities were later incorporated into the German Democratic Republic after World War II, Coburg became part of West Germany As a result, the town spent the Cold War years lying right next to the Iron Curtain, surrounded by East German territory on three sides. Main sights. Coburg has the typical features of a former capital of German little states. There are numerous houses from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The most important landmarks include: Religion. Most residents of Coburg are members of the Evangelical Church (Lutheranism). Other Christian communities are Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the ICF Movement, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, Old Catholics and the New Apostolic Church, as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There are also three communities of Muslims. Coburg had a large Jewish community until the 1940s. Jews have lived there since the 14th century. The old synagogue was a former church. Today it is used by Old Catholics. Coburg became Protestant after the Reformation. All Catholics were persecuted. A new Catholic community was founded in the 19th century. Districts. Coburg is divided into 15 districts: Over two thirds of Coburg's population live in Coburg City. Famous people. Amongst the associated royalty, one individual's 20th century association with Coburg proved especially tragic. This was that of the British Royal Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who was arrested and tried as a Nazi. Besides various royalty, other famous individuals associated with Coburg include Hans Berger (graduated), William Frishmuth (born), and Eduard Study (born). In 1530, Martin Luther stayed in the "Veste Coburg" to follow negotiations at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg. He also preached at St. Moriz church. In 1887, Johann Strauss, the "Waltz King", left Vienna when the Roman Catholic Church would not let him divorce his 2nd wife. He moved to Lutheran Saxe-Coburg-Gotha with his future 3rd wife Adele, where he lived the last 13 years of his life in Coburg. He was however buried in Vienna. In 1922, Adolf Hitler led several hundred stormtroopers in a march through the city, fighting pitched street battles with leftists. During the Nazi era, the Coburg Badge was one of the most prestigious party medals. Hans Morgenthau, founder of International Relations as a field of study, was born here. The US National Hot Dog and Sausage Council asserts that Frankfurt am Main is traditionally credited with originating the Frankfurter. According to the Council, this claim is disputed and that the hot dog was created in the late 1600s by Johann Georghehner, a butcher, living in Coburg. Coburg was the first German town to elect a Nazi Mayor. Görlitz Görlitz (, Upper Sorbian: "Zhorjelc", , , Upper Lusatian dialect: "Gerlz, Gerltz" or "Gerltsch") is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the "Bundesland" ("Federal State") of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945. Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany. History. When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990. Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils. On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese. Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies. In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world. In fiction. The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s. Visible spectrum The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm. The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the "pure spectral" or "monochromatic" colors. But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next. Color display spectrum. Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above. Vision Vision can refer to: Aach, Baden-Württemberg Aach [] is a small town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Being situated close to Lake Constance and the Swiss border, it is mostly known for the Aachtopf — Germany's biggest natural spring in terms of production. Aach has a city council with twelve seats. The last elections in 2004 brought three seats for the CDU, three seats for the SPD and four seats for independent voters' associations. Aach's mayor is Severin Graf (CDU). Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate Aach is a municipality in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is part of Trier-Land, a "Verbandsgemeinde". Aach has a council with sixteen seats. The last elections in 2004 brought the CDU twelve seats, the other four went to the free voters' association (FWG Aach e. V.) In the same elections Mayor Josef Klein (CDU) was voted into office with nearly 74% of the votes. Geography. Aach is about 6 km north of the center of Trier. It is in the southern Eifel mountains. Aach Aach can mean: Joachimsthal, Brandenburg Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is northwest of Eberswalde, and northeast of Berlin-Mitte. Pieter Brueghel the Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel. Life. There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel. Style. In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch. Themes. Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake. He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life. Bad Tölz Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen. In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991. Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture. Geography. Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, above sea level. It has an area of Chris Brown Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, dancer, actor and music video director. "Forever" is one of his most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and one Grammy Award. Personal life. He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007. Brown has three children, Royalty Brown (born 2014 with Nia Guzman), Aeko Catori (born 2019 with Annika Harris) and Lovely Symphani (born 2022 with Diamond Brown) Discography. Brown has released 5 albums and 4 mixtapes: Bernau bei Berlin Bernau bei Berlin (English "Bernau near Berlin") is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about northeast of Berlin. In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) ("General German Confederation of Trade Unions") opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people. Bad Reichenhall Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on 2 January 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others. Ice rink disaster. Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident. Chris Brown (disambiguation) Chris Brown (born 1989) is an American R&B singer. Chris Brown or Christopher Brown may refer to: Demmin Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District. World War II. German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald. Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3. Red Army The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky in the Russian Civil War. Later it became the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was the name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war it was renamed as the Soviet Army, although many people still continued to call it the Red Army. Even nowadays some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army. Some later Communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group which they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the USSR. Nienburg Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Geography. Geographical location. Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx. southeast of Bremen, and northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion. Town's structure. Nienburg, including quarters Town council. The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of: Twin towns. Nienburg has two twin towns: Querfurt Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne, west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen. Saab 35 Draken The Saab 35 Draken ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound. What the Draken is like. The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. Departments of Haiti Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, "départements"). When Haiti was the French colony of "Saint-Domingue", there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments. The departments are further divided into 41 "arrondissements", and 133 "communes". Turquoise Turquoise is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades. It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring. The word 'turquoise' means Turkish in French. Yotsuya Kaidan Yotsuya Kaidan, also known as "Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan", is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku. The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region. Plot. The story is a tale of murder, betrayal and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today. Albrecht Dürer Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a Hungarian-German painter, engraver and mathematician. He was born on May 21, 1471 and died on April 6, 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject. The most famous series are the "Apocalypse" (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the "Great Passion" (1498–1510) and the "Little Passion" (1510–1511). Dürer's best known individual engravings (that is, ones that are not part of a series) include ' (1513), ' (1514) and "Melencolia I" (1514). His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the "" (1497–1498) from the "Apocalypse" series, the "Rhinoceros", and numerous self-portraits in oils. Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works. Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before 30, with many people hailing him as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe. Early life. Dürer was the third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary. Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the "Nuremberg Chronicle," published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut. Dürer had started to learn goldsmithing and drawing from his father. His father wanted him to continue his training as a goldsmith, but he was so good at drawing that he started as an apprentice to Michael Wolgemut at the age of fifteen in 1486. A self-portrait, a drawing in silverpoint, is dated 1484 (Albertina, Vienna). Wolgemut was the leading artist in Nuremberg at the time, and had a large workshop making different types of works of art, in particular woodcuts for books. Nuremberg was a rich city, a centre for publishing and many luxury trades. It had strong links with Italy, especially Venice, a relatively short distance across the Alps. Wanderjahre and marriage. After completing his term of apprenticeship in 1489, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking a "wanderjahre" — in effect a gap year. Dürer was away nearly four years, travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and probably, the Netherlands. Dürer wanted to meet Martin Schongauer, the best engraver of Northern Europe, but Schongauer died shortly before Dürer's arrival. He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned. His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre. It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. In fact, very soon after he got back to Nuremberg, on 7 July 1494 Dürer was married to Agnes Frey. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. his absence. They had no children, and most people think that they did not marry for love, but because it was good to link the two families. Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Dürer painted some portraits of his wife, but experts say that they "lack warmth". The experts think that if Dürer loved his wife he would have taken more time over those pictures to make her look more beautiful and friendly. First Visit to Italy. Within three months Dürer left for Italy. The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving. In Italy, he went to Venice where artists were working in a more modern style. Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice. Return to Nuremberg. On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style. Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513. Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself. This was a job for experts. But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio. This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut. His famous series of sixteen great designs for the "Apocalypse" are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the "Great Passion" in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the "Great Passion," were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers. The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life. This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of "Adam and Eve" (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name. Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the "Praying Hands" (1508 Albertina, Vienna). He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna). Second visit to Italy. In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507. By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo. This was the altar-piece known as the "Adoration of the Virgin" or the "Feast of Rose Garlands". It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, "The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch", "Christ disputing with the Doctors" (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works. Nuremberg and the masterworks. Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael. The years between and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best paintings, "Adam and Eve" (1507), "Virgin with the Iris" (1508), the altarpiece the "Assumption of the Virgin" (1509), and the "Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints" (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the "Great Passion" and the "Life of the Virgin". He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the "Little Passion", published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, "The Knight, Death, and the Devil" (or simply, "The Knight", as he called it, 1513), "Melencolia I", and "St. Jerome in his Study" (both 1514). 'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514. In 1515, he created his woodcut of the "Rhinoceros". The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it. He made it from a sketch and description from another artist. It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century. The rhinoceros was from an extinct Indian species. Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the "Triumphal Arch" and the "Triumphs of Maximilian" which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Journey to the Netherlands and beyond. In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey. He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the city of Nuremberg stopped paying it. Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg. He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal. Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles. These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins". Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies. Dürer took many prints with him. He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time. Dürer returned home in July 1521. He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work. Final years in Nuremberg. Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and "studies" (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time. This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification. His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches. Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic. Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56. He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house. His widow lived there until her death in 1537. The house is now a museum. El Greco El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos (). El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings. El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts. Lord Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English peer, nobleman, politician, and poet. He was christened George Gordon Byron, but changed his name later in life. He adopted the surname Noel, so he that could inherit half his mother-in-law's estate. Lord Byron was the son Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon. He was a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and many people still read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "Don Juan". Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life. He was a dandy, living extravagantly, with many love affairs and debts. His fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence led to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. He is buried in the family vault in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, England. A memorial was not raised to him in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey until 1969. His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine," a predecessor to modern computers. Byron (disambiguation) Byron can mean: Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power. Ronald Sinclair Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor. Career. Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like "The Light That Failed", "Tower of London", "That Hamilton Woman" and "Desperate Journey". He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the "Five Little Peppers". From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like "Swamp Women", "Day the World Ended", "The Intruder", "The Raven" and "The Trip". Affoltern im Emmental Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Albligen Albligen () was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg. Alchenstorf Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Allmendingen bei Bern Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne. Amsoldingen Amsoldingen is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist. His ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory. His ideas also had a big impact on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics. Biography. Personal and marital life. John Maynard Keynes was born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University. His mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother, Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile (book lover). His younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill. Keynes first went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902. At first he studied mathematics. Later he studied economics under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. People think Professor Marshall prompted Keynes to change his studies from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908. When Keynes was young, he had romantic and sexual relationships with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908. Keynes was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey. Keynes appeared to turn away from homosexual relationships around the time of the first World War. In 1918, he met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina. Keynes and Lopokova married in 1925. Keynes was a successful investor and he built up a big fortune. He nearly lost all of his money after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Later he re-built his fortune. He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers. Bertrand Russell said Keynes was the most intelligent person he had ever known. Lord Russell said: "Every time I argued with Keynes, I felt that I took my life in my hands, and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool". Career. Keynes accepted a lectureship at Cambridge in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Soon he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, where he was able to put economic theory into practice. During World War I he worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions. Keynes also attended the Conference on the Versailles Treaty to end World War I. He wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" in 1919, and "A Revision of the Treaty" in 1922. In his books he said that the reparations which Germany was being made to pay would ruin the German economy and would lead to further fighting in Europe. These predictions were shown to be true when the German economy suffered in the hyperinflation of 1923. Reparations were only completed in 2010. Keynes's "magnum opus" (Latin for "Great Work", meaning his most famous book) was the "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". The "General Theory" was published in 1936. The ideas in that book were very different from classical economics. Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal, but disagree as to what extent. Spending more than the government earned in taxes (called "deficit spending") was used in the New Deal from 1938. But the idea had been agreed to by President Herbert Hoover. Few senior economists in the U.S. agreed with Keynes in the 1930s. With time, however, his ideas became more widely accepted. In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords. He became Baron Keynes of Tilton in the County of Sussex. When he sat in the House of Lords he was a Liberal member. During World War II, Keynes wrote a book titled "How to Pay for the War". He said the war effort should be paid for by higher taxes. He did not like deficit spending because he wanted to avoid inflation. Death. Keynes died of a heart attack at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Keynes did not have children. Influences on Keynes' works. These people influenced Keynes: American robin The American robin ("Turdus migratorius") is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin, it belongs in the thrush family, "Turdidae". It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. "T. m. confinis" is the most different subspecies. The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats. It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern. The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs. After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own. American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Etymology. This species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his "Systema naturae". He called it "Turdus migratorius". Description. The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail. It has a long, yellow bill. It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying. American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it. Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males. They also have lighter orange-red breasts. A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast. Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in). American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other. Range and distribution. The American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico. Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States. The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain. The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007. It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. Habitat. American robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands. They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Status. The American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern. American robins used to be killed for their meat. They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act. Behavior. The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories. Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places. Diet. The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails. Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries. Breeding. The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated. Nest. The female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff. The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in). Eggs and young. The female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide. Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow). It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch. For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed. The young live in the nest for about 13 days. As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food. Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage. Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years. Threats. Predators. Eggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call. Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare. Disease. The American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals. In culture. The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill. There is color named after the American robin's eggs. It is called "robin's egg blue". The robin is considered a symbol of spring. A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called "I Dreaded That First Robin So". There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is "The First Robin" by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck. New-age music New-age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation. One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm. Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston. Write Once Read Many Write Once Read Many (times) or WORM is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read. There are two different kinds of such media: Charles-Marie Widor Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyon, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The "Toccata" from his "Symphony no 5" is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies. Marcel Dupré Marcel Dupré (born Rouen, Normandy, 3 May 1886; died Meudon, near Paris, 30 May 1971), was a leading French organist, composer, and teacher. Biography. Marcel Dupré was born to a musical family in Rouen (Normandy, France). His father Albert Dupré was organist at the gothic abbey of St Ouen in Rouen. The young Marcel was a child prodigy. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied the piano and organ. He studied organ with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne, and Charles-Marie Widor. His studies with Widor also included composition. In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, "Psyché". Twelve years later, he became professor of organ at the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1954. Among his best-known work were more than 2,000 organ recitals in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia. In 1920 he played in a series of concerts at the Paris Conservatoire in which he played the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach from memory. In 1934 he succeeded Widor as organist at St. Sulpice in Paris, serving until his death. From 1947 to 1954, he was director of the American Conservatory, which was in the Château de Fontainebleau near Paris. In 1954, Dupré succeeded Claude Delvincourt (who had been killed in a car crash) as director of the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1956. He died at the age of 85. His playing. Dupré's organ recitals often included his own work, as well as those of other composers, especially Bach. In the tradition of Widor and Vierne, his compositions included long works in several movements which he called “symphonies”. When he played in church services he would start by playing composed music which was suitable for the time of year. Then he would improvise, playing complicated fugues, trio sonatas and chorale improvisations. He was so good at improvising that many people thought he had composed the music beforehand. When playing in concerts he was often given a tune, and then he would immediately make up a large work from that tune. In 1906, when he was still a student, he played for a wedding and two services when the famous Widor was going to be absent. Dupré asked Widor what music he should play. Widor told him to improvise something. Dupré waited for Widor to go out of the church before he started practising, but Widor crept back in and listened to him. He realized that Dupré would manage very well. His teaching. Dupré was famous as an organ teacher. He taught two generations of well-known organists including Jehan Alain, Marie-Claire Alain, Pierre Cochereau, Jeanne Demessieux,Jean Guillou, Jean Langlais, and Olivier Messiaen. His compositions. Dupré composed a great deal of organ music. As a young child he got to know Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the most famous organ builder in France. Cavaillé-Coll had built the organ that Dupré’s father played, so he was used to the sound of modern French organs. Most of Dupré's music for the organ is very difficult to play. It includes the "Three Preludes and Fugues", Op. 7 (1914). Even Widor thought that the Prelude of the third piece was simply impossible to perform. However, Dupré could play it, and many organists after him learned to play it, too. Other notable works of Dupré's include the "Symphonie-Passion", the "Esquisses" and "Évocation", and the "Cortège et Litanie". As well as composing lots of music, Dupré prepared study editions of the organ works of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann, César Franck, and Alexander Glazunov. He also wrote music for people who were learning to play the organ, and books on how to improvise on the organ. References. “Marcel Dupré at Saint-Sulpice” – Gerard Brooks: Organist’s Review Aug 1986 p. 161-166 Paul Hindemith Paul Hindemith (pronounce: POWL HIN-de-mit), (16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was the most important and influential German composer during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra. Louis Vierne Louis Vierne (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, "24 Fantasy Pieces" (which includes his famous "Carillon de Westminster"), and "24 Pieces In Free Style". Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ. Life. Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music. He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame. Organ symphonies. Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935. Jehan Alain Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer. He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built. In his short life he composed many works. His most famous organ pieces are "Trois Danses" (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called "Litanies". Alain was killed fighting in World War II. His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works. Shame Shame is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger. Keynes (disambiguation) Keynes could mean: Moulin Rouge Moulin Rouge ("Red Windmill") is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th "arrondissement" (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof. The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show. The ingredients for its success are said to be: Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is "Moulin Rouge!" directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge. Henri Matisse Henri Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of colour and his original ideas. He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century. Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects. His mastery of the expressive language of form and colour, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art. Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. AFI's 100 Years of Musicals Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Musicals is a list of the top American musical movies. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program. Abu Nuwas Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī (), known as Abū Nuwās al-Salamī () or just Abū Nuwās ( "Abū Novās"); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". Montmartre Montmartre is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is in north Paris and famous for its nightlife. Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh. Name origin. Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr.' The name comes from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France. The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older. It may have been a druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area. Arnaut Danièl Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today "Arnaut Danièl") wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan. Cabaret Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue". The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch "cabret", through Old North French "camberette", from Late Latin "camera". It essentially means "small room." Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article. Disney Studios Australia Disney Studios Australia is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including "The Matrix", "Moulin Rouge!", "Mission Impossible II", ', ' and "Superman Returns". Movies. The studio has been involved in a number of movies including: Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, and is a Catholic saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano. His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law. By 1240, he became interested in the religious life and decided to become a friar with the new Dominican Order. His family captured him and brought him back because to become a Dominican one must eliminate material wealth. His parents expected him to follow in his uncle’s footsteps and become a Benedictine abbot. They kept him in a castle in an effort to change his mind. However, when they released him two years later, he immediately joined the Dominicans. He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book is "Summa Theologica." Aquinas is one of the 33 Doctors of the Church. Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines. Aquinas is also known for his work with natural law. Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil. Craig Pearce Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play "Strictly Ballroom" and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie "Romeo + Juliet" and co-wrote the 2001 movie "Moulin Rouge!", also with Baz Luhrmann. Donald McAlpine Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical "Moulin Rouge!" (2001), for which he earned an "Academy Award" nomination, Adam Sandler's "Anger Management" (2003), Universal Pictures' "Peter Pan" (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced "" (2005). Herbert Howells Herbert Howells CBE, CH, was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire on 17 October 1892 to Oliver and Elizabeth Howells. He died in London on 23 February 1983. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican Church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music. One of his best known works is the "Hymnus Paradisi", a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 "Psalm-Preludes" and a piece called "Master Tallis’s Testament". Jill Bilcock Jillian (Jill) Bilcock (born 1948, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a movie editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for "Moulin Rouge!". She also was nominated for the Academy Award for movie Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann ("Moulin Rouge!" - 2002, "Romeo + Juliet" - 1996, and "Strictly Ballroom" - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for "Elizabeth" (1998). Jim Broadbent James Broadbent (born 24 May 1949) is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe- and BAFTA-winning English theatre, movie and television actor. Broadbent was born in Lincoln, England; he lives in London. John Leguizamo John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated American comedian, actor and producer. Nut (fruit) A nut is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of human and animal diets. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist. Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts (such as hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns) have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside. In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut. Botanical definition. A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall. Types of nuts. Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, and hazelnut. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but treated as one in cooking. Richard Roxburgh Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains. Awards. Australian Film Institute Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards Speed of sound The speed of sound is per hour or per second in dry air in room temperature. It travels at 1500 meters per second through water. Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter. The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere. You can calculate the speed of sound like this: formula_1 Where: formula_2 is the ratio of specific heats (1.4 for air) R is the gas constant (formula_3 for air) T is temperature (in Kelvins) The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic. Notrium Notrium is a freeware video game for the PC. It is at version 1.341. "Notrium" was developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen. It is the seventh game that Ville has made, but it is only the fifth game to be made in English. Released in 2003, it won second place in the 'Adventure Game of the Year' contest on GameTunnel. Setting. Location. The game takes place on the invented planet Notrium. The game world is split up into squares, each of which has its own climate, land, and goals. The player can move between squares to reach the other areas, though some of the areas can only be reached by using vehicles or teleportation. There are climates such as jungle, desert, and tundra. All area squares can are changed by a day-night cycle, except for levels that are set indoors. The game's graphics are all randomly generated (put together) at the start of the game, except in special game areas. This random generation changes where items and plants are, though most items and scenery will stay in their environment square. Environment squares do not change when the game is started. For example, a tree in the Jungle zone will be put in a different place each time a new game is begun, but the player character will still start in the same place as always. Story. The plot of the game is that a team of four, an Alien, a Human, an Android (a robot), and a Psionic creature, have left Earth in a spacecraft, because Earth was going to be destroyed. After the player has chosen the character he/she wants to control, the game begins. The spacecraft is shot at by missiles from the planet Notrium, which is close by. The player's character gets into an escape pod and crashes on the planet's surface. From there, the player must find a way to survive, as well as a way to escape. Journal entries, which are different for each character, appear every game day for two game weeks. These entries tell about what happened to the characters while they were on the spacecraft. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship; while the journal of the Android shows that he was the ship's mechanic. Other happenings can be discovered by going to special places in the game, or finishing a goal. "Notrium" has more than one ending to the game. Different characters can get different endings. Some endings can only be won by one character, while other endings can be won by other characters as well. Gameplay. A person plays "Notrium" looking from a top-down view. The player may move in all directions while facing in a different one, similar to the way a first-person shooter is controlled, and similar to the freeware PC shooter game "Crimsonland". During the game, the player can find items and objects, such as plants, weapons, and machines. Most important items, like a force field to protect the character, are not found in one piece. The player can build them out of two or three other parts. Gameplay is about collecting parts to build, defending from enemies, and then winning one of the game's endings. Depending on the character the player has picked, the game is played in a different way. The fast-moving Alien starts with a very strong attack and gets more attacks over time, but it cannot use any weapons. The Human starts with a very weak attack, but he can make many weapons and armor to get more powerful. The game also has weather. If "Notrium" is played on a setting harder than 'easy', the character will be changed by the weather. Standing near a fire will make the player more hot, and standing under a tree will make the player less hot. In some areas of the game, there is dangerous weather, like sandstorms, blizzards, or acid rain. Mods. "Notrium" was made to be easy to mod (change), and a guide about how to change is on Ville's website. When the player starts a new game after getting a new mod, he or she can choose what mod they want to play. Mods can make many changes, such as putting new items or goals into the game, changing or making new environment squares. Mods can even make a new character that the player can choose, such as in the 'Werivar' mod. Sigfrid Karg-Elert Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer. He wrote in a late Romantic style. He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument. He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called "Nun danket alle Gott" ("Now thank we all our God"). Louis-Claude Daquin Louis-Claude Daquin (born in Paris, 4 July 1694; died in Paris, 15 June 1772) was a French composer. He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist. He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called "Le Coucou" ("The Cuckoo"). John Bull (composer) John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ. Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal. He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery. He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy. He died in Antwerp. Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century. Many of his works are in the collection called the "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book". Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person. Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing. About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die. (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades. In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world. By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases. The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travellers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic. The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio. So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease. Prevention. The way to prevent polio has been known for many years: 1. Vaccine given 6, 12 and 16 weeks old as part of a six-in-one vaccine. 2. Three years and four months old as part of a 4-in-one pre-school booster 3. 14 years old as a part of the 3-in-one teenage booster. The child has to have ALL of these to be fully protected. This complicated list explains why polio is still around. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. Not all, however, develop paralysis or any other sign of the infection. The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in the 1950s. Dystopia A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book "1984". and Aldous Huxley's book "Brave New World". A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler. A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforeseen ruins it. Centre (department) Centre is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea. Geography. The "Départment du Centre" has an area of 3,675 km². It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the "Montagnes Noires" (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the "Chaine du Trout d'Eau". Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river. The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns. The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department. Administrative division. The department is divided into four "arrondissements" (like districts) and 12 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa (, "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at . Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later. It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built. Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec. The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build. The building is part of a building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district. The building and planning. The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers. Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager. The design architect, Adrian Smith, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building. He added 27 new floors and an aluminium spire to the top of the plans. The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in Islamic architecture. Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built. This has not been proven to be true yet. The TV/radio communications mast was added to the tower's plans in 2007. This was after building work had begun in 2006. There are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors about every 35 floors. These were put into the tower in case of an emergency or fire. The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries. These include the "Big, Bigger, Biggest" series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the "Mega Builders" series on the Discovery Channel. The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach . Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building. The foundation of the building is deep. It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground. Each column was in diameter and long. of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water. The Dubai Fountain. A fountain system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of California. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. The fountain cost UAEd 800 million. It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors. The fountain is long. It shoots water into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music. On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain. Delays and late building work. Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to finishes. An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes. The design of the apartments were also made better. This was done to make them both look better and work better. There were problems with the marble decorations, flooring, the top floors' sanitation system, broken glasswork and a poorly done wall mural of the Sultan of Oman. A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given. Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010. Workers' disputes and strikes.. Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia. Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84. According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their passports were taken by their employers. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries. Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times. On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested. They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage. Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but refused to work. Records set. The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records- Aswan Low Dam The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam. The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted. The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser. The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation. This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam upstream. The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries. Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control. The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted. Billboard (magazine) Billboard is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week. It is most famous for the "Billboard" charts. The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called "Billboard Advertising". It started doing music charts in the 1930s. Tom Brosseau Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. Life. He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name. Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, "Cavalier". The Strokes The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, "Is This It" is their most famous. Band history. Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as "The Modern Age" EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the "NME". Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK. Henry Head Battery The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia. History. This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless. The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use. Georges Head Battery The Georges Head Battery, also called the Georges Head Military Fortifications is a fort on the Georges Head, in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Georges Head fort is one of many forts that were built on Sydney Harbour meant to defend the colony of New South Wales, just encase another country tried to invade our country Australia. The fort became the boss of all other forts in the 1890s organizing all of Sydney's harbour forts. History. The area where the fort is was once home to Aborigines that lived in the area for thousands of years and long before Europeans visited and decided to stay. Georges Head fort was built in 1871 after the British Army decided to leave Australia in 1870. When they left the responsibility for protecting Sydney and Sydney Harbour was now in the hands of rich colonies like New South Wales and Victoria who now had to organise its own defences. Georges Head was near the entrance to Sydney Harbour and was meant to attack baddies (foreign ships that are not friendlies) before they could get into the harbour. The fort was on a very good spot and was positioned high above sea level with clear views to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour/Sydney Heads). Other forts were also on Middle Head, South Head, Shark Point and Bradleys Head, but none were ever used for fighting ships or troops from other countrys. Georges Head was armed with four 80 pounder cannons and two 68 pounder cannons. These cannons were 'muzzle-loading', which meant the cannonballs or bullets along with the explosive charge (T.N.T dynamite) were loaded into the front of the cannons barrel. It took three months and 250 soldiers to roll the gun barrels all the way from North Sydney to the forts. They came along a dirt road which later became Military Road. Once they were put in place, the cannons had been placed so close together that it created the risk of one cannon firing upon another. Also, the cannons and the men could be seen from ships in the harbour. In 1877 large mounds of earth were placed between the pits to make sure the guns neither could fire upon each other and to help protect the gun crew from enemy fire. When construction of the fort was finalised, there were a total of 41 gun emplacements around Sydney Harbour. The planning of defence was planned using telescopes and plotters sitting in the middle of the second gun pit. From the telephone exchange, the Port Jackson District Commandant could talk with all the other forts around the harbour. Telephone wires ran through tunnels, down the cliff and under the harbour to forts on the other side. Georges Head was later chosen as the best place to spy and fire mines which were laid underwater. In 1888 Georges Head battery was upgraded for the latest in harbour defences in the form of submarine bombs. Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners. From Georges Head, miners watched for ships entering the harbour. Their job was to explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship. Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to the firing post. The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous. During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight. Virgin Records Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group. In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI. Death Cab for Cutie Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums). The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film "Magical Mystery Tour". Members. Former Dave Matthews Band Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time. The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres. Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people. Fuzûlî Fużūlī (فضولی) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483 – 1556). He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Turkish literature, Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkish works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well. He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy. Life. Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns. Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani. One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name". Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word "fuzûlî"—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called "tevriyye" (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary "fuzûl" (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of "fazl" (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as "‘ulûm" (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and "fünûn" (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')". In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of poems in praise of the sultan, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. But he did not really get it. Therefore he citicized bureaucracy in one of his best-known works, the letter "Şikâyetnâme" (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"): The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera. References. Primary Secondary Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I or Suleiman al-Kanuni (6 November 1494 – 5/6 September 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He became sultan when he was 26 years old. He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Islamic world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), because he changed the organization of the Ottoman legal system. This nickname shows how important he was in the Ottoman Empire. Some people even considered Suleiman as the “World Emperor and Messiah of the Last Age”. He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, Austria, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa. Childhood. Suleiman was the only son of Selim I and Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Suleiman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he got a basic education from his personal teachers. One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi. Suleiman spoke eight languages fluently. He also wrote Persian poetry and his hobby was composing lute music. Besides battle, he also enjoyed philosophical debate. During his childhood, Suleiman became friends with Damat Ibrahim Pasha, who was a slave of the sultan. Later during Suleiman’s reign Pasha became an important adviser and grand vizier. When Suleiman was 10 years old, he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but the sons of Beyazid II held him back. Suleiman followed his father Selim I to become emperor of the Ottoman Empire in September 1520. Siege of Vienna. Suleiman tried to capture Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Austrian Empire, two times. One time in 1529 after he destroyed and captured the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1526 Battle of Mohács, and another time in 1532. Both times Suleiman failed. The Siege of Vienna became the end of the growth of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. After these failed attempts, Suleiman started to focus on growing his Empire into Asia and the Mediterranean instead of Central Europe. Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman. The empire that Suleiman ruled over had Ottoman Turkish as its main language. The religion of Islam played a central role during his reign. A variety of people were ruled over by the Ottoman Empire. They were separated by differences in race, language, religion, and customs. This variety of people included those who were favored as they had the state religion, which was Islam. Others may have had a lesser position but still were allowed to have their own religion, for example Jews and Christians. Throughout Suleiman's reign, the government was made up of the Ruling Institution. This institution included the family of the sultan, the ministers of the sultan, and the army. During Suleiman’s reign, it can be said that the Muslim Institution had more power and influence than the Ruling Institution. However, the Muslim Institution was aiming to catch up with the Sharia Institution. Successor of Suleiman. Suleiman wanted to keep the power to himself. To prevent his son Mustafa from taking power with a coup, Suleiman had Mustafa strangled in 1553. Several other sons also died. Suleiman’s successor was his son Selim II. He came to the throne during civil conflicts with his surviving brothers. Selim II had the urge to live a life of pleasure, instead of focusing on the difficult task of governing. He assigned affairs of state to his grand vizier (chief minister) and son-in-law, Mehmed Sokullu. After Selim II came to power to follow Suleiman, the reign of the Ottoman Empire steadily went downhill, because Selim II was more focused on his personal pleasure. Death Suleiman. Suleiman passed away on September 7th 1566. He died during the war with Austria. After his death, he was moved back to Istanbul. He was buried in Mimar Sinan’s biggest mausoleum. Kalidasa Kālidās (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), was the author of "Meghadoot", "Shākuntal", and other works in Sanskrit. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English. Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy. Life. There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās. It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE. Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron. Works. Plays. Kālidās wrote three plays: "Mālawikāgnimitra" ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), "Abhijñānashākuntala" ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and "Vikramorwasheeya" ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German. "Mālawikāgnimitra" tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end. "Abhijñānashākuntala" tells the story of a king, "Dushyanta", who meets in the forests "Shakuntalā", the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests. Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end. "Vikramōrwasheeya" is more mystical than the above two plays. Poetry. Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, "Raghuvamsha" ("Dynasty of Raghu") and "Kumārasambhawa" ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical "Meghadoota" ("Cloud Messenger") and "Rutusamhāra" ("The Exposition on the Seasons"). Some historians credit Kālidās with a few other works, including the following; however, scholars commonly believe that they were the creations of some other authors writing under the name Kālidās: Water organ The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ. As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall. A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water. It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was the world's first keyboard instrument. Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ. The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes. The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs. The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall. It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard. User interface A User interface allows a user to interact with a machine. User interfaces mainly provide two things: Many machines can be very dangerous. A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked. The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use. An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch. A kill switch must shut off the machine at all costs - the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people. This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed. According to EN ISO 13850, the kill switch has to be red on a yellow background. The colors used to mark different states are close to those used by signals used on the road. There may be additional symbols, for example: In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind. They need to be explained, like warnings, though. Pizza Hut Pizza Hut is an American pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor. Pizza Hut also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks. In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts. History. Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at a intersection in Wichita. Intersection (road) An intersection is where two or more roads come together. Intersections are also known as "junctions". At an intersection, there can be stop signs on one or both sides of the intersection. There can also be a traffic light. Kinds of intersections. There are two major types of intersections. <br> Package Package or packaging can mean: Chrysalis A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly. The word "chrysalis" comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects. Artibonite (department) Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves. The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the "Place d'Armes" of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines. Geography. The "Départment de l'Artibonite", with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti. The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte. The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the "Chaine de Terre-Neuve" and the "Montagnes Noires" (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the "Chaine des Mattheux". It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns. The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc. Administrative division. The department is divided into five "arrondissements" (like districts) and 15 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Economy. Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite. Bohemianism The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a Gypsy because many people thought that Gypsies came from Bohemia. The word was then used in the late 19th century (1800s) for poor painters, writers, musicians and actors who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money. Paris was a famous town for painters, writers, and musicians to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city. Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the "Moulin Rouge". One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes. He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs. The posters are now famous works of art. In the 20th century the word "Bohemian" spread to other countries and was used to describe the lives of many different artists of different sorts. The sort of behaviour that was thought of as "Bohemian" included whether a person had a regular job, how they dressed, their political views, their religious views, their sexual behaviour and the entertainment they liked. People who were called "Bohemians" were often very poor, because they tried to live by painting, acting or writing. It was hard to make a living. They generally wore old or second-hand clothing, and could not afford a good hair-cut. They often shared the room in the roof of a house, which was cheap, because it was cold in winter, hot in summer and often had birds living there as well. In some ways the life of a bohemian artist was difficult, but it gave people freedom to express themselves, that was often not found in more conservative society, where everyone worried about what other people thought of them, and cared a lot about things like clothes and houses. Sometimes students from richer families would come to live a "Bohemian life style", so that they could feel the same freedom to express themselves. During the 20th century, many cities apart from Paris have areas where people have lived Bohemian lifestyles. One of the problems is that these areas often become fashionable for rich people. This soon drives away the poor artists and students, because they can no longer afford the rent. Bohemian areas. Bohemian areas in different cities are: Henry Willis Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire. Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard. Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool. Drug addiction Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug. Addiction also involves other behaviours. These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work. When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal. When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug. For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class. Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine. A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder. Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders. Symptoms. The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs. In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well. A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including: Aristide Cavaillé-Coll Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born in Montpellier, 4 February 1811; died in Paris, 13 October 1899) was a French organ-builder. He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument. César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building. Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra. He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one. It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”). The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great. He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting. This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure. Gottfried Silbermann Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos. Life. He was born in Kleinbobritzsch. He learnt to build organs from his brother in Straßburg. In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg. Then, in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony" from Frederick Augustus I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works. Silbermann's pianos. Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano. He built the first German fortepiano in 1732. During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became familiar with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them. He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model. They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval". Gulf of Gonâve The Gulf of Gonâve () is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti. It is at . Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti, is on the coast of the gulf. Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie. Several islands are in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites. The Artibonite River flows into this gulf. Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the "Saint-Marc Channel" to the north and the "Gonâve Channel" to the south. Arp Schnitger Arp Schnitger (born 2 July 1648; buried 28 July 1719) was a very important German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period. Hello Kitty Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio. Her real name is Kitty White. The character has a large head. She usually has a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Hello Kitty is known all over the world. Hello Kitty became very popular with young schoolgirls during the 1980s. In the 1990s Sanrio made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women. Hello Kitty has become very successful. The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries. Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990. It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year. Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in "Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre", shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991. Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products that had her picture. Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese "kawaii" (cute in English) character. Characters. Kitty White. Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family. She likes the apple pie her mother makes. Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy. She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older. Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples. Her childhood friend is Daniel Starr. Mimmy White. She is the twin sister of Kitty White. She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear. She is shy and feminine. Daniel Starr. He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd. He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty". He has a naïve and loving personality. His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano. He wishes to be a photographer someday. Mary White. Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother. She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing. Her birthday is September 14th. George White. George is Kitty and Mimmy's father. He is a very reliable and humorous man. His birthday is June 3rd. Herman's Hermits Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles. None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show". Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies. The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline. Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer. In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts. Grand'Anse (department) Grand'Anse, or "Grande Anse", is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie. Geography. The "Départment de la Grand'Anse" has an area of 2,091 km². It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve, to the east by the Nippes Department, to the south by the Sud Department, and by the Caribbean Sea to the west. The "Massiff de la Hotte", an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the south of the department, with the Plymouth, Macaya and Casetaches mountain ranges. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Baradères, Dame-Marie, de la Grande-Anse, de Nippes, des Roseaux and Voldrogue. Administrative division. The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 11 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Nippes Nippes is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is the newest and smallest Haitian department; it was created in 2003 with the eastern part of the Grand'Anse Department. It has an estimated population of 266,379 (2003) and its capital city is Miragoâne. Nippes has an area of 1,219 km2. It is bordered to the south by the Sud Department, to the east by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Grand'Anse Department and to the north by the Gonâve Channel, the southern part of the Gulf of Gonâve. Administrative division. The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 11 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Lara Veronin Lara Veronin is a Russian-Taiwanese-American singer born on 2 May 1988. She is famous for being the lead vocalist of the C-Pop band Nan Quan Mama. The band's first album Treasure Map and second album Nan Quan Mama, Version 2 both peaked at #4 on the Taiwanese Album Charts. She has also appeared as a featured voicalist on Jay Chou's sixth album November's Chopin on the track "Coral Sea". Biography. Veronin was born and raised in Monterey Park, California, America and moved to Taiwan in her teens. Her father is a Russian American, and her mother a Taiwanese. She speaks fluent English and Mandarin as shown in her songs, but says she is unable to speak Russian. Reportedly, Veronin's talent was discovered when she met C-pop singer Jay Chou at a restaurant where she was working. He was interested in her voice and recruited her for his band, Nan Quan Mama. Her role as the lead singer of Nan Quan Mama gave her instant fame. She gained greater recognition as her songs "靠近一點點 Kao Jin Yi Dian Dian" and "Say You Love Me" were chosen to be theme songs for It Started With A Kiss, a Chinese romantic comedy television series in 2005. In 2006, Veronin was cast in the television series "Engagement for Love", co-starring Alex To and Ambrose Hsu. As of now, Veronin is studying in college in Taipei while continuing her music career. Style. Her musical style is often disputed (argued about). This is because most of her songs when she performs solo are in the alternative or pop-rock genre, but when she performs as a vocalist in the band Nan Quan Mama, she often sings blues- and soul-influenced dance music. Super Girl (TV series) Super Girl (; "lit. Super Female Voice") is an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China for female competitors. The official name is The Mengniu Yoghurt Super Girl Contest, after the company that sponsored the show. It is now one the most popular entertainment shows in China. However, after the third season, the show was banned by the Chinese government. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled Super, Girls!, produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls." Outline. The competition was open to any female regardless of age, origin or appearance. The audition sessions had females ranging from 4 to 89 years old. The 2005 season of the contest attracted more than 120,000 applicants during the preliminary selection rounds, held in the provinces Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Henan and Zhejiang. Many applicants travelled long distances to take part in the competition. Each contestant was allowed 30 seconds to perform to judges and find out if they were selected for the preliminary regional rounds. To prevent another overwhelming audition season, the minimum age of 18 was later set during the 2006 season. Following the selection of contestants in the five regions, the competition began with the preliminary rounds. Preliminaries were held in each of the five locations where auditions were located. Vviewers were able to watch each of the preliminaries and vote for their favorite singers. Voting was conducted by telephone and SMS. The regional preliminaries are followed by a weekly broadcast single-elimination (knockout) tournament held in Changsha, Hunan. The least voted two face-off subsequently in a "PK." The term "PK" comes from "Player Kill," a reference to kill-or-be-killed online games. The singer with the least number of votes is then eliminated. The last event is contested between the final 3. Judges for the competition were selected from different backgrounds in society. "Audience judges" were selected in addition to several professional judges. History. The original version of the show was known as "Super Boy" and aired in 2003 on Hunan Entertainment Channel, a local broadcaster based in Changsha, Hunan. The show was a success and the counterpart "Super Girl" aired at the beginning of 2004 and became the most viewed show in Hunan. However, the programme's impact was limited as the channel does not broadcast outside the province. On May 6, 2004, "Super Girl" was introduced to a national audience by its producer Liao Ke through Hunan Satellite Television. In addition to broadcasting the original episodes created by Hunan Entertainment Channel, the network also developed this show in other 3 cities: Wuhan in Hubei, Nanjing in Jiangsu and Chengdu in Sichuan. This show attracted an average of 10,000 contestants in each city and received nationwide attention. Hunan Satellite Television introduced a second season of "Super Girl" on March 19, 2005. The preliminary rounds were filmed in five cities: Changsha in Hunan Province, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province, Zhengzhou in Henan Province, Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, and Chengdu in Sichuan Province. By the middle of the season, the competition captivated a nationwide audience and became one of the most watched television entertainment shows in China with tens of millions of viewers. Cultural impact. The final episode of the 2005 season was one of the most popular shows in Chinese broadcast history, drawing more than 400,000,000 viewers, more than CCTV's New Year's Gala earlier that year. The final peaked at 280,000,000 viewers at a given time, higher than the 12,000,000-viewer figure for the finals of "Pop Idol". Despite the show being condemned by CCTV as being "vulgar and manipulative", season 3 of the show was launched and finished in early October 2006. On January 18, 2006, China National Philatelic Corporation released a postage stamp issue featuring 2005 winner Li Yu Chun. The set was shortly earlier than Li's twenty-second birthday in her commemoration. On May 11, 2009, "The Oprah Winfrey Show", a worldwide famous television show, invited Zhang Liangying, who ranked 3rd overall in the 2005 contest, to make an American television singing debut. The subtitle of the show was "The World's Got Talent" and Zhang Liangying was the only east Asian singer in the show. Some who were not chosen as winners have also been able to enter the recording industry through other means. Ji Min Jia, who ranked fifth overall in the 2005 contest, worked in Los Angeles in 2006 to help with production of the title song for Japanese anime series "The Galaxy Railways". On March 15, 2007, Japanese recording group Hello! Project announced Li Chun, one of the top 50 contestants in the 2006 Changsha regional, as one of two new members of Chinese ancestry of its pop group Morning Musume. The contest has also inspired television producers to create other talent search shows. Democratic expression. One of the main factors contributing to the show's popularity was that viewers are able to participate in the judging process by sending SMSs with their mobile phones to vote for their favorite contestants. During the 2005 regional contest in Chengdu alone, 307,071 message votes were cast for the top three contestants, each vote costing ¥0.5 to ¥3. Over 800,000,000 text messages were sent during the third season of "Super Girl", and fan clubs began to appear throughout the country. After the large response to the ability to vote, the Chinese government banned the show from continuing to a fourth season. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled "Super, Girls!", produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls." While some culture and media experts praised "Super Girl" in blazing "a trail for cultural democracy" and breaking elitism in China's entertainment industry, others stated that "the show represented a superficiality in society, propelled by behind-the-scenes manipulation and state-of-the-art pomp and circumstance". Economic impact. Mengniu reportedly paid ¥14,000,000 to Hunan Television for rights to sponsor the show's broadcast outside Hunan province beginning with the 2005 season. The 2005 contest was estimated to have drawn in a total of ¥766,000,000. Indirect business impact of the competition was estimated at several billion yuan. Television advertisement slots cost an average of ¥33,400 for 15 seconds in 2006, compared to the average of ¥28,000 in 2005. Advertising sales were expected to reach ¥200,000,000, nearly double that of the previous year. 2004 season. The first season of "Super Girl" aired from 6 May to September 22, 2004. Although the winners of the competition were not promised recording contracts, the top three winners signed such deals. 2005 season. The second season of "Super Girl" aired from March 19 to August 26 in 2005. There was much controversy about the Li Yu Chun being the season's grand champion as she had the most votes even though she had "the weakest voice among the top finalists". Despite the heavy criticism that arose during the competition season, the three 2005 finalists have been considered the most successful singers from the entire show. 2006. The third season of aired from April 2 to September 30, 2006. Shang Wen Jie's selection as grand champion over Tan Wei Wei, who is a professional vocalist from Sichuan Conservatory of Music, raised questions at each candidate's public appeal. Speculations arose that Shang, who appeared to be a copycat of Li Yu Chun's image, was voted grand champion due to the appeal of her Cinderella story. Voluntary (music) In music a voluntary is a piece of music, usually for organ, which is played as part of a church service. The word “voluntary” can be used for the title of a piece of music. The title was often used by English composers in the late Renaissance or Baroque periods for a piece of organ music that was free in style, i.e. it did not have to be composed in a strict form such as sonata form or a fugue. It was meant to sound as if it was being improvised (the word voluntary in general means “free”, i.e. not “forced to do something”). Composers such as Orlando Gibbons, John Blow and Henry Purcell wrote voluntaries, although sometimes they preferred to use other titles such as "fancy" (an English form of the Italian word "fantasia"), or even "fugue". However, these "fugues" were not composed in the proper fugue style: they just started off with imitation as in a fugue, but continued in a freer style. Some voluntaries were called "double voluntaries". These were pieces written for organs with two manuals (keyboards). The pieces contrasted a loud manual with a soft one. Some voluntaries were known as "trumpet voluntaries". These were voluntaries which had a tune which was played (with the right hand) on a stop called a “trumpet” or a “cornet”. Two very famous trumpet voluntaries, often played at weddings, are the trumpet voluntary by Henry Purcell and the one by Jeremiah Clarke (which people used to think was composed by Purcell). In the 18th century the composer John Stanley wrote many trumpet voluntaries. Aalen Aalen (pronounced ) is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is the capital of the Ostalbkreis district, and its largest town. Bad Wörishofen Bad Wörishofen () is a spa town in Unterallgäu in Bavaria, Germany. Geography. The town is on the Wörthbach, a tributary of the River Mindel in . It is about 80 km / 50 miles west of Munich and 35 km / 22 miles east of Memmingen. Bürgermeister The German word Burgermeister often spelled in English as "Burgomaster" or "Burgomeister" means "master of the citizens". A Burgermeister is chairman of the executive council (or cabinet) in many towns and cities in Germany. In France, the person is called a "maire". In the Netherlands the person is called the "burgemeester". The title is usually translated into English as "Mayor", but the position of mayor is not quite the same as the Burgermeister. Municipal government. "Ober-" is put in front of many title to show that it is higher than another, especially in military. Area codes in Germany Area codes in Germany () for telephones have two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns. The first digit (after the leading zero) shows the region: (0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards. Vehicle registration plates of Germany German automobile number plates ("Kfz-Kennzeichen") show the place where the automobile carrying them is registered. When a person changes their main home in Germany, or buys a new automobile, they must buy new number plates. Number plates can be bought which are valid all year round or between 2 to 11 months within any 12 months. This allows changing between summer and winter automobiles, such as a convertible and a sedan/saloon without having the time and money wasted for de- and re-registering. Format. The present number plate format, used since 1994, uses black print on a white background and first provides information about the country where the automobile is registered within the European Union. German licence plates show a "D" (for "Deutschland"="Germany") on the blue strip on the left, which shows the European Union's flag, 12 golden stars in a circle on blue ground. After that, there are between one and three letters for the city or region where the automobile is registered, such as B for Berlin. These units usually coincide with the German districts, in few cases an urban district and the surrounding district share the same letter code. Usually if an urban district and a rural district share the code, the number of the following letters is different. For example, the urban district (Straubing) SR has one letter after the code (SR - A 123). The surrounding district Straubing-Bogen has two letters (SR - AB 123) after the code. It depends on the number of registered automobiles (or citizens) whether the City or the district has two letters, because there are more possibilities with two letters, so the part with more citizens usually has two letters. For example, the urban district Regensburg has more citizens than the rural district Regensburg, so the city has two letters after the code R. The number of letters in the city/region code usually shows the size and location of the district: the largest German cities generally only have one letter codes (B=Berlin, M=München (Munich), K=Köln (Cologne), F=Frankfurt am Main), most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes. Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters, for two reasons: This is only a rule of thumb, there are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany's second largest city Hamburg (HH, Hansestadt Hamburg, because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League) or the west German district Ammerland (WST, Westerstede is the capital of the district). The reason for this scheme is however not to display size or location, but simply to have enough combinations available within the maximum length of eight characters per plate. After the location name there are the emission test and vehicle safety test stickers (see below), followed by one or two letters and one to four numbers. These letters and numbers can be chosen by the vehicle owner or if they prefer, random ones can be allocated by the licensing office. The total quantity of letters and numbers on the plate is never higher than eight. One letter with low numbers are normally reserved for motorcycle use since the plate space of these vehicles is smaller. Prohibited combinations. Various combinations that could be considered politically unacceptable—mainly due to implications relating to Nazi Germany—are disallowed or otherwise avoided. The district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge uses the name of its main town, Pirna, in its code "PIR", to avoid the use of "SS", the name of the nazi group; similarly "SA" is also unused. This is why automobiles for the government and parliament in Saxony-Anhalt are registered with LSA (Land Sachsen Anhalt). In 2004 in Nuremberg, an automobile owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party, the NPD. Banned combinations include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ("Hitlerjugend", Hitler Youth), NS ("Nationalsozialismus", National Socialism), SA ("Sturmabteilung"), SS ("Schutzstaffel") and KZ ("Konzentrationslager", concentration camp). Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake, however; there are a few automobiles registered carrying prohibited codes, such as "B-SS 12". Some counties also allow these combinations if they are the initials of the owner (e.g., Norbert Schmidt might be able to get XX-NS 1234), but in this case, if the automobile is sold and re-registered in the same county by the new owner, the number can be changed (otherwise the number stays with the automobile until it registered in a different area). Special codes. Certain types of vehicle bear special codes: The German Federal President's license plate is 0-1, the Chancellor's 0-2, the Foreign Secretary's 0-3. The plate of the President of the Bundestag is an exception: it shows 1-1. This is to show that the Bundestag's President is not part of the government but still ranks higher in importance than the Chancellor. These vehicles are tax-exempt and need not to be insured since the German government acts as insurer. 588 Achilles 588 Achilles is an asteroid found on February 22, 1906 by the German astronomer Max Wolf. It was the first of the Trojan asteroids to be found, and is named after Achilles, the fictional hero from the Iliad. It orbits in the L4 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Jupiter system. After a few such asteroids were found, the rule was made that the L4 point was the "Greek camp", while the L5 point was the "Trojan camp", though not before each camp had acquired a "spy" (624 Hektor in the Greek camp and 617 Patroclus in the Trojan camp). Mwai Kibaki Mwai Kibaki (15 November 1931 – 21 April 2022) was a Kenyan politician. He was the 3rd President of Kenya, from 2002 to 2013. President. Kibaki was the first President of Kenya to belong to a party other than KANU (Kenya African national union). After he became President he has done many good things. Kenya saw economic growth of 6%. He however had complaints from people who think the changes that were too slow to come. Many Kenyans living in the diaspora have begun to return to Kenya as the promise of the future has created high paying jobs. These jobs are appealing to foreign educated Kenyans. In 2007, many people were angry at him. They thought he changed the election results so that he would win. They started to destroy houses and other property. Kibaki's term ended in April 2013. He was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta as President. Personal life. He was married to Lucy Kibaki from 1962 until her death in April 2016. Kibaki died on 21 April 2022 in Nairobi, Kenya, aged 90. Socialist International The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide group which wants to establish democratic socialism. Most of its members are democratic socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties. History. Its name is from the Second International, which was formed in 1889 and dissolved on the eve of World War I in 1914. Some of the Second International's most famous actions were its 1889 declaration of 1 May as International Labour Day and its 1910 declaration of 8 March as International Women's Day. The Second International was split by the outbreak of World War I. A small part carried on as the International Socialist Commission. The International re-formed in 1923 (as the Labour and Socialist International), and was re organised again, in its present form, after World War II. Many social democratic and socialist parties had been suppressed in Nazi-occupied Europe. Since World War II, the SI helped social democratic parties to re-start themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975). Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the Socialist International had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America. In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose left-wing government had incited hatred from the United States. Since then, the SI has admitted as member-parties not only the FSLN but also the centre-left Puerto Rican Independence Party, as well as the ex-Communist parties such as the Italian Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra (DS)) and the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO). The Party of European Socialists, a European political party active in the European Parliament, is an associated organisation of the Socialist International. Presidents. In 2006, George Papandreou, leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, became the president of the Socialist International. Members. Full members. The following parties are full members: Consultative parties. The following parties are consultative parties: Observer parties. The following parties are observer parties: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. They are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as part of its ISO 3166 standard. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974. They are used in ISO/IEC 7501-1 for machine-readable passports. Current codes. Officially assigned code elements. Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA): User-assigned code elements. The following alpha-3 codes can be user-assigned: from AAA to AAZ, from QMA to QZZ, from XAA to XZZ, and from ZZA to ZZZ. These code elements are at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard. Reserved code elements. Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. The ISO 3166/MA therefore reserves them, so that they are not used for new official ISO 3166 codes, thereby creating conflicts between the standard and those applications. Exceptional reservations. The following alpha-3 codes are subject to an exceptional reservation: The following three codes were also under exceptional reservation, until the update from 2006-03-29 included them in the standard: Transitional reservations. The following alpha-3 codes are subject to a transitional reservation: Indeterminate reservations. The following alpha-3 codes are subject to an indeterminate reservation, having been notified to the United Nations Secretary-General under the 1949 and/or 1968 Road Traffic Conventions: The following code has been reassigned: Codes currently agreed not to use. For the time being, ISO 3166/MA has agreed not to use the following codes, taken from ISO/IEC 7501-1 (machine readable travel documents), as alpha-3 country codes: Other withdrawn codes. Besides the codes currently transitionally reserved and FXX (now exceptionally reserved), these alpha-3 codes have also been withdrawn since the first edition of ISO 3166 in 1974: Bellows A bellows is something that blows air into a small opening in order to make something work. The bellows will have a kind of sack which has air in it. When the sack is squeezed the air is pushed out. Bellows can be quite small and operated by hand, for example for stoking a fire in an open fireplace. They can also be very large, such as bellows that produce air for a large pipe organ to be played. Such bellows used to be pumped by hand (sometimes by several people), but nowadays electricity is used. Bellows are used by blacksmiths or metalworkers for smelting and welding. They are also used in small musical instruments such as bagpipes, accordions and concertinas. The harmonium has bellows which the player operates by pumping with the his feet. 1999 Jiji earthquake Chi-Chi earthquake, also known as the 921 earthquake, was an earthquake in central Taiwan. The earthquake happened on September 21, 1999 at 1:47 am local time (September 20 17:47 GMT). It measured 7.3 on the Richter scale. The epicentre of the earthquake was at in Chichi Township of Nantou County, hovering around the 12.5 km mark west of the Sun Moon Lake. The depth of the epicenter was 7.0 km. Damages. The earthquake caused much damage, according to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C. This damage included: The earthquake continued to shake Taiwan throughout the night. People tell stories about a house that was not destroyed but moved by the earthquake from one county to another. The story says that because of this, the owners of the house had to change their address. Chelungpu fault. The epicenter of the earthquake was Chichi Township. The 921 Earthquake happened along the Chelungpu fault line in western part of the island of Taiwan. The fault is located along the foothills of the Central Mountains in Nantou and Taichung counties. Some sections of land near the fault were changed in elevation by as much as 7 meters (23 feet). Near the northern end of the fault line, a 7-meter tall waterfall was created by the earthquake. In the middle-western part of the island, bridges were destroyed. This stopped traffic for weeks. In Wufeng, a village in southern Taichung County, the damage was very bad. The village's Guangfu High School was located on the fault line. It was badly damaged by the quake. Today the high school is the site of the National Museum of Natural Science's 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan. Landslides were created which in turn caused impromptu formation of lakes. Visibility "Visibility" is a word used in meteorology. It is used to talk about how far a normal person can see depending on the weather. If there is low visibility, such as in a blizzard, a person will not be able to see far. If there is high visibility, such as on a bright, sunny day, a person will be able to see a long way. Visibility less than is often called zero. When it is this low, roads may be closed, or lights and signs are turned on to warn drivers. These are put in areas that often have very low visibility. Warning lights help stop accidents. Automobile crashes with many cars happen often in places like this if the warning lights and signs are not put up. Visibility is said to be good when a person can see farther than about 10 kilometers. An advisory is put out by meteorologists to warn of low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These tell drivers to not travel until the fog leaves. Airport travel sometimes is delayed, or slowed down, by low visibility. Lothar Bisky Lothar Bisky (17 August 1941 – 13 August 2013) was a German politician. He was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative. Bisky was born in Zollbrueck, Pomerania. As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old "hardliners" were thrown out of the party. He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.) In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg. He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky was seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he was a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi. The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected. Lothar Bisky was married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the middle, Norbert Bisky, is a painter. The youngest died in 2008 in Edinburgh. Bisky died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 13 August 2013. Louis-Nicolas Clérambault Louis-Nicolas Clérambault (born Paris, 19 December 1676; died Paris, 26 October 1749) was a French organist and composer. Clérambault (pronounce “CLAY-ram-bow”) came from a musical family. He learned to play the violin and harpsichord when he was young, and also learned the organ, composition and singing. He became the organist at the church of the Grands-Augustins and then at Saint-Sulpice. He worked for Madame de Maintenon who arranged concerts for King Louis XIV. He also had a job at the royal house of Saint-Cyr, which was a school for young girls from the poor nobility. He directed the music there, played the organ and trained the choir. Clérambault was the first important French composer of cantatas. They were often about Greek and Roman myths. He also composed for the organ, harpsichord and violin. He was thought of as France’s greatest organist. Two of his sons took over jobs held by their father after his death. Blizzard A blizzard is a severe snowstorm. It brings low temperatures, strong winds, and a lot of blowing snow. Blizzards start when a high pressure system touches a low pressure system. The word "blizzard" is sometimes used incorrectly by news media to talk about big winter storms, even if the storm is not a blizzard. Geography. Some areas are more likely to be hit by blizzards than others, but a blizzard can occur in any place where snow falls. In North America, blizzards happen often in the northern-east states, and in the provinces of Canada. In this region, blizzards can happen more than twice each winter. They also occur often in the mountain ranges of western North America. Because these regions have low populations, blizzards sometimes are not reported. Whiteouts. A very dangerous type of blizzard is a whiteout. In a whiteout, downdrafts and snowfall are so thick that people cannot tell the ground and sky apart. People caught in a whiteout lose their sense of direction very fast. This is a large danger to pilots when they are flying airplanes, because they cannot tell how close they are to the ground, and may crash. Who cleans up after blizzards? The community cleans up after a snowstorm/blizzard occurs. Blizzards only usually go for 3 hours so everything won't be too damaged, meaning it won't be as hard as an earthquake or tsunami to clean. How deep the snow gets. These horrible blizzards can achieve up to - deep. A basketball hoop is high, so a blizzard can get snow as deep as the height of two or three hoops. How do blizzards occur? Firstly you need cold enough air to cause snow to fall in the clouds and ground level water and moisture is needed to form clouds and precipitation. The moisture is called water vapour to make the clouds a source of water vapour is cold air blowing across large lakes or the sea but the cold air doesn't actually make too much snow, its a combination of cold and warm air that does it. The warm air normally meets the cold air if the wind is being pulled towards the equator when they are brought together a front is formed and precipitation is formed and the warm air can go up to the clouds and the blizzard forms from there.  How strong are a blizzard's winds? There is sustained wind or frequent gusts of per hour or greater. How cold can blizzards get? Blizzards can get down to -12 degrees or lower. This makes it fairly easy to get hypothermia in a blizzard. Mostly freezing electrics and machinery making life very hard in the Hypothermic temperatures. Famous U.S. blizzards. The Great Blizzard of 1888 was very damaging for the Northeastern United States. In that blizzard, 400 people died, 200 ships sunk, and snowdrifts were 10 or 15 feet high. In the Great Plains, states were hit by the Schoolhouse Blizzard that trapped children in schools and killed 235 people. In 1880–1881 there was a winter that people in the Dakotas called the "Hard Winter". The author Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote her book "The Long Winter" about that winter's story. It talks about one blizzard after another, and how it changed Laura's family and everybody around her. The book is almost all true. Her story of two men from the town of DeSmet, South Dakota, going after some wheat stored some miles south of DeSmet in February 1881 is true, and Ingalls later married one of the men, Almanzo Wilder. If the two men had not found and brought back the wheat, the people would have starved. The snow and ice thawed in April, and the railroads could start again. The train picture above was photographed on March 29, 1881, not far from DeSmet. 34 people died during a 3-day spring blizzard on March 1920 in North Dakota. One of the people who died was Hazel Miner, a teenage girl who died of freezing to death when she got lost on her way home from her one-room-school. The Armistice Day Blizzard in 1940 surprised many people with how fast the temperature dropped. It was in the morning, but by noon, it was snowing. Some of the people froze to death in the snow. 154 people died in the Armistice Day Blizzard. 105 years after the Great Blizzard of 1888, a giant blizzard, named the Storm of the Century, hit the U.S in 1993. It dropped snow on 26 states and reached as far north as Canada and as far south as Mexico. In many southern U.S. areas, such as parts of Alabama, more snow fell in this storm than ever fell in an entire winter. Highways and airports closed across the U.S. The blizzard also made 15 tornadoes in Florida. When the storm was over, 270 people died and 48 were reported missing. Nord Department Nord (English: "North") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Est and Nord-Ouest departments were part of the Nord department. Its capital and largest city is Cap-Haïtien, founded in 1670 by Bertrand d'Orgeron and the old capital city of "Saint-Domingue". It had the nickname of "Paris of Saint-Domingue". Geography. The "Départment du Nord" has an area of 2,106 km². It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the east by the Nord-Est Department, to the southeast by the Centre Department and to the west by the Artibonite Department. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north. The main rivers of the department are Grande Rivière du Nord, Haut du Cap and Limbé. The rivers Trois-Rivières and Bouyaha have their sources in this department. All these rivers, except Bouyaha that is a tributary of the river Artibonite, flow to the north, into the Atlantic Ocean. The "Massif du Nord" mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as "Cordillera Central", runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department. This Massif du Nord is formed by several chains and the most important, in this department, are the "Chaine de la Grande Rivière du Nord" and the 'Chaine de Saint Raphael". The "Pleine du Nord" (in English, "Northern Plain") is in the northern half of the department. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 823,043 persons: 393,547 men and 429,496 women, with 325,318 (39.53%) living in cities and towns. Administrative division. The department is divided into seven "arrondissements" (like districts) and 19 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Apache HTTP Server Apache HTTP Server, also called Apache, is a web server notable for helping the growth of the World Wide Web. Nord-Est Department Nord-Est (English: "North-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the northeastern corner of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. Its capital is Fort-Liberté. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Nord-Est" department was part of the "Nord" department. Geography. The "Départment du Nord-Est", with an area of 1,805 km², is the second smallest department of Haiti; only the Nippes department is smaller. The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the Nord Department and to the south by the Centre Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. The only important river in the province is the Dajabón River, known also as "Massacre". This river marks the Dominican-Haitian border from the Dominican city of Dajabón to its mouth. The "Massif du Nord" mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as "Cordillera Central", runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department. The "Pleine du Nord" (in English, "Northern Plain"), with several savannas, is in the northern half of the department. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 308,385 persons: 150,525 men and 157,860 women, with 117,872 (38.22%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 171 persons/km². The main cities are Fort-Liberté (the capital) and Ouanaminthe. Administrative division. The department is divided into four "arrondissements" (like districts) and 13 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Economy. The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where beans, peanut, maize and other things are grown. In the mountains, coffee is grown. Fishing is an important activity along the coast, and commerce is the main activity in Ouanaminthe. Samuel Wesley Samuel Wesley (born Bristol, 24 February 1766; died London, 11 October 1837) was an English organist and composer Samuel Wesley was the son of Methodist hymn-writer Charles Wesley, the grandson of the poet Samuel Wesley and the nephew of John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist church. His illegitimate son Samuel Sebastian Wesley was the greatest English composer of church music of the 19th century. Samuel played the violin as well as the organ, and worked as a conductor as well as a music lecturer. He lived at a time when most English composers were writing sentimental music which was not very important. Wesley was one of the best composers of his time. Nord-Ouest (department) Nord-Ouest (English: "North-West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital is Port-de-Paix. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Nord-Ouest" department was part of the "Nord" department. Geography. The "Départment du Nord-Ouest" has an area of 2,176 km². The Tortuga Island is part of this department. The department is in the Northern, or Northwestern, Peninsula. It is a very dry region, except for the Tortuga Island and the area around Port-de-Paix. The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Nord Department and to the south by the Artibonite Department and the Gulf of Gonâve. To the east is the Windward Passage that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. On clear nights, it is possible to see the Guantánamo Province of Cuba. The "Massif du Nord-Ouest" (in English, "Northwestern mountain range"), with several smaller mountain chains, covers most of the department. Its western end is almost flat and is called the "Plateau de Bombardopolis" ("Bombardopolis Plateau"). Low lands are found only close to the coast and the most important are the "Jean Rabel Valley" and the "Valley of the Trois-Rivières" on the northern part, and the "Plain of L'Arbre" on the southern part of the department. The river "Trois-Rivières", one of the most important river in Haiti, is in this department. Other smaller rivers are "Jean Rabel" and "du Mole". History. The northern coast of the "Départment du Nord-Ouest" was the area that European people first visited in the Hispaniola island during the first visit of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492. On the night of 5 December 1492 he saw the Cape Saint-Nicolas and the next day he went into the Bay of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas and to the land where now is the town "Môle-Saint-Nicolas". On 7 December, he visited the bays "Port-à-l'Écu" and "Moustique"; he named the Moustique Bay ("Mosquito Bay") as "Puerto de la Concepción" and he stayed there till 13 December. Then he went to the bay of Port-de-Paix and named it "Valle del Paraíso" or "Valparaiso" (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") on 15 December. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 531,198 persons: 256,238 men and 274,960 women, with 118,798 (22.36%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 244 persons/km². Administrative division. The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 10 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Economy. The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown. Fishing is an important activity along the coast. Apache Apache is the name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the southwestern United States. They hunted deer and they also ate berries and lots of fruit.They were nomadic which meant that they followed food and never stayed in one place for a long period of time. They are from the second migration of Native Americans which were the Na Dene which also includes the Chipewyan and the Cheyenne of Canada. Evidence proves that the Na Dene came from the Ket people of Siberia. Samuel Sebastian Wesley Samuel Sebastian Wesley (born London, 14 August 1810; died 19 April 1876) was an English organist and composer. He was the greatest English composer of church music of his day. He lived at a time when the standard of music in England had become very bad. He did a lot to improve it, especially church music. He had a hard life earning enough money. This was largely his own fault: he was a difficult man with a bad temper and often argued with his employers. Life. Early years. He was born in London, the illegitimate son of the composer Samuel Wesley and his partner Sarah Suter. He was given the name of his father (Samuel) and the name Sebastian after the composer Johann Sebastian Bach. As a boy he sang in the choir of the Chapel Royal. The Chapel Royal was not nearly as good as it had been in the 16th and 17th centuries when it had been associated with many famous composers. When choirboys made mistakes the music teacher William Hawes would hit them with a riding whip. Samuel Sebastian was an excellent choirboy, and he and another boy were sent to Brighton to sing to King George IV who had gone there for his holiday. He also sang at St. Paul's Cathedral. Career. Hereford. When he was a young man he played the organ in several churches in London and started to compose. He wrote some music for melodramas in theatres. When he was 22 he became organist of Hereford Cathedral. This changed his life, because his career now focussed on church music. The choir at Hereford was not very good. The organ was broken, and his lodgings were not nice. However, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival and he composed some church music, including the popular anthem "Blessed be the God and Father", written for an Easter Day service when the choir only had boys and one male singer. He married the sister of the dean of the cathedral. Her family did not approve and did not go to the wedding. Exeter. In 1835 he moved to Exeter Cathedral. He improved the choir there and persuaded the authorities to renovate the organ. He had a good salary there, but soon got fed up because he argued with his employers. He often went fishing instead of going to work, sending one of his choir boys to play the organ instead. One day, when Wesley was supposed to play “God Save the King” he played “Rule Britannia”. This sort of behaviour did not do his reputation much good. He wanted to get a doctorate degree from Oxford University so he wrote an anthem "O Lord thou art my God". The professor at Oxford, William Crotch, wanted him to make some changes in the music, but he refused. In the end he was given the degree anyway. Leeds. The next job he had was at Leeds Parish Church. This was the only job he had in his life which was not at a cathedral, but his choir at Leeds was probably better than any of the cathedral choirs he had. The services there were very good, and he improved the choir singing. Leeds was not a nice town in those days. It was very badly polluted through industry. Wesley earned extra money by giving music lessons. He was also in demand for giving organ recitals in different churches. He gave the choir more modern music to sing, including his own compositions. He wrote an introduction to a book of psalm tunes in which he criticized the state of the church in England. He did it in a very personal way and it made his employers angry. One day he went fishing when he should have been at choir practice. He fell when climbing over a stile and broke his leg. After that he always walked with a limp. While he was in hospital he wrote an anthem "Cast me not away" to words from Psalm 51. When the music gets to the words “the bones which thou hast broken” he set them to strange, crunching chords. In spite of his awkward behaviour the people in Leeds were sorry when he left. He conducted a performance of the "Messiah" and he was given a portrait of himself. Winchester. He went to Winchester Cathedral. At first he got on very well with the clergy. He performed and composed new music. He spent a lot of time collecting and publishing all the anthems he had written. He composed hymn tunes. He persuaded his employers to spend money on improving the organ. Although he was being paid a good salary (£80 a year) Wesley did less and less work. He performed less and left a lot of the playing to his pupils so that he could go fishing and sailing. He did not like the new precentor who was appointed in 1858. In 1863 he composed an anthem "Give the King thy Judgement" for the marriage of the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII and Princess Alexandra of Denmark). He did not like Winchester. He said there were no other good musicians to talk to. Gloucester. When the job of organist at Gloucester Cathedral became available he took it and left Winchester very quicky. Once again he found himself in a cathedral with a bad choir and an organ in a bad state of repair, but this time he seemed to make little effort to do anything about it. He spent a lot of time editing other people’s music. Once more, after a gap of 30 years, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival. He conducted the music of Louis Spohr, his father Samuel Wesley and also some music by the young Hubert Parry who was not yet well-known. When he conducted he often did not think about what he was doing and got muddled. In 1871 he conducted Bach’s St Matthew Passion, the first time it had been performed in England outside London. He was offered a knighthood but chose to be given money instead. He started to become ill. He had a kidney disease. The last time he played the organ was at Christmas in 1875. He died on 19th April 1876 and was buried next to his daughter in Devon. There was no music at all at his funeral. His music. Wesley is remembered for his music composed for the Church of England. He wrote many anthems, including "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace", "Blessed be the God and Father", "The Wilderness" and "Ascribe unto the Lord". The last two of these are verse anthems (anthem which contrast sections for the full choir with sections for a few soloists). The popular short anthem "Lead me Lord" is part of "Praise the Lord, O my soul". He wrote a number of organ works. One of his most charming pieces is "Holsworthy Church Bells" (1874). He also wrote chamber and orchestral music. His influence. Wesley had an important influence on organ building. He went to the Great Exhibition in 1851 and saw organs with pedals that, instead of being exactly parallel, spread out at the top like a fan. He liked these radiating pedal boards and persuaded the great organ builder Henry Willis to put pedal boards like that in the organs he built. Samuel Sebastian Wesley was a very famous performer and throughout his life he was often asked to play the first concerts on new organs (“inaugural concerts”). His music is still very popular today, and some of his short anthems are not too difficult for the average church choir to sing. Quickborn Quickborn is a rich town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about east of Elmshorn, and north from the centre of Hamburg. Quickborn is twinned with Uckfield, East Sussex. Quickborn, Dithmarschen Quickborn is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Iguana Iguana is a type of lizard that lives in tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean. There are only two species of Iguana": the Green Iguana and the Lesser Antillean Iguana" Appearance. The two species of lizard both have a dewlap, a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the parietal eye, which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which look like spikes, and are called tuberculate scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek called a subtympanic shield. Senses. Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. An iguana uses its eyes to navigate through trees and forests, as well as for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with members of the same species. An iguana's ear is called a tympanum. It is the iguana's ear drum and is found right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate part of the iguana, and is very important to its hearing. Iguanas arcool La bohème La bohème (pronounced, "La bo-EM") is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. The opera tells the story of a love affair between a poor poet and an equally poor seamstress in 19th century Paris. The opera is based on a book by Henri Murger called "Scenes from Bohemian Life" (). Arturo Toscanini conducted the first performance of "La bohème" on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy. The opera was adapted to a movie in 1965 and the 1996 Broadway musical, "Rent". Henri Murger. Henri Murger was born in 1822 to an immigrant German tailor in Paris. He worked as a secretary until 1841 when he became a journalist and joined the poor artists and writers who called themselves Bohemians. From 1845 to 1848, Murger's stories about Bohemian life in Paris were serialized (published in parts) in a French magazine. The book brought Murger little income. Playwright Théodore Barrière suggested making a play of the book, and Murger accepted. The play appeared in 1849. It was a success. Almost every chapter of Murger's book mentions an incident or event which found its way into Puccini's opera. However, the love affair between the poet and the seamstress appears only as a little tale in the book about a sculptor named Jacques and a seamstress named Francine. After the publication of the play, adaptations appeared. In 1877, an operetta was staged in Paris. In 1897, an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo was staged in Venice. Another play based on the book was performed in New York in 1896. The first movie was released in 1916, and other movies were released in the following years. Development. Puccini wrote most of "La bohème" at Torre del Lago, a village in Tuscany he had just made his home. Most decisions about the opera were made through letters sent back and forth between Ricordi (Puccini's publisher), the two librettists, and the composer. This arrangement was not the best for getting the work done in a timely manner. Puccini began toying with the idea of writing another work called "La lupa" ("The She-Wolf"). The librettists were furious. Puccini was dividing his time between two projects while taking them to task for their slowness on the present one. Giacosa complained that he used more paper and time on "La bohéme" that he had on any of his other dramas. Whole scenes were rewritten, revised, and even discarded before going through the cycle again. Despite the turmoil, Puccini was considering the David Belasco play "Tosca" as yet another project. He briefly interrupted work on "La bohème" to travel to Florence to see Sarah Bernhardt perform the play. Puccini and Ruggero Leoncavallo (composer of the 1892 opera "I pagliacci") both chose to set Mürger's book to music. Each claimed he was the first to make this decision. Leoncavallo's "La Bohème" was first performed in 1897, the year after Puccini's opera. Leoncavallo's opera never attained the fame that Puccini's did probably because Puccini's opera was gaining a popularity in 1897 that left Leoncavallo's opera in the dust. Performances. "La bohème" was first performed in Turin, Italy on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1946, Toscanini conducted a radio performance that was released to LP records and later compact discs. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera by its original conductor. Within a few years, the opera was performed in theatres throughout Italy including La Scala and La Fenice. The first performance outside of Italy was in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1896. Other performances followed in the next ten years around the world. The first performance in United Kingdom took place in Manchester, on 22 April 1897. It was performed by the Carl Rosa Opera Company in English and was supervised by Puccini. On 2 October 1897 the same company gave the opera's first staging at the Royal Opera House in London. The opera was first performed in the United States by the Carl Rosa Opera Company on October 14, 1897 in Los Angeles, California. It was performed in New York City at Palmo's Opera House on May 16, 1898. The Metropolitan Opera House staged the opera for the first time on December 26, 1900. Story of the opera. Act 1. "In the four bohemians' attic room" Act 1 takes place in Paris around 1830. A group of bohemians live in a room in an attic. Marcello is painting while Rodolfo gazes out of the window. They are so poor and so cold that they burn a drama that Rodolfo has written. Colline, the philosopher, comes in shivering and cross because he had not been able to pawn some books. Schaunard, the musician of the group, arrives with food, firewood, wine, cigars, and money. He tells his friends that he has got these things because he has a job with an English gentleman. The others hardly listen as they are so hungry that they try to eat the food. Schaunard interrupts them, taking the meal away, and saying that they will all celebrate his luck by having dinner at Cafe Momus instead. While they drink the wine, Benoit, the landlord, arrives to collect the rent. The group gives him lots of wine so that he becomes drunk and starts to tell the people his adventures about love. Eventually, the group throws him out. The money that should have been used to pay the rent is divided among them so they can have a good time. The other Bohemians go out, but Rodolfo stays alone for a moment in order to finish a newspaper article, promising to join his friends soon. There is a knock at the door, and Mimi, a seamstress who lives in a flat below, enters. Her candle has blown out, and she has no matches; she asks Rodolfo to light it. She thanks him, but returns a few seconds later, saying she has lost her key. Both candles go out. It is dark, and the couple try to feel their way about. Rodolfo wants to spend time with Mimi. He finds the key, but puts it in his pocket and does not tell her. In two famous arias (Rodolfo's "Che gelida manina" — "What a cold little hand," and Mimi's "Sì, mi chiamano Mimì" — "Yes, they call me Mimi"), they tell each other about their backgrounds. Rodolfo’s friends call for him to come out and join them. He would prefer to stay there with Mimi but she decides they should go together. They go out, singing about their love for one another. Act 2. "Latin Quarter on Christmas Eve" The streets are crowded with happy people. Rodolfo buys Mimi a bonnet. The friends go into a café. Musetta, who used to be Marcello's sweetheart, comes into the cafe with Alcindoro, a rich old man. She is tired of him. She sings a naughty song, hoping Marcello will notice her. Marcello becomes mad with jealousy. To be rid of Alcindoro for a bit, Musetta pretends to have a tight shoe and sends him with it to the shoemaker. Musetta and Marcello fall into each other's arms. The sound of a military parade is heard. Marcello and Colline carry Musetta out on their shoulders while everyone claps. Alcindoro returns with the repaired shoe. The waiter hands him the bill. He is surprised by how much he has to pay, and sinks into a chair. Act 3. "At a toll gate a month or two later" Mimì passes through the toll gate. She is coughing. She finds Marcello, who lives in a little tavern near the gate. She tells him of her hard life with Rodolfo, who has left her that night. Rodolfo comes out of the tavern looking for Marcello. Mimì hides. She hears Rodolfo telling Marcello why he left her. At first he says Mimì does not love him, but then he says he left her because she is dying of an illness. Rodolfo is poor and can do little to help Mimì. He hopes that a rich man may fall in love with her and pay for her to have medical treatment. Out of kindness towards Mimì, Marcello tries to stop Rodolfo, but she has already heard everything. She coughs, and Rodolfo discovers her. They sing of their lost love, and agree that although they should separate, they love one another and agree to stay together until the spring. Marcello and Musetta are heard quarrelling in the background. Act 4. "The attic room" Marcello and Rodolfo are both sad at losing their loved ones. Schaunard and Colline arrive with a tiny bit of food. They pretend they are having a big feast, and they all dance. Musetta arrives with news: Mimi, who had found a rich gentleman, has now left him and is wandering in the streets feeling very ill and weak. Musetta has brought Mimi back with her to the attic room. Mimi is helped into a chair. Musetta and Marcello leave to sell Musetta's earrings in order to buy medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard leaves quietly to give Mimi and Rodolfo time together. Left alone, the two remember their past happiness. They remember their first meeting. Rodolfo gives Mimi the pink bonnet he bought her, which he has kept as a souvenir of their love. The others return, with a gift of a muff to warm Mimi's hands and some medicine, and tell Rodolfo that a doctor has been called, but it is too late. As Musetta prays, Mimi dies. Rodolfo collapses in tears. Orchestra. "La bohème" is scored for the standard orchestra of the period: Movies. In 1965, a West German movie version of the opera was released. It was filmed on location in Milan and Munich. The movie was produced by conductor Herbert von Karajan and designed by Franco Ziffirelli. It starred Mirella Freni as Mimi, Adriana Martino as Musetta, Gianni Raimondi as Rudolpho, and Rolando Panerai as Marcello. The movie won the 1966 National Board of Review for Top Foreign Film. La traviata La traviata is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, after Alexandre Dumas, fils's novel "La dame aux camélias", published in 1848. It was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, on March 6, 1853. The title "La traviata" means literally "The Woman Who Strayed", or perhaps more figuratively, "The Fallen One". Although a failure at its premiere, the opera soon established itself and became one of the best-loved and most frequently performed, recorded and filmed of all operas. Notable interpreters of Traviata have included; Maria Callas, Anna Moffo, Renata Scotto, Beverly Sills, amongst many others. Dil Se Dil Se (, , translation: "From the Heart)" is a 1998 Hindi movie. It was directed by Mani Ratnam. The movie was also released in Tamil as Uyire and in Telugu as Prema Tho. It stars Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta. Mani Ratnam also wrote the screenplay for the movie. It was produced by Mani Ratnam and Ram Gopal Varma along with Shekar Kapur. The movie was shot in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Delhi and other parts of India and Bhutan over a period of 55 days. Its cinematography won a National Film Award for cinematographer Santosh Sivan. The movie score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. A. R. Rahman received a Filmfare Award for the music. The movie became the first Indian movie to reach the Top 10 in the UK Box Office Charts, when released in 1998. Awards. The movie has won the following awards since its release: 1999 Berlin International Film Festival (Germany) 1999 National Film Awards (India) 1999 Filmfare Awards (India) Soundtrack. The soundtrack features 5 songs composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar. Track listing: Mani Ratnam Mani Ratnam () (born June 2, 1956) is a Tamil Indian movie director, writer and producer. Filmography. The following is the list of movies directed by Mani Ratnam. For many of these movies, Mani Ratnam is also credited for the story, screenplay and producing: Non-Director. Mani Ratnam established Madras Talkies for movie production during the shoot of "Iruvar". Mani Ratnam had earlier produced "Thiruda Thiruda" under his personal name. All movies directed by Mani Ratnam subsequent to "Iruvar" have been produced through "Madras Talkies". Apart from production, Mani Ratnam also has written story and screenplay for movies directed by others. Chris Fehn Christopher Michael Fehn (born February 24, 1972) was an American musician and percussionist for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as #3. He was the joker in Slipknot. He wore a fetish type mask with a long Pinocchio style nose. He is a big fan of sports and is a good golfer. Brian Jacques James Brian Jacques (pronounced "Jakes") (15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011) was an English author. He is best known for his "Redwall" series of books, as well as the "Tribes of Redwall" and "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" series. He also wrote two books of short stories called, "The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns" and "Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales". Cave Story is a freeware video game released in 2004 for PC. It was thought of and created over five years by Daisuke Amaya, known by his pseudonym, or art name, Pixel. The game is an action-adventure game, and is similar to the "Castlevania" and "Metroid" games. It was first made in Japanese, and was translated to English by the fan translating group, Aeon Genesis. References. Notes Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love (born Courtney Michelle Harrison on July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and actress. She is best known as lead singer for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and as the widow of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, with whom she had a daughter called Frances Bean Cobain. "Rolling Stone" has called Love "the most controversial woman in the history of rock". In the 90s there was a twee band who were called, 'Courtney Love', named after her. Career. In 1981 Love started Sugar Babydoll. In 1982 she went to a Faith No More concert. She convinced the members to let her join as a singer. She was kicked out of the band because they wanted "male energy". In 1984 she started Pagan Babies. Hole. In 1989 Love began Hole. In 1999 Hole's first single "Retard Girl" was released. The band released its first album "Pretty on the Inside" in 1991. On April 12, 1994 Hole's second album "Live Through This" was released, four days after Love's husband Kurt Cobain was found dead in their home. The album got very good reviews. On September 8, 1998 "Celebrity Skin" was released. On February 10, 2004 Love released "America's Sweetheart". Hole's last album "Nobody's Daughter" was released on April 27, 2010. In 2006 she published a memoir, "Dirty Blonde: The Diaries of Courtney Love". Love sung on "Rat a Tat" on Fall Out Boy's fifth album "Save Rock and Roll", released April 12 2013. She also wrote the song. Love said that her next album would be released for Christmas 2013 along with "Courtney Love: My Story", a book about her life so far. In 2014 Love released her first single in ten years, "Know My Name". Personal life. Love is a feminist. She is open about having had cosmetic surgery. Love was married to Kurt Cobain from 1992 until his death in 1994. They have one daughter born in 1992. Ouest (department) Ouest (English: "West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Port-au-Prince which is also the capital of the country and its largest city. With an area of 4,827 km², it is the second largest department in Haiti after the Artibonite Department. It has a population of 2,943,200 (2002). The Gonâve Island (French, "Île de la Gonâve") is part of this department. It is bordered to the northwest by the Artibonite Department, to the northeast by the Centre Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west (and to the north of the southern part of the department). It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. The department is divided into five "arrondissements": Sud (department) Sud (English: "South") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Les Cayes. Geography. The "Départment du Sud" has an area of 2,794 km². It is bordered to the north by the Grand'Anse and Nippes departments, to the east by the Sud-Est Department and by the Caribbean Sea to the west and south. The "Massiff de la Hotte", an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the centre of the department. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Acul du Sud, Torbeck, Ravine du Sud, de l'Ilet, Cavaillon, des Anglais, Port à Piment, Saut Mathurine, de Tiburon. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 621,651 persons: 312,729 men and 308.922 women, with only 109,623 (17.63%) living in cities and towns. Administrative division. The department is divided into five "arrondissements" (like districts) and 18 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Sud-Est (department) Sud-Est (English: "South-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Jacmel. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Sud-Est" department was part of the "Sud" department. Geography. The "Départment du Sud-Est" has an area of 2,023 km². The department is in the Southern Peninsula, also known as the Tiburon Peninsula. It is bordered to the north by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Sud Department and to the south by the Caribbean Sea. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. The "Massif de la Selle" is the main mountain range in the département and it covers almost all the department except for some small valleys near the coast, as the Jacmel valley. The highest mountain of Haiti, "Pic la Selle" (2,680 metres), is in the Massif de la Selle. Rivers are short and they flow into the Caribbean Sea. The most important river is "La Grande Rivière de Jacmel". Other rivers are "Bainet", "Belle-Anse", "des Côtes-de-Fer", "Gauche", "de la Gosseline", "Marigot" and "Pedernales"; Pedernales marks the border with the Dominican Republic and is common to both countries. Population. The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 484,675 persons: 235,187 men and 249,488 women, with 59,642 (12.31%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 240 persons/km². Administrative division. The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 10 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: Economy. The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown. Fishing is an important activity along the coast. Earth Angel Earth Angel is the name of a 1950s love song by the Penguins. It reached number 1 on the billboard charts in 1954. Xanten Xanten ( or "Xantum") () is a historic town in Germany. It is in the Wesel district of the North Rhine-Westphalia state. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park as well as its medieval picturesque city centre with Xanten Cathedral. About 800,000 tourists visit each year. Xanten is the only German town whose name begins with "X". John Lee Hooker John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter born in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi. Biography. Early life. Hooker was born on August 22, 1917 in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi. He was born to William Hooker and Minnie Ramsey and was the youngest of eleven children. He and his siblings were home-schooled and they were only allowed to listen to religious songs. His parents separated in 1921 and his mother married William Moore, a blues singer the next year. Moore introduced Hooker to the guitar. John would later credit Moore for his distinctive playing style. Later life. All through the 1930s, Hooker lived in Memphis where he worked on Beale Street and sometimes performed at house parties. In 1948, he started working at Ford Motor Company. Career. Hooker's early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman. John Lee Hooker rarely played on a standard beat, changing tempos to fit the songs. This made it nearly impossible to add backing tracks. Pop culture. Hooker appeared and sang in the 1980 movie "The Blues Brothers". He recorded over 100 albums. In 1989, he played with Keith Richards, Carlos Santana and Bonnie Raitt to record "The Healer" and won a Grammy Award. Hooker recorded lots of songs with Van Morrison, including "Never Get Out of These Blues Alive", "The Healing Game" and "I Cover the Waterfront". Death. He fell ill just before a tour of Europe in 2001 and died soon afterwards at the age of 83. The last song Hooker recorded before his death, is "Ali D'Oro". Son House Eddie James "Son" House, Jr. (March 21, 1902 – October 19, 1988) was an American blues singer and guitarist. Mississippi John Hurt "Mississippi" John Smith Hurt (July 2, 1892, Teoc, Mississippi - November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi) was an American blues singer and guitarist. Life. Hurt was raised in Avalon. He tought himself playing guitar at the age of nine. While he was working as a sharecropper, he played at local dances and parties. He did his first recording in 1928 for Okeh Records but was not successful. So he worked on as a sharecropper and played on at the local parties. Two of Hurt's songs were included in the album "The Anthology of American Folk Music" and an Australian found a copy of "Avalon Blues". So the interest in finding John Hurt himself increased. In 1963 Tom Hoskins found him in Avalon and found out that his musical skill was still intact. He brought him to Washington, D. C. He started playing at greater festivals like the 1964 Newport Folk Festival. In his later years he often played in colleges, concert halls, coffee houses and also on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. He also recorded three albums for Vanguard Records and recorded most of his songs for the Library of Congress. Hurt influenced different music genres like blues, country, bluegrass, folk and contemporary rock and roll. Death. Hurt died on November 2, 1966 from a heart attack in Grenada, Mississippi. Discography. Last Sessions - 1966 (Vanguard) Mississippi John Hurt 1928 Sessions (Yazoo 1065, Yazoo Records) Worried Blues (Piedmont PLP 13161, Piedmont Records) Mississippi John Hurt Today (VSD-79220, Vanguard Records) Mississippi John Hurt Last Sessions (VSD-79327, Vanguard Records) The Best of Mississippi John Hurt (VSD-19/20, Vanguard Records) Recorded live at Oberlin College April 15, 1966 The Candy Man (QS 5042, Quicksilver Records) Volume One of a Legacy (CLPS 1068, Piedmont Records) Folk Songs and Blues (PLP 13757, Piedmont Records) Biopsy A biopsy is a test in medicine where doctors remove cells and look at them closely under a microscope or do chemical analysis to see whether there is an illness. Etymology. "Biopsy" is a Greek word, from the Greek words bio meaning "life" and opsia meaning see. Jake Gyllenhaal Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal (born December 19, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He has appeared in diverse roles since his first lead role in 1999's "October Sky", followed by the 2001 cult hit "Donnie Darko", in which he played a psychologically troubled teen and onscreen brother to his real-life sister, actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In the 2004 blockbuster "The Day After Tomorrow" he portrayed a student caught in a cataclysmic global cooling event, alongside Dennis Quaid as his father. He then played against type as a frustrated Marine in "Jarhead" (2005). The same year, he won critical acclaim portraying a role that entered popular shorthand as a "gay cowboy" in the controversial but highly acclaimed film "Brokeback Mountain". Early life. His mother is screenwriter Naomi Foner. His father is director Stephen Gyllenhaal, who was raised as a Swedenborgian, is of Swedish and English descent, and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family. Jake's last ancestor to be born in Sweden was his great-great-grandfather, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal. Jake's mother is Jewish; she was born in New York City, to a family from Russia and Poland. Gyllenhaal has said that he considers himself Jewish. Gyllenhaal began acting at 11 years old. Achern Achern () is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is about southwest of Baden-Baden and northeast of Offenburg. Achern is the fourth largest city in the county of Ortenau (Ortenaukreis), after Offenburg, Lahr / Black Forest and Kehl. Adelsheim Adelsheim is a small town in northern Baden-Württemberg, about 30 km north of Heilbronn. The state-recognized resort of Adelsheim in the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is 1,200-year years old. Aichtal Aichtal (Swabian: "Oechtal") is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 18 km south of Stuttgart. Albstadt Albstadt [] is a city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Swabian Alb mountains, about halfway between Stuttgart and Lake Constance. Albstadt is the largest city in the district. Alpirsbach Alpirsbach is a town in the district of Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Black Forest on the Kinzig river, 13 km south of Freudenstadt. Alpirsbach is twinned with the French commune of Neuville-sur-Saône. Altensteig Altensteig is a town in the district of Calw of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the eastern Black Forest, 18 km southwest of Calw, and 19 km northeast of Freudenstadt. Asperg Asperg is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 15 km north of Stuttgart, and 4 km west of Ludwigsburg. The Hohenasperg fortress is in Asperg. Aulendorf Aulendorf is a town in the district of Ravensburg, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southwest of Biberach an der Riß and north of Ravensburg. Ruby A ruby is a kind of precious stone. It is often associated with emerald, sapphire and topaz. It is usually red, but can sometimes be other colors. It is formed of aluminum and oxygen (Al2O3), and that means it's a kind of corundum. A small amount of chromium makes the color. Scramjet A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a special type of ramjet jet engine where fuel combustion takes place while the air in the engine is moving faster than the speed of sound. In a ramjet, air is slowed to subsonic (slower than the speed of sound) speeds before fuel is burned. Unlike ramjets, scramjets do not use shock cones to slow down incoming air; instead, the scramjet uses shock waves from combustion to slow down the air before fuel is burned. This means that scramjets can operate very efficiently at extremely high speeds. However, a scramjet relies on the aircraft moving much faster than the speed of sound in order to work; scramjets do not work at subsonic, or even low supersonic, speeds. As of November 2022, scramjets are still experimental. This means that they have not been used on commercial airliners or in active military scenarios. Successful scramjet tests have been conducted, however. Pulse jet engine A pulse jet engine is a very simple form of the internal combustion engine where the combustion happens in pulses. The propulsive effort is a jet that is a reaction to the backward flow of hot gasses. Stronger (song) "Stronger" is a 2007 song by rapper Kanye West. It won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. Good Eats Good Eats was an American television series shown on the Food Network from 1999 until 2011. It aired on the Cooking Channel in 2011 and 2012. It was created and hosted by Alton Brown. "Good Eats" was like shows with science teachers Mr. Wizard and Bill Nye. Brown shows the science and technique behind the cooking, the history of different foods, and the good parts of different kinds of cooking equipment. The show focuses on familiar food that can easily be made at home. It talks about picking the right tools, and getting the most out of cheap tools that can be used for different things. Each episode of "Good Eats" has its own theme. Usually an ingredient or a cooking technique. It may also be a more general theme such as Thanksgiving. In the tenth anniversary episode, Alton Brown stated that the show was inspired by the idea of mixing Julia Child, Mr. Wizard, and Monty Python. On May 11, 2011, Alton Brown confirmed that the series would come to an end, ceasing production at episode 249. Fame (David Bowie song) Fame is a song by David Bowie. It was written by David Bowie and John Lennon of The Beatles. The song combined funk and rock music. The song was released August 18, 1975. It was on Bowie's "Young Americans" album. The song reached the number 1 position on the US Billboard Top 100 in September 1975. Cover versions. The song has been sung by many other famous singers and bands. These include: Chiyoda, Tokyo is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. The municipality calls itself "Chiyoda City" in English. History. During the Edo period, most of the people living in this area were samurai. Chiyoda developed around the Imperial Palace. The Imperial Palace area occupies about one sixth of the area of Chiyoda. There was previously another castle here during the Edo period, but it was destroyed. On March 15, 1947, the ward of Chiyoda was formed by combining the wards of Kanda and Kōjimachi. The Diet of Japan, the Supreme court of Japan and home of the Prime Minister of Japan are all in Chiyoda. Geography. Chiyoda is in the center of Tokyo. It borders Chūō and Minato on the south. Shinjuku is on the ward's western border. Bunkyō and Taitō is on the northern border. The ward has an area of . The Imperial Palace covers about 12 percent of this area. In Chiyoda is the hub of the Shinkansen high-speed train network, Tokyo Station. Pianola The pianola (pronounce: "pee-ah-NO-la"), also called the player piano, is a piano which has a pneumatic mechanism so that it can play by itself. The air for this system came from a pump operated by the players feet, and in some later models, an electric pump. Inside the piano are paper rolls which have holes punched in. These holes release air which in turn triggers the keys to play. When the pianola plays itself the keys of the piano can be seen "playing themselves". The pianola was developed around the 1880s. It was fitted with control levers so that the player ("player pianist" or "pianolist") could play in the way he wanted. The pianola made it possible for the player to sound as if he was playing very difficult music that he was not capable of playing. At the same time he could control the performance. The pianola became popular in the late 19th and early 20th century as mass-produced pianos became popular in people's homes and more and more people bought sheet music. By the 1920s it started to become less popular again as the gramophone had been invented. A pianola is the same as any other piano except it is fitted with a pneumatic player action, which plays paper rolls. This mechanism consists of about one hundred bellows, large and small, the smaller ones being called pneumatics of which there are 88, one for each note on the piano.The largest are the foot operated ones,called the bellows. Other pneumatics of varying sizes operate the roll motor, tracking device, motor speed governor, and the sustain and soft pedals. Sewing machine A sewing machine is used to stitch fabric together with thread. Sewing machines were an invention of the industrial revolution that made it possible to sew faster than people could sew by hand. Some sewing machines are also used for embroidery. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry. Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time. Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task. History. Invention. Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal, a German-born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end. In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention. His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper. His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch. Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical proposition. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum. In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814. The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent. A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832. His machine used an eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854. In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841. The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844, thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851, and the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent. Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer. Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested["] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time. Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War. In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century. Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer. Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested["] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time. Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War. In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century. Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and women's magazines and household guides such as "Mrs Beeton's" offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand. In 1877 the world's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines, and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer. In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design, with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s. The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889. By the end of the First World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing. Types of sewing machines. There are four main types of sewing machines: Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (May 1562 in Deventer - 16 October 1621) was a Dutch composer and organist. Sweelinck (pronounce: ZVAY-link) lived at the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque periods. He was one of the greatest organists and composers of his day. He was the organist at the Oude Kerk (“Old Church”) in Amsterdam for 44 years. Many musicians travelled a long way to Amsterdam to hear him improvise at the organ. He composed music for the organ and harpsichord as well as vocal music. Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England during the late Middle Ages from 1337 to 1453. The war lasted 116 years and started because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without an immediate male heir (a son or a younger brother). Edward III of England believed that he then had the right to become the new king of France through his mother. Since the French did not want a foreign king, Philip VI of France said that he was king because the Salic law prevented French women from ruling or transmitting the right to rule to their sons. Both countries went to war because the English did not have that rule. Start. When the war started, France was stronger than England as it was wealthier. French knights and heavy cavalry also enjoyed a great military reputation in all of Christendom. Also, France had about 17 million people, but England had only about 4 million people. However, France was a decentralised feudal monarchy in the middle ages and so it was less unified than England. France had an alliance with Scotland and Bohemia, and England was supported by parts of the Low Countries and by some regions in France loyal to the Plantagenet kings of England. The English won a major victory at sea in the Battle of Sluys in 1340, which prevented France from invading England. Most of the rest of the war was fought in France. England then won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 against all odds. The use of the English longbow and stakes to counter the French cavalry played a decisive role in that victory. Truce. From 1348 to 1356, there was very little fighting because the Black Death killed many people in England and even more people in France. Edward, the Black Prince, then won a brilliant victory at the Battle of Poitiers for England. King John II of France was captured during the battle. The English invaded France again but were not able to take any more cities. A truce in 1360 gave England about one quarter of France. The first part of the Hundred Years' War is called the Edwardian War. Restart. The war started again in 1369. The new king Charles V of France was more successful, with Bertrand du Guesclin as his best knight. France allied with Castile against England and Portugal, and some of the fighting spilled into Spain and Portugal. France won back most of the land that had been given to England, and Bertrand du Guesclin won great French victories at the Battles of Cocherel and of Pontvallain. A peace followed from 1389 to 1415. The second part of the war is called the Caroline War. Henry V. The most famous part of the war began in 1415, when Henry V of England invaded France and won the infamous Battle of Agincourt, again because of his great longbowmen. Much of the French nobility is said to have been killed in the battle. King Charles VI of France was insane and unable to rule, and nearly all if his sons died young. The queen of France, Isabeau of Bavaria, married one of her daughters to Henry V and signed the Treaty of Troyes to make Henry V the next king of France. Both Henry V and Charles VI died around the same time in 1422. The English believed that Henry V's son, Henry VI of England, was now the rightful king of France, and many French people agreed. Charles VII. Charles VI's last son, Charles VII of France, said that he ought to be the new king, but many French people said that he did not deserve to be king because they thought he was a bastard. The English continued to capture land in France and formed an alliance with Burgundy. They won another major victory at the Battle of Verneuil, but in 1429, Joan of Arc led the French to success at the Siege of Orleans. At the Battle of Patay the same year, French knights, led by La Hire, won a great victory, and the heavy cavalry killed most of the veteran English longbowmen. Joan regained many cities in northeastern France and brought Charles VII to his coronation, but she did not recover Paris. She was captured by the Burgundians in 1430, convicted of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431. After her death, the French continued to take back their territory piece by piece. France won diplomatically in 1435 with the Treaty of Arras, which made Burgundy stop being an English ally and make peace with the French. In 1450, France won another great victory at the Battle of Formigny and reconquered Normandy. End. The war ended in 1453 by a crushing victory of the French at the Battle of Castillon in which nearly 300 cannons, made by Jean Bureau and his brother Gaspard, were used for the first time in a battle. The third and last part of the war is called the Lancastrian War. Isabeau of Bavaria Isabeau of Bavaria (c. 1371 – September 24, 1435) was queen of France and wife of Charles VI of France. She married on July 17, 1385 and played an important role in running the country when her husband developed insanity. She was very unpopular and the country was losing the Hundred Years' War during this time. Cockroach The cockroach is an insect of the suborder Blattaria of the order Blattodea. There are 4,000 species. About 30 species invade human homes. This is less than 1% of all the cockroach species. Four species are pests. Evolutionary history and relationships. The families of Mantodea, Isoptera, and Blattaria are usually combined by entomologists into a larger group called Dictyoptera. Current evidence strongly suggests that termites have evolved directly from true cockroaches, and many authors now consider termites to be in the family of cockroaches. Historically, the name Blattaria has been used largely interchangeably with the name Blattodea. Blattodea refers to a larger group that includes fossil groups related to roaches, but not true cockroaches themselves. These earliest cockroach-like fossils ("Blattopterans" or "roachids") are from the Carboniferous period between 354–295 million years ago. However, these fossils differ from modern cockroaches in having long ovipositors and are the ancestors of mantis as well as modern cockroaches. The first fossils of modern cockroaches with internal ovipositors appear in the Lower Cretaceous. A proposed phylogeny of the families is shown in the diagram. Cockroaches in the broader sense (Blattodea) have existed a very long time. The earliest cockroach fossils are 354–295 million years old. Science student, Cary Easterday, found a giant 300 million year old fossil cockroach long, in a coal mine in Ohio. Other. Most cockroaches are omnivores. They are tough, and hard to kill. A cockroach can live for two weeks without a head. Cockroaches become adults in 3-4 months and can live up to one year. A female German cockroach can produce 8 egg cases in her lifetime and each egg case may contain 30-40 eggs. Cockroaches are eaten as snacks and used for medicine in China. In popular culture. The 1996 MTV musical movie "Joe's Apartment" had 5,000 singing cockroaches. Some parts of the movie were made with clay roaches and some with real roaches. In the 1996 computer game "Bad Mojo", the main character is turned into a cockroach and must move through a building to get back to his human body. Anti-Armenian sentiment Anti-Armenianism is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lacks a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, and belief in an Armenian conspiracy. Anti-Armenianism by individuals. For several months in 1994, Ahmet Coşar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book "Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State" where he has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide. Azeri cartoonist "Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan" has produced around 4500 Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe. Murad Gumen is another individual who espouses anti-Armenian rhetoric in his website "Tall Armenian Tale". Barbaros Agri uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide". The cause has 5000 plus members. Istanbul pogrom The Istanbul Pogrom was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government. A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the leaders of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson. Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$, the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$. The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just 2,500 in 2006. Gossip Girl Gossip Girl is an American television teen drama based on the popular novel series of the same title written by Cecily von Ziegesar. "Gossip Girl" revolves around the lives of a group of rich teenagers grown up on New York's Upper East Side as they attend private school while dealing with typical teenage adolescent issues such as sex and drugs. The series begins with Serena van der Woodsen' returning from a half-year at boarding school in Cornwall. "Gossip Girl" is the name of an anonymous blogger, who knows everything in Upper East Side but nobody knows who she is. Gossip Girl is voiced by nourah Lene Alexandra Lene Alexandra Øien (born October 29, 1981 in Trøgstad, Norway) is a Norwegian singer and model for FHM magazine, as well as for Norwegian lad's mags Lek and Cats. She began her musical career in 2007 at age 25 when she released her first single entitled "My Boobs Are OK. Backnang Backnang is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg (formerly the kingdom of Württemberg), northeast of Stuttgart. Its population has grown over the past century or so, from 7,650 (1900) to 35,761 (2005). Twin towns. Backnang's twin towns include: Bad Buchau Bad Buchau is a small town in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 4,000 people live there. Location. It is near Lake Federsee, which is separated from the town by a wide reed belt. Bad Dürrheim Bad Dürrheim is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is north of Donaueschingen, and southeast of Villingen. Bad Friedrichshall Bad Friedrichshall is a small townin the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Bad Friedrichshall is at the confluence of the Neckar and the Kocher, north of Heilbronn. Bad Friedrichshall is famous for its salt-mine. Postal codes in Germany Postal codes in Germany, (PLZ) (plural Postleitzahlen), have five numbers. The first two show the wide area, the three other show the postal district. The present system was introduced on 1 July 1993. Before reunification, both the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (DDR) used four-digit codes. There was a temporary system after reunification. Between 1989 and 1993 postal codes in the west started with "W", eg "W-1000 Berlin 30" (postal districts in western cities were separate from the postal code) and those in the east with "O" (for "Ost"), e.g.: "O-1234 Berlin". Companies that posted a lot of letters, have their own postal codes, separate from those used for postal districts or PO Box number ranges. Postal regions do not always follow state borders. This is because sometimes it is easier to deliver mail to a place on the border from the other state. The postal regions and some postal codes are: Brandenburg. 04000-04999. The rest under 04931 are outside Brandenburg Hamburg. 21000-21999. Codes 21450-21499 are in Schleswig Holstein Lower Saxony. 05000-05999. The rest are in Saxony 37000-37999. Some codes in this range are in Thuringia. 39000-39969. The rest are in Saxony 49000-49999. This list is incomplete. Thuringia. 04000-04999. The rest are in Saxony 06000-06999. The rest are in Saxony 07000-07999. The rest of the 07s are in Saxony North Rhine-Westphalia. 53000-53999. The rest are in Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate. 57000-57999. The rest are in North Rhine-Westphalia 66000-66999. The rest are in Saarland Others beginning with 65 are in Hesse Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment is an American video game maker and publisher. The company headquarters is in Irvine, California. The company makes the Diablo, StarCraft and Warcraft games, including the Warcraft spinoffs Heathstone and Heroes of the Storm. Their next and most waited game is "", the next expansion pack of "World of Warcraft". 9-9-9 9-9-9 or 999 (said nine-nine-nine) is the emergency telephone number for the emergency services in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The police, fire & rescue, ambulance/paramedics, mountain rescuing, coast guard and cave rescuing can be reached by calling 9-9-9. 999 is also the emergency medical number in Poland. 1-1-2 can also be used to call these services. 1-1-2 is the European Union-wide emergency number, and the number used by all GSM mobile telephones throughout the world. Bad Herrenalb Bad Herrenalb is a small town in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Bad Herrenalb is in the northern Black Forest, east of Baden-Baden, and southwest of Pforzheim. Bad Krozingen Bad Krozingen is a spa town in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southwest of Freiburg. Blue Man Group The Blue Man Group is a performing arts group. It was formed in 1987 in New York City. The members paint themselves in blue, wear black clothes and wear caps that make their heads look bald. The band plays rock music and is very entertaining and humorous. Families of all ages can enjoy their performances. Also, they have appeared in several commercials. Shane McMahon Shane Brandon McMahon (born January 15, 1970) is the son of the Chairman of World Wrestling Entertainment, Vince McMahon. Shane used to work for the company as the Executive Vice President of Global Media and sometimes competes as a wrestler. Plateau A plateau is an area of raised land that is flat on top. The biggest, tallest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau. A plateau with a lot of erosion is called a disconnected plateau. A plateau that is also a volcano is called a volcanic plateau. Some plateaus are under the ocean, like the Seychelles plateau or the Ontong Java Plateau. Plateaus are often by themselves with no other plateaus around, sometimes standing on top of mountains. The plural of 'plateau' is "plateaux", or "plateaus". Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix (the organ that connects the uterus and the vagina). It is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). It is a serious medical problem and sometimes causes malignance and death. One sign of cervical cancer is bleeding or discharge from the vagina. Sometimes, there are no symptoms until the cancer is very developed. For this reason, pap smears have become common to diagnose this cancer. They have cut the rate of cervical cancer in half. For early cervical cancer, surgery is the first treatment. For cancer that is farther along, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used. Most types of cervical cancer can be prevented by a vaccine. It prevents the types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancer. Experts recommend that women get the vaccine and normal pap smears. Widow A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. A widower is a man whose spouse has died. Broccoli Broccoli is a plant from the species: "Brassica oleracea". It is a vegetable similar to cauliflower and cabbage. Broccoli has green flower heads and a stalk. It comes from Italy and has become a well-liked food around the world. It is a good source of vitamins. Purple cauliflower (violet cauliflower) is also a type of broccoli. WWE Armageddon WWE Armageddon was a Pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment from 1999 to 2008. In 2009, this event was replaced by . Hannah Murray Tegan Lauren-Hannah Murray (born 1 July 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Cassie, a gentle, 'spacey' teen girl with an apparent eating disorder and unstated mental illness in E4's drama/comedy, "Skins". Murray attended North Bristol Post 16 Centre studying German. Larissa Wilson Larissa Wilson (born 5 May 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Jal Fazer in the first two seasons of "Skins". University of Toledo The University of Toledo is a public university in Toledo, Ohio. The University of Toledo's athletic team's are called the "Rockets" and there are 15 varsity teams including: Football, Basketball, distance running as well as others. Their rival is the "Bowling Green Falcons" and they fight over the "Peace Pipe" trophy. April Pearson April Janet Pearson (born 23 January 1989 in Bristol) is an English actress. In early 2007, Pearson appeared in the first series of "Skins" on E4 as Michelle Richardson. She has appeared in "Casualty", playing four different characters. April currently lives in Bristol. She was head girl at Colston's Girls' School. Pio Baroja Pío Baroja y Nessi (December 28 1872, San Sebastián–October 30 1956, Madrid) was a Spanish writer. He was one of the main novelists of the Generation of '98. He was a member of an well known family. One of his relatives was a painter and engraver. His nephew Julio Caro Baroja was a well known anthropologist. Cassie (Skins character) Cassandra "Cassie" Ainsworth is a fictional character on the British television series "Skins". She is played by Hannah Murray. Personality. Cassie is a very complicated character. She suffers from anorexia nervosa, self harm, and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." She also drinks alcohol and takes drugs. In the episode "Tony" she is seen sorting food, a common occurrence shown by people with anorexia. Despite Cassie's many "problems", she is a very gentle, caring,kind, and loving person. Written on her "about me" section of the "Skins" website, she talks about how much she loves her baby brother, Reuben. Cassie will even act positive to bad news so that she will not offend. Character history. Series 1. Cassie is released from a clinic, where she received treatment for her eating disorder. In the first episode, called "Tony", she stays with Sid and offers to have sex so he can lose his virginity, but she passes out before anything happens. In the second episode "Cassie", it is shown that she is not better and is still sick. She has also developed a crush on Sid. In "Sid", the fifth episode of the season, Cassie tries to kill herself after Sid cancels a date they planned, so that he could be with Michelle Richardson. In "Michelle", Michelle takes Sid to see Cassie, but Cassie is dating someone called Simon, a patient in the hospital she is currently in. In the last episode of the season, Cassie says she is moving to Scotland with her family, away from Bristol. Cassie writes Sid a letter and leaves it at his house after sneaking out the hospital. She is also given a letter Sid wrote to her from Tony Stonem. In the last moment of the season, Sid finds Cassie and they sit together and hold hands. Series 2. Cassie and Sid are in a serious romantic long distance relationship. In "Sid", the third episode, Sid thinks Cassie is cheating on him and becomes angry at her. Cassie is also angry, but because Sid does not trust her. At the end of the episode Cassie takes a train from where she lives in Scotland to Bristol, to visit Sid. She waits in his bedroom for him, but when Sid enters the bedroom he is kissing Michelle (not noticing that Cassie is also there). In "Chris", the fifth episode, Cassie bitterly tells her friends that Sid is together with Michelle. She copes with her feelings by having sex with almost anyone, doing drugs, and partying. In "Effy" Sid finally confronts Cassie and her bad behavior. The two get back together, but in "Cassie", it is clear that Cassie is still angry towards Michelle. After Cassie's roommate and friend Chris Miles dies, she runs away to New York City, where she is taken care of by a boy called Adam. In the finale "Everyone", in the last moment of the episode, Sid looks for Cassie in New York, and stops in front of the diner she works in. Animal Planet Animal Planet is a television network that is mainly about human and animal relationships. It is owned by Discovery Communications. Roughly 4 out of 5 households with television receive Animal Planet in the United States of America. Amberg Amberg () is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Oberpfalz ("Upper Palatinate"), roughly half way between Regensburg and Bayreuth. Population: 44,200 (2001). Amberg became a center for the mining of iron ore in 1270. In the 1800s a blast furnace was built in the town. Twin towns. Amberg is twinned with these towns: The Killers The Killers are an American rock band formed in Las Vegas in 2001 by Brandon Flowers (lead vocals, keyboards, bass) and Dave Keuning (lead guitar, backing vocals). The current, official lineup of the band (as of 2020) consists of Flowers, Mark Stoermer (bass, rhythm guitar, backing vocals) and Ronnie Vannucci Jr. (drums, percussion) - the latter two have both joined The Killers in 2002. The band's name is derived from a logo on the bass drum of a fictitious band portrayed in the music video for the New Order song "Crystal". The band has released six consecutive chart-topping studio albums: "Hot Fuss" (2004), "Sam's Town" (2006), "Day & Age" (2008), "Battle Born" (2012), "Wonderful Wonderful" (2017), and "Imploding the Mirage" (2020). They have also released a B-sides and rarities compilation, "Sawdust" (2007); a live album, "Live from the Royal Albert Hall" (2009); a greatest-hits album, "Direct Hits" (2013); and a Christmas compilation, "Don't Waste Your Wishes" (2016). The Killers are considered one of the biggest rock bands of the 21st century, and the most successful act to ever emerge from Nevada, selling more than 28 million records worldwide, including 10.8 million in the US alone. They have performed in over 50 countries and on six continents, headlining venues such as Madison Square Garden, Wembley Stadium and Glastonbury Festival (2007 and 2019). In 4th August 2017 It was announced that Dave Keuning had left the killers after 15 years with the band, to pursue a solo career and which leaves Brandon Flowers, Mark Stoermer And Ronnie Vannucci Jr to continuing The Killers as a trio and would able to continuing music without him. Band members. Former members. Timeline Sufjan Stevens Sufjan Stevens () (born July 1, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Petoskey, Michigan. Some people think he is part of the folk revival in indie pop, but he gets ideas from many things. His music is similar to electronica and the minimalism of Steve Reich. Stevens says that he has plans to make a concept album for each of the 50 U.S. states. He began with "Michigan" (2003) and "Illinois" (2005). Stevens was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Petoskey. He went to Harbor Light Christian School as well as the Interlochen Arts Academy. He also learned at Hope College in Holland, Michigan. Sufjan is an Arabic name that famously belonged to Abu Sufyan, a man from early Islamic history. The name was given to Stevens by the person who founded Subud, a spiritual community. Stevens said in an interview, "It sounds like Devendra Banhart kind of grew up in this strange kind of cultish environment, and I don't mean that word in a demeaning way. I think we probably come from similar backgrounds. There's a little bit of that in my history." Stevens is a multi-instrumentalist, a person who can play many musical instruments. He is well known for his use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, and several other instruments, often playing all of these on his albums by using multitrack recording. When he was in school, he learned the oboe and English horn, which he also plays on his albums. He is one of the few musicians in pop music to use these instruments. A lot of instruments are played in unison to give his songs a "symphony-like" sound. Strings and horns are used very often in many of his songs. Stevens lives in the Brooklyn part of New York City in the neighborhood Kensington where he makes up the Asthmatic Kitty Records staff of the Brooklyn office. His brother Marzuki Stevens is a marathon runner. The song "The Mystery of Love" because of the "movie Call Me by Your Name" was hit song and won AMFT Awards in 2017"." Greifswald Greifswald () is officially known as "Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald", which means "University and Hanseatic Town of Greifswald" (from German "Greif", "griffin", and "Wald", "forest"). It is a town in northeastern Germany. The town is on the Baltic Sea, about to the north of Berlin in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The population is roughly 55,000, including about 11,500 students and some 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald. Till September 4, 2011 Greifswald was a urban district. City council. The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election in 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows: Neubrandenburg Neubrandenburg ( or shortened: "Bramborg") ("New Brandenburg", ) is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is in the southeastern part of the state, at the shore of a lake called the "Tollensesee". The city was founded in the year 1248. Till September 4, 2011 Neubrandenburg was a urban district. Since March 2015 Silvio Witt is the mayor of Neubrandenburg. He is the succesor of Paul Krüger (CDU). Neubrandenburg was founded by the knight Herbord von Raven in the year 1248. Stal Mielec Stal Mielec () is a Polish football club from Mielec. They play in Polish fourth league. The club was started April 10, 1939. Their home stadium is Stadion Stali Mielec. Their colours are white and blue. Stal Mielec has won "I liga" (Polish first league) 2 times (in 1973 and 1976) and played in quarterfinals of UEFA Cup in 1976. They were one of the best teams of Poland in 1970s. Famous players are Grzegorz Lato, Henryk Kasperczak, Andrzej Szarmach, Jan Domarski, all of them played in 1970s. Britpop Britpop is a type of alternative rock that started in the United Kingdom. Britpop came out of the British independent music scene of the 1990s and affected, or changed, by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. This kind of music began as a reaction against some trends, or styles, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as grunge from the United States. After American grunge bands such as Nirvana came to Britain, many British bands acted as opposites to the American bands, and wrote about only British topics and concerns. Britpop bands did not have one type of sound, but the media called them first a 'scene', or short-lasting trend. Later, the media called them a national importance. Blur, Oasis and Pulp have been called the most important bands. Some bands were able to become popular overseas, but Britpop was mostly gone by the end of the decade. Red-light district A red-light district is a part of an urban area where sex work is concentrated. Sex work in red-light districts is either legal or illegal, but tolerated. In the world there are many red-light districts, the most famous probably being the red-light district in Amsterdam, De Wallen. In the red-light district, sex workers are often helped and protected, and every month doctors visit them. Condoms are given to the sex worker so they do not catch any sexually transmitted diseases (STD's). In some red-light districts, sex workers pay taxes, as in the red-light district of Amsterdam. In other red light districts, sex workers do not pay taxes, because there they are illegal and often are put on the street with violence. In some parts of Africa there are villages of sex workers where they live and work, because they are not accepted by the people of other villages. Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco (abbreviated P!ATD) is a pop and rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The current official lineup of the band consists of lead vocalist, guitarist and bassist Brendon Urie, guitarist Mike Naran and drummer Daniel Pawlovich. They started out as a high school band who covered Blink-182 music, but soon became much more. Their singles, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" and "High Hopes", were and are huge hits, and they're widely known for them. Their music ranges widely from punk to folk rock to pop and much more. Pretty. Odd. Pretty. Odd. is the second music album from the rock band Panic at the Disco. It was released on March 25, 2008. Production and marketing. Panic at the Disco began creating their new album after their first album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". While on tour for about two years, they had no new songs to perform. In January 2007 the band went into "hibernation" in a cabin (just outside the strip), as they began writing new songs for the next six months hoping for a second album to be released during fall 2007. On July 7, 2007 they played the song "It's True Love" live during their first performance since going into writing. Later that night however, the band decided that they did not like the music had written and scrapped all the songs they had written (which was about 3/4 of an album, as they were almost done recording). A month later Panic announced two newly written songs, the first named "Middle of Summer" (later changed to "When the Day Met the Night"), and "Nine in the Afternoon". In December, a part of "Nine in the Afternoon" was played on an episode of the television show "Heroes". Panic then began viral marketing, building puzzles on their official website. For about two weeks the puzzle gave snippets from an unknown song, along with the caption "YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY...". On January 1, 2008, the snippets finally were revealed to be part of a new song entitled "We're So Starving". A rough version of this song was then released for listening on their official MySpace page, but was later pulled with the release of "Nine in the Afternoon". A review from "NME" magazine was published on the internet with descriptions of each song. These reviews show the big different direction that Panic have taken with their new album. The band announced the title of the new album, "Pretty. Odd.", through their website on January 9, and dropped the "!" from their band name at the same time. The band explained by saying "We've just traded the exclamation point for a few periods." They announced the next day that they would be headlining the Honda Civic Tour in support of the album. The band then began a second puzzle on January 17, challenging fans to find puzzle pieces scattered throughout Panic-related websites, in order to reveal the album cover. The cover was officially revealed on January 22. Four days later, a new scavenger hunt was hidden on the official site, showing the tracklist of the album and offering a prize to the first three people who could find all 15 song titles for the new album. This was completed later that day. On January 28 the winners were revealed. That very same day, the band posted the final version of "Nine in the Afternoon" on their MySpace page. The band also revealed on their official site they were releasing a Deluxe Edition of "Pretty. Odd." along with a version with a different artwork. iTunes made the Deluxe Edition and Standard Edition of the album available for pre-order on January 29, 2008. Nine in the Afternoon "Nine in the Afternoon" is the first single from the second album by Panic at the Disco, "Pretty. Odd." The music video was filmed on December 20 and December 21. It was the first song written after the band decided to erase several worth of an album they had been planning on releasing in the fall of 2007. Panic at the Disco's first performance of "Nine in the Afternoon" was at Virgin Festival 2007. A Fever You Can't Sweat Out A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is the first album made by the rock band, Panic! at the Disco. It was released on September 27, 2005 by Fueled by Ramen. The album is split in two, with tracks 1 through 7 being played by electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ. Track 8 (Intermission) acts as a link between the two parts, starting with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano. On the vinyl record version of the album, side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13, further showing the split in the album. The album mostly deals with social problems that the band shows on through various songs. Topics such as sanctity of marriage, adultery, alcoholism, prostitution, and religion are seen throughout the album. Guitarist Ryan Ross also relates two of the songs to living with an alcoholic father. The album has sold more than 1.6 million copies in the U.S. alone. Credits. Additional instruments Brendon Urie Brendon Boyd Urie (born April 12, 1987 in St. George, Utah) is the lead singer of the rock band Panic at the Disco. He also plays keyboard, accordion, piano, organ, bass, guitar, cello and drums. He has been married to Sarah Orzechowski since 2013. Ryan Ross George Ryan Ross III (b. August 30, 1986) is an American guitarist and singer. He was a member of the band Panic! at the Disco. He is from Summerlin, Nevada. Ross knew fellow Panic! drummer Spencer Smith since he was five. At the age of twelve, the two covered Blink-182 songs in a band called Pet Salamander. Later, he was in the band The Summer League with Smith and ex-Panic! bassist Brent Wilson. After high school, Ross went to the University of Las Vegas. He left after one semester to work in the band. During the times, his parents were having trouble and unhappy. His father was having problems with alcoholism. While seeing this, Ryan wrote two songs on the album about his experiences with his father. His father died in July 2006. Ryan had to deal with the death of his father while in the middle of Panic's summer tour. In July 2009, Ross said that he would be leaving Panic! At The Disco. He said he was leaving because of "creative differences." He said that he and Jon Walker, who also left, would continue to make music. Ross and Walker then started a band called The Young Veins, which released one album, "Take a Vacation!" and went on 'indefinite hiatus' in mid-2011. Ross lives in Los Angeles. Brent Wilson Brent Wilson is the former bassist for the rock band, Panic! at the Disco. He was replaced by Jon Walker on May 17, 2006. I Write Sins Not Tragedies "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is the second single by the rock band Panic at the Disco. It is from their first album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005). It was released on April 27, 2006 on both compact disc and 7 inch vinyl. Ryan Ross wrote the song. The edited version of the song with the lyrics "The poor groom's bride is a whore" and "Haven't you people ever heard of closing the goddamn door?" were changed. "Whore" was replaced with a "shhh" sound and "God" was removed in "goddamn." It was ranked #3 in Billboard's Best 2000's Video poll. Aesculus glabra Aesculus glabra or Ohio buckeye is a type of tree. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to be to tall. It lives in several states in eastern North America: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nebraska, Texas, and Georgia. It also grows in the far southwest of Ontario. The leaves have 5 or 7 leaflets, to big. The tree grows yellow flowers in spring. The fruit is a small shell. The shell has 1-3 nuts inside of it. These nuts are called buckeyes. The buckeye got its name when Native Americans thought it looked like the eye of a buck (a male deer). Buckeyes have acid in them, and they cannot be eaten by humans. The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio. It is also the nickname of The Ohio State University mascot or any person who went or goes to the school. But It's Better If You Do "But It's Better If You Do" is the third single by Panic at the Disco, from their album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005). Song information. Written by Ryan Ross and released on May 4, 2006 as a CD single, "But It's Better If You Do" is the third single to be released by Panic at the Disco, and the second with an accompanying video. "It's a song about being in a strip club but not actually liking being in there. So I wanted it to be about the sort of complex inner-monologue," he said. "It's not completely fiction, though. It's based on a scenario when I was going through a breakup with a girl, and I was in one of these clubs but wishing I didn't have to be. Because in reality, I don't like strip clubs. I think they're kinda ecch," says Ryan Ross. Ross went on to say, "When I wrote it, I never thought about it being played in strip clubs. But I guess it would be kind of a change from what they usually play in there," he said. "It would be a surreal experience, for sure. I think the tempo is too fast, though. So maybe someone would have to do a chopped and screwed version or something." Title. The title is a quote from the movie "Closer". In the movie, the character portrayed by Natalie Portman says, "lying is the most fun a girl can have without taking her clothes off... but it's better if you do". "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is also the title of another song by Panic at the Disco. Music video. At the beginning of the song's music video, the song playing in the background is "Intermission", the song preceding "But It's Better If You Do" on the "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" CD. The music video starts with a black-and-white introduction of the band's lead singer, Brendon Urie, arguing with his wife. She is worried about him always singing at "illegal strip clubs"; he says he does not go to "illegal strip joints", but he goes anyway. The music video continues with the song in the overview of the strip joint. Urie plays onstage with the other members of the band and a Las Vegas showgirls dance group. Urie sees a woman who seems to be unusually interested in him. They retreat to a private room. The two begin to kiss, and Urie removes his mask. The woman likewise removes her mask to reveal that she was in fact his wife. A quick slap to Urie's face and his wife turns to leave. As she gains headway, however, the police bust into the club and arrest her. Urie fights with the chief, but is also arrested. They both are put into a police car, smile in an evil way at one and another, and the scene ends. The video for "But It's Better If You Do" debuted on "Total Request Live" daily countdown on June 29, 2006 at #8. Track listing. UK CD/Digital - May 2006 UK 7" Poster Bag - May 2006 UK 7" Colored Vinyl - May 2006 WMI CD - October 2006 WMI CD/Digital - September 2006 Chart performance. Following release in the USA, the single reached number 4 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, before dropping to number 8 on the chart dated September 23, 2006. It peaked at number 81 on the Pop 100 chart, and number 74 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart. Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is the fourth single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released on August 7, 2006 as the fourth single, but is the third advertised single ("The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" was not commercially released as a single). Music video. The music video was filmed on June 19, 2006 in Los Angeles, California. The video was shown on MTV2 on July 14, 2006. It features people with fish tanks on their heads. The video only shows the band in one scene (the paramedics are the band members), because the band felt that their looks were distracting from their music. The music video starts out with a woman walking on a sidewalk. For some reason, she has a fishtank on her head and all the people around her also have a fishtank. She quickly runs into a puddle and follows it to find a fish flapping around. She places it into her tank and stares at it. Then the woman heads over to a group of people to discover them gathered around a man who's tank broke and he is dying now. The woman has flashbacks to show that the man is her husband. She then attempts suicide by pouring out her own tank and collapsing. The band arrives in two ambulances (labeled Receiving Hospital) and takes them away in bathtubs. The band then carries the two across a beach and throws them into the ocean. There the woman holds the man. Jon Walker Jonathan Jacob Walker (born September 17, 1985 in Chicago) is an American musician. He was the bassist for the Las Vegas based rock band Panic at the Disco, replacing former bass player Brent Wilson. He was replaced by Dallon Weekes after he left the band in July, 2009. Jon Walker was also lead guitarist and occasional lead vocalist of The Young Veins. As of 2011 he is trying a solo career as a folk-pop artist. Spencer Smith Spencer James Smith (born September 2, 1987 in Summerlin, Nevada) was previously the drummer for the rock band Panic at the Disco. Spencer was one of the original members of the band. He was also the youngest member of the band after the departure of Brent Wilson. He founded the band along with Ryan Ross, who he grew up with. Smith left the band in 2013. Live Session EP Live Session EP is an EP released by the rock band Panic at the Disco on June 13, 2006. It is available only as a digital download from the iTunes Store. It has a more acoustic feel to the songs. The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage", also shortened to "The Only Difference" for radio plays and ease, is a song written by Ryan Ross for Panic at the Disco's debut, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released as a radio only single. Build God, Then We'll Talk "Build God, Then We'll Talk" is the fifth and last official single, written by Ryan Ross, from Panic at the Disco's 2005 album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out", including the radio-only single "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage". Song information. The song is the last song on Panic at the Disco's début album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". The bridge melody of "Build God, Then We'll Talk" is a derivative of the melody of the chorus of "My Favorite Things" from "The Sound of Music". The lyrics in the bridge also directly satirize the lyrics of "My Favorite Things". The song depicts the story of a virgin who, in desperate need of cash, agrees to sleep with a powerful Lawyer in exchange for a job at the firm. His wife, despite knowing about his late ventures, stays with him for the same reason this girl has been manipulated into sleeping with him; money. However, the Lawyer has tipped off the police, claiming her to be a prostitute, and, just hours after he leaves, the Constable bursts in while she's fixing her hair in a compact. Surprised, she knocks her bag over, spilling the contents, and the officer gives her an option- go to jail or sleep with him. In the album there are extended lyrics confirming this. Music video. The video shows the story of a "pornomime" and a girl who falls in love after she watches one of his performances. Their relationship is a fake one. Both "relationships" includes a fake feeling of confidence and are really useless in meaning. The mime and his girlfriend both walk in on each other having affairs (pretended, of course), again showing the emptiness of their fake relationships. They are not making love to real people — it is a false impression. The video is the first from the band to be web-exclusive, mostly because they felt it was too offensive for television, but it has aired on MTV2 in the UK and is available on Music Choice On-demand. The band does not appear in this video. Fueled by Ramen Fueled by Ramen is an independent record label started by John Janick and Vinnie Fiorello (drummer and song writer of Less Than Jake) in August 1996 in Gainesville, Florida. Decaydance Records Decaydance Records is the vanity label of Pete Wentz, Patrick Stump (of Fall Out Boy) and Travis McCoy (of Gym Class Heroes). It is an impression of the Fueled by Ramen record label. It uses the Pete Wentz's trademark 'Batheart' as its logo. RIAA certification In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other secondary stores. List of certifications. Currently, the normal RIAA certifications for albums are: Special certifications exist for Latin albums (which the RIAA considers to be an album that is mostly sung in Spanish): If a Latin album is certified on or after December 20, 2013: If a Latin album was certified before December 20, 2013: Sound Tribe Sector Nine Sound Tribe Sector Nine is a United States band from Atlanta, Georgia. The band's name is commonly abbreviated as just STS9 or Sound Tribe. They are most notably recognized for their live performances consisting of complex light shows. Billboard A billboard (or billing board) is a large sign displaying advertisements. They are usually placed in places where many people will see them, such as alongside busy roads or in marketplaces. They show large posters, bulletins, and other kinds of visual advertisements. Style. Billboards that are along roads are designed to be noticed, since they are seen for only a few seconds. They usually have only a few words on them. Sometimes they have a humorous picture on them. For example, Chick-fil-A billboards have cows trying to get people to eat chicken. Kinds of billboards. Painted billboards are made usually by hand. They are painted onto large pieces of paper, which are then attached to large panels. The panels are then installed using cranes. Digital billboards use large screens to show the advertisement. Some digital billboards can change their message every so often, so several advertisements show up on the same billboard. Painted billboards these are now quite rare having been replaced by graphically produced billboards. However, in instances where only a single board is required they are still used in some areas. Mobile billboards the purpose of mobile billboards is to go to where their target audience happens to be such as where a large event is taking place. As they are less common the advertisement tends to be more memorable. Three-dimensional billboards. Another modern type of billboard and due to the artistry that they often contain they capture the attention and interest of all who see them. History. Some of the earliest billboards were made in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, many people in the U.S. were buying cars like the Ford Model Ts. During this time, it became popular for businesses to put billboards along highways. Stralsund Stralsund is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany on the south coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the mainland). In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the Hanseatic League. From 1949 until German Reunification in 1990, Stralsund was part of the German Democratic Republic. Hyper engine The hyper engine was a possible aircraft engine model that could produce 1 horsepower per cubic inch of engine displacement. The term hyper engine was used only in the United States, where the Army Air Corps gave people money to make a hyper engine that had an area of 1,300 cubic inches. This happened in the 1930s. They thought that this would better help with streamlining and to help get a better range. Unfortunately, none of these designs ever made it past the production stage. Autofeather Autofeather is a feature of the engines on turboprop or piston engine aircraft. When the power being made by the engine falls to the point where it is not helping add to the thrust, the propeller will go into a feathered mode to help lower the amount of drag. An automatic feathering system was first brought out into the open on the Martin 4-0-4 aircraft, which was a piston engine airplane. The system was made to automatically feather an engine that failed during takeoff or the initial climb of the plane to its cruising altitude. Argus As 014 The Argus As 014 was a pulse jet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomber of World War II. This was meant to be a simple model that would have been easy to make a lot of for not very much money. The engine was made from a sheet of steel that was rolled into a tube. A shutter was placed at one of the ends of the tube, along with a fuel valve and an igniter (something that lights things on fire). It was thought that this could become a good power source for some last ditch German fighters during the last few days of World War II. List of aircraft engines The following is a list of all the aircraft engines: Piston engines. Two- and four-stroke rotary, radial, inline. A to E. ADC Q to V. see Le Rhône Inductor An inductor is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because of magnetic charge. An inductor is usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core made from either air or a magnetic metal. If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance. Small inductors can also be put onto integrated circuits using the same ways that are used to make transistors. Aluminum is usually used as the conducting material in this case. How inductors work. While a capacitor reacts against changes in voltage, an inductor reacts against changes in current. The inductor affects the current like inertia. In general, the relationship between the time-varying voltage "v"("t") across an inductor with inductance "L" and the time-varying current "i"("t") passing through it is described by the differential equation: formula_1 How inductors are used. Inductors are used often in analog circuits. Two or more inductors that have coupled magnetic flux make a transformer. Transformers are used in every power grid around the world. Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to lower the amount of voltage an electrical device gives off or lower the fault current. Because inductors are heavier than other electrical components, people have been using them in electrical equipment less often. Inductors with an iron core are used for audio equipment, power conditioning, inverter systems, rapid transit and industrial power supplies. Electrical engineers like to reduce diagrams of electrical circuits, no matter how complicated, to an "equivalent circuit" consisting of a network of just "four" different types of component. These four basic components are "emfs", "resistors", "capacitors", and "inductors". An inductor is usually represented by a little solenoid in circuit diagrams. In practice, inductors generally consist of short air-cored solenoids wound from enameled copper wire. Cast Cast can mean: In popular culture: In music: Other Edward, the Black Prince Edward, the Black Prince (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, 15 June 1330 – Westminster Palace, 8 June 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England. Edward was born at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford. He was made Prince of Wales in 1343, and followed his father into battle against France. He became a famous soldier, helping win the Battle of Crécy and commanding the Battle of Poitiers. He was a founding member of the Order of the Garter. In 1361, he married his cousin, Joan of Kent. They had two sons, Edward and Richard. The older son, Edward, died when he was only six. Edward of Woodstock has become known in history as "the Black Prince", but no one is quite sure of the reason for the nickname. He died at the age of 45, and was buried at the Canterbury Cathedral. As his father was still living, he never became king himself. He asked his father to give the title Prince of Wales to his son Richard, who later became King Richard II of England. . Charles IV of France Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims. Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks. During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands. Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line. Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War. Philip VI of France Philip VI (1293 – 22 August 1350), called "the Fortunate", was King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328. He was the first king from the House of Valois part of the Capetian dynasty. UT UT can mean many things: Financial endowment A financial endowment is money given to something to be saved in an investment. This is done so that the money will make a bigger difference when it is saved up over time. Lisa Simpson Lisa Marie Simpson is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". The person who does the voice for the character is Yeardley Smith. Matt Groening, the creator of the series, named her after his sister. She is the oldest daughter and middle child of Homer and Marge Simpson, and the sister of Bart and Maggie. Lisa is an 8-year-old girl. She is one of the most intelligent characters on the series, with an I.Q. of either 156 or 159. She also plays the saxophone and is a vegetarian. Despite her cleverness Lisa has typical childhood issues. For example, in the episode "Lost Our Lisa" she gets lost after riding the bus alone. Farida Mammadova Farida Mammadova (8 August 1936 – 8 December 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian who specialised in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania. She was the author of papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectured at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University. She is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova worked at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she was a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov. Her theories were criticized for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism. According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "has grasped the Albanian theory to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in the territory of present Republic of Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan". During her interviews Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements: And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values. In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have not created their state on their historical native land. Ibadi The Ibāḍī (Arabic: Al-Ibādhiyyah الاباضية) is a denomination of Islam that is the dominant form in only one country, Oman. There are other Ibāḍī in Algeria and Libya. The Ibāḍī probably started one of the earliest schools, which was founded less than 50 years after the death of Muhammad. The name comes from Abdullah ibn Ibadh at-Tamini. Some of the branch's followers, however, claim that its true founder was Jabir ibn Zaid al-'Azdi, who was from Nizwa, Oman. Differences from other types of Islam. Ibāḍī communities are generally seen as conservative. For example, they reject the practice of "qunūt" in which one asks Allah for things while one stands in prayer. Sunni Muslims traditionally consider the Ibāḍī to be an extremist Kharijite group because they came from that group. However, most Ibāḍī now believe that other Muslims are not "kuffar" "unbelievers", unlike most Kharijite groups, but "kuffar an-nima" "unbelievers in God's grace." Most Ibāḍī now believe a true believer's attitude to others to be expressed in three religious obligations: Unlike the Kharijites, the Ibāḍī have abandoned the assassination of mainstream Muslims. The Ibāḍī agree with Sunnis in approving of Caliphs Abū Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab, and both groups regarded them as rightly-guided caliphs. However, the Ibāḍī think that Uthman ibn Affan introduced "bid'ah" "innovations" to Islam and so approve of the revolt that overthrew him. The Ibāḍī also approve of the first part of Ali's caliphate. Like the Shi'ites,the Ibāḍī disapprove of both Aisha's rebellion against him and Muawiya's revolt. However, the Ibāḍī regard Ali's acceptance of arbitration at the Battle of Siffin against Muawiyya's rebels as un-Islamic. The Ibāḍī consider that Al's decision made him unfit as iman, and they condemn Ali also for killing early Kharijites in an-Nahr at the Battle of Nahrawan. The Ibāḍī also have several doctrinal differences from other types of Islam; here are the main ones: The Ibāḍī believe that the fifth legitimate caliph was Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. All caliphs from Muˤāwiyya onwards are regarded as tyrants except Umar ibn Abdul Aziz on whom opinions differ. However, various later Ibāḍī leaders are recognized as true imāms, including Abdullah ibn Yahya al-Kindi of South Arabia and the imāms of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa. The Ibāḍī are also found in Jabal Nafusa in Libya, Mzab in Algeria, East Africa (particularly Zanzibar), and Djerba Island in Tunisia. The early medieval Rustamid dynasty in Algeria was Ibāḍī, and refugees from its capital, Tahert, founded the North African Ibāḍī communities, which still exist. German Workers' Party The or German Workers' Party ("DAP") was a political party in Germany just after World War I. It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (, acronym "NSDAP"). Origins. Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the "Café Gasteig" on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' () which Drexler had also started. Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people. Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people. On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society. There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs. Adolf Hitler joins the DAP. When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the "Sterneckerbräu" on 12 September 1919. Hitler was very good at making speeches, so Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers. They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger. Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7. Later Hitler said he was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP. From DAP to NSDAP. The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas. To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei). At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP. Membership. Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were: Cary, North Carolina Cary is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. After January 1, 2008, Cary had a population of 127,640. According to CNN, Cary is the 8th fastest growing city in the United States. History. Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary. About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement. Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300 acres (1.2 km²) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary. Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office. In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor. Education. There are many schools in Cary. The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System. There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious. Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents. Transportation. The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called C-Tran . Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport. Cary has many bike trails and many neighborhoods have sidewalks, so it is a good place to walk or ride a bike. Blue Mosque, Istanbul The Sultan Ahmet Mosque, commonly called the Blue Mosque, is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmet I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. His architect, Sedefkar Mehmet Agha, decorated it like a jeweler would. There is also a madrasah and a hospice associated with the mosque. Today it is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Istanbul. Story. According to legend day Sultan I. Ahmet wanted gold minarets on his mosque. The word for gold in Turkish is "altın". Apparently this was misunderstood as "altı", or six. So the mosque has six minarets. Shah Mosque Shah Mosque (Persian: ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ , Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan (Isfahan), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to Imam Mosque after the Islamic Revolution. Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Isfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions. Measurements. The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it. The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered. There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque. Architects. The architects of the mosque are reported to be the following masters: The mosque is one of the treasures featured on "Around the World in 80 Treasures" presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank. Löbau-Zittau Löbau-Zittau () was a " (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south). History. The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. The district will change again in 2008, when the independent city (") of Görlitz is merged with the district. Apex, North Carolina Apex is a town in the U.S. State of North Carolina. It is part of Wake County. Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis () was the easternmost "Kreis" (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. It ended in 2008. The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz stopped being an independent city, and became part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau. History. The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was given to Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony. The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz. Twin towns. The district is twinned with Luís de Camões Luís Vaz de Camões (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, Dante, Cervantes or Shakespeare. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work "Os Lusíadas". (His philosophical work "The Parnasum of Luís Vaz" was lost, stolen with part of "Os Lusíadas" by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.) Legacy. Today, a museum dedicated to Camões can be found in Macau, the Museu Luís de Camões. Kamenz (district) Kamenz () was a (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. There was a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda became a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government. History. The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called "Westlausitz - Dresdner Land", but then renamed to "Kamenz" again. Partnerships. Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate. Emerald Isle, North Carolina Emerald Isle is a small town on the coast of North Carolina, United States. Emerald Isle is a beach town. About 50,000 people come every summer. Emerald Isle became a town in 1953. Theobromine Theobromine is a chemical substance, also known as xantheose. It is an alkaloid. It occurs in the cacao plant. Chemically, it is very similar to caffeine. Because the cacao plant is used to make chocolate, it is also found in chocolate. Despite its name, there is no bromine in it. The name ""theobromine" comes from the word "Theobroma"" as the name of the genus of the cacao tree (which itself is made up of the Greek roots "theo" ("God") and "brosi" ("food"), meaning "food of the gods") with the suffix given to alkaloids and other base nitrogen-containing compounds. Theobromine is a water-insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder. Its colour is listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups. Theobromine was first isolated from the seeds of the cacao tree in 1878 and then shortly afterwards was synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer. Theobromine is toxic to dogs. Black tea Black tea is a kind of tea made from leaves of "Camellia sinensis". Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called "red tea", a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective. Producing area and varieties. Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced. India. One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas. Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea. China. Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China. Blends. Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants. Health. Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease. Bautzen (district) Bautzen () is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda and the former district Kamenz became part of the district in 2008 Decaffeination Decaffeination is a process which tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples of plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called decaffeinated. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola. There are different processes to remove the caffeine. Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine. Dresden Government Region Dresden is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is found in the south-eastern part of the state. Saxony is divided into urban (meaning in the city) and rural (meaning in the country) districts like all German states. The districts are grouped into government areas (regierungsbezirke) as well. Holly Springs, North Carolina Holly Springs is a small town in North Carolina, United States. It is called the "Fastest growing town in the Carolinas" because so many people are moving there. In 2006, there were 17,425 people in Holly Springs. Gaustadt Gaustadt is a district of Bamberg, Upper Franconia in Germany. In Gaustadt there is a brewery called Brauerei Kaiserdom (Brewery Kaiserdom). History. 5,700 people live there. Since 1972, Gaustadt is not an own community. Super Tuesday In the United States, Super Tuesday commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions. Each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake. Brauerei Kaiserdom The Brauerei Kaiserom (English: Brewery Kaiserdom) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany. History. The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910, it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953, they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg. Products. They are producing 6 different kinds of beer: They also make some soft drinks. Cleveland (disambiguation) Cleveland is the name of a number of places around the world, and also some people. Places. The two biggest Clevelands are: Freiberg (district) Freiberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008. History. The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha. Freiberg Freiberg can mean several places: Mulda, Germany Mulda is a municipality in Saxony, Germany. Dorfchemnitz Dorfchemnitz is a municipality of the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany. Jodie Marsh Jodie Louise Marsh (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and television personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh. After being in "Celebrity Big Brother", Marsh was on several of the spin off shows including: "Big Brother's Little Brother", "Big Brother's Big Mouth" and "Big Brother's EForum". In 2005, Marsh published her autobiography "Keeping It Real". In December 2006, Marsh said she would marry Brentwood DJ David Doyle, after dating for 11 days. The relationship ended between late December and mid-January 2007. Doyle said it was because of Marsh's constant drinking and poor personal hygiene. Marsh said Doyle had been unfaithful. In 2008, Marsh dated a female hairdresser. In July 2012 Marsh started dating Kirk Norcross. In 2007 she started presenting her own reality TV show Get a Life on Living TV, but it was stopped after two episodes because not enough people watched it. Frankenstein, Saxony Frankenstein is a former municipality in the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany. About 1200 people live in the village. Since 1 January 2012, it has been incorporated into the town of Oederan. Trashware Trashware is a computer system that was built using hardware from many other computers. Trashware computers will often use free software such as Linux operating system. These computers are mainly built for people who cannot normally afford a computer. Trashware is different from retrocomputing. Yearbook A yearbook is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college). Compilation. Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor. Distribution. Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks. Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors. Mario Gómez Mario Gomez (born 10 July 1985) is a German football player. He plays in the German Bundesliga for VfB Stuttgart. Since 2007 he has played in the Germany national team including in the UEFA Euro 2008, he has played 71 matches and scored 31 goals. Club career statistics. 121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87 121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87 International career statistics. !Total||40||14 Tim Borowski Tim Borowski (born May 2, 1980 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Werder Bremen. A member of the Germany national team since 2002, he has played 33 matches and scored 2 goals. Club career statistics. 195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46 195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46 International career statistics. !Total||33||2 Marcell Jansen Marcell Jansen (born November 4 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German football player. He plays for the Hamburg and for the Germany national team. Club career statistics. 115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9 115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9 International career statistics. !Total||30||2 Arne Friedrich Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once. Club career statistics. 247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16 247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16 International career statistics. !Total||82||1 Oliver Neuville Oliver Neuville (born 1 May 1973) is a German football player. At the moment he playes for Borussia Mönchengladbach. For the Germany national team he has played 69 matches and scored 10 goals. Club career statistics. 123||49||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||123||49 33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5 356||106||43||4||38||10||437||120 508||158||43||4||38||10||593||174 International career statistics. !Total||69||10 Thomas Hitzlsperger Thomas Hitzlsberger (born April 5, 1982) is a German football player. He plays for West Ham United and Germany national team. In 2014 he told "Die Zeit" that he is gay. He is the first Premier League footballer to come out as gay. Club career statistics. 104||8||1||0||10||4||colspan="2"|-||115||12 125||20||16||7||0||0||19||1||160||28 6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1 235||29||17||7||10||4||19||1||281||41 International career statistics. !Total||52||6 Mike Hanke Mike Hanke (born November 5, 1983) is a German football player. His team at the moment is SC Freiburg. In the Germany national team he made 11 matches and 1 goal. Club career statistics. 167||37 167||37 International career statistics. !Total||11||1 Gerald Asamoah Gerald Asamoah (born October 5 1978) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Schalke. While playing for the German national team, he made 43 matches and 6 goals. Club career statistics. 350||72 350||72 International career statistics. !Total||43||6 Clemens Fritz Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen. Club career statistics. 246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26 246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26 International career statistics. !Total||22||2 Simon Rolfes Simon Rolfes (born 21 January 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Germany national team. Club career statistics. 174||24 174||24 International career statistics. !Total||21||1 Paul Freier Paul Freier (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal. Club career statistics. 257||34 257||34 International career statistics. !Total||19||1 Jan Schlaudraff Jan Schlaudraff (born 18 July 1983) is a former German football player. Club career statistics. 112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26 112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26 International career statistics. !Total||3||0 Riesa-Großenhain Riesa-Großenhain was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008. House of Valois The House of Valois was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement. Salic law The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters. Alizée Alizée Jacotey (born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of "alizé" and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, "Graines de Star", in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced. The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies. Uetersen Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about south of Elmshorn, and northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929. Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987. New York City Subway The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that is in New York City, United States. It is run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). It is one of the biggest rapid transit systems in the world, with 472 stations. It has 245 miles (or 394 km) of routes on 691 miles (or 1112 km) of railway track. The New York City Subway almost never closes; the trains run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, all year. The system has only closed three times, most notably during the September 11 attacks and when Hurricane Sandy flooded its tracks. The first elevated trains started working on October 9, 1863, and the first underground trains started working on October 27, 1904. History. Alfred Ely Beach built an underground subway tunnel to test in 1869. His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended under Broadway in Lower Manhattan. The subway car in the tunnel was pneumatic, or pushed by air. The tunnel was never made longer. It could have gone to Battery Park to the south and the Harlem River to the north. The first underground subway line opened on October 27, 1904. The oldest elevated train line in the subway system opened in 1885. The oldest right-of-way was a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. That railroad opened in 1863. By the time the first subway opened, there were two private subway companies. They were the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Corporation (BRT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Most subway lines built after 1913 were built by the New York City government. These tracks were leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and city-run Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932. In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city. Some elevated train lines closed and were destroyed. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) was made in 1953 to run subway, bus, and streetcar operations. It was made part of Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968. By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was really bad to ride. There were very few people riding the subway. There was a lot of graffiti and crime on the subway. This was fixed in the 1990s. After the September 11 attacks, there were train disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy flooded the subway system. It closed many lines for a long time. Stations. There are subway stations in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. About 40% of the tracks are above ground and the other 60% are below ground. Every day about 5,076,000 people take rides on the subway. 463 out of the system's 472 stations are always open. Many stations have "mezzanines". These are the levels of the station where you pay a fare before entering the subway platforms. Everyone must pay a fare to enter the subway system. They are usually between street level and platform level. Many station entrances and exits have lamp posts. At the top of the lamp posts are colored balls. Green balls usually show the station is open all day. Red balls can show two things. An entrance lamp post with a red ball can show that you can only enter during the daytime. There are also red exit lamp posts, which show that you can only exit the station. Some of the balls do not show the right information about an entrance or exit. Most subway stations have waiting platforms that are from long. People wait for trains on these platforms. All new stations have platforms with air conditioning. Many stations also have artwork on the subway station walls. Most of the stations wers built before 1990. That is when a new law said that many new buildings, like subway stations, should have elevators and ramps so people with wheelchairs can enter these buildings. The MTA has run the "Music Under New York" (MUNY) program in the subway since 1987. People must compete in order to be allowed to play music in a station. There are now more than 100 musicians and performers in the subway system. There are only 129 open restrooms in 77 of the system's stations. Some platforms have newspaper stands as well. They sell many things, including newspapers and food. There are also stores in some stations. Lines and routes. In other cities' subway systems, a train "line" is the same as a train "route". In New York City's subway system, however, the "line" is the actual tracks, which a train "route" uses. "Routes", also called "services", have a letter or a number, such as "1" or "A". "Lines" have names, like "Broadway Line". There are 24 train services. This includes 3 short "shuttle" routes. Each route has a color. R. Raleigh D'Adamo, a lawyer who entered a contest in 1964, planned the colors that are used on subway maps now. Before, subway maps used different colors for every route. People who live in New York City do not call lines and services by color (such as, Blue Line or Green Line). However, tourists often use colors to tell between routes. There are three different types of subway services. "Local" trains make all stops at "local" stations as well as at "express" stations. "Express" trains skip some stations, but stop at "express" stations. There is one "skip-stop" service, the J/Z, where two train routes run on the same line; each route only stops at every other station along the line. The subway system runs 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, but some routes do not run when not many people ride the subway. When a line is closed, the transit authority uses free shuttle buses. The transit authority shows planned service changes on its website, on station walls, inside subway cars, and through its Twitter page. Routes. There are many routes on the subway. Many people who have never ridden on the Subway get confused because there are so many routes going to so many different places. The Subway has signs that hang from the stations' ceilings to show the routes and where they go. Routes on the "A Division", which used to be the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, are: Routes on the "B Division", which used to belong to the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation and Independent Subway System, are: Fares. From 1904 until 1948, people paid a nickel to go into the subway. On July 1, 1948, the fare was raised to a dime. In July 1953, the fare was raised to 15 cents. The MTA gave out subway tokens, which people used to enter the subway. People stopped using tokens in 2003. The fare is $2.75. Riders must pay with MetroCards. The subway started using them in 1994. At subway stations, riders can buy MetroCards from the station booth or from vending machines. Riders can also buy MetroCards from many places in New York City, like convenience stores and newspaper sellers. Rider safety. Riders are allowed to take pictures using cameras, but are not allowed to take pictures with cameras that flash or with cameras that are on tripods. Subway police can search riders to make sure they do not have weapons or other items that could be used to hurt other people. When riders get hurt, usually it is because they slip when they are getting on or off the train. This is because there is a gap between the train and the platform. In recent times, workers have made the gaps smaller to prevent people from slipping. Often messages are played from loudspeakers that say "Please watch the gap when entering and exiting the train". Train safety. The MTA makes sure that New York City Subway trains run without accidents. There are railroad switches, railroad signals, and speed limits on the subway. All tracks also have a stopper on the side. If the train passes a red signal, the stopper will stop the train. A black-and-white striped board hangs above the middle of each platform. The conductor has to point to the board in front of him or her. After the conductor points to the board, the train doors will open. The subway has had over 56 train accidents since 1918. The Malbone Street Wreck on November 1, 1918 was the most deadly. That crash killed 93 people. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA has experimented with Automatic train operation. New York City Subway trains normally run with a train conductor and a train engineer. In 2006, the L train was the first route to be run by computers. The 7 train is becoming the second route to be run by a computer. There are computers both on the train and along the side of the tracks. The computer does the engineer's job by driving and stopping the train. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism was used at first to describe some people in the Protestant community in the United States in the early 20th century. These people had a set of well-defined ("fundamental") values. These values were in opposition to more modern ideas. The group also said it was important to stick to what faith (and a more literal translation of the Bible) told them. When people look at religion this way they see the ideas in the religion as "absolute". This means that it is not possible for them to change. When religion is seen as absolute it becomes fundamentalism. Today, the term is used more generally. It is now often used to describe groups of people who are committed to behave or act according to their (mostly moral, and religious) values and beliefs even though these values may be criticised by many people or unpopular. Modern-day fundamentalists want to go back to the roots of certain ideological or religious positions. Religious fundamentalism has been prevalent in society since its beginnings in the late 19th- and early 20th-century. People today who study fundamentalism see it as a response to modern society. Today society is not as simple as it was: many people live in societies that can be difficult to understand. Changes in familiar things can make people feel unsafe. So some people look in their religion to see something that does not change. They also want rules about how to act that do not change. So they see their religion as this thing that does not change. See Reformation for an older historical precedent. Fundamentalism is also a trademarked brand of belts "to Beat Children." Fundamentalism Leather Belts have been in countless art exhibits to satirize Fundamentalist Christians who think their God wants them to hit children. The artist and the only publicly recognized owner of Fundamentalism, Daniel Vander Ley, is a child-rights advocate who uses his brand "Fundamentalism America's Premier Child Abuse Brand" as a way to confront governments around the world about corporal punishment practices in schools and homes. Corporal Punishment still occurs in public schools in 19 American states. Terminology. Some people who are called religious fundamentalists do not like that name, as the term has other meanings. They do not like it because 'religious fundamentalist' has some negative ideas about it. Many people who are politically "progressive" or "liberal" sometimes do not like religious fundamentalists. They believe bad things about them like that they are not clever, they are not educated, or that they do not respect people's human rights. Some people who are Christian fundamentalists "do" like that term and use it to name themselves. But they do not like being called religious fundamentalists because Islamic fundamentalists are in this same group. History. Fundamentalism began as a movement in the U.S., starting among conservative Presbyterian academics and theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary in the first decade of the Twentieth Century. It soon spread to conservatives among the Baptists and other denominations during and immediately following the First World War. The movement's purpose was to "reaffirm" orthodox Protestant Christianity and zealously defend it against the challenges of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, and other movements which it regarded as harmful to Christianity. The term "fundamentalism" has its roots in the Niagara Bible Conference (1878–1897) which defined those things that were "fundamental" to Christian belief. The term was also used to describe "The Fundamentals", a collection of twelve books on five subjects published in 1910 and funded by Milton and Lyman Stewart Issues of fundamentalism. Not all religious fundamentalists believe the same things. But there are many issues that they have strong beliefs about. Some of these issues are similar even in different religions. Some of these issues are: Criticism. Many criticisms of fundamentalist positions have been offered. One of the most common is that some claims made by a fundamentalist group cannot be proven, and are irrational, demonstrably false, or contrary to scientific evidence. . For example, some of these criticisms were famously asserted by Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial. Another is that religious beliefs do not translate well into laws or social policy in diverse tolerant societies. This criticism favors secularism as a better foundation for social harmony and stability. One of the critics, Elliot N. Dorff wrote: In order to carry out the fundamentalist program in practice, one would need a perfect understanding of the ancient language of the original text, if indeed the true text can be (found...) among variants. Furthermore, human beings are the ones who transmit this understanding between generations. Even if one wanted to follow the literal word of God, the need for people first to understand that word (requires) human interpretation. Through that process human fallibility is inextricably mixed into the very meaning of the divine word. As a result, it is impossible to follow the indisputable word of God; one can only achieve a human understanding of God's will. Agostino Carracci Agostino Carracci (sometimes also spelled Agostino Caracci, August 16, 1557 – March 22, 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker. His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was. He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous. Vogtlandkreis Rural District The Vogtlandkreis is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district. Famous people. The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village "Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz" in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition. Zwickauer Land Rural District Zwickauer Land was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government. The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent. Geography. The district is located in the Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge"), with the main rivers being the "Zwickauer Mulde" and the "Pleiße". Chemnitzer Land Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial. The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land. Meißen (district) Meißen is a district ("Kreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Sächsische Schweiz (district) The Sächsische Schweiz ("Saxon Switzerland") was a rural district ("Landkreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be "SS", and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the "Schutzstaffel" History. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged. Geography. The district is named after the landscape - the "Saxon Switzerland" - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony. Sächsische Schweiz Sächsische Schweiz might refer to: Weißeritzkreis The Weißeritzkreis was a district ("Kreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008. During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed Saxon Switzerland Sächsische Schweiz means "Saxon Switzerland" in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic. Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers. The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District. History. Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses. The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen. Rock Climbing. Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide. Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. It is one of the earliest works of literary fiction known. The most complete version that exists today was preserved on twelve clay tablets in the library collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. A series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh were probably gathered into a longer Akkadian poem some time before the 7th century BC. The essential story is about the relationship between Gilgamesh, a king who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with Gilgamesh. Much of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's thoughts of loss following Enkidu's death. It is often credited as being one of the first literary works with emphasis on immortality. The epic is widely read in translation, and the hero, Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture. History. Gilgamesh was the fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to lie within the period 2700 to 2500 BC, 200–400 years before the earliest known written stories. His father was the third king, Lugalbanda. The "Epic of Gilgamesh" was about him. Sorbian languages The Sorbian languages are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as Wendish or Lusatian. There are two languages: Upper Sorbian ("hornjoserbsce"), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian ("dolnoserbski"), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia ("Łužica" in Upper Sorbian, "Łužyca" in Lower Sorbian and "Lausitz" in German). In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German. The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/"Budyšin"". The city of Cottbus ("Chóśebuz") is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs. Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words. Bautzen Bautzen (, , ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River. In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid "11580 Bautzen" is named in honour of the city. Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority. During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald. After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993. In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday. Jim Root James "Jim" Root (born October 7, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time. Ghetto Originally the word 'ghetto' meant the Jewish quarter of Venice, and later of any European town. Many places had a ghetto. The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups. The word has a few possible sources: It is also used to refer to areas that are considered to be undesirable. ECW (WWE) ECW (which at one time stood for Extreme Championship Wrestling) was a professional wrestling brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), based on the independent Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that lasted from 1992 to 2001. It started on June 13, 2006 with a weekly television series. The ECW brand was one of WWE's three brands, the other two being RAW and SmackDown. Show history. Original format. WWE got Extreme Championship Wrestling and its video library in 2003 and later began reintroducing ECW through a series of DVDs and books. The big popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize ECW One Night Stand, an ECW reunion pay-per-view in 2005. The financial and critical success of the event encourages WWE to start a second One Night Stand the next year. With rejuvenated interest in the ECW product, WWE began exploring the possibility of reviving the promotion full-time. On May 26, 2006, WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand-alone brand, congruous to Raw and SmackDown!, with its own show on the Sci Fi Channel. Despite initial concerns that professional wrestling would not be accepted by the Sci Fi Channel's demographic, network President Bonnie Hammer said that she believed ECW would fit the channel's theme of "stretching the imagination". Sci Fi Channel is owned by NBC Universal, parent company of USA Network and exclusive cable broadcaster of WWE programming. The ECW brand initially tried to differentiate itself from WWE's other brands. The hard cameras were placed in a different location and the ring mat had an ECW logo on it. The male performers were also referred to as "Extremists" as opposed to Superstars, and female performers were called "Vixens" instead of Divas. It also had the first ECW talent. Later however, changes were made to differentiate it from the original ECW promotion, including changing the original promotion's rules where weapons were legal in all matches and there were rarely any count outs or disqualifications. WWE now classifies such matches as having "Extreme Rules", and are only fought when specified. The only pay-per-view event hosted exclusively by the ECW brand since its launch was December to Dismember in December 2006. On March 14, 2007, before another one could be scheduled, WWE announced that all future pay-per-views would feature all three brands. Former ECW owner Paul Heyman served as the on air "ECW Representative". According to an interview in the UK newspaper The Sun, Heyman wrote the brand's weekly scripts and gave them to writers for possible changes, and then Vince McMahon for final approval. After the December to Dismember 2006 Heyman was relieved from both his on and off air duties with World Wrestling Entertainment. After Heyman left, there was no ECW authority figure until August 14, 2007, when Armando Estrada was announced as the General Manager. ECW on Sci Fi. ECW's weekly series was first given a thirteen episode run as a "summer series" on the Sci Fi Channel. The first episode got a 2.79 rating, making it the highest rated show on cable in its time slot. Because of its good ratings it was given an extended run through the end of 2007. On October 23, 2007, the network renewed the series through 2008. While the show started out a ratings success, it began drawing criticism from fans of the original ECW early on. This was most evident by the negative crowd reaction "old school" fans gave the main event of Batista vs. the Big Show at the show of August 1, 2006 from Hammerstein Ballroom. On October 16, 2007 a "talent exchange" was started between the SmackDown! and ECW brands, allowing their respective talent to appear on either brand. Online presence. At ECW's launch, WWE.com introduced Hardcore Hangover, a video feature which allowed fans only in the United States to stream or download video footage from the weekly show. On October 16, 2007 it was replaced by a new feature which made full episodes of the show available for streaming on WWE.com the day after they were shown. After making a list of names from fans and conducting an online poll, the feature was named ECW X-Stream on October 31, 2007. Production. ECW brand shows are held in big arenas as a part of the SmackDown! brand's Tuesday taping schedule. This is in sharp contrast to the first Extreme Championship Wrestling which ran most of its events in smaller venues. The show usually airs live on Tuesdays directly before – when touring the west coast – or after "SmackDown!" has taped, though it has been recorded and placed on a broadcast delay until later in the night depending on what circumstances dictate. ECW's initial theme song was "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, which had been used by WWE for Extreme Championship Wrestling since before the brand was established. Since then the theme song has changed between a number of different songs before settling on ""Don't Question My Heart", sung by Kyle Morrison of the band Shattersphere. A remix of "Don't Question My Heart"" by Saliva featuring Brent Smith is now used. Starting with the January 22, 2008 version, "ECW" began broadcasting in HD, along with a new HD set, which is shared among all three WWE brands. Theme song. ECW's initial theme song was "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, which had been used by WWE for Extreme Championship Wrestling since before the brand was established. Since then the theme song has changed between a number of different songs before settling on ""Don't Question My Heart", sung by Kyle Morrison of the band Shattersphere. A remix of "Don't Question My Heart"" by Saliva featuring Brent Smith was in use when the show ended. Television Finale. On February 2, 2010, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that "ECW" would be going off the air and would be replaced with a new weekly program in its slot in what McMahon announced as "the next evolution of WWE; the next evolution of television history." It was later announced that the show would air its final episode on February 16, 2010. On the February 4, 2010 episode of "WWE Superstars", the new show's name was announced as "WWE NXT". The ECW brand is set to be disbanded, with every ECW wrestler becoming a free agent after the show ends. International broadcasters. In addition to being broadcast on Syfy in the United States, "ECW" was broadcast on a number of channels in many different countries. YHWH For Jewish people, YHWH is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The written language showed no vowels, so the pronunciation is not agreed on. However, most academics agree that "Yahweh" is the most accepted way to say it. It has also been pronounced as "Yehova" in Hebrew as a substitute word for the tetragrammaton. This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put under the YHWH, making . The vowels used come from the Hebrew word for Lord, "Adonai", which after the last captivity, was substituted and the vowels of "Adonai" forced into the tetragrammaton, incorrectly spelling God's Hebrew name as "YaHoVaH". It was never meant to be anything more than a substitute to avoid pronouncing the tetragrammaton. Traditionally, religious Jews today do not often say this name aloud. This is because it is believed to be too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the indescribable Name”). Today, the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) say that there is only one God, defined in the Judeo/Christian Scriptures as Yahweh almost 7,000 times, with the general name "Elohim" a distant second at 2,500 times. Yahweh was spoken often by Jews. In the New Testament, Yahweh is also present with the expanded name of Yahshua (Jesus), meaning "Yahweh(Yah) Saves(shua). Sometimes the four letters are called the "Tetragrammaton", which is Greek for "four letters" The Hebrew languages has no vowels as was used in Latin or eventually, English. Therefore, the Tetragrammaton, translated from Hebrew to Latin was JHWH. Eventually, it was JHVH in English. Since it does not contain vowels, as does English, vowels were inserted to make the name pronouncable. Therefore JHVH became JEHOVAH. These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language Bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh". The Holman Christian Study Bible uses "Yahweh" when there is a reference to his name; God's Word Translation uses all of the Hebrew transliterations for the name of God. The name Jehovah is used by the religious organisation of Jehovah's Witnesses based on early English Bible translations repeated by the KJV. They are not the only religious group to pronounce the holy name as Jehovah. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions besides Jehovah’s Witnesses. In 2008, the Holy See reiterated a directive that the full name YAHWEH should not be used in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce the full word and YHWH was to be used instead. Oriana Fallaci Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. A young partisan during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career. She has interviewed many internationally known leaders and celebrities such as the Dalai Lama, Henry Kissinger, the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, Willy Brandt, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Walter Cronkite, Omar Khadafi, Federico Fellini, Sammy Davis Jr, Nguyen Cao Ky, Yasser Arafat, Indira Gandhi, Alexandros Panagoulis, Archbishop Makarios III, Golda Meir, Nguyen Van Thieu, Haile Selassie and Sean Connery. After retirement, she returned to writing a series of articles and books critical of Islam and Arabs and some people interpreted the articles under the guise of racism and so-called Islamophobia. Life and career. Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy. During World War II, she joined the resistance in the democratic armed group "Giustizia e Libertà". Her father Edoardo Fallaci, was a famous antifascist political activist, in Florence. Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper "Il mattino dell'Italia centrale" in 1946. After 1967 she worked as a war correspondent, in Vietnam, for the Indo-Pakistani War, in the Middle East and in South America. For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine "L'Europeo" and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and "Epoca" magazine. During the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre prior to the 1968 Summer Olympics, Fallaci was shot three times, dragged down stairs by her hair, and left for dead by Mexican forces. The demonstrations by immigrants in the United States these past few months "disgust" her, especially when protesters displayed the Mexican flag. "I don't love the Mexicans," Fallaci said, invoking her nasty treatment at the hands of Mexican police in 1968. "If you hold a gun and say, 'Choose who is worse between the Muslims and the Mexicans,' I have a moment of hesitation. Then I choose the Muslims, because they have broken my balls." In the late 1970s, she had an affair with the subject of one of her interviews, Alexandros Panagoulis, who was a big rebel in the Greek resistance against the 1967 dictatorship, having been captured, heavily tortured and imprisoned for his (unsuccessful) assassination attempt against dictator and ex-Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos. In 1972 she interviewed Henry Kissinger. Fallaci has twice received the St. Vincent Prize for journalism, as well as the Bancarella Prize (1971) for "Nothing, and So Be It"; Viareggio Prize (1979), for "Un uomo: Romanzo"; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for "Inshallah". She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago). She has lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. Fallaci’s writings have been translated into 21 languages including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Greek, Swedish, Polish, Croatian, Hungarian and Slovenian. Fallaci, smoked always during her life, died on 15 September 2006 where she was born, in Florence, from lung cancer. Solange Knowles Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer and actress. She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting "Baby Jamz". Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for "B'Day" and in "". She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be". Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013. Personal life. Knowles' father is African American. Her mother is Louisiana Creole. She started her musical career at age 14. At age 17, Knowles married a man called Daniel Smith. She gave birth to their son Daniel Julez J. Smith Jr. at 18. She then later divorcing Smith three years later. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas. Knowles has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Jessie Redmon Fauset Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance. Her life and work. Fauset was born in Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister. Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl. Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis". She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal. She is the author of four novels," There Is Confusion " (1924), "Plum Bun" (1928), "The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life" (1931), and "Comedy, American Style" (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta". Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure. References. Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.) Ruins Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin. Studying ruins. Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there. Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular. Annaberg district Annaberg was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008. History. The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz. Golden age Golden age is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good. There are several ways that the term can be used. <br> 617 Patroclus 617 Patroclus "(pə-troe'-kləs," ) is a binary minor planet made up of two similarly-sized objects orbiting their common centre of gravity. It is a Trojan, sharing an orbit with Jupiter. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff, and was the second Trojan asteroid to be found. Recent evidence suggests that the objects are icy comets, rather than rocky asteroids. Orbit. Patroclus orbits in Jupiter's trailing Lagrangian point, L5, in an orbit called the 'Trojan node' after one of the sides in the legendary Trojan War (the other node is called the 'Greek node'). Patroclus is the only object in the Trojan camp to be named after a Greek character; the naming rules for the Trojan asteroids were not made until after Patroclus was named (similarly, the asteroid Hektor is the only Trojan character to appear in the Greek camp). Binary. In 2001, it was found that Patroclus is a binary object, made up of two asteroids which are almost the same size. In February, 2006, a team of astronomers led by Franck Marchis measured accurately the orbit of the system using the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system. They thought that the two asteroids orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 d at a distance of 680±20 km, describing a close to circular orbit. Putting together their sightings with thermal measurements taken in November 2000, the team thought what the size of the asteroids of the system could be. The slightly bigger asteroids, which measures 122 km in diameter, continues to have the name Patroclus. The smaller asteroid, measuring 112 km, is now named Menoetius (full name (617) Patroclus I Menoetius), after the legendary Patroclus's father. Its provisional designation was S/2001 (617) 1. What they are made of. Because of the density of the asteroids (0.8 g/cm³) is less than water and about one third that of rock, the team of researchers led by F. Marchis suggest that the Patroclus system, previously thought to be a pair of rocky asteroids, is more similar to a comet in make up. It is thought that many Trojan asteroids are in fact small planetesimals captured in the Lagrange point of Jupiter-Sun system during the farther migration of the giant planets, 3.9 billion years ago. This scenario was suggested by A. Morbidelli and colleagues in a series of articles published in May 2005 in "Nature" journal. Aue-Schwarzenberg Aue-Schwarzenberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008. History. The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined in order to form a new district, which was called "Westerzgebirgskreis" (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995. Geography. The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the Auersberg , second highest mountain in Saxony. Delitzsch (district) Delitzsch is a former rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. History. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch. Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders. In 2008 Delitzsch Rural district was merged with Torgau-Oschatz Rural District to Nordsachsen Rural District. Geography. The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath ("Dübener Heide") nature park. Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a musical with a book by Hugh Wheeler and music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The musical is based on the 19th century legend of Sweeney Todd and is similar to the 1973 play "The String of Pearls", by Christopher Bond. A movie based off the play was made in 2007, starring Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd. "Sweeney Todd" opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on March 1, 1979. It was directed by Harold Prince with musical staging by Larry Fuller, and starred Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett. The musical played 557 times. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical. Story. The story is about Sweeney Todd, who was first named Benjamin Barker. Todd comes back from the prison camps in Australia, where he was sent for fifteen years on false charges by a judge named Turpin. He then learns from a lonely pie-maker known as Mrs. Lovett that his wife poisoned herself after being raped by Judge Turpin. He also finds out that the Judge is keeping his daughter. Todd decides to take revenge. Sweeney and Mrs Lovett become partners in a plan that ends in murder, and increasing business for Lovett's pie shop, Awards and nominations. Original Broadway production 1989 Broadway revival 2005 Broadway revival 2007 Film WayOutWest Records WayOutWest Records is an independent record label from London. They have made singles and EPs by the following artists: WayOutWest also manage a number of bands and solo artists, such as the Cascade Mountain Boys. McFly McFly is a British pop rock and geek rock band who first became famous in 1995. They are the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 January 1974) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 September 1974), Dougie Poynter (born 30 May 1976), and Harry Judd (born 23 June 1974). They were signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Happy Entertainment. In 1999, they left Stiff Records and created their own label, Super Records. By April 1999, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, "Room on the 3rd Floor", and their second, "Wonderland". Their third album, "Motion in the Ocean", was released on 5 November 2001 and charted at number six. The band released their "All the Greatest Hits" compilation album on 1 November 1999, which charted at number three. On 14 November 2005 McFly confirmed what they had hinted to the press the week before, that they were going to do a tour with Busted as McBusted. In November 2005 McFly also wrote and made the new theme tune for " The Paul O'Grady Show". Gold Rush (disambiguation) A gold rush is when a lot of people move to an area found to have a lot of gold deposits. Famous examples include: It may also mean: In music: In entertainment: Places: Ruin (disambiguation) Ruins or ruin may mean: The Maccabees (band) The Maccabees are a English indie band based in Brighton. They first came from south London. Name. The band thought of the name 'The Maccabees' by opening the Bible to a random page. Even though the name has religious meaning, lead singer Orlando Weeks said that none of the band are religious in an interview on Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 show. History. The Maccabees' debut single, 'X-Ray', was released on the Promise record label on 28 November 2005. It was played a little in the evenings on London radio station Xfm London. The band got very attentiong until six months later, when they released their second single, 'Latchmere'. The song was about the wave machine at the band's local Latchmere Leisure Centre in Battersea, south London. It was released on Fierce Panda Records in April 2006. This song was talked about by Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacqu and was played on MTV2. The video, directed by Hugh Frost and Samuel Bebbington, also became a hit after it was put on YouTube. In mid-2006, the music magazine NME wrote favourable things about the band, such as a review of their show at Cafe dé Paris in London. The magazine called the band "the best new band in Britain". In November 2006 the band toured, or traveled and played, with Fields, ¡Forward, Russia!, and Wolfmother as part of the MTV Two "Brand Spanking New Music" tour. Drummer Robert Dylan Thomas broke his wrist just before the band were due to begin touring, and was replaced by drummer Elliott Andrews. Elliot toured with the band until early 2007, and now plays drums for Kate Nash. The band are currently signed to Fiction Records, and released their debut album 'Colour It In' in May 2007. Because the album had been leaked, or accidentally put, on the internet, 'Colour It In' became available to download exclusively from iTunes on 17 April before its release on 14 May. The song First Love was the Maccabees' first to chart in the UK top 40. It was followed by 'About Your Dress', which charted at #33. Their next album was released to positive reviews, and charted at #24. They toured the USA with fellow Indie group Bloc Party. A UK tour happened in October 2007, ending in a show at the Roundhouse venue in London, where all the tickets were sold. During late 2007, Samsung used the song Toothpaste Kisses in advertising for its SGH-G800 mobile phone. The band is currently writing music for another album. Band members. The band worked together to write the lyrics. Orlando makes the band's artwork. Guitarist Felix White was once in a band called 'Jack's Basement'with close friend and current solo artist Jack Peñate, but he is not anymore. Felix and Hugo White are brothers, along with Will White, who is the lead singer and guitarist with another band, Talk Taxis. Amy Deasismont Amy Linnéa Deasismont, known as Amy Diamond, (born on April 15, 1992 in Norrköping) is a Swedish singer. At the young age of 16, she already has had a number of hits worldwide. On February 9, 2008, Diamond performed an entry in the Swedish Melodifestivalen in hopes of representing the Nordic country at Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia. She later did not win the finale but her entry became a hit in Sweden. Marija Šerifović Marija Šerifović (born November 14, 1984) is a singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 with the ballad Molitva, which was sung in Serbian. She was born in Kragujevac, Serbia. Nina Badrić Boaz Ma'uda Boaz Mauda, born on the 23th of April, 1987 in Elyakim, Israel, is a singer and "Pop Idol" winner. Rebeka Dremelj Rebeka Dremelj (born July 25, 1980 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer. She competed in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. Chemnitz Government Region Chemnitz is one of the three government regions of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, and is found in the south-west of the state. Pinta Pinta can mean: InSuggest inSuggest is a World Wide Web service, which gives suggestions based on users' taste and interest. inSuggest has two different alternatives, Image inSuggest and Web inSuggest It is a Web 2.0 service. When users make their searches better, they are also making inSuggest. Prescription A prescription (℞) is a message given by a doctor to a patient saying what to do. It may say to get special medicine that is only for people with a prescription. Those drugs are often very strong, and they cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy as you could with over-the-counter drugs. Some prescription drugs, for example Oxycontin or Hydrocodone, are used illegally to become intoxicated. Using prescription drugs illegally may result in drug addiction, illness, and death. Harold Shipman Harold Frederick Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a British general practitioner (a type of doctor) and serial killer. He is thought to have killed 250+ of his patients. He was a psychopath. Early life and career. Shipman was born in Bestwood council estate in Nottingham. He studied Medicine at the Leeds School of Medicine on scholarship. In 1974 he became a GP in Todmorden. In 1993 he started his own doctors' surgery in Hyde. Crimes. In 1975, he was convicted of forging prescriptions for pethidine, to which he was addicted. In 1999 he was put on trial and found guilty of 15 murders. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for each murder. An investigation identified another 235 suspicious deaths. His usual way of killing was using morphine. Most of the patients he killed were old women. Death. While he was an inmate in Wakefield prison, West Yorkshire, he committed suicide on the day before his 58th birthday. It is not known why. At the time of his death he was still married to Primrose Shipman. Aftermath. A garden in memory of Shipman's victims was opened in Hyde Park on 30 July 2005. In pop culture. Post-punk band The Fall released a song about Shipman called "What About Us?". Clinic A clinic is a medical facility that gives health care for patients in an area. It is different from a hospital, because people do not stay in a clinic for a long time. Some clinics can become as large as hospitals, but still have the name Clinic. Small clinics are run by one or more general practitioners or practice managers. Physiotherapy clinics are run by physiotherapists, psychology clinics run by clinical psychologists, and so on for each type of health care. Some clinics are operated, or run, by employers. Other clinics are owned by people who do not have medical education, like in China. Some clinics are a place for people with injuries or illness to come and be seen by triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be large or dangerous enough to warrant a visit to an emergency room, but the person can be moved to one if they need to be. These clinics sometimes can use equipment such as X-ray machines. Doctors at these clinics can send patients to specialists, a doctor who is very good at one kind of medicine. Where the word came from. The word "clinic" comes from the Greek word "klinein", which means to put something at an angle, or to lie down. Latin has the word "clinicus", which is a lot like the word we use today. An early meaning of the word clinic was, 'one who gets baptism on a sick bed'. Clinic (disambiguation) Clinic may mean: Döbeln (district) Döbeln was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. History. The region was originally populated by Sorbian peoples. The present borders of the district were made in 1952, when the government of East Germany formed the new districts. Döbeln is one of the few districts which have not been changed after the German reunification. Geography. The district is on the banks of the Freiberger Mulde in the triangle between the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz. Leipzig Government Region Leipzig is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, in the northwest of the country. Fra Angelico Fra Angelico (born Guido di Pietro; – February 18, 1455), was an Italian Early Renaissance painter. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote the "Lives of the Artists" said he had "a rare and perfect talent". Fra Angelico has been known by many different names. When he was born, he was called Guido di Pietro. People who knew him when he was older called him Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (Brother John from Fiesole). When Giorgio Vasari wrote about him in "Lives of the Artists", in the 1500s, he was already known as Fra Giovanni Angelico (Brother Giovanni who is like an Angel). The Italians usually call him il Beato Angelico (the Blessed Angelico). He has been called this for a long time, because he was thought to be blessed by God who gave him the talent of painting, and also because he was such a good and holy man. The name "Blessed Angelico" has now been made official, because in 1982 Pope John Paul II "conferred beatification" which means that he is now on the way to being made a saint. Vasari says about him: "It is impossible to think of enough good things to say about this holy father, who was so humble and modest in everything that he did and said, and whose pictures were painted with such cleverness and holy faith." Biography. Early life, circa 1385–1436. Fra Angelico was born in Mugello near Fiesole in Tuscany, Italy probably about 1385–87 and died in Rome in 1455. Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized Guido or Guidolino. In 1407, he joined the Dominican Order at Fiesole. In 1423, when he became officially a friar, he changed his name from Guido to Fra Giovanni (Brother John). (People who are accepted into a holy order, usually take a new name.) Like the other "brothers" (friars) of the Dominican Order, he wore a white robe and a black cloak, and shaved part of his head. Fra Angelico had a brother called Benedetto who was also a Dominican friar. Fra Benedetto painted illuminated manuscripts. Fra Angelico possibly learnt to paint manuscripts as well. The convent of San Marco in Florence has several manuscript books that he is thought to have painted. He was very busy with other work at the convents where he lived, but he still found time to paint pictures, which very soon became famous. In January and February of 1418, he was paid for paintings that he did in the church of Santo Stefano del Ponte. Between 1418 and 1436, Fra Angelico painted an altarpiece for the church in Fiesole, which has been damaged. Age caused the some of the paint to come off, or fade, and other artists have painted over some of Fra Angelico's work while trying to repair the paintings. The top part of the altarpiece is in the National Gallery, London. It shows Christ in Glory, surrounded by more than 250 figures, and is a large and magnificent piece of work. It has been described as one of the best works in the gallery. San Marco, Florence, 1436–1445. In 1436, a new Dominican Convent of San Marco was established in Florence in some older monastery buildings. Fra Angelico was one of the friars from Fiesole who moved to Florence. This was an important move for Fra Angelico because Florence already had a great number of artists from whom he could learn. The convent had a very wealthy "patron of the arts" called Cosimo de' Medici who loved to buy works of art for himself and his favourite churches. Cosimo took the largest of the friars' rooms, called cells, at the convent so that he could have a quiet place for religious thought. Fra Angelico painted a picture showing the Magi at Bethlehem on the wall of Cosimo's cell. Cosimo employed Fra Angelico to paint more pictures for the convent. All the cells for the friars were built upstairs around the sides of a square courtyard with a garden in the middle (called a cloister). On the wall at the top of the stairs, Fra Angelico painted a fresco of the Angel Gabriel announcing the birth of Jesus to the Blessed Virgin Mary. This is one of his most famous pictures. Fra Angelico then began to paint a picture in each of the monk's cells. Each cell has large picture with a round top on the wall beside the window. At least six of these paintings were done be by Fra Angelico, and others were done by artists who copied his style of painting. These pictures were to help the friars with their prayers. In 1439, he finished one of his most famous works, which is the altarpiece for San Marco's Church, which is where the friars worship. It shows the Madonna and Child on a throne, surrounded by saints from different dates, who are all grouped together as if they were standing in a room in Heaven, talking about holy things. This type of painting called a "Sacred Conversation" later became very popular, but this is one of the first ones. The Vatican, 1445–1455. In 1445, Pope Eugenius IV sent a message for Fra Angelico to come to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's. The chapel was later demolished by Pope Paul III to make way for the new St.Peter's Basilica and Fra Angelico's work was lost. Vasari says that one of the popes (it might have been Eugenius or Pope Nichoas V) asked Fra Angelico if he would like the very important job of Archbishop of Florence. But Fra Angelico did not want such a high job and he suggested the name of another friar for the position. In 1447 Fra Angelico went to the city of Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, to paint some pictures for the Cathedral there . One of his other pupils was called Zanobi Strozzi, but he did not become as famous as Benozzo. From 1447 to 1449, Fra Angelico was back at the Vatican, where Pope Nicholas V had built a small chapel where he could pray privately. The pictures that Fra Angelico and his pupils painted there are the lives of two young saints St. Stephen and St. Lawrence, who were both "martyrs" (they were killed because of their Christian faith). The small chapel, with its bright colours and gold leaf decorations is like a jewel box. From 1449 until 1452, Fra Angelico was back at his old convent of Fiesole, where he was the Prior (the head man). Fra Angelico's pupils were probably left in Rome to finish the work on the chapel. Death and beatification. In 1455, Fra Angelico went back to Rome, probably to look at the work in Pope Nicholas' Chapel. He died at the Dominican Convent and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico on October 3, 1982, making him "officially" known as the "Blessed Angelico". In 1984 the pope made him the patron of Catholic artists. Fra Angelico never wanted to be important, and even though he was so talented he never put himself above other people. He thought his most important job was caring for others. He always prayed before he picked up his brushes to paint, and he never made any changes to his pictures later, because he believed that the Holy Spirit was guiding him. He painted a great number of scenes of the Crucifixion and he would always cry while he was painting them. The words on his grave say: About Fra Angelico's paintings. Fra Angelico was working at a time when the style of painting was in a state of change. The changes had begun a hundred years before his time with the works of Giotto. Fra Angelico would have seen the famous pictures of the "Life of Saint Francis" that Giotto did for the church of Santa Croce in Florence. In Giotto's paintings the figures look more real and solid and lifelike than in the pictures of other painters of the 1300s. Giotto was also very good at painting the emotions on peoples faces and the actions that showed how they were feeling. His work was a big influence on every artist who saw it. At the same time, rich patrons like Cosimo de Medici liked to show off their wealth. They often did this by ordering paintings that had lots of bright colour and real gold backgrounds. The red colour called "vermilion" was one of the most expensive. But the most expensive colour was a beautiful blue made by grinding up a semi-precious stone called Lapis lazuli. This type of painting is called "International Gothic". Some artists of Fra Angelico's day were expert at doing paintings that would make very rich people happy. But other painters, like Masaccio were followers of Giotto and painted in a very plain way. Fra Angelico was able to paint in both ways. If the Pope or a rich family wanted an altarpiece or a fresco that had gold and expensive bright colours, then Fra Angelico could do it. But his most famous paintings have no gold and no bright colours. They are the simple gentle paintings of the life of Jesus that he did for the friars in their cells at San Marcos. Gallery. This gallery shows stories from the life of Jesus. The square paintings are in tempera. They are all parts of a big altarpiece and are about 25 cm wide. The "tondo" (round painting) is a small altarpiece about 1.4 metres wide. All the paintings with arched tops are frescos and were painted for the Dominican brothers. Milwaukee Brewers The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the Central Division of the National League. The team first played in Seattle, Washington, for one season (1969). They were called the Seattle Pilots. In 1970, they moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers. The team is named "Brewers" because the city of Milwaukee is famous for making beer. The old minor league baseball team in Milwaukee had also been called the Brewers. The team played in the American League from 1969 to 1997, and they won the American League championship in 1982. They started playing in the National League in 1998. The name of the stadium where they play baseball is American Family Field, which was built in 2001 and was known as Miller Park until 2021. Before American Family Field was built, the team played in Milwaukee County Stadium, which was next to the place where American Family Field was built. Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (, , ; 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect and writer. He is most famous for his book "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", which is usually known as "Vasari's Lives". Although some other writers had written about art, this book, which was published in 1550 makes Vasari the first art historian. Vasari's life. Vasari was born in 1511 to a rich family in the city of Arezzo in Tuscany. When he was 13 he was sent to Florence to study at the workshops of the well-known artists Andrea del Sarto. Florence is so famous for the arts that students like Vasari have been going there to learn painting and sculpture, ever since Giotto in the 1200s. The two most famous artists in the world, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were both alive when Vasari was a boy and had both studied in Florence. Vasari had the good luck to meet Michelangelo, who was like a great hero to Vasari. Vasari learnt well, and became one of the favourite artists of the Grand Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family who ruled Florence at that time. He did all sorts of important jobs for them. One of the most important buildings in the city was the Palazzo Vecchio (the "Old Palace") which was really a Medieval fortress, where the town council had always met. Vasari got the job of decorating the walls of the enormous meeting room with painted frescos. Vasari was very good at directing important artistic jobs, but he was not really as good a painter as he was architect. One of his most important architectural jobs was to begin the building of the Uffizi (Offices) in Florence. These are two long buildings that face each other across a long narrow courtyard with one end opening on the town square, and the other end opening onto the Arno River. At the end where the river is, Vasari designed a beautiful "loggia" which is a sort of two-storey veranda that joins the two buildings. It makes the narrow courtyard and the view of the river look like a stage set where wonderful things might happen. The Uffizi is now one of the most famous art galleries in the world. Vasari had another important job for the Medici family. Eleanor, the wife of Duke Cosimo I, had bought a house. It was by far the biggest house in the city, and was across the river from the Uffizi. The Medici family was not always popular. The previous duke, Alessandro, had been murdered. So to keep the family safe, they needed an escape route from the Palazzo Vecchio to the Pitti Palace on the other side of the river. Vasari was expected to design it. The escape route is named after its designer. It is called the "Vasari Corridor". The corridor begins at the Palazzo Vecchio and runs along the top floor of the Uffizi and across the loggia near the river, then it runs on top of arches along the street by the riverbank, above a nice covered walkway at street-level where nowadays people can buy souvenirs. The Vasari Corridor then gets to a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio. It is the oldest, most famous bridge in the city, and on both sides it had rows of shops and houses. But the Medici did not mind that! They just had anything that was in the way pulled down. When the Corridor gets to the other side of the river, it makes some twists and turns. Some buildings were knocked down to make way, but the Mannelli family who lived in a large tower were not so obliging and so the corridor is made to go around its walls. Eventually it gets to the Pitti Palace, which is an enormous building of brown stone, with big carved lions' heads beneath all the windows. Vasari built other buildings that are more beautiful, but the Vasari Corridor is probably his most famous. "Vasari's Lives". Vasari's masterpiece is his book, "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", first published in 1550. It is a book of biography. It tells the stories of the lives of Italian artists from Giotto who lived around 1300 to Michelangelo who was still alive when Vasari was writing his book. For some of the artists, very little is known about them except the stories that Vasari heard and wrote in his book. Even though nowadays it is known that Vasari sometimes made mistakes, he gives a wonderful picture of the characters of the artists, and tells all sorts of amusing stories. Vasari does not just tell the stories of the artists' lives. He also describes their artworks in great detail. It is because of Vasari that art historians know of many important artworks that have been lost. It is because of Vasari that we know that the Mona Lisa once had eyebrows. Vasari writes about the artworks as a history. He believed that the Gothic art of the Middle Ages was not as good as the art of Florence in the 15th century (1400s) and that Michelangelo, who painted in the early 16th century (1500s) was the greatest artist since the days of Ancient Greece. He believed that the change towards the great art of the Renaissance began with Giotto around 1300. Vasari puts all these ideas into his book and shows how one artist learnt from each other, and how the changes in art came about. "Vasari's Lives" is the first art history book that was ever written. Dziecinów, Otwock County Dziecinów (Polish: ) is a voivodeship village in Poland, Masovia. It has approximately 704 inhabitants and an area of 6 km2. Leipziger Land Leipziger Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was southwest of the city of Leipzig. Leipzig City has its own government. History. The district was formed in 1994 by joining the old districts of Leipzig, Borna and Geithain. The area south of Leipzig City is a big lignite mining area. It will be turned lakeland in the near future. The lignite made the Leipzig area the biggest industrial part of East Germany. Muldentalkreis The Muldentalkreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. The district was formed in 1994 when the two old districts of Grimma and Wurzen were joined together. A few municipalities from other districts around Bad Lausick were added as well. Geography. The district is named after its major river, the "Mulde" - the name means . The Mulde is starts in the south of the district where two smaller rivers, the "Freiberger Mulde" and the "Zwickauer Mulde" join. Torgau-Oschatz Torgau-Oschatz was a rural district ("Landkreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two districts Oschatz and Torgau, and 6 municipalities from the former district Eilenburg. It ended in 2008. Geneva (disambiguation) Geneva is a city in Switzerland. Geneva may also refer to: United States. Geneva can also be these places in the United States: Uri Uri can mean: Geography: URI, a three-letter abbreviation: Amt (political division) In Germany, an Amt, or Samtgemeinde, or Verbandsgemeinde, or Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is a collection of towns or municipalities in a rural district. The name used depends on which state the district is in. The Amt joins together several small villages to help with land-use plans, sanitation, the cemetery and fire brigade services or other services that one village is too small to provide for itself. Larger towns, usually called "free towns", can carry out these services for themselves, and are not part of an "amt". Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis Rural District The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. History. The district was formed in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Marienberg and Zschopau. Geography. The district is located in the Erzgebirge mountains. The highest point is the high "Hirtstein". The lowest point, , is in Witzschdorf. 40% of the district is covered by forests. Stollberg Rural District Stollberg Rural District was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitzer Land. It ended in 2008. History. It was first created in 1910. In 1950 the district was dissolved. In 1952 it was set up again. In the big reform of 1994 the Stollberg Rural District got bigger, because some smaller towns and villages from the city of Zwönitz and districts of Chemnitz and Aue, were transferred to Stollberg. Stollberg Rural District is on the northwestern slope of the Erzgebirge Mountains. Partnerships. Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria. Stollberg Stollberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, and was capital of the Stollberg Rural District. It is east of Zwickau, and southwest of Chemnitz. Mittweida (district) Mittweida () was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. History. In 1994 the district was created, when the previous districts Hainichen, Rochlitz and part of the district of Chemnitz were joined. Mittweida Mittweida () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the Landkreis Mittweida. History. The town was started in the 13th century, and is now one of the biggest textile producing centres in Saxony. Mittweida University has about 5000 students. It was started in the late 19th century. Among its students were August Horch, Walter Bruch, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, and Gerhard Neumann. During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was located here. Canton of Zürich Zürich (Swiss German: "Züri", French: "Zurich", Italian: "Zurigo", Romansh: "Turitg") is a canton of Switzerland. About 1.2 million people live there. The canton is in the northeast of Switzerland. The city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German, but people speak the local Swiss German dialect called "Züritüütsch". English writers often write the name of the Canton of Zürich as Canton of Zurich. Districts. The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts: Municipalities. The canton of Zürich has 171 municipalities: Affoltern District Affoltern District (also known as Knonaueramt or Säuliamt) is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is Affoltern am Albis. Municipalities. Affoltern contains a total of 14 municipalities: Andelfingen District Andelfingen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Municipalities. Andelfingen contains 24 municipalities: Bülach District Bülach is one of 12 districts of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland. With about 117,000 people living there, it is the third largest in the canton. Dielsdorf District Dielsdorf is a district in the northwestern part of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Municipalities. The district contains 21 municipalities: Dietikon District Dietikon is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. The capital city is Dietikon. Hinwil District Hinwil is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Hinwil. Municipalities. The district contains 11 municipalities: Horgen District Horgen is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Its capital is Horgen. Meilen District Meilen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Municipalities. Meilen contains 11 municipalities: Freiberg, Saxony Freiberg (i.e. "free mountain") is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Freiberg Rural District. The town was founded in 1186, and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries. In 1944 the Flossenburg concentration camp built a subcamp outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz Birkenau. Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors later reached the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Pfäffikon District Pfäffikon is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Pfäffikon. Municipalities. Pfäffikon contains 12 municipalities: Uster District Uster is one of the twelve districts of the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Uster. Municipalities. Uster contains 10 municipalities: Winterthur District Winterthur is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Winterthur. Municipalities. Winterthur contains 19 municipalities: Adlikon bei Andelfingen Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. My Story (Scholastic UK) My Story is a series of books by many different writers. Each book is a diary of a fictional girl who lived through a famous time in history. About the books. Sometimes, the main character from one book is the mother of the main character from another book. For example, Tilly Middleton from "Bloody Tower" is the mother of Kitty Lumsden from "The Queen's Spies". At the end of each book, there is some information about the time in history the book was about. Sometimes there is a timeline, or a fictional biography of the main character. Yair Auron Yair Auron (, "Ya'ir Oron"; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor. Biography. From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in the 1980s he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies. Gniezno Gniezno ( ) is a city in central-western Poland, about 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. It is in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat). Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting betwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is Saint Adalbert of Prague. Birmingham to Peterborough Line The Birmingham to Peterborough Line is an important cross-country train track in the United Kingdom, making a connection from the Midlands to East Anglia. Passenger services are given by CrossCountry and East Midlands Trains, serving the following places: On other tracks (Ely to Peterborough, Breckland and West Anglia) the trains keep going after Peterborough, through March and Ely to Thetford and Norwich or Wendens Ambo (Audley End) and Stansted Airport. Many of them run to Stansted. Services for Norwich come back out of Ely. Other services using part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line include Birmingham to Leicester local (close by) trains. The tracks also have a lot of cargo on the trains, being one of the big train tracks to Birmingham Freightliner Terminal (on the site of Birmingham Lawley Street railway station). Stations that are not there anymore. Stations that are not on these tracks anymore are: From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968. Story. This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents. She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her. Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems. To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce. Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds. During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo. Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut. She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg. In other media. This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role. In the television series "The Simpsons", the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie "The Royal Tenenbaums" has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium. Citizenship of the European Union Citizenship of the European Union was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States. History. Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely. The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement. The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter, they could start part-time and full-time work, and get extra help from the new country. Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country. Start of EU Citizenship. The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it. Who is an EU citizen? Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. Rights of EU citizens. Specific rights. The amended EC Treaty provides the following rights to EU citizens: Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join. Brexit. The United Kingdom has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether UK citizens will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after Brexit. Messiah (Handel) Messiah is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel. It is Handel’s most famous work, and in England, the most often performed of any big choral work. The title Messiah means “the anointed one” and is the name given to Jesus Christ in the Christian teaching. Background to its composition. Georg Frideric Handel was born in Germany. When he was a young man he came to England and he liked it so much that he soon visited England again and stayed there for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalised Englishman says the legend. Actually he was composer for the King of Hannover, who then became King of England, and Handel followed his "employer". The main reason why Handel liked England at that time was because the people liked his music and gave him support. At this time Handel was known as a composer of operas. For about 20 years Handel spent most of his time working on operas: composing them, organising performances and looking for opera singers to sing his works. By the late 1730s, however, people’s tastes started to change and opera was not so popular. Handel changed to writing oratorios. Although it is thought that Handel invented the oratorio he in fact did not.Oratorio is Italian, after the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri at Rome, where famous musical services were held in the 16th century. Handel is just one composer of many who wrote oratorios. His oratorios are based on the English tradition of the Masque, which was something between a play and an opera. However, oratorios were about stories from the Old Testament. Instead of ancient gods or Roman emperors (which is what operas were about at that time) he used dramatic stories from the Bible. Among many great oratorios that he wrote, "Messiah" is his most famous one. However, it is different from his other oratorios in some ways. Handel composes the Messiah. The words of "Messiah" were written by a librettist Charles Jennens. He chose several passages from the Bible and made a libretto, which he sent to Handel in 1741 (although people today often call the work "The Messiah”, both Handel and Jennens call it "Messiah" without the word “the”). Handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from Jennens’ libretto. He thought that Jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work “Your Oratorio "Messiah"”. Handel sat down in the front room of his house in Brook Street, London, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. It is a long work, lasting over four hours, and when one thinks that Handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. When he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. Perhaps he thought it would never be played in London, because at that time the London audiences did not seem to like him. Handel goes to Dublin. Just at that time he got an invitation to go to Dublin. He was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. The main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor’s prison. In those days people who ran into debt (meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them) were sent to prison. There they were fed by charity (people who fed them out of kindness). If no one fed them they just starved to death. Handel had nearly been sent to a debtor’s prison himself a few years earlier. He went to Dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by November. On 23 December, he performed his oratorio "L’Allegro". Unlike the London audiences, people in Dublin loved it. This was followed by "Alexander’s Feast", "Imeneo" and, in April, "Messiah". He was a very great success in Dublin, and he stayed there until August, when he returned to London. The music. "Messiah" tells the story of Christ. It is divided into three parts. Part One tells of the coming and the birth of Christ. Part Two is about his death on the cross, and his Ascension into Heaven, and Part III concentrates on Paul's teaching of the resurrection of the dead and Christ's glorification in heaven. Handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. They did not go for religious worship. Handel’s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) each taking the part of a character from the Bible. "Messiah" is different. The soloists sing about the story of Christ. The great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the Lord in the wonderful music. Some of the music is homophonic (e.g. the "Hallelujah" chorus), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues (e.g. "Lift up your heads"), or they are a fugue ("He trusted in God" and "Amen"), or they describe things dramatically ("All we like sheep"). The Hallelujah Chorus. The most well known of all the movements in "Messiah" is the one popularly known as the "Hallelujah Chorus," because of the frequently sung exclamation “Hallelujah”. It occurs at the end of the Part Two of the oratorio.' It has become a tradition for the audience to stand up for the "Hallelujah Chorus," although it is unknown when this practice began. There is a well-known but apocryphal story of King George II attending a royal performance of "Messiah" and supposedly rising to his feet during the "Hallelujah Chorus"."" Whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand, hence the whole audience rose to their feet as well. However, this story does not appear to be based on any historical source. John Murray (general) "Major General" John Joseph Murray DSO & Bar, MC (born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, died 8 September 1951 in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian Army Officer and businessman with a special role in both world wars. During World War I, he was "mentioned in despatches" and got got medals while fighting on the Western Front in France. In World War II and he was made commander of the 20th Brigade that helped beat Erwin Rommell's "Afrika Korps" in "Libya". Early Life. Murray was born on born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales. His father was working man from Ireland. His father was also called John Murray and his mother was called Margaret. When he left the local Catholic school John Murray started training as a salesman for Sydney firm Anthony Hordern & Sons in 1910. He then joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces where he served two years before joining the 33rd Regiment in 1913. World War I. John Murray was already in the Australian Army when World War I started on 28 July 1914. He was quickly (fast) made a Second Lieutenant on 6 March 1915. When he started being Second Lieutenant, Murray was moved to the Australian Imperial Force, and went by ship to Egypt. After being posted to the 1st Battalion at first, in March, 1916 he was moved to the 53rd Battalion, which was part of the 5th Division, when the Australian Imperial Force was helped by new soldiers from Australia. The 5th Division was soon moved from Egypt to France where they were put into the hard fighting of the Western Front. By 19 July 1916 Murray's 53rd Battalion were in the first fighting by the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front. It was the Battle of Fromelles. 5,533 Australian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner, because the fighting plan went wrong. The Australian War Memorial sayss the fighting was "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history" John Murray became a Major in June 1917 and was soon known for his very good leadership and very brave "night raiding" (crossing at night into enemy trenches). In September 1918 during the very hard fighting of the Second Battle of the Somme, Murray's good leadership was mentioned again, and after fights near Peronne, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Murray was still fighting on the Western Front when peace started 11 November 1918. Having been awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, and also having twice being told of in dispatches he went back home to Australia in May, 1919. Between the Wars. By 25 August 1919 the all of the men in the Australian Imperial Force had been sent home. Murray was happy to go back to his job at Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, but he did not want to stop being a soldier, and he joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces. On 4 January 1923 John Murray married Mary Madeline Cannon at St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and soon after became the manager of the delivery department at Anthony Hordern & Sons. By 1925 Murray became a of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1934 to 1938 Murray was the Commanding Officer of the Australian Army Service Corps, 1st Division. World War II. With war coming again, John Murray was given the command of the 9th Infantry brigade, and they got ready to move for war in February, 1940. He was chosen for the Second Australian Imperial Force in April 1940 and was given command of the 20th Brigade which went by ship to the Middle East in October 1940 to begin training in Palestine. Tobruk. Murrays brigade was made a part of the 9th Division. Even though the troops were not ready to fight, the 9th Division was sent to Libya to help the 6th Division win Tobruk. On 4 April 1941, the "Afrika Korps" starting fighting Murray's 20th Brigade. The Australians slowed down Rommell's forces, but there were so many Germans they could not be forced back. Murray and his troops moved into Tobruk itself. For his leadership, John Murray was granted a "bar" to his Distinguished Service Order (the bar is given instead of a second medal). Murray's knowledge of Trench warfare and night-raiding was very helpful to the defenders during the Siege of Tobruk. In November 1941, Murray was mentioned in dispatches for the third time in his career for his excellent resistance to Rommell. Battle for Australia. Murray returned to Australia in January 1942, just as the Japan was fighting south towards New Guinea. Instead of the recruiting job he expected, Murray was put in charge of the Newcastle Covering Force, and immediately promoted him to temporary Major-General. The Newcastle Covering Force was soon re-named the 10th Division and Murray was sent to Western Australia in August 1942 to lead the 4th Division which was then moved to North Queensland due to fears of Japanese invasion during April and May 1943.In October 1944, he was made General of the Rear Echelon at Mareeba, before commanding the Northern Territory Force from March, 1945 until January, 1946, when he retired. Post War. John Murray was made Australian trade commissioner to New Zealand from 1946 until 1949 and then the same role for "Ceylon" in 1949. General John Murray died on 8 September 1951 at the Military Hospital, Concord, Sydney. He received a funeral with full military honours, and was buried in French's Forest Cemetery. His wife, three sons and two daughters survived him. Dippoldiswalde Dippoldiswalde is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. Today, Dippoldiswalde is a city in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District. It is east of Freiberg, and south of Dresden. The town is on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives. Großenhain Großenhain is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany. History. Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205. Geography. Großenhain is on the river Röder, northwest of Dresden, and east of Riesa. It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela. Meissen Meißen (, ) is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen. Porcelain. Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China. The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today. The Best Damn Thing The Best Damn Thing is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was released April 17, 2007. The lead single off the album, "Girlfriend" was released on February 27, 2007. The song was very successful and peaked in a lot of countries #1. This was Lavigne's first Billboard Hot 100 chart number one. The second single, "When You're Gone" was released on June 19, 2007. The song was quite successful, peaking at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Hot" was released on October 2, 2007. The song was unsuccessful in the U.S, it debuted two months after its release on the Billboard Hot 100 at #95. But the song was successful in Canada, it peaked at #10 on the Canadian Hot 100. The fourth and final single from the album was "The Best Damn Thing". It was released on June 24, 2008. The single was not very successful, it peaked at #76 on the Canadian Hot 100. The Best Damn Thing sold 6 million copies worldwide. Track listing. Limited Edition. Live at Orange Lounge Music Videos The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a series of books by Ann Brashares. It is about a group of girls named Bridget (the leader), Lena Kigales (the shy and beautiful), Carmen (the dramatic one), and Tibby (the rebellious girl). These girls find a pair of pants that fit all four of them, though one girl is fat, one girl is short and one girl is super thin. There are 4 books in the series. It was made into a film in 2005. Complicated "Complicated" was the first and perhaps the most popular song sung by Avril Lavigne. It was released in 2002. It was on her album "Let Go". Other songs on the same CD single are "I Don't Give" and additional "Why" on maxi-cds. It was at one point #1 in the charts in Canada, UK, Australia and the US. She was 17 when she sang it and she and her band wrote it together. Navel piercing A navel piercing is type of piercing to the bellybutton. It is the second most popular piercing, next to ear piercing. It is considered a form of body art. There can be multiple piercings and it is possible to change rings, depending on how you pierce it. Flag of Brazil The Brazilian Flag is the flag of Brazil. It is the flag that has gone through the most changes and the current flag was made and used in May of 1992, and still use it today. Flag. It has gone through changes many times, changes including stars, colour and other things. A list of constellations and stars on the map: From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1995 movie) From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a 1995 television movie based on E.L. Konigsburg's novel "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler". The story is about a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and find what they think is a lost treasure. The children, Claudia and Jamie, are amazed with the treasure and would not leave without knowing what its secret is. Lauren Bacall stars in the title role. Before this movie, the book was made into a 1973 feature movie starring Ingrid Bergman, later released on home video as "The Hideaways". 624 Hektor 624 Hektor is the biggest of the Jovian Trojan asteroids. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff. Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point, L4, called the 'Greek' node after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Ironically, Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor, and is thus one of two Trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan node). Hektor is one of the most stretched bodies of its size in the solar system, being 370 × 200 km. It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra. Hubble Space Telescope sightings of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious stretched shape because of a limited angular resolution. On July 17, 2006, the Keck-10m II telescope and its Laser guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system indicated a stretched shape for Hektor. Additionally, since this AO system provides an excellent and stable correction (angular resolution of 0.060 arcsec in K band), a 15-km moon at 1000 km from Hektor was found. The moon's provisional designation is S/2006 (624) 1. Hektor is, so far, the only known binary Trojan asteroid in the L4 point and the first Trojan with a moon. 617 Patroclus, another big Trojan asteroid in the L5, is made of two same-sized asteroids. Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards The Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards or simply Golden Horse is a movie festival and awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The ceremony usually takes place in November or December in Taipei. The awards, contested by movies submitted from Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and elsewhere, are generally held to be the most prestigious for Chinese language movies outside the People's Republic of China. The awards ceremony is held after the month-long movie festival, which showcases some of the nominated movies for the awards. Winners are selected by a jury of judges during the week before the ceremony is held. Winners are awarded with a golden horse statuette. Under current rules and regulations, every movie made primarily in any dialect of Chinese language is eligible for competition. Since 1996, almost any artist or movie from mainland China was allowed to enter the movie festival. Golden Melody Awards The Golden Melody Awards () or sometimes shorted to just Golden Melody are music awards annually presented in Taiwan. The Awards began in 1990. Ella Koon Ella Koon, real name Ianna Koon, is a Chinese singer, actress and model. She was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, and was raised in Hong Kong, where she is currently based. She speaks Cantonese, English, French and Mandarin languages. Life. Early career. After finishing high school in Birmingham, England, she began her career as a model in 2000. She debuted into the film industry in the romance movie "I Do". Later career. In 2004, she started her singing career and released her debut Original (album). In early 2005, She participated in the TVB show "Hotel Situation". Her second album "Ellacadabra" was released in late 2005. In mid-2005, Koon starred in the TVB's series "Revolving Doors of Vengeance (酒店風雲)", making her a well-known actress as well. She also starred in "Survivor's Law II" in 2007. Survivor's Law II Survivor's Law II is a Chinese TV drama series. It aired in Hong Kong starting 24 December 2007 and ending 18 January 2008. It is the sequel to the 2003 series "Survivor's Law". However, three members of the original cast did not appear in this sequel due. Plot synopsis. MK Sun (real name Sun Man Kwan) was a teenager who once stopped a drug smuggler, but then was wrongly accused of being the one taking drugs. Despite his background, he hired a famous lawyer to help him and not surprisingly, he won. The lawyer, named Brandon, became his idol, and MK Sun grew up to be a lawyer. Years later, MK was trying to get a job in his idol's company, T&B. He beats Brandon's wife, Brenda in a case, and started working there. There he meets a stubborn, rich, and spoiled girl named Lily, who only cares about her self and appearnace. They became enemies because of each other's backgrounds and attitudes. MK then meets Vincent. Vincent thought of MK as ghetto, but soon realizes he was wrong. After having a fight with him in soccer, Vincent punched the umpire but MK Sun took the blame. Soon, they become friends. After splitting with his former girlfriend Jessica, Vincent falls in love with a coffee shop girl called Choi Yuk. Vincent had his license for being a lawyer taken away for three years and could not get his license back yet. After getting a chance to work again and start a new refreshing career, he started only caring for himself. He was so determined that he went against Choi Yuk and her family, and even MK. Choi Yuk thought he betrayed them and only cared about himself so she ended the relationship. After a while, Lily and MK start to have feelings for each other and eventually get married in court. Soon, Choi Yuk gets into hospital after taking a beating in the head by someone and falling into a coma, and gives birth to a baby boy Jophy. Vincent then gets hit in the head when Choi Yuk wakes up and loses his memory. However, to prevent Choi Yuk from despairing too much from not remembering her and Jophy, he proposes and they get married. Vincent never regains his memory and ends up working in the shop with Choi Yuk. MK and Lily share a happy and playful relationship. Younha Younha (Korean: 고윤하; Hanja: 高允河 Go Yoon Ha Japanese: ユンナ Yunna), born 29 April 1988 in Seoul, Korea, is a Korean pop singer. Younha made her debut at the age of sixteen. Nicknamed the "Oricon comet" for her success in Japan, she has currently released eight singles and one album in that country with varying degrees of success. Also, many of her songs have been featured in TV shows. Younha was signed to Epic Records, a branch of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, from 2004 to 2008. She then moved to Sistus Records, a Geneon Entertainment label. In South Korea, she is signed to Lion Media and Stam Entertainment. Biography. Early life. Born in South Korea to musical parents, Younha began to play the piano at the age of 4. She developed an interest in Japanese drama shows and began to teach herself Japanese. Before long, she was skilled enough to translate to her school friends what happened on recent Japanese TV episodes. What began as an interest in Japanese dramas developed into an interest in Japanese music. At the recommendation of an older student in her school's broadcasting club, she listened to such artists such as Utada Hikaru and Misia. Younha began to dream about debuting as a singer alongside her favorite artists. 2004 - 2005: Early Career & Moderate Success. ゆびきり(Yubikiri) Era. In order to seek her dreams, she began to try out in auditions within Korea. She claimed that she went through as many as 20 auditions. She also commented in her interview that certain companies refused to sign her to their labels because they believed she was not "pretty" enough, although she sang very well. Her mother also discouraged her dream and even locked her bedroom door to prevent Younha from leaving the house. Younha, however, climbed out the window and made it to the audition. At one audition, she made an overwhelming impression and signed a contract with a Korean company. Soon after, Younha's voice was heard by a company in Japan. In order to make her childhood dream of debuting in Japan come true, Younha underwent recording while going back and forth between Korea and Japan. Quickly, Younha's Japanese skills advanced so much that she surprised even the staff around her. After a TV drama producer heard her demo tape, her song "Yubikiri" was chosen as the insert song for the Fuji TV Monday drama show "Tokyo Wankei ~Destiny of Love~". In October of that same year, she debuted with her official first single "Yubikiri". Houkiboshi to Go! Younha Era. Younha's second single "Houkiboshi" was used as an ending song for the popular anime show "BLEACH". It became a hit - debuting on the Oricon chart at #18, it peaked at #12 and propelled Younha into the limelight. With this single, she became only the second Korean, after BoA, to have broken the Oricon chart's top 20. Between "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki" and "Houki Boshi", she released "Motto Futari de". It flopped massively, only reaching #117 on the Oricon Charts possibly due to a lack of promotion. Her later single, "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki", first charted at the #15, with the tie-in and went as high as #11. After releasing five singles, Younha released her first album entitled "Go! Younha". It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon weekly charts. 2006: Later Struggles and Korean Debut. Tewo Tsunaide to Hakanaku Tsuyoku Era. "My Lover" was a re-cut single from Go! Younha, her debut album, and was re-cut because it was the theme to the "Bleach GC: Tasogare Ni Mamieru Shini Kami". It was limited to 70,000 copies and flopped, selling only about 2,000 copies, ranking at #58. Because of the limited print, however, it has become extremely valuable and rare to the fans. Younha was also chosen to sing the ending theme to the anime "Jyu Oh Sei". "Tewo Tsunaide" only did slightly better than "My Lover", peaking at #50. Younha began to compose her own music. The song "Kaerimichi" released on "My Lover" is the first song released for which she wrote the lyrics and composed the music for. In addition, she composed the music for the song "homegirl", the B-side released on "Te wo Tsunaide". "Imaga Daisuki" was released, with more live performances than "Te wo Tsunaide", and a tie-in. It seemed that Younha has a bigger budget on this single. It did significantly worse, as her second worst ranking single, at #71. "Imaga Daisuki" was also used as an opening song for the animation Jang Geum's Dream while the b-track "Inori" was used for the animation's ending song. Younha released a digital Korean single titled "Audition". The single includes "Audition (Time 2 Rock)" and "Waiting (기다리다)". Although it was released as a digital single, very limited hard copies of the single were available as well. Many performances for this song were shown on Korean TV, unusual for Younha as her last appearance on TV was with her single "Touch." Much promotion occurred for this single and it helped for a long charting life for "Audition", lasting well over 3 months in all the Korean charts. She stayed in Korea during this release, as well as January. Younha was once again chosen to be an anime theme singer for "Kiba". The song "Hakanaku Tsuyoku" was used as the second opening for the show. The single was released on 17 January 2007. This single, unlike her other singles, has only 3 tracks. Surprisingly, this single appeared on the Top 20 Daily Charts for exactly one day, at #16. The Weekly rank was at an above-average #36, but sales were only slightly better. This single did not have a PV because Younha was in Korea during the month before and most likely January as well. 2007: Great Success in Korea & A Possible Return to Japan. 고백하기 좋은 날 (The Perfect Day to Say I Love You) Era. Exactly two months after "Hakanaku Tsuyoku", Younha went back to her home country to release her first Korean Album entitled "고백하기 좋은 날" (Go Baek Ha Gi Jo Eun Nal, translated "The Perfect Day to Say I Love You" or literally translated "Good Day to Confess"). She recorded a MV for the third track "비밀번호 486" (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486") which stars fellow Stam artist Yoon Ji Hoo. The video featured many image changes for Younha which include her first ever kiss. The album also features a collaboration with Wheesung. With the single welcomed well into the market, Younha proceeded to release her Korean debut album. The album received excellent success, peaking at #1 on the charts. The first song to be promoted from the album was 비밀번호 486 (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486"). She won the SBS Inkigayo Mutizen award twice for Secret Number 486. This song was also well received by the Korean audience. The second song to be promoted from this album was 연애조건 (Yeonae Jogeon, translated "Love Condition"). On July 14th 2007, Younha appeared on the Korean GomTV MSL Grand Finals (Starcraft tournament) and played in the opening ceremony. Younha has also been picked as publicity envoy for the anti-corruption Clean Wave Campaign for her pure and clean image. At the 2007 MKMF held on November 17th 2007, Younha won the Best New Solo Artist award. Younha Vol. 1.5 Album. With Younha's success rising, she released a new version of Go! Younha, all re-recorded in Korean. The album, with tracklist changes, is now called 혜성 (Comet), and was released on October 23. 2008: Return To Japan and Future Plans for 2008. On January 18th, Younha left Korea to continue her music career in Japan. She is expecting to release a new Japanese Album/Music Video DVD, "SONGS-Teen's Collection. " This Collection is expected to include all of her music videos so far, plus a 32 page photobook, in the limited edition of the disk. The release date of this album is March 26th, and on-line Music Shops already have started getting pre-orders. For information about pre-ordering, contact http://www.jkm.co.kr or http://www.leesmusic.co.kr/ (both Korean) Collaborations. Younha sang the song "Boku wa Koko ni Iru" on the tribute album to Masayoshi Yamazaki, "One More Time, One More Track". (12.21.05) Younha was selected as one of 14 female artists to perform in the omnibus album "14 Princess ~Princess Princess Children~", a collection of the most famous songs by the top girls band Princess Princess of late 80's and early 90's. Younha performed the song "Diamonds", which was the number 1 seller of the year 1989 in Japan. (03.08.06) Discography. This is the discography of pop artist 'Younha'. Benedictine The word Benedictine usually refers to a follower of the Order of Saint Benedict. These people usually lead a life in an abbey. They follow the rule of Benedict of Nursia. Benedict lived in the 6th century. He made some rules, called the Rule of St Benedict these people follow. The rules can be summed up by "pax" ("peace") and "ora et labora" ("pray and work"). Most Benedictines see themselves as part of the Catholic Church. Some can also be found in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Church. Officially, the order is known as "Ordo Sancti Benedicti" ("OSB"). Franciscan The word Franciscan refers to followers of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. Saint Francis of Assisi lived in the 13th century. Franciscans usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church. Cistercian The term Cistercian is used to refer to an order of Roman Catholic monks. Officially the order is called "Ordo Cisterciensis" ("OCist"), or "Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis" ("SOC"). These people follow the same rules as the Benedictines, that is to say those of St Benedict. Over time, the Benedictines made some changes to the rules and the way of life. The Cistercians reject these. They went back to what St Benedict had taught. Sometimes their rules were more strict than those St Benedict had given. They also went back to manual labour, especially work in the fields. Because of this, the Cistercians helped spread technologies around Medieval Europe. In 1882 certain monasteries formed a new order, called the Trappists. With time, they split completely from the Cistercians. Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Hughes was one of the writers and artists whose work was called the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes grew up as a poor boy from Missouri, the descendant of African people who had been taken to America as slaves. At that time, the term used for African-Americans was "negro" which means a person with black skin. Most "negroes" did not remember or think about their link with the people of Africa, even though it was a big influence on their culture and, in particular, their music. Hughes was unusual for his time, because he went back to West Africa to understand more about his own culture. Through his poetry, plays, and stories, Hughes helped other black Americans to see themselves as part of a much bigger group of people, so that now the term "African-American" is used with pride. Hughes became a famous writer, but all his life he remembered how he started out, and he helped and encouraged many other struggling writers. Life. Childhood. Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Hughes and Carrie Langston Hughes who was a teacher. Langston's father, James Hughes, was so upset about the racism towards African-Americans that he left his family and moved to Mexico. During his childhood, Hughes was cared for by his grandmother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his mother worked to support the family. Langston's grandmother was a great story teller. She told stories that made him feel proud to be an African-American. After his grandmother died, Hughes and his mother moved about 12 times until settling in Cleveland, and then, as a teenager went to live in Lincoln, Illinois with his mother, who had remarried. He was often left alone because his mother was at work. Even though his childhood was difficult and had lots of changes, he was able to use these things in the poetry that he started to write while he was at school. He never forgot the stories of his grandmother and tried to help other African-Americans when they were having problems. These were the people that he later wrote about in his own stories. When Hughes went to school in Lincoln, there were only two African-American children in the class. The teacher talked to them about poetry. She said that what a poem needed most was rhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythm in his blood because, "as everyone knows", "all" African-Americans have rhythm. The children made him the "class poet". At high school in Cleveland, Ohio, Langston learned to love reading. He loved the poetry of the American poets Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl Sandburg. He wrote articles for the school newspaper, he edited the school yearbook and he wrote his first short stories and plays. Hughes' father and Columbia University. When Langston Hughes was 17, he went to spend some time with his father in Mexico. He was so unhappy while he was there that he thought about committing suicide. Hughes could not understand how his father felt. He said: "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much!" Hughes later wrote this poem: When he was finished at high school in Lincoln in 1920, he went back to Mexico, to ask his father to pay for him to go to university. Hughes' father was a lawyer and a wealthy landowner. He could afford to send his son to university but he made difficulties about it. He said that Hughes could only go to university if he went overseas and studied engineering. Hughes wanted to go to a university in the US. After a time, they made an agreement that he should go to Columbia University but study engineering, not an arts degree. He went to Columbia in 1921 but left in 1922, partly because of the racism in the university. Adult life. Until 1926 Hughes did many different types of work. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the ship "S.S.Malone" and went to West Africa and Europe. He left the ship and stayed for a short time in Paris where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November 1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C.. In 1925 he got a job as an assistant to Carter G. Woodson who worked with the "Association for the Study of African American Life and History". Hughes did not enjoy his work because he did not have enough time to write, so he left and got a job as a "busboy", wiping tables and washing dishes at a hotel. Hughes is sometimes called "The Busboy Poet". Meanwhile, some of his poems were published in magazines and were being collected together for his first book of poetry. While he was working at the hotel he met the poet Vachel Lindsay, who helped to make Hughes known as a new African-American poet. In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He had help from patrons, Amy Spingarn, who gave him $300 and "Godmother" Charlotte Osgood Mason. Hughes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Letters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doctorate by Howard University. For the rest of his life, except when he travelled to the Caribbean or West Indies, Hughes lived in Harlem, New York. Langston Hughes sometimes went out with women, but he never married. People who have studied his life and poetry are sure that he was homosexual. In the 1930s it was harder to be open about being gay than it is nowadays. His poetry has lots of symbols which are used by other homosexual writers. Hughes thought that men who had very dark skin were particularly beautiful. It seems from his poetry that he was in love with an African-American man. He also wrote a story which might tell of his own experience. "Blessed Assurance" is the story of a father's anger because his son is "queer" and acts like a girl. Hughes' life and work were an important part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas, who together started a magazine "Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists". Hughes and these friends did not always agree with the ideas of some of the other African-American writers who were also part of the "Harlem Renaissance" because they thought their ideas were Middle class and that they treated others who had darker skin, less education and less money with discrimination. All his life, Hughes never forgot the lessons that he learned about poor and uneducated African-Americans in the stories that his grandmother told. In 1960, the "NAACP" awarded Hughes the "Spingarn Medal" for "distinguished achievements by an African American". Hughes became a member of the "National Institute of Arts and Letters" in 1961. In 1973, an award was named after him, the "Langston Hughes Medal", awarded by the City College of New York. Hughes became a famous American poet, but he was always ready to help other people, particularly young black writers. He was worried that many young writers hated themselves, and expressed these feelings to the world. He tried to help people feel pride, and not worry about the prejudice of other people. He also tried to help young African-Americans not to express hatred and prejudice towards white Americans. Hughes wrote: Death. On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in New York City at the age of 65 after having surgery for prostate cancer. His ashes are buried under the floor of the "Langston Hughes Auditorium" in the "Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture" in Harlem. Over his ashes is a circle with an African design called "Rivers." At the centre of the design are words from a poem by Hughes: ""My soul has grown deep like the rivers." Geographic coordinate system A geographical coordinate system is a coordinate system. This means that every place can be specified by a set of three numbers, called coordinates. A full circle can be divided into 360 degrees (or 360°); this was first done by the Babylonians; Ancient Greeks, like Ptolemy later extended the theory. Today, degrees are divided further. There are minutes, and seconds; 1 minute (or 1') in this context is 1/60 of a degree; 1 second (or 1") is 1/60 of a minute. The first concept needed is called "latitude" (Lat, or the Greek symbol "phi", formula_1). For it, the Earth is cut up into 180 circles, from the Equator at 0°. The poles are at 90°, the North Pole is at 90° N(orth), the South Pole is at 90° S(outh). Places with the same latitude are on a circle, around the Earth. The other concept is called "longitude" (Long, or the Greek symbol "lambda", formula_2), sometimes referred to as "meridian". The 0° longitude line (or zero meridian) goes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Greenwich is a part of London. Then lines are drawn in a similar way; the opposite (or "antipodal") meridian of Greenwich is considered both 180°W(est), and 180°E(ast). The third number is the height, altitude, or depth. This is given with respect to some fixed (usually easily calculable point). One of these is called mean sea level. Altmarkkreis Salzwedel Rural District Altmarkkreis Salzwedel is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. The old Altmark region, included parts of the neighbouring district of Stendal. In the 10th century it was the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire. In the Late Middle Ages many towns were members of the Hanseatic League. The modern district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Gardelegen, Klötze, Salzwedel and part of Osterburg. Sankt Pauli Sankt Pauli (or St. Pauli) is a district of Hamburg. About 27,000 people live in St. Pauli. St. Pauli is a district where many people go to have fun. There are theatres, cinemas, and a red-light district (around the Reeperbahn) in St. Pauli. This quarter is called the Kiez. There, there are no closing times imposed for shops and restaurants. Most of St. Pauli is different, though. In the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg based an important German football club (Fußball-Club St. Pauli). Anhalt-Bitterfeld Anhalt-Bitterfeld is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its capital is Köthen. History. This district was established by putting together the former districts of Bitterfeld, Köthen and a large part of Anhalt-Zerbst as part of the Saxony-Anhalt border reforms of 2007. Reeperbahn The Reeperbahn is the central street in the district St.Pauli in Hamburg. Parts of it are considered to be a red-light district, but there are also theatres and cinemas near it. Börde (district) Börde is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. The district was formed in the 2007 boundary changes by joining the old districts of Ohrekreis and Bördekreis. Towns and municipalities. Verwaltungsgemeinschaften with municipalities Scale (zoology) In zoology, a scale is a small, hard plate that grows out of an animal's skin to give it protection. Fish and reptiles have scales. In animals such as butterflies and moths, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing. They are often beautifully coloured. Weighing scale Scales are used to measure the weight of an item. To use a scale, the item which needs to be weighed is put on one side of the scale. Then, weight stones are put on the other side. Once the scale balances (that is the indicator between the two scales is in the middle), the correct weight is chosen. There are also modern scales, where the item is simply put on the scale. Its weight can then be read from an electronic or analogue display. Weighting Scales are used to measure the weight of an item. To use a scale, the item which needs to be weighed is put on one side of the scale. Then, usually stones are put on the other side to compare the weight of the stone with the weight of the object you have chosen. If both cups are in the middle, it means that the weights of the objects are equal. If one cup is more up while the other one is down, it means that the one that is down is the heavier one. For example: If you place a small stone in one cup, and a watch in the other cup, and the cup with the watch goes down and the stone obviously goes up, it means that the watch has a greater weight than the stone. Burgenlandkreis Burgenlandkreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed by joining the old districts of Burgenlandkreis and Weißenfels as part of the boundary changes of 2007. On 16 July 2007 the district parliament decided to change the name back to Burgenlandkreis from 1 August 2007. Harz (district) Harz is a rural district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany named after the highland area also called harz. It is home to the highest point in the region: the Brocken. History. The district was made by joining the old districts of Halberstadt, Wernigerode and Quedlinburg as well as the city of Falkenstein (from the district of Aschersleben-Staßfurt). This was part of the reform of all districts in 2007. Jerichower Land Jerichower Land is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. After World War II the old Prussian districts of Jerichow were changed. Some areas were given to the neighbouring districts of Havelberg, Rathenow, Brandenburg, Loburg and Zerbst. The two districts were also renamed after their chief town. Jerichow became Burg, and Jerichow II became Genthin. In 1952 the district of Burg was split into two parts, Loburg and Burg. In 1994 the two districts of Burg and Loburg were merged, and took the old name of Jerichow. In 2007, 6 municipalities from the former district of Anhalt-Zerbst (Hobeck, Lohburg, Lübs, Prödel, Rosian and Schweinitz) were added to Jerichower Land. The name is from a group of tribes of early Slavic. The name is not connected with how the . city of Jericho. Mansfeld-Südharz Mansfeld-Südharz is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. The district was made by joining the old districts of Sangerhausen and Mansfelder Land as part of the boundary changes of 2007. Saalekreis Saalekreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. The district was established by merging the former districts of Merseburg-Querfurt and Saalkreis as part of the boundary changes of 2007. Salzlandkreis Salzland is a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. The district was made by joining the old districts of Bernburg, Schönebeck and Aschersleben-Staßfurt (except the town Falkenstein) as part of the boundary changes of 2007 Stendal (district) Stendal () is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed in 1994 by joining the old district of Stendal with the districts Osterburg and Havelberg. Partnerships. The districts has twin town agreements with , Yarzevo District , Mažeikiai district , Vårgårda , , Lippe Wittenberg (district) Wittenberg is a district ("Kreis") in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. History. In 1994 the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27 municipalities from the former district Anhalt-Zerbst were added to the district of Wittenberg. Towns and municipalities. Population figures are as at 30 June 2005. After the resolution of 6 October 2005, as part of municipal reform, the 27 towns and communities of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel, formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district, were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007. STS-122 STS-122 is the name of the 121st flight of the Space Shuttle, taking seven people into outer space to visit the International Space Station. The flight delivered a module to the space station, called "Columbus". The Space Shuttle "Atlantis" carried the module. The flight started at 19:45 UTC, on 7 February 2008, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight ended on 20 February, at 14:07 UTC, when the Shuttle went back to the Kennedy Space Center. Crew. Seven people were aboard the Space Shuttle. They are; Stephen Frick, who was the Commander, the man in charge of the Space Shuttle, Alan G. Poindexter, who was the Pilot, the man who flied the Shuttle, Leland D. Melvin, Rex J. Walheim, Hans Schlegel and Stanley G. Love, who were there to fit the "Columbus" onto the space station. Léopold Eyharts was also on board. He lived on the Space Station for a month. Daniel M. Tani, who was on the space station came home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. Flight. Launch. The flight was originally scheduled to launch, on 6 December 2007. A problem with a part of the fuel tank used to work out how much fuel was left went wrong, which meant the start of the flight had to be delayed. After the same part went wrong in an attempt to start the flight on 9 December, the start of the flight was moved to January 2008, and later to February. The flight started on 7 February 2008. Some people at NASA were worried that bad weather might stop the launch, but the bad weather cleared up in time for a good launch. Landing. At 13:00 UTC, a 2-minute-43-second de-orbit (opposite of making an orbit) burn was conducted. Then it entered in the atmosphere at 13:35 UTC. "Atlantis" touched down on Runway 15 of the Kennedy Space Center at 9:07:10 EST (14:07:10 UTC). The wheels of the orbiter stopped at 09:08:08 EST (14:08:08 UTC). Mission. The people aboard STS-122 had several jobs to do. The main job was to add the new room, or module, "Columbus", to the space station. To do this, a robot arm, called a Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, will be used to lift "Columbus" out of the Space Shuttle, and move it over to a gap in the side of the space station. Two of the crew will then go outside, and fit parts to the module. "Columbus" will be used for scientific research. Silverwing (novel) Silverwing is a best-selling novel, written by Kenneth Oppel and published in Simon & Schuster. It follows the journey for a group of silver-haired bats. The tone and artistic honor for bestsellers were compared to "Watership Down". The four novels became part of the series. The first book was adapted into an animated television miniseries on Teletoon and Jetix. It was also released on DVD. Story. The series has four novels for the series, including the original one, "Sunwing", "Firewing" and "Darkwing". Long ago, the rest of the animals banished the bats for not taking sides in the great war. Years later, the bats often roam outside at night to avoid the sun (the backstory inspired by Aesop's fable). When Shade breaks the law for the colony, the owls destroy their home, forcing the bats to migrate. Shade befriends Marina and learns an echo projection from Zephyr. Shade and Marina meet Goth and Throbb, two cannibal bats (Vampyrum spectrum) who were captured from South America and escaped from the laboratory. After Shade and Marina reunite with the colony, the bats resolve conflicts with the animals. After finding Cassiel, the owls allow the bats to roam outside anytime. Shade's son, Griffin, travels to the underworld, along with his friend Luna. After Shade sacrifices himself to foil the plan of Cama Zotz (a bat god opposing Nocturna), Griffin and Luna return home. Characters. Shade Silverwing: A silver-haired bat who uses echo projection. Marina Brightwing: A red bat living in the island. Chinook: The son of Plato and Isis. Frieda: A wise bat making decisions and having a silver band. She later dies in "Sunwing". Ariel: Shade's mother and Cassiel's mate. Goth: One of the cannibal bats living in the jungle and the servant of Cama Zotz and Nocturna, the goddesses of bats. Throbb: Goth's brother-in-law who is killed by a thunderstorm in the novel. Drive-through A drive-through or drive-thru is a way of achieving quick service, particularly at restaurants. There are also drive-throughs at other places, such as banks or coffee shops. Space Shuttle Columbia The Space Shuttle "Columbia" (OV-102)was a spacecraft used by NASA to fly into outer space. It was the first Space Shuttle to fly into space, on April 12, 1981. It broke apart while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, killing all seven people who were on it at the time. The shuttle flew a total of 28 missions. The Columbia was named after a US Navy ship that circumnavigated the world in 1836. It was also the name of the Apollo 11 Lunar Excursion Module. Cause of destruction. A piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeled off during the launch 16 days earlier and struck the shuttle's left wing. A hole was punctured in the leading edge of the wing. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases entered the interior of the wing, destroying the support structures and causing the rest of the shuttle to break apart. MADtv MADtv was a television show that aired on FOX from October 14, 1995 to May 16, 2009. It is a comedic show where they perform sketches, improv and songs. It is rated TV-14 because of profane language and sexual substances. It was on air for fourteen seasons. It showed at 23:00/22:00 central. It has been nominated for Emmy Awards, Image Awards and Young Artist Awards. On November 12, 2008, it was announced that their 14th season is the last season. In July 26, 2016, MADtv come back until September 27, 2016. Atlas V Atlas V is an orbital launch vehicle used by the United Launch Alliance (made of two companies, Boeing and Lockheed Martin) to place satellites into orbit. It is a rocket tall, and wide. It has flown 79 times, since its first flight on August 21, 2002. It was developed from the Atlas (missile). Unlike the Space Shuttle, Atlas V is only used once, with a new rocket being built for each flight. The rocket is made of the first stage, a Common Core Booster with an RD-180 engine from Russia. Every Atlas V has this as the first stage. The second stage is called Centaur, and has one/two RL-10 engines from Aerojet Rocketdyne. On top is a wide fairing covering the spacecraft during launch. Flights. As of the end of 2018, the Atlas V has made 79 flights. The most famous ones carried the New Horizons, Mars Science Laboratory (which had the Curiosity rover in it), Juno, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS, the Boeing X-37B, the Mars 2020 mission which carried the Perseverance rover and the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity, and in the future, the launch vehicle for Boeing's CST-100 Starliner used for crewed flights to the International Space Station. Variants. The Atlas V has a special way of naming the different kinds. The Atlas V nomenclature for numbering the variants goes like this: The first number says how wide the fairing is. A 400 series Atlas V has a 4-meter wide fairing. A 500 series Atlas V has a 5-meter wide fairing. An Atlas V N22 have no fairing since it will be the launch configuration for the Boeing's CST-100 Starliner. second number says how many strap-on solid rocket boosters the rocket has. An Atlas V 501 has no strap-on boosters, an Atlas V 441 has 4 strap-on boosters, while the Atlas V N22 has two strap-on boosters, which will be the Boeing Starliner launch configuration. The last number says how many engines the Centaur second stage has. All of the Atlas V rockets flown have had only 1 engine on the Centaur, but in the future other Atlas V rockets will have 2 engines on the Centaur upper stage, such as the Atlas V N22 that I frequently mentioned in this article. There is also the HLV which has two of the first stage (Common Core Booster) strapped on like strap-on boosters, but it has never flown. Barnim Barnim is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. History. The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Bernau and Eberswalde. The district is in the same place as the area of forest where noblemen started hunting in the 13 ury, but is smaller than the old region. Dahme-Spreewald Dahme-Spreewald is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. History. The Spreewald region has always been a centre of Sorbian culture. When the state of Brandenburg was newly founded in 1990, the districts of Lübben, Luckau and Königs Wusterhausen were formed. In 1993 the three districts were merged. Elbe-Elster Elbe-Elster is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. History. The district was established in 1993 by merging the former districts ("Kreise") of Finsterwalde, Bad Liebenwerda and Herzberg. Geography. The district is named after two rivers: The Elbe river forms the western border with Saxony. The Schwarze Elster ("Black Elster") is a tributary of the Elbe and runs through the district. The district is part of the Lusatia region. The fens along the Black Elster are a habitat of several rare animals, like kingfishers, beavers and otters. Jennifer Hudson Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American Academy and Grammy Award-winning singer and actress. She gained fame on "American Idol". She is the most successful "American Idol" contestant who did not win. She went on to star as Effie White in the 2006 motion picture musical "Dreamgirls". Her awards include an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and a SAG Award. She is native to Chicago, Illinois. Hudson is married to WWE professional wrestler, David Otunga. Hudson worked as a coach on the UK and US versions of "The Voice" from 2017 to 2019, becoming the first female coach to win The Voice UK. In 2020, she starred as Aretha Franklin in "Respect". Heinrich Sutermeister Heinrich Sutermeister (born Feuerthalen, 12 August, 1910 – died Vaux-sur-Morges, 16 March, 1995) was a Swiss composer. When he was young he was a student at the main music school in Munich, Germany, where the famous German composer Carl Orff was his teacher. Orff strongly influenced his music. Later he returned to Switzerland, where he lived as a composer. His most important works are "Romeo und Julia" and "Die Schwarze Witwe (The Black Widow)". "Romeo und Julia" has been played the first time in Dresden in 1940, under the famous conductor Karl Böhm. During the following years Sutermeister made operas for the radio and television. Joseph Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 30 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist. He is best known for starting the investigation of Fourier series. He used them for work on problems of heat flow. Fourier also helped the discovery of the greenhouse effect, by suggesting the atmosphere might act as an insulator. Life. Fourier was born at Auxerre as the son of a tailor. He lost both his parents at the age of 9. He then went on to study at the Convent of St Mark. He joined the military academy in Auxerre. Aged sixteen, he became a teacher. At age 26, he entered the École normale supérieure in Paris. People like Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Gaspard Monge, and Pierre-Simon de Laplace were among his teachers. He took part in the French Revolution of 1789. During the Reign of Terror he was almost executed at the guillotine, but the death of Robespierre saved him this fate. He later took part in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. Later, as a diplomat, he is put in charge of the scientific background of the Institut d'Égypte. On his return, Napoleon put him in charge of the Isère department. In 1810, Fourier created the university in Grenoble, and becomes its first head. In 1817, Fourier became a Member of the Académie des Sciences. On the death of Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre in 1822 he became head of the mathematics section. In 1826, Fourier was elected to the Académie française. File server A file server is a computer joined to a web network or to a home network, and that can store many files in the server's hard disk(s). Characteristics. The file server can be a normal computer, or a Network Attached Storage, which is a special computer created to only be a file server. Often people recycle their old computer and they modify it to become a file server which can hold photos, songs, films, and backups. Sometimes web servers that are "hand made" are used as a media center, people put things on the file server (for example movies) and then watch (or use) the things on the file server, often on a Television (like how a DVD player works). Adliswil Adliswil is a municipality of the district Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Aesch, Zürich Aesch is a municipality of the district Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Aeugst am Albis Aeugst am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Affoltern am Albis Affoltern am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Gino Severini Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966), was an Italian painter. He was a founding member of the Futurist movement. As a young man, he was introduced to Impressionism. This is a type of painting that was popular in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, he became interested in Cubism. In the 1920s, he started to paint more traditionally and painted a few murals in Switzerland. In the 1940s, he started painting more abstractly again. He died in 1966 in Paris. Impressionism Impressionism is a style of painting which began in France in the late 19th century. Impressionist painting shows life-like subjects painted in a broad, rapid style, with brushstrokes that are easily seen and colours that are often bright. The term 'impressionism' comes from a painting by Claude Monet, which he showed in an exhibition with the name "Impression, soleil levant" ("Impression, Sunrise"). An art critic called Louis Leroy saw the exhibition and wrote a review in which he said that all the paintings were just "impressions". Impressionist painters are mostly known for their work in oil paint on canvas. Some impressionist painters also made watercolours and prints. There is also some impressionist sculpture. History. In the 19th century, most artists learned to paint by attending an art school or academy. The academies were very strict about the way that young artists learnt to paint. The popular style of painting was called classicism. Classical paintings were always done inside a studio. They often showed stories from mythology. An artist would prepare for a painting by doing lots of drawings. The paintings were very smoothly and carefully painted. At the same time there were several painters who loved to paint the French landscape and the village people in a realist way, different from Classicism. They would often make small quick paintings out of doors, and then finish them in the studio. These artists include Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste Corot. Edgar Degas wrote in 1883: "There is one master, Corot. We are nothing in comparison, nothing". A group of young painters who admired the work of these artists became friends and started painting together. These artists were Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, and Armand Guillaumin. Every year the academy in Paris would hold a big exhibition (art show) called the "Salon de Paris". In 1863 an artist called Edouard Manet put a picture into the show called "Lunch on the Grass" ("Le déjeuner sur l'herbe"). The judges at the Salon refused to hang this work in the gallery because it showed a naked woman sitting on the grass with two men wearing clothes. If the painting had been about Ancient Greek mythology, this would not be a problem but these men were wearing ordinary suits, and the woman's dress and hat were lying on the grass. Perhaps she was a prostitute! The judges said that the painting was indecent (very rude). Monet and his friends also had their paintings turned away. They were angry and they met with Manet to discuss this. The Emperor Napoleon III gave permission for another exhibition called the "Salon des Refusés" which showed all the pictures that had been "refused". Many people went to see this exhibition and soon discovered that there was a new "movement" in art, quite different from the style that they were used to. In 1872 Monet and his friends formed a society called the "Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers". They began to organize their own art show. In 1874 thirty artists held their first exhibition. The critic Louis Leroy made fun of their work and wrote an article called "The Exhibition of the Impressionists". The public who came to the exhibition also began to use this name. The painters themselves soon started to use the name "Impressionists" and they have been called by that name ever since. They had eight exhibitions between 1874 and 1886. They paid a dealer called Paul Durand-Ruel to organise exhibitions, and he arranged shows in London and New York. Bit by bit, their paintings became popular. Some of the Impressionists, Monet and Renoir, lived to be old and famous, but others died very poor. The main artists who are called "Impressionists" include Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot, Armand Guillaumin, Mary Cassatt, Gustave Caillebotte and Frederic Bazille. Many artists worked with the Impressionists for a short time, but then began to try out new ideas. These artists all painted in different ways, but together are called the Post-Impressionists. They include Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Vincent van Gogh. While the French Impressionist painters were at work in France, painters in other countries were also beginning to paint outdoors in a broader style. Eventually the Impressionist style spread to many countries across Europe, to North America and Australia. Some artists continued to paint in the Impressionist style right through the 20th century. Subject and style. Impressionism and photography. Before the time of the Impressionists, many artists worked by painting portraits. Before the invention of the camera, painted portraits were the main way to record a person's "appearance" (what they looked like). But by the time the Impressionists started painting, there were many photographers who had studios where people could go to be photographed. As cameras improved, photographers started taking "snapshots" of scenery and people outdoors. Photography had two effects on painters. Firstly, it meant that it was much harder for them to live by painting portraits. Many artists became very poor. Secondly, the image taken by a camera often has interesting angles and viewpoints that are not usually painted by artists. Impressionist painters were able to learn from photographs. Many Impressionist paintings make the viewer feel as if they were right there, looking at the scene through the eyes of the artist. Subjects. Impressionist painters did not paint from their imagination, from literature, history or mythology like most other painters of the 19th century. They painted what they saw in the world around them: the town where they lived, the landscape where they went on holiday, their family, their friends, their studios and the things that were around their home. Sometimes they were "commissioned" (given a job) to paint a portrait of someone. Impressionist painters liked to paint "ordinary" things that were part of everyday life. They painted women doing the washing and ironing, ballet dancers doing exercises, horses getting ready for a race and a bored-looking waitress serving a customer. Nobody, before the Impressionists, had ever thought that these subjects were interesting enough to paint. Even though many Impressionist artists painted people, they are thought of mainly for their landscape painting. Impressionist painters were not satisfied with doing some drawings or quick painted sketches outdoors and then making grand pictures in the studio. Impressionist painters were not satisfied with painting the shape of the land, the buildings and trees. They wanted to capture the light and the weather. Technique. The Impressionist painters looked for a "technique" (a way of doing something) to paint landscapes that showed the light and the weather. The light and the weather change all the time. The light of the sun on the landscape changes every minute as the Earth turns. Impressionist painters looked at the works of earlier French artists such as Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet. Courbet often took his paints outdoors and made quick coloured sketches that he could then use to make large paintings in his studio. The Impressionist painters were more interested in the sketches than the finished paintings. Another artist, Eugene Boudin, used to sit on the beach at Deauville with his oil paints, and make quick paintings of the people on holiday. They would sometimes buy his paintings as souvenirs. Claude Monet met Boudin and learnt that the only way to "capture" the way that a landscape looked at a particular time was to paint small pictures, very quickly, and without bothering to mix the paints up to make nice smooth even colours. Impressionist painters would use big brushstrokes of different bright colours and let them get mixed up on the canvas, instead of carefully mixing them up on a palette first. By painting in this way, without bothering with the details, Impressionist painters capture a realistic "impression" of a the world that they saw around them. Some of the things that they painted were: snow gently falling over a town, mist rising on a river in the pink morning light, people walking through a field of wheat with bright red poppies growing in it, sunlight dappling through leaves onto people dancing, a train sending up clouds of smoke in a big railway station, and water lillies floating on a pool under drooping willows. Most Impressionist landscape paintings are small, so that the artist could carry them outdoors. Some artists, particularly Claude Monet, would take several canvases, and as the day went on and the light changed, he would put down one and take up another. He rented a room from which he could see Rouen Cathedral so that he could paint it from the window at different times of day. Monet also did a series of "Haystack" paintings, showing them standing in the field from different angles and in all sorts of weather, bright sunshine, morning frost and snow. Paintings that are done outdoors are called "plein air" paintings. The Impressionist painters often used to go out together on painting trips, so there are many pictures that can be compared. Other impressionist art forms. The term "impressionism" has been used for other forms of art, such as writing and music. Octave Mirbeau is often described as an impressionist writer. In 1887, music critics said the works of Claude Debussy were impressionist. Later, other composers were also described as impressionist, including Maurice Ravel, Paul Dukas, Erik Satie and Albert Roussel. Gallery of impressionist paintings. Click on each image to enlarge it, to see the way each artist has used brush-strokes and colour. New York Jets The New York Jets are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Jets they play in New Jersey. They hail from the same stadium as the New York Giants. They have many fans in New York and New Jersey. The New York Jets started playing in 1960. They have only won one championship. The Jets were originally called the New York Titans. They played their games in the Polo Grounds. When they moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, they were called the Jets. That was a more modern-sounding name, and it also rhymed with "New York Mets", the other team that played its games at Shea. The New York Jets have won only one super bowl in 1969 , this victory was guaranteed by their QB, Joe Namath, in the media in the weeks leading up to the game. List of settlements in Ontario This is a list of settlements in Ontario, Canada. Settlements are listed by the number of people living in them and by order of letters (A-Z).<br> 1,000,000 or more. T<br> 500,000 - 999,999. H<br> M<br> O<br> Y<br> 100,000 - 499,999. B<br> C<br> G<br> K<br> L<br> M<br> O<br> R<br> S<br> T<br> V<br> W<br> 50,000 - 99,999. A<br> B<br> C<br> H<br> K<br> M<br> N<br> P<br> S<br> W<br> 10,000 - 49,999. A<br> B<br> C<br> E<br> F<br> G<br> H<br> L<br> M<br> N<br> O<br> P<br> Q<br> S<br> T<br> W<br> 1,000 - 9,999. A<br> B<br> C<br> D<br> E<br> F<br> G<br> I<br> L<br> M<br> N<br> P<br> S<br> W<br> 999 or less. A<br> B<br> C<br> D<br> G<br> P<br> R<br> T<br> "Please Note": All the populations shown on this page are city propers (where the city hall is), metropolitan area populations (if any) are higher than the populations shown on this page. Ouida Ouida was the pen name of the English writer Maria Louise Ramé (although she preferred to be known as Marie Louise de la Ramée). Ramé was born in Bury St. Edmunds, England, to a French father and an English mother. Her pen name came from the way she pronounced her name when she was a child. Théodore Géricault Théodore Géricault (September 26, 1791 – January 26, 1824) was an important French painter, known for "The Raft of the Medusa" and other paintings. He was one of the people who started the Romantic movement. Born in Rouen, France, Géricault was schooled in English sporting art by Carle Vernet and in classical figure composition by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, who saw that he had talent. His first big work, "The Charging Chasseur", shown at the Paris Salon in 1812, showed the influence of the style of Rubens and an interest in contemporary topics. Giada De Laurentiis Giada Pamela De Laurentiis is an Italian-American chef and host for Food Network TV shows. She was born on August 22, 1970. She is the granddaughter of movie director Dino De Laurentiis. She was born in Rome and grew up in Los Angeles. De Laurentiis studied at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris, France. On May 25, 2003, she married Todd Thompson. The two had been dating since July 1989. The couple's only child is Jade Marie De Laurentiis-Thompson. She was born on March 29, 2008. On December 29, 2014, De Laurentiis announced on her website that she and Todd separated in July, and have decided to end their marriage. In 2008, she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle Host. She is also the voice of "Paulette", a character on the animated children's show "Handy Manny". Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle "Challenger" (OV-099) was the second space shuttle used by NASA to fly into outer space. The shuttle broke up 73 seconds after take-off from Cape Canaveral on 28 January 1986. All seven astronauts who were on it at the time were killed. The crash happened because a rubber tube called an o-ring did not expand to fill a gap in one of the booster rockets, due to cold weather. The Challenger was named after a Royal Navy ship that explored the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from 1872 to 1876. Challenger was also the name of the Apollo 17 Lunar Excursion Module. New Horizons New Horizons is a space probe launched by NASA on 19 January 2006, to the dwarf planet Pluto and on an escape trajectory from the Sun. It is the first man-made spacecraft to go to Pluto. Its flight took nine years. It arrived at the Pluto-Charon system on July 14, 2015. It flew near Pluto and took photographs and measurements while it passed. At about 1 kilobit per second it took 15 months to transmit them back to Earth. Instruments include a Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), a Ralph telescope of 75 mm aperture, an Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, a Particle Spectrometer Suite to study solar wind and particles, a student dust counter (VBSDC), and a Radio Science Experiment (REX) The primary mission of New Horizons is to study Pluto and its system of moons. The secondary mission is to study any objects in the Kuiper Belt, if something became available for a flyby. The space probe set the record for the fastest man-made object ever launched, with the Earth-relative speed of about 16.26 km/s, although, arguably, the Helios probes got a faster Sun-relative speed. It used a gravity assist from Jupiter to get its high speeds without having to burn as much monopropellant (weak rocket fuel) as needed to fly directly to Pluto. On January 1, 2019 the probe flew by 486958 Arrokoth, a small Kuiper Belt object also called 2014 MU69 and nicknamed "Ultima Thule". Propellant is now scarce, but a target for a third flyby might be found. It will continue to report about its environment. The New Horizons spacecraft is the 5th spacecraft that'll be able to exit the solar sytem. On April 17, 2021, it passed a milestone distance 50 AU from the Sun. In 2048, it'll be the 5th spacecraft, after Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to exit the heliosphere and enter interstellar space. In 22nd century, the New Horizons spacecraft will overtake Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to become the 3rd farthest spacecraft from Earth, but will never overtake Voyager 1 or Voyager 2 as the farthest spacecraft from Earth. Simlish Simlish is a made-up language spoken in the "Sims" video games. It was created because changing the Sims' words into the players' language would cost a lot of money and would make the Sims say the same words all the time. Simlish is spoken by Sims, the characters in "The Sims", "The Sims 2", "The Sims 3" and "The Sims 4". Simlish is a language Sentences in Simlish. All of these phrases are from "The Sims". Written Simlish. Written Simlish is seen on "The Sims 2", "The Sims 3", and ‘‘The Sims 4’’. It looks similar to Zodiac symbols taken from the Wingdings font on a computer. Text such as the names of Sims, hints and tips and on-screen messages are all in the selected language (i.e. English, French, Spanish), and are usually written in the Comic Sans MS font. Other websites. "The Sims" official website Antonio Tejero Antonio Tejero Molina (born Alhaurín el Grande, Malaga, Spain, 1932) was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Civil Guard (). On 23 February 1981, he stormed into the parliament building with fellow military and Civil Guard officers, and held the Spanish government hostage During that time, Spain was going from dictatorship to democracy. Tejero did not want democracy and wanted Spain to stay in the dictatorship. His coup failed thanks to King Juan Carlos I. Tejero thought the King would support him because the King had been trained by Spain's old dictator, Francisco Franco. Instead King Juan Carlos I went on television dressed in his uniform as commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army and said the coup was wrong. The coup soon stopped, and Spanish television had pictures of the coup leaders trying to escape by climbing out of the windows of the parliament building Conanthera Conanthera is a genus of 3-4 species of small Chilean bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. The plant reproduces by offsets or seed. Fátima, Portugal Fátima () is a city in Portugal. It is famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917. The town itself has a population of 10,302 (2001). It is in the municipality of Ourém, in the Centro Region and sub region of Medio Tejo. It is in the district of Santarém and included in the urban agglomeration of Leiria, in central Portugal, south of Porto and north of Lisbon. Bodyguard A Bodyguard is a security guard who physically protects a person against injury. Very often, important people, like heads of state, religious leaders (i.e. the Pope), actors, and powerful or rich people have bodyguards. Mehmet Ali Ağca Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish criminal. He is known for shooting and wounding Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. For this assassination attempt, he served 19 years of his life sentence in prison in Italy for attempted murder. In 2000, he was extradicted to Turkey, where he was convicted of two robberies he committed in 1979. He was sentenced to seven years four months for the robberies, and continued serving his sentence for the murder of Abdi İpekçi (1929-1979), a left-wing journalist whom he shot. Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation. He has made many different claims about the shooting of the Pope. He used to be a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization. He was released on January 18, 2010 and diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Bayonet A bayonet (from French "baïonnette") is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon. It is designed to be attached to a rifle barrel or similar weapon. This will turn the gun into a spear. It is a close-combat or last-resort weapon. Bayonet charge. 18th and 19th century military tactics included the use of a bayonet fixed on the infantryman's musket. These were used with massed troop formations. One of the more notable of these was the "bayonet charge". This was an attack by a formation of infantrymen with fixed bayonets, usually over short distances. It was to overrun enemy strong points, capture artillery batteries, or break up enemy troop formations. With the use of the bayonet, the pike was no longer used because infantry could now defend themselves from cavalry without sacrificing firepower per man. The Russian Army used the bayonet frequently during the Napoleonic wars. A Russian saying coined by Russian General Alexander Suvorov was "The bullet is foolish, the bayonet wise". Given Russia's often poorly trained armies and inaccurate smoothbore muskets, Russian officers preferred to use the bayonet charge instead of musket volley fire where possible. Marcel Lefebvre Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29 1905 – March 25 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. For a long time, he worked as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers. After returning, he started to be against the changes within the Church. These changes were introduced after the Second Vatican Council. In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which is still the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre made four new bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II. Because of this, the Holy See announced the following day that he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Those who supported Lefebvre think, this declaration was not valid. Second Vatican Council The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. An Ecumenical Council is a meeting of the bishops of the Church to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice. Pope John XXIII started Vatican II in 1962 and it lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became Pope Benedict XVI. Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century. They let Mass be said in different languages, instead of just Latin. Veronica Guerin Veronica Guerin (5 July 1958 - 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was born in Dublin. She was murdered by Irish drug dealers. Her death made many Irish people angry, which brought down many drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin. Umayyad Mosque The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl. "Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr"), is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.It is in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus. It is also very important because of its architecture. The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya), honored as a prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque. In 2001, Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque. Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria The Orthodox Church of Alexandria () is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches. It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Lourdes Lourdes () is a town and commune in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It is in the first Pyrenean foothills in the Occitanie region, in southwestern France. Lourdes was originally a small unremarkable market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. At that time the most prominent feature was the fortified castle which rises up from the centre of the town on a rock. Following the claims that there were apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Christian pilgrimage. Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000 inhabitants but is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims and tourists every season. Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels in France after Paris with about 270 establishments. It is the joint seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. Geography. Lourdes is overlooked from the south by the Pyrenean peaks of Aneto, Montaigu, and Vignemale (3,298m), while around the town there are three summits reaching up to 1,000 m, which are known as the Béout, the Petit Jer and the Grand Jer. It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Population. The inhabitants of Lourdes are known, in French, as "Lourdais" (women: "Lourdaises"). Lourdes has a population, in 2014, of 14,361, and its population density is of inhabitants/km2. Palindromic prime A palindromical prime number is a prime number that reads the same when reversed. Palindromical prime numbers include: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, and 19991. Out of the above list, 2 is the only number that is not an odd number. Almost all palindromic numbers are composite, for any base. 11 is the only palindromic prime with an even number of digits because all palindromic numbers with an even number of digits can be divided by 11, which means they are not primes. The palindromic prime numbers have an infinite number, one of them can be created based on Smarandache function, and, etc. The known biggest palindromic prime so far is with 1,888,529 digits, found in 18 October 2021 by Propper and Batalov. Shrine A shrine is a holy or sacred place with something important inside it, such as the tomb of a religious person. Shrines are built in the surroundings of the grave of pious men. These are built to show respect and love for the one who died. People visit the shrines to pray for themselves and also for the dead. Shrines are common in Muslim countries. However other countries also have shrines; in Japan, Shinto 'Jinja' are called shrines in English. Originally, the word "shrine" referred to a container, usually made of gold or silver and was used to store relics. The most famous type of shrines are the Buddhist shrines Embargo An embargo is when a government refuses to trade with a country or a certain part of a country. This is usually because of a political problem inside the country. It differs from a blockade in not requiring a state of war or obliging other countries to stop trading. As with other economic sanctions, an embargo stops trade between countries. This means that the countries in question will get poorer. The hope is that the problem within the country will stop. Supreme Governor of the Church of England The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title which British Monarchs have to show their leadership over the Church of England. The title was first granted to Queen Elizabeth I after she passed the Act of Supremacy, which required all officials in the Church of England to state an oath of allegiance to her. Havelland Havelland is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. History. The district was established in 1993 by joining the old districts of Nauen and Rathenow. Havelland is the name for the regions on the banks of the Havel river between the city of Berlin and the Elbe river. This region also includes the cities of Brandenburg and Potsdam, that are not part of the district. The Havelland district mainly consists of the areas north of the Havel river. Knock, County Mayo Knock ("An Cnoc" in Irish, meaning "The Hill" – but now more generally known in Irish as "Cnoc Mhuire", "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in east County Mayo in Ireland. Knock's notability comes from the Knock Shrine Apparition of 1879. At 8:00PM on 21 August 1879, it was reported that the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared to local people. In the 20th century it became one of Europe's major Roman Catholic Marian shrines, alongside Lourdes and Fatima. One and a half million pilgrims visit Knock Shrine annually. It was visited by Pope John Paul II, a supporter of devotion to the Virgin Mary, in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the apparition. Licheń Stary Licheń Stary is a village. 1200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby. It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland. Märkisch-Oderland Märkisch-Oderland is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Geography. Much of the district is mainly agricultural land, but there is a swampy area along the Oder called the "Oderbruch". The Oderbruch is about in length and in width. It was partially drained in the 18th century, and people started to live in the new area. History. The districts of Lebus and Oberbarnim were both created in 1816. In 1952, the districts were split into three parts, the districts Bad Freienwalde, Seelow and Strausberg. In 1993 the three parts were joined together to form the current district. Oberhavel Oberhavel is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was formed on 6 December 1993 by joining the old districts of Gransee and Oranienburg. Oberspreewald-Lausitz Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Low Sorbian: "Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Geography. The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia. History. The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda. Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria The Eastern Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa is the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. This has been Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria since 2004. Oder-Spree Oder-Spree is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border. History. The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt. Cockburn Island, Ontario Cockburn Island is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District. It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada. It had a population of 2 people in 2006. There is an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island. Ostprignitz-Ruppin Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin. Thomas Morley Thomas Morley (born at Norwich?, 1557 or 1558; died at London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist. He was the most important English composer of madrigals. He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years. Life. Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there. He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral. We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there. In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master. If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich. In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London. In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called "Musica transalpina". It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English. Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals. In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. In London Morley lived near Shakespeare. We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from "As You Like It". We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play. It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known. From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music. It is thought that Morley died in October 1602. His music. Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals. His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd. His madrigals are his most important works. They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing. One of his best known madrigals is called "Now is the Month of Maying". He started by using the Italian style and changed it to make it sound English. The madrigals of Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye are usually more serious. As well as madrigals, Morley wrote music for instruments, including keyboard music. Some of his pieces are in the famous collection called "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book"). He also wrote music for the typically English combination of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora. Morley wrote a book about music theory called "Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke". It was published in 1597 and was read by many people for two centuries after his death. It tells us a lot about how music was performed in Morley’s Hans Sebald Beham Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer. His name is often given as Hans Sebald Beham, although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used this additional forename. Life. Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer. From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550. Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB". Work. Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold. He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre ) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz. Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early woodcuts, "Head of Christ", was thought to have been done by Dürer. Beham also worked with his brother Barthel, and shared ideas with him. Later, he re-drew some of Dürer's works like gus Melancholia of 1539. Books. After publishing a book about drawing horses, for which he was exiled, he wrote a book on drawing the human figure. His book was mostly just a simplified book of Dürer's own books, but his book was easier to use and cheaper than Dürer's books, so artists preferred to buy his. Potsdam-Mittelmark Potsdam-Mittelmark is a "Kreis" (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land. Skinny jeans Skinny jeans are a style of denim jeans that have straight legs and tend to crumple around the ankles. They are called "skinny jeans" because they give you a thin figure. This style was started in the 1980s to make a retro-punk look. This style came to life again in late 2006 by Avril Lavigne in one of her music videos. They are usually used for a gothic-punk look or retroand hip-hop John Wilbye John Wilbye (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals. Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich. His music. A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books. Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including "Weep, weep o mine eyes" and "Draw on, sweet night". He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes. Prignitz Prignitz () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992. Spree-Neiße Spree-Neiße (Lower Sorbian: "Wokrejs Sprjewja-Nysa") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland. The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg. Shurat Islam Shurat Islam, formerly known as Kharijites, was a branch of Islam. It was one of the three main branches of Islam, along with Shia Islam and Sunni Islam. Though, the branch has no followers today, the Ibadi movement is seen as a moderate current demonization of Shurat Islam. However, Ibadis reject themselves being Shuratis. Initially, Muslims were divided into two groups, Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. After caliph Uthman's death, Ali and Muawiya I were having a war. At this time, the Shurati Muslims emerged, who did not pledge allegiance to Ali or Muawiya I. Rather than allegiance, Shurati Muslims decided to attack Ali and Muawiya I's followers. Sometimes, the term "Kharijite" (or "Neo-Kharijite") is also used for some Islamic terrorist groups. Examples of such groups are the Groupe islamique armé in Algeria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt. Thomas Weelkes Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex, 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music. Life. Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576. His father may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood. We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for two or three years. During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in 1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children. Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job. In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work. In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing. In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service. However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad. Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died. He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him. Music. Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral. Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley. When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called "A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley", (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".) Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms. Teltow-Fläming Teltow-Fläming is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau. "Fläming-Skate" is a 160 km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany. Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald. Uckermark Uckermark is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district has the biggest area of any district in Germany. The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin and the city of Schwedt. Black knight A black knight is a character fictional stories. They are soldiers or knights who do not have a lord, or the lord is secret. They do not have any heraldic standards or have painted them over with black paint. In these stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone. In Arthurian legend Black Knight was a magical knight summoned by Sir Calogrenant. The Black Knight never told his name. He defeated Sir Calogrenant. Later The Black Knight was killed unfairly by Yvain in a act of revenge for his cousin, Sir Calogrenant. Black Knight (disambiguation) A Black Knight is a knight who does not serve a lord. Black Knight can also mean: Paladin A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe. The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century. In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor. History. Ancient Rome. The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae. In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars. Holy Roman Empire. After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the "comes palatinus", the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law. During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines. Modern usage. In the early days of England, the word "palatinate", or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown. In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown. Present day. The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause. Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game. Paladin (disambiguation) Paladin can mean: IC50 The IC50 is a measure of how effective a drug is. It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition "in vitro". It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect "in vivo". Komitas Vardapet Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan - Komitas Vardapet (also "Gomidas Vartabed") (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music. He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title Vardapet (or Vartabed), meaning a "priest" or a "church scholar". He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title "doctor of musicology" and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing. His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy. He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder. On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic "Villejuif" in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas. Oberägeri Oberägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Oberägeri is on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee. Unterägeri Unterägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Menzingen Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Baar, Switzerland Baar is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Cham, Switzerland Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Hünenberg Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Steinhausen, Switzerland Steinhausen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz Risch-Rotkreuz is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquarter of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, "Buonas" and "Freudenberg", the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard. Walchwil Walchwil is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Neuheim Neuheim is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Women's rights movement The women's rights movement is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights. Canton of Solothurn Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn. Districts. There are 10 districts in Solothurn: Municipalities. The canton has 125 municipalities: Solothurn Solothurn can mean: Pickup truck A pickup truck is a type of vehicle that is designed to move things. In the United States, pickup trucks are usually associated with redneck culture. Form. The back of the truck is open, like some other types of trucks. It is very powerful for its small size. Pickup trucks have different shapes, sizes, and uses. Sometimes people would go ride in the back of the trucks to work. The back of the truck where the goods are placed is called a "cargo bed". The cargo bed may be covered with a "tonneau cover" made of cloth, metal or plastic, to protect the cargo from rain and dirt. Pickup trucks are easy to load and unload. They are especially popular in the countryside, where they are used to carry various agricultural cargo or tools. Pickup trucks often have the same chassis as vans. Usually, pickup trucks are same size as normal cars. You usually may drive a pickup truck with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but heavy pickup trucks may require a light truck license. The smallest pickup trucks are made from scooters by replacing the rear seat and rear wheel with an axle and cargo bed, and some have only three wheels. A pickup truck can be turned into an improvised military vehicle by installing a machine gun or a light cannon on the cargo bed. Such cars are called "technicals", and they are especially popular in Africa. Pickup trucks are considered one of the most reliable and popular cars in the U.S. It is because of their functionality and good fit to the climate or landscape. Kennedy Space Center The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a spaceport in Merritt Island, Florida, USA. It is one of the ten main locations of NASA.Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been the main launch center of human spaceflight of the United States. It borders on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which helps the Space Center. Facilities. There are about 700 facilities and buildings in the of KSC. The unique facilities of KSC are the tall "Vehicle Assembly Building", the Launch Complex 39 (39A, 39B and 39C), the long "Shuttle Landing Facility", the 4-storey tall "Launch Control Center", and the "Visitor Complex". Launch Complex 39. The Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of KSC. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use. Shuttle Landing Facility. The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) is an airport of KSC. It was used for landing of the Space Shuttle until 2011. It is also used for take offs and landings for NASA airplanes, for example the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and some civilian airplanes. Launch Control Center. The Launch Control Center (LCC) is a building at KSC. It controls the rocket launches from Launch Complex 39. Factories. Several factory buildings are on-site at KSC, for the manufacture and processing of space station components. They include the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C). Visitor Complex. The Visitor Complex is the visitor center of KSC. It has exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, movies, and a bus tour of the KSC. , about 1,700,000 people visited the center. Bradleys Head Fortification Complex The Bradleys Head Fortification Complex is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia. History. They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps. In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period. The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Arnsberg Government Region Arnsberg is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the southeast of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area. Altdorf, Schaffhausen Altdorf was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. Bargen, Schaffhausen Bargen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Undervelier Undervelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Undervelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Soulce merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne. Canton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen is a canton of Switzerland. The capital city of the canton is Schaffhausen. Geography. The canton of Schaffhausen is the canton of Switzerland farthest north, located to the north of Zurich. The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany. Vellerat Vellerat was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin. Vermes, Switzerland Vermes was a municipality, in the new municipality of Val Terbi and district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.<br><br> Rhine Falls The Rhine Falls, called the Rheinfall in Switzerland, are the biggest waterfalls of Europe. They can be found in the High Rhine in the upper parts of the river Rhine, in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen in the north part of Switzerland and close to the German border. They are 150 meters (450 ft) wide and 23 meters (75 ft) tall. The Rhine Falls were made in the last ice age about 14,000 to 17,000 years ago. <br> Beggingen Beggingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Beringen, Switzerland Beringen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, Guntmadingen part of the municipality. Bibern Bibern can be one of two municipalities in Switzerland: Bibern, Schaffhausen Bibern is a former municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Bibern, Altdorf, Hofen and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen. Vicques, Switzerland Vicques was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Vicques, Montsevelier and Vermes merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi. Le Bémont Le Bémont is a municipality of the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Raisin bread Raisin bread is a type of bread that has raisins in it. Sometimes it has cinnamon in it. It can be eaten as toast or as a dessert. Raisin bread is normally sold pre-sliced and often eaten in Northern Europe and the United States. Raisin bread is normally brown in color from the cinnamon. It is normally dryer than normal bread. Robert Dyas Robert Dyas is a large United Kingdom company. They sell goods that people can use in their homes and gardens. The company has over 100 stores in Greater London and South East England. History. The company was established in 1872. It was taken over in 2004 by Change Capital, headed by former Marks and Spencer chairman Luc Vandevelde and former M&S CEO and head of B&Q Roger Holmes. Buch, Schaffhausen Buch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Buch Buch can mean: Buchberg Buchberg is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Cologne Government Region Cologne Government Region (German: "Regierungsbezirk Köln", Kölsch: "Rejierungsbezirk Kölle") is one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southwest of that state. It covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land. It was made in 1815, when Prussia reorganised its districts. Büttenhardt Büttenhardt is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Dörflingen Dörflingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Gächlingen Gächlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Guntmadingen Guntmadingen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, it is part of the municipality of Beringen. Hallau Hallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Hemishofen Hemishofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Hemmental Hemmental was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2009, it is part of the municipality of Schaffhausen. Hofen, Switzerland Hofen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is on the border with Baden-Württemberg in Germany. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hofen, Altdorf, Bibern and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen. Lohn, Schaffhausen Lohn is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Lohn Lohn can mean: Löhningen Löhningen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Detmold Government Region Detmold () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northeast of the state. The Regierungsbezirk was created in 1947 when the old state of Lippe was put into North Rhine-Westphalia and joined to the old "Regierungsbezirk Minden". Regierungsbezirk Minden was one of the original Regierungsbezirke, formed in 1815. Merishausen Merishausen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Neuhausen am Rheinfall Neuhausen am Rheinfall is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. The municipality is known for the Rhine Falls, Europe's largest waterfall. Neunkirch Neunkirch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Oberhallau Oberhallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Opfertshofen Opfertshofen was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Ramsen Ramsen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. Rüdlingen Rüdlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Düsseldorf Government Region Düsseldorf is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the northwest of the country. It covers the western part of the Ruhr Area. It is the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind. It was formed in 1815 when Prussia first made districts. Schleitheim Schleitheim is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is located directly at the border to Germany. Siblingen Siblingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Stein am Rhein Stein am Rhein is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Stetten, Schaffhausen Stetten is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Stetten Stetten can be one of many different places: Switzerland. Stetten is the name of two Swiss municipalities: Thayngen Thayngen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen. Trasadingen Trasadingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Wilchingen Wilchingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Osterfingen was added to this municipality in 2005. 112 (band) 112 ("one-twelve") is an American R&B quartet that came from Atlanta, Georgia. They started in 1991. In 1997 they won a Grammy Award. Bucheggberg District Bucheggberg is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the southwest of the canton. Bucheggberg contains the following municipalities: Dorneck District Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. Dorneck contains the following municipalities: Gäu District Gäu is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton. Gäu contains the following municipalities: Gösgen District Gösgen is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton. Gösgen contains the following municipalities: Snap! Snap! is an electronic music group created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti. Boney M. Boney M. was a R&B, disco and reggae group created by West German record producer Frank Farian. They were very successful in the 1970s. Chart positions. Singles. Singles chart peaking in various countries. Includes U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart entries. Münster Government Region Münster is one of the five "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the north of the state. The "Regierungsbezirk" was made in 1815. This means it is one of the original 25 "Regierungsbezirke" made to help govern Prussia. The last time the boundaries of the region were changed was 1975. This was when the number of districts was changed from 10 to 5, and the number of district-free cities (urban districts) from six to three. Caffè Nero Caffè Nero (Italian for "black coffee") or Caffè Nero Group Plc is a British coffee shop chain. It was established in 1997 and runs more than 330 shops nationwide. Costa Coffee Costa Coffee is a British multinational coffeehouse company headquartered in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Coca Cola. It is the second largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in Britain.[2] Costa Coffee was founded in London in 1971 by the Costa family as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops. Acquired by Whitbread in 1995 for £19M, it has since grown to over 3,277 stores across 31 countries. The business has 2,121 UK restaurants, over 6,000 Costa Express vending facilities and a further 1,280 outlets overseas (including 395 in China).[1][3] History. Italian Immigrant brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded a coffee roastery in Lambeth, London, in 1971, supplying local caterers. The family had moved to England in the 1960s.[4][5] Costa branched out to selling coffee in 1978, when its first store opened on Vauxhall Bridge Road, London. In 1985, Sergio bought out Bruno's share of the company. Bruno went on to found a tableware company.[6] By 1995, the chain had 41 stores in UK.[7] In 1995, the business was acquired by Whitbread for £19M, UK's largest hotel and coffee shop operator, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2009, Costa opened its 1,000th store - in Cardiff. In December 2009, Costa Coffee agreed to acquire Coffee Heaven for £36 million, adding 79 stores in central and eastern Europe.[8] 31st August 2018. Coca Cola offer to pay £3.9 billion for Costa Coffee from Whitbread, the acquisition is expected to go through over the next few months. Yves Ternon Yves Ternon (born in 1932 in France) is a French historian specializing on historical research of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. He is a doctor of history of University Paris IV Sorbonne. He is also an active member of "Doctors Without Borders" organization. Israel Charny Israel W. Charny, Hebrew: ישראל טשרני , (born 1931 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an Israeli psychologist and genocide scholar. He is a world renowned genocide expert. He is the editor of the two-volume "Encyclopedia of Genocide". He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians. He has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence." Vahakn Dadrian Vahakn Norair Dadrian (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was a researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. He was the director of Genocide Research at "Zoryan Institute". Biography. Dadrian was born in Istanbul. He first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. Dadrian was a Professor of Sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide. The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian. David Selby David Lynn Selby (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television. Biography. The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degree in theater, and after that, a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University. Awards. In 1998, West Virginia University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts. Publius Ovidius Naso Publius Ovidius Naso. better known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was an Ancient Roman poet. He was born on March 20, 43 BC in Sulmona, then called "Sulmo". People today do not know when he died. It was probably either 17 AD or 18 AD. He died in Tomis, which is modern-day Constanţa in Romania. With Virgil and Horace he is considered among the three great poets of Latin literature. Ovid usually wrote in verses. Ovid was the most widely read classical author in medieval times and the Renaissance. Lebern District Lebern is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton. Lebern district has these municipalities: Olten District Olten is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten. Olten contains the following municipalities: Thal District Thal is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton. Thal contains the following municipalities: Thierstein District Thierstein is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. Thierstein contains 12 municipalities: Wasseramt District Wasseramt is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the south of the canton. Wasseramt contains these municipalities: Waterboarding Waterboarding is a type of torture that has been used for a long time. It was often used to make people confess. The victim is tied onto a table or wooden board. The questioner has a helper, whose job it is to pour water on the victim's nose and mouth through a towel or cloth, to make it difficult for him to breathe. If and when the victim is supplying answers that the questioner deems acceptable, the victim (ideally) is permitted to breathe. In modern times waterboarding has been in use in Guantanamo Bay and has been a major political argument. Its use by American forces was banned by President Barack Obama in 2009. Aedermannsdorf Aedermannsdorf is a municipality of the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Aeschi Aeschi is a municipality of the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Burgäschisee is a lake in the forest on the border with Seeberg. The municipality of Steinhof merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Aeschi. Burgäschisee Burgäschisee is a lake by Aeschi in Switzerland. It is on the border of the cantons of Berne and Solothurn. The lake has a surface area of . It is deep at its deepest point. Aetigkofen Aetigkofen is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Aetingen Aetingen is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and in the district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Balm bei Günsberg Balm bei Günsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Balsthal Balsthal is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Beinwil, Solothurn Beinwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Bellach Bellach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Bettlach, Switzerland Bettlach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Biberist Biberist is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Biezwil Biezwil is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. Bolken Bolken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Boningen Boningen is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Thousand Islands Bridge The Thousand Islands International Bridge is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959. The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area. The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world. The bridge is not a single bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, an interstate. The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side. Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge. The international border is between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada. The bridge is much taller than it appears in the photograph to the right. The highest point is 150 feet above the water. Siege of Orleans The Siege of Orleans (1428 – 1429) was an important event in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first success and the first big success for the French since the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The city of Orleans was at an important place on the river Loire. The English controlled large parts of France when they started the siege, and Orleans was the last thing stopping them from attacking the rest of France. There was not much south of the river to defend the people who served Charles VII of France, so the English came close to joining their northern lands in France with the land they controlled at Aquitaine. The siege started on October 12, 1428 and its only major action until Joan of Arc arrived was the Battle of the Herrings. She initiated several attacks that ended the siege on May 8, 1429 - nine days after her arrival. Battle of Agincourt The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415 and was a major win for England against France in the Hundred Years' War. It led to several later English victories. Henry V of England led the English army and Constable of France Charles d'Albret led a larger French army. King Charles of France didn't engage because he was mentally unwell. Henry V was involved in hand to hand combat and was struck by an axe but his helmet saved him. The English longbow was an important weapon for killing and winning this battle. It was more powerful than the French crossbow and they had more of them. The majority of the army were bowmen. The English army used sharp wooden archer's stakes to protect the archers from French mounted knights. The English took prisoners but killed all except those of high rank. Overall the French lost 8000 men and the English lost 100 but historians are unsure of the actual numbers. The French mainly lost because they wore heavy armour and got stuck in the sticky mud at Azincourt (Agincourt). Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise, was the King of France from 1364 to his death and a member of the House of Valois. He was born in Vincennes, the son of King John II of France and Bona of Luxembourg. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers (1356), Charles acted as the ruler of France. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory that had been given to England at the Treaty of Brétigny. Émile Zola Émile Zola () (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a major French writer and the most important naturalist writer. He worked toward political liberalization of France. Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. His death from carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected to have been suicide. Capetian dynasty The Capetian Dynasty includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. The "direct Capetians" ruled France from the years 987-1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792. Charles the Bald Charles the Bald (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King Charles II of France (843-877). He was also the Holy Roman Emperor (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877). Marriages, family and children. Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine. With Ermentrude: With Richilde: Louis the Stammerer Louis the Stammerer (November 1, 846 — April 10, 879; ), was the oldest son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. He became King of France after his father in France in 877. Unlike his father, he never became Holy Roman Emperor. In 878, Louis is crowned king by Pope John VIII Louis the Stammerer married twice. With his first wife Ansgarde of Burgundy he had two sons: Louis III of France (born in 863) and Carloman, King of the West Franks (born in 866). Both of them became kings of France. They also had two daughters: Hildegarde (born in 864) and Gisela (865–884). With his second wife, Adelaide of Paris, he had one daughter, Ermentrude (875–914) — who was the mother of Cunigunde, wife of the Count Palatine Wigerich of Bidgau; they were the ancestors of the House of Luxemburg —, and a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who also became a king of France. Gabdulla Tukay Gabdulla Tukay (April 26, 1886 - April 15, 1913) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publicist. Tukay was the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language. Metropolis (movie) Metropolis (1927) is a West German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time. The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible. The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy. Mathematical proof A mathematical proof is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contraction and proof by cases. Proof by induction. One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction. 1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step. 2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case. 3. Assume that for some value "n" = "n0", the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the induction step. 4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, "n0"+1. Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of "n" that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually "n"=1), it's true for the next one ("n"=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number. An example of proof by induction is as follows: Prove that for all natural numbers "n", 2(1+2+3+...+"n"-1+"n")="n"("n"+1). Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers "n", 2formula_1=n(n+1)." By induction on n, First, for n=1, 2formula_2=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is true. Next, assume that for some "n"="n0" the statement is true. That is, 2formula_3 = n0(n0+1). Then for "n"="n0"+1, 2formula_4 can be rewritten 2("n0"+1) + 2formula_3. Since 2formula_3 = n0(n0+1), 2"n0"+1 + 2formula_3 = 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1). So 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1)= 2(n0+1)(n0 + 2), which completes the proof. Proof by contradiction. Proof by contradiction is a way of proving a mathematical theorem by showing that if the statement were false, then there would be a logical contradiction involved. That is, if one of the results of the theorem is assumed to be false, then there would be some inconsistency with the logic. When proving a theorem by way of contradiction, it is important to note that in the beginning of the proof. This is usually abbreviated BWOC. When the contradiction appears in the proof, there is usually a ⨳ symbol involved. The Wicker Man (1973 movie) The Wicker Man is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made and set in Scotland. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack. A police sergeant, Neil Howie goes to a remote island in the Hebrides to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, Rowan. He finds out that the island is run by a pagan cult who are hostile of outsiders, including him. They practice human sacrifice. He believes that Rowan will be used as their human sacrifice. The islanders force Neil into a wicker man and burn him to death. "The Wicker Man" is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine "Cinefantastique" described it as "The "Citizen Kane" of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine "Total Movie" named "The Wicker Man" the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror movie. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's "100 Scariest Movie Moments". The 2006 remake of this movie stars Nicolas Cage. Ushuaia Ushuaia is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. The climate is cool and wet. About 64,000 people live there. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world. Puerto Iguazú Puerto Iguazú is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The city is near the Iguazu Falls. More than 32,000 people live in Puerto Iguazú. La Plata La Plata is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. More than 600,000 people live there. Mendoza Mendoza is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina. Population. It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area. Córdoba Province (Argentina) Córdoba is a Province of Argentina. The city of Córdoba is its capital. Population. Córdoba has a population of 3,066,801 inhabitants (as of 2001). Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (February 19, 1953), also called Cristina Fernández, CFK or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine attorney and politician. She has been the Vice President of Argentina since 2019. She was the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015. She was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernandez ( of Spanish descent) a bus driver, and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (of German descent). She is a lawyer and she was married to former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner from 1975 until his death in 2010. She was elected president in October 2007. She was re-elected to a second term in October 2011. In October 2019, she was elected Vice President with Alberto Fernández as president. Assassination attempt in 2022. On September 1, 2022, after 9:00 p.m., the Brazilian Fernando Andres Sabag Montiel attempted to assassinate Cristina Kirchner outside her home in the Recoleta neighborhood. He pointed a 380-caliber Bersa pistol at his head and fired the shot but the bullet did not come out, and he was subdued by security personnel. The Vice President of Argentina was unharmed. It happened when she was returning to her home and signing books. Río Cuarto Río Cuarto is a city in the center of Argentina. In 2010, 157,000 people lived there, making it Córdoba Province's third largest city. Salta City Salta is a city in the north of Argentina. It is the capital of Salta Province. In 2010, 618,375 people lived there. List of football clubs in Argentina This is a list of Argentine football teams by Division. Teams are in alphabetical order. C.A. River Plate Club Atlético River Plate, commonly known as River Plate, is an Argentine professional football club. They are based in Buenos Aires, and play their home games at Estadio Monumental. The name of the club is English for Río de la Plata. They are the most succcessful club in Argentina, with 36 league titles. River Plate has a very strong rivalry with Boca Juniors, mainly because both teams are from Buenos Aires and also are considered the biggest teams in Argentina. Matches between them sometimes involve violence between supporters. Flag of Argentina The national flag of Argentina was created in 1812 by Manuel Belgrano. Appearance. It has three horizontal bands in light blue, white and light blue; and a yellow sun in the center. José de San Martín José de San Martín (25 February 177817 August 1850) was an Argentine general and politician. He was born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, Spain. He liberated Argentina, Peru and Chile from Spain. In 1817, he crossed the Andes from Mendoza to Chile. Together with Simón Bolívar, San Martín is called one of the Liberators of South America. Tandil Tandil is a city of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Location. The city is about 330 km from La Plata and Bahía Blanca, 160 km from Mar del Plata, and 360 km from Buenos Aires Population. Its population is about 110,000 inhabitants. Bahía Blanca Bahía Blanca is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. History. The city was founded in 1828, it has a population is about 275,000 inhabitants. Location. It is in the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Bariloche San Carlos de Bariloche, also known as Bariloche, is a city of Argentina in the Río Negro Province. Location. The city is located on the Andes, 1570 km south-east of Buenos Aires. Population. Barilloche has a population of 93.101 inhabitants. It's the largest city in Río Negro. Reservoir Dogs Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American crime drama thriller movie written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn and Steve Buscemi. It is the first movie directed by Tarantino and is about the events before and after a jewelry store robbery that went wrong. The movie was released on October 23, 1992. The title, and promo shots associated with the movie, was a take on the violent Sam Peckinpah movie, Straw Dogs. Although Reservoir Dogs failed at the theater it found new life after being released on VHS and DVD, quickly becoming a cult classic. Plot. The movie shows the events before and after a robbery at a jewelry shop in Los Angeles, California, that went wrong. The men are given nicknames with colours so that they do not know each others names; Mr. Blonde (Michael Madsen), Mr. Blue (Eddie Bunker), Mr. Brown (Quentin Tarantino), Mr. Orange (Tim Roth), Mr. Pink (Steve Buscemi), and Mr. White (Harvey Keitel). They work for a gangster Joe Cabot (Lawrence Tierney) and his son, "Nice Guy" Eddie (Chris Penn). The robbery goes wrong and several of the men are killed, and Mr. Orange is shot and bleeding. The rest of the men return to the hideout and talk about what went wrong. Mr. Blonde has captured a police officer, Marvin Nash (Kirk Baltz) and beat him to try to get an answer. Mr. Blonde tries to torture the police officer while the rest of the men are away but is killed by Mr. Orange who is actually an undercover police officer. The rest of the men argue and are in a Mexican standoff and are all shot. Mr. Pink, who hid from the shootout, steals the diamonds and runs away. Cast. Critical reaction. At the movie's release at the Sundance Film Festival, movie critic Jami Bernard of the "New York Daily News" compared the effect of "Reservoir Dogs" to that of the 1895 movie "L'Arrivée d'un Train en Gare de la Ciotat", where audiences watched a moving train approaching the camera and ran away frightened. Bernard claimed that "Reservoir Dogs" had a similar effect and people were not ready for it. Vincent Canby of the "New York Times" enjoyed the cast and the use of non-linear storytelling. He similarly complimented Tarantino's directing and liked the fact that he did not often use close-ups in the movie. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" also enjoyed the movie and the acting, particularly that of Buscemi, Tierney and Madsen, and said "Tarantino's palpable enthusiasm, his unapologetic passion for what he's created, reinvigorates this venerable plot and, mayhem aside, makes it involving for longer than you might suspect." Roger Ebert was less enthusiastic; he felt that the script could have been better and said that the movie "feels like it's going to be terrific", but Tarantino's script does not have much curiosity about the characters. He also stated that "[Tarantino] has an idea, and trusts the idea to drive the plot." Ebert gave the movie two and a half stars out of four also claiming that he enjoyed it, and that it was a very good movie from a talented director, like other critics, he enjoyed the cast, but stated "I liked what I saw, but I wanted more". "Reservoir Dogs" has received a lot of criticism for its strong violence and language. One particular scene that viewers did not like was Michael Madsen cutting off the police officer's ear, and Madsen himself reportedly had a great deal of difficulty finishing the scene especially after Kirk Baltz ad-libbed the desperate plea "I've got a little kid at home". Many people have left theaters during the movie and Tarantino commented at the time: It happens at every single screening. For some people the violence, or the rudeness of the language, is a mountain they can't climb. That's OK. It's not their cup of tea. But I am affecting them. I wanted that scene to be disturbing. During a screening of the movie at a Film Festival in Barcelona, fifteen people walked out, including horror movie director Wes Craven and special effects artist Rick Baker. Baker later told Tarantino to take the walk out as a "compliment" and explained that he found the violence unnerving because of its heightened sense of realism. Critic John Hartl compared the ear-cutting scene to the shower murder scene in "Psycho" and Tarantino to David Lynch. He furthermore explored parallels between "Reservoir Dogs" and "Glengarry Glen Ross". After this movie, Tarantino was also compared to Martin Scorsese, Sam Peckinpah, John Singleton, Gus Van Sant, and Abel Ferrara. For its nonlinear storyline, "Reservoir Dogs" has also often been compared to "Rashomon". Critic James Berardinelli was of a similar opinion; he complimented both the cast and Tarantino's dialogue writing abilities. Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" was also enthusiastic about the cast, complimenting the movie on its "deadpan sense of humor". Todd McCarthy called the movie "undeniably impressive" and was of the opinion that it was influenced by "Mean Streets", "Goodfellas" and "The Killing". Aconcagua Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas, and the highest outside Asia. The altitude is 6,962 meters, or 22,841 feet. It is one of the Seven Summits. Mortality. Aconcagua is considered to have the highest mortality rate in South America (approximately three deaths per year). This is due to the fact that it is possible to achieve the ascent with relative ease, people without the proper preparation present themselves to make the attempt. Climbers blanch at altitude sickness and extreme weather changes, with strong winds as a result of the mountain's proximity to the Pacific Ocean. Since records began in 1926, more than one hundred people have died on Aconcagua. Between 2001 and 2012, of the 42,731 people who sought to reach the summit of Aconcagua, 33 died, which indicates a mortality rate of 0.77 per 1,000 individuals. Location. It is the Andes, in the Argentine province of Mendoza. Bad Doberan (district) Bad Doberan is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. In the Middle Ages the region was made rich because Hanseatic city of Rostock was close. Today the city of Rostock is surrounded by the district, but not a part of it. In 1793 the bathing resort of Heiligendamm (today a borough of Bad Doberan) was started, and the region became a summer residence for the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In 1952 the districts of Bad Doberan and Rostock-Land were made. They were joined in 1994 to make the present district. Demmin (district) Demmin () is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Demmin, Altentreptow and Malchin. Güstrow (district) Güstrow () is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. History. From 1621 to 1695 the present-day district was the small duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Afterwards large parts belonged to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and a small part to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (see Mecklenburg). The district of Güstrow was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Güstrow, Teterow and Bützow. Ludwigslust (district) Ludwigslust is a former district in the southwest of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district is mostly between the Elbe river and the city of Schwerin. It is the largest district of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, but not many people live there. History. After the German reunification the two districts of Hagenow and Ludwigslust were made. In 1994 both districts with the two Ämter of Rastow and Stralendorf from the district Schwerin-Land were joined to make |100pxtoday's district of Ludwigslust. Mecklenburg-Strelitz (district) Mecklenburg-Strelitz is a former district in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district-free city (urban district) of Neubrandenburg is nearly completely surrounded by Mecklenburg-Strelitz district. The capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was the town of Strelitz. In 1712 a fire completely destroyed the town. The duke decided to build a new town on the shores of a small lake called the Zierker See. This town became Neustrelitz, or in English "New Strelitz". The district was created by joining the three old districts Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz and Strasburg in 1994. Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness (2 April 1914 - 5 August 2000) was an Academy Award winning English actor. He was born in London. He is well known for the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, a "Jedi master", in the Star Wars movie series (Episodes IV, V, and VI), a role that he was embarrassed with. He won an Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role". He got this award for acting in the movie "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957). Guinness also received a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for that movie. He has also received a Tony Award. In 1989 he received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Guinness died from liver cancer in Midhurst, West Sussex, in 2000. Müritz (district) Müritz is a former district in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is named after the lake Müritz. Lake Müritz is the largest Lake in Germany. Lake Constance is larger, but part of it is in Switzerland and another part in Austria. History. The district was created on June 12, 1994 by joining the old districts of Röbel and Waren, and a few municipalities from the districts Malchin and Neustrelitz. Nordvorpommern Nordvorpommern ("North Western Pomerania") is a former district in the northern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and it surrounds the coastal city of Stralsund. Geography. On the coast is a long peninsula, called the Darß. Between the Darß and the mainland there is a very shallow lagoon. the lagoon and the peninsula are part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park. History. Until 1819 the area was controlled by Sweden. Then it became a part of Prussia. The modern district was made in 1994 by joining the three old districts of Grimmen, Ribnitz-Damgarten and Stralsund. Nordwestmecklenburg Nordwestmecklenburg ("Northwestern Mecklenburg") is a rural district ("Landkreis") in the northwestern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is on the coast of the Baltic Sea and border with Schleswig-Holstein. The former district-free city of Wismar has been part and also capital of Nordwestmecklenburg since September 4, 2011. The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts Gadebusch, Grevesmühlen and Wismar, and also smaller parts of the districts Sternberg and Schwerin-Land. Ostvorpommern Ostvorpommern is a former district in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The Hanseatic city of Greifswald is surrounded by the district, but does not belong to it. History. The district was created on June 12 1994 by joining the old districts of Anklam, Greifswald and Wolgast. Parchim (district) Parchim is a former district in the southwestern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Geography. Most of the district is now used for farming, but in the easternmost part there are several lakes, the largest of them being the Plauer See (39 km²). The Plauer See marks the western end of the Müritz lakeland. History. Until 1994 the present-day district was divided into the three districts of Parchim, Sternberg and Lübz. Francis Colburn Adams Francis Colburn Adams was an American writer. He used to live in Charleston, South Carolina. He wrote under many different names. Calvin Baker Calvin Baker is an American writer. He was born in Chicago. He graduated from Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts. He lives in New York. Annie Payson Call Annie Payson Call (1853-1940) was an American writer. She wrote a few books and published articles in "The Ladies' Home Journal". She liked to write about mental health issues. Books written. Source: New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors Variety show A variety show is a show that features a variety of performing acts. These may include actors, musicians and singers, acrobats and jugglers, animal trainers, magicians, comedians, puppeteers, and other kinds of performers. Ed Sullivan hosted a long-running variety show on CBS, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. The Smothers Brothers hosted a comedy/variety show in the late 1960s. Other performers hosted successful variety shows through the years. Variety shows were a good "breaking ground" for new acts, in the early years of television. They were also useful to established performers, to give them steady work and regular exposure to audiences. Interest in the format lessened in the United States during the 1970s. Dolly Parton tried to start a new variety show in the 1980s, but it did not last. Performance competition shows, like "The Gong Show", "Star Search", and today "American Idol" became the new breaking ground for performers. The variety show format is still sometimes imitated by comedy programs. Television talk shows carry much of the spirit of variety shows, in offering a variety of entertainers to appear. Steve Jablonsky Steve Jablonsky (born on October 9, 1970) is an American music composer for movies, television and video games. Jablonsky has composed the soundtracks to the movies "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "Steamboy" (2004), "The Island" (2005), "Transformers" (2007) and "D-War" (2007). He also helped compose some of the music to the video game "", and composed the theme music for the BBC's "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" in 2003. He continues to write music for the television series "Desperate Housewives" (2004-current) since the fourth episode. Jablonsky works in Hans Zimmer's studio Remote Control Productions (formerly known as Media Ventures). Breitenbach, Switzerland Breitenbach is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Brunnenthal, Switzerland Brunnenthal is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. Since 1 January 2010 Brunnenthal belongs to the municipality of Messen. Brügglen Brügglen is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Aetigkofen, Aetingen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg, Mühledorf and Tscheppach merged to form the new municipality of Buchegg. Rügen (district) Rügen is a former district in the northeastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Rügen districts is two large islands, Rügen and Hiddensee, and some small islands like Ummanz and Vilm. It is thus the only district of Germany which is not on the mainland. Bärschwil Bärschwil is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Uecker-Randow Uecker-Randow is a former district in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district was created on 12 June 1994 by joining the old districts of Pasewalk, Ueckermünde and part of the district Strasburg. The district was merged on 4 September 2011 into Vorpommern-Greifswald. Siegessäule The or "Victory Column" is a famous sight in Berlin. It was designed after 1864 to remember Prussia winning the Danish-Prussian war. By the time it was finished on 2 September 1873 Prussia had also beat Austria in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870/1871). A bronze sculpture of Victoria was added. "Victoria" was high and weighed 35 tonnes. Berliners like to give nicknames to famous buildings. They call the statue "Goldelse", meaning something like "Golden Lizzy". She also has the nickname of "Chick on a Stick". The column was built in the Königsplatz, now the Platz der Republik, in front of the Reichstag building. It had three blocks of sandstone decorated by cannons taken from the enemies in the three wars. In 1938 the column was moved to its present location, and a fourth ring, decorated with golden garlands was added. Around the base are four bronze reliefs showing the three wars and the winning army marching into Berlin. They were made by four Berlin sculptors: These reliefs were taken away in 1945. The French occupying army did not want to remind Germans about old victories. French president François Mitterrand returned the reliefs in time for Berlin's 750th anniversary of Berlin. The monument is now on the "Großer Stern" (Great Star). Many roads meet here, so there are four tunnels under the roads to the monument, and it is possible to climb the steps inside the column and look out over Berlin. If the Nazis had not moved the column it would probably have been destroyed in World War II. The column is in Wim Wenders' film "Wings of Desire". In the film it is the place where angels meet. The golden statue on the column was in the music video to U2's "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and inspired Paul van Dyk's 1998 trance music hit, "For an Angel". "El Ángel" in Mexico City looks a lot like the Berlin victory column. The Victory Column is open every day: April-October 9:30am-6:30pm November-March 9:30am-5:30pm. Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The old district was changed in 1970 and 1975. It now includes the city of Witten. The district got its name because it is in the valleys of the rivers Ruhr and Ennepe. Coat of arms. In the middle of the coat of arms there is the checked red-white bar of the medieval state of Mark, which owned the area in medieval times. The two wavy lines above and below are for the two rivers which gave the district its name, the Ruhr and the Ennepe. Gevelsberg Gevelsberg is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Geography. Schwelm is in the southeast of the Ruhr Area of Germany. Physical education Physical Education (PE for short) is a physical subject that is taught in school. Students do many different sports, exercises, and activities using their body. Many types of physical fitness are involved. It utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting. In Australia, physical education was first made a compulsory part of the curriculum in League of Legends Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legislative Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, the Honourable Norman Lacy MP on 17 September. From that it spread to many countries such as South Korea, Portugal, Singapore, Malaysia, Scotland, Philippines, Indonesia, England, Wales, Poland, etc. "Join in the chorus, North Melbourne's on the ball." "Good old North Melbourne, they're champions you'll agree," "North Melbourne is the team that plays to win for you and me." </poem> England national football team The England football team are a team who play football for England. They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium. They played their first game in 1872 against Scotland. They won the FIFA World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium. Portman Road Portman Road is an association football stadium in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. It has been the home field of Ipswich Town F.C. since 1884. The stadium has also hosted one senior England friendly international match. It has staged several other sports events including athletics meetings and international hockey matches. The stadium has also held several music concerts, including performances from R.E.M. and Elton John. The stadium was changed a lot in the early 2000s. This increased the number of people it could hold from 22,600 to 30,311. It is the largest capacity football stadium in East Anglia. The record number of people in the ground of 38,010 was set in an FA Cup match against Leeds United in 1975. The stadium also has conference and food facilities, the "Sir Bobby Robson Suite", "Legends Bar" and a club store selling Ipswich Town souvenirs. History. Portman Road has been used by the local cricket team since 1855. In 1884 Ipswich Town F.C. moved from another area of Ipswich to ground. Both teams shared the ground during the summer. The first professional football team to play at the ground was Preston North End in 1892. They played a match against a Suffolk County Football Association team. A temporary bleacher was built for the visit of Aston Villa in 1898. Over 5,000 people watched the match. In 1901, a tobacco factory was built along one side of the pitch. A wooden bleacher called "The Chicken Run" was built along the side of the pitch in 1906. Four years later, two amateur England international games were played at Portman Road. The First World War led the British Army to use the ground for training. A lot of work had to be done to repair the pitch when they left in 1920. During the 1920s, the ground hosted greyhound races to raise money. In 1936, when Ipswich Town F.C. turned professional, the cricket club left the ground. Portman Road was home to Ipswich Town's first Football League match on 27 August 1938. Ipswich won 4–2 against Southend United in front of more than 19,000 spectators. The fans helped pay for more improvements like concrete bleachers in 1952 which meant the ground could hold over 29,000 people. Floodlights were built in 1960, and Ipswich's first televised match was held two years later. The "Portman Stand" was built in 1971. This increased the ground's capacity to over 37,000. After the Hillsborough disaster, all bleachers had to be all-seater by law. This meant all terraces had to be converted and the capacity was reduced to about 22,000. Statues of previous Ipswich Town managers Bobby Robson and Sir Alf Ramsey were put outside the stadium in the 1990s. After Ipswich were promoted in 2000 to the Premier League, the ground was expanded to its current capacity of just over 30,000. Structure and facilities. The pitch is surrounded by four all-seater bleachers: the Sir Bobby Robson Stand (North), the Cobbold Stand, the Sir Alf Ramsey Stand (formerly the South Stand) and the East of England Co-operative Stand Stand. The main section of Cobbold Stand, which used to be called the Portman Stand, was built in 1971. The East of England Co-operative Stand was built in 1952 as a concrete seating area. It was updated in 1990. The North Stand was completely rebuilt in 2001 and has a capacity of around 7,500. The current groundsman, Alan Ferguson, has been given several awards. They include both Premiership and Championship Groundsman of the Year. The pitch was voted the best in the Championship for two consecutive seasons in 2004 and 2005. The stadium is about from Ipswich railway station. The station is on the main line from London Liverpool Street to Norwich. The stadium has no parking facilities for supporters. Other uses. On 20 August 2003, Portman Road hosted its only senior England match. It was a friendly against Croatia, which finished 3–1 to England in front of 28,700 people. The stadium has been used by England youth teams several times. The first time was on 24 November 1971. The England U23 team drew 1–1 with Switzerland. Other sports have been hosted at Portman Road, including athletics in 1927, an American football match in 1953, and several international hockey matches in the 1960s and 70s. The stadium has also hosted several music concerts, including performances by Elton John, R.E.M., Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Rod Stewart. In March 2005, around 8,000 Christians went to the stadium. This was the largest act of Christian worship in Suffolk since American evangelist Billy Graham used Portman Road on part of his tour in 1984. Records. The most people to watch a football match at Portman Road is 38,010 for a match against Leeds United in the FA Cup sixth round on 8 March 1975. The record modern (all-seated) attendance is 30,152, set on 21 December 2003 against Norwich City in the Football League Championship. The largest ever crowd for a non-competitive game at the ground was 23,284 for Bobby Robson's testimonial match where Ipswich, including George Best, played against an England XI. The highest seasonal average at the stadium since Ipswich turned professional was 26,431 in the 1976–77 season. The lowest average attendance at Portman Road was 8,741 in the club's first professional season, the 1936–37 season. The highest total seasonal attendance was in the 1980–81 season when the total was more than 814,000. Portman Road hosted Ipswich Town's first appearance in European football competition when they defeated Floriana of Malta 10–0 in the European Cup in 1962. Since then, Ipswich Town remain undefeated at Portman Road in all European competitions. They have played a total of 31 matches over 40 years, a world record until it was beaten by AZ Alkmaar in December 2007. Norwich City F.C. Norwich City F.C. is an English football club based in Norwich, Norfolk. The club was started in 1902. They were relegated from the Premier League in the 2021-22 season. The manager is Dean Smith. Queens Park Rangers F.C. Queens Park Rangers Football Club is an English football club from London. Their players wear a blue and white hooped shirts for home games which they play at a ground called Loftus Road. The club are also known as QPR. Honours. League Cup List of Bangkok universities This is a list of colleges and universities in Bangkok, Thailand. List of palaces in Bangkok Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, has many palaces: List of sport venues in Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand, is home to a number of stadiums and sport clubs: Watford F.C. Watford F.C. are an English football club who play in Watford, near London. They wear yellow and black shirts and black shorts when they play at their home ground, Vicarage Road. For away games they wear green shirts and shorts. The club was founded in 1881. Roy Hodgson is the current manager. History. The club was at first called "Watford Rovers." It changed its name to "West Hertfordshire" in 1893, and "Watford F.C." in 1898. Watford won the Southern League in 1915 and joined the Football League in 1920. They stayed in the Football League's bottom division until 1960 when they were promoted to the Third Division as champions. Watford played in the Second Division for the first time in 1969 when Ken Furphy was the manager. Watford are best known for what they did between 1977 and 1987. Singer Elton John bought the club and made Graham Taylor manager in 1977. The team won the Fourth Division in 1978. They then came 2nd in the Third Division in 1979, and 2nd in the Second Division in 1982. Finally, they came 2nd in the First Division in 1983, and Luther Blissett was the league's top scorer. Watford also got to the FA Cup final in 1984. John Barnes, Nigel Callaghan, Tony Coton and Ross Jenkins were among Watford's star players during the period. Taylor left Watford in 1987 and Watford were relegated to the then Second Division the following year. In the last 30 years they have mostly played in the second tier of English football. However, they enjoyed two seasons in the Premier League under Taylor, in his second spell as manager (1999/2000), and Aidy Boothroyd (2006/07), before Slaviša Jokanović again led them to promotion in 2015 to begin their current spell in the top flight. Sheffield United F.C. Sheffield United F.C. is an English football club who play in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. They play their home games at a stadium called Bramall Lane and have the nickname "Blades". Their nickname comes from Sheffield's reputation for producing steel. Barnsley F.C. Barnsley F.C. is an English football club who play in Barnsley, Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1887 and play its home games at a stadium called Oakwell. Burnley F.C. Burnley F.C. are an English football club who play in Burnley, Lancashire. They were created in 1882 and play their home games at the Turf Moor stadium. Burnley have been Football League Champions twice, in the 1920–21 season and 1959–60 season. Notable former players. Past and present Internationals. Azua Province Azua is a Dominican province; it is in the southern part of the country, along the Caribbean coast. Its capital is Azua de Compostela. After the Dominican independence from Haiti, Azua was one of the five original provinces of the country; all the southwestern part of the country was part of this province, including some regions that now are part of Haiti. Name. The province takes the name from its capital city, Azua de Compostela. "Azua" was the Taíno name of the region where the city was founded Location. Azua has the La Vega province to the northeast, the San José de Ocoa and Peravia provinces to the east, the Caribbean Sea to the south, the Barahona and Baoruco provinces to the west, and the San Juan province to the northwest. History. There were people living in the region since a very long time, most of them along the coast. When the Spanish people came here, only Taínos were living here. During colonial times, Azua de Compostela was one of the most important city of the Hispaniola island because there were several factories to produce sugar. Hernán Cortés, conquistador of Mexico, was one of the persons who lived here for some time. After the independence in 1844, there were several important battles in this region between the Haitian and Dominican armies and Azua de Compostela was burned several times by the Haitian armies. Padre Las Casas is a municipality of the province since 1942; later, other municipalities were created: Peralta in 1978; Las Charcas, Las Yayas de Viajama and Estebanía in 2001; Sabana Yegua and Pueblo Viejo in 2003; and Tábara Arriba and Guayabal in 2004. The municipal districts of the province were created in: Population. In (last national census), there were people living in the Azua province, and 165,703 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km². Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 23th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province. , the total estimated propulation of the province is 219,856 inhabitants. The largest city of the province is Azua de Compostela, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 59,319 inhabitants. Geography. The Azua province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 5th (out of 31 provinces plus the National District) largest province. The altitude of Azua de Compostela, provincial capital, is . Most of the Azua province is in a very dry valley (the "Azua Valley" or "Azua Plain"); cacti and other plants of dry regions are common in this valley. The "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range") runs along the northern half of the province. To the east, there is the "Sierra de Ocoa" (part of the Cordillera Central) that separates this province from the Peravia province. To the west, there are the "Sierra Martín García" and "Sierra de Neiba". The most important rivers are the Yaque del Sur and its tributaries Las Cuevas and Grande or Del Medio. Other rivers are Ocoa, Jura and Vía (that flows through the city of Azua de Compostela). The only important road in the province is the "Carretera Sánchez" (Sánchez National Road) that goes through the southern part of the province; the road goes from Santo Domingo to the western part of the country, to the border with Haiti. The other roads are not so important and they go from the different municipalities or municipal districts to the Carretera Sánchez or to the city of Azua de Compostela. The Azua port is in the municipal district of Puerto Viejo; it is a small port. Municipalities. There are 10 municipalities and 22 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are: Economy. The main economic activity in the province is farming. In the valley, the most important crops are and the main products are banana, plantain, vegetables and fruits like mango. High on the northern mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Fishing is important along the Caribbean coast. Cardiff City F.C. Cardiff City F.C. is a Welsh football club who play in Cardiff. They play at the Cardiff City Stadium, (formerly at Ninian Park) and have the nickname "The Bluebirds". They are the only non-English side to win the FA Cup, in 1926-27. They were also runners up in 1924-25 and 2007-08. Colchester United F.C. Colchester United F.C. are an English football team who play in Colchester, Essex. They were started in 1937 and play games at their stadium which is called Colchester Community Stadium. They currently play in the Football League One. Their only major honour was in 1998 when they won the F.A. trophy Coventry City F.C. Coventry City F.C. is an English football club. They play in Coventry in the West Midlands. They first played football in 1883 and have the nickname "Sky Blues" named after the colour of the shirts they wear. They play their home matches at the Ricoh Arena stadium. Coventry City won the FA Cup in 1987 against a team from London, Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. Crewe Alexandra F.C. Crewe Alexandra F.C. is an English football club from Crewe, Cheshire. The club's chairman is Charles Grant. History. The club was founded in 1877 and named after Alexandra of Denmark. From 1983 to 2007, Crewe Alexandra F.C. was led by Dario Gradi. He became the longest-serving coach in the English Football League. Since December 2008, the club has been coached by Icelander Gudien Thordarson, but he soon left his post. In the 2011-2012 season, the team won the playoffs and advanced to EFL League One. In the 2012-2013 season, the club took 13th place. It played 46 games, gaining 64 points, the difference between goals scored and conceded is 54-62. In the 2012-2013 EFL Trophy, the team reached the final, where they beat Southend United Football Club 2-0 in the decisive match. Crewe has played mostly in the lower divisions of England. Crewe Alexandra F.C. won the Wales Cup twice and became the winner of the Milk Cup. In the 2020-2021 season, the club will play in EFL League One, the third division in the English football league system. Name. Since 1877, the club was named Crewe F.C. Later, it was re-named as Crewe Alexandra F.C. It is also known with a nickname "railway workers", which is associated with the location of the city on a large railway junction. Other websites. Official website Crystal Palace F.C. Crystal Palace Football Club (Crystal Palace) is an English football club. It is based in South Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon. The club was founded in 1905. The home stadium of the club is Selhurst Park. Crystal Palace has played in the Premier League since 2013. They were runners-up in the FA Cup in 1990 and 2016. Hull City A.F.C. Hull City A.F.C. are an English football club who are based in Kingston upon Hull. They started in 1904 and currently play in the Football League Championship. Their stadium is called the KC Stadium. On 24 May 2008 Hull City achieved promotion to the Premier League by beating Bristol City 1-0 in the Football League Championship play-off final at Wembley stadium. Dean Windass scored the winning goal in the 38th minute. Hull made a remarkable start to their first ever season in the Premier League and reached as high as 2nd in the table in October 2008. They recorded impressive wins away from home against established Premier League teams- Newcastle, Arsenal and Tottenham. Golden Age of India Many periods have been called golden periods in the History of India, because there were different important achievements at different times. Gupta Empire. The period between the 4th century and 6th century AD is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, sculpting and painting during the Gupta Empire. Significant contributions to the decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero happened during this period in India. The Golden Age in India came to an end when the Hunas invaded the Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD. Chola Dynasty. South India in the 10th and 11th century AD under the imperial Chola Dynasty has been called Golden Age as well. The period saw extensive achievements in architecture, literature, sculpture and bronze working, maritime conquests with extensive trade, and quasi-democratic reforms. Enoch Powell John Enoch Powell, MBE (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician in the Conservative Party. Early life. Powell was born on June 16, 1912 in Birmingham, England and raised there. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and at School of Oriental and African Studies. Before becoming a politician, Powell was a professor of Ancient Greek at Sydney University, Australia. When World War II, started he joined the British Army in 1939 as a private but, by 1945, had been promoted to Brigadier. Political career. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1950, and was a government minister in 1957-1958 and again between 1960 and 1963. He made a speech in 1968 in which he said that if the United Kingdom let too many immigrants live there, there would be fighting in the streets. In 1974 he left the Conservative Party before the February election, and became an MP in Northern Ireland for the Ulster Unionist Party in October 1974. Personal life. Powell was married to Pamela Wilson from 1952 until his death in 1998. They had two daughters. Death. Powell was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1992. He died on February 8, 1998 in London, England from the illness, aged 85. He is buried at Warwick Cemetery, Warwick, Warwickshire, England. Monetarism Monetarism is the belief that the right way for a government to manage a country's economy is to control how much money it prints. The most famous monetarist economist was Milton Friedman. Super Mario All-Stars Super Mario All-Stars is a video game made by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was released in 1993. It is a remake of four old games into one package. The four games are "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros. 2", "Super Mario Bros. 3", and "". "The Lost Levels" was originally called "Super Mario Bros. 2" in Japan and was the original sequel to "Super Mario Bros.". The old games feature new graphics and improved sound. It was later re-released in 1994 with "Super Mario World" as "Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World". 25th Anniversary Re-release. In 2010, Nintendo released Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition for the Nintendo Wii in celebration of Mario's 25th anniversary. It includes a port of "Super Mario All-Stars". It also includes a Mario history book and a CD with music from the series. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Japan, on December 3, 2010 in Europe, and on December 12, 2010 in North America. Super Mario Sunshine is a 2002 video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube. It was the first platform game starring Mario that was not a launch title – it was not released when the Nintendo console debuted. Instead, it was released about nine months after the GameCube had come out. To compare, other consoles like the NES, SNES, and Nintendo 64 had been accompanied by a "Mario" game. Plot. Mario and his friends arrive in Isle Delfino for a vacation. However, the police on the island arrest Mario. Someone who looks like him has been making the island dirty. A judge tells Mario to clean up the island. He is given a device called F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizer Ultra Dousing Device), which Mario straps on his back. F.L.U.D.D. is a powerful water device that can clean up the mess that the fake Mario has caused. Mario learns that Bowser Jr., Bowser's son, was the one who changed the island and kidnapped Princess Peach. Mario sets out to find them. Gameplay. Like "Super Mario 64", there are many worlds and each world has several goals to meet. Instead of stars, Mario captures Shine Sprites that will help restore the island. Each world has a boss to defeat. As Mario clears each world, he unlocks others. Mario must clean up lots of sludge and filth that is on the island. F.L.U.D.D. allows him to do this. F.L.U.D.D. can only hold a little bit of water and Mario must jump into a pool of water after the water runs out to refill it. F.L.U.D.D. can also do several other things. If Mario aims the nozzles down, Mario can float for a few seconds until the water pressure runs out. There are also areas where Mario takes F.L.U.D.D. off and jumps around himself without assistance. Development. Nintendo had been working on a sequel to "Super Mario 64" for many years; the cancelled video games "Super Mario 64 2" and "Super Mario 128" were some ideas Nintendo had for a direct sequel. "Super Mario Sunshine" was first shown at Nintendo Space World 2001. The game was later shown again at E3 2002. Work on the game began with the idea of gameplay involving a water pump. However, at first the developers thought that the world was too daringly out of character with Mario. Therefore, they tried using a man-type character, but thought this was too odd and that "if there was a man next to Mario, there is a sense of incongruity." There were ten candidates for possible water nozzles, and FLUDD was chosen because of fitting in the game's setting, despite it not being one of the favorites. Some preliminary gun-like water nozzles were removed due to all the controversy in the United States. They also said that several Yoshi features were taken out, such as Yoshi vomiting juice fed to him. Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka composed the musical score to "Super Mario Sunshine". The soundtrack features various arrangements of classic "Mario" tunes, including the underground music and the main stage music from the original "Super Mario Bros." "Super Mario Sunshine" featured many of the usual voice actors for the various Nintendo characters. This is the only "Mario" game which features full English voice acting in cut-scenes. The voice cast consisted of Charles Martinet as Mario and Toadsworth, Jen Taylor as Princess Peach and Toad, Scott Burns as Bowser, and Dolores Rogers as Bowser Jr. Other voice actors included Kit Harris. Reception. "Super Mario Sunshine" sold well, having sold 5.5 million copies as of June 2006. In 2002, "Super Mario Sunshine" was the tenth best-selling game in the United States, according to the NPD Group. It was released again in 2003 as part of the Player's Choice line, a selection of games with high sales sold for a reduced price. "Super Mario Sunshine" received positive reviews from game reviewers. IGN liked the addition of the water backpack for improving the gameplay, and GameSpy commented on the "wide variety of moves and the beautifully [made] environments". The game received a perfect score from "Nintendo Power", who commended the "superb graphics, excellent music, clever layouts, funny cinema scenes and [clever] puzzles". "GamePro" also gave "Super Mario Sunshine" a perfect score, stating that the game was "a masterpiece of superior game design, infinite gameplay variety, creativity, and life." "Game Informer" said that the game is arguably "the best "Mario" game to date." ComputerAndVideoGames.com also mentioned the game is "better than Super Mario 64." The game placed 46th in "Official Nintendo Magazine"'s 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time. Despite it's positive reviews, some reviewers didn't like the game. GameSpot didn't like the various additions, including the water backpack and Yoshi, calling them "mere gimmicks." They also didn't like the virtual camera system, and noted that the game seemed somewhat unpolished and rushed. They also didn't like the voices, stating that "Super Mario Sunshine's FMV also houses some of the lousiest voice-over work to be found on the GameCube. None of the voices fit particularly well. Princess Peach sounds too ditzy, Mario is limited to grunts and other nonverbal communications, and the game's bad guys are completely miscast and downright disappointing." Matt Wales accused the game of having a "distinct lack of polish." Legacy. "Super Mario Sunshine" has introduced many elements which were carried over to newer "Mario" titles. This was the first game in the "Mario" series to introduce the Shine Sprites. These Shine Sprites have appeared in later "Mario" titles games like "Mario Kart DS". This was the first game in the "Mario" series which included Bowser Jr; he has since appeared in "New Super Mario Bros.", "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", "Super Mario Galaxy" and "Super Mario Galaxy 2", and in "Mario" sports games such as the "Mario Kart" series since ' and "Mario Kart Wii". Also, Toadsworth appeared for the first time on the game. He has later appeared on various "Mario" games such as ' and "Super Princess Peach". The recurring character Petey Piranha, known as in Japan, was also introduced. He also appears in "New Super Mario Bros.", "Super Princess Peach" and several spin-off games. This game was the first "Mario" platformer game to be released for the Nintendo GameCube. It was also the first 3D "Mario" platformer which included the ability to ride Yoshi and to have him change colors. This feature reappeared in the Wii 3D platformer "Super Mario Galaxy 2". African elephant The African elephant are the two species of elephant in the genus Loxodonta. This is one of the two living genera in Elephantidae. Female elephants travel in herds and male elephants travel alone and sometimes in bachelor groups. Fossil "Loxodonta" have only been found in Africa, where they developed in the middle Pliocene. Males of the African bush elephant can grow to 3.64 meters (12 feet) tall at the shoulder and weigh 5455 kg (12,000 lbs). It is the largest living elephant. Females may reach 3 meters (10 feet) and weigh 3636 kg to 4545 kg (8,000 to 10,000 lbs). Teeth. At any one time, elephants have one molar in each jaw bone (two upper, two lower). Each weighs about 11 lbs and measures about 12 inches long. As they wear away at the front, new molars emerge in the back of the mouth and gradually replace the old ones. Elephants replace their teeth six times. If it survives to 60 years of age the elephant no longer has teeth and will die of starvation. Their tusks are also teeth, the second set of upper incisors become the tusks. They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food, and, fighting each other during mating season, or defending themselves against predators. They weigh from 50-100 pounds and may be from 5 to 8 feet long. However, a result of poachers killing elephants with the biggest tusks has been a survivor population with much smaller tusks. Both bulls and cows have tusks. Species. Bush and forest elephants are nowadays generally considered to be two distinct species. The African forest elephant has a longer and narrower mandible, rounder ears, a different number of toenails, straighter and downward tusks, and considerably smaller size. With regard to the number of toenails: the African bush elephant normally has four toenails on the front foot and three on the hind foot, the African forest elephant normally has five toenails on the front foot and four on the hind foot (like the Asian elephant). Hybrids between the two species do occur. Conservation. Poaching greatly reduced the population of elephants in Africa in the 20th century. In the eastern region of Chad, elephant herds were substantial as recently as 1970, with an estimated population of 400,000. However, by 2006 the number had dropped to about 10,000. The African elephant nominally has governmental protection, but poaching is a serious issue. People moving into or near areas where elephants occur naturally is a problem. There is research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans. Playing recorded sounds of angry honey bees is remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area. Sometimes elephant communities have grown so large that culling was needed to sustain the ecosystem. History of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state. England, Scotland, Wales (together: Great Britain) and Northern Ireland are parts of this state. The Acts of Union in 1707 united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create (the United Kingdom of) Great Britain. At this time, Wales was legally part of the Kingdom of England, with representation (since 1536) in the English Parliament, so it was included in the union of England and Scotland. Ireland was a separate kingdom with its own parliament until further Acts of Union in 1800 joined Great Britain and Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the territory of what is now the Republic of Ireland gained independence, and only Northern Ireland continued to be part of the United Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", usually shortened to "the United Kingdom", "The UK", "Great Britain" or just "Britain". The birth of the United Kingdom. Acts of Union 1707. The first step towards political unification were taken on 1 May 1707, when the parliaments of Scotland and England approved "Acts of Union" which combined the two parliaments and the two royal titles. Perhaps the greatest single benefit to Scotland of the Union was that Scotland could enjoy free trade with England and her colonies overseas. For England's part, a possible ally for European states that were hostile to England had been neutralized. Certain aspect of the former independent kingdoms remained separate. Examples of Scottish and English institutions which were not merged into the British system include: Scottish and English law which remain separate, as do Scottish and English banking systems, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and Anglican Church of England also remained separate as did the systems of education and higher learning. As the Scots were generally well educated, they made a disproportionate contribution to both the government of the United Kingdom and the administration of the British Empire. 19th century. Ireland joins with the Act of Union (1800). The second stage in the development of the United Kingdom took effect on 1 January 1801, when Great Britain merged with the Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was completed under the Act of Union 1800. The country's name was changed to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". The Act was passed in the British and therefore unrepresentative Irish Parliament with substantial majorities achieved in part (according to contemporary documents) through bribery, namely the awarding of peerages and honors to critics to get their votes. The separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished, and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom. Ireland thus became part of an extended United Kingdom. Ireland sent around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 peers to the House of Lords. Napoleonic wars. Hostilities between Great Britain and France recommenced on 18 May 1803. The Coalition war-aims changed over the course of the conflict: a general desire to restore the French monarchy became closely linked to the struggle to stop Napoleon. The Napoleonic conflict had reached the point at which subsequent historians could talk of a "world war". Only the Seven Years' War offered a precedent for widespread conflict on such a scale. Victorian era. The Victorian era marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. Although commonly used to refer to the period of Queen Victoria's rule between 1837 and 1901, scholars debate whether the Victorian period–as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians–actually begins with the passage of Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Regency era and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and other non-English speaking countries. Prime Ministers: William Pitt the Younger | Lord Grenville | Duke of Portland | Spencer Perceval | Lord Liverpool | George Canning | Lord Goderich | Duke of Wellington | Lord Grey | Lord Melbourne | Sir Robert Peel | Lord John Russell | Lord Derby | Lord Aberdeen | Lord Palmerston | Benjamin Disraeli | William Ewart Gladstone | Lord Salisbury | Lord Rosebery 20th century. Marquess of Salisbury | Arthur Balfour | Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman | Herbert Henry Asquith | David Lloyd George | Andrew Bonar Law | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Neville Chamberlain | Winston Churchill Empire to Commonwealth. Britain's control over its Empire loosened during the interwar period. Nationalism became stronger in other parts of the empire, particularly in India and in Egypt. Between 1867 and 1910, the UK granted Australia, Canada, and New Zealand "Dominion" status (near complete autonomy within the Empire). 1945-1997. The end of the Second World War saw a landslide General Election victory for Clement Attlee and the Labour Party. As the country headed into the 1950s, rebuilding continued and a number of immigrants from the remaining British Empire were invited to help the rebuilding effort. During the 1950s the UK lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire. This led to decolonization, and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970. Though the 1970s and 1980s saw the UK's integration to the "European Economic Community" which became the European Union in 1992 and a strict modernization of its economy. After the difficult 70s and 80s the 1990s saw the beginning of a period of continuous economic growth that has to date lasted over 15 years. The Good Friday Agreement saw what many believe to be the beginning of the end of conflict in Northern Ireland; since this event, there has been very little armed violence over the issue. 21st century. In the 2001 General Election, the Labour Party won a second successive victory. Despite huge anti-war marches being held in London and Glasgow, Tony Blair gave strong support to the United State's invasion of Iraq in 2003. Forty-six thousand British troops, one-third of the total strength of the British Army (land forces), were active to assist with the invasion of Iraq and after that British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq in the time before the Iraqi elections of January 2005. 2007 saw the conclusion of the premiership of Tony Blair, followed by that of Gordon Brown. The next prime minister, David Cameron, was elected in 2010. During his first term, the Scottish National Party (SNP) won the 2011 election to the Scottish Parliament. On 18 September 2014, the SNP held a referendum that asked the people of Scotland whether they want to be independent from the UK. 55% of voters wanted to remain in the UK. David Cameron was re-elected in 2015 on promises to hold a referendum on whether the United Kingdom should leave the European Union. It took place on 23 June 2016 and was won by the "Leave" campaign with 52% of the vote. Cameron would then resign and be replaced by Theresa May as prime minister who will lead the country into the process of "Brexit". On January 2020, Brexit had occurred. Terrorist attacks. The U.K. also saw two incidents of terrorism occur in London in the 21st century. On 7 July 2005, three bombs exploded on the London Underground at 8:50 during the morning rush hour, and a fourth exploded one hour later on a bus in Tavistock Square. The attack, done by Muslim extremists, killed 52 people and injured over 700 others. On 22 March 2017, exactly one year after the bombings in Brussels, five people were killed in the 2017 Westminster attack near the Houses of Parliament. One of them was the attacker, Khalid Masood, who also stabbed an officer of the Metropolitan Police, who later died of his injuries. On 22 May 2017, "two bombings" occurred at the Manchester Arena with 19 people dead and 50 injured. It is a suspected suicide bombing. Footnotes. ¹ The term "United Kingdom" was first used in the Union with Scotland Act 1706. However it is generally seen as a descriptive term, indicating that the kingdoms were freely united rather than through conquest. It is not seen as being actual "name" of the new United Kingdom, which was (by article one) "Great Britain". The "United Kingdom" as a name is taken to refer to the kingdom that emerged when the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801. ² The name "Great Britain" (then spelt "Great Brittaine") was first used by James VI/I in October 1604, who indicated that henceforth he and his successors would be viewed as Kings of Great Britain, not Kings of England and Scotland. However the name was not applied to the "state" as a unit; both England and Scotland continued to be governed independently. Its validity as a name of the Crown is also questioned, given that monarchs continued using separate ordinals (e.g., James VI/I, James VII/II) in England and Scotland. To avoid confusion, historians generally avoid using the term "King of Great Britain" until 1707 and instead to match the ordinal usage call the monarchs kings or queens of England and Scotland. Separate ordinals were abandoned when the two states merged with the Act of Union 1707, with subsequent monarchs using ordinals apparently based on English not Scottish history (it might be argued that the monarchs have simply taken the higher ordinal, which to date has always been English). One example is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, who is referred to as being "the Second" even though there never was an Elizabeth I of Scotland or Great Britain. Thus the term "Great Britain" is generally used from 1707. ³ The number changed several times between 1801 and 1922. 4 The Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified by (i) The British Parliament (Commons, Lords & Royal Assent), (ii) Dáil Éireann, and the (iii) the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, a parliament created under the British "Government of Ireland Act 1920" which was supposedly the valid parliament of Southern Ireland in British eyes and which had an almost identical membership of the Dáil, but which nevertheless had to assemble separately under the Treaty's provisions to approve the Treaty, the Treaty thus being ratified under both British and Irish constitutional theory. Leeds United F.C. Leeds United Football Club is an English Association football club in Leeds, West Yorkshire. They play their home matches at Elland Road. The club has spent much of its time since it was founded in the highest division of English football. History. Leeds United was established in 1919, having previously been known as Leeds City. Leeds United have won the League Cup. Leeds United have won the FA Cup. Rivalries. Leeds United currently holds rivalries with Manchester United, Chelsea FC, Liverpool FC, Hull City, and other clubs that could be considered as rivals are Manchester City FC, , Sheffield Wednesday FC, Doncaster Rovers, Millwall FC and Barnsley FC. Acts of Union 1707 The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1706 and 1707 by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, to make effective the Treaty of Union which had been negotiated between the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which had been separate states before, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch into a single United Kingdom of Great Britain. At that time the Union Flag became the national flag. For over a hundred years since the "Union of the Crowns" in 1603, when James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, the two had been in personal union The Acts of Union took effect on 1 May 1707. G-Man G-Man can be any of the following: El Paso, Guyana El Paso is a village in the Potaro-Siparuni region of Guyana. It can be found to the west of Tumatumari Landing. Provinces of Iran Iran is divided into 31 provinces (Persian: استان "ostān", plural استان‌ها "ostānhā"). Each is ruled from a local center. These local centers can usually be found in the biggest local city, called the capital (Persian: مرکز "markaz") of that province. Information. The following is a table with information on the provinces of Iran: Counties of Iran The provinces of Iran are divided more into counties called shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان "shahrestān"). This is an area inside an ostan. They usually contain a city center, a few bakhsh (Persian: بخش "bakhsh"), and a bunch of villages around them. They are also usually some cities in each county. As of the year 2005, Iran had 324 counties. County list. The following is a list of counties by province: Tehran province Tehran Province (Persian: استان تهران;) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It has an area of 18,909 square kilometers. It can be found to the north of the center plateau in Iran. As of June 2005, this province contains 13 townships, 43 municipalities, and 1,358 villages. Counties and municipalities. Municipalities. Absard, Andishe, Baghershahr, Baghestan, Boumehen, Chahardangeh, Damavand, Eshtehard, Eslamshahr, Ferdowsieh, Firouzkouh, Garmdarreh, Gharchak, Ghods, Golestan, Shahriar, Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd New City, Javadabad, Hassan Abad, Kahrizak, Kamalshahr, Karaj, Kilan, Lavasan, Mahdasht, Malard, Meshkindasht, Mohammadshahr, Nasimshahr, Nazarbad, Owshan Fasham Meygoun, Pakdasht, Pardis, Pishva, Robat Karim, Roudehen, Sabasharh, Safadasht, Shahedshahr, Shahriar, Sharifabad, Tehran, Vahidieh, Varamin, Leicester City F.C. Leicester City F.C. are an English professional football club, based at King Power Stadium in Leicester. They won the 2015–16 Premier League, their first top tier title. Some of the club's most famous players include Gary Lineker, Peter Shilton, Gordon Banks and Jamie Vardy. Their present manager is Brendan Rodgers. Damavand County Damavand County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Damavand. Eslamshahr County Eslamshahr County (Persian: اسلام‌شهر) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Eslamshahr. Firouzkouh County Firouzkouh County (Persian: فیروزکوه) is a county in the east of the Tehran Province in Iran. In English it can also be spelt as Firuzkuh. The capital of the county is Firouzkouh. About 39,284 people live in the county. It is a mountain area with many lakes and rivers. It is famous for its mineral water. Karaj County Karaj County () is a county of the Alborz Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Karaj. Luton Town F.C. Luton Town Football Club are an English football club that are based in Luton in the county of Bedfordshire. They started in 1885 and play their home games at a stadium called Kenilworth Road. Millwall F.C. Millwall F.C. are a English Association football club in London. They play their home games at a stadium called The New Den which is in London. The club started in 1885 and their nickname is "The Lions". History. Millwall was founded in 1885. Players. Notable former players. The following is a list of important footballers who have played for Millwall. The list includes players who have been honoured in Millwall's Hall of Fame. Nazarabad County Nazarabad County (Persian: نظرآباد) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Nazarabad. Pakdasht County Pakdasht County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Pakdasht. Preston North End F.C. Preston North End F.C. are an English football club. They are based in Preston, Lancashire. They play in the Football League Championship at their stadium which is called Deepdale. The club began in 1880. It has the nicknames "The Lilywhites", "PNE" and "The North End". History. Preston North End was part of the twelve football teams that made up the English Football League in 1888, and were the first team ever to win the English Football League. Preston North End and Arsenal are the only two teams ever to win the Championship without losing a match. They have played in the FA Cup final seven times and won twice. The last time they won a major trophy was the FA Cup in 1938 and the club has not been in the Premier League for many years, but they are one of the most successful Championship clubs and regularly finish high up in the league. Rey County Rey County (Persian: ری) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Rey. Robat-Karim County Robat-Karim County (Persian: رباط‌کریم) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Robat-Karim. Savojbolagh County Savojbolagh County (Persian: ساوجبلاغ) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Hashtgerd. Shahriar County Shahriar County (Persian: شهریار) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shahriar. The county has a population of 400,000 people. Shemiranat County Shemiranat County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shemiranat. Tehran County Tehran County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tehran. Varamin County Varamin County (Persian: ورامین) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Varamin. The New Den The New Den is a stadium in London, England. It is the stadium where Millwall F.C. are based. Les Cayes Les Cayes (Kréyòl: "Okay"; ) is a town in southwest Haiti near the river "Ravine du Sud", on the Caribbean coast. It is the capital of the Sud "Département". Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has six "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck. Name. The town had the name of "Aux Cayes" ("On the cays") because the small "Île à Vache" island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town. Now the name is just "Les Cayes"; Kréyòl still keeps the old name. History. In 1504, Diego Velázquez founded the town of "Salvatierra de la Sabana" (or Salvatierra de la Zabana) where is now Les Cayes. From here, he left for Cuba to take control of that island on 7 November 1511. But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726. The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788. On 28 December 1815, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America. Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America. He went back to South America in December of the same year. Economy. Les Cayes is one of the most important port of Haiti, where coffee, sugar, bananas and timber are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti. There is also an airport, Antoine Simon Airport, with the name of a president of Haiti that was born in Les Cayes. Spitz (dog) Spitz-type breeds of dog have a long thick coat of fur that is often white, and pointed ears and noses. Many times, the tail is over the dog's back. Origins. No one knows where Spitz-type dogs came from, though most seen today live in the Arctic. There is no archaeological signs showing stages between the wolf and Spitz-type dogs, but Spitz-like skeletons have been found up to 5,000 years old. Though it is not certain for how long wolves have bred with Spitz-type dogs, it is known that humans have bred Spitz types with wolves in more recent times to get wolf-like breeds such as the Alaskan Malamute. About 3000 years ago, dogs began to migrate from the Arctic into temperate Europe, North America, Asia, and sometimes Africa. Skeletons from around 2,000 years ago in Switzerland show that Spitz-type dogs have lived in central Europe for thousands of years. These dogs are the ancestors of the European Spitz-types, such as the German Spitz and Schipperke. Many Spitz-types also migrated into Korea and China. Later, many of these dogs were moved by humans to Japan, most likely from Korea. These Asian Spitz types are the ancestors of today's breeds such as the Chow Chow and the Akita Inu. Uses. Through special breeding, Spitz types have evolved to help humans in three ways: hunting, herding, and pulling sleds. Smaller breeds such as the Finnish Spitz and the Lundehund were used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals. Larger breeds such as the Karelian Bear Dog and the Norwegian Elkhound were used for hunting large animals like moose and elk. The largest of all the Spitz types, notably the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds up until the 19th century. Spitz types are good at living in cold northern climates. They often have a warm, water-proof layer of fur that is thicker than the outer layer of fur. Small ears help reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice. Many Spitz-type breeds behave like wolves in their independence and aggression towards new humans and animals. They may need much training before they become friendly. Some, like the Karelian Bear Dog, are not friendly enough to ever become companion dogs. The cuteness of the Spitz-type have caused people to create companion dog breeds from them. The very small Pomeranian was at first a much larger dog similar to a Keeshond before being bred to make a small court animal. The Keeshond, is a friendly and loyal, though very lively, pet. Other companion Spitz-type dog breeds is the American Eskimo Dog, and the intelligent Japanese Spitz. The extinct Seidenspitz was a longhaired silky coated white colored varity, it is said that the breed was of pomeranian and maltese dog mix. Also the Bologneserspitz or Seidenpudelspitz are extinct toy dogs. Spitz Spitz can mean: Southampton F.C. Southampton F.C. is an English football club. They were founded in 1885 and play their home games at St Mary's Stadium. Southend United F.C. Southend United F.C. are an English football club. They are based in Southend-on-Sea in the county of Essex. They started in 1906 and play their home games at a stadium called Roots Hall. Stoke City F.C. Stoke City F.C. is an English football club based in Stoke-on-Trent. They started in 1863 as "Stoke Ramblers" which makes them the second oldest Football League club in the world. Stoke City play their home games at a stadium called the bet365 Stadium. One of Stoke City's most famous players was Stanley Matthews. Stanley Matthews Sir Stanley Matthews CBE (born 1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000) was an English footballer. He was born in Stoke-on-Trent. Matthews played football for Stoke City and Blackpool. He was knighted in 1965 and died in 2000. Club career statistics. 701||71||86||10||787||81 701||71||86||10||787||81 International career statistics. !Total||54||12 Blackpool F.C. Blackpool F.C. is an English football club. They currently play in League One. The club is based in Blackpool in the county of Lancashire. They started in 1887 and play their home games at a stadium called Bloomfield Road. The club won the FA Cup in 1953. Asylum Asylum may refer: In music: In entertainment: In fiction: In non-fiction: In gaming In radio Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, formally named the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. All thirteen states ratified the Articles in early 1781. In 1789, the Founding Fathers replaced the Articles with the United States Constitution and a federal form of government. Contents. Even though the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution were created by many of the same people, the two documents were very different. The original five-paged Articles contained thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a section for signatures. The following list contains short summaries of each of the thirteen articles. (1) The name of the confederation will be "The United States of America." (2) Each state will continue to rule itself, except for the specific things the Articles allow the confederation government to do: "Each state [keeps] its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not [given to the confederation government] by this Confederation..." (3) The United States is a group of states that has come together to protect each other and help each other. The states have united "for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general [well-being], [coming together] to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them..." (4) People in the United States have freedom of movement: anyone can pass freely between states, except for "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." When a person travels into one state, he gets all of the rights that state gives to people that live there. If a person commits a crime in one state and runs away to another state, and he is found, he will be extradited to the state where the crime happened, and tried there. (5) Each state gets one vote in the "Congress of the Confederation" (called the "United States in Congress Assembled"). Each state can bring a group of two to seven delegates to the Congress. Each state's legislature chooses its Members of Congress. Members of Congress cannot serve for more than three out of any six years. (6) Only the confederation government is allowed to conduct foreign policy (work with other countries) and to declare war. Without Congress's permission, no states may have navies or full-time armies, and no states may fight in any war. However, the Articles encouraged each state to have militias. (7) When an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures will choose Colonels and military ranks below Colonel. (8) The United States will pay for things using money that the state legislatures will raise. Not every state will have to pay the same amount. States with higher property values will pay more. (9) The confederation government has these powers: to declare war; to set weights and measures (including coins); and for Congress to serve as a final court for disagreements between states. (10) A "Committee of the States" will be the government when Congress is not meeting. (11) Nine states must agree before a new state is accepted into the Confederation. Canada is already approved, if it applies for membership. (12) The Confederation accepts war debt from before the Articles. (13) The Articles can only be changed if Congress and "all" of the state legislatures agree. Congress of the Confederation. The Articles of Confederation created the Congress of the Confederation, which was formally named the "United States in Congress Assembled". It became the governing body of the United States. The Congress of the Confederation had both legislative and executive powers. This meant the Congress could make the laws and enforce the laws. The states sent delegates chosen from the state legislature. The states had one vote each. The Committee of the States was also created by the Articles of Confederation. It was also known as Council of State. It was meant to be the government when the Congress of the Confederation was not meeting. Each state had one member. The Committee had one meeting in 1784. Why was it so difficult for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation to respond to revolts like Shay's Rebellion? The National Government could not draft an Army and use federal troops to respond to riots and revolts History of the United States The history of the United States is what happened in the past in the United States, a country in North America. Native Americans lived in the Americas for thousands of years. English people in 1607 went to the place now called Jamestown, Virginia. Other European settlers went to the colonies, mostly from England and later Great Britain. France, Spain, and the Netherlands also colonized North America. In 1775, a war between the thirteen colonies and Britain began when the colonists were upset over paying taxation to their government in the UK, but were not being given any chance to vote in the UK/British elections, to contribute to how that money was spent. Just after dawn on April 19, 1775, the British attempted to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts, thus beginning the war with the "" On July 4, 1776, Founding Fathers wrote the United States Declaration of Independence. They won the Revolutionary War and started a new country. They signed the constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1791. General George Washington, who had led the war, became its first president. During the 19th century, the United States gained much more land in the West and began to become industrialized. In 1861, several states in the South attempted to leave the United States to start a new country called the Confederate States of America. This caused the American Civil War. After the war, Immigration resumed. Some Americans became very rich in this Gilded Age, and the country developed one of the largest economies in the world. In the early 20th century, the United States became a world power, fighting in World War I and World War II. Between the wars, there was an economic boom called the Roaring Twenties, when many people became richer, and a bust, called the Great Depression, when most were poorer. The Great Depression ended with World War II. The United States and the Soviet Union entered the Cold War. This included wars in Korea and Vietnam. During this time, African-Americans, Chicanos, and women sought more rights. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States started to make fewer things in factories. The country then went through the worst recession it had since the Great Depression. In the late 1980s, the Cold War ended, helping the United States out of recession. The Middle East became more important in American foreign policy, especially after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In the 2010s, Barack Obama's presidency helped many domestic problems in the country such as the auto business and healthcare coverage. After Obama, the country saw a rise in populist politics with the presidency of Donald Trump. In 2020, the country oversaw the COVID-19 pandemic, social unrest over racial justice and disputes over the 2020 election results which led to violent reactions. Pre-Columbian America. The Pre-Columbian Era is the time before Christopher Columbus went to the Americas in 1492. At that time, Native Americans lived on the land that is now controlled by the United States. They had various cultures: Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands hunted game and deer; Native Americans in the Northwest fished; Native Americans in the Southwest grew corn and built houses called pueblos; and Native Americans in the Great Plains hunted Bison. Around the year 1000, the Vikings visited Newfoundland. However, they did not settle there. Colonial America. The English tried to settle at Roanoke Island in 1585. The settlement did not last, and no one knows what happened to the people. In 1607, the first lasting English settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, by John Smith, John Rolfe and other Englishmen interested in gold and adventure. In its early years, many people in Virginia died of disease and starvation. The colony in Virginia lasted because it made money by planting tobacco, rice and cotton. In 1621, a group of Englishmen called the Pilgrims settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A bigger colony was built at Massachusetts Bay by the Puritans in 1630. The Pilgrims and the Puritans were interested in making a better society, not looking for gold. They called this ideal society a "city on a hill". A man named Roger Williams left Massachusetts after disagreeing with the Puritans, and started the colony of Rhode Island in 1636. Great Britain was not the only country to settle what would become the United States. In the 1500s, Spain built a fort at Saint Augustine, Florida. France settled Louisiana, and the area around the Great Lakes. The Dutch settled New York, which they called New Netherland. Other areas were settled by Scotch-Irish, Germans, and Swedes. However, in time Britain controlled all of the colonies, and most American colonists adopted the British way of life. The growth of the colonies was not good for Native Americans. Many of them died of smallpox, a disease brought to America by the Europeans. The ones who lived lost their lands to the colonists. In the early 1700s, there was a religious movement in the colonies called the Great Awakening. Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards preached sermons. One of them was called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God". The Great Awakening may have led to the thinking used in the American Revolution. By 1733, there were thirteen colonies. New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston were the largest cities and main ports at that time. From 1756 to 1763, England and France fought a war over their land in America called the Seven Years' War or the French and Indian War, which the British won. After the war, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 said that the colonists could not live west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists who wanted to move to the frontier did not like the Proclamation. American Revolution. After the French and Indian War, the colonists began to think that they were not getting their "rights as freeborn Englishman". This meant they wanted to be treated fairly by the English government. This was mainly caused by new taxes the British made the colonies pay to pay for the war. Americans called this "No taxation without representation", meaning that the colonists should not have to pay taxes unless they had votes in the British Parliament. Each tax was disliked, and replaced by another which led to more unity between the colonies. In 1770, colonists in Boston known as the Sons of Liberty got in a fight with British soldiers. This became known as the Boston Massacre. After the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of boxes of tea in the sea. This was known as the Boston Tea Party (1773). This led to the British Army taking over Boston. After that, leaders of the 13 colonies formed a group called the Continental Congress ( 1774 ). Many people were members of the Continental Congress, but some of the more important ones were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Roger Sherman and John Jay. In 1776, Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet called "Common Sense". It argued that the colonies should be free of English rule. This was based on the English ideas of natural rights and social contract put forth by John Locke and others. On July 4, 1776, people from the 13 colonies agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. This said that they were free and independent states, and were not part of England any more. The colonists were already fighting Britain in the Revolutionary War at this time. The Revolutionary War started in 1775 at Lexington and Concord. Though American soldiers under George Washington lost many battles to the British, they won a major victory at Saratoga in 1777. This led to France and Spain joining the war on the side of the Americans. In 1781, an American victory at Yorktown helped by the French led Britain to decide to stop fighting and give up the colonies. America had won the war and its independence. The Federal Period (1781–1815). In 1781, the colonies formed a confederation of states under the Articles of Confederation, but it lasted only six years. It gave almost all the power to the states and very little to the central government. The confederation had no president. It could not remove Native Americans or the British from the frontier, nor could it stop mob uprisings such as Shays' Rebellion. After Shays' Rebellion, many people thought the Articles of Confederation were not working. In 1787, a constitution was written. Many of the people who helped write the Constitution, such as Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were among the major thinkers in America at the time. Some of these men would later hold important offices in the new government. The constitution created a stronger national government that had three branches: executive (the President and his staff), legislative (the House of Representatives and the Senate), and judicial (the federal courts). Some states agreed to the Constitution very quickly. In other states, many people did not like the Constitution because it gave more power to the central government and had no bill of rights. To try and get the Constitution passed, Madison, Hamilton and Jay wrote a series of newspaper articles called the "Federalist Papers". Very soon after, the Bill of Rights was added. This was a set of 10 amendments (changes), that limited the government's power and guaranteed rights to the citizens. Like the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution is a social contract between the people and the government. The main idea of the Constitution is that the government is a republic (a representative democracy) elected by the people, who all have the same rights. However, this was not true at first, when only white males who owned property could vote. Because of state laws as well as the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments, almost all American citizens who are at least 18 years old can vote today. In 1789, Washington was elected the first President. He defined how a person should act as President and retired after two terms. During Washington's term, there was a Whiskey Rebellion, where country farmers tried to stop the government from collecting taxes on whiskey. In 1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes. However, Great Britain was still doing things that hurt the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the British Royal Navy). John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1796 to become the second President of the United States. This was the first American election that was between two political parties. As president, Adams made the army and navy larger. He also got the Alien and Sedition Acts passed, which were much disliked. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams. One of the most important things he did as President was to make the Louisiana Purchase from France, which made the United States twice as big. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to map the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson also tried to stop trade with England and France so that the United States would not become involved in a war the two countries were fighting. Fighting broke out between the United States and England in 1812 when James Madison was President. This was called the War of 1812. Expansion Industrialization And Slavery (1815–1861). One of the problems of this period was slavery. By 1861, over three million African-Americans were enslaved in the South. This means that they worked for other people, but had no freedom and received no money for their work. Most worked picking cotton on large plantations. Cotton became the main crop in the South after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. There were a few slave rebellions against slavery, including one led by Nat Turner. All of these rebellions failed. The South wanted to keep slavery, but by the time of the Civil War, many people in the North wanted to end it. Another argument between the North and South was about the role of government. The South wanted stronger state governments, but the North wanted a stronger central government. After the War of 1812 the Federalist Party faded away, leaving an "Era of Good Feelings" in which only one party was important, under Presidents James Madison and James Monroe. Under Monroe, the United States' policy in North America was the Monroe Doctrine, which suggested that Europe should stop trying to control the United States and other independent countries in the Americas. Around this time, Congress called for something called the "American System". The American System meant spending money on banking, transportation and communication. Due to the American System, bigger cities and more factories were built. One of the big transportation projects of this time was the Erie Canal, a canal in the state of New York. By the 1840s, railroads were built as well as canals. By 1860, thousands of miles of railroads and telegraph lines had been built in the United States, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest. In the early 19th century, the industrial revolution came to America. Many factories were built in Northern cities such as Lowell, Massachusetts. Most of them made clothes. Many factory workers were women, and some were children or people from Ireland or Germany. Despite this industrialization, America was still a nation of farmers. In the early and mid-1800s, there was a religious movement called the Second Great Awakening. Thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals. They thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion. New religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons started, and groups like the Methodist Church grew. The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better. One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was evil. The other was abolitionism, which tried to end slavery. People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers saying that slavery should stop. They also formed political movements, which included the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party. Some abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass, were former slaves. By 1820, slavery was very rare in the North, but continued in the South. In the 19th century, there was something called the “cult of domesticity” for many American women. This meant that most married women were expected to stay in the home and raise children. As in other countries, American wives were very much under the control of their husband, and had almost no rights. Women who were not married had only a few jobs open to them, such as working in clothing factories and serving as maids. By the 19th century, women such as Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton thought that women should have more rights. In 1848, many of these women met and agreed to fight for more rights for women, including voting. Many of the women involved in the movement for women’s rights were also involved in the movement to end slavery. In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected President. He was the first president elected from the Democratic Party. He changed the government in many ways. Since many of his supporters were poor people who had not voted before, he rewarded them with government jobs, which is called "spoils" or "patronage". Because of Jackson, a new party was formed to run against him called the Whigs. This was called the "Second Party System". Jackson was very much against the National Bank. He saw it as a symbol of Whigs and of powerful American businessmen. Jackson also called for a high import tax that the South did not like. They called it the "Tariff of Abominations". Jackson’s Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, was from the South. He wrote that the South should stop the tariff and perhaps leave the Union (secession). These words would be used again during the Civil War. People started to move west of the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains at this time. The first people who moved west were people who caught and sold animal skins such as John Colter and Jim Bridger. By the 1840s, many people were moving to Oregon by wagon, and even more people went west after the California Gold Rush of 1849. Many new states were added to the first thirteen, mostly in the Midwest and South before the Civil War and in the West after the Civil War. During this period, Native Americans lost much of their land. They had lost military battles to the Americans at Tippecanoe and in the Seminole War. In the 1830s, Indians were being pushed out of the Midwest and South by events such as the Trail of Tears and the Black Hawk War. By the 1840s, most Native Americans had been moved west of the Mississippi River. The MexicanAmerican War ( 1846—1848 ). In 1845, Texas, which was a nation after it left Mexico, joined the United States. Mexico did not like this, and the Americans wanted the land Mexico had on the West Coast (“Manifest Destiny”). This led to the U.S. and Mexico fighting a war called the Mexican-American War. During the war, the U.S captured the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Monterrey, Veracruz and Mexico City. As a result of the war, the U.S. gained land in California and much of the American Southwest. Many people in the North did not like this war, because they thought it was just good for Southern slave states. Civil War. In the 1840s and 1850s, people in the Northern states and people in the Southern states did not agree whether slavery was right or wrong in the territories—parts of the United States that were not yet states. People in the government tried to make deals to stop a war. Some deals were the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but they did not really work to keep the Union together. People in the South were angry at books like "Uncle Tom’s Cabin" that said that slavery was wrong. People in the North did not like a Supreme Court decision called Dred Scott that kept Scott a slave. People from the South and people from the North started killing each other in Kansas over slavery. This was called "Bleeding Kansas". One of the people from Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, took over a town in Virginia in 1859 to make a point about slavery being wrong and to try to get slaves to fight their owners. In the election of 1860, the Democratic Party split and the Republican candidate for President, Abraham Lincoln, was elected. After this, many Southern states left the Union. Eventually, eleven states left. They tried to start a new country called the Confederate States of America, or the "Confederacy". A war started between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South). Not having factories made it harder for Southern soldiers to get guns or uniforms. The South could not get supplies because Northern ships blockaded the Southern coast. Early in the war, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson won battles over Union generals such as George B. McClellan and Ambrose Burnside. In 1862 and 1863, the Union Army tried to take the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia several times, but failed each time. Lee's army invaded the North twice, but was turned back at Antietam and Gettysburg. In the middle of war, Lincoln made the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in the Confederacy, and started letting black men fight in the Union Army. The war started going the Union’s way after the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863. Gettysburg stopped Lee from invading the North, and Vicksburg gave the Union control over the Mississippi River. In 1864, a Union Army under William T. Sherman marched through Georgia and destroyed much of it. By 1865, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Richmond and forced Lee to give up the fight at Appomattox. Reconstruction and the Gilded Age. In April 1865, Lincoln was shot and killed while watching a play. The new president, Andrew Johnson, had to go through the process of reconstruction, which was putting the United States back together after the Civil War. During this time, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, freeing slaves, making them citizens and allowing them to vote. Congress was run by "Radical Republicans", who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War. They did not like Johnson, and almost removed him from office. They also sent many soldiers to the South, installed unpopular "scalawag" governments, and made the South pass the 14th and 15th Amendments. The South did not like this, so they made "Jim Crow" laws that placed blacks in lower roles. White Southern Democrats started a group called the Ku Klux Klan that attacked blacks and stopped them from voting. During this time, many people moved to the United States from other countries, such as Ireland, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, and China. Many of them worked in large factories and lived in big cities, such as New York City, Chicago, and Boston, often in small, poor, close-together apartments called "tenements" or "slums". They often were used by "political machines", who gave them jobs and money in exchange for votes. Major politicians were chosen by political machines and were corrupt. The government could do little and leaders of big businesses often had more power than the government. At this time, there were several very big businesses called trusts. People who ran trusts made millions of dollars while paying their workers low wages. Some of these people were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan. After the Civil War, people continued to move west where new states were formed. People now could get free land in the West due to an 1862 law called the Homestead Act. Most of the land in the West was owned by the government, railroads, or large farmers. The Transcontinental Railroad, finished in 1869, helped get people and goods from the west to the rest of the country. Chicago became the center of trade between West and East because many rail lines met there. There were problems between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west. Because of this, many more Indians were killed at battles such as Wounded Knee. Almost all the Indians' land was taken away by laws like the Dawes Act. Many Americans thought the railroads charged farmers so much money that it made them poor. Workers led several strikes against the railroad that were put down by the army. Also, farmers started groups to fight the railroad, such as the Grange. These groups became the Populist Movement, which almost won the presidency under William Jennings Bryan. The Populists wanted reforms such as an income tax and direct election of Senators. The Populist Party died out after 1896. Many of the things the Populists wanted would happen during the Progressive Era. Progressive era and imperialism. In the United States, progressivism is the belief that the government should have a larger role in the everyday life of Americans to provide good living standards for people, especially workers. Imperialism was the belief that the U.S. should build a stronger navy and conquer land. In the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, the U.S. started being more active in foreign affairs. In 1898, the United States fought a war with Spain called the Spanish–American War. The United States won, and gained Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo and the Philippines. Combined with the purchase of Alaska and the taking-over of Hawaii, the United States had gained all the territory it has today, plus some it would later lose after World War II. Around this time, the U.S. and European nations opened up trade with China. This was because they had beaten China in the Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion. The U.S. and Europe were able to trade with China through the Open Door Policy. In 1901, Republican Theodore Roosevelt became President. He had been a soldier in the Spanish–American War. He called for a foreign policy known as the "Big Stick". This meant having a large navy and exercising control over Latin America. Between 1901 and 1930, the United States sent soldiers into Latin America several times. When Roosevelt was president, work was begun on the Panama Canal, a link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that made travel around the world much faster. During this time, people started to notice the poor condition of American cities. A group of people called the “muckrakers” wrote books and newspaper articles about subjects like the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people. Roosevelt and Congress answered their concerns with laws such as the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Act controlled the way food was made to make sure it was safe. Another response to the muckrakers was something called "trust-busting", where big businesses were broken up into smaller ones. The biggest business broken up this way was the Standard Oil Company in 1911. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became President. He was a Progressive, but not quite the same as Roosevelt. He fought the "triple wall of privilege", which was big business, taxes, and fees on goods coming into the United States. During this time, the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed. They allowed for a federal income tax and direct election of U.S. Senators. World War I. The United States did not want to enter World War I but wanted to sell weapons to both sides. In 1915 a German submarine sank a ship carrying Americans called the "Lusitania". This angered Americans, and Germany stopped attacking passenger ships. In January 1917 Germany started attacking them again, and sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico about invading the U.S. The United States joined the war against Germany, and it ended a year later. Wilson worked to create an international organization called the League of Nations. The main goal of the League was preventing war. However, the United States did not join because isolationists rejected the peace treaty. At the end of World War I, a flu pandemic killed millions of people in the U.S. and Europe. After the war, the United States was one of the richest and most powerful nations in the world. Boom and bust (1919–1939). The "Roaring Twenties". The 1920s were an era of growth and increased wealth for the United States. Many Americans began buying consumer products, such as Model T Fords and appliances. Advertising became very important to American life. During this time, many black people moved out of the South and into large cities such as New York City, Chicago, St. Louis and Los Angeles. They brought with them jazz music, which is why the 1920s are called the "Jazz Age". The 1920s were also the Prohibition Era after the Eighteenth Amendment passed. During the 1920s, drinking alcohol was illegal, but many Americans drank it anyway. This led to much rum-running and violent crime. Racism was strong in the 1920s. The Ku Klux Klan was powerful once again, and attacked black people, Catholics, Jews and immigrants. People blamed the war and problems in business on immigrants and labor leaders, whom they said were Bolsheviks (Russian communists). Many people also thought that the United States had lost touch with religion. They handled that by changing religion, and some of them by attacking science. After World War I, the United States had an isolationist foreign policy. That meant it did not want to enter into another global war. It passed laws and treaties that supposedly would end war forever, and refused to sell weapons to its former allies. In 1921, Warren G. Harding became President. He believed that the best way to make the economy good was for the government to be friendly to big business by cutting taxes and regulating less. While the economy was doing very well under these policies, America had the largest difference between how much money the rich had and how much money the poor had. Harding's presidency had several problems. The biggest one was Teapot Dome over oil drilling in the Navy Oil Reserve. Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became President. Coolidge believed that the government should keep out of business, just like Harding, and continued many of Harding's policies. Coolidge chose not to seek the presidency in 1928 and Herbert Hoover became president. The Great Depression. In 1929, a Great Depression hit the United States. The stock market crashed (lost much of its value). Many banks ran out of money and closed. By 1932, over a quarter of the nation had no jobs, and much of the nation was poor or unemployed. Many people were driven off farms, not only because of the Depression, but also because of a storm known as the "Dust Bowl" and because farmers had not been doing well during the 1920s. President Hoover tried to do something about the Depression, but it did not work. In 1932, he was defeated and Franklin D. Roosevelt became President. He created the New Deal. It was a series of government programs which would give relief (to the people who were hurt by the bad economy), recovery (to make the economy better), and reform (to make sure a depression never happens again). The New Deal had many programs such as Social Security, the National Recovery Administration (regulated wages), Works Progress Administration (built thousands of roads, schools, government buildings and works of art), the Civilian Conservation Corps (gave young people jobs to help the environment), and Tennessee Valley Authority (built dams and electric lines in the South). These programs put millions of Americans to work, though often at low pay. Many of these programs were started early in Roosevelt's term in a time called the "Hundred Days" or in 1935 in a time called the "Second New Deal". Programs like Social Security grew out of populist movements by people such as Huey Long that were called "Share Our Wealth" and "Ham and Eggs". The New Deal also led to the rise of worker's unions such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations. The New Deal is often called the period that "saved capitalism", and stopped America from becoming a Communist or Fascist state. Although the New Deal improved the economy, it did not end the Great Depression. The Great Depression was ended by World War II. World War II. As World War II was beginning, the United States said they would not get involved in it. Most Americans thought the United States should remain neutral, and some people thought the United States should enter the war on the side of the Germans. Eventually, the U.S. did try to help the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, Britain, and France) with the Lend Lease Act. It gave the Allies a lot of money and guns in trade for use of air bases throughout the world. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a U.S.Naval base in Hawaii. The U.S. was no longer neutral, and it declared war on the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy). The U.S. entering World War II ended the Great Depression because the war created many jobs. While some of the battles the U.S. fought in were air and naval battles with Japan, the U.S. mainly fought in Europe and Africa. The U.S. opened up several fronts, including in North Africa and Italy. The U.S. also bombed Germany from airplanes, blowing up German cities and factories. On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), American and British forces invaded Normandy. A year later, the Allies had freed France and taken Berlin. In 1945, Roosevelt died, and Harry Truman became president. The U.S. decided to drop two atomic bombs on Japan. Japan gave up soon afterwards, and the war ended. The war meant different things for women and minorities. During the war, many women worked in weapons factories. They were symbolized by a character called "Rosie the Riveter". Many African-Americans served in the army, but often in segregated units with white officers. Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were forced to live in internment camps, though a few also served in the Army. Postwar era (1945–1991). Cold War. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were the two most powerful countries left in the world. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two countries over ways of life. The two countries tried to get other countries on their side. The Soviet Union tried to get countries to become Communist and the United States tried to stop them from being Communist. American and Soviet soldiers never fought in battles, but they fought indirectly in the Korean War (1950s) and the Vietnam War (1950s–1970s). The Korean War lasted only a few years, but led to American soldiers being in Korea since then. The Vietnam War lasted much longer. It started with a few American troops in Vietnam, but by the 1960s thousands of Americans were being sent to Vietnam. Both wars were between a Northern Communist government helped by the Soviet Union and Communist China and a Southern government helped by the U.S. The Korean War resulted in a split Korea, but the Vietnam War resulted in a Communist Vietnam after the United States left due to American people wanting to end the war. Over a quarter million Americans died or were wounded in Vietnam, which was very much a military failure. The U.S. and Soviet Union argued about where they could place nuclear weapons. One of these arguments was the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and Soviet Union came very close to attacking each other with nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, the United States had a "Red Scare" where the government tried to find people it thought were Communist. The House of Representatives had a group called the House Un-American Activities Committee to deal with this, and Joseph McCarthy led hearings in the Senate. The Red Scare led to people losing their jobs, going to jail, and even being executed. Many actors and authors were put on blacklists, which meant they could not get jobs in movies or get credit for their writings. The Cold War began with an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who could have more and better weapons. This started after the Soviets were the second country to develop an atomic bomb. In the United States, this started something called the "Military Industrial Complex", which meant business and government working together to spend a lot of money on large-scale weapons projects. Business and government helped each other to get more money and more power. Part of the Complex was something called the Marshall Plan, which rebuilt Europe while making them buy American goods. The Complex allowed for a growing middle class, but also kept the Cold War going. Besides the arms race, another part of the Cold War was the "Space Race". This started when the Soviets launched a satellite into space called "Sputnik" in 1957. Americans became worried that the United States was falling behind the Soviet Union, and made their schools focus more on mathematics and science. Within a few years, both the United States and the Soviet Union had sent satellites, animals and people into orbit. In 1969 the "Apollo 11" mission put Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. United States foreign policy changed in the 1970s when the United States left Vietnam and Richard Nixon left office due to a political scandal called Watergate. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States had a policy of "detente" with the Soviet Union. This meant that the two countries signed treaties to stop use of weapons. Under Nixon and Reagan, the United States sent troops and money to many Latin American governments to stop them from being Communist. This led to violence in Latin America. Around this time, the economy suffered because the United States was not making as many things as it used to, and because some countries in the Middle East were not giving the U.S. as much oil as it wanted (this was called an "oil embargo"). The Middle East became very important in American foreign policy after several Americans were kidnapped in Iran in 1979. In the 1980s, people in the U.S. government sold weapons to people in Iran and gave the money to "contra" soldiers in Nicaragua. This was called the "Iran-Contra affair". In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. normalized relations with China. The Cold War came to an end as Communist governments in the Soviet Union and other countries fell apart. Domestic and social issues. The United States once again had prosperity. Millions of white people moved out of the cities and into suburbs, and into Southern and Western states known as the "Sunbelt". They bought new cars and television sets. The birth rate in the 1940s and 1950s rose, in what was called the "Baby Boom" The "Space Age" inspired "Googie" style art and architecture. Many more people became part of the middle class, but there were still many people who were poor. Poverty was most common among African-Americans. Most lived in poor neighborhoods in Northern cities, or in the South where they faced racism and "Jim Crow" segregation. These conditions led to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others. In 1954, the Supreme Court found school segregation illegal in "Brown v. Board of Education", though it would be several years before school segregation was ended. In 1955, King led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. In the late 1950s and 1960s, King got help from Presidents John F. Kennedy, who was shot, and Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1963, he led a march on Washington calling for civil rights. Soon after, Congress passed laws that made most segregation illegal. Johnson also passed a program called the Great Society that helped poor people and minorities. Gays and lesbians, who had often been persecuted, also started to ask for rights, beginning with the Stonewall riots in 1969. Chicanos, Native Americans, old people, consumers, and people with disabilities also fought for rights, as did women. Though women had had jobs during World War II, most of them went back to the home after the war. Women did not like that they often held jobs that paid less than men or that fewer opportunities were open to them. People like Betty Freidan and Gloria Steinem founded groups such as the National Organization for Women to try and solve these problems. NOW and other groups wanted an Equal Rights Amendment that would guarantee them equality in all areas. In the 1970s and 1980s, many more jobs and opportunities were opened to women. There were some women like Phyllis Schlafly who opposed Freidan and Steinem and were known as "anti-feminists". It was partly because of the anti-feminists that the Equal Rights Amendment was defeated, but also because women had already gained equality in many areas and they did not want to be drafted into the army. In the 1960s, the counterculture was created. Some of the followers of the counterculture were called hippies. They had long hair, and lived communally, smoking marijuana and practicing free love. The counterculture, along with college students, were the groups most against the Vietnam War. They also were the groups that listened to new music known as rock and roll. In 1973, the Supreme Court issued a decision called "Roe v. Wade", which made many abortions legal. The many changes led to a reaction by Jerry Falwell and other conservatives who called themselves the "Religious Right" and the "Moral Majority". Reagan Era. Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980. He defeated incumbent Jimmy Carter by winning 44 out of the 50 American states. During the Reagan Era, the country was facing through inflation, a bad economy, and the American foreign policy were not as good. When Ronald Reagan became president, he signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 which lowered taxes for corporations, supposedly so they could reinvest the surplus profits back into business. During Reagan's presidency, he expanded the American military creating more jobs, but also raising the deficit due to overspending. During his first term, the economy went from a 4.5% to 7.2%. In 1984, Reagan won in a major landslide by winning 49 out of the 50 American states. During his second term, Reagan focused on ending the Cold War. He held many meetings between Margaret Thatcher, Pope John Paul II, and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. They first met at the Geneva Summit in 1985. Later they both discovered their passion of ending the war. Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who ascended to power in 1985, and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Also during his second term, Reagan's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the US, though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran–Contra affair that revealed Reagan's poor management style. Since leaving office in 1989, Reagan became one of the most popular Presidents of the United States. Post-Cold War and beyond (1991–present). Post-Cold War era. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Republican President Ronald Reagan brought the Cold War to an end. This was due to the Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev starting a policy called perestroika, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the Soviet Union breaking into different countries. Around this time, the United States cut down on its production of cheap goods, and had many people working in service jobs. Part of these service jobs were in computers and the internet, which came into wide use in the 1990s. By this time, the United States had a very large trade deficit, meaning it received more goods from other countries, such as China, than it sent to other countries. The Middle East became the main focus of U.S. foreign policy. In 1991, the United States fought a war with Iraq called the First Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm. This was to stop Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein from occupying Kuwait, a small oil-producing country. In 1992, Bill Clinton became President. Under Clinton, the United States sent soldiers into Bosnia as part of a United Nations mission. The United States also agreed to a trade pact called the North American Free Trade Agreement (and repealed Glass–Steagall Legislation). Clinton was impeached for lying in court about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky, but the Senate voted against removing him as President. 21st century. Bush presidency. In 2000, George W. Bush was elected President. Terrorists attacked the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Thousands of people died. Soon after the attacks, the U.S. and NATO went to Afghanistan to find Osama bin Laden and others who they believed planned the September 11 attacks. In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have lasted many years. By 2011, most American soldiers had left Iraq, and combat there was over. In 2005, the southern United States was hit by Hurricane Katrina. Much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed. In 2006, the Democrats won back Congress because Americans did not like the way Bush dealt with War in Iraq or Katrina. Obama presidency. Barack Obama was elected President in 2008. The United States entered the worst recession since the Great Depression shortly after. Barak Obama was the first African-American President of the United States. During his first years in office, Obama and Congress passed reforms on health care and banking, skyrocketing the cost of health insurance. They also passed a large stimulus bill to try to help the economy during the recession, but it only ultimately extended it's duration. During the recession, the government used large amounts of money to keep the banking and auto industries from falling apart. There was also a large oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protecton and Affordable Care Act, a sweeping overhaul of the health care system. Dubbed "Obamacare", it was faced with fierce criticism from conservative media, as it exponentially increased the cost of health care. A "Tea Party movement" started during Obama's presidency. This group opposes Obama's health care plan and other policies they see as "big government." Due to the recession, the Tea Party and a dislike of what Obama did, Republicans won a large number of House and Senate seats in the 2010 election. In 2011, Tea Party members of Congress almost shut down the government and sent the U.S. into default (not being able to pay people the government owes money). A few months later, many young people protested against organized and concentrated wealth during the Occupy movement. In 2012, Obama was reelected to a second term. Following reelection, Obama faced major obstruction from Congressional Republicans. This polarization in the political atmosphere and the media, lead to events such as the 2013 Federal Government Shutdown and the stalling of Obama's Supreme Court pick, Judge Merrick Garland to replace Justice Antonio Scalia. In 2014, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress, further adding to the gridlock. In foreign policy, President Obama helped crafted the Paris Climate Agreement, a major global commitment to fighting "climate change". He also forged the Iran Nuclear Agreement, which was widely seen as an enormous failure. He also opened relations with Cuba for the first time in fifty years. Trump presidency. The United States presidential election, 2016 attracted much attention. Main popular candidates of the election were Republicans Donald Trump and Senator Ted Cruz and Democrats Hillary Clinton and Senator Bernie Sanders. Trump and Clinton won their respective primaries. On November 9, 2016, Trump defeated Clinton. Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. Afterwards, there were many protests against Trump across the country. On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that stopped refugees from entering the country for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The next day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals. Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card. On May 3, 2017, Puerto Rico filed for bankruptcy after a massive debt and weak economy. It is the largest bankruptcy case in American history. On September 24, 2019, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announced that the House of Representatives would begin an impeachment inquiry into Trump. On October 31, 2019, the House voted 232–196 to created procedures for public hearings. On December 16, the House Judiciary Committee released a report specifying criminal bribery and wire fraud charges as part of the abuse of power charge. The house voted to impeach Trump on December 18, 2019, making him the third president in American history to be impeached. No conclusive evidence of any criminal wrongdoing has ever been found or produced concerning President Trump. During most of 2020, the United States was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic that has impacted the world. The country became the highest infected and the most people dead from the infection, although there is much criticism concerning how the data was gathered. The Trump administration received negative responses for their handling of the virus, despite the very successful Operation "warp speed" that produces the first vaccine to fight the virus. Some people refuse to wear surgical masks to help stop the transmission of the virus. In some states, governors locked-down their states in an attempt to stop the spreading of the virus. Starting in May 2020, racial tensions in the country began to intensify through the police murder of George Floyd causing massive protests and rioting across the country. The Black Lives Matter movement began in grow popularity through mixed reception. On November 7, 2020 former Vice President Joe Biden defeated President Trump in the country's highest voter turnout presidential election. Biden became the oldest person elected to the office and the first to be from the state of Delaware. Biden's running mate, U.S. Senator Kamala Harris was the first woman, African-American and Asian-American to be elected Vice President or any high-ranking elected office in the country. On January 6, 2021 while members of the United States Congress met to certify Biden's electoral victory, alleged supporters of President Trump stormed into the United States Capitol attempting to overthrow the results of the 2020 election. Five people died. This led to the United States House of Representatives to impeach Trump for a second time, making him the only U.S. President to be impeached twice. Biden's Presidency. Following Biden's election, the date for US troops to withdraw from Afghanistan was moved back from April to August 31, 2021. In Afghanistan, the withdrawal coincided with the 2021 Taliban offensive, culminating in the fall of Kabul. Following a massive airlift of over 120,000 people, the US military mission formally ended on August 30, 2021. On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court, in a landmark ruling, determined that abortion is not a protected right under the Consititution. The ruling, "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization" overturned "Roe v. Wade" and "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" and sparked protests outside of the Supreme Court building and across the country. Ketanji Brown Jackson succeeded Justice Breyer upon his retirement from the court on June 30, 2022. She became the first black woman and the first former federal public defender to serve on the Supreme Court upon her swearing in. A changing country. The United States faces many political issues. One of these is what kind of government the United States should become. Liberals want a large government, while the Tea Party and other groups want a smaller government. One of these debates is over health care. Health care costs have risen. Conservatives and liberals also disagree on social issues such as abortion and gay marriage. Many more people have come to accept gays and gay marriage as an acceptable part of American society. There are also many trends and developments that the U.S. must deal with. One of these is immigration. Many people are coming to the U.S. from Latin America and Asia, especially Mexico. This is called the "browning of America". Baby Boomer Americans are getting older and a larger fraction of the people are retired. Other issues facing the United States are a growing concern about the environment. This has led to the creation of many "green jobs," or jobs that create clean or renewable energy, often overlooking the negative effects that can occur from these initiatives, such as droughts caused by mining lithium for electric car batteries. Exponential function In mathematics, the exponential function is a function that grows quicker and quicker. More precisely, it is the function formula_1, where e is Euler's constant, an irrational number that is approximately 2.71828. Properties. Because exponential functions use exponentiation, they follow the same exponent rules. Thus, This follows the rule that formula_3. The natural logarithm is the inverse operation of an exponential function, where: The exponential function satisfies an interesting and important property in differential calculus: This means that the slope of the exponential function is the exponential function itself, and as a result has a slope of 1 at formula_6. These properties are the reason it is an important function in mathematics. Applications. The general exponential function, where the base is not necessarily formula_7, is among the most useful of mathematical functions. It is used to represent exponential growth, which has uses in virtually all scientific disciplines and is also prominent in finance. Another application of the exponential function is exponential decay, which occurs in radioactive decay and the absorption of light. One example of an exponential function in real life would be interest in a bank. If a person deposits £100 into an account which gets 3% interest a month, then the balance each month (assuming the money is untouched) would be as follows: Here, notice how the extra money from interest increases each month, in that the greater the original balance, the more interest the person will get. Two mathematical examples of exponential functions (with base "a") are shown below. a=2 a=3 Relation to the mathematical constant "e". Even though the base (formula_8) can be any number bigger than zero, for example, 10 or 1/2, often it is a special number called e. The number "e" cannot be written exactly, but it is almost equal to 2.71828. The number "e" is important to every exponential function. For example, a bank pays interest of 0.01 percent every day. One person takes his interest money and puts it in a box. After 10,000 days (about 30 years), he has 2 times as much money as he started with. Another person takes his interest money and puts it back into the bank. Because the bank now pays him interest on his interest, the amount of money is an exponential function. In fact, after 10,000 days, he does not have 2 times as much money as he started with, but he has 2.718145 times as much money as he started with. This number is very close to the number "e". If the bank pays interest more often, so the amount paid each time is less, then the number will be closer to the number "e". A person can also look at the picture to see why the number "e" is important for exponential functions. The picture has three different curves. The curve with the black points is an exponential function with a base slightly smaller than "e". The curve with the short black lines is an exponential function with a base slightly bigger than "e". The blue curve is an exponential function with a base exactly equal to "e". The red line is a tangent to the blue curve. It touches the blue curve at one point without crossing it. A person can see that the red curve crosses the "x"-axis, the line that goes from left to right at -1. This is true only for the blue curve. This is the reason that the exponential function with the base "e" is special. Computer file A computer file is a means to store information that belongs together. Computer files can be opened (read and written) by computer programs. Usually they are stored on some kind of file system. There are different kinds of computer files that hold different kinds of data (information): The way the information is organized in a file is called the file format. Data format Data format in information technology can mean: File (tool) A file is a tool used to shape materials, by wearing away some of it. Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface. By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is scraped away. There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails. Files can also make a surface smooth so that there are no gaps, which is useful when two surfaces need to be attached to each other. A file is "blunt" if it is the same size on both ends, and "tapered" if one end is smaller than the other. Sheffield Wednesday F.C. Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is an English football club. They are based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. They play their home matches at a stadium called Hillsborough Stadium. They originally played at a stadium called Olive Grove Stadium and were called The Wednesday. The club plays in the English Football League Championship. Fans of Sheffield Wednesday are referred to as Owls. The team's symbol is an owl. De Wallen De Wallen ("thin walls") are the biggest and most famous red-light district in Amsterdam. It is in the very old (14th century) part of the city around the Oude Kerk and Oudezijds Achterburgwal/Vorburgwal. In December 2007, the mayor of Amsterdam and his government decided to buy many of brothelhouses within De Wallen. By doing this, the area used for prostitution and coffee shops gets smaller and smaller. Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. Wolverhampton Wanderers are an English association football club. They are based in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. The club started in 1877 and play their home games at a stadium called Molineux Stadium. They have never won the FA Cup. In 2009 they won the Football League Championship. This meant they were promoted into the Premier League for the following season. Also promoted were runners-up Birmingham City F.C., and Burnley F.C. from the play-offs. A.F.C. Bournemouth Association Football Club Bournemouth, known in short name as A.F.C. Bournemouth, are an English football club. They are based in Bournemouth and play their home games at a stadium called the Vitality Stadium. They started in 1899 and have had Harry Redknapp as a manager and his son Jamie Redknapp as a player. They are currently in the Premier League. Jamie Redknapp Jamie Redknapp (born 25 June 1973) is an English footballer. He was born in Barton on Sea, Hampshire. He played for Liverpool F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., A.F.C. Bournemouth and Southampton F.C.. His father, Harry Redknapp, is the manager of Portsmouth F.C. Redknapp married R&B singer Louise Nurding in 1998. Bradford City A.F.C. Bradford City A.F.C. is an English football club. They are based in Bradford, West Yorkshire. They began in 1903 and play their home games in a stadium called Valley Parade. Arenal Volcano National Park Arenal Volcano National Park is a national park in the northwest region of Costa Rica. It is between the mountain pass of the Tilarán Mountain Range and the Plains of San Carlos. A part of the park belongs to San Ramón. Attractions. Arenal Volcano. The main characteristic of this national park is the Arenal Volcano. It is an almost perfect cone with a height of 1633 m. The volcano has regular eruptions which create one of the most extraordinary natural landscapes of Costa Rica. Wildlife. The park many different types of plants and animals. Some of the more interesting plants are Guayabo mountain, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilon, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orchids, ferns and bromeliads including "Pitcaimia Funkiae". The main species of animals are sloths, birds like lapas, parrots and quetzals, snakes like lora snake, velvet snake and the boa constrictor, 35 species of fish and 135 species of reptiles including turtles. There are also tapirs, deers, jaguars, sahínos, pizotes, Congo monkeys, and cappuccino monkeys. Most of the animals that live in the park are birds. This makes the park a very good place for bird watchers. Scenery. This national park has a great tourist attraction because of the beautiful scenery and forests. It is also a very good place for extreme sports practice like canopy which hundreds of peoples both foreigners and locals like a lot. Many people like to watch the view created by the volcano when it is making small eruptions at night. Faded (Kate DeAraugo song) "Faded" is a 2006 song by Kate DeAraugo, the winner of "Australian Idol" in 2005. Emergency (song) "Emergency" is a 2005 song by Paramore. It came off the album "All We Know Is Falling". The song is about Hayley Williams' parents, and she could remember standing between them yelling at them to shut up. Roger D. Kornberg Roger David Kornberg (born ) is an American biochemist and Nobel prize winner. Kornberg got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for studying eukaryote transcription (the copying of information from DNA to RNA). Kornberg is a professor of Structural Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. His father, Arthur Kornberg, was also a professor at Stanford University, and got the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959. Early life. Kornberg was born in St. Louis, Missouri to a Jewish family. He was the first of three children born to Arthur Kornberg and his wife, Sylvy. The parents worked together as biochemists. Roger Kornberg earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University in 1967 and his PhD from Stanford University in 1972. He then became a Fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Cambridge, England. Important studies. All heredity is controlled by genes. For the cells to make use of the information in the genes, a copy of part of the gene must be made. The copying is called transcription. Transcription makes an RNA copy of part of the DNA. The RNA is moved out of the cell nucleus, to ribosomes, where it does its work. This is called messenger RNA and it gives the amino acid sequence for protein production. This second process is called translation. It works in all eukaryotes, including all plants and animals. Kornberg worked with Aaron Klug and Francis Crick at the MRC in the 1970s. He discovered the nucleosome, a very important protein structure in chromosomes. Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled. Kornberg made the discovery that signals to the RNA are made by a complex of proteins that they called "mediator". The Nobel Prize committee said, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and mediator. The discovery of mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process". After long effort, Kornberg was able to use X-ray crystallography to take 3D pictures of RNA molecules, lipids and proteins. With these studies, Kornberg has created a picture of how DNA works. The Nobel Prize committee said, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process". In 1959, Roger Kornberg's father, Arthur Kornberg, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studies of how genetic information moves from one DNA molecule to another. This is called DNA replication. Arthur Kornberg found the first enzyme that could make DNA. This was the first known enzyme to take its instructions from a DNA copy. Roger Kornberg's younger brother, Thomas Bill Kornberg, discovered DNA polymerases II and III in 1970 and is now a geneticist at the University of California, San Francisco. All three Kornbergs have worked to understand how genetic information is used in cells. Arthur and Roger Kornberg are the sixth father and son to win Nobel Prizes. Awards. Professor Kornberg has received these awards: All We Know Is Falling All We Know Is Falling is the first album of the band Paramore. It was recorded in just three weeks. In April 2006, the CD was released in the United Kingdom. In 2005, a Japanese version was released, with the bonus track "O, Star". Music videos. Paramore released three videos from this album. The first was for the single "All We Know", followed by "Pressure", and "Emergency". Businessperson A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who works at a job that focuses on making money. Very broadly it can mean anyone who works in industry or commerce. More narrowly, it is someone who works in the management (at high level, when the term is used even more narrowly) of a company. Sometimes the word means an entrepreneur or a merchant. Many businessmen wear standard business clothes: a suit with collar, shirt, and necktie. However, this depends on the company, the local culture, and the country. In more informal places, neckties need not be worn. Businesswomen clothes have gone through many changes. Dresses and suits are common today. Werl Werl is a town in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography. Divisions of the town. Werl is made up of the following districts: People. Werl was the birthplace of Franz von Papen (1879–1969), German soldier, politician and diplomat. Tangent (geometry) In geometry, a tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point. At the place where they touch, the line and the curve both have the same slope (they are both "going in the same direction"). For this reason, a tangent line is a good approximation of the curve near that point. The curve and the tangent line are almost exactly the same near the intersection point. A straight line which touches a circle at a single point is perpendicular to the circle's radius and is considered tangent to the circle. Uses. Tangent lines are useful in calculus because they can magnify the slope of a curve at a single point. The slope of some curve at the point P is often called the instantaneous rate of change of the curve at P. The instantaneous rate of change at a specific point on the curve can be found by evaluating the derivative function for the curve at that point. History of North America The History of North America deals with an area where humans came to live relatively recently, compared to Africa, Europe, and Asia. Scientists have different theories as to the origins of the early human population of the continent. The indigenous peoples of North America themselves have many creation stories, that tell that native Americans have been present on the land since its creation. Pre-Columbian Era. Before contact with Europeans the natives of North America were divided into many different communities, from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in several culture areas, which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones of North America and give a good indication of the main occupation of the people who lived there (e.g. the Bison hunters of the Great Plains, or the farmers of Mesoamerica). Native groups can also be classified by their language family. It is important to note that peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture, nor were they always allies. Scientists believe that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups, as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record, and their replacement by the Thule people. During the thousands of years of native inhabitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. Archaeologists often name different cultural groups they discover after the site where they are first found. One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico. A more recent example is the group of related cultures called the Mound builders (e.g. the Fort Walton Culture), found in the Mississippi river valley. They flourished from 3000 BC to the 1500s AD. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn). As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, important cultural development was possible there. For example, the Maya civilization developed a writing system, built huge pyramids, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World. The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire farther north. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the "New World", native peoples found their culture changed drastically. As such, their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went extinct, and others changed quite quickly. The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today. Arrival of Europeans. Early discoveries. There was limited contact between North American peoples and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes to us from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Erikson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. They named their new discovery Vinland. The only Norse site yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Norse colonies were later abandoned. The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas, until 1492. As part of a general age of discovery Italian sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II, Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River. Successful colonization. Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration. Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements. The three principal colonial powers were Spain, England, and France, although eventually even small powers like the Netherlands and Sweden received minor holdings on the continent. Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, involving genocide of the native Indians. They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America. This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World. The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain and Spanish Florida. The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown (1607) (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (1620), in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the Native Americans lifestyle. Farther to the south, plantation slavery became the main industry of the West Indies, and this gave rise to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. Colonial Era. By 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur-trading companies, and the English charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control. This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America. Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies. Territory often changed hands multiple times. Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean. Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821. Age of Revolutions. The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent. Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America. However, the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region. The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community. Meanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening. Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo, starting the "Mexican War of Independence". In 1813, José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821. Expansion era. From the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803. An attempt at northern expansion was blocked by Britain during the War of 1812. At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased. US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise 1820. Likewise, Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Tejas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas 1836. In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the Mexican–American War. As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest. In Mexico, the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. World Wars era. The Great War. As part of the British Empire, Canada immediately was at war in 1914. Canadian troops bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres. Newfoundland troops suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians. In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal. The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe. Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time. Interwar years. The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada. From 1936 to 1949, this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Second World War. Once again Canada found itself at war before its neighbours, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the allies. Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war to the Axis nations and entered the conflict. The devastation of Europe in the war led North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a "superpower". Post-War. The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations. In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism. Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the "El Milagro Mexicano" (Mexican miracle). The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization, while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America. Brentford F.C. Brentford F.C. is an English football club. They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park. Brentford were formed in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees". Other websites. Brentford F.C. official web site Harry Redknapp Harry Redknapp (born 2 March 1947) is an English association football manager. He was born in Poplar, London. He is now retired. he used to play football, mainly for West Ham. He managed A.F.C. Bournemouth, West Ham, Portsmouth, Southampton, Portsmouth again, Tottenham, Queen's Park Rangers and Birmingham. Redknapp is related to two Premier League stars. He is the father of Jamie Redknapp who played under him at Bournemouth and Southampton. He is also the uncle by marriage of Frank Lampard who played under him at West Ham United. PDF (disambiguation) PDF commonly refers to the Portable Document Format in computing. Other uses could also mean: Cough A cough, also known as tussis, is an action the body takes to get rid of anything that irritates the lungs or throat. To do this, muscles in the thoracic cavity contract to make air leave the lungs with a lot of force. Coughs often happen quickly and more than once, and are usually accompanied by a unique sound, also called a cough. Coughs are more likely to happen when a person is sick, because infections often irritate breathing passages. Another cause of coughs is a person breathing air that is not clean, like air with dust or smoke. Creation Creation may refer to: In religion and philosophy: In science: In the arts: In media: Creation myth A creation myth or creation story explains how the universe started, how the earth came to be, and why there are humans. Creation myths are usually part of religions and mythologies. Very often, creation myths say that humans were made by a god, spirit or other supreme being. North America. Cherokee. In the beginning, there was just water. All the animals lived above it and the sky was overcrowded. They were all curious about what was beneath the water and one day Dayuni'si, the water beetle, volunteered to explore it. He explored the surface but could not find any solid ground. He explored below the surface to the bottom and all he found was mud which he brought back to the surface. After collecting the mud, it began to grow in size and spread outwards until it became the Earth as we know it. Kiowa Apache. In the beginning nothing existed, darkness was all around. Suddenly from the darkness came a thin disc, one side yellow and the other side white, appearing suspended in midair. Within the disc sat a small bearded man, Creator, the "One Who Lives Above". When he looked into the endless darkness, light appeared above. He looked down and it became a sea of light. To the east, he created yellow streaks of dawn. To the west, tints of many colors appeared everywhere. There were also clouds of different colors. He also created three other gods: a little girl, a sun god and a small boy. Then he created celestial phenomena, the winds, the tarantula, and the earth from the sweat of the four gods mixed together in the Creator's palms, from a small round, brown ball, not much larger than a bean. The world was expanded to its current size by the gods kicking the small brown ball. Creator told Wind to go inside the ball and to blow it up. The tarantula, who knew what to do, spun a black cord and, attaching it to the ball, crawled away fast to the east, pulling on the cord with all his strength. Tarantula repeated with a blue cord to the south, a yellow cord to the west, and a white cord to the north. With mighty pulls in each direction, the brown ball stretched to immeasurable size--it became the earth! No hills, mountains, or rivers were visible; only smooth, treeless, brown plains appeared. Then the Creator created the rest of the beings and features of the Earth. Middle East. Judeo-Christian-Islamic account. In the Judeo-Christian-Islamic story, it is believed that an entity referred to as God created the universe in six days. Christians that believe God created the Universe in exactly the way described in the Bible are called "creationists". Other Christians think that the biblical creation story has fundamental truths and messages, but should not be taken literally. In other cultures/religions. Many cultures have stories describing the origin of the world, which may be roughly grouped into common types. In one type of story, the world is born from a world egg; such stories include the Finnish epic poem "Kalevala", the Chinese story of Pangu or the Indian Brahmanda Purana. In related stories, the creation is caused by a single entity emanating or producing something by his or herself, as in the Tibetan Buddhism concept of Adi-Buddha, the ancient Greek story of Gaia (Mother Earth), the Aztec goddess Coatlicue myth, the ancient Egyptian god Atum story, or the Genesis creation myth. In another type of story, the world is created from the union of male and female deities, as in the Maori story of Rangi and Papa. In other stories, the Universe is created by crafting it from pre-existing materials, such as the corpse of a dead god — as from Tiamat in the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish or from the giant Ymir in Norse mythology – or from chaotic materials, as in Izanagi and Izanami in Japanese mythology. In another type of story, the world is created by the command of a divinity, as in the ancient Egyptian story of Ptah or the Genesis creation myth as a part of Jewish and Christian mythology. In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as Brahman and Prakrti, or the yin and yang of the Tao. Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change, his quasi-contemporary Parmenides made the radical suggestion that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature. Parmenides denoted this reality as το εν (The One). Parmenides' theory seemed implausible to many Greeks, but his student Zeno of Elea challenged them with several famous paradoxes. Aristotle resolved these paradoxes by developing the notion of an infinitely divisible continuum, and applying it to space and time. The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a theory of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance. In the 5th century AD, the Buddhist atomist philosopher Dignāga proposed atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy. The theory of temporal finitism was inspired by the doctrine of creation shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, presented the philosophical arguments against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. Philoponus' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi (Alkindus); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali (Algazel). They employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states: The second argument, the "argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition", states: Both arguments were adopted by later Christian philosophers and theologians, and the second argument in particular became more famous after it was adopted by Immanuel Kant in his thesis of the first antinomy concerning time. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) criticized the idea of the Earth's centrality within the universe. In the context of his commentary on the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," he raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe." He rejected the Aristotelian and Avicennian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, and instead argued that there are more than "a thousand thousand worlds ("alfa alfi 'awalim") beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has." He argued that there exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and that God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes. Tarantula Tarantula is the common name for a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species have been found. Some tarantulas hunt prey in trees and some hunt on the ground. All tarantulas can make silk. They use silk to make shelters like tube tents in trees, to line burrows if they live on the ground, and they all use silk to wrap up prey before they eat it. It is easy to see a tarantula turning around and around in one spot with the prey in its mouth, but it is hard to see the silk coming out because it is small in diameter (thickness) and transparent. These spiders are found in warmer regions around the world. Tarantulas' predators are normally big snakes or creatures such as the Tarantula Eating Wasp. Defenses are camouflage and fangs. Hunter-gatherer A hunter-gatherer society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by foraging and hunting. The line between hunter-gatherers and other people is often not clear-cut. Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming. File format File formats are also known as file types. A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format. For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files. Also, most types of data (for example text, image or sound) have many varieties of file formats, all with their own special strengths and weaknesses. There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file. Two of the most known ways are: the plain ".txt" format and the simplest of the "HTML" formats. The difference is that a .txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS). There is often a choice between saving a file in a simpler versus a more complex file format. The simpler format will make a smaller file, but store less information. The more complex file format will usually be a larger file and more difficult to use, but can store more information; sometimes a faster computer might be needed in order to use a more complex file format. File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who do not work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software. That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly. Because of that, it is sometimes a crime. Lascaux Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne "département". One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley. Montignac is about from Périgueux, and about from Sarlat-la-Canéda Dating. Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old. Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien. There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older. The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago. Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons: Discovery and problems. The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well. As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment. Bobby Charlton Sir Robert Charlton, (born 11 October 1937) is a retired English footballer who played for the England national team. He played over 600 times for Manchester United. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. His elder brother is Jack Charlton. He is the last survivor of the Munich air disaster, where his life was saved by fellow teammate Harry Gregg. Club career statistics. 642||202||82||20||27||8||45||22||796||252 31||18||||||||||||||31||18 673||220||82||20||27||8||45||22||827||270 International career statistics. !Total||106||49 Gary Lineker Gary Lineker (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer. He has played for the English national team. He scored 48 goals for the English national team. He is now on television on the BBC on Match of the Day. Club career statistics. 340||192||28||14||30||13||8||2||406||221 103||43||10||4||colspan="2"|-||25||6||138||53 18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3 461||238||38||18||30||13||33||8||562||277 International career statistics. !Total||80||48 Geoff Hurst Geoff Hurst (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer. He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight. He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2. Club career statistics. 529||212 24||9 553||221 International career statistics. !Total||49||24 Parliament of Scotland The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland. The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), met until the Acts of Union in 1707. Coco Islands Coco Island is a tropical island. The island covers . It has two bays in the north. It is southwest of Costa Rica. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty. Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates. It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any. The island has waterfalls, some of them high. There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals. Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is high. Decoritidae Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish. Gastrioceratoidea Gastrioceratoidea is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish. Goniatitina Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish. Alf Ramsey (Sir) Alf Ramsey (22 January 1920 - 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager. He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C. He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals. Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team. He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup. In recognition of his achievement in leading England to victory in the World Cup Alf Ramsey was knighted in 1967. He died of a heart attack. In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.). Club career statistics. 316||32 316||32 International career statistics. !Total||32||3 Qom province Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area of . About 2 million people live in the Qom Province. The capital of the province is Qom. Sights. The following lists some of the sights of the Qom Province of Iran that are the most visited: Qom County Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qom. Markazi province Markazi () is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word "markazi" means "central" in Persian. There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently. Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand. Counties. The Markazi Province is split into 10 different counties: Ashtian County Ashtian County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ashtian. Arak County Arak County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Arak. Delijan County Delijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Delijan. Khomein County Khomein County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khomein. Komeijan County Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan. Mahallat County Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahallat. Saveh County Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Saveh. Shazand County Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shazand. Tafresh County Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tafresh. Zarandieh County Zarandieh County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarandieh. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction movie produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It follows an alien, who is stranded on Earth. A boy and his family keep it hidden from the group of government agents, while bringing it home. Filming took place from September to December 1981 on a budget of $10.5 million (equivalent to $25 million in 2019 dollars). Released on June 11, 1982, by Universal Pictures, "E.T." was an immediate blockbuster, surpassing "" to become the highest-grossing movie of all time—a record it held for 11 years until "Jurassic Park", another Spielberg movie, surpassed it. "E.T." was widely acclaimed by critics and is considered to be one of the greatest movies of all time. It was re-released in 1985, and again in 2002, to celebrate its 20th anniversary, with altered shots and additional scenes. Cast. Having worked with Cary Guffey on "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast of mostly child actors. The major voice work for E.T. was Pat Welsh, an elderly woman who lived in Marin County, California. Welsh smoked two packets of cigarettes a day, which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked. Burtt also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T.'s "voice". These included Spielberg; Debra Winger; Burtt's sleeping wife, who had a cold; a burp from his USC movie professor; and raccoons, sea otters, and horses. Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the doctors who try to save E.T. Spielberg felt that actors in the roles, performing lines of medical talking, would come across as unnatural. Reception. The movie was first shown at the closing gala of the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. It started in the United States on June 11, 1982. It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million. The movie was re-released in 1985 and 2002. On September 17, 1982, the movie was shown at the United Nations, and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal. The movie was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. "Gandhi" won that award, but its director, Richard Attenborough, declared "I was certain that not only would E.T. win, but that it should win. It was inventive, powerful, [and] wonderful. I make more mundane movies." It won four Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Sound, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Visual Effects. At the 40th Golden Globe Awards, the movie won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score; it was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas. The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the movie Best Picture, Best Director, and a "New Generation Award" for Melissa Mathison. The movie won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Writing, Best Special Effects, Best Music, and Best Poster Art, while Henry Thomas, Robert McNaughton, and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards. Composer John Williams won a Grammy and a BAFTA for the score. It was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. In 1994, "E.T." was selected to keep in the U.S. National Film Registry. Alex Ferguson Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson (born 31 December 1941) is a retired Scottish footballer and retired manager. He has managed St. Mirren, Aberdeen, and Manchester United. He is considered one of the greatest football manager of all time, and has won more trophies than anyone else in the history of English football. As a player, he played as a forward. He play for multiple Scottish teams, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. After retiring from playing, he started managing at East Stirlingshire. He would be hired by St Mirren, Aberdeen, and the Scotland national team, due to the death of Jock Stein. He was the manager of Scotland at the 1986 FIFA World Cup. In November 1986, he was appointed the manager of Manchester United. He won 38 trophies with Manchester United, including 13 Premier Leagues, 5 FA Cups, 4 Football League Cups, 10 FA Community Shields, 2 UEFA Champions Leagues. He would manage the team until his retirement in 2013. Playing Career. He made his debut for Queen's Park at age 16. He would score 20 goals in 31 games for Queens Park. He joined St Johnstone in 1960 to try to get regular gametime. He would score a hat-trick for St Johnstone against Rangers. He signed for Dunfermline in 1964. In the 1964-65 season, Dunfermline finished 3rd with 49 points. They finished 1 point behind Hearts and Kilmarnock. Ferguson was dropped for the 1964–65 Scottish Cup final. In that final, Dunfermline lost 3-2 against Celtic. He was the joint top scorer in the 1965–66 Scottish Division One season. He and Joe McBride both scored 31 goals. He joined Rangers in 1967, for a Scottish record of £65,000. He would only spend 2 season at Rangers, before joning Falkirk in 1969. He retired in 1974, after spending 1 season at Ayr United. He scored 171 goals in 317 games throughout his career. Managerial Career. Early career as manager. In June 1974, Ferguson became the manager of East Stirlingshire. A year after that, St Mirren offered Ferguson the job as their manager. Ferguson took the job. In 1974, St Mirren were playing in the second division. By 1978, Ferguson had led the club to the First Division title. St Mirren fired Ferguson from his role in 1978. Aberdeen. Ferguson became Aberdeen manager in 1978. At that time, Aberdeen had only won the league title once. Ferguson was still a young manager. His start with Aberdeen did not go very well. Aberdeen lost the Scottish Cup semi-final and the Scottish League Cup final in his first season, and finished fourth in the league. In the 1979-80 season, Aberdeen won the Scottish league. In 1982, the team won the Scottish Cup. As a result of winning the cup, Aberdeen played in the European Cup Winners' Cup the following season (1982-83). Impressively, Aberdeen beat Bayern Munich on their way to the final. They faced Real Madrid in the final. Aberdeen won that game 2-1 and won the competition. In the next season, Aberdeen beat the European Cup champions Hamburger SV to win the European Super Cup. Aberdeen won the league title in 1983-84 and 1984-85 seasons and won a couple of domestic cups. He left for Manchester United in November 1986. Manchester United. On 6 November 1986, Manchester United appointed Ferguson as their manager. The team was in the 21st position (out of 22) when he took over, but they finished 11th. Manchester United finished second in the following season, 1987-88. Honours. Player. St Johnstone Falkirk Individual Manager. St Mirren Aberdeen Manchester United Individual Honorary degrees. Ferguson has received at least eight honorary degrees. These Include: Tocharians The Tocharians were an ancient people who lived in the Tarim Basin. They spoke an Indo-European language. The region they live in was closer to the Far East than that of any other Indo-European-speaking regions. Information technology Information technology (or IT) is a term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms (business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, photos, multimedia presentations, and other forms, including those not yet conceived). The modern term “Information Technology” was coined by Leavitt and Whisle. In 1958 a Harvard Business Review included, “The new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology.” Information technology is the concept that includes every process of information flow, such as data collection, processing, storage, search, transmission, and reception. In the information society, information technology is one of the most necessary industries. As technology advances day by day, IT has developed into an essential part. It is also attracting future industries. In the future, the use of information technology will be more important in the overall industry. The development of the internet made it possible for the world to be connected. IT will be a power that makes an increasing number of promising occupations and science and technology. Now, people have been using it to refer to other aspects of technology. It now covers many more fields of study than it has covered in the past. History. Four basic periods Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.. <br>One of the very first information processors. B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840. Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule. C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940.. The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. 2. Electromechanical Computing D. The Electronic Age: 1940 – Present.. 3. The First "Stored-Program" Computer(s) 3. The Four Generations of Digitalg Computing. The First Generation (1951–1958). The Second Generation (1959–1963). The Third Generation (1964–1979). Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits. Field of Study. This is in contrast to a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology which is a bachelor's degree typically conferred after a period of three to four years of an undergraduate course of study in Information Technology (IT). The degree itself is a Bachelor of Science with institutions conferring degrees in the fields of information technology and related fields. Many employers require software developers or programmers to have a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science degree; however, those seeking to hire for positions such as network administrators or database managers would require a Bachelors of Science in Information Technology or an equivalent degree. Graduates with an information technology background are able to perform technology tasks relating to the processing, storing, and communication of information between computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices. Information technology as a field emphasizes the secure management of large amounts of diverse information and its accessibility via a wide variety of systems both local and world-wide. History of Asia The history of Asia can be seen as the history of several distinct regions, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East that have more or less context depending of the situation in the central Eurasian steppe. The coastal periphery was the home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China had much in common. Therefore it is likely that they exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel. Other aspects such as that of writing developed individually in each area. Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands. The steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent. The earliest known expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans which spread their languages into the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Tocharians to the borders of today's China. The northern part of the continent was not accessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra. These areas had very few people. The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and deserts. The Caucasus, Himalaya, Karakum Desert, and Gobi Desert formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could only cross with difficulty. The city dwellers were more advanced in civilisation but they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. Because the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies. Outline. Iron Age. Alexander the Great conquered an area from Turkey to Pakistan in the 4th century BC. The Roman Empire would later control parts of western Asia. The Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian empires were based in ancient Persia. Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. The Vedic religion and later Buddhism, which began in Southern Asia, were an important influence on South and East Asia. Middle Ages. The Islamic caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East starting in the 7th century, and later expanded into India and Indonesia. The Crusades would be fought from the 12th century, in Christian Europe's attempt to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent. Modern period. The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, eventually taking control of much of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire controlled Turkey and the Middle East from the 16th century onwards. In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty, although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in 1912. Several European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as British India, French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa. Russia and Britain struggled for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The Trans-Siberian Railway that crossed Asia by train was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China. In the twentieth century, Imperial Japan expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the Second World War. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO. Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. The Arab-Israeli conflict has dominated much of the recent history of the Middle East. After the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia. History by country. History of East Asia. listed by area in alphabetical order Periphery Generally, a periphery is a boundary or outer part of any space or body. It is derived from the Greek word , meaning a circumference or outer surface. International Mathematical Olympiad The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete. History. The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year. However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China. Results. The current ten countries with the best all-time results are as follows: Edmund Phelps Edmund Strother "Ned" Phelps, Jr. is an American economist. He was born on July 26, 1933 in Evanston, Illinois. He was given the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is best known for his work on economic growth at Yale University's Cowles Foundation in the 1960s. This includes the idea of the Golden Rule savings rate, which is about how much money should be spent and how much should be saved for the future. Some of his best work is on microeconomics of full employment and how prices affect wages. Part of this work is about the natural rate of unemployment. Phelps has been the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982. He is also the director of Columbia's Center on Capitalism and Society. His Nobel Prize award was announced on October 9, 2006. He received the award on his own, breaking the recent pattern of awarding the prize to two or more winners at the same time. Biography. Early life and education. Edmund Phelps was born in 1933 near Chicago, but he grew up and went to school in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, where his family had moved when he was six years old. In 1951, he went to Amherst College as an undergraduate student. At his fathers advice, Phelps took his first economics course in his second year at Amherst. His economics teacher was James Nelson and his studies were based on a famous textbook by Paul Samuelson. Phelps was very interested in studying business. He knew of important unsolved problems and had new ideas, such as the gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics. After receiving his B.A. at Amherst in 1955, Phelps went to Yale University for graduate studies. There, his professors were some of the greatest economists, such as Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling, and he studied with Arthur Okun. William Fellner and Henry Wallich were very important in his study courses. Phelps received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1959. The work for his Ph.D. was based on an idea by Tobin, that peoples need in an emergency has more effect than sudden price changes. Research in the '60s and '70s. After receiving his Ph.D., Phelps went to work as an economist for the RAND Corporation. His main interest was macroeconomics, but RAND focused on defense work so Phelps decided to return to the his studies the next year, 1960. He took a research job at the Cowles Foundation, and a teaching job at Yale. At the Cowles Foundation, his research was mainly on future prices and wages, following the work of Robert Solow. As part of this research, Phelps published in 1961 a famous paper on the golden rule savings rate, one of his most important works for economic science. He also wrote papers about other economic theories, such as monetary economics (Ricardian equivalence) and its importance when producing the best economic growth. Work at the Cowles Foundation gave Phelps the chance to meet with other important economists who were working on growth theory, such as David Cass and Nobel Prize winner Tjalling Koopmans. Also, during the academic year of 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT, where he met with Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani. In 1966, Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania, where he was offered a permanent job as professor of economics. While at Pennsylvania, most of Phelps' research was on the links between employment, wages and inflation. He wrote about this in 1968: "Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium". This research had important new ideas about the Phillips curve. It was the first idea of the natural rate of unemployment and said that inflation rates did not affect labour market. In January 1969, Phelps held a meeting at Pennsylvania University to support the research on inflation and employment. The story of the meeting was published the next year in a book which was very important and is known as the "Phelps volume". During this time Phelps worked with other economists on research of economic growth, the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and best population growth. In the year 1969-1970 Professor Phelps worked for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University. Meeting with Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, and reading the work of John Rawls, whom he met during that year, gave Professor Phelps an interest to research outside of macroeconomics. In 1972 he published research he named "statistical discrimination". He also published research on economic justice, using ideas from Rawls book "A Theory of Justice". In 1971, Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University, where Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman were studying. Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell joined three years later, as well as Phoebus Dhrymes, Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor. Professor Phelps published research on the inflation tax and the effects of fiscal policy on inflation. In 1972, Phelps published a book about his new theory. The book had many ideas about the effects of being unemployed for a long time and made him more popular. In the next years, Keynesian economics were thought of as less important after the publication of John Muth's work called rational expectations. Phelps, with Calvo and John Taylor, started a programme to rebuild Keynesian economics with new ideas about prices and wages being kept the same for certain time. Professor Phelps and John Taylor published research in 1977, about how to calculate wages ("Staggered Wages). During the '70s, Phelps and Calvo worked on research for making contracts using asymmetric information. In the late '70s, Professor Phelps researched with Roman Frydman, who was taught by Phelps. They worked on rational expectations and showed problems in it. A book was published in 1983 about what people said at a big meeting they had to talk about rational expectations in 1981. This book was not thought of as very important. In 1982 Phelps was made the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia. During the early '80s he wrote a textbook about economics knowledge. The book, "Political Economy", was published in 1985, but was not used in a lot of schools. European co-workers since mid-'80s. In the 1980s Professor Phelps worked with European universities and institutions, such as Banca d'Italia (most of his 1985-86 holidays were spent in Italy) and Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques (OFCE). He became interested in the continuing high unemployment in Europe and published some work about it with Jean-Paul Fitoussi (the director of OFCE). During the next years, Professor Phelps worked to calculate the natural rate of unemployment. He published some of his research in a 1994 book. Phelps also worked with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and, between 1988-98, they held the Villa Mondragone International Seminar. In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the EBRD to Moscow, where he and Kenneth Arrow worked on the reform of the USSR. He became a member of the EBRDs Economic Advisory Board, and stayed there until 1993. Professor Phelps became interested in the Eastern European transition economies while there. Nobel Prize. In its announcement, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Phelps' work had "deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy." George Mason University Professor Tyler Cowen wrote in the Marginal Revolution blog that "his main contribution is a better understanding of the Phillips curve and the dynamics of short-run unemployment and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment." Cowen also wrote that "his 1960s macro work was true, important, and extremely influential. The capital theory work endures and provides a foundation for subsequent theory. The overall scope is impressive, and Phelps's concerns never strayed far from the real world." Cowen by writing that the award to Phelps meant: "The big questions still matter. Unemployment, economic growth, labor markets, capital accumulation, fairness, discrimination, and justice across the generations are indeed worthy of economic attention." Professor Cowen and Berkeley's Professor Brad DeLong both said the choice of Phelps was a good noe, and Harvard Professor Gregory Mankiw said it was "a wonderful choice". Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometres across Nanotechnology includes making products that use parts this small, such as electronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc. To give you an idea of how small that is, there are more nanometres in an inch than there are inches in 400 miles. To give an international idea of how small that is, there are as many nanometres in a centimetre, as there are centimetres in 100 kilometres. Nanotechnology brings together scientists and engineers from many different subjects, such as applied physics, materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, chemistry, supramolecular chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the non-covalent bonding interactions of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, biological engineering, and electrical engineering. Generally, when people talk about nanotechnology, they mean structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller. There are one million nanometers in a millimeter. Nanotechnology tries to make materials or machines of that size. People are doing many different types of work in the field of nanotechnology. Most current work looks at making nanoparticles (particles with nanometer size) that have special properties, such as the way they scatter light, absorb X-rays, transport electrical currents or heat, etc. At the more "science fiction" end of the field are attempts to make small copies of bigger machines or really new ideas for structures that make themselves. New materials are possible with nano size structures. It is even possible to work with single atoms. There has been a lot of discussion about the future of nanotechnology and its dangers. Nanotechnology may be able to invent new materials and instruments which would be very useful, such as in medicine, computers, and making clean electricity (nanoelectromechanical systems) is helping design the next generation of solar panels, and efficient low-energy lighting). On the other hand, nanotechnology is new and there could be unknown problems. For example, if the materials are bad for people's health or for nature. They may have a bad effect on the economy or even big natural systems like the Earth itself. Some groups argue that there should be rules about the use of nanotechnology. The start of nanotechnology. Ideas of nanotechnology were first used in talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by the scientist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a way to move individual atoms to build smaller instruments and operate at that scale. Properties such as surface tension and Van der walls force would become very important. Feynman's simple idea seemed possible. The word "nanotechnology" was explained by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper. He said that nanotechnology was the work of changing materials by one atom or by one molecule. In the 1980s this idea was studied by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who spoke and wrote about the importance of nano-scale events . "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology" (1986) is thought to be the willythirst book on nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and Nano science started with two key developments: the start of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Soon afterwards, new molecules with carbon were discovered - first fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, people studied how to make semiconductor nano crystals. Many metal oxide nanoparticles are now used as quantum dots (nanoparticles where the behaviour of single electrons becomes important). In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative began to develop science in this field. Classification of Nano materials. Nanotechnology has nanomaterials which can be classified into one, two and three dimensions nanoparticles. This classification is based upon different properties it holds such as scattering of light, absorbing x rays, transport electric current or heat. Nanotechnology has multidisciplinary character affecting multiple traditional technologies and different scientific disciplines. New materials which can be scaled even at atomic size can be manufactured. Physical characteristics of nanomaterial. At nano scale physical properties of system or particles substantially change. Physical properties such as quantum size effects where electrons move different for very small sizes of particle. Properties such as mechanical, electrical and optical changes when macroscopic system changes to microscopic one which is of utmost importance. Nano materials and particles can act as catalyst to increase the reaction rate along with that produce better yield as compared to other catalyst. Some of the most interesting properties when particle gets converted to nano scale are substances which usually stop light become transparent (copper); it becomes possible to burn some materials (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon). A material such as gold, which does not react with other chemicals at normal scales, can be a powerful chemical catalyst at nanoscales. These special properties which we can only see at the nano scale are one of the most interesting things about nanotechnology. Hattem Hattem is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. Hattem became a city in 1299. That is one year before Amsterdam. Alex McLeish Alex McLeish is a Scottish association football manager. He was born in 1959 and is currently manager of Aston Villa F.C. after his reign in Birmingham City F.C.. He also managed Rangers F.C. and the Scotland national football team. Óscar Arias Óscar Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He was President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars in Central America. He is also a winner of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's TrustFund for Victims. He is also a member of the "Club de Madrid". It is a nonprofit organization. It is made up of 81 former leaders of democratic nations. They work to strengthen democracy. Arias started his political career in the 1970s. In January 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party. He was reelected as president of Costa Rica. There was a lot of criticism for his support towards the Free Trade Agreement process in Costa Rica. Because of his political background and determination, many Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias. Universal history Universal history, world history or global history examines history from a global perspective. It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures. Universal historians use a thematic approach. That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience. The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization. This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other. To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new. For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century. Brewery A brewery is a building, where beer is made or a business (brewing company) whose trade is the production and sale of beer. Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process. The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040. Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004. Butane Butane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with four carbon atoms. It is used as a fuel (sometimes with propane) and in aerosol cans. Uses of Butane. Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping. It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants. Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators. Mixtures with Propane are known as LPG. Dangers. Butane can be hazardous. Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen in the lungs. Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite. If the gas is mixed with air and ignighted it is prone to explode like many other fuels that are volatile Liquefied petroleum gas Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as LPG, LP Gas or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating. LPG is replacing Chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer. Very often, mixes of propane and butane are sold. Aerosol spray Aerosol spray is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant. History. Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France. In 1837, the syphon was invented. In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held. In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction. In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a "bug bomb" (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons. In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market. In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint. Safety. The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on. It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity. Max Born Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British physicist and mathematician who was important in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born became a British subject in 1939. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was of Jewish descent. Born's descendants include his grandaughter Olivia Newton-John and his great-granddaughter Chloe Rose Lattanzi. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is a branch of the United Nations General Assembly. UNOOSA creates, maintains and carries out the General Assembly's rules about space. The building for UNOOSA is located in the United Nations Office in Vienna in Austria. UNOOSA operates the Programme on Space Applications and maintains a list of objects sent into space - the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. UNOOSA also helps developing nations develop space technology to help their economies. Craig Mello Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Fire for the discovery of RNA interference. Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000. Family life. Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18 1960. He was the third child of James and Sally Mello. His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother, Sally Mello, was an artist. His fathers parents moved to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores. His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college. James Mello was awarded his PhD in paleontology from Yale University in 1962. The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a job with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Washington, DC. After a short time in Falls Church, the family moved to Fairfax, Virginia, when James Mello began work as Assistant Director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Some of his happiest early memories were holidays with his whole family in Colorado, Wyoming and more often to the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia. The Mello family enjoyed long talks at the dinner table and this was very important to young Craig Mello. He learned to argue, to listen, and to accept if he was wrong about something. Mello's first few years of grade school were difficult. He was five years old when he started first grade in a local private school. He was too young to enter first grade in the public system. He does not know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade. In second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being talked to by the teacher. He enjoyed playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, more than time spent in the classroom. At this time, his older siblings were great students, so his teacher's wanted him to do well. During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up. Education. After he got his high school diploma, Mello went to Brown University, where he studied biochemistry and molecular biology. After finishing his studies at Brown, Mello went to Boulder, Colorado for more studies, and then to Harvard University. He was awarded his PhD at Harvard in 1990. Nobel prize. In 2006, Mello and Fire were awarded the Nobel Prize for work published in 1998. The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein. Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA. Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved. This hypothesis was confirmed by later research. The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information". The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research: Awards and honors. By year of award: Vicar of Bray "The Vicar of Bray" is a satirical song about the career of the Vicar of Bray and how he changes his principles so that he can keep his job in a changing world. Changes are taking place in the state religion through the course of several English monarchs. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (12 January 1918 5 February 2008) was an Indian guru (a teacher of spirituality). He was most famous for his development of Transcendental Meditation. He also was well known for his association with the rock bands, The Beatles and The Beach Boys. Early life. His birth name was either Mahesh Verma Shrivastava or Mahesh Prasad Varma. His parents were Hindus from the. He was born in Raipur, India. He graduated from Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh, and began his career as a physicist. His physics work made him interested in the sound vibrations made by spoken syllables, and how those vibrations could change a person's body or consciousness. In time, he became a disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, who was called "Guru Dev". He later became the swami's secretary. He could not become the swami's , because of India's caste system, but he could become a guru on his own. Guru Dev gave him the name "Bal Brahmachari Mahesh". Later he adopted the name Maharishi ("great teacher"), while "yogi" was a name given to teachers of yoga. Transcendental Meditation. Transcendental Meditation (sometimes shortened to "TM") grew out of Guru Dev's teachings, and the Maharishi's own physics studies. A person practices Transcendental Meditation by sitting quietly, and mentally repeating a "", of syllables or names considered or holy in Hinduism. In Transcendental Meditation, the sounds are used purely as sounds independent of any associated meanings in any language. Meditating helps a person to relax, and to concentrate on important things. During this meditation a person transcends conscious thought to a quieter state of mind, and this gives the technique its name. The Maharishi began what he called the "Spiritual Movement" in 1958. He traveled around the world, teaching Transcendental Meditation to ordinary people. Unlike many gurus, he did not require followers to give up their everyday lives, or move to an to live and study. He believed that helping people to relieve stress and learn how to focus would improve their lives, and in time make a better world. He taught for nearly ten years, with little public notice. He also published a book, "The Science of Being and the Art of Living", and recorded a spoken-word album, that explained his beliefs. The Beatles. During 1967, during the last months of his ten-year "world tour", he visited England, and people there began to join his Spiritual Regeneration Movement. One person who joined was Pattie Boyd, the wife of George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Harrison had learned to play the sitar, an Indian musical instrument, and was interested in Hinduism. He had not found a guru whose teachings interested him. When Pattie told him about the Maharishi, he became interested, and all four Beatles went to a lecture given by the Maharishi. They sent a message to him, asking to meet in person. All of the Beatles were interested in TM, because it was simple and they could continue on as musicians, instead of having to change their lifestyle. They each joined the movement, and began to promote the Maharishi and his teachings. They even announced that they gave up the use of drugs, which had earlier caused for the band, because of what they learned. Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, was also interested in TM, but had many problems in his personal life. He decided not to join the Beatles when they traveled to Wales to attend a weekend class given by the Maharishi, and stayed home. Later that weekend, Epstein overdosed on sleeping pills, and died in his sleep. The Beatles were very hurt by the news, and worried about what would happen to their careers. Maharishi tried to comfort them, telling them to think happy thoughts about Epstein, and let his spirit find peace. The Beatles wanted to study with the Maharishi in India. They had just started their own company, Apple Corps, and with Epstein gone they had to work out many details for themselves. They could have found another manager, but decided they did not want one, and looked after Apple personally, until their helpers could take over running the company. Finally in early 1968, they made the trip to India. The Beatles enjoyed the atmosphere in India, and the free time they had between classes, and began to write songs for a new album, which was later called the "White Album". One by one the Beatles lost interest. Ringo Starr, who had a sensitive stomach, became sick from the spicy food served at the ashram, and headed home after just a few days. Paul McCartney in time became bored, and also headed home. George Harrison and John Lennon stayed longer, but were upset when "Magic Alex", a friend who came to India with them, began to tell them stories about the Maharishi trying to have sexual intercourse with some of the women who came to the ashram. This Harrison and Lennon, and they went home the next day. The Beatles were earlier interested in making a movie about the Maharishi and his work. When they began to talk with him about it, he surprised them by knowing more about business matters than they ever expected, and by asking questions about his share of the movie's profits. They did not think a "holy man" would be interested in such things. Between this and Magic Alex's stories, the band decided the Maharishi was a . They publicly him, telling the media they thought he was something other than what he proved to be. Lennon wrote a song about him, whose words went "Maharishi, what have you done? You made a fool of everyone." He later changed the name "Maharishi" to "Sexy Sadie", to keep the Maharishi from seeking revenge of some kind, or a lawsuit, against him. Years later, the Beatles realized Magic Alex's were false. McCartney and Harrison began again to say good things about the Maharishi, and to promote his work. Starr called him "one of the I met in my life." Lennon never forgave Maharishi for letting him down personally, but still used TM from time to time. Lennon realized that he had been looking for a , and that any father figure he found was going to let him down in the end, so he was better off to work out his own problems. Later life and career. The Beatles were not the only celebrities to get involved with the Maharishi and his work. Actress Mia Farrow, folk-rocker Donovan and Mike Love of the Beach Boys also studied with the Maharishi in India, and the Beach Boys later promoted TM, much more than the Beatles ever had. They toured together with the Maharishi, and Mike Love insisted people who worked for them meditate daily. The association did not work well for the Beach Boys, and an album they recorded at a school started by the Maharishi sold poorly. In time most of the Beach Boys lost interest, but Love continued to promote the Maharishi and his works. Magician Doug Henning also became a follower of Transcendental Meditation. He campaigned to open a theme park called "Vedaland", based on Hinduism and the Maharishi's teachings. after his death, Doug Henning's widow continued the campaign. Scientists studied people who meditated, and learned that TM really did help them to relax, and to think more clearly. A few Christian ministers and writers denounced TM, calling it "a into Eastern religions", and said that mantras were really a way of invoking the Devil or demons. Other Christians saw no harm in it, or encouraged people who wanted to meditate to instead chant the name of Jesus Christ, or a name for God, or a line from a psalm or Christian prayer. In any case, TM went on to help many people around the world, and it is still taught as a form of meditation. Retirement. The Maharishi continued his teachings and work, later promoting the "Maharishi Technology of the " and other ideas. In time, he gave up his ashram in India, moving to The Netherlands in Europe. He announced his retirement in January 2008, only weeks before he died from natural causes. Bristol City F.C. Bristol City F.C. are an English football club. They are based in the city of Bristol. They play at Ashton Gate Stadium. They were formed in 1894. Chesterfield F.C. Chesterfield F.C. are an English football club. They started in 1867 and are based in Chesterfield in the county of Derbyshire. They play at a stadium called the Recreation Ground. Doncaster Rovers F.C. Doncaster Rovers F.C. are an English football club. They started in 1879 and play their home games at a stadium called Keepmoat Stadium. Huddersfield Town F.C. Huddersfield Town F.C. are an English football club. They started in 1908 and are based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. The club plays their home games at a stadium called the Kirklees Stadium. Sanskara In Hinduism and Buddhism, Sanskaras are the faint memories left on your mind by experiences you had in your present life or in past lives. Sanskaras change how you look at things in the future and how you act. Supernanny Supernanny is a British and American television program about a nanny, or babysitter, named Jo Frost who helps parents in taking care of their often disruptive or ill-behaved children. The UK version ran from 2004 to 2012. The US version ran from 2005 to 2011. Jo no longer does Supernanny as she has moved on to similar shows helping families. Keyboard (computer) A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (together, these are called characters) into a computer. It is one of the most used input devices for computers. Using a keyboard is often called typing. A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called "keys". When one of these are pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer that tells it what letter, number or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen. The computer then shows the character on the screen, usually at the place where the flashing text cursor is. Besides entering characters, computer keyboards also have special keys that change the symbol (such as shift or caps lock) or give the computer special commands (such as the arrow keys, CTRL and ALT). Different computer operating systems use different special keys, or use them differently. Special commands can also be activated through combinations of keys, called keyboard shortcuts. Some of the most common shortcuts on Windows programs are: Ctrl + C, to copy some text or a picture; Ctrl + V, to paste what was copied; and Ctrl + F, to find a certain word on a document or web page. A keyboard can be joined to a computer using a wire, but can also be wireless (like those that use Bluetooth). Most wired 21st century keyboards connect to a USB socket on the computer, but older ones use a round, purple DIN connector. Types. There are different types of keyboards. They can be based on the way the keys work; for example, laptops have keys that do not move a lot, because the keyboard has to be very thin in order to fit inside the laptop. On the other hand, video game players often like keyboards with keys that move a lot, so that they feel the key working. Gaming keyboards also need fast reaction times. In between these two types, an ergonomic keyboard is made to be easier for people to type for long periods of time, without hurting their hands or arms. There are also different ways the keys on a keyboard are arranged, usually to deal with different regions and languages of the world. Most computer keyboards have the keys in six rows, but some laptops use only five or even four rows to save space. The most popular layout is called QWERTY, which is based on the first six letters on them. The QWERTY design was made so that the most common letters would not make the moving parts of a mechanical typewriter "jam", or stop working. Now, even though most people do not use typewriters anymore, the design stayed because people were used to it. Other layouts have been developed, for example the Dvorak keyboard, which puts the most common letters in the places that are easiest to reach. Risks. Keystroke logging is making a record of each key that is pressed. Keystroke logging can be used to measure employee activity. Hackers can also use keystroke logging to get private information, such as passwords. This can be done by putting a piece of hardware in the keyboard or on the cable, or by installing malware in the computer. A wireless keyboard makes it especially easy for the hacker to detect the wireless signals. The use of any keyboard may cause repetitive strain injury to the hands, wrists, arms, neck or back. The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent, short breaks to get up and walk around, a couple of times every hour. Users should also vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When using a keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that they are comfortable to use. The chair height and keyboard should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and not resting on sharp edges of tables or the computers themselves. Some technology ranging from special keyboards to pen-tablet interfaces or speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently. Researchers are studying if keyboards can spread diseases. Some keyboards were found to contain five times more germs than a toilet seat. Rhythm guitar The term rhythm guitar refers to the style of playing guitar chords, and sometimes playing repeated riffs instead of using the guitar to play melody lines or solos (this kind of playing is called lead guitar). Rhythm guitarists add to the sound of a band, whether they play rock and roll, or other kinds of music. John Lennon of The Beatles usually played rhythm guitar for the band, with George Harrison playing lead guitar. However, Lennon sometimes played keyboards, and once in a while took the lead guitar role, as he did in the songs "You Can't Do That" and "Get Back". Sheet music for rhythm guitar is usually written above the classical notes. It is written in Guitar chord format. Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation, which is sometimes called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John, or Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last book of the New Testament in the Bible. Title. The last book of the New Testament is usually called the "Book of Revelation" or simply "Revelation". While some of the earliest manuscripts are entitled "The Revelation of John" (), later manuscripts are usually entitled "The Revelation of the Theologian" (). For this reason, the Authorized King James Version calls Revelation the "Revelation of Saint John the Divine" ("divine" was a seventeenth century word for "theologian".) In Greek, the word "apocalypse" means "revealing" or "unveiling". Introduction. Over the course of Revelation, which many regard as the most difficult book in the Bible, the author has two visions. There are many different ways to interpret these visions, and there has been substantial disagreement over which is right. Authorship. The person writing Revelation, who called himself "John", claims he was on the island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea when he saw his first vision. But there is disagreement over whether he is the same person as the Bible's other two Johns: the author of the letters of John and the author of The Gospel of John. Content. Revelation begins by introducing John as its author, and has letters to seven churches of that day. Some think these churches also represent periods of history. Various visions follow that are highly symbolic, allow many different interpretations, and are often thought to represent past and future events. Some believe that many of these prophecies have already been fulfilled, some believe they will be fulfilled at the end of time, and some believe they do not refer to any specific events but instead describe the victory of Christ over all enemies. Parts of the book seem to use symbols and codes in order to hide their meaning from outsiders, including the mysterious "number of the beast," or 666. The book ends with a vision of faithful souls in the next life rejoicing around the throne of God. Christians often discuss topics from the book of Revelation, including the Millennium, a 1000-year period when Christ will rule the earth. Revelation also describes a final war between good and evil known as the Battle of Armageddon, though the word "Armageddon" is also sometimes used to describe any large war that ends the world. Both of these events are thought to be literal by some and figurative by others. While virtually all Christians agree that there will be a Second Coming of Christ, it is the subject of conflicting accounts in Revelation and therefore much disagreement about its details. Throughout history, Revelation has been especially important to Christians who were suffering persecution and felt parts of the book could have been referring to them. Some verses that mention the afterlife have also traditionally been used at funerals. Keyboard Keyboard may mean: Theodor Fontane Theodor Fontane (; 30 December 1819 – 20 September 1898) was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many to be the most important 19th-century German-language realist writer. Youth. Fontane was born in Neuruppin into a Huguenot family. At the age of sixteen he became apprentice in a pharmacy and then a pharmacist himself (like his father). In 1839, at the age of 20, wrote his first work ("Heinrichs IV. erste Liebe", now lost). His first published work, the novella "Geschwisterliebe" (or "Sibling Love"), appeared in the "Berlin Figaro" in December 1839. His first job as apothecary was in Dresden after which he returned to his father's shop, now in the provincial town of Letschin in the Oderbruch region. In this time Fontane published articles in the Leipzig newspaper "Die Eisenbahn" (railway) and translated Shakespeare. In 1843, he joined a literary club called Tunnel über der Spree (i.e. Tunnel over the river Spree) in Berlin where he came into contact with many of the most important German writers such as Theodor Storm, Joseph von Eichendorff and Gottfried Keller. Newspaper writer and critic. In 1844 Fontane enrolled in the Prussian army and set out on the first of many journeys to England. There he learned about old English ballads. Soon afterwards he wrote ballads himself. At that time he became engaged to his future wife, Emilie Rouanet-Kummer, whom he had first met when still at school. He was - very short - enganged in the revolutionary events of the revolution of 1848. In 1849 he quit his job as an apothecary and became a full-time journalist and writer. In order to support his family he took a job as a writer for the Prussian intelligence agency "Centralstelle für Preßangelegenheiten" which was meant to influence the press towards a German national cause. Again he specialised in British affairs, and the agency sent him as correspondent to London for a couple of years. His wife and two sons followed him there. While still in London he quit his government job and, on his return to Berlin, became editor of the conservative "Kreuzzeitung" (newspaper). London. His books about Britain include "Ein Sommer in London" (1854); "Aus England, Studien und Briefe" (1860) and "Jenseits des Tweed, Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland" (1860). At the period, and following the fashion of Walter Scott, traditional British stories were still "en vogue" on the continent. His "Gedichte" (1851) and ballads "Männer und Helden" (1860) tell of Britain's glories in days gone by. Back in Germany, Fontane became particularly interested in the Mark Brandenburg region. He was especially proud of its past achievements and delighted in the growth of its capital city, Berlin. His fascination with the countryside surrounding Berlin may be seen in his delightfully picturesque "Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg" (1862-1882, 5 vols.). Prussian War. In 1870, he quit his job at the "Kreuzzeitung" and became theater critic for the liberal "Vossische Zeitung" (newspaper). This job he kept until retirement. He had already written about Prussia's war against Denmark and the Austro-Prussian War. Then he went to write about the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and was taken prisoner. He remained in French captivity for three months. His experiences there are set down in "Kriegsgefangen Erlebtes 1870 (1871)"; subsequently he published his observations on the campaign in "Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-71" (1874-1876). Later years. At the ripe age of 57 Fontane finally took to what he would be remembered for, the novel. His fine historical novel "Vor dem Sturm" (1878) was followed by a series of novels of modern life, notably "L'Adultera" (1882), a book about adultery which was considered so risqué that it took Fontane two years to find a publisher. In his novels "Frau Jenny Treibel", "Irrungen, Wirrungen", and "Effi Briest" (1894), he found his very own tone, he wrote about insights into the lives of the nobility as well as the "common man"; his achievement there was later described as poetic realism. In "Der Stechlin" (1899), his last finished novel, Fontane adapted the realistic methods and social criticism of contemporary French fiction to the conditions of Prussian life. References. See Thomas Mann's 1910 essay, "The Old Fontane," in "Essays of Three Decades" (Knopf, 1947). Very fine. Pachelbel's Canon Pachelbel's Canon (also known as Canon in D major or just Canon in D) is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel. It was written in or around the time period of 1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then. It is well known for its chord progression. Pachelbel's Canon is often played at weddings. Listen. This is Pachelbel's Canon played on a piano: Damme Damme is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders, six kilometres northeast of Brugge (Bruges). It is made up of the city of Damme proper and the towns of Hoeke, Lapscheure, Moerkerke, Oostkerke, Sijsele, Vivenkapelle, and Sint-Rita. In 2007, 10853 people lived there. It is at 51° 15 North, 03° 17 East. Hit record A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio. or presence in the media. One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others. The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records. They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time. Not every recording artist has a hit record. Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits. Not all hit records feature music. Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings. Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records. A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s. Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the fourteen New Testament books which most Christians think were written by the Apostle Paul. Some of them are the earliest Christian documents. They show many of the beliefs and controversies of Christianity. Many Christians think these letters are very important for theology and ethics. The First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus are sometimes known as the pastoral epistles. In the order they appear in the New Testament, the Pauline epistles are: Viljandi Viljandi (, ) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia. As of 2012, 19,150 people lived there. It is the capital of Viljandi County. The town was first mentioned in 1283, after being given its town charter by Villekinus de Endorpe. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is famous sermon that was preached by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. He was an important Calvinist minister. The sermon is often used in American high schools and college English classes as an example of the Puritan writings. Edwards taught the sermon many times. The first time was in Northampton, Massachusetts, but it did not get much attention. But on the second time in Enfield, Connecticut, it made many people weep, swoon, cry out, and have convulsions. Deuteronomy 32:35 says, "Their foot shall slide in due time." That verse was the main focus of the beginning of the sermon. As was normal in 18th century New England, the sermon was printed and many copies were made. It has proven to be the main reason of his theology and preaching that was taught by many people in the first Great Awakening. Physical constant In science, a physical constant is a number (physical quantity) that does not change. This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement. There are many physical constants in science. Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number. Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older. There has been no evidence to support this yet. Constants that do not have units (like length or speed) are called fundamental physical constants. Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe. They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life. Cookstown Cookstown is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom. 10646 people live in the town. The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found out that there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. They also found that: Dungannon Dungannon is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that were 11,139 people living in Dungannon. Of these: Coagh Coagh is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh. They also found that: Stewartstown Stewartstown is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is 5 miles from Cookstown and 7 miles from Dungannon. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 608 people living in Stewartstown. They also found that: Ballymena Ballymena is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. The actor Liam Neeson and the politician and church minister Ian Paisley used to live in the town. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 28,717 people living in Ballymena. They also found that: Society of St. John the Evangelist The Society of St. John the Evangelist is an Anglican order. The monks make a vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone. The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866. Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the Cowley fathers. It has two branches, the original one in England, and one in the United States. The house in the United States was founded around the year 1874. The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks. Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada. The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist. The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions. They are one of the first monasteries founded after the Protestant Reformation. The Fellowship of Saint John. The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society. They give money to the society and pray for the monks there. They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist. There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship. One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold. Magherafelt Magherafelt is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 8,372 people living in Magherafelt. They also found that: Constituent country A constituent country is an administrative division of a country which makes up a part of a larger country, or federation. United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a sovereign country made of four constituent countries. They are (in order of size) England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. While all four are often referred to as countries, they are technically "constituent" countries within a "sovereign" country; UK. They are also sometimes referred to as regions, provinces, nations, or statelets. However, these titles are problematic and in particular, sensitive in Northern Ireland. Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands is made of 4 constituent countries. They are the Netherlands proper, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten all in the Caribbean. Earlier (before 10 October 2010) it had 3 constituent countries: the Netherlands proper, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. Before 1975 Suriname was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark is a sovereign state in Scandinavia, located in Europe. Denmark is made up of three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands. Russian Federation. The Russian Federation is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe and northern Asia. Russia contains twenty-two : , , , Buryatia, Chechnya, , Crimea (internationally disputed), Dagestan, , , Kalmykia, , , , , , , North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha, Tatarstan, Tuva, and . Other relationships. Countries may be held (usually by force) as part of a larger country or federation of countries. An example of this was the Soviet Union, which held various countries in eastern Europe by force for up to 70 years. Many dependent territories exist. They tend to be small countries or islands which larger countries have "collected" in the course of their history. For example, Guam became a dependent territory of the United States, whereas Hawaii was made a state of the Union (USA). The Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom, but are "Crown Dependencies". Leyton Orient F.C. Leyton Orient F.C. are an English football club. They started in 1881 and are based in Leyton, London. Their nickname is "The O's" and they play their home games at a stadium called Brisbane Road. Northampton Town F.C. Northampton Town F.C. is an English football club. They started in 1897 and are based in Northampton in the county of Northamptonshire. They play their home games at a stadium called Sixfields Stadium and are nicknamed "The Cobblers". Counties of Northern Ireland There are six counties which make up Northern Ireland. They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The six counties in Northern Ireland and the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland make up the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. Nottingham Forest F.C. Nottingham Forest F.C. is an English football club. They are based in Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire and started in 1865. They play their home matches at a stadium called 'City Ground'. Brian Clough was one of their managers and when he was in charge, Nottingham Forest won two European Cups and four League Cups. Since then they have dropped down to the 3rd division and back up to the second, they have had managers like Gary Megson, Joe Kinnear, David Platt and Frank Clark. They have no manager now. Their last one was Colin Calderwood. Brian Clough Brian Howard Clough ( ; 21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer turned manager. During his career he was in charge of Nottingham Forest F.C. and Derby County F.C. He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup in 1979 and 1980. Clough was an alcoholic. He had a liver transplant in 2003. He died of stomach cancer. International career statistics. !Total||2||0 Irish national grid reference system The Irish national grid reference system is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It overlaps the British national grid reference system. In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width. Each grid square is given a letter as its name. Districts of Northern Ireland Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts. Each district has a council which looks after local services. The 26 districts are made of 582 wards. Each ward elects 1 councillor. There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years. The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote. Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils. Every year, each council elects a chairman. In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor. In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor. In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman. Post town In the United Kingdom, a post town is the town that you must write on a letter if you want it to go to that area. There are around 1500 post towns in the United Kingdom. Hudson Motor Car Company The Hudson Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909. They were well known for producing low-priced cars of good quality. They also pioneered safety features in their cars, like dashboard warning lights for oil pressure and generator power. Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England. In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation. American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a civilian version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars. AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles. In popular culture. Jack Kerouac's novel "On the Road" describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.) BT postcode area The BT postcode area (also called the Belfast postcode area) is how each area in Northern Ireland has postcodes. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to get post codes. The BT postcode area was made between 1970 and 1974. Belfast. The Belfast post town districts are BT1 to BT17, BT58 and part of BT29. "BT" is short way of saying "Belfast". The postcode for Belfast city centre starts "BT1". The Royal Mail office in Belfast has a postcode of BT1 1AA. Rest of Northern Ireland. The rest of Northern Ireland has 43 other post towns. The post town districts for the 43 post towns are BT18 to BT57, BT60 to BT82, BT92 to BT94 and part of BT29. Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2000 people work for the NIFRS. There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland. Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen. Some firemen were killed in the Troubles. BT BT is an abbreviation and can stand for: Northern Ireland Ambulance Service The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was created on 1 April 1995. Around 1000 people work for the NIAS. Września Września is a small town in Wielkopolska province in Poland. 30,000 people live in Września and the mayor is Tomasz Kałużny. Police Service of Northern Ireland The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It was started on 4 November 2001. The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast. The current Chief Constable is Sir Hugh Orde OBE. The old Chief Constables were Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn. Support for the police. All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI. Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police. But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007. In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269 murders that happened during the Troubles. The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job. The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police. The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson. The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan. She was the Ombudsman until November 2007. Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI. The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic. This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI. By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic. Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic. About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011. Uniform and symbols. The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols. They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown. The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field. Grameen Bank The Grameen Bank is a community development bank started in Bangladesh. They give small loans (known as microcredit or "grameencredit" ) to poor people without asking for money before the loan is given. The word "Grameen", is made of the word "gram" or "village", and means "of the village". The system of this bank is based on the idea that the poor have skills but have no chance to use their skills without some money. The bank also controls some businesses, such as fabric, telephone and energy companies. Most of the banks loans go to women. The Grameen Bank was started 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, a Fulbright scholar and Professor at University of Chittagong, researched how to provide banking for the rural poor. In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was made into an independent bank by the government. The group and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. Some people have said the banks prices are too expensive and put people in a debt-trap. Some have also said that the bank would not work if people did not give donations. At the same time, it is often seen as a success story in microfinance and as the guide for other groups around the world. History. Muhammad Yunus, the banks first member, earned a Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States. During the Bangladesh famine of 1974 he gave a small loan of USD 27 to a group of 42 families so that they could make small items and sell them without owing too much money. Yunus believed that a lot less people would be poor around Bangladesh if they could find small loans. The Grameen Bank ("Bank of the Villages", in the Bengali language) is the product of Yunus' ideas. The bank began as a research project by Yunus and the Rural Economics Project at Bangladesh's University of Chittagong. They gave out some small loans and waited to know what would happen. In 1976, the village of Jobra and other villages surrounding the University of Chittagong became the first places where Grameen Bank loaned money to people. The Bank was very successful and with support from the main Bangladesh Bank, gave loans for the Tangail District (to the north of the capital, Dhaka). The bank's success continued and it soon gave loans in many areas of Bangladesh. On 2 October 1983, the project was made into an independent bank, by the Bangladeshi government. Bankers from ShoreBank, a community development bank in Chicago, helped Yunus by making Grameen Bank a part of Shorebank with money from the Ford Foundation. After the 1998 flood of Bangladesh, many people could not pay their debts to Grameen for a few years. By the beginning of 2005, the bank had loaned over USD 4.7 billion to poor people. Grameen Bank now loans money to poor people all over India. By 2006, India had over 2,100 Grameen Bank branches. Its success has inspired similar projects in more than 40 countries around the world and has made World Bank to take an initiative to finance Grameen-type schemes. The bank gets help with money. In the mid-1990s, the bank started getting most of its funding from the central bank of Bangladesh. More recently, Grameen has been borrowing money. The Government of Bangladesh guarantees that money borrowed by the Grameen Bank will be repaid. How the bank works. Grameen Bank is best known for solidarity lending. The Bank also incorporates a set of values embodied in Bangladesh by the "Sixteen Decisions". At every branch of Grameen Bank the borrowers recite these Decisions and vow to follow them. There is solidarity lending in over 43 countries. Each borrower must belong to a five-member group, the group does not need to give a guarantee for a loan. The loan is made to only one person but the whole group is to make sure that the money is repaid. Each member has to pay for their own loan but if they have problems the group may help them pay because the group would not get any more loans from Grameen if all the groups loans were not paid. Grameen Bank does not take people to court if they cannot pay, the system works on trust only. Solidarity groups agree with Grameen to save enough for extra payments in case they cannot pay every time. Not many women in India can have loans from big banks so 97% of Grameens loans go to women. Women get treated very badly in some countries, and groups, such as the World Bank are researching to know if small loans are helping women around the world. Over 98 percent of Grameens loans have been paid back but the Wall Street Journal says that 20% of the loans took more than a year longer than the time agreed to pay the loan back. Grameen says that more than half of its borrowers in Bangladesh (close to 50 million) now: have all children of school age in school, all household members eating three meals a day, a clean toilet, a rainproof house, clean drinking water and can pay 300 taka-a-week (around 4 USD) towards their loans. Village Phone Program. One of the things Grameen Bank does for poor people is the Village Phone program. Women entrepreneurs can start a business providing a payphone service in rural areas of Bangladesh. The Village Phone Program was awarded the 2004 Petersburg Prize of EUR 100,000 for Technology to Development. The Development Gateway Foundation said: ...Grameen has created a new class of women entrepreneurs who have raised themselves from poverty. Moreover, it has improved the livelihoods of farmers and others who are provided access to critical market information and lifeline communications previously unattainable in some 28,000 villages of Bangladesh. More than 55,000 phones are currently in operation, with more than 80 million people benefiting from access to market information, news from relatives, and more. Struggling members program. In 2003, Grameen Bank started a new loan program, different from the Solidarity Group, to help the beggars in Bangladesh. This program is made to give small loans to beggars. The loans cost only the amount of the loan and the repayment take a long time, for example, a beggar taking a small loan of around 100 taka (about US $1.50) can pay only 2.00 taka (about 3.4 US cents) per week and only repays 100 taka. The bank does not force the beggars to give up begging but tries to get them selling low-priced items. The Global Microcredit Summit in 2006 by one of the banks managers says that by May 2006, around 73,000 beggars have taken loans of about 58.32 million taka (approx. USD 833,150) and repaid 34.78 million taka (about USD 496,900). Statistics. Grameen Bank is owned by the people who borrow the money, mostly women. The borrowers own 94% of the bank, and the other 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh. In October 2007, the bank had 7.34 million borrowers, and 97% of those were women. The number of borrowers had more than doubled since 2003, when the bank had only 3.12 million members. In October 2007, the Bank had a staff of over 24,703 employees and 2,468 branches covering 80,257 villages. There were 43,681 villages covered in the year 2003. Since its start, the bank has loaned 347.75 billion taka (USD 6.55 billion). 313.11 billion taka (USD 5.87 billion) has been repaid. The bank says 98.35% of loans are repaid. In 1998, 95% of loans were repaid. However, many critics doubt this recovery rate and the definition that Grameen uses to come up with this rate. Nobel Peace Prize. Grameen Bank received awards such as, the Bangladesh Independence Day Award, in 1994. The bank got its best known award on 13 October 2006, when the Nobel Committee awarded Grameen Bank and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below." The Nobel Foundation says: From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty. Grameen Bank has been a source of ideas and models for the many institutions in the field of micro-credit that have sprung up around the world. Mosammat Taslima Begum, used her first loan of 16-euro (20-dollar) from the bank in 1992 to buy a goat and subsequently became a successful entrepreneur and one of the elected board members of the bank. She collected the Nobel Prize for Grameen Bank on 10 December 2006, at the prize awarding ceremony in Oslo City Hall. Grameen Bank is the only business to have won a Nobel Prize. In a speech given at the presentation ceremony, Professor Ole Danbolt Mjøs, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said that, by giving the prize to Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wanted to make more contact with the Muslim world, to help women, and on to fight against poverty. The people in Bangladesh were very happy with the Nobel Prize. Some critics asserted that the award affirms neoliberalism. Related groups. The Grameen Bank has grown into over two dozen groups called the Grameen Family of Enterprises. These groups include Grameen Trust, Grameen Fund, Grameen Communications, Grameen Shakti (Grameen Energy), Grameen Telecom, Grameen Shikkha (Grameen Education), Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries), Grameen Baybosa Bikash (Grameen Business Development), Grameen Phone, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, and Grameen Uddog (owner of the brand Grameen Check). On 11 July 2005 the Grameen Mutual Fund One (GMFO), was listed as an Initial Public Offering. One of the first mutual funds of its kind, GMFO will allow the over four million Grameen bank members, as well as non-members, to buy into Bangladesh's capital markets. The Grameen group is worth over USD 7.4 billion. The Grameen Foundation was based on the work of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and they want to share the Grameen ideas and hurry microfinance to the worlds poorest people. Grameen Foundation USA, which has an A- rating from Charity Watch, supports microfinance institutions worldwide with loan guarantees, training, and technology transfer. As of 2006, Grameen Foundation supports microfinance institutions in the following regions: Some people do not agree with Grameen. Sudhirendar Sharma, a development analyst, says that the Grameen Bank has "landed poor communities in a perpetual debt-trap", and that its ultimate benefit goes to the corporations that sell capital goods and infrastructure to the borrowers. Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, who said, "There is no difference between usurers [Yunus] and corrupt people." Hasina also says the bank wants too much in return for the loans. Loans from Grameen Bank cost more than bigger banks, around 20% interest. The Mises Institute's Jeffrey Tucker says that Grameen Bank is not good enough for Indias economy and is a way of giving money to people who are not working. United Kingdom Census 2001 On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census. This was the 19th UK Census. United Kingdom Census 2001 was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion. Hug A hug is an embrace between two or more people. It is usually a sign of affection or love or sympathy. In several cases observed by psychologists around the globe, hugs are often used to solidify relationships in both sexual and platonic cases and often lead to further physical encounters. Health. A hug is very good for people. Hugging can release a chemical called Oxytocin, which helps make a person feel less stressed. It also helps a person's immune system, and makes them feel less pain. Hugs can even help a person stay calm in a stressful situation. WWE Intercontinental Championship WWE Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship in WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment). It is the first secondary title of WWE. It has been the exclusive secondary championship of WWE's weekly TV show "Raw" since April 2017 when the champion at the time Dean Ambrose was moved to the show from "SmackDown" in the 2017 Superstar Shake-Up. History. The WWE Intercontinental Championship was first known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Intercontinental Championship, until the WWE/WWF 2002 Lawsuit. Following the title's introduction in 1979, Pat Patterson became the inaugural champion on September 15. The title's creation came as a result of Patterson defeating Ted DiBiase to win the WWF North American Championship and defending the title in a fictional tournament held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to be unified with a South American Championship. In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation bought World Championship Wrestling. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the WCW/ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. At Survivor Series 2001, the title was unified with the WCW United States Championship. The United States Champion, Edge, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Test, and became the new Intercontinental Champion while the United States Championship became inactive. After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship became known as the WWE Intercontinental Championship. It was then unified with the European Championship in a ladder match on July 22, and later the Hardcore Championship on August 26. The Intercontinental Champion, Rob Van Dam, won against the European Champion, Jeff Hardy, and the Hardcore Champion, Tommy Dreamer. As a result, Rob Van Dam was named the last European and Hardcore Champion. Then at No Mercy 2002, it was unified with the World Heavyweight Championship. The World Heavyweight Champion, Triple H, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Kane, and continued to be the World Heavyweight Champion while the Intercontinental Championship became inactive. In May 2003, after fan protests of the retirement of the Intercontinental Title, the title was reactivated by "Raw" Co-General Manager, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and was recommissioned to be the secondary championship for the "Raw" brand. Shortly after, the WCW United States Championship was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship by the "SmackDown"! brand, making the Intercontinental Championship its equal counterpart for the "Raw" brand. During the 2009 WWE Draft the two title swapped brands, making the Intercontinental Championship "SmackDown" property and the US Title "Raw" property. On August 29, 2011, all WWE programming became "Supershows" that feature wrestlers from both brands, ending the brand extension. All WWE titles can now be defended at any WWE event. At WrestleMania 32, the title was won by Zack Ryder in a seven-man ladder match, losing it the next night to The Miz on "Raw". The brand split was brought back in July of 2016, with the Miz being drafted to "SmackDown Live", bringing the Intercontinental title to that show. After a long feud with Dolph Ziggler over the title, the Miz lost the belt to Dean Ambrose on an episode of "SmackDown Live" on January 3, 2017. Ambrose was drafted to "Raw" in the 2017 Superstar Shake-Up, bringing the Intercontinental title to that show. Current Champion. Gunther won the title from Ricochet on the June 10 edition of "SmackDown". List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (2004–2009) This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom who were voted to serve from 2004 to 2009. <br> Current members. "This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the appropriate column." Polygamy Polygamy is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as "many marriages". It refers to any form of marriage where a person has "more than one spouse". There is also a concept called group marriage. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children. A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called polygyny. A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called polyandry. Both forms have occurred in humans. Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries. According to Muslim Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time. In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry. In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Polygamy is one of the beliefs of Mormon Fundamentalists. These are Mormons (members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith. Smith felt it was his job to restore plural marriage to the earth. He was married to 33 women. In 1890 the Mormon church officially stopped "celestial marriages" (polygamy). Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church. Sethepu/Isithembu. Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children. He can marry again if a wife does not want children. In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother. This way his family is cared for. The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives. Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men. Woman should have children, which is normal for them. Rickenbach, Solothurn Rickenbach is a municipality in the Olten district in Solothurn canton in Switzerland. Rickenbach Rickenbach can be the name of any of the following places: In Germany: In Switzerland: Neal Cassady Neal Cassady (February 8, 1926 - February 4, 1968) was an American writer. He was a member of the Beat Generation circle of writers and poets, of the 1950s and 1960s. He was a close friend of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, and was the main inspiration behind Kerouac's breakthrough novel "On the Road". Later he was the bus driver of Ken Kesey's "Merry Pranksters", during the hippie era. Early life. Cassady was born in Salt Lake City, literally "on the road", as his mother gave birth to him while his parents rode in a car. They later separated, with his father raising young Cassady in Denver, Colorado. He got into trouble often as a boy, and spent part of his teen years in a juvenile facility. While locked up, he began to write letters back and forth with Hal Chase, another member of the (then-future) Beat Generation. Chase told his friends Kerouac and Ginsberg about Cassady, who wanted to meet him. After he was released, Cassady traveled to New York, marrying sixteen-year-old LuAnne Henderson on the way. He met Ginsberg, and began a homosexual relationship with him (despite Cassady's marriage), and a friendship with Kerouac, recently divorced, who began to teach Cassady about writing. Kerouac's mother, whom he lived with, did not like Cassady, sensing he was just a con artist. Kerouac knew this was at least partly true, but he did not mind, since he enjoyed Cassady's company. They looked a little like each other, and strangers who met them often guessed the two were brothers. They became very close personally, and felt that they really were brothers, though they came from different parents. Cassady was a restless person, and his wife got tired of him not giving their marriage the attention it needed. She left him, and returned to her family. Cassady soon forgot about her, and started relationships with other women, and also with men. (He and LuAnne got back together later, but their reconciliation did not last.) Before long, he decided he wanted to travel. Cassady was an expert driver, and had no trouble driving cars at over 100 miles per hour, over long stretches of highway. Kerouac left his mother behind, and joined Cassady on many road trips, across the United States and even into Mexico. When Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, Cassady could not wait for him to get better, and left Kerouac behind at a hospital. Kerouac had to find his own way home, and was angry at Cassady, while Kerouac's mother thought it just proved her suspicions about him. Cassady turned up later, asking Kerouac's forgiveness, which he gave him. Good or bad, Kerouac's experiences with Cassady were what he needed to finish a novel about cross-country travel, which he had wanted to write for years. Kerouac was married again to Joan Haverty, and in trying to explain his friendship with Cassady to his new wife, he typed a long narrative, using a roll of teletype paper so he did not have to stop to change pages. He spent three weeks working on the narrative almost non-stop. It became the manuscript for his new novel, which he called "On the Road". His wife was bothered by the fact that he spent more time working on the manuscript than with her, and separated from him not long after it was finished. Kerouac spent the next six years making changes and improvements to the manuscript, until a publisher agreed to print it as a book. Cassady's name was changed to "Dean Moriarty", to make the book appear more fictional than it really was. Kerouac delivered one of the first printed copies of "On the Road" in person to Cassady, who did not give Kerouac the reaction he expected. Instead of being happy and proud, Cassady seemed disturbed and scared, by knowing that part of his life was now in print, and his character documented for the public to see. Works. "On the Road" was published in 1957, and it made both Kerouac and Cassady famous. It did not do much to help their personal lives, however. Both men suffered from public overexposure, as the book became a best-seller. A mistake on the book's jacket made readers think that both men were much younger than they were. Their adventures in the book had happened years earlier, but many people thought they were recent. Some readers wanted to travel with them, or invite them to wild parties, or have sexual intercourse with them. Cassady enjoyed the attention for awhile, but it took its toll on him personally. Fame did not help his second marriage, to Carolyn Robinson, or the family they had together. Kerouac himself hated all the attention he got, and spent most of his time at home with his mother, working on new books, or drinking alcohol. In time, he became an alcoholic, and it ruined his health. Cassady also partly inspired Allen Ginsberg's "Howl", and was mentioned in the poem as "N.C.", the "secret hero" of Ginsberg's latest writings. "Howl" became a landmark work of the 1950s, and added to Ginsberg's and Cassady's fame. Ginsberg handled fame more easily than either Cassady or Kerouac, and had a long public career. Cassady himself wanted to become a writer, or a jazz musician, but he was not a success at either. He tried to take saxophone lessons, but did not stay with them very long. He mostly worked as a laborer or a brakeman on railroads, before and after "On the Road" was published. Some of what he did write was published as a memoir, titled "The First Third", but it was his only book. He was more successful at writing letters to friends. One was about his seductions of different women during a train trip. He recorded long talks with Kerouac and Carolyn, about their lives and thoughts, and parts of these went into a later book by Kerouac, titled "Visions of Cody". ("Cody Pomeray" became Cassady's new fictional name, as Kerouac changed publishers.) Cassady also sold marijuana to help pay his bills. One customer turned out to be an undercover policeman, who arrested Cassady. He spent a long time in jail. Carolyn had to both work, and try to raise their children alone. Later life. Freed from jail, Cassady began to travel again. During the 1960s, he joined Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who traveled back and forth across the United States in a bus, holding "acid tests", a name for LSD parties. Cassady drove the bus. He acted as merrily as anyone, and as full of energy as a young man, when the Pranksters were around. In private, though, he was not enjoying his life, and old friends noticed he looked very tired. Cassady had tried to commit suicide a few times when he was younger, and was unhappy. Once he tried to freeze himself to death, waiting outside in cold temperatures during a car trip, but it took too long, and he got back in the car. Early in 1968, while revisiting Mexico, he was found lying alongside a railroad track, where he had been for a long time. Exposure to harsh weather caused his death, just days short of his 42nd birthday. Nobody knew if he was trying to kill himself or not, this time. A few people who knew him felt that he wanted to die, and had for awhile as he got older, and that Cassady finally got his wish. Legacy. Cassady left an indelible mark on the world of the 1950s and 1960s, through his documented adventures in the works of Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends. He also turned up in Kesey's writings about the Merry Pranksters. He inspired later bohemian characters, like Jim Morrison of The Doors. People today still read about his life and times, and wish they were able to meet Cassady, or make friends with him. The people who knew Cassady remembered him fondly later, even if he let them down personally, because he was such a unique (special) person. People loved watching Cassady live his life to the fullest, while he encouraged them to do the same with theirs. Riedholz Riedholz is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz. Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency) Northern Ireland is a constituency of the European Parliament. The Northern Ireland Members of the European Parliament are chosen using Single Transferable Vote. The constituency is all of Northern Ireland. Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Rodersdorf Rodersdorf is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, on the border of Alsace, France. Beat Generation The Beat Generation was a movement of writers, poets, and artists during the 1950s and 1960s, who liked the beat of jazz and bebop music, which became a kind of soundtrack to much of their lives and work. People associated with the movement were called "Beats", or sometimes "Beatniks", a reference to Communism. (A few Beats supported Communism, but most did not.) The term came from novelist Jack Kerouac, who was sometimes called "The King of the Beats". Other Beat writers were William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. Brill Building The Brill Building in New York City was a headquarters for many songwriters in the 1950s and 1960s. The building had offices for the writers, and also a small recording studio to make demo recordings. Don Kirshner hired the writers who worked there, and helped promote their works. The Brill Building writers included many pop stars and future pop stars, including Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Carole King, Carole Bayer Sager, and Neil Sedaka. The Monkees recorded a large number of Brill Building songs, but they also wrote songs of their own. Chris Stewart Christopher Stewart (born 27 March 1951) is an English musician and writer. He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis. He is now a writer and a farmer. Stewart went to school with Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Mike Rutherford, and Anthony Phillips. The five of them formed a band called Anon. This band eventually became Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on the band's first two singles, "The Silent Sun"/"That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale"/"One-Eyed Hound". Stewart was asked to leave the band in the summer of 1968 because he was not skilled enough. He was replaced by John Silver. After traveling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named "El Valero" in Andalusia, Spain. He is now better known for his autobiograpical books: "Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia" (1999, ) and the sequels, "A Parrot In The Pepper Tree" () and "The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society" (2006, ). They are all about his work farming in Spain. John Silver Jonathan "John" Silver (born 1950) was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis. He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968. Silver left the band in August 1969. He was replaced by John Mayhew. Silver appears on the band's first full length album, "From Genesis to Revelation" and on the "Genesis Archive 1967-75" box set. Silver lives in London with his wife, Lucy, and children, Leo, Max, and Libby. John Mayhew John Mayhew (27 March 1947 – 26 March 2009) was an English musician. He was the third drummer for the progressive rock band Genesis. Mayhew was a part of the band from September 1969 until July 1970. He replaced John Silver as the drummer for the band in August 1969 . Mayhew appears on the album "Trespass" and the "Genesis Archive 1967-75" box set. He was replaced in 1970 by Phil Collins. For many years Mayhew's life after playing for Genesis was a mystery to most fans. It was said that his "Trespass" royaltycheque had gone unclaimed. There were rumors that he was dead or missing. In 1979, he moved to Australia. He eventually found work as a carpenter. He is now an Australian citizen. In 2006, Mayhew attended the Genesis Convention in London along with Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett. He even played drums for a tribute band's performance of "The Knife" (from "Trespass"). He died a day before his birthday from a heart attack. Larch Larches are conifers in the genus Larix. They grow on the northern hemisphere. Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter. Species. There are 10–14 species, for example the European Larch, the North American Larch and the Japanese Larch. Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, New World species (North America) and Old World species (Europe and Asia). Inside this one, there are two more groups, Northern (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and Southern (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar). Eurasian. Northern. "Larix decidua" or "Larix europaea" European Larch. "Larix sibirica" Siberian Larch. "Larix gmelinii" Dahurian Larch. "Larix kaempferi" or "Larix leptolepis" Japanese Larch. "Larix principis-rupprechtii" Prince Ruppretch's larch. Southern. "Larix potaminii" Chinese Larch. "Larix himalaica" Langtang Larch. "Larix mastersiana" Masters' Larch. "Larix speciosa" Yunnan Larch. "Larix griffithii" or "Larix griffithiana" Himalayan Larch. North American. "Larix laricina" Tamarack Larch or American Larch. "Larix lyallii" Subalpine Larch. "Larix occidentalis" Western Larch. There is also a hybrid, the Dunkeld Larch, which is a mix of the European Larch and the Japanese Larch. Uses. Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly. It is used for boats as well as houses. Larches are also used in herbal medicine and in bonsai. The tree appeared in many Monty Python sketches as a joke. Louise Goodman Louise Goodman is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage. Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team. She started television broadcast in 1997. She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage. Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997. She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters. She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm. Goodman became the first female to be part of a pit stop when she removed the left rear tire in a Midland pit stop for Tiago Monteiro in 2006 British Grand Prix. During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard. Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2. She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him. He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out." Goodman sounded startled when she replied, " Thank you so much DC. I'll have a word with you later." They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather flustered. In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz. Second Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is one of the books in the New Testament. It is an epistle (letter) written to the Church at Corinth by the Apostle Paul. The Letter. Paul begins by greeting the people in Corinth and reminding them that he is serving the Lord Jesus Christ. He then spends a lot of time explaining to the people why he is an apostle. Some of the people are mad at him because in 1st Corinthians he told them to stop doing bad things. He explains that he told them to stop because he loved them. He also teaches them that it is very important to forgive others. Visby Visby is the only city on the Swedish island of Gotland. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2005, its population is 22,236. Kollam Kollam (Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as Quilon, pronounced "koy-lon") is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in Kerala. To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea. Aiglun, Alpes-Maritimes Aiglun is a town and commune of the Alpes-Maritimes "département", in southeastern France. Alpes-Maritimes Alpes-Maritimes (; ) is a department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the extreme southeast corner of France. The name Alpes-Maritime comes from , a Roman military district created in the region by Augustus in 14 BC. History. The department of the Alpes-Martimes was created on 4 February 1793 with the territory of the County of Nice that was annexed in January of the same year. The capital was Nice. It was divided in three districts: Menton, Nice and Puget-Théniers. In 1794, district of Menton was changed to district of Fort-d'Hercule (Monaco). In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the three districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Nice, Monaco and Puget-Théniers. After the annexation of San Remo, the "arrondissement" of San Remo was created in 1805. By the Peace of Paris in 1814, San Remo passed to Genoa and the rest of the department passed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. When Nice became part of France in 1860, the department was created again with Nice as the capital and with the "arrondisement" of Grasse that was part of Var department. In the same year, the department was divided in two "arrondissements": Grasse and Puget-Théniers. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Puget-Théniers was eliminated. Geography. The Alpes-Maritimes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by the Piedmont and Liguria regions (Italy) and two departments; the Mediterranean Sea is to the south. It surrounds the Principality of Monaco on the west, north, and east. The highest mountain in the department is "Cime du Gélas" () on the border with Italy; it is high. The lowest point is along the Mediterranean coast. The main rivers in Alpes-Maritimes are: Var, Vésubie, Tinée, Roya, Estéron, Siagne, Loup. Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Nice is a "Mediterranean climate" and of the subtype "Csb". The average amount of precipitation for the year in Nice is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of . There are an average of 94.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in April with 11.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 4.0 days. The average temperature for the year in Nice is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . Administration. Alpes-Maritimes is managed by the "Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes" in Nice. The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Administrative divisions. There are 2 "arrondissements" (districts), 27 "cantons" and 163 "communes" (municipalities) in Alpes-Maritimes. The following is a list of the 27 cantons of the Alpes-Maritimes department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: Demographics. The inhabitants of Alpes-Maritimes are known, in French, as "Maralpins" (women: "Maralpines"). Alpes-Maritimes had a population, in 2014, of 1,083,312, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The "arrondissement" of Grasse, with 560,045 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants. Evolution of the population in Alpes-Maritimes The "communes" in the department with more than 20,000 inhabitants are: Communes of France A commune is the lowest administrative division in France. It represents all parts of a town or a village under the same name, for example Paris, Bordeaux or Rennes. As of January 1, 2008, there were 36,781 communes in France; 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France. This is much more than in any other European country. Every commune in France elects a mayor. The French word "commune" was first used in the 12th century['], from Medieval Latin "communia", meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin "communis", things held in common.['] Cantons of France The cantons of France are area divisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments. Arrondissements of France The 101 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements. This means districts in English. Most departments in France only have 3 or 4 arrondissements, but some may have more or less than this. List of arrondissements of France The following is the current list of arrondissements of France with their INSEE codes, the chief town (or capital), the 2013 population, the area, the population density and the number of communes. The chief town of an arrondissement is the seat of a prefecture or subprefecture. Lists by departments. Overseas departments of France Mayotte has no arrondissements. List of cantons of France The following is a list of cantons of France, within each department: Overseas departments of France Cantons of the Ain department This is a list of the 43 cantons of the Ain department, in France, by arrondissement: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021; ) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He was originally a Prince of Greece and Denmark. He was born on the dining room table in a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921. He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. Early life. Prince Philip was on active service in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War. At the end of the war he was on the destroyer "HMS Whelp" in the Pacific, and was in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945. After he changed his nationality, he became known as Philip Mountbatten. His cousin was Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma. On 19 November 1947, he was made a Knight of the Garter, and given the style of "Royal Highness". Prince Consort to Queen Elizabeth II. On 20 November 1947, he married Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI, he became the Duke of Edinburgh. He was made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957. King Edward VII Hospital as a “precautionary measure” after feeling unwell. On 23 February 2021 it was announced that he had an infection. Death. On 9 April 2021, it was announced by Buckingham Palace that Prince Phillip had died inside his home at Windsor Castle. An official statement by Buckingham Palace was released on Twitter. "It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen has announced the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle." His funeral was held on 17 April 2021 and he was buried at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle that same day. George IV George IV (born as George Augustus Frederick on 12 August 1762, died on 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. The Regency, George's nine-year time as "Prince Regent", which started in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, included winning the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. George IV's only daughter died before he did, so his younger brother became King William IV of the United Kingdom. William IV of the United Kingdom William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. William, the third son of George III of the United Kingdom and younger brother and successor to George IV was the last person to rule both the United Kingdom and Hanover. His niece, Victoria, ruled only the United Kingdom, not Hanover. He lived for 20 years with Sophia Jordan. They had ten children. Children. Legitimate. All William IV's legitimate children (children with his wife) died before he became king, so they were therefore styled as Prince/Princess of Clarence with the style of "Royal Highness". Cantons of the Aisne department This is a list of the 42 cantons of the Aisne department, in France, by arrondissement: Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department This is a list of the 163 communes of the Alpes-Maritimes "département" in France: Nice (disambiguation) Nice can be any of the following: Energy (society) The use of energy is important to human society for handling problems in the environment. Developed societies use energy resources for agriculture, transportation, garbage collection, information technology and human communication. The use of energy has increased since the Industrial Revolution. This has brought a number of serious problems such as global warming. Production and use of energy resources is important to the economy of the world. Making sure energy is used well is needed for any society. Energy is needed for the smooth running of activities in our society which makes it wanted in a high alarming rate and is extremely expensive. Transformer A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another through mutual (electromagnetic induction) and without change in frequency. Transformers are an important part of electrical systems. Transformers are made in many different sizes, from a very small coupling transformer inside a stage microphone to big units that carry hundreds of MVA used in power grids. The main reason to use a transformer is to make power of one voltage level into power of another voltage level. High voltage is easier to send a long distance, but less voltage is easier and safer to use in the office or home. Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC) voltage in circuits. The transformer is usually built with two coils around the same core. The primary coil or input coil is connected to supply side while secondary coil supplies power to load. The second one is called the output coil. Energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary by electromagnetism. In power grids many transformers are used. These are networks for delivering electricity from the generator and to the user. The transformers in your neighborhood, on electricity poles, or the ones connected to underground wires, usually transform high voltage of 7,200 volts to 220-240 volts of electricity to power lights and appliances such as refrigerators in homes and businesses. Some countries, such as America use different voltages in homes, such as 120 volts. Transformers cannot increase power, so if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered. If the voltage is lowered, the current is proportionally increased. Transformers inside electronics equipment provide the kinds of electricity the various parts need. There are several basic types of transformers: Ballycastle, County Antrim Ballycastle is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. Population facts. On 29 April 2001, the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 5,089 people living in Ballycastle. They also saw that: Bangor, County Down Bangor is a city in County Down, Northern Ireland. Population facts. On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 58,388 people living in Bangor. They also saw that: Munich (district) Munich () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. However the district does not include the city of Munich, which it partially surrounds and which is an urban district itself. Acts of Union 1800 The Acts of Union 1800 (or sometimes Acts of Union 1801) (Irish: "Acht an Aontais 1800") is used to describe two Acts are meant. Their official titles are the Union with Ireland Act 1800 (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland. These two Acts merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, (being itself a merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707), to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Union Flag. The flag created as a consequence of the merger combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland. Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England. Ebersberg (district) Ebersberg is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Towns and municipalities. Unincorporated Areas Freising (district) Freising is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Starnberg (district) Starnberg () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Traunstein (district) Traunstein is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Towns and municipalities. Towns Markt ¹ Verwaltungsgemeinschaften Municipalities Berchtesgadener Land Berchtesgadener Land (Central Bavarian: "Berchtsgoana Land") is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Rosenheim (district) Rosenheim is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. Banne Banne is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in southern France. Ardèche Ardèche () is a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. It is named after the Ardèche river. History. The department of Ardèche was created on 4 March 1790 with seven districts: Annonay, Aubenas, L'Argentière, Privas, Tournon, Vernoux and Villeneuve-de-Berg. The capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon. In August of that year, the number of districts was reduced to three: Mézenc, Aubenas and Tanargue. In September, Privas became the only capital of the department. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the three districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Privas, L'Argentière and Tournon. On 18 March 1988, Tournon changed its name to Tournon-sur-Rhône. Geography. The Ardèche is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by 7 departments in 3 regions: The highest point in the department is "Mont Mézenc" (). It is high.; it is in the northwest of the department, on the border with the Haute-Loire department. The lowest point, above sea level, is where the Ardèche river flows into the Rhône (in the south east of the department). The main rivers in Ardèche are: The Allier river forms the border of the Lozère department and the Ardèche for about . Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Privas is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb. The southern part of the department has a Mediterranean climate of the subtype Csb. Administration. Ardèche is managed by the "Departmental Council of Ardèche" in Privas. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Administrative divisions. There are 3 "arrondissements" (districts), 17 "cantons" and 339 "communes" (municipalities) in Ardèche. The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Ardèche department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: Demographics. The inhabitants of Ardèche are known, in French, as "Ardéchois" (women: "Ardéchoises"). Ardèche had a population, in 2014, of 322,381, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône, with 135,786 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants. Evolution of the population in Allier The "communes" in the department with more than 7,000 inhabitants are: Cantons of the Ardèche department This is a list of the 17 cantons of the Ardèche department, in France. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". The following table shows the 17 cantons of the department and the distribution of the "communes" by "arrondissement": Arrondissements of the Ardèche department There are 3 arrondissements in the Ardèche department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes. The arrondissements of the Ardèche are: History. Since its creation, the Ardèche department has had few changes: Communes of the Ardèche department This is a list of the 339 communes in the Ardèche department in France. Accons Accons is a town and commune in the Ardèche department in Southern France. Ailhon Ailhon is a town and commune of the Ardèche department in Southern France. Aizac Aizac is a town and commune of the Ardèche department in Southern France. Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi banker and economist who was born on 28 June 1940. He was a professor of economics and is famous for his work in microcredit. Microcredit is a name for giving small loans. These loans are given to people with very little money. Most banks do not give microcredit. Yunus started the Grameen Bank. In 2006, Yunus and the bank together, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below." Yunus himself has received several other national and international awards. He published a book called "Banker to the Poor" and helped start the Grameen Foundation. In 2007 Yunus planned to start a political group called Nagorik Shakti ("Citizen Power") in Bangladesh, but he has chosen not to start this group. He is one of the founding members of Global Elders. Yunus was one of 20 Nobel Laureates such as Peter Agre, Nadine Gordimer, Yuan T. Lee, Elinor Ostrom, Werner Arber, David Gross, James Mirrlees, Carlo Rubbia, Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, Amartya Sen, Peter Doherty (scientist), Walter Kohn, Douglass North, John Sulston, Murray Gell-Mann, Harold Kroto, Douglas Osheroff who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011. Early life. Muhammad Yunus born on 28 June 1940. He was the third child born to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua near the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Bangladesh (Bangladesh was called British India at that time). Six more children were born in Muhammad's family making nine altogether. His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, and worked as a jeweller. His mother was Sofia Khatun. His early childhood years were spent in his village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he went to Lamabazar Primary School. By 1949, his mother had a mental illness. Muhammad went to Chittagong Collegiate School and became the 16th best student out of 39,000 in East Pakistan. During his school years, he was a Boy Scout, and travelled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees. When Yunus was studying at Chittagong College, he won awards for drama acting. In 1957, he started studying at the department of economics of Dhaka University. Chittagong College awarded him with a BA in 1960, and a MA in 1961. After his MA studies, Yunus became part of the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant for Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan. In 1961 he was given work as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College. During that time he started a packaging factory. He was given a Fulbright scholarship in 1965, to study in the United States. He was awarded his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States, in 1969. From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus and other people from Bangladesh living in the United States started a citizens committee and controlled the Bangladesh Information Center to find help for the war. He published the "Bangladesh Newsletter" from his home in Nashville. After the War, Yunus returned to Bangladesh and was given a job with the governments' Planning Commission which was controlled by Nurul Islam. He thought the job was boring so he took a job at Chittagong University as Head of the Economics department. He worked with poverty reduction after he saw the Bangladesh famine of 1974, and started a research project to help people who lived in the countryside. In 1975, he started a Nabajug Tebhaga Khamar (new era three share farm) which the government called the Packaged Input Programme. Yunus and his friends started the "Gram Sarkar" (the village government) programme to make the farm project better. Ziaur Rahman,(the president of Bangladesh in the late 1970s), was in control of starting 40,392 village governments (gram sarkar) in 2003. On 2 August 2005, after a petition by the Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared Gram Sarkar illegal and unconstitutional. Grameen Bank. In 1976, Yunus visited the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University. He discovered that very small loans could be a lot of help to a poor person. Some Jobra women were making bamboo furniture and had to take loans for buying bamboo but all their profits were being paid towards the loans. The first loan Muhammad Yunus gave was USD 27.00 from his pocket. This $27 was loaned to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of $00.02 each from the loan In December 1976 the government bank Janata Bank gave Yunus a loan that he could use to make lots of small loans to very poor people. His group got more loans from other banks and by 1982, 28,000 people had jobs with Grameen. On 1 October 1983, Grameen was made a full bank and renamed the Grameen Bank ("Village Bank") to give loans to poor Bangladeshis. Yunus and his workers were threatened and women were told they would not have a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from the Grameen Bank, but they have given many, many loans to poor people. As of July 2007, Grameen Bank has loaned US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million people. The bank loans money to "solidarity groups". These small groups are given loans together and if one person can not pay, the rest of the group pays for them. The Grameen Bank started other groups in the 1980s to do things such as keeping fishing ponds clean and building irrigation pumps. In 1989, these groups started to get their own names. The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries Foundation) and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi (Grameen Agriculture Foundation). The Grameen group has grown into many groups of profitable and non-profit, such as the Grameen Trust, the Grameen Fund, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, Grameen Telecom, and Grameenphone (GP) (Grameenphone is the biggest private sector phone company in Bangladesh). The Village Phone (Polli Phone) project of Grameenphone has made it possible for 260,000 poor people in over 50,000 villages to own mobile phones since March 1997. The Grameen ideas have been used in many countries throughout the world, such as the United States. More than 94% of Grameen loans have been given to women, who have less money and give more to their families. For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Global Academy Member in 2001. Awards. Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social developments. The Norwegian Nobel Committee said: Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty. Muhammad Yunus was the first Bangladeshi and third Bengali to ever get a Nobel Prize. After being told of the important award, Yunus said that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million award money to create a company that makes good food that the poor can afford and the rest would go toward starting an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh. Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was one of the people who said the Nobel Prize should go to Muhammed Yunus. He said this in "Rolling Stone" magazine and in his autobiography: "My Life." In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton said Dr. Yunus was "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him." He has won many other awards, such as the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the World Food Prize the Sydney Peace Prize, the Four Freedoms Award in the category "Freemdom from want" in 2006, and the Ecuadorian Peace Prize in December 2007. Dr. Yunus has been awarded 26 honorary doctorate degrees, and 15 special awards. The Bangladesh government made a postage stamp to honour his Nobel Award. In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared 14 January as "Muhammad Yunus Day". Politics. In 2006 Doctor Yunus and other important people, such as Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Doctor Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, tried to find good people to be elected for government. Yunus thought about joining government himself that year. On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote a letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper "Daily Star", and he asked what people thought of creating a good government. The letter asked everyone to give ideas for this and to offer him help Dr. Yunus started a political group called Citizens' Power ("Nagorik Shakti") on 18 February 2007. There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics. but on 3 May, Yunus stopped the group after a meeting with Fakhruddin Ahmed (government politician). On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu began a group of world leaders to help the world. Nelson Mandela announced this new group, The Global Elders, in a speech he on his 89th birthday. Archbishop Tutu is to serve as the Chair of The Elders. Yunus is one of the first members of this group. Other members include Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, and Mary Robinson. The Elders are to be funded by some of its first members, such as Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers, Michael Chambers, Bridgeway Foundation, Pam Omidyar, Humanity United, Amy Robbins, Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow, and The United Nations Foundation. Professor Yunus Family. In 1967 Yunus studied at Vanderbilt University. He met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature there. Vera is the daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey in the United States. They were married in 1970. Yunus marriage with Vera ended a few months after the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (b. 1979 Chittagong). Vera returned to New Jersey and said that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby. After some time, Yunus married Afrozi Yunus, who was a researcher in physics at Manchester University. She was appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986. Professor Yunus brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES). They teach science to girls in villages. His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter. Yunus oldest daughter, Monica, is an soprano singer in New York City. John Keats John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25. Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819. His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, "Endymion" and "Hyperion", tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes. Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language. Endymion (poem) Endymion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. It is his longest poem. Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818. The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature: Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology. "Endymion" was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true. Hyperion (poem) Hyperion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo. Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his "Endymion" in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write. Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called "The Fall of Hyperion". He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him. Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme. Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first "Hyperion": ["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening] Arlo Guthrie Arlo Guthrie (born 1947) is an American musician and songwriter, and is the son of folk music legend Woody Guthrie. His most famous song is Alice's Restaurant, which was also the title of his first album. Early life. Guthrie learned music from his father, who wrote songs for him like "Goodnight Little Arlo". When the young Guthrie became thirteen years old, his father gave him a Bar Mitzvah, and invited many folk musicians. It was called "the first hootenanny bar mitzvah in history." Guthrie met Bob Dylan when Dylan came from Minnesota to meet his father Woody. Dylan taught Guthrie a new way to play the harmonica. Guthrie started college after high school, but dropped out. "Alice's Restaurant". During 1965, Guthrie visited his friends Alice and Ray Brock in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, who lived in an old church, and owned a restaurant. He recorded a musical commercial for the restaurant. When Thanksgiving came that year, they invited many people, and afterwards there was a lot of garbage to be picked up and thrown away. Guthrie and another friend tried to take the garbage to a dump, but it was closed. They found a large trash pile not far away, and unwisely decided to throw their garbage onto the same pile. (Dumping trash where it does not belong is called 'littering' and is a crime in most places.) When local police found out, they arrested Guthrie and his friend. Since the young men had long hair and looked like hippies, the police wanted to prosecute them and make an example of them to other young people. They prepared a big court case against Guthrie and his friend, with many photographs of the litter pile. It turned out the local judge was blind, could not look at the photographs, and was not interested in the case. He fined Guthrie and his friend fifty dollars, and ordered them to clean up the pile. Not long after, Guthrie received a draft notice. The United States Army wanted him to become a soldier. Guthrie went for a physical examination by a doctor, and had to fill out a questionnaire giving information about himself. When asked if he had ever been arrested, he talked about the littering incident. He soon found himself sitting on a bench together with criminals, some of which were violent or dangerous. He could not believe the way he was treated by the Army. He began to complain and protest his treatment. The Army officers decided he would not make a good soldier, but might become a threat to the American government. They fingerprinted Guthrie, and let him go. Guthrie decided later the two incidents would make a good protest song and he built one around the jingle he had written. He called the song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree", and recorded it in front of a live audience. He did not want other young men to be drafted, and suggested in the song that they might get out of the draft by doing like he had. The recording became half of his first album, and the rest was filled out with other music, like "The Motorcycle Song". The album became a hit record. Later career. Guthrie later recorded other albums and songs. His cover of the Steve Goodman song, "The City of New Orleans", about a famous train named after the city, became another hit. He bought a farm with the money he earned from his music, and lived there between recording sessions and performing tours. In time, he became interested in charity work. He noticed people of different religious beliefs did not always work well together for the same causes, because their beliefs kept them apart. He tried to work around the differences, and help people find ways to work together to solve the same problems. He started the Guthrie Center, as a place for people to work together. He later bought the old church where his friends had lived, and made it the headquarters for the Guthrie Center. Sonnet A Sonnet (sonetto in Italian) is a type of poem. It is 14 lines long and is written in rhyme. The sonnet first appeared in Italy during the Middle Ages and was widely used during the Renaissance. The first poet known for his sonnets is Giacomo da Lentini who lived in the 13th century. After him many poets started writing sonnets. Two notable ones are Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti. The Italian poet Petrarch was famous for his sonnets. He was very popular and many poets imitated his poems. Francisco de Sá de Miranda introduced the form into Portuguese literature. So did Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in England. Even in distant Poland sonnets were written by Jan Kochanowski, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki. It became common for poets to write sonnets in connected series, called "sonnet sequences," to tell a story, often one about a love affair. Michelangelo, a famous sculptor and painter wrote sonnets, too. He exchanged them with Vittoria Colonna. Poets in other countries quickly adopted the sonnet and sonnet sequence. William Shakespeare wrote the most famous sonnets in English literature, though other poets of his time, such as Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, and Samuel Daniel, wrote sonnet sequences also. Later English poets like John Donne, John Milton, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats wrote sonnets that are still admired and studied today. In United States Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Emma Lazarus wrote sonnets. The rigid rhyme scheme of the sonnet went out of fashion during the twentieth century, but a few modern poets still write them sometimes. Edna St. Vincent Millay was one modern poet writing in English who often worked in the sonnet form. Modern poets have often changed the traditional rhythms and rhyme patterns of the sonnet, sometimes radically. In a traditional "English" or "Shakespearean" sonnet, the first twelve lines are divided into three groups ("stanzas") of four lines each, called "quatrains". The last two lines usually rhyme, and make up a "rhymed couplet" that concludes the poem by summing up the story told in the previous quatrains. In the traditional "Italian" or "Petrarchan" sonnet, the poem divides into a group of eight lines ("octave") followed by a group of six lines ("sestet"). The letters of the alphabet are used to show the pattern of rhyme, or "rhyme scheme," in the 14 lines in a sonnet. The rhyme scheme is the typical pattern of an "English" sonnet. The rhyme scheme is typical of an "Italian" sonnet. However, the rhymes of the sestet in an Italian sonnet can vary widely: cdcdcd, cddcdd, etc. The scheme abba abba cde edc is very rarely, but its ending sequence cde edc was probably the source for Robert Browning's stanza abccba. It was used in the poem "Meeting at night". Another pattern is Spenserian sonnet, invented by Edmund Spenser. It runs a-b-a-b, b-c-b-c, c-d-c-d, e-e. Sonnets can be linked together into a crown of sonnets. In such a sequence, the last line of the first sonnet repeats as the first line of the second one, and sometimes these lines make up another sonnet. Slovenian poet France Prešeren is best remembered for his "Wreath of Sonnets", an example of a crown of sonnets. Golden ratio With a number namely "a" and another smaller number "b", the ratio of the two numbers is found by dividing them. Their ratio is "a"/"b". Another ratio is found by adding the two numbers together and dividing this by the larger number "a". The new ratio is ("a"+"b")/"a". If these two ratios are equal to the same number, then that number is called the golden ratio. The Greek letter formula_1 (phi) is usually used as the name for the golden ratio. For example, if "b" = 1 and "a"/"b" = formula_1, then "a" = formula_1. The second ratio ("a"+"b")/"a" is then formula_4. Because these two ratios are equal, this is true: formula_5 One way to write this number is formula_6 formula_7 is a number which, when multiplied by itself, makes 5: formula_8. The golden ratio is called an irrational number. That means that if a person tries to write it, it will never stop and never make a pattern, but it will start like this: 1.6180339887... An important thing about this number is that if you subtract 1 from it or divide 1 by it, you'll get the same number. Golden rectangle. If the length of a rectangle divided by its width is equal to the golden ratio, then the rectangle is a "golden rectangle". If a square is cut off from one end of a golden rectangle, then the other end is a new golden rectangle. In the picture, the big rectangle (blue and pink together) is a golden rectangle because formula_10. The blue part (B) is a square, and the pink part by itself (A) is another golden rectangle because formula_11. The big rectangle and the pink rectangle have the same form, but the pink rectangle is smaller and is turned. Fibonacci numbers. The Fibonacci numbers are a list of numbers. A person can find the next number in the list by adding the last two numbers together. If a person divides a number in the list by the number that came before it, this ratio comes closer and closer to the golden ratio. Golden ratio in nature. In nature, the golden ratio is often used for the arrangement of leaves or flowers. These use the golden angle of approximately 137.5 degrees. Leaves or flowers arranged in that angle best use sunlight. In addition, the distance between the center of a person's body and the floor and the distance between the crown of the head and the base of the spine are both in accordance with the golden ratio. Despite its absence from common architectural and design patterns, Leonardo Fibonacci's finding is widely recognized as groundbreaking. It can take the form of hurricanes, elephant tusks, ants, sea urchins, starfish, honeybees, and many other things. The Fibonacci sequence begins with 0 and goes on forever: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55. There is a sum of two digits before each digit. The pattern itself is rather elementary and unremarkable. That is until you learn that this ratio underlies the beauty of the Mona Lisa, the human limbs, data encryption, and even the number of spirals on a sunflower's head. It looks like the universe has a natural way of keeping track of numbers. Flowers always have an odd number of petals conforming to the Fibonacci sequence. For example, the peace lily has three petals, buttercups have five, chicory has 21, daisies have 34, and so on. Here are some more natural occurrences of the Golden Ratio: Seed heads. Flowers produce seeds at their core, which then spiral outward to fill the flower's head. Pineapples, cauliflowers, and Romanesco broccoli. Similarly, these conform to the Fibonacci sequence. Pine cones. Pinecones have spiral patterns on their seed pods, with two spirals on each cone growing in opposite directions as they grow. Branches of a tree. In nature, this pattern is seen when a tree develops a branch and then splits into two new growth points. Then, just one of the two new stems will actively grow, while the other will lie dormant. Methods of birds flying. The hawk's best angle of attack is perpendicular to the target's flight path, which is the same as the pitch of the spiral. Spiral galaxies. There are several spiral arms in the Milky Way, each with a logarithmic spiral around 12 degrees. Relational database A relational database is a way of storing information ("data"). The database matches data by using identical information that is found within the data set. The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for many people to understand. For example, a database has all information about real-estate sales in a town. This information can be grouped by year, or by sale price, or by buyer's last name and so on. Such a grouping uses the relational model (a technical term for this is schema). Hence, such a database is called a "relational database." The software used to do this grouping is called a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "relational database" often refers to this type of software. Relational databases are currently the main way in which companies store information like financial records, medical records, personal information and manufacturing and logistical data. The term "relational database" was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970. References. RDBMS(Relational Database Management System):- RDBMS is a software package used to store and retrieve data is organized in the form of tables. In other words RDBMS store information in rows and columns and conducts searches by using data in specified columns and rows of one tables as well as to find additional data in another related table. Two dimensional table is a natural way to represent data to a user. A table must be set up in a way that no information about the relations among data elements is lost. Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic country and state. It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the early modern period. After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic. However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom. It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707. Ajoux Ajoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Alba-la-Romaine Alba-la-Romaine is a commune of the French département Ardèche. Albon-d'Ardèche Albon-d'Ardèche is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Alboussière Alboussière is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. It can be found about 20 km from Valence-sur-Rhône. About 760 people live there. Alissas Alissas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Arrondissement of Largentière The arrondissement of Largentière is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Ardèche "département". Its capital is the city of Largentière, a subprefecture of the department. History. When the Ardèche department was created on 4 March 1790, the "arrondissement" of Largentière was part of that original department. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Largentière is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône, to the northeast and east by the "arrondissement" of Privas, to the south by the Gard department, to the southwest by the Lozère department and to the west by the Haute-Loire department. It is the most southern and largest of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of . It has 98,821 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km². Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Largentière, there are 4 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Aubenas-1, Aubenas-2, Thueyts and Les Vans.The Canton of Le Teil has 6 "communes" in the "arrondissement" of Privas and 13 in Largentière; and the Canton of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc has 1 "commune" in the "arrondissement" of Privas and 29 in Largentière. Communes. The "arrondissement" of Largentière has 153 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: Arrondissement of Privas The arrondissement of Privas is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Ardèche "department". Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Privas. History. When the Ardèche department was created on 4 March 1790, the "arrondissement" of Privas was part of that original department. Geography. The "arrondissement" of Privas is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône, to the east by the Drôme department, to the southeast by the Vaucluse department, to the south by the Gard department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Arrondissement of Largentière. It is in the southeast of Ardèche. It is the smallest of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of . It has 87,774 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km². Composition. Cantons. After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". In the "arrondissement" of Privas, there are 3 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Bourg-Saint-Andéol, Le Pouzin and Privas. The Canton of Le Cheylard has 33 "communes" in the "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône and 13 in Privas, the Canton of Le Teil has 13 "communes" in the "arrondissement" of Largentière and 6 in Privas, the Canton of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc has 1 "commune" Privas and 29 in Largentière, and the Canton of La Voulte-sur-Rhône has 9 "communes" in Tournon-sur-Rhône and 8 in Privas. Communes. The "arrondissement" of Privas has 66 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: Jackson, Michigan Jackson is a city in lower mid-Michigan. It was started in 1829. It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the home town of several well-known people. One of whom is the first African-American Super Bowl winning coach, Tony Dungy. Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy, which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city, as well as Foote Hospital. Jackson is from the Michigan International Speedway. Utrecht Utrecht can be any of the following areas or cities: It can also be any of these: Protostome Protostomes are a nephrozoan taxon of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the normal system of classification. They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria, and are contrasted with the deuterostomes. Protosomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth. DNA sequence analysis suggests that protostome animals can be divided into three major groups: as well as a number of minor taxa, like the Chaetognatha. Earth, Texas Earth is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. There were 1,109 people living in Earth as of the year 2000. Amazing Grace (2006 movie) Amazing Grace is a 2006 movie about the fight to end the slave trade in 18th century Britain. Led by famous abolitionist, William Wilberforce. He created anti-slave trade laws in the British Parliament. The movie is directed by Michael Apted, written by Steven Knight, and stars Ioan Gruffudd. The first release date for this movie was September 16, 2006 in Canada. It was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. Several other areas had other dates. On the opening weekend, this movie made around four million dollars. It went on to make an all-time worldwide total of over 32 million dollars. "Amazing Grace" was named "Best Spiritual Film of 2008" in the third annual "Beliefnet Film Awards". Relation (mathematics) In mathematics, an "n-ary relation" on "n" sets, is any subset of Cartesian product of the "n" sets (i.e., a collection of n-tuples), with the most common one being a binary relation, a collection of order pairs from two sets containing an object from each set. The relation is "homogeneous" when it is formed with one set. For example, any curve in the Cartesian plane is a subset of the Cartesian product of real numbers, "RxR". The homogeneous binary relations are studied for properties like reflexiveness, symmetry, and transitivity, which determine different kinds of orderings on the set. Heterogeneous "n-ary" relations are used in the semantics of predicate calculus, and in relational databases. In relational databases jargon, the relations are called tables. There is a relational algebra consisting in the operations on sets, because relations are sets, extended with operators like projection, which forms a new relation selecting a subset of the columns (tuple entries) in a table, the selection operator, which selects just the rows (tuples),according to some condition, and join which works like a composition operator. The use of the term "relation" is often used as shorthand to refer to binary relations, where the set of all the starting points is called the "domain" and the set of the ending points is the "codomain". Different types of relationship. An example for such a relation might be a function. Functions associate each key with one value. The set of all functions is a subset of the set of all relations - a function is a relation where the first value of every tuple is unique through the set. Other well-known relations are the equivalence relation and the order relation. That way, sets of things can be ordered: Take the first element of a set, it is either equal to the element looked for, or there is an order relation that can be used to classify it. That way, the whole set can be classified (i.e., compared to some arbitrarily chosen element). Relations can be transitive.One example of a transitive relation is the "smaller-than" relation. If X "is smaller than" Y,and Y is "smaller than" Z,then X "is smaller than" Z. In general, a transitive relation is a relation such that if relations (a,b) and (b,c) both belong to R, then (a,c) must also belongs to R. Relations can be symmetric. One example of a symmetric relation is the relation "is equal to". If X "is equal to" Y, then Y "is equal to" X. In general, a symmetric relation is a relation such that if (a,b) belongs to R, then (b,a) must belong to R as well. Relations can be asymmetric, such as the relation " is smaller than". In general, a relation is asymmetric if whether (a,b) belongs to R, (b,a) does not belong to R. Relations can be reflexive. One example of a reflexive relation is the relation "is equal to" (e.g., for all X, X "is equal to" X). In general, a reflexive relation is a relation such that for all a in A, (a,a) belongs to R. By definition, every subset of AxB is a relation from A to B. In category theory, relations play an important role in the Cartesian closed categories, which transform morphisms from tuples to morphisms of single elements. That corresponds to Currying in the Lambda calculus. Databases and Relations. In the relational database theory, a database is a set of relations. To model a real world, the relations should be in a canonical form called normalized form in the data base argot. That transformation ensure no loss of information, nor the insertion of spurious tuples with no corresponding meaning in the world represented in the database. The normalization process takes into account properties of relations like functional dependencies among their entries, keys and foreign keys, transitive and join dependencies. María Isabel Carvajal Carmen Lyra (January 15, 1888 – May 14, 1949) was the pseudonym of the first prominent female Costa Rican writer, born María Isabel Carvajal Quesada. Life. Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time. Teaching methods. Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica. Writing career. Lyra's first publication was the novel "En una silla de ruedas" (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the "Pandemonium Magazine", "Ariel Magazine, and the "Repertorio Americano". The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is "Cuentos de mi tía Panchita" (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican. Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are "Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre" (1918), "Obras Completas" (1975), "La cucarachita mandina" (1976) and "relatos escogidos" (1977). Politics. Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party. She helped organize women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote "Bananos y Hombres" (Bananas and Men). In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949. How Pop Can You Get? How Pop Can You Get? was the first and only album by American band The Bats. Track listing. All music and lyrics by The Bats (Jon Brion, Bill Murphy, Don Fertman) San Pedro de Macorís Province San Pedro de Macorís is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the southeastern part of the country. Its capital city is San Pedro de Macorís. Name. The province has the same name of the capital of the province. In English, San Pedro is "Saint Peter"; "Macorís" was the name of a group of native people that lived in the Hispaniola. That name "Macorís", or "Macorix", was given to the river where the city of San Pedro de Macorís was founded.. History. San Pedro de Macorís was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category that has been abandoned) on 13 June 1882. The 1907 Dominican Constitution change its status to province. It was part of the old province of Santo Domingo and of the El Seibo province before being elevated to the category of province with the municipalities of Macorís (later, San Pedro de Macorís), Ramón Santana and San José de Los Llanos. Consuelo was made a municipality in 1996, Quisqueya in 1998 and Guayacanes in 1992. In 2000, El Puerto became a municipal district and Gautier in 2002. Location. The San Pedro de Macorís province is bordered to the north by the Hato Mayor and El Seibo provinces, to the east by the La Romana province and to the west by the Monte Plata and Santo Domingo provinces.The Caribbean Sea is to the south of the province. Population. In (last national census), there were people living in the San Pedro de Macorís province, and 244,215 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km². Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 7th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province. , the total estimated propulation of the province is 299,933 inhabitants. The largest city of the province is San Pedro de Macorís, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 185,255 inhabitants. About 80% of the population is black, the rest of the 20% is mostly mulatto. Geography. The San Pedro de Macorís province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 18th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province. The altitude of the provincial capital, San Pedro de Macorís, is above sea level. The San Pedro de Macorís province is in the "Llano Costero del Caribe" ("Caribbean Coastal Plain"), a large plain in southeastern Dominican Republic where there are many savannas with grasses. There are not high mountains in the province, only some low hills. The rivers in this province are not very long but they have much water; their sources are in the mountains north of the province and flow south to the Caribbean Sea. The most important rivers are, from east to west: Climate. The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year. Municipalities. There are 6 municipalities and 2 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. Economy. Because in the province there are many savannas with grasses, the main economic activity for centuries was cattle raising. It is still an important activity in the province. In the last years of the 19th century, during the war of independence in Cuba, many Cuban and American companies came to the Dominican Republic to grow sugar cane and to produce sugar. San Pedro de Macorís is the Dominican province where there are more sugar cane factories and the port of San Pedro de Macorís became one of the most important port in the country. In the city of San Pedro de Macorís, manufacturing is important, mainly cement, rum and in industries in the "Zona Franca" ("free zone" where the industries do not pay taxes and all the production is sent to other countries). In the Guayacanes municipality, tourism is important and there are many hotels close to the beaches, mainly in the Juan Dolio beach. Kurt Warner Kurtis Eugene "Kurt" Warner (born June 22, 1971, in Burlington, Iowa) is a retired American football player. He was the quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals. After playing in college at Northern Iowa, he was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent. He was not able to play there, so he went to the Arena Football League, and then later the NFL Europa. In 1998, Warner was signed by the St. Louis Rams. After the Rams' main quarterback Trent Green went out with an injury, Warner became the main quarterback. He later went on to win NFL MVP awards in 1999 and 2001, as well as the Super Bowl MVP award in 2000. In 1990, Kurt graduated from Regis High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. While there, he played quarterback of the school's Class 3A football team. He announced his retirement from football on January 29, 2010. College days and marriage. After Warner graduated from high school, he went to the University of Northern Iowa (UNI). At UNI, Warner was third on the Panthers' depth chart until his senior year. In his final year there, he was able to start and was named the Gateway Conference's Offensive Player of the Year. While at college, he met future wife, the former Brenda Carney Meoni. They got married on October 11, 1997. Before this, Brenda had served in the Marines. She was divorced with two children when they met each other. Warner adopted Brenda's two children, son Zachary and daughter Jesse, after their marriage. Zachary is blind from the head injuries he got when he was accidentally dropped by his birth-father as a baby. Warner agreed to help Brenda raise the children. The Warners now also have five children of their own: sons Elijah and Kade, daughter Jada, and twin girls Sierra Rose and Sienna Rae. After being let go from the Green Bay Packers training camp in 1994, he got a job working the night shift at a local Fareway grocery store. He was also assistant-coaching at Northern Iowa. Warner still wanted to play in the NFL, but with that not seeming it was going to happen, and the long hours at the Fareway for minimum wage creating financial trouble for him, Warner began playing in the Arena Football League. In 1996 and almost a year before Kurt and Brenda's marriage, Brenda's parents, Larry and Jenny Carney, were killed when their Arkansas home was destroyed by a tornado. Christianity. Both Kurt and his wife are active born again Christians. Embryonic stem cell advertisement. On October 24, 2006, Warner was in a political advertisement against a proposed law in Missouri. That new law would allow embryonic stem cell research to be done in Missouri. Warner was in the advertisement with James Caviezel, Patricia Heaton, Jeff Suppan, and Mike Sweeney. The advertisement, which was played during Game 4 of the 2006 World Series, falsely alleged that Amendment 2 would allow human cloning. The advertisement came after a pro-embryonic research advertisement that had Michael J. Fox, who has Parkinson's disease, in it. Arena Football and NFL Europe. Warner went to the Green Bay Packers training camp in 1994, but was released before the regular season began. He returned to Northern Iowa and worked as a graduate assistant coach with the football team, but he still wanted to get a tryout with an NFL team. When no NFL team would give him a tryout, Warner began playing for the Arena Football League. In 1995, he signed with the Iowa Barnstormers. Warner was named to the AFL's All-Arena first team in both 1996 and 1997. He led the Barnstormers to the Arena Bowl in both 1996 and 1997. Some people consider Warner one of the greatest Arena Football player of all-time. In 1997, Warner was offered an NFL tryout by the Chicago Bears, but he could not attend the tryout. In 1998, he was signed by the St. Louis Rams, but he only played for NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals. National Football League career. St. Louis Rams. 1999 season. Warner was the backup quarterback for the St. Louis Rams during the 1998 regular season and the 1999 preseason. When their main quarterback Trent Green was injured in a preseason game, Warner became the starter. He had one of the best seasons by a quarterback in NFL history by throwing for 4,353 yards with 41 touchdown passes and a completion rate of 65.1%. The Rams' very good offense was nicknamed "The Greatest Show on Turf." In the first three games that he was the main quarterback who plays, he threw three touchdown passes in each game. He is the only NFL quarterback in history to do that, and only the second, behind Dan Marino, to do it in his first two NFL starts. Because not many people knew who Warner was, "Sports Illustrated" put him on their October 18, 1999 cover with the caption "Who IS this guy?" He was named the 1999 NFL MVP at the end of the season. In the NFL playoffs, he led the Rams to a Super Bowl XXXIV win against the Tennessee Titans. He threw for two touchdowns and a Super Bowl record 414 passing yards. He also set a Super Bowl record by throwing 45 passes without an interception. Right after the Rams' Super Bowl win, an interviewer asked Warner, "Kurt, first things first--tell me about the final touchdown pass to Isaac." He responded, "Well, first things first, I've got to thank my Lord and Savior up above--thank You, Jesus!" He was awarded the Super Bowl MVP. That made him one of only six players to win both the league MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards in the same year. The others are Bart Starr in 1966, Terry Bradshaw in 1978, Joe Montana in 1989, Emmitt Smith in 1993, and Steve Young in 1994. 2000 season. Warner also played well in the 2000 season. Warner and Trent Green both played quarterback that season, and they both played well. But the Rams lost in the wild card round of the playoffs to the New Orleans Saints, mostly because their defense was not very good, even though Warner and the rest of their offense was still very good. Nine of the Rams' eleven defensive starters were cut in the offseason, and Green was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs. 2001 season. Warner played very well in the 2001 season. He had a league-high 36 touchdown passes and 4,830 passing yards with a career-high completion rate of 68.7% of his passes. He led the Rams to an NFL-best 14–2 record and they went to the Super Bowl XXXVI, but they lost to the New England Patriots. He was named the NFL MVP for the second time at the end of the season. 2002 and 2003 seasons. Warner began the season 0–3 as a starter, throwing seven interceptions with only one touchdown. In their fourth game against the Dallas Cowboys, he broke a finger on his throwing hand. Even thought he tried to come back later in the season, his injury caused him to be able to play two more games, and he lost them both. In contrast to his 103.4 career passer rating before that season, he had only 67.4 rating in 2002. He was replaced as the Rams' main quarterback after he fumbled six times in the opener of the 2003 season against the New York Giants. His replacement as the Rams quarterback, Marc Bulger, has been named to two Pro Bowls. New York Giants. The Rams released Warner on June 1, 2004. Just two days later, he signed a two-year deal with the New York Giants. He began the 2004 season as the main quarterback. He won five of his first seven games, but after not playing well in a two-game losing streak, rookie quarterback Eli Manning was made the main quarterback. Giants coach Tom Coughlin later said that he never should have made Warner play, and should have played Manning from the beginning to give Manning the experience he needs to build his confidence. The Giants had a 5–4 win-loss record at the time that Manning began playing, and they finished at 6–10 overall (going only 1–6 under Manning). Arizona Cardinals. 2005 season. In early 2005, Warner signed a one-year, $4-million contract with the Arizona Cardinals. He was soon named the main quarterback by coach Dennis Green. He played bad in three games before injuring his groin. He was then replaced by former starter Josh McCown. McCown played well enough in two games during Warner's injury to get coach Green named McCown the starter for the rest of the season. As Warner was the backup quarterback, many people thought that he was never to be the main quarterback again. But because McCown played bad in two straight games, coach Green made Warner the main quarterback. He played well in the next three weeks, but his season ended in Week 15 when he partly tore his MCL. 2006 season. Warner signed a new three-year deal with the Cardinals on February 14, 2006. The deal had a base salary of $18 million, but if he played well, he could get as much as $22 million in the three years. In Week 3 of the 2006 season, Warner passed the 20,000-yards passing milestone in his 76th game. That was one game more than record holder Dan Marino, but Warner did it in his 9th year while Marino did it in his 5th. After Matt Leinart played poorly in the three games of Weeks 2-4, Warner replaced the rookie Leinart in the fourth quarter of Week 4. In Week 16, Leinart had a shoulder injury against the San Francisco 49ers, so Warner was able to play for the first time since Week 4. He did well that game, and the Cardinals won the game. 2007 season. In the third game of the 2007 season against the Baltimore Ravens, Warner came off the bench because Leinart was again not playing well. He led a comeback, completing 15 passes out of 20 attempts for 258 yards and 2 touchdowns. This brought them to a tie game (23–23), but after the Ravens made a last second field goal, Arizona lost the game 26–23. On September 30, 2007, during the Week 4 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he went in for Leinart because he was not playing well again. Leinart was later placed on Injured reserve, so Warner was named the starter for the rest of the 2007 season. Warner got 27 passing touchdowns in the 2007 season, just one short of the Cardinals franchise record. Because he played well, he was given a $1 million bonus for the year. His 3,417 passing yards, 27 touchdown passes, and 89.8 passer rating were all his best since the 2001 season. 2008 season/playoffs. Matt Leinart was named the Cardinals starter going in to the off-season for 2008, but Ken Whisenhunt said that it may happen that Warner become the Cardinals' starter before the season begins. Warner was named the starter on August 30, 2008. That season, Warner had a very good season, and on December 16, 2008, was named the starting quarterback for the NFC team in the 2009 Pro Bowl. Warner and the Cardinals won all three of their playoff games, but lost in the Super Bowl to the Pittsburgh Steelers. That makes Warner's Super Bowl record 1–2. James Dobson, starter of Focus on the Family, has been supportive of Warner, and even replayed a radio clip of Warner and his wife on January 30, 2009. Skokie, Illinois Skokie, Illinois is a village in Illinois. It was once known as Niles Center. It is on the northwest side of Chicago in Cook County. The area of Skokie is 10.1 square miles (2.62 square kilometers). According the 2000 census, its population was 63,348. The mayor of Skokie, as of September 2014, was George Van Dusen. History. Skokie was named Niles Centre in 1888. By 1910, the spelling of this name was changed to Niles Center. A nearby village was named Niles. This was confusing. Tthe name of the village was changed to Skokie has in 1940. WAV WAV (or WAVE), short for Waveform Audio File Format, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It resembles the RIFF bitstream format in the sense that it stores data in “chunks”. It is also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The default bitstream encoding is the Microsoft Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM) format, although other codecs, such as MP3, are allowed as well. L. Frank Baum Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American writer of children's books during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his most famous and popular book, "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900), and other "Oz" books that followed it. Early life. Baum was born in a small town in Chittenango, New York. He was a member of a large family. He started writing as a child. When his father bought his children a simple printing press, Baum and a younger brother wrote and printed a small local newspaper. As a young man, Baum wrote and staged plays. Sometimes he wrote songs for his plays and starred in them himself. He also tried many other careers. He was a travelling salesman and a storekeeper for a time. He started a newspaper while he lived in a town in South Dakota. He married in 1882. He and his wife, Maud Gage Baum, raised four sons. Baum had a very good imagination. He liked creating stories for his young sons and their friends. Writing career. When he became 40 years old and was living in Chicago, Baum started writing children's books. These books were often based on the stories he had told to children over many years. After several successes in the late 1890s, Baum published what he called an "American fairy tale," "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", in 1900. The book had pictures drawn by the American artist W. W. Denslow. Baum had to pay for the first "Oz" book himself. No Chicago publisher wanted to publish "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". One man even told Baum that if people had wanted to read this kind of book, it would already have been written. But the first "Oz" book was a big success. Baum was able to give up other business ideas and make enough money to live on by writing children's books. The children who read his books often wrote to Baum, and asked him to write more about "Oz". This caused Baum to begin a series of books set in the fantasy land of Oz. In time, Baum grew tired of the series. He tried to end it but his child readers kept demanding that he continue. Baum met their demands through the rest of his life. He wrote 14 "Oz" books in all. The last two were printed after his death in 1919. Baum also wrote a large number of books other than the "Oz" series. He was proudest of his fantasies for children, but he also wrote many other kinds of popular works. He used many pen names for these works. Baum's children's books were illustrated with pictures by different artists. After the first "Oz" book, all the rest in the series had pictures by John R. Neill. Later life. Baum made a good income from his books. He spent time travelling around the world with his wife. They settled in Hollywood, California, and Baum made movie versions of some of his "Oz" books. He also produced stage versions of them. But his businesses were not always successful. In time, Baum had to declare bankruptcy. He was smart enough to put his house in his wife's name, so that they did not lose their home in the bankruptcy. Book of Jonah The Old Testament book of Jonah, contains four chapters, and forty-eight verses. The book tells the story of the Prophet Jonah, who was called by God to go to the heathen city of Nineveh, which God would soon destroy if they did not repent. Nineveh was the main city of the Assyrians who were the enemies of Jonah's country of Israel. So instead, Jonah ran away from God and went in a ship towards the west. God sent a great storm and the ship was about to sink. God showed the sailors that Jonah was to blame, and although they didn't want to, they threw him out of the ship and the storm stopped. Jonah was swallowed by a great fish (probably a whale). He repented of his sin of running away from God. Then he prayed for three days and nights. God made the great fish spit Jonah onto the dry land. Then he obeyed God and went to tell the people of their sins to God. Jonah then went all through the city telling everyone that God was going to punish them. Their hearts were changed and they saw their evildoing. They prayed for God to deliver them from the upcoming destruction to their city. God saw their change and had mercy on them, but Jonah still did not believe it. He went to wait upon a high up rock and see God's anger against the city. God was not pleased with that so he first made a plant grow, and then sent a small worm to bite down the small gourd plant, which was Jonah's only shade from the heat of the sun. Jonah was very angry and said it was better for him to die than live. God, in turn, said that Jonah cared more about the little plant than all the people of Nineveh! Book of Malachi The Book of Malachi, is the last of the books of the Old Testament. The book is made up of four chapters and a total of fifty-five verses. The word Malachi means "my messenger". It is unknown if this is a name or if it describes the work of the writer. There are very few historical details in the Book of Malachi. The best clue as to its dating may be the Persian term for governor (pehâ) is used in Chapter 1 verse 8. This could mean that it was written after the time when the Jews were in Persia. in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. The author of Ecclesiasticus early in the 2nd century BC used some of the themes in the book of Malachi, so most scholars assign it to a position after Haggai and Zechariah, close to the time of Ezra and when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 445 BC. Since the book talks about things that are common in religion, it could have been given at most any time. This leaves some doubt about the date. The Book Of Malachi uses a method of "question and answer". God says something and the people ask how that can be true. Then God gives the reason for what He has said. Then the next statement, question and answer follow. The questions include: "Does God love us"? and "Why is God angry with us"? God gives a list of wrong things they have done. They have made offerings of second rate things in the temple. Priests have not done their work properly. Men have married women who were not followers of God. They have not been faithful to the wives they have married. They have questioned God's justice and they have not given the tithe to the temple. The book ends by telling everyone to obey the laws given by Moses and by saying that Elijah will return before the end of time. Quotes from the Book of Malachi: Chapter 3, verses 1-3 form part of the text of Handel's Messiah, a famous musical work. Chapter 3, verse 1 is quoted by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew Chapter 11, verse 10, and said to be about John the Baptist. Chapter 4, verse 6 is included in a promise given to the father of John the Baptist in the Gospel of Luke Chapter 1 verse 17 Chapter 3, verse 8 has been quoted by many famous preachers to tell people that they should have given money to God and to help other people. Trey Lewis Trey Lewis (born May 23, 1985 in Topeka, Kansas) is an NFL football player. He plays defensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons. Lewis began playing for the Falcons in 2007. Polotsk Polotsk (Polatsk, , , ) is a historical city in Belarus. It is located on the Dvina river. It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast. About 79,000 people live there. It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base. Andance Andance is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Annonay Annonay is a town and commune in the north part of the Ardèche "department" of France. This commune has the most people living in it of the Ardèche département, although it is not the préfecture, which is the smaller town of Privas. Geography. Annonay is a few kilometers away from the Rhône River, 75 km south of Lyon and 40 from Saint-Étienne. History. The town's name is possibly of Roman beginnings. On June 4, 1783, Annonay was the place where the Montgolfier brothers made their first public unmanned hot air balloon flight. Twin towns. Annonay's twin towns include: Antraigues-sur-Volane Antraigues-sur-Volane is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc. Arcens Arcens is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Ardoix Ardoix is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Arlebosc Arlebosc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Arras-sur-Rhône Arras-sur-Rhône is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Asperjoc Asperjoc is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc. Les Assions Les Assions is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Astet Astet is a commune in the Ardèche "department" in southern France. The source of the Ardèche River can be found near Astet. Aubenas Aubenas is a city and commune in the southern part of the Ardèche "département". The Ardèche River flows through the commune. Twin towns. Aubenas is twinned with: Aubignas Aubignas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Baix Baix is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Balazuc Balazuc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Barnas Barnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Beggars Banquet Beggars Banquet is a 1968 album by British band The Rolling Stones. Hyles-Anderson College Hyles-Anderson College is in Crown Point, Indiana. The unaccredited, fundamental, Christian college was founded in 1972 by Dr. Jack Hyles with much financial help from Russell Anderson. The college is a ministry of the First Baptist Church of Hammond. The president of the college is Dr. Ray Young, and their chancellor is Dr. Jack Schaap, (pastor of the church). In 2008 they will be starting a program called the "Jericho Plan" . Simon Fraser University Simon Fraser University (SFU) is a Canadian university. It has campuses in Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, Vancouver and Surrey, all in British Columbia. SFU is rated as one of Canada’s top universities. It was started in 1965. SFU currently has 24,000 students. The university is named after Simon Fraser. He was an explorer of the Vancouver area. Overview. "Maclean's" magazine rated SFU as Canada's best comprehensive university in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. It is usually always at or near the top of the magazine's list. Research Infosource named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for “publication effectiveness” in 2006. Type of university. Like most Canadian universities, SFU is a public university. Fifty-six percent of the money used to run the school comes from taxpayers. Thirty-nine percent comes from tuition fees. Studies. The university teaches students in six main groups of topics. Applied Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Health Sciences, and Science. In May 2004, the SFU Senate approved the policy on degree requirements that all its undergraduate students must have. SFU was the first Canadian university to do this. The policy was created to make certain students got a more complete education. Albi Albi () is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department, in the Occitanie region. It is on the side of the Tarn river, about to the northeast of Toulouse. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Albi. The cathedral and the part of the city around it (the "Episcopal City") was made a World Heritage Sites in 2010. History. The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became "Civitas Albigensium", the city of the Albigeois. The Cathars had their main centre at Albi and so they were known also as "Albigens" after the city. The Cathar movement was a branch of Christianity which was persecuted in the Middle Ages. Because of this, the city was almost completely destroyed in a crusade between 1209 and 1229. Since 1678, the city is the seat of an archbishop. Since 1790, it is the capital city of the Tarn department. Geography. Albi is in southern France, in the centre of the Tarn department. The Tarn flows through the city and splits it in two; the historical city is on the left side of the river. Several small rivers, tributaries of the Tarn, flows also through the city. It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . The "commune" is at northeast of Toulouse and the closest cities are Castres, Toulouse, Mazamet, Graulhet, Lavaur, Gaillac, Montauban, Rodez et Carmaux. It is surrounded by the "communes" Lescure-d'Albigeois to the north; Saint-Juéry to the northeast; Cunac and Cambon to the east; Fréjairolles to the southeast; Puygouzon to the south; Le Sequestre, Carlus and Saliès to the southwest; Terssac, Marssac-sur-Tarn, Florentin, Rouffiac, Cagnac-les-Mines, Castelnau-de-Lévis. Climate. The climate of Albi is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature for the year in Albi is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . The highest recorded temperature in Albi is , which was recorded in August. The lowest recorded temperature in Albi is , which was recorded in January. The average amount of precipitation for the year in Albi is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of . Population. The inhabitants of Albi are known, in French, as "Albigeois" (women: "Albigeoises"). The city of Albi has a population, in 2014, of 49,531; its population density is of inhabitants/km2. Administration. Albi is the prefecture of the Tarn department since 1797. It is also the capital of four "Cantons": It is part of the intercommunality "Albigeois" (). Cathedral. St. Cecile´s cathedral is built like a fortress, in a gothic style. The cathedral is built in a very special style. Inside, there are frescoes from the Renaissance, worth a visit. The cathedral has walls which are up to thick. This makes it the biggest brick building in the world. Museum. There is a museum dedicated to Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in the city. De Touluose-Lautrec was born in the city. There are also paintings of other people in the museum. Sister cities. Albi is twinned with: Bambi II Bambi II, originally called "Bambi and the Great Prince" and then "Bambi and the Great Prince of the Forest", is a 2006 American animated drama movie and the midquel to the 1942 movie "Bambi". Although it was eventually released in theatres in 25 countries, in the United States and some other countries it was a direct-to-video release (released on February 7, 2006). Taking place in the middle of "Bambi" during the title character’s adolescence, it shows the Great Prince of the Forest struggling to raise the motherless Bambi, and Bambi's doubts about his father's love. The Story. Picking up shortly after his mother's death, Bambi follows his father, the Great Prince, into the forest. With the help of Thumper and Flower, Bambi must win his father's approval, but the Great Prince finds that his high-spirited son may have a lesson or two to teach him as well. Production. Many of the backgrounds used in the movie are exactly the same that were used in the original 1942 movie. The old backgrounds were put through the computer to create a clearer image. Release. The movie was released on home video at differing dates, due to it being a theatrical release in some countries. While the movie was a direct-to-video release in countries like the United States, Japan, Canada, mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries like the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Australia and some other European countries. It broke the world record for the longest amount of time between two related movies made in a series, being released 63 and a half years after the first movie. As major studios continue to phase out VHS, this was the last Disney animated movie released on VHS. Following its moratorium strategy, in which releases are made available for a limited time only, Disney gave the DVD a 70-day window for its US release. The movie sold 2.6 million DVDs in its first week in the United States. Reception. The movie generally received a positive rating from professional critics. It holds a score of 60% "Fresh" in Rotten Tomatoes and has a rating of 6.3 stars out of 10 in IMDb. It was praised for its animation - regarded as some of the best among the Disney direct-to-video sequels - but the story was thought to be lacking and easy to make. Movie fans were much more positive, according to ratings on Amazon.com. Soundtrack. "Bambi II"'s musical score includes instrumental pieces by Bruce Broughton, and new vocal songs by several noted artists, including Alison Krauss, Martina McBride, and Anthony Callea. Coinciding the with film's DVD release, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records in the United States on February 7, 2006. Produced by Matt Walker, the CD included 9 songs from the movie, as well as three tracks from the original movie. Time period changes. In the original book on which "Bambi" was based, Ronno was already a stag when Bambi was born, instead of being mere weeks-to-months older than he was as in the movie. An additional twist is that in the book, Ronno was quite respectable (though a bit of a whiner as he is portrayed in the movie), and there was nothing at all personal about his rivalry with Bambi over Faline. Ronno's character is never named in the original movie. However, documentation from Disney clearly indicates that the Ronno in Bambi II is the same deer which Bambi fought in the original, right down to the same moves each deer makes during their fight in the sequel. The age of the Great Prince changes as compared to the original movie. In the original, the Great Prince is said to be twice as old as the oldest deer. In this movie, the Great Prince is said to have been the same age as Bambi's mother. Double-Takes. There are several scenes in "Bambi II" which are noticeably similar to scenes from the first movie, "Bambi". For example: Third sequel. In 2007, Pimental expressed interest of making a third movie, which was supposed to continue were the original left off. The movie was originally meant to be released direct-to-DVD in the U.S and in European theaters in late 2011. However, since DisneyToon Studios was shut down. Deportivo Saprissa The Deportivo Saprissa is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949. Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group. In 1952, the team won its first national championship. Saprissa History. In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club. Juani Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco “Pachico” García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost. In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66 goals and had 46 goals scored against them. During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "La Cueva del Monstruo" or simply "La Cueva". After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972. Chirripó National Park Chirripó National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. It is in Talamanca Mountain, northeast of San Isidro de El General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of . The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Cerro Chirripó. The mountain has an altitude of . In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means "Land of Eternal Waters". The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo. The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months. There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals. The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station. National Parks of Costa Rica There are 26 National parks in Costa Rica. These parks are managed by SINAC "(Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion)". SINAC is part of Costa Rica's Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). Santa Rosa. The Santa Rosa National Park in the province of Guanacaste is one of the most important historic areas of the country. Manuel Antonio. Manuel Antonio National Park was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks. This park is located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas. It has an area of 682.7 mm. It is one of Costa Rica's most scenic parks. Manuel Antonio receives a lot of national and international tourism. Another important attraction is the tropical rainforest inhabited by species of flora and fauna in danger of extinction, such as the Tití monkey. Arenal. Arenal National Park is located in the North Region, north of the Sierra de Tilarán. It belongs to the cantons of Tilarán, San Carlos and San Ramon. Protect important species of flora and fauna characteristics of the rain forest and cloud forest premontane valuable scientific and tourism. Coocoo Island. The island is regarded as a natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of species. Cocos Island is a territory rich landscape and a true laboratory for the study of nature. Many ferns, bromeliads, rivers, creeks and waterfalls, valleys, cliffs and islands frequented by countless seabirds and place of nesting gulls. Blue Flag beach The Blue Flag is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards. The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas. FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates Sarchí, Costa Rica Sarchi is a city in Costa Rica. It is famous for its art and hand-crafted furniture. Sarchi is also known for its colorful hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries. Sarchi has several small communities. One of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old, travelers will be able to see one of the best views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy. Sarchi is a community made up of artists and craftsmen. It is well known for its ox carts. Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in Sarchi and are sold throughout the country and to tourists. They are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past, these ox carts were used to carry coffee to the markets. There are many shops in the town that sell hand-made wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are sold are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelry, sculptures, and paintings. José Figueres Ferrer José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer (September 25, 1906 – June 8, 1990) was president of Costa Rica three times. He was also the rebel leader during the Costa Rican civil war. Early years. Also known as Don Pepe, José Figueres Ferrer was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. His parents were from Cataluña, Spain: Mariano Rodríguez Borges and Francisca Ferrer Mendiola. Figueres entered the Primary Boys School in San Ramón of Alajuela in 1913. He got in Costa Rica’s Lyceum finishing his Secondary studies in 1920. He went to Boston, United States to travel and study. He returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a coffee farm. Civil war. In 1942, Figueres made a speech on Latin America Radio. In this speech, he objected to the situation in Costa Rica under president Rafael Ángel Calderón. Because of this speech, he was arrested and forced to leave the country. Figueres return to Costa Rica in 1944. He started a political party, the Democratic Party. A main goal of the party was to go against Calderon's party, the National Republican Party. In 1948, supporters of Calderón caused problems with an election for president in which Calderón lost to Otilio Ulate. Because of this, the results of the election were not used. This led to the start of the civil war in 1948. In March 11, 1948, Don Pepe began a war to support the peoples decision at the previous election. Figueres and his troops won. President of Costa Rica. In the same year, José Figueres Ferrer became president of the Second Republic Founder Assembly. He became president of Costa Rica for the first time and eliminated the Costa Rica army. He became President of Costa Rica for the second time in 1953 winning the election with 65% of the votes. In 1970, he became Costa Rica’s President for the third time. Figueres died June 8, 1990. Five months later he was declared Benemérito de la Patria. Achievements. In the 1953-1958 administration, very important institutions are created. These included: During his last administration (1970-1974) a lot of institutes were created such as: Jaw The jaw is the part of an animal's body that it uses to grab and chew food. In humans, the jaws are two bones in the mouth, the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw), that let the teeth move up and down in order to chew. The mandible is joined to the skull. However, in insects, the jaws may open left and right instead, and they are usually outside the mouth instead of inside it. Sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. Some animals, even some vertebrates, do not have jaws. A body part is called a jaw based on what it does, not what it is made of or how it grows. In different animals, it can be made of different kinds of cells and tissue. In the embryos of different animals, it may come from different original places. Even within arthropods, the group that contains insects and lobsters and trilobites and spiders, the jaws of different animals may grow from different original tissues, even though they look similar in adult animals. A pair of appendages that become jaws in one species may become antennae in a different species or legs in another. Moray eels and some other fish have two sets of jaws. The outer jaws in their faces grow from the same tissues as the jaws of other fish, and the inner jaws, called pharyngeal jaws, can come from the same tissue that becomes gills or muscles in other fish. Marsupials and monotremes are born before their jaws have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do. Scientists from Kings' College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow. They found that baby echidnas also form a temporary jaw using the bones of their inner ear so they can feed and grow. Battle of Santa Rosa The Battle of Santa Rosa was a battle between the forces of Costa Rica and those of Nicaragua. It was one of the most important battles in the history of Costa Rica. The battle took place on March 20, 1856 at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. The cause. The fighting was caused by the arrival of William Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was an American soldier who believed slavery was good. He told the people of Nicaragua that he wanted to help the country. What he really wanted was to conquer the five free nations of Central America. The president of Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras thought that Walker wanted to conquer them. On February 27, 1856, Mora declared the war against Walker and Nicaragua. The fighting. President Mora called all of his forces to fight. On March 4th, Mora led the forces as they started their march towards Nicaragua. On March 12th, they arrived in Liberia. There they join with Jose Maria Cañas and his battalion. When the filibusters found out what was happening in Costa Rica, they sent troops. Their troops got to Hacienda Santa Rosa on March 19th. On March 20th, the three thousand Costa Ricans walked to Hacienda Santa Rosa where the filibusters had formed their post at La Casona. At four o’clock, the Costa Rican battalions began the attack against the invaders. After fourteen minutes, the Costa Rican forces won the battle. The few filibusters that had escaped went to Nicaragua. William Walker armed a new army. President Mora quickly moved on to Rivas with his 3000 men, and the Battle of Rivas started. Editus Editus is a Costa Rican music group. The group included Ricardo Ramírez, Edín Solís and Carlos “Tapado” Vargas. Their music styles were a combination of modern, jazz, new age, classical music, and the unique sound of Latin America. Editus went to over 30 countries in North America, Europe and Latin America to give shows. They performed in places like The New York’s Carnegie Hall, The Kennedy Center Washington D.C., The Olimpia in Paris, the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, Monterrey Jazz Festival, Auditorio Nacional and Plaza del Sócalo in Mexico City. They have worked with famous artists like León Gieco, Danilo Pérez, Aterciopelados, Tania Libertad, Armando Manzanero, Pedro Aznar, and Rubén Blades. They won the Grammy Award in 2000 with Blades for “Best Latin Pop Presentation” for the song called “Tiempos.” They have also won awards in the categories “Best World Music Album” and “Best Tropical Contemporary Album” for their album "Mundo". They have received national awards like “Ancora” given by “La Nación” newspaper; the National Association of Authors and Musical Composers (ACAM) named them “The group with Best International Projection,” TELETICA named Editus as the “Artist of the Year 2000” and the newspaper “La República” awarded this group “Personality of the Year.” Albums. During their career they have produced eleven albums, they are: Members Information. Ricardo Ramírez (Violinist). He was born in November 11th, 1967 in San José, Costa Rica. He is graduated from the University of Costa Rica in 1990. From 1983 to 1988 he was part of the Juvenile Symphonic Costa Rican Orchestra. He won the “Soloist teenagers” contest. In 1989 he worked as a soloist with the National Symphonic Orchestra. Nowadays, he and his brothers are part of the “Trio de Cuerdas,” “Akustic Ensamble” as well as Trio “Ménage d Trois” with Martha Fonseca and Bernal Villegas. He has played in national performances like “Inconsciente Colectivo,” “Gandhi,” Bernardo Quesada, María Prétiz, Patricia Torres, Duvalier Quirós, Cantoamérica, and Arnoldo Castillo. Out of the country, he record productions with “Son Miserables,” “Congreso” group and Alvaro Aguilar. Edín Solís (Guitarist). Solís was born in Zarcero on November 22nd, 1963. He is graduated in Classical Guitar from the University of Costa Rica Conservatory. He learned how to play the guitar with the Argentinean teachers Jorge Cardoso and Miguel A. Girolet, a Spanish teacher Demetrio Ballesteros, Francisco Ortíz and Víctor Monge. In 1991 he won the National Prize Contest of guitar and toured Spain, France, and Germany. From 1985 through 1990 he toured with Cantoamérica Guitarist. He traveled to the United States and Guatemala to show their music style. In 1991, he went to Europe to give his tour as a soloist in Paris, Santiago de Compostela in Spain, Bonn and Köln, both cities of Germany. Carlos "Tapado" Vargas (Percussionist). He was born in January 22nd, 1971 in San José, Costa Rica. He is graduated in 1987 from the Castella Conservatory. He studied with the percussionist Giovanni Hidalgo and in the teen program of the National Symphonic Orchestra. He is part of the National Symphonic Orchestra and The Juvenile Symphonic Orchestra of Costa Rica. Also he has participated in Marfil, Gaviota y Amarillo and Cian Magenta groups. He has played for Paquita D’Rivera and Victor Monge (known as Serranto), Abraham Laboriel, Alvaro López, Justo Almario, Diego Urcola. He was part of Cantoamérica and Cono Sur and also Probus Ensamble Group. At present, he is the percussionist of Malpaís, Kool Jazz and Jazz Latino Sextet. San José, Costa Rica San José is the capital of Costa Rica, head of San José Province, and the nation's largest city. It is named in honor of Saint Joseph. It is in the center of the "Gran Area Metropolitana" (metropolitan area) of the Central Valley. San José is the center of political and economic activity and the main transportation center of Costa Rica. The population of the city is 288,054, but the metropolitan area of San José has a third of Costa Rica's population. Few people live in the city center but it is still the most important working area of the entire country. More than a million people come to work in San José daily from the surrounding areas. Despite its problems, according to studies in Latin America, San José is still one of the safest and least violent cities in the region. In 2006 the city was appointed Ibero-American Capital of Culture. San José is also the sixth most important destination in Latin America, according to "The MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index 2012". In the global ranking, San Jose obtained the 15th position among the world’s top 20 fastest growing destination cities by visitor cross-border spending. History. San José was founded in 1738 and became the capital of Costa Rica in 1823. It is one of the youngest capitals of Latin America. Geography. San José has at an average elevation of 1,161 m above sea level. Climate. The climate is generally the same throughout the year. The city has an average temperature is 23C gets about 150 mm of rain each month. Education. Costa Rica developed high literacy rates and education levels. Most of the people are literate and many have high-school level diplomas. Costa Rica has the best education levels of all the Central American nations, and one of the best in Latin America. This is especially true for San José, because it is the nation's main education center. San José has many education institutions; including public and around 51 private universities. University of Santo Tomas was the first university of Costa Rica. It was established in San José in 1843. This university had close relations with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued independently, but Costa Rica had no other university until 1940, when those four schools (law, agronomy, fine arts, pharmacy) were united to form the University of Costa Rica (UCR), during the government of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. San José's public education system is made up of pre-schools, elementary and high schools (from grades 7 to 11), which are in all of the city's districts and are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. There are also private schools. These private schools go from pre-schools to universities. Many are bilingual, teaching subjects in foreign languages such as German, French, or English. Security. San José city is one of Latin America's safest cities. On June 19, 2012, the city and nation reduced their respective criminality indexes. Criminality, nationwide, was reduced from 12.5% to a 9.5% (per 100,000 inhabitants). In 2012, new police equipment was given by the nation government; as well as receiving an increase in security budget. President Laura Chinchilla's government has donated vehicles and other equipment to the police department in at least two occasions. The city also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Main City Landmarks. It can be said that San José is Costa Rica's cultural center, having all the main theaters, museums, parks, and historic buildings. Theaters and Auditoriums. San José has many beautiful theaters which are mostly inspired by European architecture. These buildings also serve as main tourist attractions; not only because of their beauty, but also because of cultural, musical, and artistic activities which happen regularly. The most well-known are: The National Theater ("Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica") and the Mélico Salazar Theater present drama, dance performances and concerts year long. Also, there are other 'smaller' theaters in the city and provide other types of entertainment. Teatro Variedades is San José's oldest theatre. Museums. There are many different museums in the city: Architecture. There are several special buildings that have historic importance in San José. Some of them are: Parks, Plazas, and Zoos. San José has many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where you can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists as well as many different bird, tree and plant species. Some of the main Parks are: San José's largest park and is La Sabana Metropolitan Park. It is in the western part of the city, in the district of 'Mata Redonda'. Plazas, or squares, are very prominent in San José. La Plaza de La Cultura ('Culture Square'), is one example. Simón Bolivar Zoo is the city's only zoo and has a many species of animals and plants, both national and international. CowParade CowParade is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also. This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica. The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity. In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity. Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future. Poás Volcano The Poás Volcano is an active volcano near the town of Poás, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Poas Volcano has two craters. The larger crater is one of the biggest crater in the world. It is in diameter and deep. The biggest known eruption was in 1910. The area around the volcano is a national park. It is a place where many tourists from Costa Rica and other countries visit. At the bottom of the main crater is a lagoon. The lagoon is an acidic lake with boiling sulfuric gases. The temperature of the lake varies between and . Because of changes in the chemistry of the lake and its temperature, the color of the lake also changes. The second crater has a cold water lake in it. This lake is connected to the nearby river, Rio Angel. Gandhi (band) Gandhi is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo. Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans. The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance. The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album "Ciclos". The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States. The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo ("Tributo a Soda Stereo"). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists. Music videos. They have some videos of their songs: Clodomiro Picado Clodomiro Picado Twight (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican biologist. Picado may have been the first to have learned about penicillin. Early life and education. Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France. In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his BSc in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city. Discoveries. Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial attacks of a fungus known as "Penicillium notatum" in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity. Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this academy did not patent it, even though Picado had studied the fungus years before Fleming. Picado studied the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research in Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work. From Me to You "From Me to You" is a song by The Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Released in 1963 as a single, it was their first big hit, staying on top of the chart for seven straight weeks. "From Me to You" comprises five verses and two bridges. It lasts less than two minutes. Epistle to the Ephesians Ephesians, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book is thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the people of Ephesus while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D. However, the words "in Ephesus" do not appear in the best and earliest hand copies of the letter, leading most textual critics, like Bart Ehrman, to regard the words "in Ephesus" as a later addition. Copies of the letter may have been sent to other churches also, since it contains no personal references to people at Ephesus. The Church at Ephesus. Paul's first short visit of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts Chapter 18, verses 19–21. The work he began then was continued by Apollos (Acts Chapter 18 verses 24–26) and Aquila and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the next year, he stayed at Ephesus "three years", and from there visited the western parts of Asia Minor. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia Minor." On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, called together the leaders of the church from Ephesus, and said "good bye" to them expecting to see them no more. (Acts Chapter 20, verses 18–35) Content of the letter. Frank Charles Thompson, says that the main theme of Ephesians is to tell the newly converted Jews not to separate themselves from their Gentile fellow Christians. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the main thing in the book. The purpose of the epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." meaning the most important part of Paul's teachings. The author strongly tells the church again and again to have a certain view of salvation, which he then explains. Chapter 2, verse 6, states "By grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works so that no one should boast" In Chapter 6 Paul tells about how families should treat each other. He says that children should love their parents, fathers should not make their children angry, servants should serve their masters, and masters should not threaten their servants, since God does not favor any group above another. The ending of the letter mentions truth, peace, salvation and prayer as "armor of God". that will enable the Christians to stand firm. Endymion Endymion is a human character in Greek mythology. His story is told by various ancient authors. In most versions he is a shepherd, and a young man of unusual handsomeness – so much so that the Moon goddess Selene falls in love with him. She uses her divine power to keep him asleep forever, preserving his youth and beauty. The Endymion story has been re-told by poets and playwrights. The English playwright John Lyly wrote one version; and the poet John Keats used the story as the basis for his long poem "Endymion". The name also inspired Prince Endymion, the name of Momaru Chiba's (Darien in the English version) past life character and the lover of the reincarnated Princess Serenity, Usagi (Serena) Tsukino from the popular anime and manga Sailor Moon. In the future he becomes King Darien (キング・エンディミオン King Endymion), ruler of Crystal Tokyo, husband of Neo Queen Serenity and father of Rini. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature. He was also a literary critic, philosopher and theologian. Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devon. He was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, Jesus College, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called "Lyrical Ballads", which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.) In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem "Kubla Khan" — along with the "Ancient Mariner", it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a painkiller. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started. Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet. He died in Highgate, Middlesex. Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book "The Road to Xanadu", John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially "Kubla Khan", to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book "Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel", Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read. With the Beatles With the Beatles is The Beatles' second UK album. It was recorded four months after the band's first album, "Please Please Me" and was released on 22 November, 1963. The album sold so well in England, it qualified to enter the hit singles charts. Most of the songs were used again in the first American Beatles album issued by Capitol Records, "Meet The Beatles!" Other songs appeared on "The Beatles' Second Album". In 2003, the album was ranked number 420 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale is The Beatles' fourth album. It was released in late 1964. Many of its songs went into an American release, "Beatles '65", from Capitol Records, while the rest went into "Beatles VI", a compilation album. John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who wrote most of the band's songs, had filled their earlier album, "A Hard Day's Night", with original songs. The band began recording their next album only a week after finishing "A Hard Day's Night", and they had little time to compose new music. The band filled the album with cover versions, of songs they had performed live in Hamburg, Germany and the Cavern in Liverpool, their hometown, before the Beatles were famous. Press agent Derek Taylor explained in the album's liner notes that all the recordings on "Beatles for Sale" were how the band played the music onstage. The original songs on the album were praised, for showing Lennon and McCartney had grown and improved as writers. "I'm A Loser" was compared to Bob Dylan's work. "I'll Follow The Sun" was an early song, that was given a rewrite. "What You're Doing" imitated the musical style of The Byrds, who were just becoming popular. Several live versions of the album's songs have since appeared, that the Beatles played in Germany, and for BBC Radio. Album songs. "All songs by Lennon/McCartney, unless credited differently" + "Also appeared on Beatles '65 in the United States"<br> "Also appeared on Beatles VI. Rubber Soul Rubber Soul is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 3 December 1965 in the United Kingdom, on EMI's Parlophone label. The double A-side single "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was released at the same time. The first North American version of the album from Capitol Records had ten of the fourteen songs from the British Parlophone version. "Rubber Soul" was very popular with critics. It was at the top of sales charts in Britain and the United States for many weeks. The album proves the Beatles were starting to use LSD and marijuana. The album was recorded in London over four weeks in October–November 1965. Most call it a folk rock album, especially in its Capitol (North American) version. "Rubber Soul" has a mix of pop, soul and folk musical styles. The songs show the Beatles' improving as songwriters. They also used brighter guitar tones and new instrumentation such as sitar, harmonium and fuzz bass. Abbey Road Abbey Road is the twelfth official album recorded by The Beatles. It was released in September 1969. Side one consisted of hits, while side two consisted of short songs to make up a story. Album songs. "All songs written by Lennon/McCartney unless credited differently." Magical Mystery Tour Magical Mystery Tour is a 1967 television movie made by The Beatles. It is also the movie's title song, and the name of its soundtrack recording. Show. Paul McCartney had the original idea for "Magical Mystery Tour", coming back from the Monterey Pop Festival in California, during the summer of 1967. He drew a clock face on a paper plate, and filled it with parts of the show he imagined. McCartney based the idea on Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who travelled the United States in a bus, and also "", which were low-budget weekend vacation trips taken in England. The other Beatles liked the idea for the show, and made plans to produce and direct it themselves. After they stopped giving concerts in 1966, they had started making their own promotional films (called "promos"), much like today's music videos. They had success with promos, and wanted to try making a whole programme, to appear on television during the Christmas holidays. Beatles manager Brian Epstein helped set up the production, and the Beatles asked friends, members of their staff, and some professional actors to ride with them in a rented bus over a holiday weekend, and film whatever happened, with magical elements to be added later. Making the movie was one of the first jobs of the Beatles's new company, Apple Corps. Epstein unfortunately died before filming began. Without him to look over business details, things ran into trouble. By the time things were set up, John Lennon and George Harrison had changed their minds about performing, and spent much of the bus trip asleep. There also was not much for scenery along the roads, or entertainment among the passengers. What turned into a bigger event than filming "Magical Mystery Tour" was the that began to surround the bus, wondering what the "tour" was all about. People followed the bus for miles, and caused . People who saw the bus go by expected a "happening" of some kind, but none had been planned. In trying to be , nobody had worked out a for the bus, or the trip. Most of the commotion ended after Lennon personally removed the MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR lettering from the sides of the bus. Later a Beatles assistant said the traffic jams should have also been filmed. Spots for songs and performances were included in "Magical Mystery Tour", and so was a explaining what the trip was about. The songs featured in the show included "The Fool on the Hill", "I Am The Walrus", "Blue Jay Way", an instrumental song, "Flying", and "Your Mother Should Know", with a choreographed dance sequence. Another band, the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, played live during a striptease performance. "Magical Mystery Tour" appeared on British television on Boxing Day in 1967, and was a surprising flop. Part of the reason for its failure was because it was shown in black-and-white, while colour was an important feature. Another part was because most of the viewers did not understand what was supposed to be happening. Another part was that not much had happened on camera, for long parts of the programme, and it showed. Ringo Starr made a personal appeal to the BBC to show "Magical Mystery Tour" again, in full colour. The BBC gave it a second broadcast, but it did not change opinions. ABC in the United States cancelled plans to show "Magical Mystery Tour" in America. (It later appeared as a "midnight movie", shown in small cinemas and on college campuses.) Soundtrack. Even though "Magical Mystery Tour" was not a television success, its soundtrack still sold well. The show's songs were released as a double EP in England, with a storybook and pictures from the show. In America, Capitol Records added songs from recent Beatles singles to the show songs, and released a whole album. The American version outsold the EP in England, and in 1977 Parlophone Records released a British version of the album. Songs. + "appeared in the show Magical Mystery Tour " All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except "Flying" (by Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr) and "Blue Jay Way" (by George Harrison). Hyperinflation In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value. One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Reichsmark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. These bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices "doubled" every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar. In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008. Brian May Brian Harold May (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, songwriter and astrophysicist, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses a guitar he built himself with the help of his father. The guitar they built is called the "Red Special". Apart from music, May earned his PhD in astrophysics in 2007 and is currently the Chancellor of "Liverpool John Moores University". Together with Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott, he wrote a book called "Bang! The Complete History of the Universe". May was ranked 39th in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time." Early life. Brian Harold May, the only child of Harold and Ruth May, was born on 19 July 1947 in Hampton, Middlesex and attended Hampton Grammar School (now Hampton School). During this time he formed his first band with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell named Nineteen Eighty-Four after George Orwell's novel of the same name. He graduated from Hampton Grammar School with ten GCE Ordinary Levels and four Advanced Levels in Physics, Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Additional Mathematics. May's father Harold worked as a draughtsman at the Ministry of Aviation and had been a long-time cigarette-smoker. As a result, May dislikes smoking, even to the point where he has prohibited smoking indoors at his more recent concerts. Marriage and children. From 1974 to 1988, May was married to Chrissie Mullen, who is the mother of his three children: Jimmy, who was born on 15 June 1978; Louisa, who was born on 22 May 1981 and Emily Ruth, who was born on 17 February 1987. Chrissie and Brian separated in 1988. Personal life and other musical collaborations. He has stated in interviews that he suffered from depression in the late 1980s, even to the point of contemplating suicide, for reasons having to do with his troubled first marriage and his perceived failure as a husband and a dad, his father Harold's death, and Freddie Mercury's illness. May is married to former Eastenders actress Anita Dobson, whom he met in 1986, and who gained fame in the 1980s for providing vocals to the theme tune to the aforementioned soap, entitled "Anyone Can Fall in Love". May himself produced the song, which reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1986. John Deacon John Richard Deacon (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician. He is best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band Queen. He lives in Putney in Southwest London with his wife Veronica Tetzlaff. They were married on 18 January 1975. He is the father of six children. Roger Taylor (Queen drummer) Roger Meddows Taylor (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen. Le Béage Le Béage is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Beauchastel Beauchastel is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. History. The name of the village comes from the "Bel Castrum" castle, built in the 12th century by the Lords Retourtour and Briand. It was ruined during the French Wars of Religion, and today only the tower remains. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Beauchastel was one of the last salt stores ("grenier à sel") of the country. Beaulieu, Ardèche Beaulieu is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Paul Rodgers Paul Rodgers (born 17 December 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter. He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company. He has recently toured and recorded with Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen in a group called Queen + Paul Rodgers. Beaumont, Ardèche Beaumont is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Beauvène Beauvène is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Rouffiac-des-Corbières Rouffiac-des-Corbières is a village in France. It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse. In 2004, 97 people lived there. Berrias-et-Casteljau Berrias-et-Casteljau is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Berzème Berzème is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. In 2015, it had a population of 180 people. Bessas Bessas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Bidon Bidon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Boffres Boffres is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Bogy Bogy is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence. Borée Borée is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. In 2008, the town had a population of about 167. Borne, Ardèche Borne is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Boucieu-le-Roi Boucieu-le-Roi is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Boulieu-lès-Annonay Boulieu-lès-Annonay is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Bourg-Saint-Andéol Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche "département" in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France. It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999. Bozas Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Brossainc Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Burzet Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Cellier-du-Luc Cellier-du-Luc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Chalencon Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. Le Chambon, Ardèche Le Chambon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Chambonas Chambonas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. Kohistan District Kohistan District can be any of the following: Peyrepertuse Castle Peyrepertuse Castle is a castle in France. It is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is Aude, in Occitanie. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne. When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory. Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby. Remlingen, Lower Saxony Remlingen is a former municipality of the district Wolfenbüttel. Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Remlingen-Semmenstedt. Remlingen is close to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse. The inhabitants' of Remlingen are 1953 in three villages. The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke. Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez (b. 18 August 1985) is a Costa Rican soccer (European football) player. He was born in San José. Life. At the age of twelve, Gonzalez started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues. He quickly became known as a skilled player. In 2003, at the age of 18, he began playing first division football. He would eventually become a professional soccer player with the same team. Career. During his first tournament, Gonzalez played well. He soon became an important member of his team. He played in many important games, like “El Clásico” (The Classic), when Alajuela plays their biggest enemy, Saprissa. In his second year Gonzalez's team won the CONCACAF Champion's Cup. Though Gonzalez had only been a professional soccer player for a short time, he was asked to represent his country by playing on the Costa Rica National Team. He played well and was celebrated by the public. Suddenly, in 2006, Gonzalez was invited to play for a soccer team in Belgium. The team, K.A.A. Gent, wanted to sign him to a four-year deal. Gonzalez accepted. He became a popular player in Belgium by becoming the best scorer on his team. He also got a hat-trick. His success gained Gonzalez a lot of attention and popularity. He was asked again to play with the Costa Rican national team. He returned to Costa Rica and played well for the national team. Afterward, he hoped to get signed by a good European team. In 2009, Gonzalez played with FC Twente Enschede in Holland, where is team won the Cup. In 2010, he began playing for the UEFA Champions League Cup. Jacó, Costa Rica Jaco Beach Costa Rica is on the west central coast of Costa Rica's Puntarenas province, on the Pacific Ocean side of the country. What started as a small surfing village popular with Costa Ricans from all over the Pacific coast, has developed into the most popular and visited tourism destination in the whole country. As the closest and most developed beach town from Costa Rica's Juan Santa Maria International Airport in San Jose, Jaco is only a 1 hour and 10 minute ride from the airport. Jaco is home to the largest selection of hotels, vacation rental condos and private vacation rental homes than any other beach town in Costa Rica, as well as 3 casinos, over 75 restaurants, 3 major grocery stores, surf shops, pharmacies, souvenir and artesan shops, bakeries, dentists, emergency care, and an 18-hole championship golf course. The region is also home to Costa Rica's best zip line canopy tours, ATV tours, white water rafting, surfing and the fishing capital of Costa Rica at the Los Suenos Resort & Marina, in Herradura Beach directly next to Jaco Beach. To the immediate south of Jaco is the surf town of Playa Hermosa (Hermosa Beach). 1 hour and 15 minutes to the south of Jaco Beach is the Manuel Antonio National Park and Wildlife preserve offering visitors a first hand glimpse of Costa Rica's famed wildlife species such as white face monkeys, howler monkeys, sloths, pizotes, iguanas, butterflies, frogs, insects, and exotic jungle plants native to Costa Rica. Irazu Volcano Irazu Volcano National Park has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica. It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level. It last erupted in 1963 and 1965. Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time. The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls. It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present. The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash. The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions. The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species. There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River. The vegetation of the park has been changed by the constant eruptions, but it is very beautiful and diverse. Puerto Viejo de Talamanca Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province. It is in southeastern Costa Rica and is known simply as Puerto Viejo to the people who live there. Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a tourist destination. The beaches Playa Chiquita, Playa Negra, and Punta Uva are close to Puerto Viejo. Many tourists stop in Puerto Viejo when going to Panama at Sixaola. This border crossing is popular with people going to and from Bocas del Toro. List of cantons of Switzerland by area The following is a list of Cantons of Switzerland, by area: Cathar castles Cathar castles ("Châteaux cathares" in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry. It is used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillon, usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade. The true Cathar castles. The Cathars built fortified homesteads, but not castles. The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth. The cathar church did not build anything. For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes. The royal citadels. Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King. He also destroyed small "castra" in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the kingdom of Aragon. These five castles are often called the "cinq fils de Carcassonne" (five sons of Carcassonne): These five fortresses resisted various assaults led by the Aragonese army. The abandonment of the citadels. In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese. The treaty changed the borders. It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now. The fortresses therefore lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts. Château d'Usson The Château d'Usson is one of the Cathar castles in southwestern France. It is in the "commune" of Rouze, in the Ariège "département". Sertab Erener Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music. She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, "Sakin Ol" (Calm Down) in August 1992. Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular. Next album "Lal" (Ruby) released in October 1994. Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly. In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, "Sertab Gibi" (Like Sertab). She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album. Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album. Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999. Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart). Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters. In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song "Every Way That I Can". Sertab's victory at Eurovision became a real breakthrough in the musical world of Europe. On the wave of success, when the song "Everyway That I Can" occupied the leading lines of the European charts, Sertab Erener recorded the English-language album "No Boundaries", released in 2004. Scouting Scouting (sometimes called the Scout Movement) is a youth movement. It was started in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell as a movement for boys. Baden-Powell took many ideas from the experiences he made with the Mafeking Cadet Corps. This corps was a paramilitary group made of boys. It was formed during a siege in the Second Boer War. The boys mainly carried messages. This was so the soldiers could focus on defending the city. Originally, the Scout movement was for boys only. A similar movement for girls, called "Girl Guides" was started in 1910. In most countries there are associations for Scouts and for Girl Guides. Today the Scouts often accept girls, too. In the Scout movement, people learn to work together to achieve a goal. They also train their character to become better adults. Usually Scouts give a promise to live by certain rules, and to help others when they can. Scouts spend their time outdoors, whenever possible. How many Scouts there are. In 2005, there were more than 28 million Boy Scouts and over 10 million Girl Guides. They came from 216 different countries. There were only six countries with no Scout movement in 2006. They were Andorra, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Myanmar and North Korea. In Cuba, there was a Scout organisation, but the Communist government replaced it by the José Martí Pioneer Organization, which is similar to Scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission. Scouting organisations have been banned in People's Republic of China. They have been replaced by Young Pioneers of China and Communist Youth League of China. These organisations are a bit similar to Scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission. There is a Scout Association in Hong Kong and one in Macau. Hong Kong and Macau are Special Autonomous Regions of the People's Republic of China, so the Scout associations there are still allowed to exist. In the Republic of China (Taiwan) Scouting was never banned. There are no Scouting organisations in Myanmar, but there are a few Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts (headed by the US Scout movement) in Yangon. How it started. Robert Baden-Powell was a military officer. He was stationed in India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his youth, he was fond of woodcraft and military scouting. He therefore showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed that if he taught the soldiers to develop independence, they would no longer follow the orders given by their officers blindly. In 1896, during the Second Matabele War, Baden-Powell first met and became friends with the American-born British Army Chief of Scouts Frederick Russell Burnham. From Burnham he learned the ways of cowboy and Indian scouts of the Western United States, he started to wear a scout hat like the one worn by Burnham and he discussed with Burnham a scout training programme for boys. Three years later during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking). The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops. The cadets carried messages. This freed the men for military duties. It also kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defence of the town (1899–1900). This experience was one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that showed a combined compass point and spearhead. The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers. After the siege, Baden-Powell had become a national hero. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, "Aids to Scouting". On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organisations. Several people suggested to him to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used. He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. The promise of 1907. In his original book on boy scouting, General Baden-Powell introduced the Scout promise, as follows: Other Scout-like organisations. Since the Scouts were formed, other people have tried to form scout-like movements. These movements are a bit like the Scouts but they put more weight on different things. There are for example Scout-like movements that focus more on the fact that the young people should get a good education in religious matters. The movements that have been formed in countries such as Cuba or China are much like Scouts; they leave out some elements though, that the national governments thought would harm the country. History of Indonesia The History of Indonesia or more precisely of the Indonesian archipelago in South East Asia with 17,508 islands goes back to "Homo erectus" (popularly known as the "Java Man"). There have been found fossilised remains of about one million years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, came to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC. The native Melanesian peoples went to the far eastern regions. The agricultural conditions were very good. When wet-field rice cultivation was developed as early as the eighth century BC, villages and towns developed, and small kingdoms began to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's sea-lane position helped with management of international trade, where trade with both Indian kingdoms and China already occured for several centuries BCE. Therefore, trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade. Hinduism and Buddhism were imported with it. In the late 13th century, the Hindu kingdom was founded in eastern Java and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history. During the 13th century Islam spread to the in northern Sumatra. More and more Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam. By the end of the 16th century it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra. But it mixed with existing cultural and religious influences. The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. But Dutch control stretched not very far. Only in the early 20th century it extended to borders of today. During the Second World War the Dutch lost control and in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. After some fights the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian independence in December 1949 (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea). Sukarno moved from democracy towards dictatorship. But Sukarno lost power to the head of the military, General Suharto who was formally appointed president in March 1968. He was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which helped economic growth during the following thirty years. But his rule went along with corruption and suppression of political opposition. In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the . This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to leave the state of Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation. After Suharto's resignation democracy improved. A regional autonomy program was introduced, and the first direct presidential election took place in 2004. But some political and economic instability has remained. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005. Book of Leviticus Leviticus (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. In Hebrew it is known as Wayiqra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He will declare.' It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after). When was it written. It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE. Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses. Summary. God gives more instructions to Moses. God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites. Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt. They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai. In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping). In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way. The first few chapters show God's laws for offering sacrifices for various reasons, such as for the forgiveness of sins. Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God. Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given. This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law". Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way. Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean. Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp. Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time. Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way. The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died. Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of. The rest of the book describes how priests, the Levites, should be ordained, should dress, carry out rituals, and act (for example on the Day of Atonement, and other important Holy Days). John C. Mather Professor John Cromwell Mather (born 7 August 1946 in Roanoke, Virginia) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on cosmic microwave background radiation and COBE satellite with George Smoot. The COBE satellite measures black holes and cosmic radiation. This work supported the big-bang theory of the universe beginning. It made cosmology much more accurate. The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science." Mather is a Senior Astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. He is a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2007, Mather was listed in "Time" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World. Education and early work. Work with COBE. After being awarded his Ph.D. Professor Mather went to work at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University. He started the work on COBE there (1974-1976). More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers made the COBE satellite. John Mather was in control of them all and created the technology for measuring the cosmic radiation. George Smoot had the job of measuring small changes in the temperature of the radiation. Professor Mather and John Boslough wrote all about the COBE teams work in a book called "The Very First Light". Book of Joshua The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity. It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then. Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history. Summary. After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people. Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho. A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left. She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax. The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them. Jericho fell when the people of Israel, instructed by God, circled around the wall of Jericho seven times and blew their ram's horns, and on the seventh time, they all shouted with a great shout, causing the wall to fall. Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings. The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath. Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel. Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai. After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty. However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites. The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say. After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon. The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon. So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones. Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon. Joshua later got very old and died. Quotes. No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (1:5) Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living. As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (24:15) Home education Home education or homeschooling is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the instructor. The reason for this form of education is usually the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or sometimes for religious or moral purposes. Many people also want to protect children from bullying and violence. In recent years, it became popular in many countries. Before starting homeschooling, it can be a good idea to deschool first. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, any homeschool arrangement must by law satisfy inspectors that the children's education is sound. This is because, under the Education Act of 1944, parents or guardians are legally obliged to send children to school. The possibility of other methods has been added as a possibility, subject to certain checks. A common situation is for several families to come together to provide the skills needed. This serves two purposes. First, the range of knowledge and skills is wider, and the schooling has a more social angle, which itself is good for the development of children. In most countries, homeschooling is a legal alternative to going to a school. Unschooling is a very free type of homeschooling. History and publications. The idea of home schools came to life in the 1960s, when the effectiveness of classroom education was challenged. There were a number of critical publications: Alternatives and dangers. Some private schools try to achieve similar objectives by other means. Summerhill attempts to make a school more flexible and responsive to the needs of individual children. Dangers of home education include the possibility of it being used for religious and political propaganda, and the vulnerability of children to unsupervised adults. Education may be uneven, leaving children with a patchy grasp of many subjects. The children would also get to know fewer other children than they would ordinarily. Also, it is obvious that some parents are better placed to organise home education than others. In theory, visits by the inspectors of schools might be able to identify problems. However, at least in the United Kingdom, schools are not inspected every year. If we cannot inspect all schools annually, how can we expect to monitor individual families? Shinjuku Station is a railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan. According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the busiest train station in the world. San Pedro de Macorís The Dominican city of San Pedro de Macorís is the head municipality of the San Pedro de Macorís province, on the southeast of the country. It has the nickname of "Macorís del mar" ("Macorís by the sea") to differentiate it from San Francisco de Macorís, in the Duarte Province. History. There were two very small towns on the left side of the mouth of the river Macorís (or Higuamo): "Mosquito" (because there were too many mosquitos) and "Sol" (English: "Sun", because there were not trees). Even today, San Pedro de Macorís is called sometimes "Mosquitisol" after those two old and small towns. Since 1852, there was a military post in this place: the Military Post of Macorís, part of the Hato Mayor del Rey municipality in the El Seibo Province. In 1856, the priest Pedro Carrasco built a Catholic church with the name "San Pedro Apóstol"; the church was between the two towns of Mosquito and Sol. Both towns grew in direction of the church, forming one town called San Pedro de Macorís. When the country was again a Spanish colony, San Pedro de Macorís was made a "Comandancia de Armas" (an Spanish military category). When the country was free again, in 1865, every town with the category of "Comandancia de Armas" became a municipality. But San Pedro de Macorís was still a very small town of the El Seibo Province. After 1868, with the sugarcane plantations and the sugar factories, San Pedro de Macorís began to grow and it became one of the most important city in the Dominican Republic. Many people from Cuba and Puerto Rico came to live here during the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. Later came people from Spain and the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria) to work in businesses. To work in the sugarcane fields and factories, people from Haiti and the British West Indies came to San Pedro de Macorís and other regions of the country. Population. The city had, in , a total population of 195,307: 94,562 men and 100,745 women. The urban population was of the total population. Geography. San Pedro de Macorís is along the coast on the left side of the Higuamo river, also called Macorís. It has a total area of , about of the total area of the province of San Pedro de Macorís. The city is at an elevation of above sea level, and at to the east of Santo Domingo. It does not have any municipal district (subdivisions of a municipality); The municipality of San Pedro de Macorís is surrounded by the other municipalities of the province: Ramón Santana to the east, Quisqueya to the west and Consuelo to the north. To the south is the Caribbean Sea. Climate. San Pedro de Macorís has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter. The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of rainfall, followed by September with . The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is January with . San Pedro de Macorís is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . Economy. The economy of San Pedro de Macorís grew around the sugar production; there were several sugar factories and most of that sugar was sent to other countries through its port and then it became one of the most important port of the country. Rum is also produced in the city; rum is made with alcohol from the sugar cane. There are also some important industries, mainly to produce cement and textiles to send to other countries. Epistle to the Galatians The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area. It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (Chapter 6, verse 11). This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters. However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself. Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters". Content. Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day. It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses. Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God. Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come. Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel. He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24). He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10. He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first. In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them. Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross. Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness. He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law. He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things. He gives a list of those bad and good actions. (Chapter 5) Importance. The Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul. The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of salvation (Galatians 3:28-29), and the Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). Label A label can have several meanings: Neanderthal The Neanderthal, a species of the genus "Homo", was a near relative of our own species. Its scientific name is "Homo neanderthalensis" or "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis". Neanderthal fossils were only found in Europe, Asia Minor and up to central Asia. The first fossil was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf: One of the workers found part of a skeleton, in a valley called Neanderthal. Experts Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen said the bones belonged to an older form of modern humans. These bones are known as Neanderthal 1 today. Recent research suggests Neanderthals became extinct about 40,000 years ago. Earlier research had suggested a later date; the problem is the dating of the archaeological sites where their remains have been found. Neanderthals perhaps evolved from "Homo heidelbergensis" and split off (last common ancestor) from modern humans between 700,000 and 300,000 years ago. Neanderthals used to be classified as a subspecies of modern humans ("Homo sapiens neanderthalensis"). Now, they are usually classified as a separate human species ("Homo neanderthalensis"). Neanderthal remains have been found in most of Europe south of land covered by ice including the south coast of Great Britain. Finds have also been made outside of Europe in the Zagros Mountains and in the Levant. Mental capacity. The size of the Neanderthal brain shows that Neanderthals were probably intelligent. On average, they had larger brains than modern humans. Large brains have their disadvantages. That is because they use lots of energy, make the skull more likely to be damaged, and cause difficulties during birth. These disadvantages may be less than the advantages, for example, better problem-solving, better social co-operation, language and tool-making. Neanderthal flint tools (for example, hand axes) were more finely made than those of early man. They were much less varied and finely made than the neolithic tools of modern man. Known Neanderthal art is much less complex than contemporary art from "H. sapiens". The Divje Babe flute. The oldest flute ever discovered may be the so-called Divje Babe flute, found in the Slovenian cave Divje Babe I in 1995. It is about 43,100 years old. It is from a juvenile cave bear femur at the Divje Babe site, near a Mousterian hearth. Archaeologists ask two key questions: Is it a flute? This has been discussed at length. The best summary is that it is certainly possible for it to be a flute, but it is unproved (not certain). If it is a flute, was it made by Neanderthals? Again, this is not decided. It is on public display as a flute in the National Museum of Slovenia (Narodni Muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana. The museum's visitor leaflet says that manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven". This is not a general view, and again it is best to describe the idea as "not proven". Capacity for speech. For a long time, people have wondered whether Neanderthals could talk. Many people believe they could, because the large brain size would be hard to understand if they could not. When an undamaged Neanderthal hyoid bone was discovered, it made people think Neanderthals could talk. That is because, in humans, the hyoid is a support for the voice box. Computer analysis has shown that the Neanderthal hyoid was very similar to human hyoids. Researchers say "our findings are consistent with a capacity for speech in the Neanderthals". History of discoveries. In August 1856 the specimen that was to become known as Neanderthal 1 was discovered in the Neander Valley, Germany. The material was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf. A skull cap was first discovered, followed by two femurs, five arm bones, part of the left pelvis, and fragments of a shoulder blade and ribs. Actually, some remains had been found earlier, but not recognised as a separate species from us. The Engis child from Belgium was the first Neanderthal discovered, in 1829. The second discovered was the Forbes Quarry find from Gibralter in 1848. Anatomy. Neanderthal men were about 164–168 cm (5.3 ft) tall and averaged 77.6 kg (171 lbs) in weight. Neanderthal women stood about 154 cm (5 ft) tall and averaged 66.4 kg (146 lbs) in weight. Neanderthals had stronger (more robust) build and distinctive morphological features, especially of the skull. They were much stronger than modern humans; especially in the upper body. Neanderthal long bones and joints are thicker than ours, and some long bones have a slight curve. Both the thickness and the curve suggest the need for more strength than our species. Young Neanderthals. Since 2007, tooth age can be directly calculated using the noninvasive imaging of growth patterns in tooth enamel by means of x-ray synchrotron microtomography. This research suggests much more rapid physical development in Neanderthals than in modern human children. The x-ray synchrotron microtomography study of early "H. sapiens" argues that this difference existed between the two species as far back as 160,000 years before present. Fractures. Neanderthals seemed to suffer a high frequency of fractures. These fractures are often healed and show little or no sign of infection, suggesting that injured individuals were cared for during times of incapacitation. Neanderthals showed a frequency of such injuries comparable to that of modern rodeo professionals, showing frequent contact with large, combative mammals. The fractures suggest they may have hunted by leaping onto their prey and stabbing or even wrestling it to the ground. Life style. They lived in Eurasia during the ice ages of the Pleistocene, and hunted large mammals, such as bison, auroch (an ancestor of living cattle), deer, reindeer, musk ox and mammoth. The skulls are slightly larger than "Homo sapiens", and this implies intelligence and probably the use of language. The skeleton, on the other hand, suggests they tended to solve their problems (such as hunting) more by force than we do. Neanderthal stone tools are called Mousterian, and are an advance on the Acheulean tools made by earlier species of Man. "Homo sapiens" stone tools are far more varied still, and suggest that our species relied more on tools than the Neanderthals. Neanderthals were almost exclusively meat eaters although their diet did include cooked vegetables. They made good tools and lived in complex social groups. Research on their remains has shown that it is possible that they had a spoken language but the nature of any such language is unknown. There are a number of theories that try to explain why the Neanderthals died out. It has been suggested that they may have been unable to adapt to the changing climate. Alternatively it has been suggested that they were unable to successfully compete with the ancestors of modern humans. Oldenzaal Oldenzaal is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 32,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region. Oldenzaal got city rights in 1249. Homo erectus Homo erectus (Latin: "upright man") is an extinct species of the genus "Homo". Fossil remains were found in Java (1890s) and in China (1921). Nearly all of them were lost during World War II, but there are casts that are considered to be reliable evidence. Early in the 20th century it was believed that the first modern humans lived in Asia. But during the 1950s and 1970s, many fossil finds from East Africa (Kenya) showed that the oldest hominins came from there. Some characteristics. Skull and brain. "H. erectus" had a cranial capacity (brain size) greater than that the earlier "Homo habilis". The earliest "H. erectus" remains have a cranial capacity of 850 cm³, while the latest Javan specimens measure up to 1100 cm³. This overlaps that of "H. sapiens": the frontal bone is less sloped and the dental arcade smaller than in australopithecines. The face is more vertical (less protrusive) than either the australopithecines or "H. habilis", with large brow-ridges and less prominent cheekbones. Hair. This obvious difference between apes and men often goes without comment. It is hard to explain. Body hair protects the skin from wounds, bites, heat, cold, and UV radiation. Also, it is used as a communication tool and as a camouflage. The first member of the genus Homo to be hairless was "Homo erectus", originating about 1.6 million years ago. The dissipation of body heat remains the most widely accepted evolutionary explanation for the loss of body hair in early members of the genus "Homo". The reduction in hair, and the increase in sweat glands, made it easier for their bodies to cool. Man's ancestors moved from living in shady forest to open savanna. This change in environment resulted in a change in diet, from largely vegetarian to hunting. Hunting game on the savanna also increased the need for the regulation of body heat. Anthropologist and paleo-biologist Nina Jablonski thinks the ability to lose body heat through sweating helped make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain. The brain is the most temperature-sensitive human organ. The loss of fur was also a factor in other adaptations. Some of these changes are thought to be the result of sexual selection. By selecting more hairless mates, humans accelerated changes which were first done by natural selection. Sexual selection may also account for the remaining human hair in the pubic area and armpits, which are sites for pheromones, while hair on the head continued to provide protection from the Sun. Humans had hairlessness, upright posture, and high brain capacity by 260,000 to 350,000 years ago. Height and sexual dimorphism. These early hominins stood about , Only 17 percent of modern male humans are taller. They were slender, with long arms and legs. The sexual dimorphism between males and females was slightly greater than modern man, with males being about 25% larger than females. The discovery of the skeleton KNM-WT 15000, "Turkana boy" ("Homo ergaster"), made near Lake Turkana, Kenya by Richard Leakey and Kamoya Kimeu in 1984, is one of the most complete hominid-skeletons discovered, and has contributed greatly to the interpretation of human physiological evolution. Tools. The most distinctive tool of erectus was the Acheulean hand axe, first invented 1.8 million years ago (mya). This hand axe was made by chipping a suitable stone with a hammer stone. Later, the neanderthals used a soft hammer made of deer antler bone to make better tools. The Acheulean hand axe lasted for over a million years as the main tool. Its main use was for butchering meat. This we know because different uses leave different micro-wear on the hand axe surfaces. Descendants and subspecies. "Homo erectus" remains one of the most successful and long-lived species of the "Homo" genus. It is generally considered to have given rise to a number of descendant species and subspecies. The oldest known specimen of the ancient human was found in southern Africa. "Homo ergaster", "Homo erectus pekinensis", "Homo antecessor", "Homo cepranensis", "Homo floresiensis", "Homo georgicus" "Homo heidelbergensis", "Homo neanderthalensis", "Homo rhodesiensis", "Homo sapiens", Individual fossils. Some of the major "Homo erectus" fossils: Recent research. Fossil "H. erectus" skulls found in Java in the 1930s have recently been redated. There are 12 skullcaps (top part of skull) and two lower leg bones. The recent research shows that on Java, "H. erectus" survived to about 100,000 years ago. The research gives a definitive age of between 117,000 and 108,000 years ago. That is much a much longer survival than in any other part of the world, so far as is known. This means, says the report, that "H. erectus" was still around when our own species was [elsewhere] walking the Earth. Java is an island, and presumably it had not yet been discovered by Neanderthals or our own species. Remains suggest that our own species did not reach Java until about 39,000 years ago. Petri dish A petri dish is a small dish shaped like a cylinder. Scientists use it to grow cells from animals, fungus, and diseases so they can study them. They are usually made of glass or plastic. The glass ones can be used again if they are heated at 160°F. Sometimes people fill them with agar, which helps cells grow. These are called 'agar plates'. Many people use them in science classes at school. They have lids so germs in the air can not get into them, or "contaminate" them, and ruin the experiment. IGA Australia Independent Grocers of Australia or (IGA) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each "IGA" shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all "IGA" shops around the country and controls the use of the "IGA" name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be "Local Heroes". There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands. IGA in Australia also has the Black & Gold brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called "IGA". Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called "IGA" and a healthy range of products called "IGA Way of Life". "Metcash Trading Limited" is the company behind "IGA" and supplies the shops. "Davids Holdings", Metcash's old name, brought the "IGA" name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years. The stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities. City of Chelmsford Chelmsford is a borough in the county of Essex in the East of England. It has the same name as it main settlement of Chelmsford, the county town of Essex. About 170,000 people live in the borough. It was formed on 1 April 1974. Communication studies Communication Studies is a college or university area of study involving the study of communication. Students learn about speech and different types of media. Belote Belote is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote : "belote," "belote coinchée," and "belote avec annonce". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600. Rules. Dealing. The dealer may choose to shuffle the deck. The previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time (3+2+3). Betting. Once the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points. Even though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs ♣ Diamonds ♦ Hearts ♥ Spades ♠ "No trump" "All trumps". When a player chooses "no trump" or "all trump", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump. Basic rules. Every kind of belote share some basic rules: In every belote game points are counted depending on the card and their trump status then: Trump : J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0 Non-trump : A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0 Tips. The basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards. Betting strategy. Betting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a teammate to bet or play. Playing strategy. Defending strategy. A team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors. Attacking strategy. The usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it. Monosaccharide Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties. Lactose Lactose is a disaccharide that is made up of galactose and glucose molecules. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. Lactose is found in some milk products. Digestion of lactose. Infant mammals are fed on by milk from their mothers. To digest it, an enzyme called lactase cleaves the lactose into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption. Glycogen Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs. Pollutant Pollutants are compounds which are dangerous to the environment. They can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves. Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body suffocate and in severe cases may lead to death. Some pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapour in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die. Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well. The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air. Production. Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered. Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is: It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process. During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use "wood gas". It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called "generator", which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel. Schweinfurt Schweinfurt is a city in Franconia. The population is about 50,000. Larger, nearby cities are Würzburg and Bamberg. Falco Falco (born February 19, 1957 in Vienna, Austria as Johann (Hans) Hölzel, and died on February 6, 1998 in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger. His song "Rock me Amadeus" has been the one and only German-speaking song reaching no.1 on the US charts. From 1985 to 1988 he produced 3 albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts. In 1985, Falco also had his 3rd No.1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th - "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)". Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In 1988 he married Isabella Vitkovic, one year later, in 1989, they separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album. His successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after Falco's death in a road accident. Gabriel Pascal Gabriel Pascal (4 June 1894 – 6 July 1954) was a Hungarian movie producer and director. Gabriel Pascal was born in Transylvania (which is now part of Romania) in 1894. Pascal is best known for having turned some of the best plays by the famous Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw into successful movies. His most famous movie made from one of Shaw's plays was "Pygmalion" in 1938. "Pygmalion" tells the story of a bet that two rich men made over whether one of them, Professor Higgins, could turn a poor uneducated girl into a sophisticated lady. The movie was so successful that after Gabriel Pascal died it was made into a huge Broadway musical called "My Fair Lady", and amazingly this musical was then made into another movie. So "Pygmalion" was first a play, then a movie based on the play, then a play based on the movie, and then a new play based on the movie made from the old play. It is therefore quite a remarkable history and it was Gabriel Pascal's idea to make the play a musical, though he did not live long enough to do it himself. Early life. Gabriel Pascal invented his name and no one seems to know his real one. He claimed to have memories of being rescued by Gypsies from a burning building when he was a tiny child and that the Gypsies taught him to beg, steal, and do acrobatic tricks, but no one knows if this is true. It is unclear what parts of his fabulous account of his childhood are true as there are no formal records of him prior to the age of 17 when he was enlisted in military school in Holics, Hungary, by a mysterious Catholic priest. Gabriel Pascal, who was decidedly unfit for military life, became interested in theater and studied at the Academy of the Hofburg Theater in Vienna. Later his interest expanded into the newly burgeoning cinema and he made movies in Germany and Italy with sporadic success. Pascal had one son, Peter, conceived in Germany during the delirium of a fever with his landlady's sister Elsie. Unable to care even for himself, Pascal fled to Holland. After WWII ended, at last on his feet with the success of "Pygmalion" and "Major Barbara", Pascal rushed to Germany to search for his son Peter, but he was listed among the missing Hitler Youth. Elsie had been killed by a bomb. Early career. As a young man, Pascal found a job tending horses in Hungary. Leading the horses through the forest to a stream each day, Pascal developed the habit of riding bareback naked through the Hungarian countryside. One day he accidentally rode stark naked through the outdoor set of a silent movie in production and was "discovered." The film's director asked him to repeat the ride for the cameras and he joined the group. Soon he was making his own movies. Pascal had another auspicious encounter when he was young while walking along the shore of the Mediterranean. An old man, George Bernard Shaw, was swimming naked holding onto a buoy. A conversation ensued and Shaw dared the young Pascal on the shore to take off his clothes and join him in the water. He was impressed when Pascal immediately did so and this began their friendship. Shaw was impressed with Pascal's youthful enthusiasm for art and his bravado and invited him to come visit him one day when he was entirely broke. This chance meeting was to play a major role in Pascal's later career. Pascal began his producing career making silent movies in Italy for German distribution through UFA Studios in Berlin. His directorial debut was "Populi Morituri" in which he also starred. He later produced horror movies in Germany. His most famous was "Unholy Tales" in 1932. It was an anthology of short spooky stories, including some by Edgar Allan Poe, tied together by the adventures of a black cat and is considered by some to be a forgotten horror classic. Meher Baba. In 1933, during a trip to Hollywood, Pascal was contacted by Princess Norina Matchabelli about a movie project based on the teachings of her guru Meher Baba. Pascal got very caught up in this project, bringing movie writers Hy Kraft and Karl Vollmöller into helping him work up treatments and even making a trip to India to discuss the project further with Meher Baba. By the time Pascal arrived in India, however, Meher Baba did not seem in any hurry to complete the movie, saying it could wait and inviting Pascal to live with him in India. Most ordinary men would have been discouraged, but Pascal took energetically to the austere life of an eastern ascetic, even shedding his western garb for eastern clothing. He took a liking to Meher Baba and maintained a correspondence with him all of his life. Meher Baba nicknamed Pascal "Phoenix" and alternately "Panther." Pascal remained in contact with his guru Meher Baba right up to the end of his life and met with him in person one last time in New York in 1952. Even in this final meeting there was mention of the movie that Pascal had agreed to try to make for Baba. Late career. In time, however, Pascal's desire to make his mark on cinema returned and Pascal took a ship back to America penniless but undaunted. He landed in San Francisco where he spent some time deciding what to do next. Then it struck him to approach George Bernard Shaw (the most famous living playwright in the English speaking world at the time), whom Pascal had met auspiciously many years earlier. During that earlier meeting Shaw, who had been impressed with the young Pascal's passion for art and cinema, had told him to pay him a visit when he was entirely penniless. Pascal was now exactly that. He then sought out Shaw, first by going to N.Y. hidden in the toilet of the train, then convincing a sea captain to give him a lift to England. Somehow he did convince Shaw to give him the rights to his plays, beginning with "Pygmalion" (1938), which was an enormous international hit, both critically and financially. Pascal followed up "Pygmalion" with "Major Barbara" (1941) which he directed as well as produced. "Major Barbara" was filmed in London during the bombing by the Nazis. During air raids the crew and cast had to dodge into bomb shelters. Pascal never stopped the production and the movie was completed on schedule. But Pascal became more and more extravagant, finally losing his credibility with "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945) which was the most expensive British movie ever made at that time and a terrible financial and critical flop, although it is more highly regarded today. Pascal famously insisted on importing sand from Egypt to achieve the right cinematic colors for this extravaganza. Shaw had become more difficult to work with also. After the success of "Pygmalion", which was shortened in its transition from stage to screen, as plays generally are, he increasingly refused to let his plays be cut. The result was that "Major Barbara" and "Caesar and Cleopatra" were not only filmed virtually complete, but with additional scenes by Shaw himself. Each of the two movies ran over two hours. Pascal did manage to produce one more movie, "Androcles and the Lion", in 1952. By this time he was increasingly sick with cancer of the liver. The famous estate trial. In spring of 1954, in New York City, just before his passing Pascal had planned a trip to India to see Meher Baba one last time. He was having an affair and divorcing his wife at the time. One day he impulsively wrote on a piece of hotel stationery to his mistress, "If I die on my trip to India I leave my entire estate to you." He signed and dated it before two witnesses, a cook and a maid in the hotel who did not speak English but only Chinese. This was an absurd gesture since Pascal was totally in debt. He died within a short time of this letter in July 1954, and within two years of his death the musical "My Fair Lady", which Pascal had managed to retain an option on by borrowing money from a Baba follower named Margaret Scott, opened on Broadway. Thus, soon after his death, his estate, which had been worth nothing on his deathbed, grew to an estimated value of two million dollars. There was a large court battle in which his wife Valerie (who he was not fully divorced from at the time of his death) and the mistress fought over his estate. His odd last will and testament on the hotel stationery was entered as evidence in support of his mistress and the case was well-publicized. Several Meher Baba followers were involved in his life at the end including Harold Rudd who testified at his trial. The result of the trial was an even split of Pascal's royalties from "My Fair Lady" between the mistress and Pascal's estranged wife, each receiving well over one million dollars in settlement. His wife Valerie attempted to pay back the borrowed option money to Margaret Scott, but by the time the settlement came through Mrs. Scott had fallen from a New York apartment window to her death. Valerie therefore paid the money to Margaret's daughter instead. Legacy. Pascal is best remembered as one of the big Hungarian movie producers, like the famous Alexander Korda. He was the only producer ever to have major movie deals with seven separate countries on three continents: Hungary, Italy, Germany, China, India, England, and the US. He was also the only man to ever convince George Bernard Shaw to adjust his scripts to the new medium of cinema, gaining concessions from Shaw that no other man could. Pascal even invented the famous line for Pygmalion, later appearing in the theatrical and movie versions of "My Fair Lady," "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" and Shaw, by now publicly referring to Pascal as a "genius," wrote the line into the script. He was one of the most extravagant men of his time, named in 1938 as one of the world's most famous men by "Time" magazine along with Adolf Hitler. He is less known for his deep interest in the spiritual and his boundless enthusiasm for art as a direct and honest route to God. He is even less known for his lifelong devotion to spiritual master Meher Baba. His life is well documented in the beautifully written biography by his wife Valerie, "The Disciple and His Devil," published by McGraw-Hill in 1970 and republished by iUniverse in 1984. After Pascal's death, Valerie married the famous publisher and philanthropist George T. Delacorte Jr. and spent the rest of her life supporting charitable foundations under the name Valerie Delacorte. McLaren McLaren Racing Limited is a Formula 1 racing team. McLaren was started by Bruce McLaren in 1963. McLaren's current drivers are Carlos Sainz Jr. and Lando Norris. McLaren also makes road cars at its Woking factory. Haylie Duff Haylie Katherine Duff (born February 19, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her supporting role on the television series "7th Heaven". She is the sister of Hilary Duff. Duff was born in Houston, Texas. Her mother, Susan Duff, is a producer. Robert Erhard Duff, Haylie's father, lives at the family home in Houston. Haylie is two and a half years older than her sister. Family. Hilary Duff is her younger sister. Discography. Duff wrote or co-wrote several songs on two of her sister Hilary's albums, "Metamorphosis" (2003), "Hilary Duff" (2004) and the song, "Gypsy Woman", on Hilary's 4th album, "Dignity". She has also done many songs for different soundtracks with her sister. 20th Century Studios 20th Century Studios, Inc. (formerly known from 1914 to 1931 as Fox Film, 1933 to 1935 as 20th Century Pictures 1935 to 1985 and 1985 to 2020 (and informally) as Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation or Twentieth Century Fox or 20th Century Fox Film Corporation) is a large American company that makes movies ("motion picture studio"). It is in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California, USA, just west of Beverly Hills. Before 2013, 20th Century Fox was a subsidiary of News Corporation before it was split into two companies. After that, one of those companies, 21st Century Fox, became the studio's owner. On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company said that it has acquired many of 21st Century Fox's subsidiaries, including 20th Century Fox. Thus, the studio is now owned by Disney and became 20th Century Studios. 20th Century Studios was formed in 1935 when Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures joined together to form the company. 20th Century Fox Television is a part of the company that makes television series. History of 20th Century Studios. In 1935, Twentieth Century Pictures, Inc. and Fox Film Corporation merged together to form "Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation" (the hyphen between "Century" and "Fox" was dropped in 1985), or simply "20th Century Fox". During the Golden Age of Hollywood it was one of the "Big Five" studios (the other were MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures). From 2013-2019, it was a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox Inc., which was a company formed when News Corporation split up into two companies. As of July 2018, their two most financially successful films are "Avatar", released in 2009, and "Titanic" (under international rights), released in 1997. Both films were directed by James Cameron. Fox's most highly acclaimed film, according to review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes (jointly owned by Universal and Warner Bros.), is "All About Eve", released in 1950 and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. In December 2017, Disney announced its plans to buy most of 21st Century Fox's assets, which included a bidding war with Comcast; the acquisition process was completed on March 20, 2019, with the last pre-Disney release from the studio being "Alita: Battle Angel", released on February 14, 2019. The remaining assets Disney didn't acquire, notably the Fox network and Fox News, were spun-off into a new company called Fox Corporation. On January 17, 2020, Disney announced that it would be dropping the word "Fox" from the company name, presumably to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation, renaming it to "Twentieth Century Studios," along with Searchlight Pictures. However, the studio was still legally incorporated and traded as Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation until December 4, 2020. As of December 4, 2020, the company has been using 20th Century Studios, Inc. as copyright for 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, while the company has been using 20th Television, Inc and 20th Centuary Fox in Australia under Gerard Bevan Group CEO and VP. for the copyright of 20th Television productions as a Disney subsidiary. Marquette, Michigan Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Close to 20,000 people live there. Marquette is in the Upper Peninsula, on Lake Superior and is an important port on that lake. Much of the iron ore that was taken from mines in the Upper Peninsula was loaded onto ships in Marquette. Marquette is in the United States of America. John Taverner John Taverner (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist. We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born. Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there. People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk. He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church. Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this. In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was “only a musician”. In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich. Taverner composed eight masses. The most famous one is called the "Western Wynde". It was a “parody mass”, which meant that it used a popular tune with that title. Another mass was called "Gloria tibi trinitas". This work set a fashion for pieces which were called "In Nomine"s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words “in nomine domine” (“in the name of the Father”). “In nomine”s were compositions for instruments which used this tune. Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets. John Tavener Sir John Tavener (28 January 1944 – 12 November 2013) was an English composer. Life. John Tavener was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called "Cain and Abel" which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of "The Whale" by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s. Another work written in 1968 was "In Alium". It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose "In Alium". The Beatles became interested in Tavener’s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener’s music on the newly formed Apple label. Tavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors. He made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80-year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life. A short piece for choir, "The Lamb" was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol. In 1989, his work "The Protecting Veil" was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His "Song for Athene" was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world. Tavener was knighted in 2000. Death. Tavener died on 12 November 2013 at his home in Child Okeford, Dorset from unknown causes, aged 69. Tavener suffered many health issues. He suffered two heart attack and had surgery to remove an intestinal tumor. Escape velocity Escape velocity is the initial speed that something would need to completely escape the gravity of a large body, like a star or a planet (such as the Earth), by mere inertia. If a ball is thrown upwards while standing on the ground, the ball will reach a certain height (the faster thrown - the higher) and fall back down. But imagine if the ball is thrown fast enough that it "never" falls back down, and instead travels into space farther and farther away from the Earth. The minimum speed at which this could happen is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity at the surface of the Earth is 11.2 kilometers per second (or 6.96 miles per second), assuming there is no drag. This is, of course, a very high speed compared to how fast a ball can be thrown. Even a bullet shot into the sky will fall back down, because its initial speed of nearly 1 kilometer per second (or 0.621 miles per second) is far from escape velocity. Spacecraft starting from the surface of Earth has a zero initial speed. But, if it has enough fuel, it may be permanently accelerated by its engine until it reaches escape velocity. Then it will travel into space even after the engine is shut off. Razor A razor is a tool, with one or more blades, most commonly used by men for shaving the hair from their face, and by women for shaving hair from their legs and underarms. The earliest razors known are from the Bronze Age. They were made of bronze and had an oval shape. There are different kinds of razors today, including straight razors, which are rarely used, and safety razors and electric razors. A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors. Straight razors. Before the 20th century, straight razors were widely used. A straight razor consists of a knife blade, which can be reused. Since this blade is usually very sharp, there is a high risk of cutting oneself with the razor while scraping off the hair. Today, such razors are rarely used any more, except by barbers. Safety razors. In the late 18th century, French engineer Jean-Jacques Perret invented the safety razor. With this system, the skin is protected, from all but the edge of the blade. This makes cutting much harder. The first such razor was released in 1875 by the Campfe Brothers. In 1901, King Camp Gillette invented the first razor with disposable razor blades. The blades were thrown away after several uses. The number of times a disposable blade can be used depends on beard coarseness and shaving technique, but the average is about one week. The company, Gilette still makes such razors today. They sell the razor relatively cheaply, and make big profits on the razor blades. Electric razors. For face and body hair. The electric razor was the next big step. With electric razors, shaving cream, soap or water is no longer needed. Electric razors use electricity to either make blades rotate or oscillate. That is the blades are either moved in circles, or they are moved up and down (or left and right). The razor is usually powered by a rechargeable battery. Prof. Alexandre Horowitz invented the concept of rotating blades which is still marketed as "Philishave" by Philips. For head hair. A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head. Haircutting electric razors have comb-like attachments which determine the length of the hair. Electric haircutting razors are widely used by military and prison barbers, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors. Side-effects. Shaving using any of the shaving methods (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) can have side-effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin. "Razor bumps" can also occur from removing ingrown hairs. To reduce the likelihood of cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin, people can use a fresh razor blade and prepare their faces by washing in hot, soapy water and then applying a shaving cream lather. There is a razor called Bump Fighter that is designed to reduce razor bumps and other side effects, but it uses special cartridges that are more expensive than standard double-edge razor blades. Mood stabilizer A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by fast and unstable mood changes. Among the disorders commonly treated are bipolar disorder and Borderline personality disorder. With these conditions, the mood can change rapidly, between mania and depression. Many mood stabilizers can also prevent convulsions. International Baccalaureate The International Baccalaureate, or IB, is a well-known advanced school program. It is taught in English, French and Spanish in more than 140 countries. Students earn an IB Diploma after passing exams and completing the program requirements. They have to take classes in 6 subject areas. This is more than most countries. The six subject areas are: Language 1 (first language), Language 2 (second language), Math, Science, World Studies, and Electives. History, Literature, Geography, and Economics are all World Studies subjects. Students also have the option of taking a second science class instead of an elective. Students have to write a 4000-word paper called an Extended Essay, take a philosophy class called Theory of Knowledge, and complete 150 hours of CAS (Creativity, Action, Service). Students have to do to 3 subjects at Higher Level (HL) and 3 subjects at Standard Level (SL). HL classes are longer and more complex, although SL classes are still somewhat more challenging than regular program classes. IB is studied in most countries, but some schools study the IB differently. Wolfgang Schüssel Wolfgang Schüssel (born June 7, 1945) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4, 2000 until January 11, 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union. Other websites. Official page about Dr. Schüssel, at the site of the Austrian parliament (in German) Vaduz Vaduz (: [] or []; : ]) is the capital city of the country of Liechtenstein. It has a population of about 7,500 people. Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish is a West Germanic language. A lot of people in Luxembourg speak the language. It is quite similar to German. Outside Luxembourg, not many people speak it, and inside Luxembourg many people speak other languages, too. Jean-Pierre Cassel Jean-Pierre Cassel (real name Jean-Pierre Crochon, October 27,1932 - April 19, 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in movies in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer. Sea cucumber Sea cucumbers are a class of echinoderms, the Holothuroidea. They have a longish body, and leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the floor of the ocean. Most sea cucumbers are scavengers. There are about 1500 species of sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers have a unique respiratory system, and effective defences against predators. The Chinese people eat them. Like all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcareous structures that are usually reduced to isolated ossicles joined by connective tissue. These can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In pelagic species the skeleton is absent. Overview. Sea cucumbers communicate with each other by sending hormone signals through the water. A remarkable feature of these animals is the collagen which forms their body wall. This can be loosened and tightened at will. If the animal wants to squeeze through a small gap, it can undo the collagen connections, and pour into the space. To keep itself safe in these cracks, the sea cucumber hooks up all its collagen fibres to make its body firm again. The animals have an internal respiratory tree which floats in the internal watery cavity. At the rear, water is pumped in and out of the cloaca, so gaseous exchange takes place with the resiratory tree in the gut.p80 Defense. Some species of coral reef sea cucumbers defend themselves by expelling sticky "cuvierian tubules" to entangle potential predators. These tubules are attached to the respiratory tree in the gut. When startled, these cucumbers may expel the tubules through a tear in the wall of the cloaca. In effect, this squirts sticky threads all over a predator. Replacement tubules grow back in one-and-a-half to five weeks, depending on the species. The release of these tubules can also be accompanied by the discharge of a toxic chemical known as , which has similar properties to soap. This chemical can kill any animal in the vicinity and is one more way in which these sedentary animals can defend themselves. Other cucumbers, lacking this device, can split their intestinal wall, and spew out their gut and respiratory tree. They regenerate them later. Zoologists who experience this believe it to be an impressive deterrent. "The mess one individual can make must be seen to be believed".p81 The existence of these defences explains why the holothurians were able to do without the strong skeleton of their ancestors. Feeding. Highly modified tube feet around the mouth are always present. These are branched and retractile tentacles, much larger than the regular tube feet. Sea cucumbers have between ten and thirty such tentacles, depending on the species. There is a ring of larger ossicles round the mouth and oesophagus to which the muscles of the tube feet are attached. With their sticky tentacles the animal collects detritus and small organisms. Yochanan Vollach Yochanan Vollach (), also transliterated Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC. He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success. Vollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF. In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993. Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim. Trophies won. Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa: Maccabi Haifa youth team: Maccabi Haifa Maccabi Haifa is the biggest sports club in Israel, founded in 1913, and part of the Maccabi association. It runs several sports clubs and teams in Haifa such as football, basketball, weightlifting, swimming, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, team handball, water polo, ice hockey, artistic gymnastics, chess, boxing, fencing and others. Maccabi Haifa is well known for its green uniforms. Hapoel Haifa F.C. Hapoel Haifa F. C. is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel, founded in 1924. Swalwell, Alberta Swalwell is a small village in Kneehill County, Alberta, Canada. It is about from Calgary, the largest city in the Province of Alberta. Swalwell is at . It has a population of 338 people. The postal code in Swalwell is T0M 1Y0. Polysaccharide A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate. Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. They are very large, often branched, molecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste. When all the constituent monosaccharides are of the same type they are termed "homopolysaccharides"; when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are termed "heteropolysaccharides". Examples of polysaccharides include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Starches. Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet. Cellulose. The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units. Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite. Alfred Gusenbauer Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960, in St. Pölten, Austria) was the chancellor of Austria from January 2007 to December 2008. His party won the elections of 2008, and he was succeeded as Chancellor the new party leader, Werner Faymann, on 2 December 2008. He was the leader of the political party SPÖ. Chinchilla Chinchillas are either of two species ("Chinchilla chinchilla" and "Chinchilla lanigera") of rodents. They are most active at dawn and dusk. They are slightly larger and active than ground squirrels, and are found in the Andes mountains in South America. They live in colonies called "herds" at high elevations of up to . Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae. The chinchilla has the densest fur of all mammals that live on land. The chinchilla is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become rare after being hunted for their soft fur. Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised. Domestic chinchillas come from "C. lanigera" are sometimes kept as pets. Chinchilla species. The two living species of chinchilla are "Chinchilla chinchilla" (formerly known as "Chinchilla brevicaudata") and "Chinchilla lanigera". "C. chinchilla" has a shorter tail, a thicker neck and shoulders, and shorter ears than "C. lanigera". The "C. chinchilla" are currently facing extinction and the "C. lanigera", though rare, can be found in the wild. Domesticated chinchillas are thought to be of the "C. lanigera" species. Habitat. Chinchillas lived in the coastal regions, hills, and mountains of Chile, Peru, Argentina and Bolivia. In 1914, there was a decrease in population where scientists believed they were close to extinction. Populations in Chile were thought extinct by 1953, but the animal was found to inhabit an area in the Antofagasta Region in the late 1900s and early 2000s. In their native habitats, chinchillas live in burrows or holes in rocks. They can jump up to . Their predators in the wild include birds of prey, skunks, felines, snakes and canines. Chinchillas have many defensive movements including spraying urine and releasing fur if bitten. In the wild, chinchillas have been observed eating plant leaves, fruits, seeds, and small insects. Groups. In nature, chinchillas live in social groups that look like colonies, but are properly called herds. Herd sizes can have 14 members up to 100, this is both for social interaction as well as protection from predators. They can breed any time of the year. Their gestation period is 111 days, longer than most rodents. They can have long pregnancies, which is why chinchillas are born fully furred and with eyes open. Litters are usually small in number, usually two. Conservation. Both species of chinchilla are currently listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of large population loss roughly at a 90% global population loss over the last 15 years. The population decrease has been caused by chinchilla hunting by humans. Until 1996, they were listed as Indeterminate on the IUCN Red List. In 2006, the subspecies was listed as "Vulnerable" while the short-tailed subspecies was listed as "Critically Endangered". By 2008, both were listed as "Critically Endangered", and in 2016 they were reclassified as "Endangered" due to some recovery in some areas. Roles with humans. Fur industry. Chinchilla fur trade on an international level goes back to the 16th century. Their fur is popular due because of its soft feel, which are mainly used in coats. A single, full-length coat made from chinchilla fur may require as many as 150 pelts, as chinchillas are relatively small. Their use for fur led to the extinction of one species, and put serious pressure on the other two. Though it is illegal to hunt wild chinchillas, they are about to be extinct because of continued poaching. Domesticated chinchillas are still bred for fur. As pets. The domestic chinchilla are related to the "Chinchilla lanigera," the long-tailed Chinchilla, and the more common one in the wild after the other species, "Chinchilla chinchilla", or short-tailed Chinchilla, has been hunted nearly to extinction. Domestic chinchillas have thinner bodies, longer tails and larger ears. Chinchillas are popular pets, though they need a large amount of exercise and dental care, because their teeth continually growing throughout their life span. Since they cannot sweat, they need a temperature-controlled environment as they can have heat strokes. The animals instinctively clean their fur by taking dust baths, in which they roll around in special dust made of pumice, a few times a week and they do not bathe in water. Their thick fur protects them from getting fleas, and reduces loose dander. In scientific research. Chinchillas have been used in research since the 1950s. Since the 1970s, the main interest in chinchillas by researchers is their auditory system. Other research fields in which chinchillas are used as an animal model include the study of Chagas disease, gastrointestinal diseases, pneumonia, and listeriosis, as well as of "Yersinia" and "Pseudomonas" infections. Solubility Solubility is the ability of a substance (the solute), to mix into a liquid (the solvent). It measures the highest amount of substance mixed into a liquid solvent while they are both at equal amounts. When the two mix together it is called a saturated solution. Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This process is better described as "miscible" (the ability to mix with one another). Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve. A solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution. A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in. SpVgg Greuther Fürth The Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth is a German football club which plays in the country's top league, the Bundesliga. The club is playing in the Bundesliga for the first time after being promoted from the Second Bundesliga as winners of that league in 2011–12. Taj Mahal (musician) Henry Saint Claire Fredericks, better known by the stage name Taj Mahal (born May 17, 1942), is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular. Awards. Taj Mahal has received two Grammy Awards (nine nominations) over his career. On February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Floyd Patterson Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year. Career. Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing. After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30, 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the heavyweight champion of the world. He became the youngest boxing champion ever. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title. Patterson is remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed. Clockwise A clockwise movement is one that moves in a circle "like the clock's hands": from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top. The opposite of clockwise is counterclockwise or anticlockwise. The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top. Manuel Friedrich Manuel Friedrich (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender. He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen. Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006. During that time he has scored one goal. Bruno Kreisky Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911 – July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983. He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria. It was signed in 1955. Kreisky was of Jewish descent. He was born and died in Vienna. Viscacha Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family "Chinchillidae". There are two genera and four species of viscacha. Incisor Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the "incisors" are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top. In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors. Gerbil Gerbils are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild rats. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet. Species of gerbil include: The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930. A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are bigger gerbils too like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail. Muridae Muridae is the largest family of mammals. It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. They have been introduced worldwide. The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives. The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea. The Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera. Muroidea Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents. It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives. They live on almost every continent except Antarctica. Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae. Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another. The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species. Pierre Boulez Pierre Boulez (pronounced “Boo-LEZ") (26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was one of the most important French composers of modern classical music. He was also a conductor. He was born in Montbrison, Loire. He died in Baden-Baden. As a composer. Boulez started his university studies by studying mathematics. He then gave that up and went to the Paris Conservatoire to study music. One of his teachers was Olivier Messiaen. He wrote music in an atonal style, similar to the serial music of Anton Webern. Gradually his music became completely serial, so that everything about the music: the pitches of the notes, the length of the notes, the louds and softs, the accents were all organized in a mathematical way. This is called “total serialism” or “integral serialism”. This kind of music is very strange to listen to. Boulez belonged to a group of composers who met in the summer at Darmstadt in Germany. This group is often called the “Darmstadt School”. He wrote music which was extremely hard to play e.g. "Structures book 1" for two pianos. Perhaps his most famous piece is "Le marteau sans maître" ("The hammer without a master"). This piece, finished in 1957, is for a small group of instruments: flute, guitar, vibraphone, xylorimba (a cross between a xylophone and a marimba), percussion and viola and a singer (alto). It has very complicated rhythms and is influenced by jazz, gamelan music, African and Japanese music. Boulez then tried out new ideas. He wrote works which would sound different at each performance because the players could improvise some ideas. "Pli selon pli" ("Fold upon fold") was a work for orchestra and soprano. It was based on a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé about a swan that could not fly away because it was stuck on the frozen lake. His piece "Eclat" (1965) also uses improvisation. The conductor is free to decide on how certain bits could be played and makes signs to the players to improvise in certain ways that the composers has written down. This kind of composition is sometimes called “Chance music” because it is different each time it is played. The American composer John Cage also experimented with Chance music. In the 1970s he became interested in electronic music. The French president Georges Pompidou supported the building of a big Arts Centre in Paris. This centre included a large underground set of studios for music. It became known as IRCAM (translated from the French: Institute for Acoustical/Musical Research and Coordination). A lot of composers worked in IRCAM. They used computers, tape recorders etc., to compose music. As a conductor. Boulez was a world-famous conductor. He conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras. He was the chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1971-1975, the New York Philharmonic from 1971-1977 and was Conductor Emeritus of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. His concerts usually consisted of music by the great 20th century composers such as Alban Berg, Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Anton Webern and Edgard Varèse—as well as lots of new music which he conducted when it had just been written. Boulez wrote several books and articles on music. Murinae The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders. Description. The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in islands where they have endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals. The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced. The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents. Fossils. The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus "Antemus". "Progonomys" is thought to be the ancestor of "Mus" and relatives, while "Karnimata" is thought to lead to "Rattus" and relatives. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan. The genera "Uranomys", "Lophuromys", and "Acomys" were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae. Castorimorpha Castorimorpha is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats. Arpeggio In music, an arpeggio is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time. The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up. The word "arpeggio" comes from the Italian word "arpeggiare", which means "to play on a harp". This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords. An arpeggio is a type of broken chord, but there are many different kinds. Learning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios. They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments. This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music. For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios. Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot. An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread". This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time. This is sometimes called "arpeggiato", and in modern music is called a "rolled chord". An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down. NKVD The NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Russian : НКВД ; Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел) as a government department in the Soviet Union operated from 1934-1946 . It was the law enforcement agency which did the will of the All Union Communist Party. The NKVD underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1939 alone, the NKVD's structure changed three times. It was lead by Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) (Chief from 1934-1938) Nikolai Yezhov (1895-1938) (Chief from 1936-1938) and Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) (Chief from 1938-1945). Both Yagoda and Yezhov were executed in 1938 and 1940. Beria was removed from power and executed in 1953. The public face of the NKVD was the regular police force, which acted in a similar way to other police forces. In addition to its state security and police functions, some of its departments handled other matters, such as transportation, fire guards, border guards (NKVD border troops), etc. These jobs were usually assigned to the Ministry of the Interior (MVD). However, it is the classified (secret) activities for which it was really feared. This was the work of the Main Directorate for State Security, known as the GUGB. The NKVD also included the Soviet secret police. The GUGB protected the state security of the Soviet Union. This was done by massive political repression, including the use of sanctioned political murders and assassinations, especially in the era of Joseph Stalin, during the Great Purge. Later publications. After World War II, and especially after the end of the Soviet Union, there was a flood of books on the deeds of Stalin and the NKVD. During and after the war. In occupied territories, the NKVD carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions of traitors, Nazi collaborators, and other dangerous people. Resistance movements included the Polish Armia Krajowa (which was neither pro-nazi or communist), and leftover Ukrainian Nazi units (aiming to remain separate from the Soviet Union). NKVD officers executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1939–1941, including the Katyń massacre. NKVD units were also used to quell the post-Nazi partisan war in the western Ukraine (Mostly in the Lviv region), and the "Forest Brothers" in the Baltics (which lasted until the early 1950s). Spyglass Entertainment Spyglass Entertainment is a movie and television production company. Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was "Instinct". Hovercraft A hovercraft is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth. A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars. Like Hovercraft the same thing Hoverboard Which is also a true Self Balancing Board To Enjoy the Ride with a High Speed. Take a Look On The English engineer Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the modern hovercraft. Duccio Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ; – ) was one of the most important painters in Italy in the Late Middle Ages. He worked mainly in the city of Siena in Tuscany but one of his largest works was done for a church in Florence. He is most famous for his altarpieces of the Madonna and Child. Duccio painted in the Byzantine style, similar to Greek icons. Duccio's life. The first written record of Duccio is dated 1278, when he was painting in Siena. His paintings, of which only a few remain, are all Holy pictures. Two of them are very large and were painted as altarpieces. Some of them are very small and were for private owners, not for churches. At that time, many artists painted pictures that were specially for people to look at while they were praying. The pictures are most often of the Madonna and Child. They often have gold backgrounds which glow when they are lit by candlelight. The figures in the paintings do not look very solid or realistic. They look very still, calm and holy. These paintings had been done in the same style for many hundreds of years, in Greece, Constantinople and many other countries where the Greek Orthodox Church was the main church. The style, which was called the Byzantine style, had also spread to Italy where several Orthodox icons (Holy picture), had become famous and were copied by many artists. Duccio was one of the greatest painters in the Byzantine style in Italy at the time. He had a famous rival who worked in Florence. His name was Cimabue. One of Cimabue's pupils, Giotto, was to become even more famous, and is remembered as having begun the Renaissance style of painting in Florence. Even though Duccio probably saw Giotto's paintings, in which the figures look solid and three-dimensional, like actors on a stage, Duccio was not very influenced by him. Duccio had several students who also became famous painters of the 1300s. They include Simone Martini and the Lorenzetti brothers, who were also influenced by Giotto. The "Rucellai Madonna". In 1285 Duccio was asked to go to Florence to paint an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child for the church of Santa Maria Novella which had been rebuilt for the Dominican friars. It was a very large church and for it, Duccio painted the biggest ancient altarpiece of this type that is known. It is called the "Rucellai Madonna" because the Rucellai, who were a very rich family, paid for the decoration of the main chapel of the church, where this altarpiece was hung in the 1600s. Duccio painted the Madonna sitting on a throne with the Christ Child in her lap, raising his hand in blessing. Around them are six kneeling angels in robes of delicate colours. The robe of the Madonna is very dark blue and looks almost black; it is painted with ground-up semi precious stone called lapis lazuli. The robe of the baby looks quite transparent. Duccio was one of the first painters to try to paint transparent material. One of the important parts of Duccio's design is the gold border of the Madonnna's robe, which seems to wander around the painting in a waving line, and frames the Madonna's face in a way that holds the attention of the viewer. The "Rucellai Madonna" is no longer in the Church of Santa Maria Novella. In 1948 it was moved to the Ufizzi Gallery where it is shown in the same room as Cimabue's "Trinita Madonna" and Giotto's "Ognisanti Madonna". The "Maestà". In Duccio's own city there was a large cathedral. In 1308 he was given the job of making an enormous altarpiece of the Madonna on a throne for the cathedral. It was not to be as tall as the "Rucellai Madonna" but was much wider, because it showed two rows of saints and a row of angels on either side of the throne. The four saints the kneel at the front of the picture are those who were particularly remembered in the city of Siena. The altarpiece was to have a very fancy Gothic gold frame with more figures at the top, and small pictures at the bottom, but unfortunately the frame has been destroyed. Because the painting stood above an altar that was right in the middle of the cathedral, and not against a wall, it was easy for people to walk around to see the back of the altarpiece. So Duccio painted the back as well. The back of the altarpiece had lots of small scenes which tell the life of Jesus. These small scenes, which have gold backgrounds and bright colours in the usual way, are very lively illustrations to the Bible stories. After three years, the altarpiece was finished. It was carried in a great procession from Duccio's workshop, up the hill to the cathedral which stood on the highest point of the city. It was called the "Maestà" (or "Majesty"). Four other artists were asked to do smaller altarpieces to go in the four chapels that were nearby. Unfortunately, in the 1700s, people at the cathedral thought that Duccio's altarpiece was old-fashioned. It was taken to pieces, and some of the smaller parts were sold. They can be seen in the National Gallery, London and other places. Luckily most of the pieces were kept together and can now be seen in the Cathedral Museum which is near Siena Cathedral. Castoridae Castoridae is a family of rodents. Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is "Castor". It contains modern-day beavers. In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family. IUCN Red List The IUCN Red List (also IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). There are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all parts of the world. The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct. Criteria. Not evaluated: Not yet compared to the standard scale. Data deficient: Not enough data. Redruth Redruth (Cornish: Resrudh) is a small town in Cornwall. The name of the town means "red ford"; the parish church of Redruth is dedicated to St Uny. The district of Camborne and Redruth was once very important for the mining of tin and copper. Until 1974, Camborne and Redruth were included in the Camborne-Redruth urban district. In 2001 there were 12,352 people living in Redruth. The two towns with the village of Pool have more people than St Austell (Cornwall's largest settlement). In 2004, about 38,500 people were living in Camborne-Redruth. Integrated Taxonomic Information System The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American organization. It works with several federal agencies to unify the information gathered about different taxonomy of biological species. It provides a common database for these agencies to use. ITIS was originally formed in 1996. Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis is a bacillus. It is a bacterium. It has been identified as the infectious agent of bubonic plague. This bacterium also causes other forms of plague- Septicemic plague and pneumonic plague. These three forms of the plague have been responsible for a high death toll in many epidemics throughout human history. These diseases are believed to be the cause of the Black Death. Because of the Black Death, about one third (one of three) people in Europe died. This was between 1347 and 1353. The bacillus was discovered by the physician Alexandre Yersin during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong, in 1894. Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time. Originally, the microoganism was named "Pasteurella pestis". It was renamed in 1967. Currently, three varieties of Y. pestis are known. Historians are currently divided about the role of "Y. pestis" in the Black Death. Some historians said that the Black Death spread far too fast. Therefore, "Y. pestis" could not have caused it. DNA from "Y. pestis" has been found in the teeth of some of the victims of the Black Death. For this reason, "Y. pestis" must have been at least a factor in some (but not necessarily all) European plague epidemics. References. These references are probably not in Simple English. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus "Leptospira". This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, "Leptospira"-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice. Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes. It usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. The disease causes little concern, as it is quite rare Except for tropical areas, Leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the months August to September, in the Northern Hemisphere. François-Joseph Gossec François-Joseph Gossec (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February, 1829) was a South Netherlands composer. He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life. People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin. He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music. Life and Work. Gossec’s family were small farmers. When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows). He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp. In 1751 he went to Paris. The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra. He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own. His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented. He composed many operas as well as instrumental works. In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly. A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra. Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution. When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there. Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music. His music for instruments was very successful. He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting. He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris. He was made a "chevalier" of the Legion of Honour. A lot of composers went to his funeral. Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 3 January 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation of pottery. He was the grandfather of "both" Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin, Charles' wife. Wedgwood was the first to use modern marketing: direct mail, money-back guarantees, travelling salesmen, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues. Biography. Early life. When he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (did not die). The smallpox injured his knee, so he could not easily work as a potter. Instead, he worked hard to design pottery. Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery. He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent. Work. Wedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery. He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich. He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals. He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor. In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners. Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin. Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen. By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte. Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased "Queen's Ware", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery. In 1773, Empress Catherine of Russia ordered the Green Frog Service from Wedgwood; it can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum. An even earlier commission from Catherine was the Husk Service (1770), now on exhibit in Peterhof. In the latter part of his life, Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a dark blue and white glass vase from the first century BC. For three years he worked on the project, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789. Abolition of slavery. Together with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery. Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery. These medallions became very popular. Wedgwood died in Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1795. Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833. Tambourin A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century. It is based on a folkdance from the Provence. The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French. Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas. Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé. Tambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence. It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick. It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's "L'Arlésienne Suite no. 2" Thomas Wedgwood III Thomas Wedgwood (1685-1739) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood II and Mary Leigh. Thomas Wedgwood was married to Mary Stringer. Their children were: Thomas Wedgwood IV Thomas Wedgwood (1716-1773) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood. Thomas Wedgwood was married firstly to Isabell Beech. Their children were: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714 14 December 1788) was a German musician and composer. He was the second of five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. He was said to be one of the greatest harpsichord players of his time. He wrote a book called "Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments" (1755), which was used by Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. Early life. Bach was born in Weimar on 8 March 1714. His godfather was the composer Georg Philipp Telemann, and he stayed in contact with him throughout his life. He was taught to play music at an early age by his father. His father moved the family to Leipzig in 1723 where he had a position as Kantor at the Thomasschule. After finishing school Bach went to Leipzig University and trained as a lawyer. Berlin. In 1740 he moved to Berlin to become the harpsichord player for Frederick the Great. Frederick played the flute, and it was Bach's job to provide the keyboard accompaniment. This left him with plenty of time to compose music. Bach married Johanna Maria Dannemann in 1744. They had a number of children, but only three lived to be adults. His son, also Johann Sebastian Bach, became a painter in Rome, but died at the age of 30. Life in Berlin became difficult for Bach during the Seven Years' War. Frederick was often away and so there was little musical activity in the court. He was paid with paper money which did not keep its value, and so he had to be careful with his spending. There was also criticism of his playing style, it was becoming "affected", too modern for the conservative tastes of Frederick's court. Hamburg. After Telemann died at the end of 1767, Bach was able to replace him as the director of church music for the five churches in Hamburg. His duties included teaching music, and organising about 200 musical performances a year. This position allowed Bach to write church music including 21 settings of the Passion, 70 cantatas, motets and liturgies. He also organised concerts and other performances throughout the year. Bach became ill in the summer of 1788 and died from a chest ailment on 14 December. He was buried in the Church of St. Michael in Hamburg. His grave was forgotten, and only rediscovered in 1925. Composer. Bach wrote nearly 200 keyboard works, mainly sonatas while at Berlin. He was able to develop a network of people around Europe who were able to sell printed copies of his pieces which brought in a considerable income. The king however did not regard him as a composer, even though Bach dedicated some of his compositions to him. Bach wrote in 1773 that many of his compositions were simply written as a business to make money. Bach also helped make his father's music more widely known. he arranged the printing and sales of his music. Bach protected his father's original manuscripts, and it is because of this that some of them, including the St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion, have survived. Other manuscripts of Johann Sebastian's were given to Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who sold them and they are now lost. There were other compositions that C. P. E. Bach wrote for himself, to develop his ideas and theories of music. After leaving Berlin and moving to Hamburg in 1768 he began writing music with more emotion, which he described as "Empfindsamer" meaning "sentimental". This was a time of great changes in musical style, from the baroque work of his father, to the classical works of Mozart and Haydn. His music has elements of both, and does not easily fit into the categories that have been created since. Because of this, his music is not played as much in modern times. His father's music has become much more famous, but C. P. E. Bach's music had a greater influence on the composers that came after him. Ragarding the instruments that C.P.E.Bach was using for composing and performing, the majority of them (clavichord and fortepiano) were made by Gottfried Silbermann, at that time a well-known builder of keyboard instruments. In XXI century people have a chance to hear the instruments used by Bach, because the are being recreated by some modern piano builders. Writer. Bach wrote his book, the "Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments" in 1755 while in Berlin. This book is important for two reasons. It was the first book to teach players to use their thumbs, which is now standard practice. Secondly it was the first to talk about emotion as being an important part of a performer's skills; as important as technical ability. It is still in use today as the reference book on how to correctly play the ornamentation and how to improvise in the late baroque style. Bach wrote his autobiography in 1773. This shows that where his father was mainly influenced by religion, Bach was influenced by ideas from art and philosophy. He had a collection of 400 paintings of people whose ideas and works he admired. Maria Barbara Bach Maria Barbara Bach (20 October 1684 – buried 7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. Ligue 1 Ligue 1 is the top league of French football. A.S. Monaco F.C. from the Principality of Monaco, on the south coast of France, is in the league. Serie A Serie A is the highest football league in Italy. Format. From 1929 to 2004, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams. The Only Exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams. All the 20 teams play two times against all the other teams from August to May. The top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017–18 season). The 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament. The 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League. The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B. Oath An oath (from Anglo-Saxon "āð") is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath". Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath". A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book. Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: Other meanings. The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible. Jeffrey Archer Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 May 1940) is a British author and politician. He was a member of Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and since 1992 is a life peer. His political career ended after an indictment for perjury. He is married to Mary Archer, a prominent scientist in solar power. Biography. Early life. Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital. When he was two weeks old he and his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his young life. At Oxford he was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling. He also made a name for himself in raising money for the then little-known charity Oxfam, famously claiming to have obtained the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive (it was actually Pat Davidson of Oxfam). The band accepted the invitation to visit the Senior Common Room of his Brasenose College, where they were photographed with Archer and dons of the college, although they did not play there. It was during this period that he met his future wife, Mary. His parents were John and Mary Archer who gave birth to him in 1940. Jeffery Archer only had one sibling and that was his brother, Thomas Archer who is a renowned politician for the conservative party. At the age of 29, he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for a Lincolnshire constituency, holding the seat for the Conservative Party in a by-election on 4 December 1969. In Parliament, Archer was on the left of the Conservative Party, rebelling against some of his party's policies. He urged free TV licences for the elderly and was against museum charges. Archer voted against restoring the death penalty saying it was barbaric and obscene. Archer had to resign because of a scandal in October 1986 when the Sunday newspaper "The News of the World" led on the story "Tory boss Archer pays vice-girl". The article claimed that Archer had paid Monica Coghlan, a prostitute, £2000 through another person at Waterloo Station to go abroad. Unlike the "Daily Star", the newspaper did not allege that Archer had actually slept with Coghlan. Archer sued the "Daily Star". Perjury and downfall. Archer had been selected by the Conservative Party as their candidate for the London mayoral election of 2000. He was forced to withdraw from the race when it was revealed that he was facing a charge of perjury. On 4 February, 2000 Archer was expelled from the Conservative Party for five years. On 26 September, 2000 he was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice (obstruction of justice) during the 1987 libel trial. A few months before the beginning of the perjury trial, Archer began performing in the star role in a courtroom play (which he also wrote) called "The Accused". The play was staged at London's Theatre Royal Haymarket and concerns the court trial of an alleged murderer from beginning to end. The play used the innovation of assigning the role of jury in the trial to the audience, with theatre-goers voting on whether Archer's character was innocent or guilty at the end of each night's performance. Archer would attend his real trial during the day and be judged in his fictional trial at the theatre in the evening. The real life trial began on 30 May, 2001. On 19 July, 2001 Lord Archer was found guilty of perjury. He was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment by Mr. Justice Potts. The most ironic aspect of his trial was that he had fabricated the alibi for the wrong date. Archer never spoke during the trial. Ted Francis was found not guilty of perverting the course of justice. On 21 July, 2003 he was released on licence, after serving half of his sentence, from HMP Hollesley Bay, Suffolk. Many of Lord Archer's friends remained loyal to him. In addition, Archer lost an £8m libel case about false accusations in his book twist of tales, portraying Major General James Oluleye to be a thief. Oluleye was a man who left a legacy of honesty and integrity for the future generations of Nigerians, See his book "Architecturing a Destiny" and "Military Leadership in Nigeria". Return to Oz Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of "The Wizard of Oz". Mordred Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgan le Fay (also called Morgana or Morgaine). Mordred was born at Caerlon. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was not a knight of the round table. In some legends he is a chimera made by Morgana with Arthur's blood and a range of magics, Mordred in multiple legends was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's Sword of Peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's Sword of War that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Morderd stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur. List of Miss America winners Miss America is an American beauty contest. It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the "Miss America Organization", a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors. The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the "Intercity Beauty Contest". This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant. Margaret Gorman, "Miss Washington D.C.", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald. She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America". Firewall (networking) In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded.When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. A firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access. Different kinds of Firewalls. Packet filtering / Network Layer. Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. All firewalls can do this. It is done at the network layer. Stateful packet inspection. In addition to the simple packet filtering (above) this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped. Application-layer firewalls. Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped. Other things firewalls are used for. Tunneling. Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called "tunnellng". The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network). Network Address Translation (NAT). Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses. Types of firewalls. In general, there are two types of firewalls: Prominent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc. Prominent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco etc. What firewalls cannot protect against. Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive). The Cask of Amontillado "The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in "Godey's Lady's Book" in November 1846. Story. The narrator [Montresor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult. During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato and then walls him up alive in a niche. Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!" to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing. The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor expresses no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("May he rest in peace!"). Osei Bonsu Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He ruled from 1804 to 1824. He died in Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Yaw Akoto. Uther Pendragon Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend. His name, "Pendragon", means the "Chief-Dragon", which means he is the "foremost leader" or "chief of warriors". He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("History of the Kings of Britain"). Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories. According to the stories, Arthur is the son of Uther Prendragon and the Lady Igraine. Chocolate milk Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk or syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar. Similar beverages. A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake. Chocolate syrup Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts. Used in drinks. Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes. Used for desserts. Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream. Wetsuit A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. Partial wetsuits. When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings. Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear! It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector. Full wetsuits. Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit. Touch rugby Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages. History. Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005. Rules. Size of The Field. It is played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas. Numbers. According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field. It is possible to interchange players as many as they want. Start of The Game. By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score. These chances are called touches. Scoring. Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas. The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground. Turn over. If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet. The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet. Penalty Situations. Forward pass. Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot. Touch and Pass. If a player passes the ball after being touched a penalty occurs for forward pass. Off the mark. Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark where a rollball or a penalty were given. How to touch? In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand. It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force. Purpose. Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world. No matter who you are, how old you are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women. Coven Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering. It is used today to mean a group of witches. First Geneva Convention The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Second Geneva Convention The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949). As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries. Disc jockey A disc jockey (also called a DJ or deejay) is a person who plays recorded pop or dance music for dancers or listeners and introduces the names of the songs using a microphone. Types of DJs. There are several types of DJs. A radio DJ plays music files (like mp3) or recorded CDs on a radio station and announces the names of the songs. A club DJ plays music files or recorded CDs over a PA system (an amplifier and loudspeakers) at a nightclub, rave, or disco. A hip hop DJ uses turntables and vinyl records to do scratching and make music while other hip hop musicians do rapping (rhythmic type of singing). A Reggae DJ plays recordings of rhythm instruments and then rap on top of the prerecorded track with a microphone. A Electronic Dance Music DJ creates their own music and some can even remix their own songs on the fly. similar to different types of musicians in other genres like people who play baroque music Vs people who play Jazz or People who like Death Metal vs People who like Screamo, depending on the genre some DJs tend to act quite differently, for example, Dubstep DJs are more rowdy and prefer faster more zappy treble, While House producers are the opposite and prefer slower and more natural melodys and then you also have Psytrance DJs who prefer more techno driven white noise delivered in high beats per minute with whale songs and sound effects. History of DJing. The term "disc jockey" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print in a 1941 "Variety" magazine, used to describe radio personalities who introduced phonograph records on the air. Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home phonographs in the late 19th century. British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system. Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console. In 1947, the Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque. In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first DJ mixers, mixing consoles specialized for DJing. In the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee "Scratch" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music. They experimented with tape-based composition; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media; and remixed music among other innovative techniques. It is widely known that the Jamaican dancehall culture has had and continues to have a significant impact on the American hip hop culture. Vintage DJ Station. A DJ mixer is placed between the two turntables. Pioneer DJ Controller DJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables. Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for turntablism and mixing, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching. The first direct-drive turntable was invented by engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan. It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests. In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables. In 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, which became the most popular turntable for DJs due to its high torque direct drive design. The SL-1200 had a rapid start and its durable direct drive enabled DJs to manipulate the platter, as with scratching techniques. Hip hop DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as scratching and beat juggling rather than merely mixing records. These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Afrika Bambaataa, as they experimented with Technics direct-drive decks, finding that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter. Although Technics stopped producing the SL-1200 in 2010, they remain the most popular DJ turntable due to their high build quality and durability. In 1980, Japanese company Roland released the TR-808, an analog rhythm/drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as its booming bass and sharp snare, and a metronome-like rhythm. Yellow Magic Orchestra's use of the instrument in 1980 influenced hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 would be widely adopted by hip hop DJs, with 808 sounds remaining central to hip hop music ever since. The Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, had a similar impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music, along with Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines. In 1982, the Compact Disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio. In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10, was introduced. In January of that same year at the BeOS Developer Conference, N2IT demonstrated FinalScratch, the first digital DJ system to allow DJs control of MP3 files through special time-coded vinyl records or CDs. While it would take some time for this novel concept to catch on with the "die-hard Vinyl DJs," this would become the first step in the Digital DJ revolution. Manufacturers joined with computer DJing pioneers to offer professional endorsements, the first being Professor Jam (a.k.a. William P. Rader), who went on to develop the industry's first dedicated computer DJ convention and learning program, the "CPS (Computerized Performance System) DJ Summit", to help spread the word about the advantages of this emerging technology. In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, specialized DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs. In the 2010s, like laptops before them, tablet computers and smartphones became more powerful & affordable. DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing. Padniewko Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2. Sierra Nevada (US) The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The range is also known as The Sierra and The Sierras. Geography. The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south. It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley, and on the east by the Great Basin. Flurbereinigung Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside. History. Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land. Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place. In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too. Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster. Live 8 Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2. In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans. Rigveda 'RUGHVED' is an ancient Indian religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is the world's oldest religious writings. It is also one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal. Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings. It is dated up to 3700 years ago. Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses. Ecozone An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface. These divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals. Ecozones represent large areas of the Earth surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration. Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain. As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on "life form", or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories. The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones was shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history. The term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning. J. Schultz uses the term "ecozone" to refer his classification system of biomes. Biogeographical realms. In 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic). Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes. WWF Ecozones. The WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975). A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions. The WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones. In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm. Amorphous solid An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms. Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids. An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel. Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress. Climate commitment studies Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors ("climate forcings") such as greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is "committed" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings. Plane Plane or planes may refer to: Slipknot Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines, Iowa. Slipknot has nine members in the band. The current band members are Sid Wilson, Jim Root, Craig Jones, Shawn Crahan, Mick Thomson, Corey Taylor, Alessandro Venturella and Jay Weinberg. The first bassist from Slipknot, Paul Gray, died from an accidental drug overdose in 2010. Also, Joey Jordison was forced to leave the band in 2013. He died on July 26, 2021. All of the band members wear masks. Percussionist Chris Fehn also left the band due to suing band mates Shawn Crahan and Corey Taylor for keeping money from him. The band has sold almost 15 million records worldwide. Career. In September 1995 a band was formed called The Pale Ones. The band had Shawn Crahan on drums, Paul Gray on bass, Anders Colsefini on vocals and Donnie Steele on guitar. Later Joey Jordison joined and became drummer, Crahan became a Percussionist. The band also hired guitarist Josh Brainard and moved Colsefini to percussion and vocals. The band performed their first concert on December 4, 1995, then they were called Meld. Joey Jordison suggested naming the band Slipknot, after a song they had made. The band started wearing masks because Shawn Crahan wore a clown mask and to get better into the music. In February Steele left the band because of religious beliefs. Craig Jones was hired as a replacement. Jones later became their full-time sampler. They hired Mick Thomson as a replacement guitarist. On October 31, 1996, Slipknot released their first demo Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat. The band realized that their new songs needed more vocal melody, so they hired Corey Taylor. Colsefini became just a percussionist. At a show Colsefini announced that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Greg Welts but he was fired from the band because he was lazy. Chris Fehn was hired as percussionist. In 1997 the band gave themselves numbers and wore coveralls while performing. In 1998 DJ Sid Wilson joined after impressing the band. In 1999 Brainard decided to leave the band for personal reasons. Jim Root was his replacement. This left the band with the line-up they kept until 2010. They became better known after giving some labels a five-song demo. They signed to Roadrunner records in summer 1998. They released their first album, named after the band (self titled) one year after signing to Roadrunner. The album had two singles (songs released separately from the album, but is still on the album). They went on tour and played at the Ozzfest. This made their fan base bigger. In early 2000, the album was certified platinum (selling 1,000,000 copies). Their fans were waiting impatiently for a second release ("Iowa"), and recording started early 2001 in California. Band members argued over how long to go on live shows and recording times. Even so, they went ahead and released the album, and toured for it. The album had three singles, one of them appearing in a movie ("Resident Evil"). They sold all the seats in large arenas due to the large fan base. In 2002, the band took a break, and some members remade or started new bands and projects. With delays of recording another album ("Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses"), the band went back to California for recording. When early 2004 came around, the album was finished and touring began. The album was released in May. The album had six singles. From the tour, the band created a live album (an album made up of live versions of songs). Some band members were in the Roadrunner United: The All-Stars Sessions, a mix album of artists signed to Roadrunner. In 2006 the band won their only Grammy Award for their song "Before I Forget." The band took another break, with various members going to other projects and bands. The fourth album ("All Hope is Gone") was started in late 2007, but recording began in early 2008. The album was done in early summer 2008. The album had five singles. 2009 was 10 years since the release of their first album, so the first album was re-released as a special version. The tour for "All Hope is Gone" ended on Halloween night, 2009, and ended a third break for the band. Members went back to other projects and bands with singer Corey Taylor creating the band Junk Beer Kidnap Band. On May 24, 2010, bass player Paul Gray died. Investigation showed a drug overdose killed him. Band members hesitated, or to have another thought about, speaking about the future of the band. Drummer Joey Jordison said another record was 'kinda already in the making.' Corey Taylor, however, said that he didn't know whether or not to continue with Slipknot. Former member Donnie Steele will do Paul Gray's part while the band is playing live shows. Taylor told NME that he wants to continue, as it is what Paul would want. The band will complete and release a fifth album, but Taylor doesn't see recording soon. Jordison said that the band will go on without Taylor if he is to leave the band. In 2013 Joey Jordison left the band. The band made and brought out a new album in 2014 called ".5: The Gray Chapter". Donnie Steele played the bass on some songs on the album, but did not want to fully rejoin, so a new bass player and drummer were brought in to replace Steele and Jordison. The band would not say at first who the new members were, though their names were soon discovered to be Alessandro Venturella (bass player) and Jay Weinberg (drummer) Style. Among the main influences of the band can be named to Black Sabbath, Pantera, Metallica, Slayer, Sepultura, Iron Maiden, Carcass, Judas Priest, Korn, AC/DC, Kiss, Beastie Boys and Mushroomhead. Thrash metal has been mentioned several times as a great influence to define them, together with nu metal. Slipknot uses three types of guitars (main, rhythm and bass), two percussionists in addition to drums, and electronics (samplers and turntables). The band's sound has been described as "a threshing machine devouring a military drum corps." In their early work, the vocals vary widely, from clean singing, to raps, to screaming. Their most recent works include more melodic vocals, and raps have left. The words are almost always very aggressive, characterized by darkness, nihilism, anger, hatred, love, misanthropy and psychosis. Rick Anderson of Allmusic said the lyrics to Slipknot are "not generally quotable on a family website." Paul Gray said about their style: "The only word I hate is 'nu metal,' we have death metal, thrash metal, grindcore, is a bit of everything, you know?" Archie Moore Archie Moore (December 13, 1913 or 1916 – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title twice a year. Moore fought for the heavyweight championship twice, was the only person to fight 3 champions from 3 generations. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22 1955 and to Floyd Patterson on November 30 1956 (when Rocky's championship officially ended), in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a short time. They split because of differences on fighting styles. Joe Frazier Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia. Frazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone. Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila". Frazier died in Philadelphia on November 7, 2011 from liver cancer, aged 67. Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer of the lymphatic system, also known as a lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer develops in a single lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched. The person may have strange fevers, sweating during the night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger. In simple words Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm with features resembling an inflammatory disorder, such features include fever, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. It mainly affects the young adults especially young men with exception of nodular sclerosis which frequently affects young women. The important histological finding is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Marvelous Marvin Hagler Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler; May 23, 1954 – March 13, 2021) was an American professional boxer and film actor who competed in boxing from 1973 to 1987. He reigned as undisputed middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. He was the world middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. Hagler fought out of Brockton, Massachusetts. He won the championship from Alan Minter, in London, and successfully defended it eleven times before losing in a controversial fight with Sugar Ray Leonard. Hagler retired after that fight to live and work in Italy. On March 13, 2021, Hagler's wife Kay announced that Hagler had died unexpectedly at his home in Bartlett, New Hampshire, at the age of 66. A wave of reports came out on Twitter, with thousands of people mourning the loss of Hagler. Sierra Nevada (Spain) The Sierra Nevada, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479 m. It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería. Airline An airline is a company that transports people and items using airliners. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of hundreds of airplanes. Most airlines offer regular flights between a group of airports. An airline has many costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs. Wax Wax is an organic chemical substance. It is a type of lipid. Waxes have the following properties: Some waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes may be manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes: Polyethylene terephtalate Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series). Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production). The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy may refer to: Card Sharks Card Sharks is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978. The main game. Two contestants fought against each other in the main game—the returning champion and a challenging contestant. The returning champion was represented by the color red. The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty? How many lawyers said they have?"). The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave. The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess. Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards. There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger). The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it. There were two games. Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards. The Money Cards. The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money. He/she was given $200 to start out with. They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before. This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card. That row was called the "Big Bet" row. There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before. Other versions. "Card Sharks" aired on NBC from 1978 to 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry. It returned on CBS and in syndication in 1986. The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until 1989. The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty, but ran until 1987. In 2001, "Card Sharks" came back, hosted by Pat Bullard. However, this version had different rules than the other ones. In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was cancelled after 13 weeks. Many "Card Sharks" fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time. "Card Sharks" returned to television in 2019 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions. Family Feud Family Feud is an American television game show that has aired since 1976. How to play. There are two families, each with five family members on their team. They have to guess the answers to a survey question asked to 100 people to win points for their team. The answers are seen on a huge survey board. Several survey questions are asked by host Steve Harvey. The point values are doubled at the third question, and they are tripled for the fourth question. If a Sudden Death question is needed, only the #1 answer will be on the board. Whoever reaches 300 points or more will win the game and go on to play the bonus round, Fast Money. Fast Money. Two members of the winning family are asked five questions, one member at a time. One member stays on stage and is asked the questions while the other member is off-stage. After the answers are given (or if the time limit, either 15 seconds or 20 seconds, is up), the answers and their point values are revealed. After that, the other member is asked the same five questions, with a time limit of either 20 or 25 seconds. If they give the same answer to a question that the first member gave, a double-buzz will be heard, and the host will say, "Try again," after which another answer is given. Afterwards, the answers and their point values are revealed. If both contestants get 200 or more points, they win the grand prize. Bullseye. From 1992 to 1995, a new round was introduced, called the "Bullseye" round from 1992 to 1994 and the "Bankroll" round from 1994 to 1995. In the Bullseye round, each family member on each team went to the faceoff podium to try to get the #1 answer to a survey question. Each time they got it right, they won a dollar amount for their team's "bank." Each question was worth different dollar amounts, anywhere from $500 to $5,000. Whatever they won in this round was what they would play for in Fast Money. In the Bankroll round, only one family member from each team went to the podium. Only three questions were asked this time; they played in all three questions. The Bullseye round returned for John O'Hurley's last season in 2009. John O'Hurley did it the same way Ray Combs did. It was just like the old Bullseye round used from 1992 to 1994. However, it was thrown out again in 2010. Other versions. "Family Feud" aired on ABC from 1976 to 1985. A syndicated version aired from 1977 to 1985. Both were hosted by actor Richard Dawson, who became famous for kissing all of the female contestants. In 1988, "Family Feud" returned on CBS and in syndication with a new host, comedian Ray Combs. In 1992, the CBS version was expanded to an hour and included the Bullseye round. It was given a new name: "The Family Feud Challenge". The syndicated version also got the Bullseye round in the Fall of that year and was named "The New Family Feud". In 1993, "The Family Feud Challenge" was cancelled. In 1994, Ray Combs was fired and Richard Dawson was brought back to host the syndicated version. He only lasted one year, until 1995. In 1999, the new version came on in syndication, with comedian Louie Anderson as host. Many people did not like him, and in 2002, he was replaced by Richard Karn. In 2006, Richard Karn left the show and John O'Hurley took his place, and in 2010 John O'Hurley left and Steve Harvey took his place. The show is still on the air today. Bank of America Stadium The Bank of America Stadium is a sports stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called Ericsson Stadium until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 74,867 people. Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin. The company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II. Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it. David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars. Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters "DB" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959. David Brown sold the company again. The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments. Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction. History. The land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959. It was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs. Sydney Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, walking or by train. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two that were formally tram tracks. There are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge. The bridge is long and wide. The highest point of the arch is tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building. The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31] but surprisingly only two from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project.  Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32] and film footage[33] which reveal at close quarters the bravery of the workers in tough Depression-era conditions.[""] The total financial cost of the bridge was AU£6.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34] Sydney Cricket Ground The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports field in Sydney. Many professional sporting events take place there. These sports include cricket, rugby, and the Australian Football League. Darling Harbour Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat, and people like visiting it. It also has the Sydney Aquarium. Bondi Beach Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city. Bondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions. Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there. History. The word "Bondi" is an aboriginal (native) word which means "water breaking over rocks" or "noise of water breaking over rocks". In 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought of Bondi and named it the "Bondi Estate." Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the "O'Brien Estate". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach. Today. Many people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the "Backpackers Rip". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008. Pods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen. Lifesavers. Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'. Stadium Australia Stadium Australia, known for sponsorship reasons as ANZ Stadium, formerly Telstra Stadium, is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and AFL. The stadium opened in March 1999. In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium. As "Stadium Australia", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium. Sydney Aquarium The Sydney Aquarium is a public aquarium in Darling Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It has many fish, sharks and seals. There is also a seal show. The aquarium was opened in 1988. Nigga Nigga is a term derived from the racial slur "nigger". It is generally used by African-Americans (especially young adults), because other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive. The use for this word is for a good friend, it can also be defined as a substitute for "nigger" in a less serious tone. Note that this version of the word does not use a "hard R." Germans Germans () are the people of Germany. There are two main groups of people who are called Germans. They are citizens of Germany and ethnic Germans. They are also called German people. Citizens of Germany. The term Germans is used to describe a person who is a citizen of the county. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of German laws to be a citizen of Germany, they are Germans. Ethnic Germans. Descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called "ethnic Germans". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France. There are also many of them living in the United States Brazil and Canada. There are about 100 million Germans in the world. Most Germans speak the German language ("Hochdeutsch" is Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language. Employment Non-Discrimination Act The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress. If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations. It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007. The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law. In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote. This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation". Currently, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity. This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts. Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law. Previous bills have not included transgender people. The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people. In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people. It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill. Cthulhu Cthulhu is a fictional deity created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a powerful monster from another planet. It (Cthulhu is neither male nor female) is very ancient compared to humans, being around since the dinosaurs. It has the alien appearance of a large green dragon with the head of an octopus and human-like hands. There are said to be many people who worship it as their deity because of their powers over the mind. Cthulhu is one of the Great Old Ones, a group of powerful beings from another place that now inhabit Earth, waiting to rise up(when the stars are right) and destroy the human race so they can rule the planet. The Old Ones are neither good nor evil, meaning that they do not hate humans, they just do not care about them. They think of humans as if they could be ants. Also, their appearance is so unlike anything of this world, that it is said that any human who so much as gazes upon one of them will go insane. In one of Lovecraft's stories, "The Call of Cthulhu", he said that Cthulhu currently lies in a dreamlike state in the underwater sunken city of R'lyeh (rill-ee-yeh), waiting for the time when the Old Ones shall rise again. In the story, R'lyeh is located in the southern Pacific Ocean. Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus is a medical condition caused when vasopressin does not appear in a person's blood. Vasopressin is released from the brain, and travels in the blood to the kidneys. There, it pulls water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder. If there is no vasopressin in the blood, the kidneys leave the water in the urine, and the bladder holds more liquid. This means a person needs to urinate more often. It also causes thirst. Increased thirst and urination are symptoms of regular diabetes (diabetes mellitus). That's why diabetes insipidus shares the name "diabetes." Caecilian The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians. Most of them look like either earthworms or snakes. They burrow in the ground. For this reason, they are the least explored order of amphibians. Anatomy. Caecilians have no limbs. For this reason, the smaller species look like worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m look similar to snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark in colour. Some species have colorful skins, though. Inside the skin are calcite scales. Due to their underground life the eyes are small. Skin often covers them, to protect them. This has led to the idea that they are blind, which is not the case. Because of the skin cover, their "seeing" is limited to simple dark-light perception. They can tell the difference between dark and light. All Caecilians have two tentacles at their head. The tentacles are probably used for a second smelling capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose. Most Caecilians have lungs, except for two lungless species. Those that have lungs also use the skin or the mouth to get oxygen. Often the left lung is much smaller than the right one. This is an adaptation to the shape of the body, which is also be found in snakes. Distribution. They are mostly distributed in the tropics of South and Central America, Africa, and South Asia. The diet of caecilians is not well known. They live in the moist, lower habitats. In South America they can be found well into the temperate north of Argentina. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, when they are carried by the flood waters of the Paraná River coming from farther north. No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there. The northernmost distribution is of the species "Ichthyophis sikkimensis" of Northern India. In Africa caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau ("Geotrypetes") to Northern Zambia ("Scolecomorphus"). In South-East Asia the Wallace Line is not crossed, and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. "Ichthyophis" is also found in South China and North-Vietnam. Reproduction. Caecilians are the only order of amphibians which only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have a penis-like organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for 2 to 3 hours. About 25% of the species are oviparous (egg-laying); the rest are ovoviviparous, with eggs hatching inside the mother. The eggs are guarded by the female. For some species the young caecilians are already metamorphosed when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water. In ovoviviparous species the foetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the foetus with special scraping teeth. Some larvae, such as those of "Typhlonectes", are born with enormous external gills which are shed almost immediately. The egg laying species "Boulengerula taitanus" feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. "Ichthyophis" is oviparous and is known to show maternal care. Diet. The diet of caecilians is not known well, though it seems it mostly consists of insects and invertebrates found in the habitat of the respecitive species. The stomach content of 14 specimens of "Afrocaecilia taitana" consisted of mostly organic material and plant remains. Where identifiable remains were most abundant, they were found to be termite heads. Caecilians in captivity can be easily fed with earthworms, and worms are also common in the habitat of many caecilian species. Origin of the name. The name "Caecilian" derives from the Latin word "caecus" = blind, referring to the small or sometimes non-existing eyes. The name dates back to the taxonomic name of the first species described by Carolus Linnaeus, which he gave the name "Caecilia tentaculata". The taxonomic name of the order derives from the Greek words γυμνος ("gymnos", naked) and οφις ("ophis", snake), as the caecilians were originally thought to be related to snakes. Taxonomy. Taxonomically the caecilians are divided into ten families. The species numbers are approximate and many of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications. The recent discovery of a tenth family in north-east India has been announced. Recent discoveries. A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has recently found that certain caecilians produce potent skin poisons from specialized poison glands. The poison prevents predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island ("Schistometopum thomense") in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of "Ichthyophis" protects the eggs from germs and fungi. It has also been shown that these poisons are very different from those from other amphibians such as the arrow poison frogs. In 2020, scientists from the University of Utah said some caecilians have venom glands in their mouths that come out near their teeth. They did not see any muscles to push the venom out the way snakes have. The scientists said they thought the caecilian would have to hold on to its prey for a long time and thrash its body around to get the venom out. The hatchlings of the oviparous East African "Boulengerula taitanus" have special teeth that allow them to peel and eat their mother's skin. The mother's skin in this species was found to be thicker than normal and contained a high level of fat and other nutrients. Bullet-proof vest A bullet-proof vest (also called "bulletproof vest", "body armor" or "body armour") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country). How do they work? Bullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body. How much protection does a bullet-proof vest provide? When a bullet hits a bullet-proof vest, the forceful impact of the bullet can seriously hurt, or even kill, the person wearing the vest even if the vest stops the bullet. A bullet from a strong sniper or rifle can pierce a bullet-proof vest. If a bullet hits a body part that the bullet-proof vest does not cover, the bullet can hurt or kill the person wearing the vest. Types of vests. The bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and handguns. Dry suit A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water. Gauntlet A gauntlet is a protective covering that is used in some gloves and mittens. A gauntlet protects the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. Gloves or mittens for motorcycle drivers, snowmobile drivers, construction workers, forestry workers, and mountain climbers often have gauntlets. The gauntlet helps to protect the wrist and forearm from cold, and from being scraped or cut if there is an accident. How they are made. The gauntlet of a glove or mitten is usually made from a material that is similar to the protective fabric or material used elsewhere on the glove or mitten. A pair of leather motorcycle gloves with gauntlets will usually have leather gauntlets. A pair of insulated nylon snowmobilers' mittens with gauntlets will usually have gauntlets made from insulated nylon fabric. Other meanings. The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting. Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet." Nylon Nylon is an artificial fibre. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935. Nylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes. It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks. Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont. Forearm The forearm is the part of the human arm between the elbow and the wrist. It has many muscles including the ones that move the fingers. Mountaineering Mountain climbing is a hobby/job where people climb mountains. It may involve hiking, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a mountain climber or mountaineer. Mountain climbers use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains. Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment . Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or as a recreational activity. A few do mountain climbing as an occupation or job. They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers. Some are scientists who study mountains. Climbing mountains can be dangerous. Each year, people are seriously injured or even killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. Altitude sickness can cause accidents. Climbers in snowy areas face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow. To reduce the risks, mountain climbers work together and learn how to climb safely. They wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits. They bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried in the snow) and emergency G.P.S. Figure of speech A figure of speech is an indirect way of communicating an idea. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood exactly as they are said: they are not literal, factual statements. They use indirect language, and mean something different from ordinary language. Linguists call these figures of speech "tropes"—a play on words, using words in a way that is different from its accepted literal or normal form. DiYanni wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different "figures of speech", expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense". Metaphors are very common examples. A common figure of speech is to say that someone "threw down the gauntlet". This does not mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or many persons). There is no one easy way to distinguish plain speech from figures of speech. Adobe Flash Adobe Animate (formerly 2005 Macromedia Flash) is a rich internet application distributed by Adobe Systems. Adobe Flash and Adobe Flash Player were used to create and view animated content that could be placed on web pages. Adobe Flash was used commonly on the Internet by web browsers. Flash was created by FutureWave (a multimedia company) in 1995. Then it was called "FutureSplash Animator" (this was Flash 1.0). FutureWave along with Flash were soon bought by Macromedia around 1997, who in December 2005 was again bought by Adobe Systems. From Flash version 2 to 8 it was called "Macromedia Flash", now it is called "Adobe Flash". In 2012, Adobe discontinued the Solaris version of Flash Player, and made the Linux version only for Google Chrome. The Android version was removed from Google Play. In 2016 they changed their name to Adobe Animate In 2020, Adobe discontinued Adobe Flash, because Adobe claims that WebGL, HTML5, and WebAssembly serve as good alternatives for Adobe Flash. How Adobe Flash was used. Video games. Flash video games are popular on the Internet, with websites like Newgrounds, Kongregate, and Armor Games are dedicated to Flash-based games. Popular Flash games include "Transformice", "Farmville, Alien Hominid, QWOP" and "Club Penguin". Adobe AIR allows the creation of Flash-based mobile games, which can be published to the Google Play and the Apple App Store. Inheritance (object-oriented programming) In Object-oriented programming languages, inheritance is a way to add functionality. Object-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A "derived class" inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class. Inheritance can be used to solve different types of problems: An example can be a Car class. You could create a Ferrari class which would inherit from Car, and also make a Toyota class which would also inherit from Car. This way, all the fields and methods (drive method, brake method, color field...) would also be inside of Ferrari and Toyota, and you wouldn't need to copy the code twice. However, maybe inside of Car you could have a brand field. This brand field would be equal to nothing, but inside of Ferrari the field might be equal to "ferrari" and in Toyota to "toyota". Of course, you could not just create a Car, because otherwise that field would be missing. In order to prevent people from just creating a Car, you turn the Car into an abstract class. Michael Jordan Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a former American basketball player. He is widely considered the greatest basketball player of all time. He won six championships and was the Finals MVP 6 times. He played for the Chicago Bulls and the Washington Wizards. Jordan led the Bulls to a then-record 72 wins in the 1995-96 NBA Season. Jordan earned the nicknames "Air Jordan" and "His Airness" due to his leaping ability which was illustrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests. Jordan won two Olympic gold medals with Team USA, famously playing on the 1992 Dream Team. During the early part of his college career, he went by Mike Jordan, and he still uses Mike as a nickname to this day. Family and early years. Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York, he is the son of Deloris (née Peoples), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan, Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina when he was a toddler.[7] Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and a younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army. Early career. As a sophomore at Laney High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, Jordan did not make his school's varsity (main) basketball team. This inspired him to work harder, and he made the team the next year. In 1981, he went to the University of North Carolina to play. He averaged 13.5 points per game his freshman year, and 20 points per game his sophomore year. Under coach Dean Smith's system, no player was allowed to average more than 20 ppg. North Carolina won the national championship in 1982, Jordan's freshman year. Jordan made the winning shot with 18 seconds left in the championship game. After Jordan's junior year in college, he said that he would be leaving college to play in the NBA. The Chicago Bulls chose him with the third pick in the 1984 NBA draft. He never served as a team captain in college. NBA career. Jordan made an appearance in Michael Jackson's "Jam" music video in 1992; in the video, Jackson teaches Jordan how to dance and Jordan also teaches Michael how to play basketball. In 1993, after winning three NBA championships in a row, Jordan said that he would retire and switch to a career in minor league baseball. He played for the Birmingham Barons, a minor league team in the Chicago White Sox's system, but hit only one home run during his whole baseball career. In 1995, Jordan announced that he would return to the NBA with a two word announcement: "I'm back". He was back in time to play for the Bulls in the 1995 playoffs, but the Bulls lost in the playoffs before reaching the NBA Finals. However, the next three seasons after that, the Bulls won the championship. This included the 1995-1996 season, when the Bulls won 72 games in the regular season and only lost 10. In 1996, he starred in the live-action/animated comedy movie "Space Jam" as himself. Jordan retired for a second time in 1998, but was still not done playing. He would buy part of the Washington Wizards basketball team, and played for the Wizards from 2001 to 2003, and ended his playing career after that. Game-winning shots. During his NBA career, Jordan had at least 29 game-winning shots on field goals or free throws when deciding a game in the last 30 seconds of the game. In addition to well-documented instances, he made a pair of free throws in a road game at New Jersey, on March 16, 1996. While making the free throws, WGN play-by-play announcer Wayne Larivee remarked, "Michael Jordan, ice water in his veins". Player Profile. Michael Jordan played mostly shooting guard. Other than a brief spell in April 1989 during which he played point guard, Jordan almost always played shooting guard during his time with the Chicago Bulls. He was widely heralded as the most skilled and accomplished basketball player of all time. After retiring. Jordan is now the majority owner of the Charlotte Hornets. He was chosen to enter the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009. References. Notes Lawrence Taylor Lawrence Taylor (February 4, 1959) is a retired American football player who played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Taylor was famous for sacking the other team's quarterbacks. After he retired he got in trouble for doing drugs. He has since stopped doing drugs. He also appeared on Dancing With the Stars in the 2009 season. New York Giants The New York Giants are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Giants they do not play in New York. They play in East Rutherford, New Jersey. New York is right across the Hudson river from East Rutherford, so they consider New York as home. The Giants play in MetLife Stadium, which they share with the New York Jets. History. The New York Giants started playing in 1925. They were named for the baseball team also called the New York Giants. They have won six NFL championships, including some before the Super Bowl era. On February 3, 2008, the Giants beat the previously unbeaten New England Patriots (17-14) to win their third Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLII as well as stopping them from achieving the NFL's first 19-0 season. The previous two Super Bowl victories came against the Denver Broncos and the Buffalo Bills (when they won the game on a missed last second field goal that went "wide right".) The Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the Patriots but this time the Patriots went 13-3 in the regular season. The Giants beat them in Foxborough during the 2011 season. Hakeem Olajuwon Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon (born January 21, 1963 in Lagos, Nigeria; pronounced ah-KEEM ah-LAH-zhoo-wahn), formerly Akeem Olajuwon, is a retired Nigerian-American basketball player. He is considered by some to be the greatest defensive player in basketball history. Hakeem Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets. During his career, he was nicknamed "The Dream", often extended to "Hakeem the Dream", due to his grace both on and off the court. His best move was called the "Dream Shake". He also called himself "Little Moses" after one of his biggest idols, Moses Malone, who played for the Houston Rockets while Olajuwon played for the University of Houston Cougars men's basketball team. Ecomuseum An ecomuseum is a museum which shows things about the identity of a place or landscape. Many of the people who live in that place help to organize things in the museum. The ecomuseum tries to help the welfare and development of the local community. Scottie Pippen Scottie Maurice Pippen (born September 25, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for most of his career and won six championships with the Bulls, although he also played with Charles Barkley in 1999 for the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers near the end of his career. In addition to his chemistry with Michael Jordan, Pippen was known for his defense. His unusually long wingspan allowed him to clog passing lanes and make chase-down blocks. Pippen went by Scott Pippen early in his NBA career. Later on he earned the nicknames Pip, Robin (to Michael Jordan's Batman) and later Batman (Jordan was then called Superman). Off the court, Pippen developed a reputation for not leaving tips at restaurants, and got the nickname No Tippin' Pippen. Pippen's nephew Kavion Pippen currently plays basketball for the Southern Illinois Salukis. Chicago Bulls The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team. They play in Chicago, Illinois at the United Center. The Bulls are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were named the Bulls in reference to the Chicago Union Stockyards, which was once a major business in Chicago. The current head coach is Billy Donovan. Michael Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls from 1984 until 1993 and from 1995 until 1998. Jordan, along with Scottie Pippen and Phil Jackson, lead the team to six NBA championships via two three-peats. In the 21st century, Derrick Rose was the star of the Bulls (as well as the youngest player to win the MVP Award) until his injuries prevented him to play. Barry Bonds Barry Bonds (born July 24, 1964, in Riverside, California) is an American Major League Baseball player. Barry Bonds was a left fielder for the Pirates (1986-1992) and Giants (1993-2007)He holds the Major League Baseball career home run record with 762 home runs. He is currently a free agent. He is not signed with any team and is currently not playing baseball. He played his debut on May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Bill Russell William Felton Russell (February 12, 1934 – July 31, 2022) was an American basketball player. Russell played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1956 to 1969. He was born in Monroe, Louisiana. He was a civil rights activist. Russell was also an NBA coach. He coached the Celtics from 1966 to 1969, Seattle SuperSonics from 1973 to 1977 and the Sacramento Kings from 1987 to 1988. Russell won two NCAA titles in 1955 and 1956. He ended his college career with the University of San Francisco by winning his last 55 straight games and achieving an undefeated season in 1956. Before entering the NBA, Russell also earned an Olympic gold medal in 1956. The US team, led by Russell, was undefeated and won by an unsurpassed victory margin of 53.5 points per game Russell was named the NBA MVP five times during his career. He won 11 championships in 13 seasons as a player, the most in NBA history, including eight in a row from 1959 through 1966. During his NBA career, he made it to the championship round during 12 of his 13 seasons. President Barack Obama honored Russell with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House in 2011. He was honored into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame twice, one in 1975 for his playing career and another in 2021 for his coaching career. Russell died on July 31, 2022 at his home in Mercer Island, Washington at the age of 88. Diving suit A diving suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers when they swim underwater in oceans, lakes, and rivers. Diving suits help insulate the diver from the cold temperature of the water. There are several types of diving suits, including wetsuits and dry suits. Kilt A kilt is a ceremonial article of clothing worn in Scotland. It is made of a thick, woven fabric with a tartan (checkered) pattern. It resembles a pleated skirt except that it is worn by men. It is still worn during ceremonies by some Scottish and Canadian military units and by people who play the bagpipes (a Scottish wind instrument). It is also quite commonly worn by men at weddings. Straitjacket A straitjacket is a type of clothing used to restrain patients in mental health hospitals and psychiatric wards of hospitals. A straitjacket has straps that restrain a person's arms and hands. Hospitals put straitjackets on people who have mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or paranoia, to keep them from hurting themselves, other patients, or hospital staff. Space suit A spacesuit is the specialised covering of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space occasional cases such as extravehicular activity (EVA) or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations. For Extravehicular activity they wear a heavier, more complex kind of spacesuit. Parts of Space suit. A generalised, typical space suit is made of several pieces which has various properties. Weasel Weasels are the genus Mustela, part of the Mustelidae family. The genus includes the weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and minks. Weasels are small, active predators, long and slender with short legs. Their body shape is adapted to going down burrows after prey such as rabbits. There are 17 species, and they live all over the world except for Antarctica and Australasia. Weasels vary in length from 173 to 217 mm (6.8 to 8.5 in). They have red or brown upper coats, white underneath. Their tails may be from 34 to 52 mm (1.3 to 2.0 in) long. Biologically, despite looking a bit like cats, they are actually more related to dogs. Passport A passport is a travel document that says that the person who owns it is a citizen of the country on the passport. A passport asks that the person carrying it be allowed to enter and pass through other countries. They also allow a person to re-enter their country. Passports are given by national governments. Passports usually have a person's picture, signature, date of birth, nationality and country of birth. Many countries are now issuing passports with biometric properties. This helps confirm that the person carrying a passport is the real owner. These countries have passports that use biometrics: Malaysia, Australia, Greece, Israel, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Singapore, Thailand, India and the Republic of Korea .Many more countries are switching over to biometric passports because it can easily confirm the authenticity of the holder's identity. Passports are used so a stamp can be placed in it to prove that the identity of the holder has been confirmed with the immigration officials in the country of travel. In 1920, the International Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets made a law that said passports must be issued in French and at least one other language. Now, many countries issue passports in English and the language(s) of the issuing country. University of Nottingham The University of Nottingham is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times. The University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 100 universities by the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and the "Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings". Associations. Nottingham University is the fifth largest university in the UK. It is a member of: Metastasis Metastasis is what happens when cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body. Cancer cells spread from the original site to other places in the body by traveling through the bloodstream. When the cancer cells stick to a new place in the body, they grow and form another tumor there. Metastasis makes cures more difficult, or in many cases impossible. Dingo The dingo is a dog found in Australia and South-East Asia. They are not found in Tasmania, where the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago. The earliest known dingo fossil was found in Western Australia. It dates to 3,450 years ago. However, the genes show that the dingo reached Australia 8,300 years ago. The humans which brought them are unknown. Dingo morphology has not changed over the past 3,500 years: this suggests that artificial selection has not been done over this period. Their scientific name, "Canis lupus" (wolf) "dingo", changed recently from "Canis familiaris" (dog) "dingo". This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia. Description. Dingos (or Dingoes) are usually between 117 cm to 124 cm in length. Their tail is about 30 cm in length. They usually weigh between 10 kg and 20 kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years. Dingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called "cubs". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat. They become independent of their mother after four to eight months of age. Dingos do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl. Diet. Dingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs. Managing dingos. While some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with Sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo fence which runs through South Australia, and then along the New South Wales border through to central Queensland is the world's longest fence. Dingos are protected in national parks and reserves. It is illegal to have a dingo as a pet in South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania. In Victoria and the Northern Territory you have to have a special permit to keep a dingo. The dingo can be a dangerous animal and have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. "Evil Angels", a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep. Silk Road The Silk Road was a group of trade routes that went across Asia to the Mediterranean Sea. This let China trade with the Middle East and the Mediterranean world. It was called the Silk Road because silk was traded along it. At the time, silk was only made in China, and it was a valuable material. The Silk Road not only earned China a lot of money, but all along the route cities prospered and markets flourished. Cities like Samarkand and Bukhara were built largely on the trade from the silk route. Trade on the Silk Road played a big part in the growth of the ancient cultures of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, and Rome, and helped to make the beginning of today's world. The term Silk Road is English for the German word "Seidenstraße". The first person who called it that was a German geographer in 1877. General trading. Of course, many other things were also traded, even ideas. Because the traders came from many places, different ideas were brought to China, and China's ideas were taken to other places. Some of the other things traded were porcelain and other types of pottery, food, wine, and spices. Chess pieces from northern India were brought to China and Persia. Paper arrived in the west from China. Metals and jewels were certainly transported, and very likely slaves also. Probably no trader went the whole way along. Goods would be traded on at every stopping-point. Deals might be needed to get past difficult places. Path. The Silk Road first traveled west from northern China. Then the part of the Silk Road on land split into two branches. One branch went north of the Tibetan Plateau, and the other branch went south of it. After the two parts rejoined, it went in an almost straight line west through mountains via Tabriz in north Iran and the north tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant (Syria, Israel, Palestine). From there Mediterranean trading ships took routes to Italy, and land routes went north through Byzantine Empire or south to North Africa. The sea route was also called the "Silk Road". It ran from South China, to the Philippines, Brunei, Siam, Malacca, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, and Iran. In Europe it went between Israel, Lebanon, Egypt, Greece, Balkans, and Italy. Past the Mediterranean Sea, it continued to Portugal and Sweden. Asian trades. The Buddhist religion and the Greco-Buddhist culture started to move east on the Silk Road, reaching China from around the second century BC. Trading also helped make many arts and crafts, brought different religions, and food to China. Chinese people helped build the Silk Road. They bought and sold with other people, and built up their culture. The Kushan empire, in the northwest part of India, was in the middle of these trades. The Silk Road brought other cultures into Central Asia and China. It also helped the rise of the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire ever. The Roman Empire, which bought a lot of Chinese goods, began to fall from power in the West around the 5th century. In Central Asia, Islam expanded starting in the 7th century. This brought a stop to Chinese growth westwards at the Battle of Talas in 751 AD. More growth of the Islamic Turks in Central Asia from the 10th century stopped trade in that part of the world. Isis Isis is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was known as the goddess of the moon. As goddess of life and magic, Isis protected women and children, and healed the sick. Closely linked to the throne, she was one of the greatest goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Her symbols were the ankh, her wings, and her throne headdress. She was the sister and wife of Osiris. Isis and Osiris had a son named Horus. Name. The English pronunciation used, ), comes from the pronunciation of the Greek name, , which changed the Egyptian name by adding a final "-s" because of the grammatical requirements of Greek noun endings. The Egyptian name was recorded as or . It meant '(She of the Throne)'. However, the true Egyptian pronunciation is not known because their writing system left out vowels. Based on recent studies, the reconstructed pronunciation of her name is * (ooh-saht). Later, the name in Coptic dialects was "Ēse" or "Ēsi". To make it easier to say, Egyptologists choose to say the word as "ee-set". Sometimes they may also say "ee-sa". This is because the last "t" in her name was a feminine (female) suffix which is known to have been dropped in speech in the last stages of the Egyptian language. Cults. Isis was perhaps the most important goddess of all Egyptian mythology. During the course of Egyptian history, Isis assumed the attributes and functions of virtually every other important goddess in the land. Her most important functions, however, were those of motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick, and the working of magical spells and charms. She was believed to be the most powerful magician in the universe, because she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the god himself. Isis was the sister and wife of Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of Nephthys. She was the mother of Horus the Child (Harpocrates), and was the protective goddess of Horus's son Amset, protector of the liver of the deceased. Isis was responsible for protecting Horus from Set during his infancy; for helping Osiris to return to life; and for assisting her husband to rule in the land of the Dead. Her cult seems to have originally centered, like her husband's, at Abydos near the Delta in the North (Lower Egypt). She was adopted into the family of Ra early in Egyptian history by the priests of Heliopolis. From the New Kingdom onwards (c. 1500 BC) her worship no longer had any particular identifiable center, and she became more or less universally worshiped, as her husband was. Powers. Isis had great powers such as: healing, protection, and magic. She could even cast spells on Ra. An example of her powers is when Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. The powers were only strong enough to bring Osiris back for a single night. Isis is shown with a sun disk on her head. She also had a throne on her head to symbolize she was a queen. Sometimes Isis is called the egg of the goose because Geb is the father of Isis and goose represents him. Worship of Isis. Many Egyptian gods and goddesses started in one place, and all through their history had their own city where they were worshipped, and many big cities and towns are known as the hometowns of their god or goddess. However, no local cities where Isis was worshipped have been found; all through her early history there are no known temples to her. Worship of Isis did not start until as late as the 30th dynasty; until that time Isis was worshiped in temples of other gods or goddesses. However, even in the 30th dynasty Isis was worshiped together with Horus and Osiris. Temples to Isis became common in the Roman times. There was a temple built to her at Philae. By this time, temples to Isis began to spread outside of Egypt. In many places her followers took over the worship to the Semitic goddess Astarte, because of the similarity of names. In the Hellenistic era, she also became the goddess who protected sailors. In all parts of the Graeco-Roman world, Isis became one of the most important figures of the "mystery religions", and many classical writers sometimes wrote about her temples, and followers. Temples to Isis were built in Iraq, Greece, Rome, even as far north as England where the remains of a temple were found at Hadrian's Wall. At Philae, she was worshiped until the 6th century, after the rise of Christianity. The fall of her temples is usually said to mark the end of ancient Egypt. Priesthood. Little information on Egyptian priests of Isis has been found, but we know that there were both priests and priestesses of her followers all through her history. By the Graeco-Roman era, many of them were healers, and were said to have many other powers, including explaining dreams and the power to control the weather by braiding or combing their hair. Osiris In Egyptian mythology, Osiris is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile, and the afterlife. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Set because Osiris was the pharaoh, which Set wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Set tricked him into getting into a box, then poured lead onto the box to close it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Set and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was the goddess Nut, father Geb, sister Nephthys, and sister as well as wife Isis. Osiris and Dionysus. By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of truth, rather than the exact details of the accepted myths on which their teachings were overlayed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now synonymous with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus. Why Egypt loved Osiris. Egyptian civilization loved Osiris because he was a wise and gentle king. He taught them law and order and led them away from savage practices like cannibalism and human sacrifice. Osiris also taught them the art of agriculture and the appropriate rites for worshipping the gods. When he was done civilizing the people in Egypt, he left the country to his wife Isis and made peace in many other places. When he finished his job he then returned to Egypt. Purpose. Osiris was the god of the Underworld. He was also one of the Nine Gods. One of his duties as Lord of the Dead was to do the very last judgment of the Dead, and after that to protect people from the dangers of the Underworld. The transition between life and death must have been a great experience, but still perilous . Appearance. Osiris was shown in the form of a mummified pharaoh. He wore a white atef crown with feathers on the side, and held a crook and flail; tools of a pharaoh. Osiris had green skin, symbolizing rebirth to the Egyptians. Privy Council of the United Kingdom His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a group of advisors to the British Monarch. A lot of its most important work is done by two committees, Some laws need to be made by the "King-in-Council", that is at a meeting of the King and the Privy Council. Some jobs are filled by the King in Council too. For example, when the King appoints a new Bishop or Lord-lieutenant he announces his choice at a meeting of the Privy Council. Meetings of the Privy Council. Once someone is made a member of the Privy Council they are a member for life, but only members of the government are asked to meetings, except for special occasions such as when a new monarch takes the "Accession Oath", a promise to do their best, at a meeting when the Privy Council called the "Accession Council" In the past some kings and queens were bored by long meetings of the Privy Council, so they made everyone stand instead of sitting comfortably. The tradition carries on today. Privy Council Terms. Sometimes the Prime Minister shares information with other politicians on "Privy Council Terms". This means that the information must stay secret. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Law Lords, and retired Law Lords, also form the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It is the final court of appeal from British colonies an dependent territories, and some commonwealth realms. These countries call it an appeal to "The King in Council". Republics in the Commonwealth. Four republics in the commonwealth also use the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as a court of appeal. Brunei. From the Court of Appeal of Brunei the only appeal is to the Sultan of Brunei. The Queen and the Sultan have agreed that the cases are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council who then advise the Sultan, directly. Domestic Jurisdiction. The committee hears Appeals to His Majesty in Council: Very rarely the Committee hears: The committee must also report to the King about anything he ask. For example, investigating which members of the House of Lords supported the enemy in World War I. Patrician A patrician was a member of the upper class in the two social classes in ancient Rome. They were rich and powerful. The other class was the plebeian class. W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1982 in Los Angeles, California by Blackie Lawless, Rik Fox, Randy Piper and Tony Richards. Virginia Tech massacre The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting on April 16, 2007, which took place at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, a college in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, a senior English major at Virginia Tech, who had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and selective mutism killed 32 people before killing himself. The killings occurred in two separate attacks on the campus. The first at around 7:15 a.m., when two students were shot and killed at West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 894 students. More than two and a half hours later, 31 others, including Cho, were shot and killed across Norris Hall, which houses the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others, where three main doors had been chained. Victims were found in different locations around the building. Among the victims the most notable was that of Professor and Holocaust survivor Liviu Librescu who died while shielding his students from the gunman. Librescu was killed after being shot five times. Virginia Tech President Charles W. Steger and U.S. President George W. Bush attended vigils to honor the victims at the institution. The number of people that died was more than any other mass shooting in modern U.S. history up until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. Before then, the deadliest campus shooting in United States history was in 1966 at the University of Texas, where Charles Whitman climbed to the 28th-floor observation deck of a clock tower and opened fire, killing 16 people before he was gunned down by police. In the Columbine High attack in 1999, two teenagers killed 12 fellow students and a teacher before killing themselves. Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia) is a two-time Grammy Award-winning and 10 Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian-Lebanese singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer, dancer, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and occasional actress, first season of the coach "The Voice". Mebarak is also a philanthropist. She has created the NGO's Pies Descalzos Foundation in Colombia, and the Barefoot Foundation in the US, to help children world-wide. Mebarak is also known for having made a song named "Timor" based on fighting in East Timor between gangs (groups of criminals with guns), security forces (small personal armies), and the government. The first single from Mebarak's tenth album was released in January 2014. "Shakira" by Mebarak was released on 21 March 2014. Career. In 1991 Mebarak's first album "Magia" was released. Her second album "Pies Descalzos" was released in 1993. In 2001 she released her first English album "Laundry Service". The album's first single "Whenever, Wherever" was the best selling single of 2001. In 2005 Mebarak released her second English album "Oral Fixation, Vol.2". In 2009 "She Wolf" was released. The first single "She Wolf" reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. On 14 January 2014 Mebarak released a single with Rihanna Fenty, "Can't Remember to Forget You". Personal life. Mebarak's first language is Spanish. She also speaks Portuguese and English. In addition she can speak some Italian, French, Catalan and Arabic/Japanese. Accordingly, she records songs in both English and Spanish, as well as having covered Francis Cabrel's song "Je l'aime à mourir" in French and Fairuz's "Aatini Al Nay" in Arabic as an homage to her home country of Lebanon. <br> On 22 January 2013 Mebarak gave birth to son Milan Piqué Mebarak. In July 2018, Mebarak came back to Lebanon with her family. She visited her grandmother's village of Tannourine where she was granted a square in her name. A statue of the pop-star is set to be built soon in the mentioned village. She also visited her father's hometown, Zahle. Joe Louis Joe Louis (born Joseph Louis Barrow, May 13, 1914 - April 12, 1981) was an American boxer. He was the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949. Louis won the title from James Braddock. He made a record twenty-five title defenses before giving up the title in 1949. Career. Perhaps his most famous fight was his one-round knockout of Max Schmeling, the German former heavyweight champion, in 1938. Schmeling had given Louis his only loss up to that point, and was widely seen at that time as a representative of Nazi Germany. The buildup to the fight was wrapped up in the politics of the United States versus Nazi Germany. When World War II began, Louis signed up for the U.S. Army. While in the army, he boxed 100 exhibition bouts. Death. Louis died of a heart attack in Paradise, Nevada on April 12, 1981. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy. He has an arena named after him, the Joe Louis Arena where the Detroit Red Wings play. Larry Holmes Larry Holmes (born on November 3, 1949) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1978 to 1985. Holmes fought out of Easton, Pennsylvania. He was nicknamed the "Easton Assassin." Holmes won the vacant World Boxing Council championship from Ken Norton in 1979. He defended that title, and later the International Boxing Federation title, twenty times. Some notable fighters he beat in defense of his championship were Muhammad Ali, Leon Spinks, Gerry Cooney, and Tim Witherspoon. He lost his championship to Michael Spinks in 1985. Holmes later fought Mike Tyson and then Evander Holyfield to try and win back the championship. Tyson knocked him out in the fourth round and Holyfield beat him by a twelve-round decision. Holmes continued to fight until 2002. Skiing Skiing is either sportive or recreational activity using "skis" for sliding over snow. Skis are used with special boots connected to them with a "binding". There are two different types of skiing: downhill skiing and cross country skiing. Downhill skiing. Downhill skiing is a sport. Skiers ski down a trail (also called a "run") on the side of a mountain or hill. Each trail is marked with a sign that shows how difficult that particular run will be. Three different colors are used to rate the difficulty of the trail. They are: green, blue, and black. Green trails are easiest, blue trails are more difficult, and black trails are rated most difficult. The colors which represent a trail will also be seen in a shape. The most common ratings for trails are: Trail ratings are often relative to the rest of the terrain at the ski resort- for example, the difficulty of a black diamond trail at a small ski area may be a rated as a blue square at a bigger resort with harder trails. Cross country skiing. Cross country skiing is a sport of endurance. Skiers ski anywhere where there is snow. This is usually through a scenic forest or town. Alpine skiing. Alpine skiing is a contest of speed. Racers go through the course with red and blue gates and go down to the goal as fast as they can. There are four disciplines in alpine skiing: downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom. Ski gate. A ski gate is two sticks on a skiing race course that a skier needs to pass between. Ski gates are used in alpine skiing in downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-G races. Downhill races have not many ski gates so skiers can be safe when they are going very fast. If a skier does not go between a ski gate, the judges say they are removed from the race. First in the 1980s and now a lot of the time, ski gates have hinges near the snow. Some ski gates have flags at the top of the stick. 1966 FIFA World Cup The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from 11-30 July. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes. Participants. The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament. AFC (1) CAF (0) OFC (0) CONCACAF (1) CONMEBOL (4) UEFA (10) Results. Round 2. Final. England won the championship. Princess Taiping Princess Taiping was a princess of Tang dynasty China. She was the daughter of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian. She became an important figure during her mother's rule as Empress in the second Zhou dynasty 690-705 AD. Princess Taiping supported saving the Tang dynasty and the Li family. After the death of Empress Wu Zetian in 705, Princess Taiping joined with her nephew Li Longji (later Emperor Xuanzong) to get power for the Tang dynasty again. In 710, she and Li Longji stopped Empress Wei's plan to gain power. Relationship with Li Longji. Princess Taiping was also known for her beauty. In the Chinese history (mishi/秘史), it has been said that, after losing two marriages, Princess Taiping loved Li Longji. Mishi said that Emperor Xuanzong told of his love for his aunt in his autobiography. Li Longji confessed that he had fallen in love with Princess Taiping at first sight. He thought of her as a goddess-like figure. However, the truth is still unknown. After Emperor Xuanzong became ruler in 712 AD, Princess Taiping's old age and power was seen as a threat to the young emperor, and she was given a death sentence to kill herself in 713 AD. Horus Horus was the Egyptian god of the Sky. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After fighting his uncle, Set (Osiris and Isis' brother) he became the king of Egypt. During this fight, he lost his eye. The "Eye of Horus" became one of the most important symbols in ancient Egypt and Egyptian civilization. When Horus lost his eye, his eye set out on a journey of its own. When the other Gods tried to catch the eye, his eye began to cry. These tears became the first people of Egypt in Egyptian belief. The Eye of Horus. The Eye of Horus, also known as wadjet eye, wedjat eye or udjat eye, is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power, and good health. The Eye of Horus is similar to the Eye of Ra, which belongs to a different god, Ra, but represents many of the same concepts. According to Egyptian myth, Horus lost his left eye in a struggle with Set. The eye was magically restored by Hathor, and this restoration came to symbolize the process of making whole and healing. For this reason, the symbol was often used in amulets. Worship. Horus, was worshiped all over Egypt, especially in Pe, Bendet and Khem. There were many falcon gods before Horus, but eventually Horus represented all of them. He was worshiped until the end of the Pre-Dynastic period. In Upper Egypt (south), in the town of Edfu, was Ptolemaic, a temple for Horus. In Kom Ombo, there was another temple for Horus called the Kom Ombo temple. Horus was a good friend of Sobek. He was also worshipped as a guide to the pharaohs. Physical appearance. Horus was considered handsome and usually appeared as a falcon or a falcon headed man, although sometimes he appeared as a falcon headed crocodile. Sometimes he would take the form of a celestial falcon with his left eye the moon and his right eye the sun, his speckled breast feathers the stars, the down sweep of his wings creating the winds. He is sometimes shown with a copper knife. In addition, he normally wore the double crown to signify his rule over all of Egypt and to relate with the Pharaoh. Purpose. Horus was the god of the sky and also the God of war. The pharaoh ruling at any given time of Egypt was always the living image of Horus. When he died, that pharaoh became Osiris, the god of the dead and the father of Horus. The new pharaoh became Horus. His purpose was to protect the pharaoh. He was a protector god, who was a god who fought evil. He represented justice and righteousness. He fought with Seth to avenge his father, Osiris, who was killed by Seth. When Horus defeated Seth, he conquered his father, Osiris', throne, and became protector. Set (deity) In Egyptian mythology, "Set"' (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Seth) was a god of the desert (including desert storms), thunder, evil, pain and suffering. The word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshiped, the 't' in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth during the Ptolemaic period. Set was originally responsible for protecting Ra during his journey in the afterlife, personally slaying the great serpent Apep. Late period Set killed his brother Osiris, who had succeeded Ra as pharaoh, out of jealousy. Horus (Osiris and Isis' son) eventually defeated Set and claimed the throne. Set had three siblings: his brother Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys (who was also his wife). He also had a nephew Horus. Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris. Set and Nephthys had a son named Anubis. His father and mother were Geb and Nut respectively. His color is red which represented evil in Egypt. He also possessed people when he wanted to. Set's consort was Nephthys. Set also had foreign wives Anat and Astarte. Set was unified with the key of trouble and death towards Ancient Egypt which made him deadly. Appearance. Set is often shown as a mysterious and unknown creature called the Set Animal. The Set Animal had a curved snout, square ears, dog-like body, forked tail, red eyes and red hair. Set could control this animal and would use it to destroy his enemies. Shaka Sankofa Shaka Sankofa aka Gary Graham born Gary Lee Graham (September 5, 1963 - June 22, 2000). Sankofa was put to death for the murder of fifty-three year-old Bobby Lambert in Houston, Texas on May 13, 1981. The murder happened when Sankofa was seventeen. Sankofa was found guilty of shooting Lambert in the parking lot of a Houston supermarket. He told police that he had done ten robberies that week, but did not kill Lambert. The government believed he has done as many as 22 robberies which had happened in that area during that time. One of these included Graham using a shotgun to rob a man who Graham gave a ride to when the man's car stopped working on the highway. During that robbery, the man tried to escape and was shot by Graham but he did live. While there was no physical evidence to link Graham to the murder, one woman was in the parking lot at the time and saw him do it. She said she heard the gunshot and turned on the lights of her car. She saw Graham as he started running and followed him out of the parking lot with her car. There were several other people inside the store but none of them saw the shooting. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention, aruging that his conviction was based on the testimony of a single eyewitness who said she saw him for a few seconds in the dark parking lot committing the murder and she was 30 feet away from the murder scene. The jury did not hear testimony from six other apparent eyewitnesses who believed that Sankofa was not the killer. Sankofa put to death after many legal tries by his lawyers to stop it. These including an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. By a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court refused to stop the execution. Sankofa's lawyers also filed a civil suit saying the execution was against his civil rights. District Court Judge James Nowlin rejected that claim. Controversy. Many people believe that Sankofa did not kill Lambert. They believe that his lawyers did not do a good job because they thought he was guilty. Sankofa was put to death on an evidence of one person alone. None of the people that saw the man in the store and said this man was 6 inches shorter and thinner than Sankofa were used in the court case. Sankofa's lawyer at the time of his execution believed that the only person who saw the crime was not to be trusted because of how the police dealt with how she identified him. A gun found with Graham when he was arrested a week later was not the murder weapon. Most controversial of all is the fact that weapon used to kill Lambert did not produce any Gary Graham's fingerprints. Some groups still claim he did not do this crime. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention. They also say that it is against international law to put someone to death for a crime they did before they became an adult of 18 years of age. Such unprecedented convictions based on sole witness are rare but they happen in USA, other known example was Larry Griffin who was executed in 1991. There are groups to this day trying to clear Shaka of murder. Other websites. Gary Graham's last statement Juliusz Słowacki Juliusz Slowacki (September 4, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. These include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of "Chlopi"), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz. He is considred third most important Polish poet. Works. His work included romantic poems, plays and sonnets included "Balladyna", "My Testament", "King Ghost", "Fantazy", "Kordian", "Beniowski", "Agamemnon’s Tomb", "Silver Dream of Salomea", "Hymn", "Lilia Weneda" and "Anhelli". Burial. Slowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as a Polish hero. Pilsudski said: "Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!" Other websites. Prominent Poles Mistreat Mistreat is a hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Kouvola, Finland. The band was formed in 1988. Red dwarf A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars. Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word "proxima" means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf. Life and death. Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage. Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K. Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs. Ali Khamenei Grand Ayatollah (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای "ayatollah Seyyed `Ali Ḥoseyni Khamene'i") (born 19 April 1939) also known as Seyyed Ali Khamene'i, is the current Supreme Leader of Iran. He was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. Canon law Canon law is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches. Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience. Mstislav Rostropovich Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (born Baku 27 March 1927; died Moscow, 27 April 2007) was a Russian cellist and conductor. Many musicians say that he was the greatest cellist who ever lived. He played the cello with an amazing technique and musicianship, and asked lots of composers to write cello music for him. He got into trouble with the political leaders of the Soviet Union because he said that people should be free to say their own ideas and opinions. In 1974 he was exiled from his country and continued his career as cellist and conductor in the west. He worked hard to support peace and justice in the world. In November 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, he took his cello there and sat outside by the ruins of the wall and played. He was allowed back to his own country after the collapse of communism. He received lots of medals and honours. Life in the Soviet Union. Mstislav Rostropovich was born in Baku in Azerbaijan which was then part of the Soviet Union. His family were very musical. His mother played the piano and his father played the cello. He had studied with Pablo Casals. During the Second World War the family moved to Orenburg. He went to the Children’s Music School there and started playing in concerts. In 1943 he went to the Moscow Conservatory to study the cello and composition. His composition teacher was Dmitri Shostakovich. They were lifelong friends and Shostakovich wrote a lot of cello music for him. Rostropovich won all the best prizes at the Conservatory and was soon very famous. Lots of Russian composers wrote music for him: Reinhold Glière, Aram Khachaturian, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dimitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev. In 1955 he married Galina Vishnevskaya who was a famous soprano in the Bolshoi Opera. Rostropovich was a brilliant pianist and accompanied his wife when she sang recitals. When he was 29 he became a Professor of Cello at the Moscow Conservatory. Shortly after that he played for the first time in England, performing the Cello Concerto by Dvořák at the Royal Festival Hall. A month later he played at the Carnegie Hall in New York. People had not yet heard of him and the hall was nearly empty. However, the next time he played there the hall was sold out in a few hours. In 1960 he gave the first British performance of Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto no1. He met Benjamin Britten and they became great friends in spite of the fact that they could not speak one another’s language. Britten wrote cello music for him, including the "" and a Sonata for Cello and Piano. He performed a lot at the Aldeburgh Festival where Britten lived. He started conducting in 1968. He conducted Tchaikovsky’s opera "Eugene Onegin" with his wife singing the main part of Tatyana. Some people thought his conducting was too full of emotion. Exile. In 1970 he got into trouble with the Soviet politicians because he wrote a letter to the papers saying that the writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn was being unfairly treated. Solzhenitsyn had written about the injustices in the Soviet Union and about life in the labour camps. Solzhenitsyn was not allowed to write any more. Rostropovich let Solzhenitsyn live in his home. The Soviet politicians were angry, so Rostropovich and his wife left the Soviet Union and lived in London, Paris and New York. The Soviet politicians said that they were no longer Soviet citizens. In Switzerland they were allowed to have Swiss passports. Rostropovich became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC. He often conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and lots of other famous orchestras. He was a great teacher who inspired lots of young cello students. He made a very large number of recordings. Return to Russia. After the Soviet Union collapsed Gorbachov allowed them to return to Russia. They had homes in Moscow and St Petersburg where they started a foundation for children who were ill. Rostropovich became ill with cancer and died in Moscow on 27 April 2007. New Super Mario Bros. New Super Mario Bros. is a 2006 platformer video game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first "Mario" platform game in 2D on a handheld console since "" in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006. It is the first game in the "New Super Mario Bros." series. An indirect sucessor, "New Super Mario Bros. Wii" for Nintendo Wii, was released in November and December 2009. Story. Mario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her from Bowser, and the new antagonist Bowser Jr. Gameplay. The game uses many old features from the older "Mario" games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and goes into a castle, just like he did in "Super Mario Bros." Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in "Super Mario World". Mario also has new powers from the 3D games ("Super Mario 64" and "Sunshine"). He can do a ground-pound and can do a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first started in the 3D games. Galina Vishnevskaya Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist. Birth. Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg. In 1952 she won an important competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi. She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Career. In 1960 she sang the part of in Aïda at the National Theatre in Sarajevo. In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964 she sang Aïda at La Scala. Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals. They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works. She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's "War Requiem". She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the "War Requiem" because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German. Retirement. In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government. They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982 she retired from singing in opera. Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin". After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again. In 2002 she opened her own opera theater in Moscow: The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center. Voting system The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted. Single transferable vote Single transferable vote (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting. How to vote in an STV election. Write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite and so on. How votes are counted. Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected. Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number of "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on. If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded. Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected. Individual savings account An individual savings account is called an ISA. It is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) were used. You can put £3600 or less in an ISA every year. It is special because you do not pay any tax on the interest you get. Bound for Glory Bound for Glory is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989. They are one of the best known and oldest bands of their genre in the United States. In October 2016, Bound for Glory planned to play a concert in Falkirk, Scotland. A public outcry by the Scottish people, including anti-racist groups like Hope Not Hate, caused the event to be cancelled. Neo-Nazism Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia). Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture. Bengali Bengali might mean: Israeli West Bank barrier The Israel West Bank barrier is a wall built by the State of Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israel. It is built mostly of fences and in some places it is built of high concrete walls. It is 708 kilometers (439 miles) long. Construction. The barrier was built in the Second Intifada that began in September 2000. It is when the Israeli government argued that it necessary to stop the violence and suicide bombing attacks coming from the West Bank. Arguments. There are many arguments about the barrier. People who want the barrier say it is needed to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Since the barrier was built, the number of attacks has gone down, especially in areas where the barrier has been fully completed. Israel says that it is necessary for the country's security. People who are against the barrier say that it is against international law because Israel and the Palestinians have not agreed where the border between them should be and have not reached a consensus. While the Palestinian Authority is in charge for water sources, the economic system, etc. in the West Bank, Palestinians who travel to Israel for medical, educational or work purposes have said that the barrier has negative effects on daily life and gives them less freedom (due to checkpoints). Joey Maxim Joey Maxim (born Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision. In 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by unanimous decision in eight rounds. Armed Islamic Group The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French "Groupe Islamique Armé"; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة‎, "al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha") was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time. Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States. Takfir wal-Hijra Takfir wal-Hijra ( - "Excommunication and Exodus") is a violent radical Islamist extremist group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as "Martyrs for Morocco". Members of the group are radical Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it. Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other. Ma'at In Egyptian mythology, Ma'at, pronounced as 'Muh-aht', is goddess of law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was supposed the stars, seasons, and the actions of both people and gods. Her first role in Egyptian mythology was the weighing of words that took place in the underworld, Duat. Purpose. Ma’at's purpose was to keep truth, balance, order, harmony, righteousness, hotness, morality, and justice. Ma’at weighed the heart of the deceased against her feather of truth on a scale during the journey to the afterlife. She placed the dead man's heart on the other side while her husband Thoth wrote down the results of the scale to see if that person was good or bad and if they would have a happy afterlife or be eaten by the devourer. Without Ma’at, the universe would become chaos once again. If the dead person’s heart was heavier than the feather, then it had done evil deeds like lying when it was alive. When that happened, the heart was devoured by a monster and was not able to go to the afterlife. If it was lighter than the feather, then it was allowed to go onto the afterlife. Physical Description. Ma’at had dark skin and hair. She was usually shown wearing a white linen dress. She, like Isis, was a winged goddess and she wore lots of armbands and necklaces made from gold and jewels. Her feather of truth was strapped to her head. Like the other gods and goddesses, she wore the black eye makeup around her eyes and on her eyebrows which is known as "kohl", which showed her high ranking status. Law. The chief judge in charge of the Egyptian law courts was known as “The priest of Ma’at.” He began court hearings wearing the feather of Ma’at. The person that won his case got to have the feather of Ma’at. The guilty party had violated Ma’at, and it was assumed that he or she would suffer failure, poverty, sickness, blindness and deafness, with the final judgment waiting in the court of the dead. Tomb robbery was considered one of the most heinous crimes, and might involve 100 strokes of a cane, five bleeding cuts added or brands as a sign of permanent dishonor. Often, the entire family of the guilty suffered as well. For example; when individuals were sentenced into exile, their children were automatically outlawed with them. Ma’at represented truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept said that everyone, not including slaves, should be viewed as equals under the law. The king made sure that was carried out, and he/she would decide the case and the proper justice, maybe asking his viziers who often acted as judges. Even the lowliest fisherman was allowed to bring a legal case to the viziers. Power and Magic. All goddesses including Ma'at had power over the Egyptians, and different powers over the other gods. One of the powers Ma'at gave the gods was the ability to breath air. Like the water of life, Ma'at's potion brought an afterlife after death to the peaceful and law-abiding people, but death to violent and cruel people. Ma'at was very powerful, but she still had limits to her powers. She could not make the sun travel through the sky like Ra could, she could not control the netherworld like Osiris could, and she could not make the stars shine like Nut could but she still had her own unique powers like her potion. Worship. The Pharaohs prime task in governing was to uphold Ma’at and they often held seated images of Ma’at in their hand to the gods, which indicated that the Pharaoh represented the divine order. The words “I have done Ma’at", were spoken by several Pharaohs and several others called themselves, “Beloved of Ma’at.” Even the gods were sometimes shown praising Ma’at. People were interested in how they could please her but they also were afraid of her. It was said that a small image of Ma’at was more pleasing to the gods than piles of rich offerings. It was also said that a little truth was more welcome than huge bribes. Temples. There was only one temple for Ma'at in Karnak but she was still worshiped in all Egyptian temples. In every Egyptian temple one area was called the hall of two truths or the hall of Ma'at. In the hall of two truths Ma'at weighed a man's heart against the feather of truth to see if the man would have an afterlife or his heart would be eaten by, the devourer. Ma'at as a principle. Ma'at as a principle was at least partially codified into a set of laws, and expressed a ubiquitous concept of right from wrong characterized by concepts of truth and a respect for and adherence to a divine order believed to be set forth at the time of the world's creation. The doctrine of Ma'at is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Ma'at and the 42 negative affirmations listed in the Papyrus of Ani: Sermon on the Mount According to the Bible, the Sermon on the Mount was a speech that Jesus of Nazareth gave to his followers and a large group of people around AD 30. Jesus gave the speech on the side of a mountain. The most popular part of the speech is the Beatitudes, which are at the beginning. The Sermon also contains the Lord's Prayer. Other popular lines from the Sermon on the Mount are "turn the other cheek," "salt of the Earth," "light of the world," and "judge not, that ye be not judged." Many Christians believe the Sermon on the Mount is related to the Ten Commandments. They believe that both are very important in explaining how Christians should act towards others. In choosing the mountain as the setting for this sermon, Jesus may have meant to show how His teachings were similar to those of Moses who brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai. Beliefs about the Sermon's meaning. One of the most important debates over the sermon is how it should be applied to everyday life. Almost all Christian groups have created their own ways to understand and use the Sermon in their lives. In a book called "Understanding the Sermon on the Mount", Harvey McArthur lists twelve different views about the Sermon. (1) The absolutist view. The "absolutist view" says that people should do exactly what Jesus said in the Sermon, all the time. If doing this puts a person in danger, then that is what the person needs to be saved. People who believed this included: Churches which believe this view include: (2) Modify the text. In ancient times, people would "modify (change) the text" of the Sermon to make it more popular. For example, in the Bible, Matthew 5:22 was changed from "[anyone who] is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment" to "[anyone who] is angry with his brother "without a cause" shall be in danger of the judgment." In recent centuries, it has been more common to change the words in the Sermon, to take out parts that people would have trouble accepting. Almost every major Christian writer has made changes like this at some point. This view is not supported by any specific Christian denomination. (3) The hyperbole view. One of the most common views is the "hyperbole view". It says that Jesus used hyperbole (which means he exaggerated) in parts of the Sermon. People who believe this think Jesus's teachings need to be made more realistic if they are going to be used in the real world. Most people agree that there is some hyperbole in the Sermon, but they argue about which parts are hyperbole. (4) The general principles view. The "general principles view" says that Jesus was not giving instructions (telling people exactly how to act). Instead, he was giving examples of how a person should behave. (5) The double standard view. The "double standard view" says that part of Jesus's teachings are general ideas about how to act, and some are instructions. To be saved, most people just have to follow the general ideas about how to act. Only a small number of holy people, like the clergy and monks, have to follow the instructions. People who believed this view included: The Roman Catholic Church believes in the double standard view. (6) The two realms view. Martin Luther did not believe the Catholic ideas about the Sermon. He created the "two realms view". Luther divided the world into two realms, or sections: the religious realm, and the secular (non-religious) realm. He thought the Sermon only applied to the religious part of life. In the everyday world, people might have to do things the Sermon said they should not do. For example, in his secular job, a judge might have to punish a criminal instead of forgiving him. However, as a religious man, the judge should still feel sorry for what happens to the criminal. (7) The analogy of scripture view. The "analogy of scripture view" says that when the New Testament was written, parts of the Sermon got changed. For example, Jesus said that it was wrong to make an oath. However, in the New Testament, Paul uses oaths at least twice. (8) The attitudes not acts view. The "attitudes not acts" view says that in the Sermon, Jesus was only telling people what he would do himself. He was not telling other people what they had to do to be good Christians. Wilhelm Hermann created this view in the nineteenth century. (9) The interim ethic view. The "[wikt:interim interim] ethic view" says that when Jesus gave the Sermon, he thought the world was going to end very soon. Because of this, his teachings were only meant for that short time. Albert Schweitzer created this view. (10) The unconditional divine will view. The "unconditional divine will view" says that Jesus meant for people to do exactly what he said and follow the ethics he talked about in the Sermon. However, with the way the world is now, people cannot do this. People try to follow the ethics from the Sermon, but they will always fail. This will change when the Kingdom of Heaven comes back to the world. At that time everyone will be able to live the way God wants. Martin Sibelius, a German philosopher, created this view in the twentieth century. (11) The repentance view. The "repentance view" says that Jesus knew people would not be able to follow his teachings. People would try to follow them, but fail. This would teach them to repent. In this way, people would come to have faith in the Gospel. (12) Dispensationalism. Dispensationalism divides human history into separate groups. This view says that today, we live in a time where we cannot live up to the Sermon's teachings. However, sometime in the future, we will be able to. When that time comes, people will have to follow the Sermon's teachings to get salvation. Other views. E. Earle Ellis, a professor of theology, says that in the Sermon, Jesus is asking believers to live in a way that will be normal in the future kingdom of God. As Ellis says, we are to speak Jesus' words, think his thoughts, and do his deeds. Since this will be the ethic of the future kingdom of God, people should live their lives in a way that will help them be ready to live in God's kingdom. In a book called "Hiram Key", Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas say the Sermon on the Mount never happened. Knight thinks that Matthew 'stuck all kinds of passages together as though they were spoken one after another to a crowd on a mountain top.' He believes that 'the teachings were drafted into this one 'occasion' to avoid interrupting the flow of the overall story.' Irmo, South Carolina Irmo is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,039 people living in Irmo as of the year 2000. Geography. Irmo is found at (34.092629, -81.186073). The United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²). There is no water in that area. Festivals. Irmo is home to the annual Okra Strut . Origin. Irmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. Iredell and Henry Moseley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods. Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is a climate that has dry summers that are mild to hot as well as winters that are mild to cool with moderate or high rainfall. It includes the climate of much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, one can find this climate only in rather small areas. It is found in many places that are roughly between latitudes 30° to 45° north and south of the equator. In the Köppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean ("Csa"), warm-summer Mediterranean ("Csb") and cool-summer Mediterranean ("Csc"). Examples of "Csa" are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of "Csb" are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. "Csc" only occurs at very high altitude. Location. Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions which have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States, down to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia. Hans Richter Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor. His name was originally János Richter. Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory. He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms. Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" and the four operas in the cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen". He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas. Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester. He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival. He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner’s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time. When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death. Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar. Elgar dedicated his "First Symphony" to Hans Richter, describing him as a “true artist and true friend”. Thylacine Thylacine was a carnivorous (mainly meat eating) marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as Tasmanian tiger, Tasmanian wolf and Tasmanian hyena. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old. Extinction. Thylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania. Sailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing "tygr" footprints. The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon. Thylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world. Appearance. The Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was grey and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The Thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees. The thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep. The thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear. Rock Against Communism Rock Against Communism (RAC) is a type of rock music. It started as a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978. List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movies This is a selected list of feature movies made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Zoo Tycoon 2 Zoo Tycoon 2 is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animal exhibits. The goal is to become a "zoo tycoon". The game is a sequel the 2001 game "Zoo Tycoon". Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is "Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals". Zoo Tycoon Zoo Tycoon is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money. "Zoo Tycoon" was followed by "Zoo Tycoon 2" in 2004. Chapel A chapel is a place for Christian worship. The word is used in several different ways. Generally, a chapel is a place of worship that is not a church which belongs to a parish in a village or town, but is more private or has a special purpose. Private chapels. Small chapels. Some large houses and palaces have their own private chapel where the family and the servants of the house can worship. Usually these chapels are small. As well as being used for prayers, the chapel might also hold the graves of members of the family, or else have memorials and statues around the walls. Famous small family chapels are at Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and in the "Riccardi Medici Palace" in Florence. This small chapel has famous frescoes of the Three Kings by Benozzo Gozzoli. Large chapels. Some private chapels are as large as very large churches. Because these large chapels can only be built by very rich people, they often have magnificent architecture or very rich decoration. Some of the most famous large private chapels are St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, the Chapel Royal at Versailles Palace and the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican Palace. The Sistine Chapel is the chapel of the popes and is famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo. College chapels. Many universities, colleges, schools, law courts, hospitals and prisons have their own chapels. These might be a grand and beautiful building like the Eton College Chapel, or just a small room that is set aside for prayer. At many schools, Chapel Service is an important part of the week, when the whole school gets together to pray and to sing hymns. Sometimes a big important church or cathedral might also act as a chapel. Oxford Cathedral is the chapel for Christ Church College of the University of Oxford. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney acts as the chapel to 900 pupils of the cathedral school. Chapels at churches. Monastic chapels. A monastery or a convent generally has a chapel where the monks or nuns can worship. This might be a private chapel, just the right size for the people at the monastery, or it might be a big church that serves a village or town as well, or even a cathedral for the whole region. Many cathedrals show evidence that they were once used by monks as well as the town people. One of the signs is a large stone screen that divides the church into two areas. Often these churches have a lot of small chapels because the monks or nuns would each say private prayers in one of the small chapels every day. Family chapels. From the Middle Ages, rich families would often give money to a church or cathedral so that a family chapel could be built attached to the church. There were several reasons for this. The family might want a place where they could pray privately outsde the regular service time. They might want to give thanks to God that a member of the family had been healed or rescued. They might want to bury dead family members and have prayers said every day. They might want to give honour to a particular saint. They might want to avoid taxation by spending a lot of money quickly. They might want to beautify their favorite church and make it bigger. They might want to make something beautiful that the whole town can use. Whatever the reason might be, there are a great number of family chapels attached to old churches, all over Europe. The Church of Santa Croce in Florence is famous for its many chapels named after important Florentine families. One of the most famous chapels of this type is the one built by Henry VIII to bury his father at Westminster Abbey. Special chapels. Many chapels have a special purpose in the church. One of the most important uses for a small chapel within a church is to store the Sacrament, the wine and bread or wafer which is used for Holy Communion. Some chapels are designed to remind worshippers of a particular part of the "Life of Christ", particularly the Crucifixion or Resurrection, or celebrate a certain Feast Day in the Church Year, such as the "Assumption of the Virgin". Other chapels might hold the relics of a saint or a precious painting or statue of a particular saint such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Francis of Assisi or Saint Patrick. Service chapels. It is usual for the armed services and other similar organisations to have special chapels at churches or cathedrals. Most cathedrals have a chapel especially to remember local people who have served their country and perhaps died in a war. The chapel might have the "colours" or flags of the local regiment. Services may be held regularly, or on special days to remember a particular battle or a particular hero. Protestant chapels. In many Protestant churches, the places where people gather for prayer and services are called "chapels" rather than churches. This is sometimes because the "pastors" of the congregation were not accepted as priests by the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches, or because they were set up in places where there was no priest to take services. Wayside chapels. These are chapels built specially for the use of travellers who can drop in as they are passing by. They may be found in busy market places, deep in forests, on lonely mountain roads, and nowadays, at airports. Funerary chapels. These chapels are found at cemeteries. Sometimes they are owned by a particular family and contain the tombs of family members, but in most large modern cemeteries the chapels are multi-denominational, meaning that they are for people of different Christian churches, and are used specifically for funeral services. Clandestine chemistry Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret". Flask A flask is a type of container made of glass. They are a common piece of apparatus used in laboratories. Their size are chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like litres (L) or mililitres (mL). Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more narrow neck with an opening at the top. The opening is the way to insert materials into the body. Some flasks have more than one neck and opening at the top. Flasks are used to contain substances. They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance. There are many different types of laboratory flasks. They differ in their shape and what they are used for. The most common types of flask are: Flasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation and analysis. Ebermannstadt Ebermannstadt is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany. The population of the town is about 7,000. The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen. The city parts of Ebermannstadt are: Franks The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several west Germanic federations of tribes. It was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sicambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti. Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine. They entered the late Roman Empire from the north and east river bank of the Rhine into modern northern Belgium and southern Netherlands. Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area which eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the western regions of Germany. When the pagan Frankish king Clovis became Christian in the late 5th century that was an important event in the history of Europe. Modern scholars of the period of the migrations are in agreement that the Frankish confederacy emerged at the beginning of the third century. A region in the northeast of the modern-day Netherlands – north of the erstwhile Roman border – still bears the name Salland, and may have received that name from the Salians, who formed the core of the Frankish sea raiders. Frankish Empire. From their heartland, the Franks gradually conquered most of Roman Gaul north of the Loire valley and east of Visigothic Aquitaine. At first they helped defend the border as allies; for example, when a major invasion of mostly East Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in 406, the Franks fought against these invaders. In the region of Paris, Roman control persisted until 486, a decade after the fall of the emperors of Ravenna, in part due to alliances with the Franks. Merovingians. In 451, Aëtius called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila the Hun. The Salian Franks answered the call; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire. The Merovingians had governors who lead the Franks to war and had many governing responsibilities. Carolingians. The Carolingian kingship begins with the deposition of the last Merovingian king, and the accession in 751 of Pippin the Short, father of Charlemagne. Pippin reigned as an elected king. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later Holy Roman Empire proved unable to abolish the elective tradition and continued as elected rulers until the Empire's formal end in 1806. In 768 Charlemagne (Charles the Great), a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charles restored an equal balance between emperor and pope. From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the Saxons to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. Then (773–774), he conquered the Lombards and thus could include northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection. Charles created a realm that reached from the Pyrenees in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain ("Marca Hispanica") after 795) over almost all of today's France (except Brittany, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome. Though Charles preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", as he did not want to get in conflict with the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire became the successor of the (Western) Roman Empire. Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, where was buried. Charles had several sons, but only one survived him. This son, Louis the Pious, followed his father as the ruler of a united Empire. When Louis died in 840, the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Empire in three: Franks (disambiguation) The Franks are medieval Germanic tribes. Franks may also refer to: Franks is a surname: Franks may also be an alternative spelling or mistranslation of: Zebra mussel The zebra mussel is a small shellfish. It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel. Color patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over. These musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats. They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators. That explains their huge growth in numbers. Zebra mussels are a problem in Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast. They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. As a result, they clog water sources. They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region. San Marcos, Texas San Marcos is a city in central Texas. Texas State University-San Marcos is there. It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio. In 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States. In December 2013, it was named #9 on "Business Insider"'s list of the "10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America." Bar (music) A bar or measure is used in writing music. It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections. Each bar is a small amount of time. Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt. Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it. Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar. The bar line (or barline) is a vertical line written in the music which separates the bars. At the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature. The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar. The time signature tells you how long each measure is. A double bar does not mean "two bars". It is two single bar lines drawn close together. These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections. A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other. This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music. If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a repeat sign. The player should go back to the beginning and start again. If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a "start repeat" sign. This is a double bar line with two dots on the right. The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others. When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar. This feels strong. The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up. Barlines have been used since around 1600. Rostov Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area. Now it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002. While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. "Rostov the Great". This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself. Alaskan king crab fishing Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating. The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year. To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs. Ocean acidification threatens crabs. Link (The Legend of Zelda) Link is the main character from "The Legend of Zelda" series. The game was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007. Description. Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Ganondorf. Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games). He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians. He has also appeared in all 6 of the "Super Smash Bros." games. Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot. Reception. Link has been in many GameFAQs "Character Battle" contests and is the only character to have won more than once. In one of IGN's 2007 "Hero Showdowns", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife. Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first. Solar power station in Victoria A big new Solar power station in Victoria is planned. A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Full completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010. Four smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia. Waldpolenz Solar Park Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million. Masaccio Masaccio (, , ; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a famous painter of the Italian Renaissance. He worked in Florence. "Masaccio" was a nickname that meant "Fat Untidy Tom". He lived a very short life and only a few of his paintings exist, but they were so different to the style of other artists around him that they helped other painters to see things in a new way. Biography. Youth. Masaccio was born on 21 December, 1401, in the town of San Giovanni Valdarno, in the valley of the Arno River, near Florence. He was the son of a "notary", a person who writes legal documents. His older brother became a painter and moved to Florence to the workshop of a painter called Bicci di Lorenzo. It is not known for certain, but it is thought that Masaccio may have trained at the same workshop. Masaccio's brother was nicknamed "Lo Scheggia" which means "The Splinter", so it is thought that he was a skinny as Masaccio was fat. In 1422, when he was 21, Masaccio was already known as a painter, because he joined the "Company of Saint Luke", which was a guild that helped artists and set down the rules for their employment. Earliest painting. The earliest known painting by Masaccio is the "San Giovenale Triptych", dating from 1422. A "triptych" is a painting in three parts, most often used as an altarpiece. This altarpiece has in the middle panel the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on a throne. The wings, or side panels, each show two saints. Kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary are two little angels. One of the things that makes this painting different from most other paintings of the same time is that the angels are shown from the back. Their position is an invitation for the viewer to kneel down and worship the Virgin and Child as well. Masaccio used this way of making the viewer feel part of the scene in many of his paintings. The plump solemn Baby Jesus with his fingers in his mouth, the three-dimensional look of the figures and the lack of rich decoration make this picture look very different from most other altarpieces of this time, which were painted in a style called International Gothic. Portraits. In April 1422 an event took place in Florence that was to be important in Masaccio's life. A new church was opened, and there was a grand procession and feast to celebrate. The church was Santa Maria del Carmine and Masaccio went along with his good friends, the sculptor Donatello, the architect Brunelleschi and the painter Masolino. After the feast day, it seems that Masaccio went to Rome, probably with his friends. Brunelleschi and Donatello like to spend a lot of time poking around among the ruins of Ancient Rome. It is believed that on this trip Masaccio also spent a lot of time poking around in the ruins. What he saw were the sculptures of a previous age- more lifelike and realistic than anything that he had ever seen before. Many of the sculptures showed pocessions of figures, but each figure was different from the next, so that they all looked like real "individual" people. When Masaccio returned to Florence he was given a job, a "commission" to paint a fresco of the procession that had taken place for the opening of the new church. Masaccio was inspired by what he had seen in Rome. The writer Vasari, who must have seen the picture before it was destroyed in the late 1500s, wrote that the people were in rows that were five or six deep, but painted in such a way that they were all different, fat ones and thin ones, tall ones and short ones, some in long cloaks, some in big hats, and every single one was a portrait of a real person who lived in Florence at the time. And of course, Masaccio put his friends Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masolino into the picture. Luckily, several artists made drawings at some time in the 1500s, so part of the design has been recorded, even though the painting itself has gone. Working with Masolino. In the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is an altarpiece that shows the Madonna and Child with Saint Anne. The Madonna and Child are seated on a throne, as is usual. Saint Anne, who was the mother of the Virgin Mary, is shown standing behind Mary with one hand on her daughter's shoulder and the other hand above the head of the Baby Jesus in a sign of blessing. The painting may have been done for a convent of nuns who honoured Saint Anne. It is believed that this painting is a "collaboration"; that two artists worked on it together. It is believed by Art Historians that Masaccio painted Mary and Jesus and the angel near the top right. It is believed that Saint Anne and the other four angels were painted by Masolino. Masolino was 17 years older than Masaccio. His name was Tommaso da Panicale, so when the two began to work together, they were known as Masaccio and Masolino, which means "Little Tom". Those are the names by which they are remembered as painters. "The Brancacci Chapel". Collaborating. "The Brancacci Chapel" is a large chapel at the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine where Masaccio had previously worked painting the procession. It was sponsored by the Brancacci family who paid for its decoration. There are no written records to show why or how it happened, but it seems that Masaccio and Masolino were given the job together. At first everything went very well and then things went very badly. It looked as if the job would never be finished. In fact, it is lucky that the paintings in the chapel survived at all. The job seems to have started in 1423 or 1424 but this is not certain. The plan of the paintings was to show firstly how Sin came into the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve. A painting by Masolino shows their disobedience in taking fruit from the forbidden tree. A painting opposite it by Masaccio shows Adam and Eve in disgrace, being chased out of the Garden of Eden. The rest of the paintings show "The Life of Saint Peter". This is because Saint Peter was the founder of the Catholic Church and the paintings were meant to show that the best way to know about God's love is through the Church. It seems that Masaccio and Masolino happily planned a scheme of frescoes that went together is a pleasing way, even though they are in two styles. It is not hard to tell which scenes Masolino painted and which were done by Masaccio. Masolino's are prettier and more elegant. Masaccio's scenes show figures that are strong and have drapes like the statues that he saw in Rome. The thing that was most different in his painting to other artists of the same time was that the figures looked very solid and three-dimensional. He was influenced by the paintings of Giotto who had worked in Florence at the "Church of Santa Croce" nearly a hundred years earlier, but whose style of painting had given way to the International Gothic style. Apart from the "Adam and Eve" scenes, which are the smallest of the pictures, the most famous is Masaccio's picture of "The Tribute Money". This large picture is set partly against a background of mountains and a lake, and partly against the background of a town which is similar to Florence. There are three scenes from the story. In the centre of the picture is a large group, Jesus and his twelve disciples. A tax collector has come to ask for a payment, but none of the men have any money. Jesus tells Peter to go fishing in the lake. Peter looks rather annoyed, wondering what good it will do. To the left, the small figure of Peter is kneeling at the edge of the lake with a fish he has caught. Inside the fish is a coin. To the right side of the picture, Peter is shown giving the coin to the tax collector. He no longer looks argumentative. Instead, he looks humble. Masaccio has expertly shown the feelings of the characters, not only by their faces, but also through body language. Neither Masaccio nor Masolino were able to work on the frescoes continuously, as they both kept getting other jobs to attend to. In 1428 Masaccio was asked to go to Rome to paint an altarpiece for one of the most important and ancient churches, Santa Maria Maggiore. He only painted one panel, "Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist", before he died at the age of 27 years. Masolino and perhaps another artist, Domenico Veneziano worked on, and finished the altarpiece, which was later broken into pieces and scattered to galleries in different countries. Masaccio's panel is in the National Gallery, London. Masolino lived for another 19 years, but he never went back to finish the Brancacci frescoes. The Brancacci family fell into disgrace and were chased out of Florence. One of Masaccio's pictures was attacked because it had portraits of some of the Brancacci family in it. Some 50 years later, in the 1480s, all the scenes that remained incomplete or not begun were painted by Filippino Lippi, who tried to respect the styles that Masaccio and Masolino had used before him. Damage. The chapel, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, was re-dedicated to "Our Lady of the Common People" and to her honour a magnificent ancient altarpiece by Coppo di Marcovaldo, dating from about 1280 was put into place. Because this image of the Virgin Mary was said to work miracles, many hundreds of candles were lit in front of it which soon stained the frescoes so that their bright colours could no longer be seen. Eventually the painting was moved to a different church. Then part of the roof fell in and had to be replaced. More damage was done in re-decorating. In 1680 the Marquis Francesco Ferroni decided that the paintings were too old-fashioned and should all be pulled down. Luckily the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere stopped this from happening. In 1734 a painter called Antonio Pillori cleaned the frescoes. Then in the 1770, there was a fire in the church, causing worse staining and some damage to the frescoes. (Luckily the precious altarpiece had been moved.) Discoveries. In recent years there have been four interesting discoveries. During a minor cleaning in 1904 two slabs of marble near the altar were moved. Underneath were the bright colours that showed what the frescoes should look like. Examination of the areas where two windows had been changed showed the plans for two paintings that had been destroyed. The final discoveries in the chapel itself were two painted "roundels" with little angel faces in them, one by Masaccio and one by Masolino. There was a problem to be solved in the minds of some art historians. Despite these interesting findings, there was a scene missing from the story of Saint Peter. It is the scene where Jesus says "You are Peter, and on this Rock I build my Church." This part of the story is of the greatest importance to the Roman Catholic Church because Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and so the Pope rules as his direct line. The scene is usually shown by Jesus giving Peter the "Keys of Heaven". "The Keys", for hundreds of years, have been the symbol of the Pope. But the story of "the Keys" is completely missing. Then, in the 1940s, John Pope-Hennessy, the director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, realised that the museum owned a work of art that was exactly the thing that was missing from the Brancacci Chapel. It was a thin, almost flat marble slab delicately carved with the scene of Jesus giving "the Keys" to Peter. It was just the right size to make the front of an altar. And although it could not be proved, it was almost certainly carved by Masaccio's friend, Donatello. "The Trinity". At some time while he was working on the "Brancacci Chapel", Masaccio painted a fresco for another church in Florence, "Santa Maria Novella", the church of the Dominican Order. This is a very remarkable painting and one of Masaccio's most famous. It shows the "Holy Trinity", (or God in three parts). God is shown as the eternal Creator, as the humble Sacrifice in Jesus on the Cross and as the inspiring Spirit. On either side of the Cross stand the Virgin Mary and Saint John. The two kneeling figures are the family who paid for the painting. Masaccio has painted this very holy scene as if it was taking place in a deep recess or small chapel in the wall of the church. He has done this by using very accurate perspective. It is believed that the architect Brunelleschi may have helped him with this, as the painted architecture looks very much like buildings that Brunelleschi designed. RealJonWills Influence. Vasari writes that Masaccio was not very famous in his own time. In 1440 his body was brought home to Florence and buried at Santa Maria del Carmine but no monument was put up in his honour. Shortly afterwards people began to honour him as a painter. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors went to the "Brancacci Chapel" to study Masaccio's paintings. His influence can be seen in the paintings of Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Ghirlandaio and particularly Michelangelo. Wind power in Germany Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany. The country plans to build more. Wind power in Denmark After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants. The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas. Wind power in Denmark provided 30% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2012, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below. Wind turbines are popular with people in Denmark. Sources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7 <br>Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9 Don (river) The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov. From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets. History. In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since. Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes. The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) "Dānu" "river", akin to modern Ossetic "don" "river". At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War. The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya. Grace Hopper Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. Early Life. Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during the World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992. She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator. She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language. She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce. Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944. After the War. Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand. Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor. The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her. On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle. Marin Alsop Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor. Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein. Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra. Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber. Nevada Solar One Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada. Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers). These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel. Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts. This energy can then be drawn on at night. Nevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007. Integrated pest management In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. Serpa solar power plant Serpa solar power plant (also known as Hércules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy. The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp. The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky. Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation. Indian Solar Loan Programme The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the "World award for Sustainability" for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend. Clovis I Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French "Louis" and modern German "Ludwig") (c. 466 – November 27, 511) was the first king of the Franks who united that nation. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes, They were occupying the area west of the lower Rhine at that time, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king before his death. Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, the Burgundian Clotilde, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and Western Europe in general, because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France (which his state closely resembled geographically at his death) and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries. Merovingian dynasty The Merovingians were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France), from the fifth to the 8th century when the Carolingian dynasty took control. They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin "reges criniti") by people of the time, for their symbolically uncut hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, while the warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to their dynasty's Old English name "Merewīowing". The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as "Meroveus" or "Merovius"), leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts. Dale Earnhardt Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr. (April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver. He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc., also called DEI. Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001. The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race, and a DEI car driven by Michael Waltrip won the race. He died because he was trying to hold everybody back so his son (Dale Earnhardt Jr.) could maybe win the race. While he was trying to do that, someone bumped his car, he lost control and crashed into the wall. After that they took him to the hospital and he died. Early life. Earnhardt respected his father, who quit school in sixth grade, His father worked hard and started driving for NASCAR, eventually entering the NASCAR Hall-of-Fame. Homelessness Homelessness means people who do not have a place to stay. The word "homelessness" also includes people who sleep in warming centers, homeless shelters, or in abandoned buildings, parking garages, or other places not meant for humans to live in. Homelessness occurs for many reasons. It may happen when people or households are unable to buy and/or maintain housing they can afford. International human rights law includes the right to housing. Homeless people live in many parts of the world including: San Francisco in California, Dublin in Ireland and Tallinn in Estonia. Homeless people. In academic articles and government reports, these people are called "homeless people". You may hear different words to describe homelessness and homeless people. Some of these words apply to people who might not be homeless. Sometimes they are based upon stereotypes. For instance, in slang, a vagabond is someone who travels without the money necessary to stay in good hotels. Such a person may or may not have a home somewhere. Sometimes police reports use the word "transient" to describe people from out of town or who are passing through. Many times these words confuse the issues because someone just passing through might own a mansion somewhere or might not. There are tough questions in sorting out homeless people even when trying to create programs and services to help them. Homeless counts are required by the government agencies that deal with homelessness. In the USA, the United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development (HUD) agency requires a homeless "enumeration" or count every two years. They classify "homeless" in a careful way and that way is very influential and a lot of other agencies and church groups copy it. In Metro Vancouver homeless people are counted by the British Columbia (B.C.) Non-Profit Housing Society which conducts the homeless count with the help of about 1,200 volunteers. HUD definitions. Housing and Urban Development of the United States spreads information about what does and does not work when providing shelter for homeless people. That information about the things that seem to work is called "best practices". HUD defines homeless as 1. somebody who lacks a fixed, regular, and decent place to sleep at night or 2. somebody who sleeps at night in A.a supervised shelter (including welfare hotels, homeless shelters, warming centers and transitional housing) ; B. a place that provides a temporary residence for people waiting for space in a place like a hospital, jail or hospice; or C. places not designed for human beings to sleep, such as parks or public sidewalks. A new interest: people who live outside. The "C" part of the HUD definition is now getting more attention. It is called "chronic homelessness". (HUD) defines a "chronically homeless" person as "an unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition". There are other conditions to that definition. It has to be someone who has either been homeless for a year or more, or has been homeless four times in the past three years. People who study these things believe that "chronic" homelessness costs a lot more than the rest. A new approach is to seek information on those folks who are considered chronically homeless. They are using what is called a vulnerability index system. It was invented by a doctor in Boston who works with a New York organization called Common Ground. These "Vulnerability Index's" code for things like bad liver, kidney disease, HIV-AIDS, age, and visits to the hospital. Health care. Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the street. Quite a few drink or have addiction problems with drugs. Some have skin conditions from being out in the sun without sunscreen to protect themselves from UV radiation. It is hard to find places to wash up, and homeless people are exposed to extreme cold and hot sun. It is tough finding good food for many homeless people so they tend to suffer from medical conditions. This can include obesity if they eat a lot of poor quality food with empty calories. Homeless people also may have more severe dental problems than the general population due to lack of access to washrooms and in some cases excess intake of sweets, which may be the only food available. Diabetes and liver problems are not uncommon, as are diseases associated with cigarette smoking... Vulnerability Index. The vulnerability index is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most. The vulnerability index is from the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston's Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of unsheltered homeless individuals living on the street. A national drive is underway by Common Ground to work with the HUD homeless count. Since communities are doing the count, he believes that is a good time to do the vulnerability index too. Its' people say that using it will help getting needy individuals off the street. The vulnerability index has been tried out in a lot of other places not just the East Coast. These include New Mexico and Santa Monica Main causes. The main reasons for homelessness have been studied in many reports and studies. For example: Developing and undeveloped countries. The number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in the past few years. In some Third World nations such as Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa, homelessness is a very big problem, with millions of children living and working on the streets. Homelessness has also become a problem in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan. History. In the sixteenth century in England, the government first tried to give housing to vagabonds instead of punishing them. In the eighteenth century, these houses were replaced by workhouses. These were later replaced by dormitory housing ("spikes"). By the early 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these places. In most countries, many towns and cities had an area where all the poor, transients, and afflicted lived, such as a "skid row". In smaller towns, there were hobos, who camped near train tracks and hopped onto trains from place to place. Many places where loitering was once allowed (such as churches, public libraries and public atriums) became more strict as the number of homeless people grew. In the 1980s, in the United States, some new laws were made for the homeless as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was enacted. Several organisations in some cities, such as New York and Boston, tried to help the growing number of homeless people in a new way. According to a 60 Minutes program, aired in December 2017, California is home to a quarter of American homeless people. Homelessness in the popular media. Popular films Books Documentary films TV documentaries Visual Arts Further reading. Duke, Alan, "'Golden voice' Ted Williams departs drug rehab", "CNN", January 25, 2011 Hideshi Hino Hideshi Hino (日野日出志 Hino Hideshi, born April 19, 1946) is a Japanese manga artist. He draws and writes horror stories. Some of the books he has written are: "Hino Horror", "Panorama of Hell", and "Hell Baby". He has also made and been in horror movies. Salland Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel. History. The history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drenthe) came together. Salland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations. Geography. Salland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drenthe, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream. Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment. Municipalities. These 13 municipalities belong to Salland region: Darkthrone Darkthrone is a black metal band from Norway. Minutemen (band) The Minutemen were a very well known American hardcore punk band from the 1980s. The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums. The Minutemen were formed in January of 1980 and began to record music that same year. They gave to the public their first EP, called "Paranoid Time", that year. Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums. Some of their most well kown albums are "What Makes a Man Start Fires?" and "Double Nickels on the Dime". The band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon. Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel. After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford. fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up. Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career. Hammurabi Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite "ˤAmmurāpi", meaning "the kinsman is a healer," from "ˤAmmu", meaning "paternal kinsman", and "Rāpi", meaning "healer"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained. Hammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history. History. Hammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. Hammurabi did not fight any important wars in the early part of his reign. He instead improved the buildings of Babylon. He built taller city walls to make the city more difficult to attack, and expanded the temples. In around 1771 BC, the kingdom of Elam attacked Mesopotamia from the east. Elam invaded Eshnunna, a city-state to the north-east of Babylon, and destroyed its cities. It also tried to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, a city in southern Mesopotamia. However, Hammurabi instead made an alliance with Larsa against Elam. Hammurabi defeated Elam, but felt that Larsa had not given him enough help. He therefore attacked Larsa. Babylon had entirely conquered southern Mesopotamia by c. 1763 BC. Hammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area. Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son became king. Double Nickels on the Dime Double Nickels on the Dime is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen. The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year. The album is very long and has 43 songs. It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre. Timbaland Timothy Zachery Mosley, known professionally as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1972) is an American record producer, rapper, singer, songwriter and record executive. He is from Norfolk, Virginia. Timbaland owns his own record label, Mosley Music Group, which is under Universal Music Group. Timbaland has also taught and nurtured other record producers like Danja, Polow da Don, Ryan Tedder and Jim Beanz. Discography. Studio albums Singles Melvins The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'. Buzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983. 1337 Deaths. <br> Birth name A birth name is the family name someone has when he or she is born, or at least from the time he or she is a child. This term can be used by a man or a woman who changes a name later in life for any reason. A "maiden name" is the family name—usually the birth name—a woman has before she marries. A "married name" is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage. The most common example is when a woman takes the family name of her spouse at the time of marriage. But sometimes a man changes his name at marriage. Also, sometimes both people change their names, such as to a hyphenated or other mixed name. Sometimes the words "né" (for a man) or "née" (for a woman) are used to show a birth name or maiden name. These words mean "born", and are borrowed"v.2" from French. Stalker Stalker has several different meanings: Tom Whedon Tom Whedon is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, "Benson", "Alice" and "The Golden Girls". Whedon also wrote for the children's series "The Electric Company". He is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel", and "Firefly". Zack Whedon Zack Whedon (born August 14, 1979) is an American television writer. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 2002 with a movie degree. Whedon has written for the HBO series "Deadwood". He is the son of writer Tom Whedon and the brother of writer-producer-director Joss Whedon. Whedon has also done work on his brother's series "Angel" as well as collaborated with his brother on the internet only serial "Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog". He was a writer for the "J.J. Abrams" show "Fringe". Langnau im Emmental Langnau im Emmental ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades. Langnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau. Muri bei Bern Muri bei Bern is a township in Switzerland near Bern. In December 2005, it had a population of 12458 people. The township Muri is two small towns: Muri and Gümligen History. Muri has been populated since the time of the Romans, but it has only had the name Muri since 1180. It started as a little township with a little castle and some farmhouses. Between the 13th and 15th century it became a very rich township. Geography. In Muri it has two big woods; The Hüendli-Wald and the Dentenberg-Wald. Around the Aare it has also a little woods. All together it has 150 hectares of woods, 190 hectares of grassland and 339 hectares of building land. Also Muri has a total area of 760 hectares. The Legend of Zelda (video game) is the first video game in "The Legend of Zelda" series of games. The game was made by a Japanese man named Shigeru Miyamoto. It was sold to stores by Nintendo in 1986. The game was sold to be played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the game the player plays as a hero named Link. Link must save Princess Zelda from a powerful person named Ganon. It was the first game to let the player continue where they last played the game after they had turned the game off. The game also let the player go wherever they wanted to go at any time in the game's world. The game was very popular. Many more "Zelda" games were made because of it. References. Notes Deadliest Catch The Deadliest Catch is a reality television series on the Discovery Channel, about Alaskan king crab fishing. The series shows people fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea near Alaska. The series is named "Deadliest Catch" because the crew of these boats are at a high risk of death or injury due to the dangerous places and weather of the sea during the seasons they fish, earning the title of most dangerous job in the world. Garage rock Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that was popular in the mid-1960s in the United States, Canada, and other countries. It has experienced several more recent revivals. In the beginning, it was not yet defined as a musical genre. Attention to the sound from rock critics in the early 1970s helped it become appreciated as a genre. It is called "garage rock" because many of the groups that played it were made up of young amateurs, often in high school and college, who sometimes rehearsed in their families' garages. Some of the bands were older and professional. The groups in this genre are often referred to as "garage bands". The style, which led up to psychedelic rock, often had simple lyrics and sometimes used guitars distorted through a device called a fuzzbox. Surf rock was an early influence. Later the Beatles and the beat groups of the British Invasion became popular. This led to many aspiring musicians to form bands in the United States and elsewhere between 1963 and 1968. Some bands produced regional hits, and a few even had national chart hits. With the rise of psychedelia, a number of garage bands started to add strange and exotic elements to their sound, but after 1968, as more complex forms of rock music took over, garage rock records declined in popularity. In the early 1970s certain critics began to refer to the style as "punk rock", which made it the first form of music to use that name. It is sometimes called "garage punk", "protopunk", or "'60s punk" to set it apart from the more well-known punk rock movement that came later in 1970s. The garage rock style has been revived several times in recent decades and continues to influence many modern groups who prefer a "back to basics" and "do it yourself" musical approach. Psychedelic rock Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music. It was very popular in the 1960s when it started, and still has many fans today. It was first made in San Francisco, but it also was made in other cities such as New York City, and in other countries including England. Psychedelic rock songs sometimes have lyrics describing the effects of drugs, if any words at all. Songs were sometimes very long (10-15 minutes), and much of this time might be taken up by a solo, like a drum solo or a guitar solo. Some major groups that made psychedelic rock included: The Beatles, The Doors, The Byrds, The Grateful Dead, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, Pink Floyd, Frank Zappa and The Animals. Psychedelic rock was popular music for listening to when getting high with hashish or LSD, or both. During Grateful Dead concerts, some people actually sat inside the huge speakers that the Grateful Dead brought to their concerts. Doppelgänger A doppelgänger or a doppelganger is a German word used in English to talk about any double or someone who looks exactly like another person — most commonly an "evil twin". In some folklore, seeing another family or friend's doppelganger means they will have an illness, or that they are in danger. Seeing your own doppelganger means you will most likely die. Some myths offer explanations that focus on magic, where the doppelganger is created by some kind of curse or through magic. These doppelgängers are usually, but not always, bad in some way. Doppelgängers can sometimes be seen in books, movies, and other fiction as part of their stories. Absurd (band) Absurd is a national socialistic black metal band from Germany. The band was formed in 1992. Frontman of this band is Neo Nazi and former Satanist Hendrik Möbus The band became notable after its (original) members murdered the 15-year-old Sandro Beyer in 1993. These members are no longer in the band. It is believed that Beyer knew of a relationship between Schauseil's and a married woman. She had been spreading rumors about this and other things the band was doing. On 29 April in Sondershausen, Möbus, Schauseil, and Kirchner met with Beyer. The strangled him there with an electrical cord. Kirchner was reported as saying: “Oh shit—now I’ve completely ruined my life.” Schauseil said he heard voices in his head saying "“Kuster Maier”". This made no sense but was interpreted by him as "“töte Beyer”" (‘kill Beyer’). Nokturnal Mortum Nokturnal Mortum is a pagan black metal band from Ukraine. It is one of the major black metal bands from eastern Europe, along with Graveland and Lucifugum. Repo Man (movie) Repo Man is a 1984 comedy/science fiction movie starring Emilio Estevez and Harry Dean Stanton. It was written and directed by Alex Cox. The movie is about the life of a repo man, a person who steals cars legally from people who do not pay for them. The movie is well regarded for several reasons. First, it has talk and events that are both funny and strange. The music played in the movie is also a very good collection of punk rock music that was popular at the time. Also, the movie is not similar to most other movies that were made at the same time. Reggie Miller Reginald Wayne Miller (August 24, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. Miller was known for being a great jump shooter during his career. He played his entire career for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is from Riverside, California. Altarpiece An altarpiece is a work of art that has been made to go above the altar in a Christian church. An altarpiece can be a painting, or it can be carved from wood or stone. Some altarpieces have both paintings and sculptures. Subject matter. What do altarpieces show? There are three most common subjects, "The Virgin Mary and Christ Child", "Jesus crucified" and "Christ in Glory". These are three very important parts of Christian belief. Altars of The Virgin Mary and Christ Child were made to remind Christians that God came to Earth as Jesus, in the form of an ordinary helpless little baby, to grow up among people. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Christmas story. Altarpieces of Jesus on the cross were made to remind Christians that Jesus, who was pure and did not sin, died a horrible death like a robber and murderer so that Christians could be forgiven. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Easter story. Altarpieces that show Jesus sitting on a throne in Heaven were made to remind Christians that they need to put their lives right and turn to God because one day they will see him on his throne. These altarpieces are to remind Christians that they never know when their life might end and they should live every day in a way that pleases God. Saints and stories. Many altarpieces, as well as having one of the three main scenes, may have lots of other figures or lots of other small scenes. The other figures are usually saints. They might be shown standing around a throne where the Virgin Mary sits with Baby Jesus on her knee. Or they might be painted on separate pieces that are joined to the middle part of the altarpiece. These saints do not have to be people who were alive at the same time as Mary. They are more often the patron saint of the church or the favourites saints of the person who paid for the altarpiece. Smaller rectangular parts of the altarpiece often have stories painted in them. They may be stories from the Bible telling the life of Jesus, or they might tell the life of a saint. Size. How big are altarpieces? An altarpiece can be as small as a tiny painting put on the wall above a table in someone's home. Or it can be so big that it fills the wall of a huge cathedral. The word is usually used for artworks which are quite big. A small painting may be called a "Holy Picture" or an "Icon". Wood mouse The wood mouse ("Apodemus sylvaticus") is a common rodent. It is also known as the long-tailed field mouse, field mouse, common field mouse, and European wood mouse. Habitat. Almost entirely nocturnal, field mice burrow extensively, digging a series of chambers and runs. Their usual habitat is woodlands, fields and hedgerows, although they are also found in open grassland. History. The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna. The field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.), along with the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) and the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz & Schwartz), are one of only three recorded types of rodent present on the island. Based largely on moprphological studies of epigenetic variations, the source of the original founding population has been attributed to Norway with the most obvious date of introduction being presumed to be around the 9th century AD with the arrival of the Vikings. However, archaeological evidence now suggests that this species was present during the Middle Iron Age (around 200 BC - AD 400), and one theory proposes that Apodemus was in fact introduced from Orkney where a population had existed since at the least the Bronze Age.[3] Field mouse. Field mouse is the name for a large group of mice in the UK but the real field mouse is the Long Tailed Field Mouse or wood mouse. Appearance. They have a solid brown coat with a white belly as shown in the picture. For their size, they have very large eyes and ears. They grow to roughly 10 cm long and weigh 30 grams when full grown. Eating habits. They are omnivorous and eat a range of seeds, worms, berries, small insects and carrion. In deciduous woodland they will eat acorns and sycamore seeds for the winter, buds in spring, insects and seeds in summer and berries and fungi in autumn. However, they will eat their own tail if faced with starvation. Predators. They are prey to many animals, including owls and foxes and therefore have a short life, normally living for 6 to 12 months. However, in captivity they can live for over 20 months. They live in any place where it can find food or shelter but traditionally live in hedgerows, forests and grass lands. They make their nests wherever it is warm and there is cover. This means that they will usually nest underground but will nest in other warm environments. Psychology. The Field mouse has been proven to be extremely intelligent. If given time, it will think out a strategy before doing something. They have extremely small but sharp claws, which they use to dig into houses to scavenge food. They assess a situation before doing anything. They will judge whether it is too risky, dangerous or useless and they often look out for each other. However, if they are being chased, they will dart undercover or into small nooks and crannies. References. 1. ^ Goaman, K., Amery, H. (1983). Mysteries & Marvels of the Animal World: pg.15 2. ^ Schlitter & Van der Straeten (2004). Apodemus sylvaticus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern 3. ^ Nicholson, R.A., Barber, P., and Bond, J.M. (2005). New Evidence for the Date of Introduction of the House Mouse, Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz & Schwartz, and the Field Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) to Shetland. Environmental Archaeology 10 (2): 143-151 Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi was a legal code of Babylonia written about 1700 BC. It was written on a stele (a large stone monument), and put in a public place where everyone could see it. The stele was later captured by the Elamites and taken to their capital, Susa. It was found there again in 1901, and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The code of Hammurabi had 282 laws written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia. The Code of Hammurabi is the longest-surviving text from the Old Babylonian period. The code is an early example of a law regulating a government: a kind of primitive constitution. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the "presumption of innocence" (innocent until proven otherwise). It suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. History. The Code of Hammurabi was one of several sets of laws in the ancient Near East. The code of laws was arranged in groups, so that everyone who read the laws would know what was required of them. There were earlier laws, and later laws such as the Law of Moses in the Hebrew Bible. These codes come from cultures in a relatively small geographical area, and they have passages which resemble each other. The content. Nearly half the Code deals with contracts. It sets the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon. Other passages set the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. A third of the code concerns household and family matters such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behaviour. An eye for an eye. For each crime, a specific punishment is listed. Many of them look harsh to people now. The punishments included death, cutting off a body part, and the use of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" ideas. The penalties of Hammurabi's laws may seem cruel to modern readers, but the fact that he put into writing the laws of his kingdom is considered an important step forward in the growth of civilization. The Code of Hammurabi was one of many sets of laws in the Ancient Near East. Media player Media player is a word that describes computer software that can play more than one type of media (multimedia). Media players can usually play both audio (sound) and video files. Microsoft Windows comes with a media player already on it, Windows Media Player. Some other media players are Quicktime, iTunes, Real Player and Winamp. List of media players. Many media players use libraries. The library helps you organize, or catalog, your music into categories such as genre, year, rating or other. Good examples of media players that include media libraries are Winamp, Windows Media Player, iTunes, RealPlayer, Amarok and ALLPlayer. 19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly is a periodic comet. Periodic comets can only be seen from earth once every few years or decades. It was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1. Comet Borrelly was last seen from earth in September 2001 and will likely be seen again in July 2008. Microcontroller A microcontroller (abbreviated MCU or µC) is a computer system on a chip that does a job. It contains an integrated processor, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and programmable input/output peripherals, which are used to interact with electronic components connected to the chip. A microcontroller is different than a microprocessor, which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a Personal Computer). First released in 1971 by the Intel company, microcontrollers began to become popular in their first few years. The extremely useful Intel 8008 microprocessor was then released, but it was still impractical because of high cost for each chip. These first microcontrollers combined different types of computer memory on one unit. After people began to see how useful they were, micro controllers were constantly being upgraded, with people trying to find new ways to make them better. Cost was reduced over time and by the early 2000s, microcontrollers were widely used across the world. Other terms for a microcontroller are embedded system and embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, a single chip. In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general microprocessor, the microcontroller also has additional elements such as RAM for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, and other devices (peripherals). Microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors used in smartphones and personal computers. Clock speeds may be as little as 32 kHz, but this is useful for typical applications. They consume very little power (milliwatts or even micro watts). Microcontrollers are used in automatic products and devices, such as car engine systems, remote controls, machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. These are called embedded systems. Microcontrollers can also be found at work in solar power and energy harvesting, anti-lock braking systems in cars, and have many uses in the medical field as well. Like other integrated circuits, microcontrollers are designed on special masks, and are later treated with ultraviolet light, which creates special traces (usually made out of silicon) that build up different parts of the integrated circuit. Modern microcontrollers may use technology producing silicon traces as small as 2µm. Melodrama A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work where the plot is sensational. It appeals strongly to the emotions. It has crude characterization. Characters are simply-drawn, and stereotyped. Melodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words "melody" from the Greek "melōidía", meaning "song") and "drama". Originally it referred to the use of music in a play. A melodrama is often a play with very simple characters: a villain, hero, heroine, policeman, damsel in distress and an elderly person (which usually ends happily). Melodramas were popular in the Victorian era on the stage and in novels. In the 20th century the term came to mean bad, crude art, lacking thought. It is rarely applied to the inclusion of music. Skullhead Skullhead was a Rock Against Communism band from Newcastle, England. Their type of music is a blend of rock, Oi!, and heavy metal music. The band and lead singer, Kev Turner (known to many by the tattoo's he sports, including "Doc martin" boots on the side of his face, which appear like sideburns) were also heavily influenced by the Odinist religion, to which many of their songs refer too. Landser (band) Landser is a Neo-Nazi, Rock Against Communism rock band from Germany. Because of laws in Germany against speaking badly about the people that died during the Holocaust of World War II, several members of the band were put in prison. The Supreme Court of Berlin sentenced the members of the band to prison and fines for forming a criminal union as well as for incitement of the people and the distribution of radically right-wing propaganda in December 2003. In March 2005, the Federal Supreme Court in Karlsruhe upheld the prison sentence against a band member. This was the first time that a band had been called a criminal association by the highest federal court. Lily Allen Lily Rose Beatrice Allen-Cooper (born 2 May 1985) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She is a daughter of actor and musician Keith Allen. Early life. Allen was born in Hammersmith, West London to actor Keith Allen and film maker Alison Owen. She left school when she was fifteen. Career. She made her first album, called "Alright, Still" in 2006. It came out in the United States in early 2007. Four singles were released from the album. The first single, "Smile" was No.1 in the UK. It was the eleventh best selling single of 2006 there. The second single was "LDN". In 2008 she presented a talk show called "Lily Allen and Friends" on BBC Three. Her most recent album, "It's Not Me, It's You" was released in February 2009. It features two number one singles, "The Fear" and "Fuck You". Four other singles were released, "Not Fair", "22", "Who'd Have Known", and "Back to the Start". "The Fear" was the first single from the album. It was No.1 in Israel and Belgium. "Not Fair" reached No.4 in the UK, but it was more popular in other countries. "Fuck You" was released 10 July 2009 in Germany. "22" was released 24 August 2009. In 2009 she was in an episode of "Neighbors". In 2010 "Just Be Good to Green" was released as a single by Professor Green. Allen sung on the song. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. When Allen toured the United States in 2007, the American group Domino (Domino Kirke, and guitarist Jordan Galland) opened for her. In July 2013 she sung on Pink's single "True Love". In November 2013 Allen recorded a cover of Keane's "Somewhere Only We Know" for the Christmas advert for John Lewis. It reached No.1 in the UK and Ireland. On 12 November 2013, Allen released a video for her first song that wasn't a cover version since 2009, "Hard Out Here". It got 2.2 million views in two days. The single reached number nine in the UK. Her next album will be released in 2014. A new song called "L8 CMMR" was released on the soundtrack to the second season of "Girls". On 2 March Allen's next single "Air Balloon" was released. Personal life. From 2007 to 2008 Lily dated with musician Ed Simons. In January 2008 Allen miscarried their child at 2 months of pregnancy. On 11 June 2011 Lily married to her boyfriend of 2 years, businessman Sam Cooper. In November 2010, at age 25, Lily gave birth to their stillborn son. On 25 November 2011, at age 26, Allen gave birth to their daughter, named Ethel Mary Cooper. She gave birth to another daughter, Marnie Rose, in January 2013. Awards. BRIT Awards. Allen has been nominated for four BRIT Awards, but did not win any of them: Zerah Colburn Zerah Colburn (born Cabot, Vermont, 1804; died 1839) was a child prodigy. He became famous when he was a little boy because he could do unbelievably difficult sums very easily. However, he wasted his talent and never became a useful mathematician. Zerah’s father was a carpenter. He and his wife had six children, and they had very little money. When he was five he started to go to school. After six weeks his father heard him doing multiplication sums. His father asked him what 13 times 97 was. The boy immediately said “1261”. His father took him to Boston to show him to famous people. They asked the boy questions: what is 1449 times 1449? The boy said “2,099,601”. Someone else asked him how many seconds there were in 2000 years. He said “63,072,000,000”. His father looked for rich people who would pay for the boy’s education. In Boston $5000 was raised so that he did not have to be shown off in public all the time. Nevertheless, his father took him to Europe. In London people asked him more questions, e.g. is 4,294,967,297 a prime number? The boy said “No, it can be divided by 641”. People wanted the boy to explain how he did these calculations, but he could not say how he did it. He became famous. Napoleon was going to meet him, but he lost the Battle of Waterloo and was not able to make the visit. He went to school in Paris and then in London, but by the time he was 15 people were not interested in helping him any more. He joined a touring group of actors and got the part of in the play by Shakespeare. He met William Rowan Hamilton who was also a prodigy and who did become a famous mathematician. Zerah soon got fed up with mathematics and became a Methodist minister. He taught languages at Norwich University in Vermont. He wrote an autobiography in which he tried to explain how he did his calculations. When he died most people had forgotten about him. His nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a famous locomotive designer. Trivia. Zerah, like his father, had 12 fingers and 12 toes. Quedlinburg Quedlinburg (); Low Saxon: "Queddelnborg") is a city in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is . 22,795 people lived there in 2005. Quedlinburg is north of the Harz mountains. A small river called Bode flows through the city. In 1994, UNESCO added the old town Quedlinburg on the list of World Heritage Sites. History. In the year 922 the name Quedlinburg was first mentioned in a paper from King Henry I the Fowler of Germany. In the first half of the 10th century the Hungarians with their horses attacked many places all over central Europe. King Henry built up a castle to give the farmers around a place to hide. In 936 the king died and his body was buried on the castle hill in Quedlinburg. His widow, Matilda, and his son, King Otto I, set up a convent for ladies. The tasks of this convent included the commemoration of King Henry I and the education of young ladies to get better chances to get married. This convent on the hill was dissolved in 1803. First abbess of the ladies-convent was Matilda, the daughter of King Otto I and granddaughter of Queen Matilda. In the valley north of that hill in 994 King Otto III founded the old town. He was asked to do so by his aunt abbess Matilda. This old town was used by merchants to sell and buy textiles and so it grew larger. In the middle of the 12th century a new town was created by the abbess of the ladies-convent. In 1330 both towns were united. They got stronger in power and in 1477 they tried to get totally independent of the abbess. But military troops sent by the brothers of the abbess occupied both towns. All the citizens got under control of the abbess again. In 1541 the Protestant Reformation reached the convent and the town and everybody changed their beliefs to the Protestant religion. Surprisingly during the Thirty Years' War the town was not destroyed because the abbess made diplomatic arrangements with all the bypassing military leaders. Geography and Climate. The city is north of the Harz mountains around above sea water level . The nearby mountains reached about above sea level. Most of the town is on the western side of the river Bode's bank. The town area covers around 78,15 square kilometers. The average temperature of the year is 8,8 °C. January and February are the coldest months of the year, with an average temperature of 0,1 °C and 0,4 °C. July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 17,8 °C (63 °F) and 17,2 °C. The average annual rainfall is about 438 millimetres. The rainfall occurs usually between May and September. Rain in Quedlinburg is among the lowest in Germany, which has an annual average around 800 millimetres. Sister cities. Quedlinburg has partnerships with 5 cities. Each of the 5 boroughs also has their sister cities, sometimes called twin towns. DreamWorks DreamWorks Pictures, officially called DW II Distribution Co., LLC, also known as DreamWorks, LLC, DreamWorks SKG, DreamWorks Studios or DW Studios, LLC, is an American movie studio. It has made or sold more than ten movies which made more than $100 million each at the box-office. History. DreamWorks began in 1994. It was founded by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen (making the SKG at the bottom of the DreamWorks logo). They own 72% of the company. In December 2005, the founders agreed to sell the studio to Viacom. The sale was done in February 2006. In 2008, DreamWorks announced that it would split from Paramount. It signed a $1.5 billion deal to make movies with India's Reliance ADA Group. Reliance gave $325M to help recreate DreamWorks studio as its own company. Clark Hallren led the Reliance team in making plans for the company. The movie studio is 50% owned by Reliance. Reliance is led by Anil Ambani. The part of DreamWorks which makes animations was made into DreamWorks Animation SKG in 2004. Universal Studios Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City) is one of the major American movie studios that has production studios and offices at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. Distribution and other corporate, administrative offices are based in New York City. Universal is the very first major studio in Hollywood (Universal's ownership partner of NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan—which distributes anime by Universal worldwide—is the oldest). History. The founder of Universal, Carl Laemmle, was a German Jewish immigrant, settled in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he managed a clothing store. Idea. On a 1905 buying trip to Chicago, he was struck by the popularity of nickelodeons. Action. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe and Julius Stern. That company was quickly renamed the Independent Moving Picture Company, or IMP. In 1910, he actively promoted Florence Lawrence, then known as the "Biograph girl", and she became one of the first film stars to be used by a studio in its marketing. Merging. On June 8, 1912; Laemmle merged IMP with eight smaller companies to form the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, introducing the word "universal" into the organization's name. Among them were Mark Dintinfass, Charles Baumann and Adam Kessel, and Pat Powers. The name was later changed to Universal Pictures Company, Inc. Following the westward trend of the industry, in 1915, Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Other facilities. In 1926, Universal also opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced 3–4 movies per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With movies being able to have sound (those movies were called "talkies"), these productions were made in the German language or, sometimes, Hungarian or Polish. In the USA, Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's movies, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language movie distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this part of the company. The Laemmles lose control. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a movie company in the depths of the Great Depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations. The end. The end for the Laemmles came with a remake of "Show Boat", featuring many famous people from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935. However, Carl, Jr.'s spending habits surprised company stockholders, especially after the costly failure of "Sutter's Gold" earlier in the year. Problems. They would not allow production to start on "Show Boat" unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time in Universal's 26-year history that it had borrowed money for a production. Production problems resulted in a $300,000 overrun. When Standard called the loan in, a cash-strapped Universal could not pay. Results. "Show Boat" was released in 1936 and is widely considered to be one of the greatest movie musicals of all time. However, it was not enough to save the Laemmles, who were removed from the company they had founded. MCA takes over. By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was in trouble. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television caused the mass audience to stop visiting theaters, probably forever. The Music Corporation of America (better known as MCA), mainly a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Studios subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its (by now) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million. Although MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, it was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, and Cary Grant were signed to Universal Pictures contracts. First hits. Though Universal's movie unit did produce occasional movies, among them "Airport", "The Sting", "American Graffiti", and a movie that restored the company's fortunes, "Jaws", Universal in the 1970s was primarily a television studio. Weekly series production was the workhorse of the company. There would be other movies like "", "Back to the Future", and "Jurassic Park", but overall the movie business was still hit-and-miss. In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed movies by Paramount and Universal worldwide. It was replaced by United International Pictures in 1991, when Walt Disney Pictures joined the fold. Universal's library. Universal, like any other major movie studio, owns a huge library. Content. The company owns the libraries of USA Films, October Films, and the 1996-1999 movies by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (MGM owns most of the pre-1996 PolyGram library, though Universal owns a few movies from that time as well) and its subsidiaries, as well as (through parent NBC Universal) much of the post-1973 NBC library of shows and made-for-TV movies. It also owns several movies made by others, including some pre-1952 United Artists material, an Alfred Hitchcock feature originally released by Warner Bros. - "Rope", and the UK rights to most of the RKO Pictures library. Notes on early partners. In the early years of Universal, the company absorbed an amount of small firms. Among those early film-production studios (and their proprietors) were: For several years some of these junior partners carried considerable weight within Universal; inevitably factions and rivalries were the rule. At least one version of corporate history claims that the twenty-year-old Irving Thalberg rose so quickly because he told subordinates that he alone spoke for Carl Laemmle in making production decisions, while the others were more concerned with battling among themselves. Second Punic War The Second Punic War was a conflict fought in 218 BC - 201 BC between Rome and Carthage. The majority of Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal. Hannibal scared the Romans by invading them over the mountains from Hispania with war elephants. He won the Battle of the Trebia and kept winning battles by being a good general. In the Battle of Cannae he destroyed the biggest army the Romans had ever used. After that, the Romans avoided fighting Hannibal, and concentrated on defeating his allies. This became known as the Fabian strategy. Each side had many allies, but most of Rome's allies were loyal whilst Carthage's allies switched sides. Hannibal, even though he was doing well, eventually had to leave and go back to defend Carthage. In North Africa, Scipio Africanus won the Battle of Zama, which cemented Rome's victory over Carthage. The Second Punic War ruined the power of Carthage. Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin for the next 600 years. Battle of Zama Zama was a battle in Carthage around 19 October 202 BC. There were elephants as well as ground infantry. Scipio Africanus won. Hannibal lost. It was the last battle in the Second Punic War. Touchstone Pictures Touchstone Pictures (also known as Touchstone Films in its early years) is one of several alternate movie labels of The Walt Disney Company, established in 1984. Its releases typically feature more mature themes than those that gets released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner. Touchstone Pictures is merely a brand and does not exist as a separate company: the two actual companies behind it are Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Group and Walt Disney Pictures (formerly "Walt Disney Pictures and Television"). Background. Ratings. Walt Disney Productions' "The Black Hole" (1979) was the first Disney movie to get a PG rating. Over the next few years, Disney made more PG rated movies, like the 1981 movie "Condorman", 1982's "Tron" and 1983's "Never Cry Wolf" and "Trenchcoat". First release. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) for Disney in 1984, Ron W. Miller released Touchstone's first movie, "Splash". "Splash" showed star Daryl Hannah in a short nude scene included brief nudity on the part of star Daryl Hannah and some bad words were used which made the movie get a PG-rating. Another Disney film label was started in 1990, Hollywood Pictures, with the showing of the movie "Arachnophobia". Later releases. Many movies from the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group were shown under the names of the different parts of the Walt Disney Pictures group Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures names before finally settling for one. Examples include; "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", "Dick Tracy", "The Rocketeer", "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "The Santa Clause", "Remember the Titans", "Sweet Home Alabama", "Bringing Down the House", "National Treasure", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" and "". Touchstone Television. The studio's former television division, Touchstone Television Productions, LLC (formerly known as Touchstone Pictures and Television and later Touchstone Television), is known for producing the series "The Golden Girls", "Blossom", "Boy Meets World", "My Wife and Kids", "Desperate Housewives", "Lost", "Grey's Anatomy," and "Scrubs". The latter four series are now produced by successor company ABC Studios. United States Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard is one of the 5 branches of the military of the United States. It is a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry and security of the United States on seas, lakes and rivers. To do this, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters and airplanes to stop smuggling and other crime and terrorism, and to rescue ships and boats in danger. The Coast Guard traces its roots back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was created by Congress on 4 August 1790. As such, the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. The modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915. This is when the U. S. Congress ordered the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to merge into a single service. The Coast Guard can become part of the Department of the Navy during war, but it is not now. It became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003. History. The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats called "cutters". The service was first suggested in a letter by Alexander Hamilton as a way to collect tariffs which were being lost to smuggling. They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries. The first Coast Guard station was in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, the Revenue Cutter Service was the only naval force of the early United States. The modern Coast Guard can be said to date to 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service when Congress formalized the existence of the new organization. In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard's purview. In 1942, the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard. In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter "Harriet Lane" fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II. More often, military and combat units within the Coast Guard will operate under Navy or joint operational control while other Coast Guard units will remain under the Department of Homeland Security. Sean Paul Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and rapper. Sean Paul appeared as himself in the 1998 movie "Belly". In 2000 he released his first album, "Stage One". In 2003 Sean Paul had his first number one single. He was featured on Beyoncé Knowles' 2003 number one single "Baby Boy". In 2003 he also rapped on Blue Cantrell's UK number one single "Breathe". In 2006 Sean Paul rapped in Rihanna's single "Break It Off". He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single "Shake Señora" with T-Pain. Sean Paul's sixth album "Full Frequency" will be released on February 18, 2014. The first single off the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013. It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart. "Full Frequency" includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea. Bamberg (district) Bamberg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. About 145,000 people live there. Theo Jörgensmann Theo Jörgensmann (born Bottrop, 29 September 1948) is a German jazz clarinet player and composer. Italian Plague of 1629-1631 The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death. German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people. In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people. It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657. Zama Zama can be: Norwich Norwich is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England. Norwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom. Norwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk. Pir Sultan Abdal Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet. Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, a faith community in Islam. He lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish. In his poems, he used a direct and clear language. The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam. Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people. He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God. He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire. William Byrd William Byrd (born probably 1539 or 1540; died Stondon Massey, 4 July 1623) was an English composer. He wrote music of all types that were popular then: keyboard music for virginals and for the organ, vocal music, especially choral music, both for the church (“sacred”) as well as non-sacred (“secular”). Byrd lived in a time of great changes. Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic church and had founded the Anglican Church. The monarch (king or queen) was the Head of the Church of England. During Byrd’s lifetime the monarchs who reigned had different ideas about what church music should be like. Byrd was always a Catholic. This sometimes made life difficult for him, but he was always faithful to the monarchy, and he had a lot of tact in dealing with people. Byrd grew up in the Renaissance period. He lived into the 17th century which is the period known in music as the Baroque period. His Story. Youth. We know very little about Byrd’s early life. Most books say that he was born in 1543, but a document that was found recently makes us think he was probably born late in 1539 or in 1540. He may have come from Lincoln which is where his first job was, but he probably had some of his education in London. This is likely because we know he was a pupil of Thomas Tallis who worked in London. Tallis was in charge of the music of the Chapel Royal which was the best choir in England, and it is likely that Byrd sang in the choir when he was a boy. Queen Mary was on the throne at the time. She was Catholic and she liked church music to be quite long and complicated, with Latin words. This gave composers lots to do, and the young Byrd started composing church music at this time. Lincoln period. Around 1563 Byrd got the job of Organist and Choir Master of Lincoln Cathedral. This was an important job for such a young man, and he had an extra-large salary, so people must have thought he was a very good musician. By this time Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne. She had different ideas from Mary. She was Protestant, and liked church music to be simpler, although she still liked the Latin service. In Lincoln Byrd was sometimes told off for playing organ music that was too long and complicated. Byrd composed a lot of music for the cathedral. He also married in 1568 and they had at least seven children. Chapel Royal. In 1570 he got a job as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in London. He may have done both jobs for a year or two, and he certainly continued to write music for Lincoln for some years after that. He settled in London and started to make many friends. He was very careful to get to know lots of important people who would be able to help him in his career. In 1575 Queen Elizabeth gave William Byrd and Thomas Tallis together a patent for music publishing. This meant that they earned some money for every bit of music that was published, printed or sold in England. Music publishing had only just started in England. It was still very expensive to have music printed. Byrd thanked the Queen by publishing some of his Latin motets and dedicating them to her. They were called "Cantiones Sacrae" ("Sacred Songs"). He also wrote a collection of "Psalmes, Sonets and Songs" (1588) and "Songs of Sundrie Natures" (1589). His church music includes settings of the Service and many anthems such as the popular "Sing joyfully". Later years. In 1593 he moved with his family to Stondon Massey in Essex. He spent the rest of his life there. Most of his church music from that time on was in Latin. He wrote three settings of the Mass and two books of "Gradualia" which were large collections of music for the whole year. Byrd also wrote a lot of keyboard music. Some of it was for a collection called "My Ladye Nevells Booke", some of it was for the "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book". He died on July 4, 1623, and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Stondon churchyard. His music. Byrd’s music has a lot of variety, largely because of the different ideas people had various times during the period. There were lots of political and religious arguments between groups of people. In the early 17th century people were often sent to prison for writing Catholic music. Byrd seems to have escaped such punishment, although he was involved in several lawsuits. He was lucky that he was able to continue to live as a free man and compose. Being on good terms with the Queen must have helped him. Byrd wrote music for the Anglican church and for the Roman Catholic Church. His "Cantiones Sacrae" published in 1589 and 1591 are collections of Latin motets. These are the very best of Byrd’s works, and better than anything that was being written in Europe at that time. He probably wrote them for private (illegal) gatherings of Catholics, so this meant that he could write in whatever style he wanted. His music is very contrapuntal, representing the best of the English Renaissance style. His Latin church music was forgotten after his death. It only became popular in the early 20th century when it was rediscovered. Byrd also wrote very beautiful music for viols as well as a lot of keyboard music. Cuneiform Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus. The name "cuneiform" itself means "wedge shaped", from the Latin "cuneus" "wedge" and "forma" "shape". It came into English usage probably from the Old French "cunéiforme." It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract. Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct. All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century. Menes Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire. He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital. There is a lot of archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for a pharaoh named Menes. It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, the pharaoh before Narmer, or Hor-Aha, who ruled after him. More than 2000 years later Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that Menes ruled for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus. An image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building. Bast Bastet was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats. She was the warrior daughter and defender of Ra, who sent her to fight his archenemy Apep. As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, after Sekhet, the lioness, and consequently of the chief god Ra. Bast is also known as Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasch. She was worshiped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast ("Bubastis" in Greek), which was named after her. Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt and her image was that of a fierce lion. The name Bast means '(female) devourer'. In later times Bast became the goddess of protection and blessing and was the protectress of women, children and domestic cats. She was the goddess of sunrise, music, dance and pleasure as well as family, fertility and birth. When Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, was connected to him (sometimes viewed as his wife and sometimes as his mother) until Anubis became Nephthys' son. This gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, following Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt, meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she became seen as a domestic cat and not as a lioness. Owing to associations with the maternal nature of cats, Bast was also regarded as a good mother and she was commonly depicted with kittens. Sometimes Egyptian women who wanted children wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens; the number of kittens on the amulet would correspond to how many children the woman wanted to have. Worship. Bastet (Bast) was the most honored feline deity in Ancient Egypt. The cult of Bastet started around the town of Bubastis, located in the Eastern Delta in Lower Egypt (around 3,200 B.C.), and was an important town from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period. During early Egyptian times the city was called Per-Bast which translates into “the domain of Bast”. Later the city was called Bubastis and is today known as Tell Basta. Bastet was worshipped throughout other regions of the Egyptian region as well. Bast was worshipped in Memphis (during the Old Kingdom), where she was associated with Sekhmet; in Heliopolis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was called the “Daughter of Tem” (connected to Tefnut); in a city called “Hill of Bast” in the precinct of Mut in Thebes (during the New Kingdom) and in the city of Nit during the Late Period. Festivals celebrating Bastet were held in the cities of Bubastis, Memphis, Thebes (Luxor) and Esna. Names of the elaborate festivals of Bastet included: “Procession of Bastet”, “Bastet Protects the Two Lands”, “Bastet Goes Forth from Per-Bast”, “Bastet Appears Before Ra” and the “Festival of Hathor and Bastet”. Her main festivals were celebrated in April and May in Bubastis. Her festivals were characterized by music, dancing and wine and were some of the most popular festivals in Egypt at the time. For some festivals, over 700,000 people came from all over Egypt, often in boats, sailing along the Nile. In Bubastis, the festival began by making sacrifices to Bastet. The Temple of Bast stood in the town center so that it could be seen from everywhere and stood on raised ground. The outside wall of the temple was decorated with pictures of animals and inside the temple was a courtyard, planted with a grove of trees surrounding her shrine. Worshippers came from all over Egypt, often leaving offerings, bronze statues, amulets and mummified cats in her temple. Thousands of these cats were later found in underground crypts where her temple once stood. During the days of celebration, the Egyptians spent many days making music, dancing and being joyful. Worshippers went to her temple playing instruments, beating drums, shaking tambourines, carrying sistras (sacred rattles), singing and dancing through the streets. On the last night of the festival, a single light would be lit inside the Temple of Bast and from there the light would spread through the town, carried by devotees. Prayers throughout the night would be accompanied by music and incense. Bast was important in worship and the Egyptian people would make sacrifices to her of spices, water, wine, milk, bread and meat. Gifts of gold, diamonds, silver, perfumes and other riches would also be given. The people of Egypt would also dance and sing to her because was the goddess of both dance and song. Relatives. Bastet’s father was Ra, the God of the Sun and All Creation. Hathor (Sekment), the cow-headed god of the sky and women, was also a daughter of Ra. Hathor had two sons named Nefertem (meaning 'water lily' or 'the sun' or 'he who is beautiful'), the God of Healing, and Maahes, a solar lion-headed God of War. Bastet did not have a mother because Ra, as the Creator deity, was called “The Great He-She” and was considered to be able to be both male and female. Bastet's husband was Ptah, the god of Craftsmen, Rebirth and Creation. When associated with Isis, Bastet was sometimes called the “Soul of Isis”. These familial associations are somewhat misleading, however, because Egyptian gods shared relationships beyond traditional family contexts. Sekhmet, Bastet and dozens of other goddesses were considered to be “Eyes-of-Ra”. Bastet and Sekhmet were paired, for example, but they were paired geographically and not as opposite personalities of Bastet. The main place of Bastet’s worship was in Lower Egypt while Sekhmet was worshipped primarily in Upper Egypt. Egyptians traditionally associated Bastet as a “She of the North” and Sekhmet as a “She of the South”. Sometimes Bastet was also called “Lady of the East” (Protectress of the Eastern Delta) while Sekhmet was called the “Lady of the West” (Protectress of the Western Delta). Ra "This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re. For the chemical element, see Radium" In Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun. He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt. He had many names, such as Amun-Ra, and Ra-Horakhty. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he travelled through the underworld. This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead. He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods. Name. Ra was thought to be the god of the sun and creation. Ra’s name came from Re and Amun. The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt. When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re. Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra. From then on people called him Re or Ra. Ra used to mean “mouth” in the Egyptian language. Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc. Looks. Ra has many forms. His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him. He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man. One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god. Friends and enemies. Some time around the Middle Kingdom, Ra and Osiris became friends. This was unusual because Osiris lived in the Underworld and Ra lived in the Heavens. All the other gods wanted to be friends with Ra. They hoped that if they were friends with Ra, Ra would tell them his hidden name. But Ra did have some enemies. Seth was sometimes Ra’s enemy, but Seth "did" help Ra fight Apep, a snake god. The fact that Seth helped Ra reminded all of the gods that Seth was not all bad. Isis was another enemy of Ra, she had tricked him into giving her his hidden name so her husband Osiris could be king of the gods. Worship. The cult of Ra began to grow from around the time of the II Dynasty, establishing Ra as the sun god. By the IV Dynasty, the Pharaohs were seen as "Sons of Ra". His worship increased much in the V Dynasty, when he became a state deity. Pharaohs had pyramids, obelisks, and solar temples built in his honor. Powers. Ra was believed to be the greatest Egyptian god when it came to powers. His powers live in his hidden name. Only he knew his hidden name so only he could use the powers. It was said that he had the best powers throughout the land. He could make anything, he made people, he made the world, and he made the heavens. That is how great his powers were. One day Isis wanted to have his powers so she sent a serpent to poison him on his daily walk. The serpents venomous bite was so painful that Ra gave in and told her his secret name of creation.Then Isis banished Ra to the Duat, (Spirit World), so Osiris her husband could be king. Family. Ra's daughter with Nut (his granddaughter) was named Hathor, the goddess of love. Ra had two children Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the goddess of morning dew. They had two children named Nut, the goddess of the sky and Geb, the god of earth. They had four children named Isis, the goddess of home, Nephthys, the goddess of mourning, Set, the god of the desert, and Osiris, god of the afterlife. They paired up and had two more children, Anubis, god of embalming, and Horus, god of the sky. Jim Morrison James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8, 1943 - July 3, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of rock band The Doors. Early years. Morrison was of English, Scottish and Irish descent. His father was an officer for the United States Navy. This meant that he moved around very often. Morrison did not have many friends and read many books. When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture. In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The Doors of Perception. One day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek. Manzarek had also gone to UCLA. Morrison sang some verses of "Moonlight Drive". Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him. Morrison agreed and came up with the name "The Doors". The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book "The Doors of Perception" whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."). The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger. In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience. After a while, he learned the play with them instead. He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by rock idol Nick Serven. The Lizard King. Morrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol. Morrison had a problem with alcohol. He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one. He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors. He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict. In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and "exposed" himself. My only friend, the end. The last album, "L.A. Woman" was released in 1971. It is thought to be one of the band's best albums. That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris. The July 3, he was found dead in his bathroom. The cause of his death is still not clear. Some believe that his heart failed or it was an overdose. Other people think it could have been a murder. His grave is at the Père-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Molière and many other great poets and authors. Anchovy Anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small but common schooling saltwater plankton-feeding fish. They are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans. Anchovies are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas. Biology. The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections. These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin. It is maximum in length. The body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations. The snout is blunt with small, sharp teeth in both jaws. The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides, two fish which they closely resemble. It eats plankton and fish larvae. The Anchovy can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays. Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C. The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore, near the surface of the water. Habitat. There are many Anchovies in the Mediterranean. They are regularly caught on the coasts of Sicily, Italy, France and Spain. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway. As a food source. The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, sharks, chinook, and coho salmon. It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, California brown pelicans and elegant terns. The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance. As time progresses and the anchovy population drops, the population of the predatory species are also expected to decline. They are also eaten by humans. Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine, matured, then packed in oil, are an important food fish, both popular and infamous for their strong flavor. In Roman times, they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called "garum" that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities. Today they are a key ingredient in Caesar salad and Spaghetti alla Puttanesca, and are often used as a pizza topping. Because of the strong flavour they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Café de Paris butter. They are most commonly marketed in small tins, either as "flat" filets, or as "rolled anchovies" where each fillet is rolled around a caper. Both are quite salty. The flat fillets are usually more salty than the rolled anchovies. They are also marketed in jars and tubes as a paste, mostly for use in making sauces, such as anchovy essence. Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass. The strong taste that people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as "alici", have a much softer and gentler flavor. In English-speaking countries, "alici" are sometimes called "white anchovies", and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade. This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of Collioure in south east France. The white fillets (a little like marinated herrings) are sold in heavy salt, or the more popular garlic or tomato oil and vinegar marinade packs. The European anchovy, "Engraulis encrasicolus", is the anchovy of commerce. Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies. The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters, though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century. "Setipinna taty" or "ikan bilis" is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals. Anchovy is also used to produce budu, by fermentation process. Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning. Fishing. Overfishing of anchovies has been a problem. Since the 1980s, large mechanized anchovy fishing vessels based in France have caught the fish in fine-mesh dragnets. Spain beaching incident. On September 29th, 2006, it was reported in the Associated Press that millions of anchovies with a weight of over three tons, had beached themselves in northern Spain, near Colunga, Asturias. Tests on the dead fish did not detect any toxic chemical that could have caused the beaching, and the current working theory is that the school beached itself trying to escape from "hungry dolphins or tuna." If the beached specimens had grown to maturity, it would have been more than "100 tons of potential breeders." Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia. They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In the past, Indigenous Australians used weapons like boomerangs sticks and spears to kill animals for food. It is unknown where they came from and how they appeared in Australia. It is estimated they first arrived in their homeland between 50,000 and 65,000 years BP. Aboriginal people have their own type of art. Many indigenous Australians suffered when Europeans from Britain and Ireland arrived in Australia. Disease and the loss of their hunting lands are two of the reasons. History of Aboriginal Australia. The first people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia. Scientists do not know exactly when they arrived but it is at least 60,000 years ago. When the British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people "aboriginals", meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times. There are now about 650,000 Aboriginal people living in Australia. Dreamtime. Aboriginal Australians believe that they have animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it. This process of creation is called Dreamtime. There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children. Art. The modern-day art of the Aboriginal Australians is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime. Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay, others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old. Boomerangs. The typical boomerang is designed to be self-returning, but it has to be properly thrown. Modern computer-designed boomerangs may have three or four wings instead of the traditional two. Boomerangs have been discovered in cultures with no connection with Australia (such as ancient Egypt), so their design was presumably mutually independent. Boomeramgs are one of a group of weapons known as "throwsticks". Land claims. When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty: that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans used that word. This was called "terra nullius", Latin words for "empty land". In 1976, the Australian government agreed that Aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the right to use the land. On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of "terra nullius" was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title. If Aboriginal people can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as Aboriginal land. Ian Thorpe Ian Thorpe (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. He won five gold medals at Olympic Games. He was the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championships (which he did in 2001) until Michael Phelps won seven in 2007. He is known for having large feet. At the age of 14, he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia, A large baby, Thorpe weighed 4.1 kg (9.02 lb) and measured 0.59 m (1 ft 11 in) in length at birth. On 12 July 2014, Thorpe revealed he is gay. Cathy Freeman Cathy Freeman, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a retired Australian sprinter. She ran mostly in the 400 metres event. She became the Olympic champion for the women's 400 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She lit the Olympic Flame at the beginning of the 2000 games. She has won several medals at the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics, and the IAAF World Championships. She retired from athletics in 2003. Freeman was born in Slade Point, Mackay, Queensland. She is Aboriginal. Her mother was born in the Manbarra community on Palm Island. Freeman was raised as a Bahá'í. In 1998, she was awarded Australian of the Year. In 2001, she was given both the World Sportswoman of the Year and the Medal of the Order of Australia. Paris Hilton Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American socialite, media personality, model, singer, author, fashion designer, actress, businesswoman and DJ. Her great-grandfather founded the Hilton Hotels. She is an heiress (meaning she will receive part of the Hilton Hotel fortune which her family runs). Right now she lives in the city of Los Angeles, which is in the state of California. She used to have a little dog named Tinkerbell, who was a small type of Chihuahuha. Hilton has been in the media for various reasons. She has become well known for the bad behaviour she sometimes shows in public. Another reason for her fame is that a home-made sex video (with her former boyfriend, Rick Salomon) leaked onto the Internet in 2003. Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie were the stars of the reality show "The Simple Life" for five seasons. Early life and background. Paris Hilton was born in New York City. Paris is the oldest of four children. Her father is Richard and her mother is Kathy. She has a sister named Nicky who is three years younger than she is, and younger brothers, Conrad and Barron. Her grandfather is Barron Hilton and her great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton. Her step-great-grandmother was actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor. Paris Hilton lived in the Waldorf-Astoria area of Manhattan, which is part of New York City. She also lived in Beverly Hills, which is part of Los Angeles, and the Hamptons, which is on Long Island in New York. As a child she was good friends with Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian. Her other childhood best friend is Nicky Hilton, her sister, who she spent a lot of time with and she still does. She went to her first year of high school at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage, California. Then she went to the Dwight School in New York for her second and third years of high school. She then had to move to the Canterbury Boarding School, in New Milford, Connecticut. Hilton played ice hockey there. She was forced to stop going to the school in the year 1999 because she did not follow the school rules. Hilton has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Career. As a model. When Paris Hilton was a child she began modeling, most often at charity events. When she was 19, she joined with Donald Trump's modeling agency, T Management. Hilton has also worked with Ford Models in New York, Models 1 Agency in London, Nous Model Management in Los Angeles, and Premier Model Management in London. Her picture is in many advertisements, and some of them are Iceberg Vodka, GUESS, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, and Marciano. In 2001, people started looking at her as a socialite, and everyone called her "New York's leading 'It Girl'" (a girl who is good at knowing what clothes are stylish to wear and knows the latest gossip). Actress film roles. Paris Hilton has appeared in a few movies. Her biggest role was in a scary movie called "The House of Wax". She also played small roles, called cameo roles, in the movies "Zoolander", "Wonderland", and "The Cat In The Hat". She played supporting roles in "Nine Lives, Raising Helen", and "The Hillzu". She was the hottie in the 2008 movie "The Hottie and the Naughty". More recently, Hilton plays Amber Sweet, the surgery- and painkiller-addicted daughter of a biotech magnate in the goth/rock musical "Repo! The Genetic Opera". Hilton is most famous in her movie career for a sex tape she filmed with then-boyfriend Rick Salomon. The tape was soon leaked onto the internet and became very famous. It features Hilton performing oral sex on Solomon and copulating with him and features some night-vision camera. Reality television. Paris Hilton is known for television shows the "Simple Life" and "The Simple Life 2". She did the show with her friend Nicole Richie. It was broadcasted on FOX TV until 2004 and was then picked up by E! Network for two more seasons before cancellation in 2006. Hilton mclaren p1 has also played guest roles, in episodes of The O.C., The George Lopez Show, Las Vegas, American Dreams, Dogg After Dark, and Veronica Mars. Also, she was in a few music videos, for example "It Girl" by John Oates and "Just Lose It" by clawfinger zeroes and heroes . In April 2008, she guest starred on the My Name is Earl episode "I Won't Die with a Little Help from My Friends". Another famous show she is on right now is "Paris Hilton's My New BFF". On this show girls try to become Paris's new best friend. Singer. Paris released her debut studio album which is called "Paris". They include the songs "Screwed", and "Stars are Blind", which was a hit in 17 different countries. Author. In early 2004, Paris Hilton began selling a book about herself, "Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose", which was mostly written by Merle Ginsberg. The book has hundreds of photographs of her and contains her advice on life as an heiress. Hilton reportedly received a $100,000 advance payment for this book. The book was made fun of by Robert Mundell on The Late Show with David Letterman. The book became a New York Times bestseller. Hilton then made a designer diary, also mostly made by Merle Ginsberg, called "Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me". Amun Amun was one of the eight ancient Egyptian gods who formed the Ogdoad of Hermopolis. He was the god of the air and his consort was Ament (Amaunet). In Egyptian mythology, Amun was a very powerful god. He was often combined with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra. At one point in Egyptian history, he was called the "King of the Gods". Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and sometimes Imen, "Egyptian" Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt. In later years, bined with Horus into one god. He began as a Theban wind and fertility god and ended up the supreme deity, with most of Egypt's vast wealth dedicated to his temple. Around the second millennium B.C.E., Thebes and its cult of Amun grew so powerful that it threatened worship of the sun god, Ra. The two deities merged. Amun-Ra was hailed as a national god, the creator of the universe, the pharaoh's personal protector, and the god of war. Origin of name. Amun's name is first recorded as "imn". That means "The hidden (one)". Vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, but Egyptologists think the name survives into the Coptic language as "Amoun." Creator. It was thought that he had created himself and then created everything else while remaining distant from the rest of the world. In that sense, he was the original inscrutable and indivisible creator. Amun was shown in human form, seated on a throne, wearing on his head a plain deep circlet from which rise two straight parallel plumes, maybe meant as had no father When Amun had become more important than Menthu, the local war god of Thebes, Menthu was called the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she, and thus Amun, had adopted Menthu instead. Aten Aten is the disk of the Sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and an aspect of the Sun-god Ra. Aten was pictured as a sun with rays that ended in hands. The deified Aten is the focus of the monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship and recognition of the Aten. In his poem "Great Hymn to the Aten", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, and giver of life. Akhenaten was the first person to attempt to make a monotheistic religion. The worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb. Clam A clam is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. This is a common usage term, and so includes quite a variety of shellfish. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum Mollusc. There are many clams in the ocean, but some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers. The word 'clam' is often applied to those that are edible and live almost of their lives halfway buried in the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two aductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. Clams for cooking do not live attached to rocks (whereas oysters and mussels do). Clams are often got by digging and cooked and served as clam chowder. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood. Clams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid. Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide. The shell has three layers. The top one is called mother-of-pearl because it is a coating of pearl material. A living freshwater clam can work like a filter in fish tanks to keep the water clean. Life span. Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders. Bes Bes was the ancient Egyptian god of protection of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family. He was a dwarf wearing a lion's skin. Bes does not look like he is Egyptian. He is like gods found in other parts of Africa. To scare away demons during birth, Bes would dance around the room, shaking his rattle and yelling to scare away demons that might put a curse on the child. After the child was born, Bes would stay by him/her. When a baby laughed or smiled for no reason, Egyptians believed that Bes was somewhere in the room making funny faces. His name appears to be connected to a Nubian word for "cat", "besa", which literally means "protector". Egyptians kept cats in order to attack snakes, and creatures that might ruin crop stores, such as mice, and so Bes was naturally singled out as worthy of worship in Egypt. Worship. Images of the god were kept in homes to protect from evil and so he was shown quite differently from the other gods. Normally gods were shown in profile, but instead Bes appeared in portrait, and sometimes in a soldier's tunic, so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil. In the New Kingdom, tattoos of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls. Like many Egyptian gods, the worship of Bes was exported overseas, and he was popular with the Phoenicians and the (ancient) Cypriots. Purpose. Bes, the family god, protected children from the dangers of snakes and scorpions. Like the hippopotamus god Taweret, Bes was the protector of women in childbirth. The Egyptians put a statue in their room or a carving over their bed to protect them from bad dreams. He brought good luck and good health to all that honored him. This household deity was also the god of music, dance and pleasure. Physical Description. Bes was shown in full-face, unlike the other gods who were drawn in profile. This bandy-legged, large bellied dwarf wore an animal pelt and feathered headdress. He brandished a weapon or played a musical instrument while hopping about. Bes’ tail and lion’s mane stood out from his dwarfish features. With his tongue sticking out or teeth bared, this god had a place in every home. History. Bes started out as multiple demons, which morphed to form a rearing lion as his first combined form. His power increased from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom. He started out as the protector of the pharaoh but shifted to being worshiped by civilians. In the New Kingdom, the female form, Beset developed from Bes. Items with his depiction were common in a very broad field, which included Sub-Sahara Africa, modern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria and Assyria. This implies that Bes was highly popular in the Middle East. The fact that Bes was depicted full-face suggests he originated from Africa. Hokkaido Wolf The Hokkaido wolf "(Canis lupus hattai)" is a subspecies of Gray Wolf. Scientists believe it became extinct in 1889. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did. In the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese farmers wanted to have American-style ranches for raising livestock. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to import livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, the farmers started to kill them, by using poison. Hornet Hornets are the largest of the social wasps. They can reach up to 55mm (5.5 cm, 2.2in) in length. The "true hornets" make up the genus Vespa. True hornets can be distinguished from other vespines by the form of their head. Hornets live in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They live in warm and wet forests, and in desert climates. They do not occur in climates where it is cold all year round. Life-cycle. First a queen starts to build a nest. This depends on the weather. In North America this happens in spring. As the hornet that starts to build the nest, she is the architect of the nest's design. In the built space she will lay eggs. These hatch, and become larvae. The queen will feed the first larvae, until they make a cocoon. After transforming, they will become the first "workers". These will do most of the work. The workers will build a hierarchy amongst themselves. If the space where the nest is built becomes too small, the colony will move to another spot. In autumn young queens will hatch. Young males will hatch from unfertilized eggs. These males are called drones. The young queens will build a cocoon to spend the winter, once they have been fertilized. All the other animals will die with the first frost. Prey. Hornets and yellowjackets are good for gardens. This is because their prey is mostly made of insects which are considered pests. They also feed on bees, but their colonies only last for a year, they die in winter. A medium-sized colony, made of 300-400 animals will need about 500g (half a kilo, 1 lb) of food per day, during the high season, that is in the summer months. Animals hunted include flies, wasps, bees, locusts, beetles, caterpillars, dragonflies and spiders. Hornets and other animals. Animals called "hornets". Hornets are often confused with yellowjackets. Yellowjackets are smaller, and their coloring is different. They are bright yellow and black. Yellowjackets are attracted to the "sweetness" of human foods, especially in autumn. Hornets feed on live insects, this sweetness does not attract them. Some other large wasps are sometimes referred to as "hornets". This is particularly true for the bald-faced hornet in North America. The bald-faced hornet is mostly black and white in coloring. This is very different from the black-and-yellow coloring of other wasps. It is set apart by its black and ivory coloration. The name "hornet" is used for this and related species mainly because of their habit to make aerial nests (similar to the true hornets') rather than the nests underground the wasps use. Another example is the Australian hornet, which is actually a species of potter wasp. Animals that look like hornets. There are some animals that have changed their appearance to look like hornets. In these case, looking like a hornet is a defense for the animal, because it will be attacked less often. These animals include the Lunar Hornet Moth, the Hornet Moth, the Hornet Mimic Hoverfly. This behaviour is called Batesian mimicry Animals living with hornets. There is a kind of beetle, called "Velleius dilatatus" that lives with hornet nests. It lives from the leftovers of the hornets' food, and from dead hornets. It finds hornet nests with its very good sense of smell. Hornets and people. Dealing with flying hornets. Flying hornets which are hunting and which are not close to their nest will usually not sting, unless they feel threatened. They should not be squeezed; making a breeze at them can also irritate them and make them feel threatened. Hornets hunt when there is only little light available - humans will call it darkness. Like other insects they are attracted to light. If possible, the light should be extinguished for a short time. The hornets will then continue as usual. If it is not possible to put out the light, a glass jar can be used to catch the hornet. With a paper under the glass, the hornet can then be transported to a safe place away from that light where it can be released. Dealing with hornet nests. Hornets will defend their nest, or hive. Depending on the species of hornet, they will do this in a radius of between . Concussions within that radius should be avoided. If they are disturbed often, they will make this radius bigger. There are specially trained people who can move hornet nests - note that in many parts of Europe, the hornet is an endangered species; killing a hornet, destroying or disturbing a hornet nest can lead to a fine. Stings. Hornets have a stinger. They use this to kill prey, and to defend themselves. Grants. The Foundation was originally called the "Getty Grant Program." That program began in 1984 under the direction of Deborah Marrow. The J. Paul Getty Trust can spend up to 0.75% of its endowment on gifts and grants; by 1990 the Getty Grant Program (then based in Santa Monica) had made 530 grants totaling $20 million to "art historians, conservators and art museums in 18 countries". Among notable grants of the Program were grants to partially fund the publication of books, for example to "provide for additional illustrations or allow a book's purchase price to be lowered". Some books "published with the assistance of the Getty Grant Program" were: In 1998, the Program granted $750,000 for electronic cataloging to art museums in the Los Angeles area. The program awarded $180,000 in 1999 to the National Gallery in Prague to digitize images of works of art in its collections. In 2005, the program awarded the University of California, Los Angeles and to the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston almost $400,000 to "support the documentation and preservation of Latino and Latin American art". The name of the Getty Grant Program was changed to "Getty Foundation" in 2005 to "better reflect[] the expanded scope of the Getty's grant-making over the past two decades and reaffirm[] its commitment to philanthropy going forward". Grants made by the Foundation include funding the Multicultural Undergraduate Internship Program, begun in 1993, "seeks to increase staff diversity within visual arts organizations" in Los Angeles County. Between 2002 and 2007, the Foundation expended over $13.5 million to fund "plans to care for, maintain, and preserve... historic resources" at 86 United States colleges and universities. In 2006, the Foundation committed $3.5 million to restore an 80 by 100 foot "America Tropical" mural on Olvera Street in Los Angeles that was painted by David Alfaro Siqueiros. In 2006, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the Foundation announced a $2 million fund "to aid New Orleans's visual arts organizations". As of June 2008, the Foundation has four priorities for grants: In the summer of 2011, the foundation is funding Multicultural Undergraduate Internships at 70 Los Angeles-area museums and visual arts organizations. The internships seek to attract into museum and visual arts organizations students from historically underrepresented groups: people of African American, Asian, Latino/Hispanic, Native American, and Pacific Islander descent. Getty Leadership Institute at Claremont Graduate University. The Foundation also sponsors the Getty Leadership Institute (GLI). The major GLI program is the Museum Leadership Institute (MLI). The MLI was formerly known as the Museum Management Institute. It "has served close to 1,000 museum professionals from the United States and 30 countries worldwide". It offers a three-week curriculum for "museum directors and senior executive team members", with instruction in areas such as "strategy, marketing, management and finance". Most of the attendees work in art museums; among the executives who attended the MLI were the directors of the Frick Collection, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Van Gogh Museum, and Winnipeg Art Gallery. In addition to the MLI, GLI offers other professional development programs, convenes meetings involving non-profit agencies, and hosts an online forum. The GLI began in 1979 with a headquarters in New York City and classes taught at the University of California Berkeley. From 1999 to 2009, the program was headquartered at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California. In 2004, classes moved from Berkeley to the Getty Center. In 2010, the GLI affiliated with Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California and was renamed The Getty Leadership Institute at Claremont Graduate University. After the transfer, the foundation supports the GLI with a three-year, $2.2 million grant, but the program is headquartered on the Claremont campus. Claremont is paying for GLI's indirect costs. Although the transfer took effect on January 2, 2010, the 2010 MLI was held at the Getty Center. The 2011 MLI will be held on the Claremont campus. Senior staff. The Foundation's senior staff includes: Deborah Marrow, who was Foundation Director, now serves as interim president and CEO of the J. Paul Getty Trust. Employees and budget. During the period July 2006 - June 2007, the Foundation had approximately 30 full-time and part-time employees, and a budget of $27.8 million. Foundation with similar name. The Getty Foundation should not be confused with the "Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation," which is based in San Francisco, California, and which awards grants largely "to promote the fields of music, the opera, and the symphony". Getty Conservation Institute The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), in Los Angeles, California, is a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust. It is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa. It commenced operation in 1985. The GCI is a private international research institution dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge. It "serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field" and "adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust: service, philanthropy, teaching, and access." GCI works in both art conservation and architectural conservation. GCI conducts scientific research related to art conservation. It offers formal education and training programs. GCI published a number of scholarly books. GCI pays for field projects around the world to preserve cultural heritage. Scientific projects. GCI scientists study the decay of objects and buildings, and how to prevent or stop such decay. One of many projects in this area involved the effect of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on museum collections. Another project analyzed the cause of deterioration of the sandstone in the original National Capitol Columns now at the United States National Arboretum. In addition, GCI "conducts scientific research on materials' composition." For example, a project on the conservation of photographs has as one of its objectives the creation of an "Atlas of Analytical Signatures of Photographic Processes" which will provide "a precise chemical fingerprint of all the 150 or so ways pictures have been developed." As a part of that project, Getty scientists once examined the world's first photograph from nature by Nicéphore Niépce. Using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and other techniques during the 2002-2003 project, they found (for example) that bitumen of Judea was present in the image. Education and training. Training of conservation works is an important part of GCI's work. For example, GCI collaborated with other organizations to create a course "to assist museum personnel in safeguarding their collections from the effects of natural and human-made emergencies." Also, GCI developed a course on the "Fundamentals of the Conservation of Photographs" which is now taught in eastern Europe by the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava and the Slovak National Library. Besides courses and workshops, GCI has also been involved with long-term education programs, such as establishing a Master's degree program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation in collaboration with the University of California, Los Angeles. Field projects. GCI workers travel to other places to protect items important to history (field projects). GCI's field projects are "selected based on how they fit the institute's goals of raising public awareness, contributing new, broadly applicable information to the field, and supporting cultural heritage" and "must be executed in collaboration with partners… who must be serious about their efforts… so that projects are assured of continuing after the Getty's involvement ceases." Among other completed GCI field projects were efforts to preserve the Mogao Caves and Yungang Grottoes in China (announced in 1989); to restore prehistoric rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco in Baja California Sur (1994); and to protect ancient buildings and archaeological sites in Iraq following the start of the Iraq war (2004). Dissemination of information. It has been stated that "perhaps the institute's most profound contribution to conservation is the dissemination of information and methods learned in the field." GCI spreads information in conferences; lectures; books; and online publications, newsletters, video, and audio. The following are selected books published by GCI: Here is a selection of courses by GCI: Senior staff. Since GCI was established, it has had three directors. Besides the director, the GCI senior staff includes: In 2009, GCI had a $33 million budget. This is less than the $41 million budget for 2008. Getty conservation activities outside GCI. In addition to the work of the GCI, the J. Paul Getty Trust contributes to the conservation field through the J. Paul Getty Museum conservation departments, the conservation collection in the library at the Getty Research Institute, and conservation grants provided by the Getty Foundation. Getty Research Institute The Getty Research Institute (GRI), at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California, is "dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts". It is a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust. GRI maintains a research library, organizes exhibitions and other events, sponsors a residential scholars program, publishes books, and produces electronic databases. History. The GRI was originally called the "Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities", and was first discussed in 1983. Located in Santa Monica, its first director (beginning in 1985) was Kurt W. Forster. GRI's library had 30,000 volumes in 1983, but grew to 450,000 volumes by 1986. In a statement upon his departure in 1992, Forster summarized his tenure as "Beginning with the rudiments of a small museum library... the center grew... to become one of the nation's preeminent research centers for arts and culture...". In 1994, Salvatore Settis, a professor of the history of classical art and archeology in Italy, became the director of the Center. By 1996, the Center's name had been changed to "Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities", and by 1999 it was known simply as "Getty Research Institute". One GRI's special projects was "L.A. as Subject: The Transformative Culture of Los Angeles Communities" conducted between 1995 and 1999, whose purposes included "enhanc[ing] existing resources and develop new resources that support new research scholarship on LA and also encourag[ing] the preservation, conservation, and display of local material culture". GRI worked with other local organizations to publish "Cultural Inheritance/L.A.: A Resource Directory of Less Visible Archives and Collections in the Los Angeles Region" in 1999. In 2000, the "L.A. as Subject" project was transferred to the University of Southern California. That school continues to update and expand an online version of the resource directory. The Getty Information Institute (formerly the Art History Information Program, established in 1983) was dissolved in 1999 as a "result of a change of leadership at the Getty Trust". GRI absorbed "many of its functions". In 2000, Thomas E. Crow was hired as GRI director to replace Settis who had resigned in 1999. Crow announced in October 2006 that he would be leaving for New York University. Since November 2007 Thomas W. Gaehtgens has been GRI's director; he was previously (1985–1986) a visiting scholar with the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. Programs. Library. Among other holdings, GRI's research library owns about 900,000 volumes of books, periodicals, and auction catalogs; special collections; and two million photographs of art and architecture. The library is at the Getty Center. It does not loan its items to be taken out of the library. However, any visitor can come to the library to use items there. Exhibitions and other events. GRI holds three public art shows (exhibitions) per year in its gallery which "focus primarily on the special collections of the Research Library or on work produced by artists in residence". For example, in 2005–2006 GRI held an exhibition entitled "Julius Shulman, Modernity and the Metropolis". The exhibition traveled to the National Building Museum and to the Art Institute of Chicago. In addition to exhibitions, GRI has lectures (open to the public), colloquia (most open to the public), workshops (by invitation only), and screenings of films and videos (open to the public). Residential scholars program. The GRI hires people who work at other art museums and colleges to work for a year at GRI. After the year is over, the people go back to their old jobs. The goal is to help spread ideas between people who work for different art museums. The residential scholars program seeks to "integrate the often isolated territory of art history into the wider sphere of the humanities". The first class of scholars arrived in 1985–1986; they had their salaries paid for and their housing provided but were under "absolutely no obligation to produce". Among the notable scholars was German writer Christa Wolf in 1993–1994, who wrote the novel "Medea: a modern retelling" during her year at GRI. Each year the scholars are invited to work on projects related to an annual theme. In 2008–2009, the theme for the Getty Center was "Networks and Boundaries" and for the Getty Villa "The Power and Function of Ancient Images". The lengths of stay vary: Getty scholars are in residence for three, six or nine months, visiting scholars for one to three months, and predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows for a nine month academic year. In 2011-12, the theme is "Artistic Practice". Publications. GRI publishes "Series Imprints" books in the categories of "Issues and Debates", "Texts & Documents", "Introduction To" (on "cultural heritage information in electronic form"), and "ReSources" (on the library's special collections). In addition, GRI publishes exhibition catalogs and other materials in hardcopy form. This is a list of some of the books published by GRI, by the Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, by the Getty Information Institute, or by the Art History Information Program: Electronic databases. GRI continues to produce some of the electronic databases from the former Getty Information Institute. They are: In 2006, GRI and the OCLC Online Computer Library Center announced that the Getty Vocabularies (Art & Architecture Thesaurus, Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names, and Union List of Artist Names) will be available as a Web service. Until July 1, 2009, the Getty Information Institute and later GRI co-produced the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals with the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library. On that date, GRI transferred the database back to Columbia University, which continues to maintain it. Senior staff. GRI's senior staff includes: Employees and budget. During the period July 2006 – June 2007, GRI had approximately 200 full-time and part-time employees. Its budget was $63.7 million. Wyomia Tyus Wyomia Tyus (pronunciation: "why-o-ma"; born August 29, 1945 in Griffin, Georgia, United States) is an American athlete. She was the first person to win and keep the Olympic title in the 100 m. She participated in the 1964 Summer Olympics at age 19. In the heats of the event, she equalled Wilma Rudolph's World Record. She was in a good position for the final. Her main rival was another American, Edith McGuire. Tyus won the final, beating McGuire by two tenths of a second. At the same Olympics, she also won a silver medal with the 4 x 100 m relay team. Tyus continued to compete and won national championships in sprint events and a gold medal in the 200 m at the Pan-American Games. In 1968, she returned to the Olympics to defend her title in the 100 m. In the final, she set a new World Record of 11.08 seconds. She became the first woman to hold the Olympic 100 m title through a second Olympic Games. Tyus also finished sixth in the 200 m. She ran the final leg for the relay team and helped set a new World Record. Winning the relay was her third gold medal. Tyus retired from amateur sports after the 1968 Olympics. She became a member of the National Track & Field Hall of Fame in 1980 and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1985. Willie Mosconi William Joseph Mosconi (; June 27, 1913 – September 12, 1993) was an American professional pool (pocket billiards) player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known as Willie Mosconi. Between 1941 and 1957, he won the World Straight Pool Championship 15 times--more than any other player. He was one the first people to become a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame. Mosconi created many trick shots that he used often. He set many records and helped make pool a popular recreation activity. Yuri Lyubimov Yuri Petrovich Lyubimov (September 30, 1917 – October 5, 2014) is a Soviet and Russian actor and director, founder of the internationally-renowned Taganka Theatre. He is one of the leading names in the Russian theatre world. After service in the Soviet Army during the World War II, Lyubimov joined the Vakhtangov Theatre. In 1953, he received the "USSR State Prize". Lyubimov started teaching in 1963 and formed the Taganka Theatre the following year. Under Lyubimov, the theatre became the most popular in Moscow, with Vladimir Vysotsky and Alla Demidova as the leading actors. After Vysotsky's death in 1980, all of Lyubimov's productions were banned by the Communist authorities. In 1984, he was stripped of Soviet citizenship. Thereupon Lyubimov worked abroad before returning to the Taganka Theatre in 1989. While in the West he maintained a busy directing career. In the US he directed "Crime and Punishment" at Arena Stage and "Lulu" at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 1983 he directed "Crime and Punishment" in London, winning the Evening Standard Award for Best Director. His staging of "Eugene Onegin" premiered in the Taganka on his 85th birthday to much critical acclaim. In June, 2011 Lyubimov left the Taganka theatre. Lyubimov died at 97 after being admitted to the Botkin Clinic in Moscow with heart failure. Jeong Mong-ju Jeong Mong-ju (, Hanja:鄭夢周, 1337 - April 1392) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, writer, poet and thinker. The last Prime Minister of Goryo Dynastys 1390 to 1392. He was murdered by Lee Bang-won (이방원) and Jo yeong-mu (조영무), in Sunjukkyo (선죽교). Another name was 'Mongran' (몽란, 夢蘭) and 'Mongryong' (몽룡, 夢龍), nickname was Poeun (포은, 圃隱). Jeong Do-jeon Jeong Do-jeon (, Hanja:鄭道傳, 1337(?) - August 26, 1398) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, educators and Joseon Dynasty politician, educator, writer, poet and thinker. First Prime minister of Joseon Dynastys 1392 to 1398. In 1398 he was murdered by Lee Bang-won. Another name was 'Jongji'(종지, 宗之), nickname was Sambong(삼봉, 三峯). Swing (seat) A swing is a hanging seat. It is usually found in a playground for children. Acrobats in a circus can also have swings which hang from the top of the tent. Sometimes chairs in gardens are made to swing gently. The seat of a swing is suspended from chains or ropes. The child sits on the swing and kicks off from the ground with his feet. The swing then starts to swing to and fro. The child can make the swing go higher by pulling (as he goes forwards) and pushing (as he goes backwards) the rope and by making his legs straight as it goes up. Once a swing is in motion it continues to oscillate like a pendulum until something brings it to a halt. In children's playgrounds some swings are made for very young children. They have safety bars with holes for the legs. Their parents can push them to help the swing. At the highest point on a swing, the person sitting on it is weightless. Usually the ground is grassy, sandy, or padded with rubber so riders do not hurt themselves badly if they fall off, although this should not happen if they are being sensible. Sometimes several swings are hung from one long metal or wooden frame. Many children have swings in their own gardens or back yards. A tyre (or tire) can be hung by a rope from the branch of a tree to make a swing. Suzuka, Mie is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. As of 2008, the city has an estimated population of 197,437 and a population density of 1,010 people per km². The total area is 194.67 km². Suzuki is about 83 km east from Nara, and 52 km southwest from Nagoya. History. In the Edo period, "Ishiyakushi-juku" and "Shōno-juku" were 44th and 45th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations ("shuku-eki") along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. Both Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Suzuka. In December 1942, two towns and twelve villages were merged to form Suzuka. It was a military administered city, and had a population of 52,000. After World War II, many automotive companies and other industries moved into Suzuka. Local Dialects. Suzuka is by the Suzuka Quasi National Park (the boundary between Suzuka and Shiga). Since the industrial boom, it has been a interchange point for the main commuter train lines. With the mix of commuters passing through Suzuka city, the local dialect ("hōgen") is a mixture of three, variations of Japanese. Industry. Suzuka has a significant industrial base. It has large factories for both Sharp and Honda. Motor racing circuit. Suzuka Circuit was the home of the Japanese Grand Prix from 1987 to 2006. The Grand Prix returned in 2009 and the racing continues through the present. It was the only figure-of-eight circuit in the championship, and is very popular with the drivers. Next to the circuit is the Honda Safety Riding/Driving School. Thousands of car and motorcycle drivers have been trained at the school. Graduates include many police officers and instructors throughout the world. Yeongam Yeongam is a county in South Jeolla Province of South Korea. It borders Mokpo and Naju to the north, Jangheung County to the east, and Haenam and Gangjin to the south. Yeongam contains two towns, called "eups", and nine townships, called "myeons". The populated is about 60,000 people, and the county hall is seated in Yeongam-eup. In 2010, the first ever Korean Grand Prix was held next to the harbor, at the Korean International Circuit. The track was designed by Hermann Tilke. The circuit is part permanent, part temporary. Construction began in 2007, and was completed in September/October 2010. The circuit will host the Grand Prix until 2016. After that, a 5-year option would have to be picked up to keep the race until at least 2021. Alienation Alienation is the feeling of being left out, not belonging or not understanding yourself in relation to your environment. Alienation can be talked about in many ways. In psychology, researchers talk about alienation in terms of how well or unwell people fit in to their social groups. This may include how well people relate to their peers in a school or workplace, and how connected they feel to those around them. In sociology, alienation is a more complex and difficult idea. Alienation is how people understand themselves in relation to their entire society. A good example of this is how people think of themselves when they are working and doing a job. Karl Marx wrote about this. This kind of alienation happens when people do work that they are not interested in or find boring. However, in almost all societies some people may have to do jobs that they don't like because they need to earn money. This can be seen as a type of alienation because a person's true feelings and their actions are separated and unrelated. On the other hand, a person might feel empowered and connected if they do a job that they do like. Empowerment and the feeling of being connected is the opposite of alienation. Alienation is also a key element in the existentialism of Sartre and Camus. The connection between these ideas is the theme of Colin Wilson's "The Outsider" (1956). Anomie is another related idea. State University of New York The State University of New York, abbreviated SUNY (), is a system of public institutions of higher education in New York, United States. It is the largest comprehensive system of universities, colleges, and community colleges in the world. It has a total enrollment of 465,000 students, plus 1.1 million adult education students. SUNY has 64 campuses in different places in New York State. The SUNY system has 88,000 faculty members. It awards 7,660 different degree and certificates. The annual budget of SUNY is $10.7 billion. SUNY includes many institutions and four University Centers: Albany (1844), Binghamton (1946), Buffalo (1846), and Stony Brook (1957). SUNY's administrative offices are in Albany. SUNY comprises all institutions of higher education (above 12th grade) in New York State that are state-supported, but the City University of New York (CUNY) are not a part of SUNY. CUNY receives money from both SUNY and from New York City. History. The first colleges in New York State were established privately, with some arising from local seminaries. New York State has a long history of supported higher education prior to the start of the SUNY system in 1948. On May 7, 1844, the State legislature voted to establish New York State Normal School in Albany as the first college for teacher education. In 1865 New York created Cornell University as its land grant college. New York began direct financial support of Cornell's statutory colleges in 1894. From 1889 to 1903, Cornell operated the New York State College of Forestry, until the Governor vetoed its annual appropriation. The school was moved to Syracuse University in 1911. It is now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. In 1908, the State legislature began the NY State College of Ceramics at Alfred University. In 1946-48, the Governor appointed a Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University. It was chaired by Owen D. Young, then-Chairman of the General Electric Company. The Commission studied New York's existing higher education institutions and recommended consolidating them into a state university system. While Thomas E. Dewey was Governor, the state legislature established The State University of New York in 1948. The new law followed the commission's recommendations. The system was greatly expanded during the administration of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, who took a personal interest in the design and construction of new SUNY facilities across the state. On October 8, 1953, SUNY took a historic step of banning national fraternities and sororities that discriminated based on race or religion from its 33 campuses. Various fraternities challenged this rule in court. As a result, national organizations felt pressured to open their membership to students of all races and religions. Organization. SUNY is governed by a Board of Trustees, which consists of sixteen members, fifteen of whom are appointed by the Governor, with consent of the New York State Senate. The sixteenth member is the President of the SUNY Student Assembly. The Board of Trustees appoints the Chancellor who serves as SUNY Chief Executive Officer. The SUNY Chancellor is Nancy L. Zimpher. The state of New York assists in financing the SUNY system, which, along with CUNY, provides lower-cost college-level education to residents of the state. SUNY students also come from out-of-state and 171 foreign countries. Out of state and foreign students pay more tuition than do students from New York State. Although tuition is higher for these non-resident students, their tuition is subsidized by New York State taxpayer dollars. For the 2010-2011 academic year, tuition costs at SUNY schools for an undergrad degree are less than two-thirds the cost of most other state run college institutions in the U.S. Tuition at the State University of New York at Buffalo for an undergraduate degree is $7,772.75 per semester or $15,545.50 per year for non-resident students. Undergrad tuition for non-resident students at the University of Maryland is $24,830.44 per year. Non-resident tuition and fees at University of Oregon are $25,830.00 per year. There are a large variety of colleges in the SUNY system with some overlap in specialties from site to site. SUNY divides its campuses into four distinct categories: university centers/doctoral-granting institutions, university colleges, technology colleges, and community colleges. SUNY also has a unique relationship with its statutory colleges which embeds state-funded colleges within other institutions such as Cornell University and Alfred University. Students at the statutory colleges have the benefit of state-subsidized tuition while receiving all of the campus life amenities of the host institutions. SUNY and the City University of New York are entirely different university systems. (However, both are public institutions which receive funding from New York State.) Also, SUNY is not to be confused with the University of the State of New York (USNY), which is the governmental umbrella organization for most education-related institutions and many education-related personnel (both public and private) in New York State, and which includes, as a component, the New York State Education Department. Student representation. In the 1970s, students asked for voting representation on the governing boards of SUNY colleges. In 1971, the State Legislature added five student voting members to Cornell's Board of Trustees. In 1975, the legislature added a non-voting student seat to the boards of all SUNY units. Two Attorney General of the State of New York opinion letters reduced the parliamentary rights of the student members to participate at meetings. These documents indicated that the student members were not in fact Public Officers. For this reason the Attorney General said the students might be taken to court for their decisions. In 1977, another statutory amendment made student members of SUNY councils and boards subject to the NYS Public Officers Law or NYS General Municipal Law and granted student representatives parliamentary powers of moving or seconding motions and of placing items on the agendas of the bodies. Finally, the legislature gave full voting rights to the student members in 1979, resulting in the students of all SUNY units having voting representatives, except for the NYS College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Finally, in 1986, the legislature gave the student representative of that college voting rights as well. Campuses. Institute for Community College Development. The Institute for Community College Development (ICCD) operates leadership ability assessment programs. It also provides leadership skills development. ICCD's programs are open to administrators, faculty and trustees of SUNY's community colleges. The ICCD also conducts two "Successful Teaching Conferences" each year for developing community college faculty skills. ICCD is a part of the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Josef Hickersberger Josef Hickersberger(born 27 April 1948 in Amstetten, Austria) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He is now football manager. He was two times coach of the Austrian national footballteam. Career. Player. He started playing professional football in 1966 for FK Austria Wien. After six seasons he went to Germany playing for Kickers Offenbach and Fortuna Düsseldorf. Coming back to Austria he played for Wacker Innsbruck and later for SK Rapid Wien. After finishing as professional he played for the amateur squads of Badener AC, UFC Pama, SV Forchtenstein and WSV Traisen. In Traisen he had his first time as coach. He played 372 matches in the leagues of Austria and Germany scoring 71 goals. He played 39 matches for the Austrian national football team and scored five goals. His first match was versus Romania. His last match was the 3:2 win versus Germany during the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Manager. He was the coach of the Austrian national football team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 2008 UEFA European Championship. After losing a qualifying match versus the Faroe Islands he resigned and coached Fortuna Düsseldorf and Austria Wien. The years between 1994 and 2004 he spent in the Arabian region coaching various club teams and national teams. 2002 he went back to Austria and became coach of SK Rapid Wien. In this time Rapid won the first championship since 1995. The team also qualified for the UEFA Champions league. 2006 he became again coach of the Austrian soccer team and played in the EURO 2008. After the event he resigned and went back to Arabia. State University of New York Upstate Medical University The State University of New York Upstate Medical University is a public medical school in the city of Syracuse, New York, USA. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. Upstate's main departments includes the College of Medicine, College of Nursing, College of Health Professions and College of Graduate Studies. It is one of only 140 academic medical centers in the USA and takes care of 1.8 million people yearly. 10,959 people work at Upstate and it creates more than $2.5 billion in impact. Upstate is Central New York's largest employer. History. The present-day university's earliest predecessor was Geneva Medical College founded 1834 as part of Geneva College, today known as Hobart and William Smith Colleges. The new medical college was located in Geneva, New York, and became the first college to grant a full M.D. to a woman, Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849. In 1871, the college was disbanded and its assets donated to the recently-founded Syracuse University, which subsequently founded a medical college. In 1950, Syracuse University transferred the college to the State University of New York (SUNY). It has been owned by SUNY since then. At first the school was named "SUNY Upstate Medical Center" and later named "SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse" in 1986. The current name was adopted in 1999. A clinical campus in Binghamton, New York for third and fourth year medical students was established in 1979. A plaque in the lobby of Weiskotten Hall aptly describes one of the institution's driving philosophies: "Dedicated to all those of scientific and technological mind who purpose to serve humanity." Campus. The university's main campus is located in downtown Syracuse, New York flanking Interstate 81. It includes the University Hospital, the Institute for Human Performance, Setnor Academic Building, Central New York Gamma Knife Center, Jacobsen Hall, Regional Oncology Center, Upstate Golisano Children's Hospital, Weiskotten Hall (which includes the Health Sciences Library), and Clark Tower dormitory for 170 students. A clinical campus in Binghamton, New York teaches third and fourth year medical students. Some students spend their first two years of medical school in Syracuse, New York and then complete their training in Binghamton. Other students stay in Syracuse for all four years. Organization. The College of Medicine is one of the oldest medical schools in New York. It has the highest percentage of non-white students of any medical school in the state. More physicians practicing in Central New York received their training at Upstate than at any other medical school. Upstate also ranks eighth nationally for the number of graduates who are on the faculty of a academic medical center in the United States. The Colleges of Nursing and Health Related Professions also important to Central New York. The College of Nursing is the only nursing school in New York to offer graduate programs in all major tracks: nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwifery, and nurse anesthesia. Approximately three-fourths of its students are minorities. The College of Health Related Professions is the gateway for students seeking to enter some of the most competitive and highly paid careers in healthcare today: physician assistant, physical and occupational therapy, medical informatics, diagnostic medical imaging, and midwifery. The college is particularly proud of its historic claim to having the oldest midwifery program in the nation. The School of Graduate Studies is known for its excellence in basic science education and research. Students have the opportunity to work side by side with many of the top neuroscientists and basic researchers in the country. The university operates the Southern Tier Center on Aging in conjunction with the SUNY Binghamton. The Center develops, implements and evaluates new interventions and models of service delivery geared to enhancing quality of life of older adults and their caregivers. The current president is Mantosh Dewan, MD. Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia The Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (translates to "united self-defense groups of Colombia", officially called United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia in English) is a grouping of far-right paramilitary organisations in Colombia. The group was founded in 1977, from several independent groups active in the 1960s and 1970s. Their official goal is to support the guerilla active in Colombia, the FARC and ELN, in military affairs. They are among the main actors of the armed conflict in Colombia. In Colombia, the European Union and the United States considers the AUC as a terrorist organisation. Brian Dennehy Brian Mannion Dennehy (July 9, 1938 – April 15, 2020) was an American actor, director, and producer. Dennehy acted in many movies, such as "First Blood", "A Real American Hero", and "To Catch a Killer". He won two Tony Awards and one Golden Globe Award. Dennehy died on April 15, 2020 at his home in New Haven, Connecticut, aged 81. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by sepsis. Other websites. Sapotaceae Sapotaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to order Ericales. The family includes about 800 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in approximately 65 genera (35-75, depending on generic definition). Distribution is pantropical.The best known member of this family is the shea tree,Vitellaria Paradoxa. Annonaceae Annonaceae (custard-apple, or annona family) is the largest family of the magnolia order. It has 129 genera and 2,400 species. Many species are valuable for their large pulpy fruits. Some are useful for their timber, while others are prized as ornamentals. The family consists of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers found mainly in the tropics, with a few species in temperate regions. Their fruits defend themselves against some herbivores. Eating the neotropical plant "Annona muricata" (soursop, "graviola, guanabana") is a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines. It is hard to interpret this. Presumably some favoured herbivores can eat it without ill effects. In some plants, seeds contain irritants to encourage early defecation. 2010 Asian Games The 2010 Asian Games was a many-sport event held in Guangzhou, China from November 12 to November 27, 2010. This was the second time that any Chinese city had hosted the Games, after Beijing in 1990. A total of 9,704 athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 476 events from 42 sports and disciplines, making it the biggest event in the history of Asian Games. Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours is a motor racing circuit in France, near the towns of Magny-Cours and Nevers. It is often called just Magny-Cours. It is most well known for hosting the Formula One French Grand Prix, which was held there between 1991 and 2008. History. The circuit was built in 1960 by Jean Bernigaud. It was the home to the L'école de pilotage Winfield racing school. The school provided such drivers as François Cevert and Jacques Laffite. In the 1980s, the track condition was not very good. It needed a lot of repairs. The circuit was not used for international racing until it was purchased by the Regional Conseil de la Nièvre. In the 1990s the Ligier (later known as Prost) Formula One team was based at the circuit. They did a lot of their testing at Magny-Cours. It started hosting the F1 French Grand Prix in 1991, and the Bol d'Or motorcycle race in 2000. The circuit was re-designed in 2003 and used for a wide range of events include various sports and commercial use. The circuit does not provide many overtaking opportunities. The races here are commonly regarded as quite uneventful. For the 2003 event, the final corner and chicane were changed in an effort to increase overtaking. It did not help much. The change did make the pitlane much shorter. Because less time was lost making a pit stop, Michael Schumacher was able to win the 2004 French Grand Prix using a four-stop strategy. In 2006, the circuit was the scene of more Formula One history. Michael Schumacher became the first driver to win a single Grand Prix 8 times at the same circuit. The 2007 race was to mark the last French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours. The French Grand Prix had been indefinitely suspended from the Formula One calendar. Bernie Ecclestone originally said that F1 would not return to Magny-Cours in 2008. He wanted to move to another location, possibly in Paris. When the official calendar on July 2007, the 2008 French Grand Prix was still in place at Magny-Cours. In May 2008, Ecclestone confirmed that Magny-Cours would stop hosting the French Grand Prix after the 2008 race. He suggested he was looking into hosting the French Grand Prix on the streets of Paris. In June 2008, the provisional calendar for the 2009 season was released. The French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours appeared on it, scheduled for 28 June. However, in October 2008 the 2009 French Grand Prix was canceled after the French Motorsports Federation (FFSA) withdrew financing for the event. In 2009 the track hosted its first Superleague Formula event. It has also been confirmed it will host a second event in 2010. The circuit. The current track is a modern, smooth circuit. It has good facilities for the teams and spectators. It is from Paris in central France. Many corners are modeled on famous turns from other circuits, and are named after those circuits. Examples include the fast Estoril corner and the Adelaide hairpin. It has a mix of slow hairpins and high-speed chicane sections. It includes a long fast straight into the first-gear Adelaide hairpin, the best overtaking opportunity on the circuit. The circuit is very flat with little change in elevation. It does not provide many overtaking opportunities, despite modifications in 2003. Telomere A telomere is a region of DNA at the end of a chromosome. It protects the end of the chromosome from deteriorating (getting worse) or fusing (joining) with other chromosomes. The telomeres are made of repeated sequences of DNA ('repetitive DNA'). During cell division, enzymes that duplicate DNA cannot continue their work all the way to the end of chromosomes. If cells divided without telomeres, they would lose the ends of their chromosomes, and the information they contain. The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of the chromosomes. They are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by an enzyme, telomerase reverse transcriptase. The Australian Elizabeth Blackburn and the Americans Carol Greider and Jack Szostak won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on telomeres. Gernot Jurtin Gernot Jurtin (9 October 1955 – 5 December 2006) was an Austrian football striker. Due to his long stay with S.K. Sturm Graz and over 100 goals he is a legend amongst Sturm Graz fans. Career. He started his career with WSV Judenburg and went to SK Sturm Graz in 1974. In 378 matches he scored 119 goals in the league. Together with Božo Bakota he formed a dangoures striker duo. 1980/81 he was the best scorer of the Austrian Bundesliga. Between 1979 and 1983, he played 12 times for Austria, scoring one goal. He made two appearances for them in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, against Chile and Northern Ireland. Gene Colan Eugene (Gene) Jules Colan (September 1, 1926 — June 23, 2011) was an American comic book artist. He worked for the comic book publishers DC and Marvel for over 60 years. He drew comics for Batman, Wonder Woman, Iron Man, Captain America and Daredevil. He was well known for his artwork on the Tomb of Dracula where he was able to create atmosphere through the use of shadows. He was born in the Bronx, New York in 1926. His parents were Jewish migrants from Germany who had changed their name from Cohen. Colan served in the US Air Force in the Philippines during World War II. His first comics were called Army Life and were published in the Manila Times. In 2010 he won an Eisner Award for a Captain America story. Rambhadracharya Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya is a Hindu religious leader. He is also an educator, composer, skilled public speaker, and philosopher. He was born on 14 January 1950. His birth name was Giridhar Mishra (IAST: Giridhara Miśra). He can speak 22 languages. He lives in Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India. In 1988 he became one of the four "Jagadguru Ramanandacharyas", the leaders of the Ramananda order. He is the founder of Tulsi Peeth which is a religious and social service organization. It is in Chitrakuta. It is named after the saint Tulsidas. He is the founder and lifelong chancellor of the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University. It is a university in Chitrakuta and it gives graduate and postgraduate courses entirely to the four types of disabled students, having a poor physical or mental ability. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya became blind at the age of two months. He has never used Braille or any other help to learn or compose. He can speak 22 languages, and he is a self-produced poet ("Ashukavi"). He is a composer in Sanskrit, Hindi, Avadhi, Maithili and many other languages. He has written more than 80 books, which include four story telling poems (two in Sanskrit and two in Hindi), a Hindi series of comments on the Ramcharitmanas, a Sanskrit series of comments on the Ashtadhyayi, and a Sanskrit series of comments on the "Prasthanatrayi" religious books (the Brahma Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita and the main Upanishads). He is seen as one of the greatest sources of information on Tulsidas in India, and he is the editor of a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas. He is a famous Katha artist for the Ramayana and the Bhagavata. His Katha programmes are held regularly in different cities in India and in other countries. They are shown on many television channels like Sanskar TV and Sanatan TV. Birth and early life. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya was born in Shandikhurd village of Jaunpur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. His family was a Saryupareen Brahmin family of Vasishtha "Gotra". His birth time was 10:34 pm and he was born on the Makar Sankranti day of Saturday, January 14, 1950 (Magha Krishna Ekadashi). His mother was Shachidevi and his father was Pandit Rajdev Mishra. His name "Giridhara" was named by his father's aunt, a cousin of his grandfather Pandit Suryabali Mishra. His father's aunt was an admirer of Mirabai, a female saint of the Bhakti age in middle India, who used the name Giridhara for Krishna in her compositions. Blindness. Giridhara became blind in March 1950 when he was aged two months. When he got the eye disease trachoma, there was no medical care in his village. He was taken to a local woman who was known to cure Trachoma. She dropped a hot medicine into his eyes to break the Trachoma lumps, but his eyes started bleeding and he became blind. His family took him to many Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Allopathic and medical doctors in Sitapur, Lucknow and Mumbai, but there was no help. He cannot read or write, as he does not use the Braille system, but learns by listening and composes by dictating to secretaries. First musical work. As Giridhara's father used to work in Bombay, his early learning was at home from his grandfather. During afternoons, his grandfather used to tell him various parts of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and other books like "Vishramsagar", "Sukhsagar", "Premsagar", and "Brajvilas", etc. When he was of 3 years, Giridhara made his first poem in Hindi (Avadhi), which was the following "pada". He spoke it to his grandfather. In this poem, Yashoda is fighting with a Gopi for causing pain to Krishna. Devanagari<br> "मेरे गिरिधारी जी से काहे लरी ।" "तुम तरुणी मेरो गिरिधर बालक काहे भुजा पकरी ॥" "सुसुकि सुसुकि मेरो गिरिधर रोवत तू मुसुकात खरी ॥" "तू अहिरिन अतिसय झगराऊ बरबस आय खरी ॥" "गिरिधर कर गहि कहत जसोदा आँचर ओट करी ॥" IAST<br> mere giridhārī jī se kāhe larī । tuma taruṇī mero giridhara bālaka kāhe bhujā pakarī ॥ susuki susuki mero giridhara rovata tū musukāta kharī ॥ tū ahirina atisaya jhagarāū barabasa āya kharī ॥ giridhara kara gahi kahata jasodā āʼncara oṭa karī ॥ Learning Gita and Ramcharitmanas. Having a great memory, Giridhar learnt all 700 verses of Bhagavad Gita at in 15 days when he was 5 years old. His neighbour, Pandit Murlidhar Mishra, helped him. On the Janmashtami day in 1955, he read out the whole Bhagavad Gita. By accident, 52 years after the day he learnt the Gita, he released the first ever Braille form of Gita at New Delhi on November 30, 2007, with the real Sanskrit text and a Hindi series of comments. When Giridhara was seven years old, he learned the whole Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas (close to 10,900 verses) in 60 days. His grandfather helped him. On Ram Navmi day of 1957, he spoke the whole book while not eating food because of religious reasons. After that, Giridhara went on to learn the Vedas, Upanishads, books on Sanskrit grammar, the Bhagavata Puran, all books of Tulasidas and many other books. His "Upanayana" (A sacred thread ceremony) was done on the Nirjala Ekadashi day of June 24, 1961. On this day, he got the Gayatri Mantra, and he was given Diksha into the Mantra of Rāma by Pandit Ishvardas Maharaj of Ayodhya. After learning Gita and Ramcharitmanas to high level of skills at a very young age, Giridhara started visiting the Katha programmes held one time in 3 years (in the Purushottama month) near his village. When he went to the third event, he showed a Katha on Ramcharitmanas which was highly respected by many famous representers of the Katha art. Official Learning. Schooling. On 7 July, 1967, Giridhara Miśra joined the Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College in Jaunpur to study Sanskrit Grammar as well Hindi, English, Maths, History and Geography. As he has the ability to memorize everything by just listening it one time, he never used Braille or other help to learn. In three months, he had learned the whole Laghusiddhāntakaumudī of Varadarāja to a high level. He was the best student and got most marks in tests in his class for four years, passing the primary to secondary tests in Sanskrit with best grades and a thing which makes him better than others. First composition in Sanskrit. When Girihara was in Adarsh Gaurishankar Sanskrit College, he learnt the eight Gaṇas while learning "Chandaprabhā", a book on Sanskrit poetic metre. On the next day, he made his first Sanskrit poetic form, in the "Bhujaṅgaprayāta" metre. Devanagari<br> "महाघोरशोकाग्निनातप्यमानं" "पतन्तं निरासारसंसारसिन्धौ ।" "अनाथं जडं मोहपाशेन बद्धं" "प्रभो पाहि मां सेवकक्लेशहर्त्तः ॥" IAST<br> mahāghoraśokāgninātapyamānaṃ patantaṃ nirāsārasaṃsārasindhau । anāthaṃ jaḍaṃ mohapāśena baddhaṃ prabho pāhi māṃ sevakakleśaharttaḥ ॥ Higher Learning. In 1971, Giridhara Miśra entered at the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi for higher learning of Vyākaraṇa. He got most marks in the final test for the "Śāstrī" (three years' first degree) in 1974. He then registered for a Master's degree at the same university. While trying to get the master's degree, he went New Delhi to take part in many national contests at the "Akhila Bhāratīya Sanskrit Adhiveśana" (All-India Sanskrit Conference). There he won five gold medals in Vyākaraṇa, Sāṅkhya, Nyāya, Vedānta and Sanskrit Antyākṣarī out of eight. Then the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, gave the five gold medals with the "Calavaijayantī" prize for Uttar Pradesh to Giridhara. Surprised by his abilities, Indira Gandhi gave him the offer to send him to the United States of America for medical care of his eyes, but Giridhara Miśra did not accepted this offer. In 1976, he got most marks in the final "Ācārya" (two years' Master's degree) tests in Vyākaraṇa, he also won seven gold awards and the "Chancellor's gold award". In an uncommon achievement, though he had registered for a master's degree in Vyākaraṇa only, he was made "Ācārya" of all subjects which were taught at the university for his all-round qualities on April 30, 1976. Highest degree and post-doctorate. Giridhara began studying for a PhD also at Sampurnanand Sanskrit University. Pandit Ramprasad Tripathi supervised his studies. Giridhara got a scholarship from the "University Grants Commission" (UGC) by passing an examination. However, he had money problem for several years. He completed his PhD in Sanskrit grammar on October 14, 1981. He wrote about the language of the poet Pāṇinī in the Ramayana. UGC then offered him a job as head of the Vyākaraṇa department of the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University. However, Giridhara Miśra did not take the job. He decided to give his life to the service of his religion, the world, and the disabled. In 1997 he was awarded the post-doctorate Vācaspati (DLitt) degree by Sampurnanand Sanskrit University for his lecture called "Search into spoken knowledge of every Sūtra of the Aṣṭādhyāyī" in English (Original title: "Aṣṭādhyāyyāḥ Pratisūtraṃ Śābdabodhasamīkṣaṇam"). He described each phrase of the sutra carefully. He told about Pāṇinī's grammar and use of Sanskrit poetic forms. Later life. Virakta Diksha. In 1976, Giridhara Miśra said aloud a Kathā on Rāmcaritamānasa to Svāmī Karapātrī. Svāmī Karapātrī advised him not to marry, to live a lifelong Brahmacārin, and to take start in a Vaiṣṇava Sampradāya. Giridhara Miśra took Vairagi start (Virakta Dīkṣā) in the Rāmānanda Sampradāya (monastic order) on the Kārtika full-moon day of November 19, 1983 from Śrī Śrī 1008 Śrī Rāmacaraṇadāsa Mahārāja Phālāhārī. He now came to be known as Rāmabhadradāsa. Rambhadradas had a six month "Payovrata", which is a diet only of milk and fruits, at Chitrakoot in 1979 per the following fifth verse of the "Dohavali" made by Tulsidas. In 1987 Rambhadradas established a religious and social service institution in Chitrakoot, where, as per the Ramayana, Rama had spent twelve out of his fourteen years of exile. Its name is Tulsi Peeth (the seat of Tulsi). As he is the founder of the institution, Sadhus gave him the title of "Śrīcitrakūṭatulasīpīṭhādhīśvara" (which means the God of the Tulsi Peeth at Chitrakoot). In the Tulsi Peeth, there a temple of Rama and Sita, and its name is Kanch Mandir ("glass temple"). Title of Jagadguru Ramanandacharya. Rambhadradas was made Jagadguru Ramanandacharya seated at the Tulsi Peeth by the Kashi Vidwat Parishad in Varanasi on 24 June 1988, and this order was supported by the "Mahants" of three "Akharas", the four sub-"Sampradayas", the "Khalsas" and saints of the Ramananda Sampradaya on 3 February 1989, at the "Kumbh Mela" in Allahabad. On 1 August 1995 he was anointed as the "Jagadguru Ramanandacharya" in a ritual manner in Ayodhya by the "Digambar Akhara". After that he is known as "Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya". Institutes for the disabled. Swami Rambhadracharya started the Tulsi School for the Blind in Chitrakoot on 23 August 1996. He also started the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University in Chitrakoot on 27 September 2001. This is the first university in the world entirely for disabled students. It was created by a local law of the Uttar Pradesh Government, which was afterwards accepted as the Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001) by the Uttar Pradesh legislature. This act assigned Jagadguru Rambhadracharya as the chancellor of this university for his entire life. The university offers graduate, post-graduate and doctorate degrees in many arts and sciences. The university is planning to give courses in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences from 2013. The permission to enter into the university is limited to only four types of disabled students – those who are blind, or have difficulty in hearing, having difficulty in walking or having some mental illness, as defined in the Disability Act (1995) of the Government of India. According to the Government of Uttar Pradesh, the university is one of the main education institutes for Information Technology and Electronics in the state. Various degrees were given to 354 disabled students in the second graduation ceremony of the university which was held in March 2010. In the third graduation ceremony which was held in January 2011, 388 disabled students were given degrees. Rambhadracharya also founded an organisation. Its name is Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Seva Sangh. Its based in Satna, Madhya Pradesh. Its mission is to make community awareness and to start child development programs in Indian villages. Its main aim is to support the education programs of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University. It helps disabled children get a good education by making access to education easier. Rambhadracharya also runs a hundred-bed hospital in Gujarat. Rambhadracharya's edition of Ramcharitmanas. Tulsidas wrote the epic poem Ramcharitmanas in the late sixteenth century. It has been very popular in northern India ever since. Some Western scholars have called it the "Bible of northern India". Many different poets have created their own versions of the poem. Molecular orbital In chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) explains what happens to electrons when atoms join together in a molecule. A MO is a mathematical function which describes the wave-like behaviour of an electron in a molecule. The functions can tell the probability of finding an electron in any specific region. Chemists use such functions to predict or explain chemical and physical properties. Chemists usually build mathematical models of molecular orbitals by combining atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms can also be used. Computers can work on these functions. Molecular orbitals allow chemists to apply quantum mechanics to study molecules. MOs answer questions about how the atoms in molecules stick together. The various rounded shapes in an orbital diagram indicate where electrons would most likely be found in an atom. History. The word "orbital" was first used in English by Robert S. Mulliken. The German physicist Erwin Schrödinger wrote about MOs earlier. Schrödinger called them "Eigenfunktion". Physicist Max Born described the theory behind molecular orbitals in 1926. Today, it is known as Born's rule and is part of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. When initially proposed, this theory did not agree with the atom model of Niels Bohr. Bohr's model described electrons as "orbiting" the nucleus, as they moved around in circles. However, the Born model eventually gained popular support because it was able to describe the locations of electrons within molecules and explained a number of previously inexplicable chemical reactions. Overview. Atomic orbitals predict the position of an electron in an atom. Molecular orbitals are created when atomic orbitals are brought together. A molecular orbital can give information about the electron configuration of a molecule. The electron configuration is the most likely position, and the energy of one (or one pair of) electron(s). Mostly a MO is represented as a linear combination of atomic orbitals (the LCAO-MO method), especially in approximate use. This means that chemists assume the chance of an electron being at any point in the molecule is the sum of the probabilities of the electron being there based on the individual atomic orbitals. LCAO-MO is a simple model of bonding in molecules, and is important for studying molecular orbital theory. Theoretical chemists use computers to calculate the MOs of different molecules (both real and imaginary). The computer can draw graphs of the "cloud" to show how likely the electron will be in any region. The computers can also give information about the physical properties of the molecule. They can also say how much energy is required to form the molecule. This helps chemists say whether some small molecules can be combined to make bigger molecules. Most present-day ways of doing computational chemistry begin by calculating the MOs of a system. Each MO's electric field is generated by the nuclei of all the atoms and some average distribution of the other electrons. Analogy. Understanding MOs is like the task of knowing where each employee is in a large home improvement store (without looking inside the store). An analyst knows the number of employees working at the store and each employee's department. He also knows that employees do not step on each other toes and employees stand in the aisle rather than on the merchandise shelves. Employees leave their own department to help customers locate merchandise in other departments or to check inventory. An analyst giving the location of all employees in the store at a selected moment without looking inside is like a chemist calculating the MOs of a molecule. Just as MOs cannot tell the exact location of each electron, the exact location of each employee is not known. An MO having a nodal plane is like the conclusion that employees walk down aisles and not through shelves. Although electrons are contributed from a specific atom, the electron fills an MO without regard to its source atom. This is like an employee leaving his department to walk elsewhere in the store during the day. So, an MO is an incomplete description of an electron just as the analyst's calculations about the unseen store is an incomplete guess about employee locations. Formation of molecular orbitals. Theoretical chemists have invented rules for calculating MOs. These rules come from an understanding of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics helps chemists to use what physics said about electrons to work out how the electrons behave in molecules. Molecular orbitals form from "allowed" interactions between atomic orbitals. (The interactions are "allowed" if the symmetries (determined from group theory) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.) Chemists study atomic orbital interactions. These interactions come from the overlap (a measure of how well two orbitals constructively interact with one another) between two atomic orbitals. The overlap is important if the atomic orbitals are close in energy. Finally, the number of MOs in a molecule must equal the number of atomic orbitals in the atoms being brought together to form the molecule. Qualitative approach. Chemists need to understand the geometry of MOs in order to discuss molecular structure. The LCMO (Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital) method gives a rough but good description of the MOs. In this method, the molecular orbitals are expressed as linear combinations of all of the atomic orbitals of each atom in the molecule. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). Molecular orbitals were first introduced by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken in 1927 and 1928. The linear combination of atomic orbitals or "LCAO" approximation for molecular orbitals was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones. His ground-breaking paper showed how to derive the electronic structure of the fluorine and oxygen molecules from quantum principles. This qualitative approach to molecular orbital theory is part of the start of modern quantum chemistry. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO) can be used to guess the molecular orbitals that are made when the molecule’s atoms bond together. Similar to an atomic orbital, a Schrodinger equation, which describes the behavior of an electron, can be constructed for a molecular orbital as well. Linear combinations of atomic orbitals, (the sums and differences of the atomic wavefunctions) provide approximate solutions to the molecular Schrodinger equations. For simple diatomic molecules, the wavefunctions that you get are represented mathematically by the equations Ψ = caψa + cbψb and Ψ* = caψa - cbψb where Ψ and Ψ* are the molecular wavefunctions for the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, respectively, ψa and ψb are the atomic wavefunctions from atoms a and b, respectively, and ca and cb are adjustable coefficients. These coefficients can be positive or negative, depending on the energies and symmetries of the individual atomic orbitals. As the two atoms become closer together, their atomic orbitals overlap to produce areas of high electron density. So, molecular orbitals are formed between the two atoms. The atoms are held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons occupying bonding molecular orbitals. Bonding, Antibonding, and Nonbonding MOs. When atomic orbitals interact, the resulting molecular orbital can be of three types: bonding, antibonding, or nonbonding. Bonding MOs: Antibonding MOs: Nonbonding MOs: HOMO and LUMO. Each molecular orbital has its own energy level. Chemists sort the MOs by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will fill the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has electrons to fill 15 orbitals, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be filled. The 15th MO on the list would be called the "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO) and the 16th MO on the list would be the "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (LUMO). The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap. The band gap can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: the smaller the energy, the more easily it will be excited. When the electron is excited, it will jump to an unoccupied MO. For example, this can help guess whether something will give out light (luminescence). Woodward–Hoffmann rules The Woodward–Hoffmann rules are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions where the molecule is a ring (e.g. benzene ring). They were written by Robert Burns Woodward (a chemistry professor at Harvard University) and Roald Hoffmann (a chemistry professor at Cornell University). Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model. Woodward did not share the prize because he died two years before. Generally, the Nobel Prize is awarded only to living people. Woodward had already won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a different discovery. A recent paper in the journal "Nature" describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules. Stereochemistry Stereochemistry is the study of how molecules are affected by the way their atoms are arranged in space. It is also known as 3D chemistry as the word "stereo" means "three dimensional". Using stereochemistry, chemists can work out the relationships between different molecules that are made up from the same atoms. They can also study the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships give molecules. When these relationships influence the reactivity of the molecules it is called dynamic stereochemistry. In chemistry, some molecules have more than one isomer. This means that molecules can have different forms, even though all the forms are made of the same atoms. There are two kinds of isomers. Constitutional isomers have the same atoms, but they are joined differently. Stereoisomers have the same atoms, they are joined the same way, but the atoms are arranged differently in space. An important part of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules. These molecules look almost identical, except that one molecule is the mirror image of the other. In most chemical bonds, the atoms of a molecule free to move around without breaking the bonds. When a molecule has a double bond or a ring structure, the molecule can be sorted into different isomers. These are molecules with the same chemical structure but different forms. The study of stereochemical problems covers the entire range of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and supramolecular chemistries. History. Louis Pasteur was the first person to study stereochemistry. He observed in 1849 that salts of tartaric acid collected from wine-making equipment could rotate plane polarized light, but that salts from other sources did not. This property was the only difference between the two types of salt. It is due to optical isomerism. In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Le Bel discovered the difference was caused by the way that the atoms bonded to carbon in a tetrahedral (four faced) shape. Uses of stereochemistry. Stereochemistry was important in solving the thalidomide disaster in the 1960s. Thalidomide is a drug that was first produced in 1957 in Germany. Doctors used it to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. Later, the drug was shown to cause deformations in babies. One isomer of the drug was not dangerous, but the other caused serious genetic damage to the embryos. In the human body, thalidomide undergoes racemization: even if only one of the two stereoisomers enters a human body, the body changes some of it to other one. The thalidomide disaster caused governments to test drugs more carefully. Selected people take new drugs in an experiment (clinical trial) first before the drug is made available for public use. Thalidomide is now used as a therapy for leprosy. Women must use it with contraceptives to prevent pregnancy. Describing a molecule's stereochemistry. When an atom can have other atoms connect to it in more than one way, it is called a stereocenter. For example, if a carbon atom has four different groups attached to it, it becomes a stereocenter. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are part of a system for describing a molecule's stereochemistry. They rank the atoms around a stereocenter in a standard way. This allows the relative position of these atoms in the molecule to be described very clearly. A Fischer projection is a simplified way to show the stereochemistry around a stereocenter. Cornel West Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, author, critic, actor, and civil rights activist. He is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America. West is the Class of 1943 University Professor at Princeton University. He teaches in the Center for African American Studies and in the Department of Religion. West is known for his combination of political and moral insight and criticism and his contribution to the post-1960s civil rights movement. Much of West's work focuses on the role of race, gender, and class in American society and the means by which people act and react to their "radical conditionedness". West draws intellectual contributions from such diverse traditions as the African American Baptist Church, pragmatism and transcendentalism. Early life. West was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and grew up in Sacramento, California, where his father was a general contractor for the Defense Department and his mother was a teacher and a principal. Irene B. West Elementary School, Elk Grove, California, is named for her. While West was a student, he marched in civil rights demonstrations. As the class president in his high school, West organized protests demanding black studies courses. He later wrote that, in his youth, he admired "the sincere black militancy of Malcolm X, the defiant rage of the Black Panther Party [...] and the livid black theology of James Cone." In 1970, West graduated from John F. Kennedy High School. He enrolled at Harvard University and took classes from philosophers Robert Nozick and Stanley Cavell. In 1973, he graduated "magna cum laude" in Near Eastern Languages and Civilization. "Owing to my family, church, and the black social movements of the 1960s", he says, "I arrived at Harvard unashamed of my African, Christian, and militant de-colonized outlooks. More pointedly, I acknowledged and accented the empowerment of my black styles, mannerisms, and viewpoints, my Christian values of service, love, humility, and struggle, and my anti-colonial sense of self-determination for oppressed people and nations around the world." Career. Ph.D and other degrees. In 1980, he earned a Ph.D. from Princeton, where he was influenced by Richard Rorty's pragmatism. The title of his dissertation was "Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition", which was later revised and published under the title "The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought". In his mid-20s, he returned to Harvard as a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow before becoming an Assistant Professor at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. In 1985, he worked at Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American Studies. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and divestment from apartheid South Africa. He was arrested and jailed at one of the protests. As punishment, the University administration canceled his leave for Spring 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the University of Paris. He then returned to Union and taught at Haverford College in Pennsylvania for one year before going to Princeton to become a Professor of Religion and Director of the Program in African-American Studies (1988–94). He worked with novelist Toni Morrison to improve the Princeton program. In 1994, West accepted an appointment as Professor of African-American Studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the Harvard Divinity School. West taught one of the University's most popular courses, an introductory class on African-American Studies. In 1998, he was appointed the first Alphonse Fletcher University Professor. This professorship allowed West to teach both African-American studies and Divinity, Religion, and Philosophy. In 2001, after an argument with Harvard President Lawrence Summers, West returned to Princeton, where he has taught ever since. The recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees and an American Book Award, he is a long-time member of the Democratic Socialists of America, for which he now serves as Honorary Chair. He is also a co-chair of the Tikkun Community and the Network of Spiritual Progressives. West is on the Board of Directors of the International Bridges to Justice, among others. West is also much sought-after as a speaker, blurb-writer, and Honorary Chair. Critics, most notably "The New Republic" Literary Editor Leon Wieseltier, have charged him with opportunism, crass showmanship, and lack of scholarly seriousness. West remains a widely cited scholar in the popular press in African-American Studies and Studies of Black Theology. West is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He is a member of the fraternity's World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand Alpha Phi Alpha's involvement in politics and social and current policy to encompass international concerns. Entertainment career. West appears in both "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions", playing Councilor West, who serves on the council of Zion. West's character advises that "comprehension is not a requisite of cooperation." In addition, West provides philosophical commentary on all three Matrix films in The Ultimate Matrix Collection, along with integral theorist Ken Wilber. Cornel West has also made several appearances in documentary films, such as the 2008 film "Examined Life", a documentary featuring several academics discussing philosophy in real-world contexts. West, "driving through Manhattan, . . . compares philosophy to jazz and blues, reminding us how intense and invigorating a life of the mind can be." He also appears in conversation with Bill Withers in the Bill Withers documentary, "Still Bill". West also makes frequent appearances on the political talk show "Real Time with Bill Maher". On the musical front, West recorded a recitation of John Mellencamp's song "Jim Crow" for inclusion on the singer's box set "On the Rural Route 7609" in 2009. In 2010, he completed recording with the Cornel West Theory, a Hip Hop band endorsed by West. He has also released two hip-hop/soul/spoken word albums, one under "Cornel West" (entitled Street Knowledge), the other under "Cornel West & B.M.W.M.B." (entitled Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations). Both works are musical expressions of West's personal politics and beliefs which he has enunciated in his previous written works. Dispute with Lawrence Summers. In 2000, economist and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers became president of Harvard. In a private meeting with West, Summers allegedly rebuked West for missing too many classes, contributing to grade inflation, neglecting serious scholarship, and spending too much time on his economically profitable projects. Some people say that Summers allegedly suggested that West produce an academic book (work that is typical of senior Harvard professors). West had written several books, some of them widely cited, but his recent output consisted primarily of co-written and edited volumes. According to some reports, Summers also objected to West's production of a CD, the critically panned "Sketches of My Culture", and to his political campaigning. According to West's book "Democracy Matters," Summers wrongly accused him of canceling classes for three straight weeks during 2000 to promote Bill Bradley's presidential campaign. West contends that he had missed one class during his tenure at Harvard "in order to give a keynote address at a Harvard-sponsored conference on AIDS." Summers also allegedly suggested that since West held the rank of Harvard University Professor and thus reported directly to the President, he should meet with Summers regularly to discuss the progress of his academic production. West contends that popular coverage of the controversy obscured the true issues at stake in his dispute with Summers. West argues that Summers's vision of academia is corrosive to a deep democratic commitment that strives to connect the academy with society at large, so as to fulfill its calling to educate the public. He contends that the controversy with Summers was indicative of the fact that "a market-driven technocratic culture has infiltrated university life, with the narrow pursuit of academic trophies and the business of generating income from grants and business partnerships taking precedence over the fundamental responsibility of nurturing young minds." According to West, during the controversy he was highly regarded in the academic community, "had more academic references than fourteen of the other seventeen Harvard University Professors", and "had nearly twice as many such references as Summers himself." At the time, West had been focused on reaching wider audiences as part of his effort to encourage civic engagement—especially amongst youth—in the hope of revitalizing what he calls a deep democratic commitment that would counteract the encroaching political nihilism that he argues threatens the future of American democracy. While West does not deny the importance of academics engaging the more specialized concerns of their fields, he strongly opposes the sentiment that academia must limit itself to those rarefied interests. Academia and academics, he contends, have an important role to play in promoting public discourse that cannot be achieved if professors lock themselves in their ivory towers instead of engaging society-at-large and the salient issues of the day. Ultimately, this was the root of the quarrel, according to West. Summers refused to comment on the details of his conversation with West, except to express hope that West would remain at Harvard. Soon after, West was hospitalized for prostate cancer. West complained that Summers failed to send him get-well wishes until weeks after his surgery, whereas newly installed Princeton president Shirley Tilghman had contacted him frequently before and after his treatment. In 2002 West left Harvard University to return to Princeton. West lashed out at Summers in public interviews, calling him "the Ariel Sharon of higher education" on NPR's "Tavis Smiley Show". In response to these remarks, five Princeton faculty members, led by professor of molecular biology Jacques Robert Fresco, said they looked with "strong disfavor upon his characterization" of Summers and that "such an analogy carries innuendoes and implications... that many on the Princeton faculty find highly inappropriate, indeed repugnant and intolerable." Harvard University's undergraduate student newspaper, "The Harvard Crimson", suggested in October 2002 that the premise of "" episode "Anti-Thesis" was based on West's conflicts with Summers. Dispute with President Barack Obama. West publicly supported 2008 Democratic Presidential candidate Senator Barack Obama. He spoke to over 1,000 of his supporters at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y.C. on November 29, 2007. However, West now calls Obama a "black mascot of Wall Street oligarchs and a black puppet of corporate plutocrats." In an interview, West said:As a young brother who grows up in a white context, brilliant African father, he's always had to fear being a white main with a black skin. All he has known culturally is white.West's comments about President Obama have drawn criticism from other African-Americans, including Melissa Harris-Perry and Al Sharpton. West criticized President Obama when Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009, saying that it would be difficult for Obama to be "a war president with a peace prize". West recanted his support for Obama in an April 2011 interview, in which he said Obama is merely a "black mascot" for America's elites and also "a black muppet of corporate plutocrats." Activism. Views on race in America. West has called the U.S. a "racist patriarchal" nation where "white supremacy" continues to define everyday life. "White America," he writes, "has been historically weak-willed in ensuring racial justice and has continued to resist fully accepting the humanity of blacks." This has resulted, he claims, in the creation of many "degraded and oppressed people hungry for identity, meaning, and self-worth." Professor West attributes most of the black community's problems to "existential angst derive[d] from the lived experience of ontological wounds and emotional scars inflicted by white supremacist beliefs and images permeating U.S. society and culture." In West's view, the September 11, 2001 attacks gave white Americans a glimpse of what it means to be a black person in the United States—feeling "unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hatred" for who they are. "The ugly terrorist attacks on innocent civilians on 9/11," he said, "plunged the whole country into the blues." Politics. West has described himself as a "non-Marxist socialist" (partly due to Marx's opposition to religion) and serves as honorary chair of the Democratic Socialists of America, which he has described as "the first multiracial, socialist organization close enough to my politics that I could join". He also described himself as a "radical democrat, suspicious of all forms of authority" on the "Matrix"-themed documentary "The Burly Man Chronicles" (Found in "The Ultimate Matrix Collection"). West believes that "the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's ugly totalitarian regime was desirable," but that the war in Iraq was the result of "dishonest manipulation" on the part of the Bush administration. He asserts that Bush Administration hawks "are not simply conservative elites and right-wing ideologues", but rather are "evangelical nihilists — drunk with power and driven by grand delusions of American domination of the world". He adds, "We are experiencing the sad gangsterization of America, an unbridled grasp at power, wealth, and status." Viewing capitalism as the root cause of these alleged American lusts, West warns, "Free-market fundamentalism trivializes the concern for public interest. It puts fear and insecurity in the hearts of anxiety-ridden workers. It also makes money-driven, poll-obsessed elected officials deferential to corporate goals of profit — often at the cost of the common good." West has been involved with such projects as the Million Man March and Russell Simmons's Hip-Hop Summit, and worked with such public figures as Louis Farrakhan and Al Sharpton, whose 2004 presidential campaign West advised. In 2000, West worked as a senior advisor to Democratic presidential candidate Bill Bradley. When Bradley lost in the primaries, West became a prominent endorser of Ralph Nader, even speaking at some Nader rallies. Some Greens sought to draft West to run as a presidential candidate in 2004. West declined, citing his active participation in the Al Sharpton campaign. West, along with other prominent Nader 2000 supporters, signed the "Vote to Stop Bush" statement urging progressive voters in swing states to vote for John Kerry, despite strong disagreements with many of Kerry's policies. In April 2002 West and Rabbi Michael Lerner performed an act of civil disobedience at the U.S. State Department "in solidarity with suffering Palestinian and Israeli brothers and sisters". West said, "We must keep in touch with the humanity of both sides." In May 2007 West joined a demonstration against "injustices faced by the Palestinian people resulting from the Israeli occupation" and "to bring attention to this 40 year travesty of justice". In 2011, West called on the University of Arizona to divest from companies profiting from the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. West also serves as co-chair of the Tikkun Community. He co-chaired the National Parenting Organization's Task Force on Parent Empowerment and participated in President Clinton's National Conversation on Race. He has publicly endorsed "In These Times" magazine by calling it: "The most creative and challenging news magazine of the American left". He is also a contributing editor for "Sojourners Magazine". West supports of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA.) in its Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign, aimed at eliminating what PETA describes as KFC's inhumane treatment of chickens. West is quoted on PETA flyers: "Although most people don't know chickens as well as they know cats and dogs, chickens are interesting individuals with personalities and interests every bit as developed as the dogs and cats with whom many of us share our lives." In 2008, West contributed his insights on the current global issue of modernized slavery and human trafficking in the rockumentary Call+Response. West is a member of the Campaign for Peace and Democracy. During the 2016 United States presidential election, West was a strong supporter and campaigned for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders. After Sanders lost the Democratic nomination, West supported Jill Stein of the Green Party. Juno (spacecraft) Juno is an unmanned NASA New Frontiers spacecraft. It studies the planet Jupiter from orbit. It is the first mission to an outer planet to use solar panels for power instead of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. The spacecraft was launched on August 5, 2011 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016. Scott Bolton is leading the mission. Juno's main goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Juno will also study the planet's atmospheric composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Mark Holton Mark Holton (born April 2, 1958) is an American actor. His movies include "Hoboken Hollow" (2007), "Gacy", "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle" (2000) and "Little Giants" (1994). Holton went to school at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. William Forsythe William Forsythe (born June 7, 1955) is an American actor. Forsythe played Al Capone in the television series "The Untouchables". Forsythe has also played Sammy Gravano in the HBO movie "Gotti" and the serial killer John Wayne Gacy in "Dear Mr. Gacy". Toyota Prius The Toyota Prius is a hybrid automobile from the Japanese automobile producer Toyota. It is called 'hybrid' because it has two different engines: a gasoline engine (combustion engine) and an electric motor. Because of the electric motor, it uses less fuel than a normal gasoline automobile when driving at low speeds (for example in the city). The electric motor uses batteries for its power, and these batteries are charged by a dynamo when the gasoline engine is used at higher speeds. The first generation launched in Japan in December 1997, then it reached the rest of the world in 2000. It entered its second generation in 2003 and it began to become more popular with buyers. The third generation arrived in 2009 and grew larger in size. The current fourth generation appeared in December 2015. Upper Palaeolithic The Upper Palaeolithic (Upper Paleolithic or Late Stone Age) is the third and last part of the Palaeolithic period. It lasted from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Humans used tools for hunting and fishing. They also developed cave paintings. In this period, the Neanderthal man completely disappeared, leaving Homo sapiens as the only surviving species in the human genus. In Europe, Asia and Africa, this time is known as the last part of the Old Stone Age. The first "modern humans" found in Western Europe date back to about 36,000 years ago. Those fossils were found in the south-west of Romania. The founds were made in a stone cave called Peștera cu Oase. The Lascaux cave paintings are from this time period. They are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1979 and are in France. Evidence for belief in the afterlife in the Upper Palaeolithic: appearance of burial rituals and ancestor worship. Culture. Venus figurines. Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are "figurines" (very small statues) of women, mostly pregnant with visible breasts. The figurines were found in areas of Western Europe to Siberia. Most are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old. Two figurines have been found that are much older: the Venus of Tan-Tan, dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. It may be the one of the earliest things that show the human form. Different kinds of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics. Today it is not known what the figurines meant to the people who made them. There are two basic theories: Scientists have excluded that these figurines were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not been discovered at the time the figurines were made. The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. The substance contained traces of iron and manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that these traces could not have been left by nature alone. Cave paintings. Cave paintings are paintings that were made on the walls or roofs of caves. Many cave paintings belong to the Palaeolothic Age, and date from about 15,000 to 30,000 years ago. Among the most famous are those in the caves of Altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France.p545 There are about 350 caves in Europe where cave paintings have been found. Usually, animals have been painted, like aurochs, bisons or horses. Why these paintings were done is not known. They are not simply decorations of places where people lived. The caves they were found in usually do not show signs that someone lived in them. One of the oldest caves is that of Chauvet in France. Paintings in the cave fall into two groups. One has been dated to around 30,000 to 33,000 years ago, the other to 26,000 or 27,000 years ago.p546 The oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors". As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave have been reported. The oldest paintings have been dated from 32,900±490 years ago. Some archaeologists have questioned the dating. Züchner believe the two groups date from 23,000–24,000, and 10,000–18,000 years ago. Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent. They say the people at that periods of time painted things differently. They also do not know where the charcoal used to paint some things is from, and how big the painted area is. People from the Palaeolithic era drew well. They knew about perspective, and they knew of different ways to draw things. They also were able to observe the behaviour of animals they painted. Some of the paintings show how the painted animals behaved. The paintings may have been important for rituals. Adams Morgan Adams Morgan is a culturally diverse neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C.. It is centered at the intersection of 18th Street and Columbia Road. Adams Morgan is the center of Washington's Hispanic immigrant community. It is a major night life area with many bars and restaurants, particularly along 18th Street (the primary commercial district) and Columbia Road. Much of the neighborhood has 19th- and early 20th-century row houses and apartment buildings. Adjacent to Adams Morgan is Dupont Circle to the south, Kalorama-Sheridan to the southwest, Mount Pleasant to the north, and Columbia Heights to the east. The neighborhood is bounded by Connecticut Avenue to the southwest, Rock Creek Park to the west, Harvard Street to the north, 16th Street to the east, and Florida Avenue to the south. History. The name Adams Morgan was originally hyphenated. It is derived from the names of two, formerly segregated area elementary schools—the older, all-black Thomas P. Morgan Elementary School (now defunct) and the all-white John Quincy Adams Elementary School. Pursuant to the 1954 "Bolling v. Sharpe" Supreme Court ruling, District schools were desegregated in 1955. The Adams-Morgan Community Council, comprising both Adams and Morgan schools and the neighborhoods they served, was formed in 1958. The city drew boundaries of the neighborhood through three preexisting neighborhoods – Washington Heights, Lanier Heights, and Meridian Hill – naming the resulting area after both schools. In the late 1960s, a group of residents organized and worked with city officials to plan and construct a new elementary school and recreational complex that was conceived as a community hub, a concept that 40 years later has become a favored one in public school facilities design. The development was named the Marie H. Reed Learning Center after Bishop Reed, a community activist, minister and leader. It featured a daycare center, tennis and basketball courts, a solar-heated swimming pool, health clinic, athletic field and outdoor chess tables. Cultural diversity. Adams Morgan, together with the nearby Mount Pleasant and Columbia Heights, serve as a gateway community for immigrants. Since the 1960s, the predominant international presence in both communities has been Latino, with the majority of immigrants coming from El Salvador, Guatemala and other Central American countries. Since the early 1970s, like other areas of the nation, Adams Morgan had seen a growing influx of immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, as well. Gentrification and the resulting high cost of housing, however, have displaced many immigrants and long-time African American residents, particularly those with young children. Many small businesses have also been displaced. The community still retains a degree of diversity, most evident in its array of international shops and restaurants. Restaurants in Adams Morgan offer ethnic cuisines, among them Spanish, Ethiopian, Guatemalan, Mexican, Italian, Dutch, Vietnamese, Ghanaian, Cajun, Brazilian, Palestinian, Peruvian, Pakistani cuisine, Thai, Lebanese, Somali, and Chinese. Adams Morgan also has become a thriving spot for night life, with a number of bars and clubs featuring live music. Over 90 establishments possess liquor licenses, putting it on level with other popular nightlife areas like Georgetown and Dupont Circle. Local stores along the 18th Street corridor were rapidly replaced with late-night establishments, leading to a moratorium on new liquor licenses by the Alcohol Beverage Control Board in 2000 after successful lobbying by resident groups. The moratorium was renewed in 2004, but eased to allow new restaurant licenses. Although many immigrants and African-American residents have left Adams Morgan, the long-time institutions that meet the needs of Latinos and other non English-speaking residents ontinue to serve immigrants and their families. Adams Morgan is home to Mary's Center, a clinic focusing on healthcare delivery to Spanish-speaking patients, and the Latino Economic Development Corporation, as well as numerous businesses and churches that employ and cater to immigrants. Adjacent Mt. Pleasant also hosts a number of commercial enterprises, social service agencies and other institutions that help to anchor local immigrants to the area. Adams Morgan continues to show linguistic and cultural diversity of its public schools. Many of the families served live beyond the boundaries established for routine student enrollment; however, Adams, Reed, and H.D. Cooke elementary schools all have international populations, with children from well over 30 nations in attendance. Latino and African-American children comprise the majority of students in the public schools, and virtually all are children of color. The second Sunday of September, the neighborhood hosts the Adams Morgan Day Festival, a multicultural street celebration with live music and food and crafts booths. And, weather permitting, every Saturday—except during the coldest winter months—local growers sell fresh, organically grown produce and herbs; baked and canned goods; cheeses; cold-pressed apple juice and fresh flowers at the farmers market, in operation in the same location for more than 30 years. Also on summer Saturdays, the Western Art Market is open at the Marie Reed School. In the 1960s, the neighborhood's attractions included the Avignon Freres bakery and restaurant, the Café Don restaurant, the Ontario motion picture theater, and the Showboat Lounge jazz nightclub. In the 1980s, Hazel's featured live blues and jazz. Its soul food offerings made it a favorite of black jazz musicians like Dizzy Gillespie when they came to town. Transportation. The area is not directly served by the Metrorail system. The nearest station, Woodley Park-Zoo/Adams Morgan (Red Line) is in the Woodley Park neighborhood, but was renamed in 1999 to reflect the station's proximity to Adams Morgan. The nearest station on the Green Line is Columbia Heights. In March 2009, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) began operating a DC Circulator bus route connecting the center of Adams Morgan with both Metro stations. The area is also served by a number of WMATA Metrobus lines. Politics. Adams Morgan is in the service area of Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1C. The boundaries of ANC 1C are 16th Street NW on the east, Harvard Street NW and Rock Creek Park on the north, Rock Creek Park and Connecticut Avenue on the west, and Florida Avenue and U Street on the south. Foxhall (Washington, D.C.) Foxhall is a rich neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It is bordered by Reservoir Road on the north side and Foxhall Road on the west and south sides. Glover-Archibold Park makes up the eastern border. The first homes were constructed along Reservoir Road and Greenwich Park Way in the mid-1920s. By the end of December, 1927, some 150 homes had been erected, and the community given the name of Foxhall Village. Foxhall is mostly residential. Foxhall has a distinct architecture. The vast majority of the homes are a brick Tudor style. Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C. Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C.. It has various federal and municipal courthouses and a number of important federal and municipal office buildings. Judiciary Square is roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street NW to the north, 6th Street to the west, and the I-395 access tunnel to the east. The center of the Judiciary Square neighborhood is an actual plaza by the name of Judiciary Square, so named because it is adjacent to or inclusive of most of the courthouse buildings in the area. The square is between 4th and 5th Streets, with D Street to the south and F Street to the north. Among the buildings in Judiciary Square are: The neighborhood is served by the Judiciary Square station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro. History. During the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square was mostly residential. Its proximity to the courthouses drew a number of lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the Capitol made it ideal for government employees. Among its most prominent residents were Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. As of 2006, however, nearly all of the once plentiful rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered around the intersection of 5th and D Streets. Around the turn of the 20th century, the eastern side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington - the equivalent of a Little Italy (although it was never called that). The Italian neighborhood rested on the eastern edge of the square proper, stretching eastward to about 2nd Street NW. The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd and F Streets NW. The neighborhood lasted well into the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s; in the mid 1970s, however, construction of the I-395 northbound extension through the city gutted about half of the neighborhood and forced its remaining residents to move away from the heavy commuter traffic. Today the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices for the trial attorneys who argue in Judiciary Square courthouses, although Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its "Casa Italia" cultural center next door. James Jabara James "Jabby" Jabara (10 October 1923, Muskogee, Oklahoma – 17 November 1966) was the first American pilot to shoot down 5 Mig-15 airplanes in Korea. He was then transferred to Washington DC for duty before returning to K-14 Kimpo, Korea. He was the Executive Officer in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. While stationed there he was responsible for 10 more Mig kills thus making him a triple ace. Early life. Jabara's father operated a grocery store at the corner of 3rd and Martin Luther King streets. At an early age the family moved to Kansas. According to newspaper reports he died in a car crash along with a daughter in 1966. He was also a fighter pilot in world war 2. In Korea he was flying F-86 Sabre Jets in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron formerly known as the Fighting Eagles Squadron formed in England before we entered world war 2. Walter Schachner Walter Schachner (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player. He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga. Career. Player. He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division. After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2. league. After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino. After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions. He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time. For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals. He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982. 1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba). Mananger. His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division. His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league. They promoted to the Bundesliga. 2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league. Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz. With GAK he won the Championship in 2004. From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again. From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling. The first year they reached the Cup final. 2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer. 2011 he became coach of LASK Linz but could not avoid the relegation to the First League. Yashoda Yasoda/Yashoda () was the wife of Nanda in the Puranic books of Hinduism. Edvard Beneš Edvard Beneš (28 May 1884 in Kožlany – 3 September 1948 in Sezimovo Ústí) was the second president of Czechoslovakia (1935 - 1938 and 1945 - 1948). During World War II, he led the government-in-exile in England (1939 - 1945). The next president was Klement Gottwald, a communist. Johns Hopkins Hospital The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. It was founded in 1889 by Johns Hopkins. It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world. It was ranked by "U.S. News & World Report" news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011). To Catch a Killer To Catch a Killer is a television movie from 1992. It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy. Kazimierz Świątek Kazimierz Świątek (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months. He was later spent nine years hard labor by the Gulag and survived. Early life. Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914. He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus. Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany. Death sentence. In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A "show trial" is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution. Siberian labor camp. Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He release on June 16, 1954. Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish. Leadership in the church. On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk. On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal. On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus. On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk. Roland Petit Roland Petit (13 January 1924 – 10 July 2011) was a French choreographer who wrote dances for Rudolf Nureyev and was later in charge of the Paris Opera. He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance. After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera. He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles. He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956). In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn. He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris. He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China. He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit. Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia. It has also been called the East Indies, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor. The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago. Natural history. The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common. The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands. Lucian Freud Lucian Michael Freud (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud. During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy. His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009). He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch. He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas. He died in London after a short illness. Parthian language The Parthian language is an old Iranian language. It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia. The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire. Parthian is an Indo-European language. At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed. Middle Persian replaced it. There are many words in Armenian that came from Parthian. President of the Czech Republic The President of the Czech Republic is head of state of the Czech Republic. The first President took office in 1993. Wallace Line The Wallace Line (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called "Wallacea". Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east). The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent. The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868. Cause. The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up. Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia. Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate. Ice age. During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the , both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands. The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia. Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. 'Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin. Japanese macaque The Japanese macaque ("Macaca fuscata"), also known as the snow monkey, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs. Diet. Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects. Weight and physical appearance. Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails. Macaque The macaques are a genus ("Macaca") of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight. Social behavior. Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth. Copyright test case. In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a copyright claim. The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested. Geek The word geek is a slang word. It has many different meanings. It can mean a person who enjoys computers and knows a lot about them. It used to mean a carnival worker "who bit the heads off of chickens and rats." One dictionary says that a geek is "a peculiar or otherwise dislikable person, especially one who is perceived to be overly intellectual". This means "a strange and un-likeable person, especially one who is thought to be very clever", in simple English. History. This word comes from English dialect words (words that are used in certain places) "geek, geck": fool, freak; from Low German "geck", from Middle Low German. A different form of the word "geck" is still used in Dutch and Afrikaans "gek": crazy. Other forms of "geck" are also used in some German dialects, and in the Alsatian word "Gickeleshut": geek's hat, used in carnivals. In 18th century Austria-Hungary, "Gecken" were freaks shown by some circuses. In 19th century, in North-America, the term "geek" referred to a freak in circus side-shows (see also freak show). In some cases, its performance included biting the head off a live chicken. The 1976 edition of the "American Heritage Dictionary" included only the definition regarding geek shows. The word is often used to be rude or mean to someone. However, it can also be used without meaning to be hurtful, or with pride. An example is the 'Geek Squad' of the Best Buy company. Meanings. The meaning of geek has changed much over time, and there is no longer a single meaning. The words nerd, gimp, dweeb, dork, spod and gump have similar meanings as geek. But many people choose to say that these words mean slightly different things. However, the differences are not agreed on. In a 2007 interview on "The Colbert Report", Richard Clarke said the difference between nerds and geeks is "geeks get it done." Julie Smith described a geek as "a bright young man turned inward, poorly socialized, who felt so little kinship with his own planet that he routinely traveled to the ones invented by his favorite authors, who thought of that secret, dreamy place his computer took him to as cyberspace—somewhere exciting, a place more real than his own life, a land he could conquer, not a drab teenager's room in his parents' house." Other meanings include: Etymology. The word "geek" is in Robert Heinlein's 1952 short story "The Year of the Jackpot". The word appears meaning the modern definition. Reclamation and self-identification. Being called a "geek" is usually an insult. The word is now often a nice thing to say, meaning that the person it is describing has extraordinary technical skill. Geek Pride Day has been observed on May 25 in Spain since 2006 (May 25 being the world premiere date of Star Wars and also Towel Day). The holiday promotes the right to be nerdy or geeky, and to express it in public without feeling bad. A new meeting, Geek.Kon, is held in Madison, Wisconsin to celebrate all things geek. The website BoardGameGeek is an online community of boardgamers who see themselves as geeks at boardgame meetings; they call their website "The Geek", for short. Technical support services such as Geek Squad use the term "geek" to show that they have helpful technical abilities. In recent history, some geeks have grown a geek culture, such as geek humor and odd references on t-shirts. The so-called "geek chic" trend is a deliberate affectation of geek or nerd traits as a fashion statement. Nonetheless, the derogatory definition of geeks remains that of a person only thinking about his area of interest at the cost of social skills, personal hygiene, and status. There has been criticism over the widespread appropriation of the terms "geek" and "nerd" as self descriptors. Certain people who would have most likely not been described as such under the traditional stereotype have argued this. Along with efforts to de-emphasize the negative social aspects, in recent years there have been arguments for de-emphasizing the necessity for having noticeably high levels of intelligence or technical aptitude. This has resulted in the desire to redefine the term geek rather as any person who pursues a passionate interest in anything regardless of genre, is creative, and individualistic. Arguments against the revisionist definitions, however, state that it is not only unnecessary, but it completely contradicts the traditional accepted definition of the terms which distinctly refer to persons who are noticeably above average intelligence, usually good at things in technically demanding fields, and socially awkward or alienated to a certain extent. Geek chic. "Geek chic" is a phrase that means a person who has stereotypically "geek" features including black-rimmed glasses, T-shirts with geek in-jokes, and more technically complex things. There are many ways of looking at the term "geek chic", with heavy black-rimmed glasses being the one defining thing as far as the press is concerned. Wearing them is sufficiently notable to have celebrities like David Beckham, Justin Timberlake and Myleene Klass being reported as "trying geek chic". David Tennant, the Tenth Doctor in "Doctor Who", has also described the look of his bespectacled character as having "a bit of geek chic". Geeks themselves think that the term is used for "reclaiming the geek identity as something not only meaningful, but also stylish." - for this usage, more than just glasses are needed, and so the term has a wider meaning, being applied to home fittings and objects as well as clothes. In this usage, the term "geek chic" can even be used as a positive contrast to the somewhat more negative term "geeky". Geek chic is not to be confused with preppie fashion, which is more widely to do with a conservative image rather than geek culture. Instead, much of the geek chic image borrows from various other youth fashions such as goth, hippie, and bohemian among others, but t-shirts with geeky in-jokes seem to originate from the geeks themselves. Shirt designers who tailor to geeks offer rewards for the best ideas. Trademark dispute. The company of has trademarked "Geek Squad" as the name of its computer repair service. Best Buy has fought the trademarks of a dozen other companies, including Geek Rescue, Rent a Geek, and . It is also fighting with Newegg over the use of "Take it from a Geek" on Newegg's website. The NBC television show "Chuck" wanted to use "Geek Squad" to describe the main characters' job. But Best Buy asked for them to change the name. So the characters on "Chuck" were called "Nerd Herd" instead. 42 (answer) 42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" books. It was computed by Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever. The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project. When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It is the planet Earth. Pleumeur-Bodou Pleumeur-Bodou is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. Sister city. Pleumeur-Bodou is twinned with: Northern Virginia military shootings The Northern Virginia military shootings were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle. Incidents. The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight. The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building. The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs. The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m. The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29. The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26. These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems. On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2. Suspect. The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case. Molecular symmetry Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry. It is about the symmetry of molecules. It puts molecules into groups according to their symmetry. It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties. Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react. The molecular symmetry of the reactants help predict how the product of the reaction is made up and the energy needed for the reaction. Molecular symmetry can be studied several different ways. Group theory is the most popular idea. Group theory is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals. This is used in the Hückel method, ligand field theory, and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Another idea on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials. Scientists find molecular symmetry by using X-ray crystallography and other forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on facts taken from molecular symmetry. Historical background. Physicist Hans Bethe used characters of point group operations in his study of ligand field theory in 1929. Eugene Wigner used group theory to explain the selection rules of atomic spectroscopy. The first character tables were compiled by László Tisza (1933), in connection to vibrational spectra. Robert Mulliken was the first to publish character tables in English (1933). E. Bright Wilson used them in 1934 to predict the symmetry of vibrational normal modes. The complete set of 32 crystallographic point groups was published in 1936 by Rosenthal and Murphy. Symmetry concepts. Mathematical group theory has been adapted to study of symmetry in molecules. Elements. The symmetry of a molecule can be described by 5 types of symmetry elements. Operations. Each of the five symmetry elements has a symmetry operation. People use a caret symbol (^) to talk about the operation rather than the symmetry element. So, Ĉn is the rotation of a molecule around an axis and Ê is the identity operation. A symmetry element can have more than one symmetry operation associated with it. Since C1 is equivalent to E, S1 to σ and S2 to "i", all symmetry operations can be classified as either proper or improper rotations. Point groups. A point group is a set of symmetry operations forming a mathematical "group", for which at least one "point" remains fixed under all operations of the group. A crystallographic point group is a point group which will work with translational symmetry in three dimensions. There are a total of 32 crystallographic point groups, 30 of which are relevant to chemistry. Scientists use Schoenflies notation to classify point groups. Group theory. Mathematics define a "group". A set of symmetry operations form a group when: The order of a group is the number of symmetry operations for that group. For example, the point group for the water molecule is C2v, with symmetry operations E, C2, σv and σv'. Its order is thus 4. Each operation is its own inverse. As an example of closure, a C2 rotation followed by a σv reflection is seen to be a σv' symmetry operation: σv*C2 = σv'. (Note that "Operation A followed by B to form C" is written BA = C). Another example is the ammonia molecule, which is pyramidal and contains a three-fold rotation axis as well as three mirror planes at an angle of 120° to each other. Each mirror plane contains an N-H bond and bisects the H-N-H bond angle opposite to that bond. Thus ammonia molecule belongs to the C3v point group which has order 6: an identity element E, two rotation operations C3 and C32, and three mirror reflections σv, σv' and σv". Common point groups. The following table contains a list of point groups with representative molecules. The description of structure includes common shapes of molecules based on VSEPR theory. Representations. Symmetry operations can be written in many ways. A good way to write them is by using matrices. For any vector representing a point in Cartesian coordinates, left-multiplying it gives the new place of the point transformed by the symmetry operation. Composition of operations is done by matrix multiplication. In the C2v example this is: Although an infinite (going on forever) number of such representations (ways of showing things) exist, the irreducible representations (or "irreps") of the group are commonly used, as all other representations of the group can be described as a linear combination of the irreducible representations. (The irreps span the vector space of the symmetry operations.) Chemists use the irreps to sort the symmetry groups and to talk about their properties. Character tables. For each point group, a character table summarizes information on its symmetry operations and on its irreducible representations. The tables are square because there are always equal numbers of irreducible representations and groups of symmetry operations. The table itself is made of characters which show how a particular irreducible representation changes when a particular symmetry operation is applied (put to it). Any symmetry operation in a molecule's point group acting on the molecule itself will leave it unchanged. But for acting on a general entity (thing), such as a vector or an orbital, this does not have to be what happens. The vector could change sign or direction, and the orbital could change type. For simple point groups, the values are either 1 or -1: 1 means that the sign or phase (of the vector or orbital) is unchanged by the symmetry operation ("symmetric") and -1 denotes a sign change ("asymmetric"). The representations are labeled according to a set of conventions: The tables also tell the Cartesian basis vectors, rotations about them, and quadratic functions of them transformed by the symmetry operations of the group. The table also shows which irreducible representation transforms in the same way (on the right hand side of the tables). Chemists use this because chemically important orbitals (in particular "p" and "d" orbitals) have the same symmetries as these entities. The character table for the C2v symmetry point group is given below: For example, water (H2O) which has the C2v symmetry described above. The 2"p"x orbital of oxygen is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the molecule and switches sign with a C2 and a σv'(yz) operation, but remains unchanged with the other two operations (obviously, the character for the identity operation is always +1). This orbital's character set is thus {1, -1, 1, -1}, corresponding to the B1 irreducible representation. Similarly, the 2"p"z orbital is seen to have the symmetry of the A1 irreducible representation, 2"p"y B2, and the 3"d"xy orbital A2. These assignments and others are in the rightmost two columns of the table. J. Paul Getty Jean Paul Getty (December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American industrialist. He founded the Getty Oil Company. In 1957 "Fortune" magazine named him the richest living American, and the 1966 Guinness Book of Records named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1,200 million. At his death, he was worth more than $2 billion. A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th richest American who ever lived. (The book ranked his wealth as a percentage of the United States gross national product.) Despite his wealth, Getty was known for being a miser. Getty enjoyed collecting art and antiquities. His collection formed the basis of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, California, and over $661 million of his estate was left to the museum after his death. He established the J. Paul Getty Trust in 1953. The trust is the world's wealthiest art institution. It operates the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Getty Foundation, the Getty Research Institute, and the Getty Conservation Institute. Biography. His father George Getty owned a petroleum business in Minneapolis, Minnesota. J. Paul was one of the first people in the world with a fortune estimated at over one billion U.S. dollars. He enrolled at the University of Southern California, then at University of California, Berkeley before graduating in 1914 from Magdalen College, Oxford with degrees in economics and political science. He spent his summers between studies working on his father's oil fields in Oklahoma. Running his own oil company in Tulsa, he made his first million by 1916. However, in 1917, he announced that he was retiring to become a Los Angeles-based playboy. Although he eventually returned to business, Getty had lost his father's respect. Just before George Franklin Getty died in 1930, he believed that Jean Paul would destroy the family company, and told him so. After taking a few years off from the money-making grind to enjoy spending his earnings on women, Getty returned to Oklahoma in 1919. During the 1920s he added about $3 million to his already sizable estate. His succession of marriages and divorces (three during the 1920s, five throughout his life) so distressed his father, however, that J. Paul inherited a mere $500,000 of the $10 million the senior Getty left at his death in 1930. Getty carefully invested his resources during the Great Depression. Getty acquired Pacific Western Oil Corporation. He began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation, which included Tidewater Oil and Skelly Oil. In 1967 the billionaire merged these holdings into Getty Oil. Beginning in 1949, Getty paid Ibn Saud $9.5 million in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. No oil had ever been discovered there. After spending $30 million over four years, oil was discovered there. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune which made him one of the richest people in the world. Getty learned to speak Arabic which helped his unparalleled expansion into the Middle East. Getty owned the controlling interest in nearly 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Associates identified his overall wealth at between $2 billion and $4 billion. It did not come easily, perhaps inspiring Getty's widely quoted remark—"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not the mineral rights." He moved to England in the 1950s and loved English culture (Anglophile). He lived and worked at his 16th-century Tudor estate, Sutton Place near Guildford; the traditional country house became the centre of Getty Oil and his associated companies and he used the estate to entertain his British and Arabian friends (including the British Rothschild family and numerous rulers of Middle Eastern countries). Getty lived the rest of his life in the British Isles, dying of heart failure at the age of 83 on June 6, 1976. Marriages, divorces, and children. Getty was married and divorced five times. He had five sons with four of his wives: He was quoted as saying "A lasting relationship with a woman is only possible if you are a business failure". Success as an autobiographical author. Getty wrote a very successful book entitled "How to Be Rich". Coin-box telephone. Getty famously had a pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal his reputation as a miser. In his autobiography, he described his reasons: Getty placed dial-locks on all the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorised staff, and the coin-box telephone was installed for others. When speaking in a televised interview with Alan Whicker, Getty said that he thought guests would want to use a payphone . Grandson's kidnapping. On July 10, 1973 in Rome, 16 year old John Paul Getty III was kidnapped and a ransom of $17 million was demanded over the phone for his safe return. However, "the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather." John Paul Getty II asked his father for the money, but was refused. In November 1973 an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear was delivered to a daily newspaper. The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike. The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless $3.2 million was paid: "This is Paul’s ear. If we don’t get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, he will arrive in little bits." When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million Getty senior agreed to pay no more than $2.2 million - the maximum that would be tax deductible. He loaned his son the remaining $800,000 at 4% interest. Paul III was found alive in southern Italy shortly after the ransom was paid. After his release Paul III called his grandfather to thank him for paying the ransom but Getty refused to come to the phone. Nine people were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted. Paul III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict. After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Paul III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He died thirty years later on February 5, 2011 at the age of 54. Getty defended his initial refusal to pay the ransom on two points. First, he argued that to submit to the kidnappers' demands would immediately place his other fourteen grandchildren at the risk of copy-cat kidnappers. He added: The 2017 movie "All the Money in the World" is based on these events. Christopher Plummer plays J. Paul Getty. In 2018, a television series based on the events, "Trust", premiered with Donald Sutherland playing Getty. Paradise Lost Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English writer John Milton. It was printed in 1667 though it was written nearly ten years earlier. The second part was printed in 1674. Most of the poem was written after Milton was blind. The poem is about the Christian story of the Fall of Man: how Adam and Eve got out from the Garden of Eden and about the fallen angel Lucifer. Muammar al-Gaddafi Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi( ' )[variations] (c. 1942 - 20 October 2011) better known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan politician. He ruled Libya from 1969 to 2011. Early life. Muammar al-Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi. His family came from a small tribal group called Qadhadhfa. His family were Arabized Berber people in heritage. He joined the Libyan military in 1961; the military was one of the few ways for lower class Libyans like him to rise in social status. He became a colonel. Ruler of Libya. Gaddafi became head of state of Libya after removing King Idris from power in a 1969 bloodless coup. He ruled Libya from September 1, 1969 to August 23, 2011. After the coup, Gaddafi established the Libyan Arab Republic. He was one of the longest-serving non royal rulers in history, because he had ruled for more than 41 years. Gaddafi used Arab socialist and Arab nationalist ideas. He published a book about his philosophical views in 1975. This book is commonly known as "The Green Book". In 1977, he left the power of Libya, and continued playing role of revolutionary. People called him the "Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution". The Libyan Arab Republic was renamed to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1977 later it was renamed again to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by Gaddafi in 1986. In the 1980s, he developed chemical weapons, because of it critics called Libya a pariah state. A Dutch investigation found that Gaddafi had built up a "billion-dollar empire", from assets in an international company in the oil industry. It also claims that his assets are scattered throughout much of Europe, Despite no trace or proof for even 1 billion have been found. Gaddafi had a strong interest in geo-political control, was a firm supporter of [OPEC] and led a Pan-African campaign for a United States of Africa. In 1986 Libya was bombed by US, home of Gaddafi was targeted but he survived. Bombing was condemned by many nations and also by UN. In 1988, the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Libya. Gaddafi started to have closer economic and security relations with the West. He cooperated with investigations into alleged Libyan anti-western acts, by 1999 he offered to dismantle weapon of mass destruction of Libya, which would be inspected in 2003. As a result, the UN sanctions were lifted in the same year. Gaddafi was elected Chairperson of the African Union in 2009. 2011 Libyan protests. In February 2011 there were major violent protests against Libyan government. These came alongside other demonstrations in Tunisia, Egypt, and other parts of the Arab world. The protests quickly turned into a civil war. Gaddafi vowed to "die a martyr" if necessary in his fight against rebels and external forces; he also said that "peaceful protest is one thing but armed rebellion is another." Accusal of Crimes. On 17 May 2011 the International Criminal Court issued a request for an arrest warrant against Gaddafi for alleged crimes against humanity, which was approved on 27 June and a warrant was issued by the court. On June 2011, according to investigation made by Amnesty International, it was found that there was no evidence for many of the alleged crimes, and that the rebels had falsely blamed Gaddafi as well as the government. He was accused of ordering the Lockerbie bombing in Scotland that killed over 200 people. The bombing targeted a civilian plane and it was downed. Death. The Libyan Civil War (2011) erupted in February. The aim was to remove Gaddafi from power. Gaddafi was captured alive and killed by NATO backed rebels in Sirte, Libya, on 20 October 2011. Sirte was the last stronghold of the Gaddafi regime. Otto Konrad Otto Konrad (born 1 November 1964) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He now works as goalkeeping coach for SV Grödig in Austria's First League. Career. Club. He started his professional career with his local club SK Sturm Graz. He stayed 11 years and then went to SV Austria Salzburg. With this team he reached 3 national titles and played in the 1994 UEFA Cup Final which Salzburg lost to Inter Milan. In the 1994/95 season he even scored a goal for Salzburg. This goal was voted "Goal of the year 1994". 1997 to 1998 he became goalkeeper of Real Zaragoza in Spain but returned to Austria where he played for GAK, DSV Leoben and PSV Salzburg. International. He played 12 matches for the Austrian national football team and was member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. At all his international career was not as successful as the club career because at that time there was a lot of competition among goalkeepers in Austria. Electrocyclic reaction In organic chemistry, an electrocyclic reaction is a type of pericyclic rearrangement reaction. The reaction is electrocyclic if the result is one pi bond becoming one sigma bond or one sigma bond becoming a pi bond. Electrocyclic reactions share the following properties: The torquoselectivity in an electrocyclic reaction refers to the direction that the substituents rotate. For example, the substituents in a reaction that is conrotatory can still rotate in two directions. It produces a mixture of two products that are the mirror image of each other (enantiomeric products). A reaction that is torquoselective restricts one of these directions of rotation (partially or completely) to produce a product in enantiomeric excess (where one stereoisomer is produced much more than the other). Chemists are interested in electrocyclic reactions because the geometry of the molecules confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists. They confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry. The Nazarov cyclization reaction is an electrocyclic reaction that closes a ring. It converts divinylketones to cyclopentenones. (It was discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov (1906–1957).) An example is the thermal ring-opening reaction of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene. The cis isomer only yields "cis,trans-2,4-hexadiene". But the trans isomer gives the trans,trans diene: The frontier-orbital method explains how this reaction works. The sigma bond in the reactant will open in a way that the resulting p-orbitals will have the same symmetry as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the product (a butadiene). This can only happen with a conrotatory ring-opening that results in opposite signs for the two lobes at the broken ends of the ring. (A disrotatory ring-opening would form an anti-bond.) The following diagram shows this: The stereospecificity of the result depends on whether the reaction proceeds through a conrotatory or disrotatory process. Woodward-Hoffman rules. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules address the conservation of orbital symmetry in electrocylic reactions. Correlation diagrams connect the molecular orbitals of the reactant to those of the product having the same symmetry. Correlation diagrams can be drawn for the two processes. These correlation diagrams indicate that only a conrotatory ring opening of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene is "symmetry allowed" whereas only a disrotatory ring opening of 5,6-dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene is "symmetry allowed". This is because only in these cases would maximum orbital overlap occur in the transition state. Also, the formed product would be in a ground state rather than an excited state. Frontier molecular orbital theory. The Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory predicts that the sigma bond in the ring will open in a way that the resulting p-orbitals will have the same symmetry as the HOMO of the product. The above diagram shows two examples. For the 5,6-dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene (top row of diagram), only a disrotatory mode would result in p-orbitals having the same symmetry as the HOMO of hexatriene. The two p-orbitals rotate in opposite directions. For the 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene (bottom row of diagram), only a conrotatory mode would result in p-orbitals having the same symmetry as the HOMO of butadiene. The p-oribtals rotate in the same direction. Excited state electrocyclizations. Light can move an electron up to an excited state that occupies a higher orbital. The excited electron will occupy the LUMO, which has a higher energy level than the electron's old orbital. If light opens the ring of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene, the resulting electrocyclization would be occur by a disrotatory mode instead of a conrotatory mode. The correlation diagram for the allowed excited state ring opening reaction shows why: Only a disrotatory mode, in which symmetry about a reflection plane is maintained throughout the reaction, would result in maximum orbital overlap in the transition state. Also, once again, this would result in the formation of a product that is in an excited state of comparable stability to the excited state of the reactant compound. Electrocyclic reactions in biological systems. Electrocyclic reactions occur frequently in nature. One of the most common such reactions in nature is the biosynthesis of vitamin D3. The first step involves light opening the ring of 7-dehydrocholesterol to form pre vitamin D3. This is a photochemically induced conrotatory electrocyclic reaction. The second step is a [1,7]-hydride shift to make vitamin D3. Another example is in the proposed biosynthesis of aranotin, an oxepine found in nature, and its related compounds. Phenylalanine is used to make diketopiperazine (not shown). Then enzymes epoxidate diketopiperazine to make the arene oxide. This undergoes a 6π disrotatory ring opening electrocyclization reaction to produce the uncyclized oxepine. After a second epoxidation of the ring, the nearby nucleophilic nitrogen attacks the electrophilic carbon, forming a five membered ring. The resulting ring system is a common ring system found in aranotin and its related compounds. The benzonorcaradiene diterpenoid (A) was rearranged into the benzocycloheptatriene diterpenoid isosalvipuberlin (B) by boiling a methylene chloride solution. This transformation can be thought of as a disrotatory electrocyclic reaction, followed by two suprafacial 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shifts, as shown below: Scope. An example of an electrocyclic reaction is the conrotatory thermal ring-opening of benzocyclobutane. The reaction product is a very unstable ortho-quinodimethane. This molecule can be trapped in an endo addition with a strong dienophile such as maleic anhydride to the Diels-Alder adduct. The chemical yield for the ring opening of the benzocyclobutane depicted in "scheme 2" is found to depend on the nature of the substituent R. With a reaction solvent such as toluene and a reaction temperature of 110 °C, the yield increases going from methyl to isobutylmethyl to trimethylsilylmethyl. The increased reaction rate for the trimethylsilyl compound can be explained by silicon hyperconjugation as the βC-Si bond weakens the cyclobutane C-C bond by donating electrons. An biomimetic electrocyclic cascade reaction was discovered in relation to the isolation and synthesis of certain endiandric acids: Arctic hare The Arctic hare ("Lepus arcticus") is a social animal that lives in the frigid tundra of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland. These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals. They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion. The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret. The young are born open-eyed and furry. Most hares live for about a year in the wild. Their predators are arctic foxes, arctic wolves, polar bears, falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles, and stoats. They are unharmed during winter and are used to wintry weather. Robert Woodward Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He made many important discoveries in modern organic chemistry. He worked on the synthesis and structure of complex natural products. He worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on the theory of chemical reactions. Woodward won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1965. Early life and education. Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts. When he was one year old, his father died in the influenza pandemic of 1918. He was interested in chemistry at an early age. By the time he entered high school, he had already done most of the experiments in Ludwig Gattermann's textbook of experimental organic chemistry. In 1928, Woodward asked the Consul-General of the German consulate in Boston, to send him copies of a few original papers published in German journals. He was fascinated to read Otto Diels and Kurt Alder's original communication about the Diels–Alder reaction. In 1933, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but did not do well enough to continue. MIT readmitted him in 1935, and by 1936 he had received the Bachelor of Science degree. Only one year later, MIT awarded him the doctorate. This was very unusual at the time, because most MIT students earned only a Bachelor of Science degree after four years. Woodward's studies were about the synthesis of the female sex hormone estrone, a natural type of estrogen. He held a Junior Fellowship at Harvard University from 1937 to 1938, and stayed at Harvard for the rest of his life. In the 1960s, Woodward was named Donner Professor of Science, a post which allowed him to spend all his time on research. Early work. In the early 1940s Wooward was using ultraviolet spectroscopy to discover the structure of natural products. Woodward collected a large amount of information, and then worked out a series of rules, later called the Woodward's rules. These rules could be used to find out the structures of new natural products, as well as non-natural synthesized molecules. Woodward was always quick to use newly developed techniques. Woodward's discovery saved chemists from spending a lot of time using chemical methods to work out the structures of compounds. In 1944 Woodward and William von Eggers Doering reported the synthesis of the alkaloid quinine, used to treat malaria. The synthesis was a breakthrough, as quinine was hard to get from Japanese occupied southeast Asia. In fact, Woodward's method could not be used on a practical scale, but it was a landmark for chemical synthesis. Organic synthesis was still largely a matter of trial and error, and nobody thought such complex structures could actually be constructed. Woodward showed that organic synthesis could be made into a science. Woodward's synthesis of quinine was the first of many of his very complicated and elegant syntheses. Later work and its impact. By the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had studied the mechanisms of organic reactions. They had come up with rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was probably the first synthetic organic chemist who used these rules to predict what steps would work in a synthesis. Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize. During the late 1940s, Woodward synthesized many complex natural products including quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the 'Woodwardian era'. He showed that natural products could be synthesized by careful applications of the principles of physical organic chemistry, and by very careful planning. Many of Woodward's syntheses were described as spectacular by his colleagues. Before he did them, some people thought it would be impossible to create these substances in the lab. Woodward's syntheses were also described as having an element of art in them, and since then, synthetic chemists have always looked for elegance as well as utility in synthesis. His work also involved the exhaustive use of the then newly developed techniques of infrared spectroscopy and later, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Another important feature of Woodward's syntheses was their attention to stereochemistry or the particular configuration of molecules in three dimensional space. Most natural products of medicinal importance are effective, for example as drugs, only when they possess a specific stereochemistry. This creates the demand for 'stereospecific synthesis', producing a compound with a defined stereochemistry. Woodward was a pioneer in showing how one could conduct reactions that were stereospecific. Many of his syntheses involved forcing a molecule into a certain configuration by installing rigid structural elements in it, another tactic that has become standard today. In this regard, especially his syntheses of reserpine and strychnine were landmarks. During World War II, Woodward was an advisor to the War Production Board on the penicillin project. Woodward also applied the technique of infrared spectroscopy and chemical degradation to determine the structures of complicated molecules. Notable among these structure determinations were santonic acid, strychnine, magnamycin and terramycin. About terramycin, Woodward's colleague and Nobel Laureate Derek Barton said: "The most brilliant analysis ever done on a structural puzzle was surely the solution (1953) of the terramycin problem. It was a problem of great industrial importance, and hence many able chemists had performed an enormous amount of work trying to determine the structure. There seemed to be too much data to resolve the problem, because a significant number of observations, although experimentally correct, were very misleading. Woodward took a large piece of cardboard, wrote on it all the facts and, by thought alone, deduced the correct structure for terramycin. Nobody else could have done that at the time." In each one of these cases, Woodward again showed how rational facts and chemical principles, combined with chemical intuition, could be used to achieve the task. In the early 1950s, Woodward, and British chemist Geoffrey Wilkinson, proposed a structure for ferrocene, a compound consisting of a combination of an organic molecule with iron. This marked the beginning of the field of transition metal organometallic chemistry. The field later grew which grew to be important to the chemical industry. Wilkinson won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1973, with Ernst Otto Fischer. Some historians think that Woodward should have shared this prize along with Wilkinson. Woodward himself thought so, and voiced his thoughts in a letter sent to the Nobel Committee. Woodward won the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his synthesis of complex organic molecules. In his Nobel lecture, he described the total synthesis of the antibiotic cephalosporin, and claimed that he had pushed the synthesis schedule so that it would be completed around the time of the Nobel ceremony. B12 synthesis and Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date- vitamin B12. In a remarkable collaboration with his colleague Albert Eschenmoser in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The work was finally published in 1973, and it marked a landmark in the history of organic chemistry. The synthesis included almost a hundred steps, and involved the rigorous planning and analyses that had always characterised Woodward's work. This work, more than any other, convinced organic chemists that the synthesis of any complex substance was possible, given enough time and planning. However, as of 2006, no other total synthesis of Vitamin B12 has been published. That same year, based on observations that Woodward had made during the B12 synthesis, he and Roald Hoffmann devised rules (now called the Woodward–Hoffmann rules) for elucidating the stereochemistry of the products of organic reactions. Woodward based his ideas on his experiences as a synthetic organic chemist; he asked Hoffman to perform theoretical calculations to verify the ideas. This was done using Hoffmann's Extended Hückel method. The predictions of these rules were verified by many experiments. Hoffmann shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for this work along with Kenichi Fukui, a Japanese chemist who had done similar work using a different approach. Woodward had died two years before and so was not eligible to share this Prize. A recent paper in the journal "Nature" describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules. Woodward Institute and later life. While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the Woodward Research Institute, based at Basel, Switzerland in 1963. He also became a trustee of his alma mater, MIT, from 1966 to 1971, and of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Woodward died in Cambridge, Massachusetts from a heart attack in his sleep. At the time, he was working on the synthesis of an antibiotic, erythromycin. A student of his said: "I owe a lot to Woodward. He showed me that one could attack difficult problems without a clear idea of their outcome, but with confidence that intelligence and effort would solve them. He showed me the beauty of modern organic chemistry, and the relevance to the field of detailed careful reasoning. He showed me that one does not need to specialize. Woodward made great contributions to the strategy of synthesis, to the deduction of difficult structures, to the invention of new chemistry, and to theoretical aspects as well. He taught his students by example the satisfaction that comes from total immersion in our science. I treasure the memory of my association with this remarkable chemist." Publications. During his lifetime, Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers. The remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and much of the work in which he participated was not published until a few years after his death. Woodward trained more than two hundred Ph.D. students and postdoctoral workers, many of whom later went on to distinguished careers. Idiosyncracies. His lectures were legendary and frequently used to last for three or four hours. [His longest known lecture defined the unit of time known as the "Woodward", and thereafter his other lectures were deemed to be so many "milli-Woodwards" long!] In many of these, he eschewed the use of slides and used to draw beautiful structures by using multicolored chalk. As a result, it was always easy to take good notes at a Woodward lecture. Typically, to begin a lecture, Woodward would arrive and lay out two large white handkerchiefs on the countertop. Upon one would be four or five colors of chalk (new pieces), neatly sorted by color, in a long row. Upon the other handkerchief would be placed an equally impressive row of cigarettes. The previous cigarette would be used to light the next one. His famous Thursday seminars at Harvard often lasted well into the night. He had a fixation with blue, and all his suits, his car, and even his parking space were coloured in blue. In one of his laboratories, his students hung a large black and white photograph of the master from the ceiling, complete with a large blue "tie" appended. There it hung for some years (early 1970s), until scorched in a minor laboratory fire. He detested exercise, could get along with only a few hours of sleep every night, was a heavy smoker, and enjoyed Scotch whisky and a martini or two. Hoffmann would correspond with Woodward using blue paper. Petrichor Petrichor () is the name of the scent of rain on dry dirt. The term was created by two Australian researchers for an article in the journal "Nature." Citroën Xsara Picasso The Citroën Xsara Picasso is a compact MPV from Citroën introduced in 1999. Its successor, the Citroën C4 Picasso, was introduced in 2006, but the Xsara Picasso still continued to be made until 2012. Crypsis Crypsis is a word in ecology which means "hiding". It refers to the ways animals avoid being seen, or otherwise detected. It also includes the situation when an animal "is" noticed, but is not recognised for what it is. It may be either a defence against predators, or a device for predators to get near prey. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality (night-time activity), subterranean lifestyle, transparency, and mimicry. The word can also be used about eggs, and about pheromone production. Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory or auditory camouflage. IMI Galil The Galil is a family of Israeli small arms. They were designed by Yisrael Galil and Yaacov Lior in the late 1960s. They were made by Israel Military Industries Ltd (now Israel Weapon Industries Ltd) of Ramat HaSharon. History. The Galil's design is supposed to make it work well in warm weather. It was designed from the Finnish RK 62. The RK 62 itself was designed from the Soviet AK-47 assault rifle. It was chosen as the winner of a competition for the Israel Defense Forces. This competition included many other designs. Some of these were the M16A1, Stoner 63, AK-47 and HK33. The Galil was officially brought into service in 1972. It replaced the FN FAL. Design. Features. The Galil is fired by a small hammer. It has a trigger mechanism which was designed from the trigger used in the American M1 Garand. The rifle's fire has three positions: "R" (First letter of "repeating", which is a British word for semi-automatic fire); the middle position, "A", gives fully automatic fire; and pushing the lever fully forward turns on the safety so that the weapon can not be fired. The weapon is made with a plastic hand guard and pistol grip. The rifle can be used with a sound suppressor. A suppressor makes the weapon quieter. The weapon has a bottle opener and wire cutter built into the bipod. The bottle opener was built in to stop damage to magazines. This was because the magazines were being used to open bottles. Wire cutters were built in to reduce the time that IDF troops took to cut down wire fences. This is because there are many wire fences in rural areas of Israel. Barrel. The barrel has a flash suppressor. It can be used to launch rifle grenades or attach a bayonet. It is possible to attach the M7 bayonet to the Galil. Feeding. The Galil gets its ammunition from a curved, steel box magazine. It can hold 35 rounds. There is a special colour-coded 12-round magazine which is used for blanks. The magazine is put into the gun in a similar way to the AK group. A special attachment can allow the Galil to use STANAG magazines. Types of Galil. AR. The AR is the normal rifle version. It has a plastic handguard. The handguard can take a lot of damage before breaking. The stock of the AR can fold (to the right side). SAR. The SAR carbine type of the AR has a shorter barrel (332 mm, 13.07in). Because the barrel is shorter, the mechanisms inside the barrel are also smaller. ARM. The ARM version is a light machine gun. It has a handle to carry the weapon, a bipod which folds and a larger handguard. The handguard is made from wood. The wooden handguard stays cool when the weapon is being fired fully automatically. The bipod can be used as a wire cutter. The back of the handguard can be used to open bottles. This was put in to stop soldiers opening bottles with the magazines, as this damaged them. MAR. MAR stands for Micro Galil. It is a smaller version of the SAR. It weighs 2.98 kg without a magazine. The MAR gets its ammunition from a 35-round magazine. Two of these can be attached to make reloading quicker. The MAR has the same rate of fire (630-750 rounds per minute) as other 5.56 mm Galil models. An optional magazine adapter inserted inside the magazine well allows the use of standard 20 and 30-round M16 magazines. The MAR has four settings: "S"—weapon can not fire, "A"—automatic fire, "B"—3-round burst, "R"—semi-automatic fire. The MAR can have many different sights attached to it. The MAR can also be given with plastic magazines (instead of steel magazines). These weigh 0.164 kg. They can also be given with more space around the trigger so that soldiers wearing gloves can fire it. Other types. Some other types of Galil are: Cannabaceae Cannabaceae the hemp family of the rose order, containing 11 genera and 270 species of aromatic herbs distributed throughout temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Description. Older authorities included the two genera, Cannabis and Humulus, in the mulberry family. These and the former hackberry family (Celtidaceae) are now included in Cannabaceae. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp ("Cannabis") and hop ("Humulus") are the only economically important species. Urticaceae Urticaceae the nettle family comprising about 45 genera of herbs, shrubs, small trees, and a few vines, distributed primarily in tropical regions. The family is typical of the nettle order. Description. Many species, especially the nettles ("Urtica") and Australian nettle trees ("Laportea"), have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. The leaves are varied and the sap is usually watery. The small, greenish flowers often form clusters in the leaf axils. Both male and female flowers may be borne on the same plant. The curled stamens of the male flowers straighten quickly as the flowers open, releasing the pollen. Adrian Fenty Adrian Malik Fenty (born December 6, 1970) was the sixth, and youngest Mayor of the District of Columbia. He was a national leader in urban education reform. He lost his re-election bid in the 2010 Democratic primary to Vincent C. Gray, who went on to win the general election for mayor. Early life, education, and family. Fenty grew up in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood of Washington, D.C. and graduated from Mackin Catholic High School. As a teenager, he worked at Swenson's Ice Cream next to the Uptown Theatre. Fenty's mother is white, and his father is African-American. Adrian Fenty is the middle child of three boys—older brother Shawn, a bicycle expert, and younger brother Jess. Their parents are runners and own a Fleet Feet athletic shoe store in the D.C. neighborhood of Adams Morgan. Adrian has run in the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run each year since 2004, improving his finishing time from 1:17:22 in 2005 to 1:02:59 in 2009. Fenty earned a B.A. in English and Economics at Oberlin College and a J.D. from the Howard University School of Law. He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity. In 1997, Fenty and lawyer Michelle Cross eloped. Michelle Cross Fenty works for the Inter-American Development Bank. They have three children: twins Matthew and Andrew (b. 2000) and Aerin Alexandra (b. 2008). Entry into politics and service on D.C. Council. Fenty was an intern for Senator Howard Metzenbaum (D-OH), Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC), and Representative Joseph P. Kennedy II (D-MA) before becoming involved in local politics. In addition to serving as an aide to Councilmember Kevin P. Chavous, he was elected as an Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner in ANC 4C and was president of the 16th Street Neighborhood Civic Association. In 2000, Fenty won a seat on the D.C. Council. Fenty ran against long-time Ward 4 Councilmember Charlene Drew Jarvis. Jarvis was well known and a heavy favorite, but Fenty campaigned hard. He pursued an aggressive door-to-door strategy and put up large numbers of green yard signs. Fenty was elected to the Council seat by a 57–43 percent margin. Unopposed in both the primary and general elections in 2004, Fenty was reelected for a second term. As a Council member, Fenty worked on constituent services. He opposed public funding for a new baseball stadium. He proposed funding a $1 billion capital improvement program for public schools, which the Council subsequently passed in an altered form. He is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. While major, Fenty used three BlackBerry devices. One BlackBerry directly connected him to Police Chief Cathy Lanier while the latter two were for business and personal matters. 2006 Mayoral Campaign. Fenty formally announced his decision to campaign for mayor of the District of Columbia on June 1, 2005. In the fall of 2005, then-mayor Anthony A. Williams made the widely anticipated announcement that he would not seek re-election, and then-Council Chair Linda Cropp announced she would be a candidate for Mayor. Other candidates included businesswoman Marie Johns, then-Council member Vincent Orange, and lobbyist Michael A. Brown. Brown dropped out of the race in September 2006. Fenty ran on a platform of bringing a more energetic and hands-on approach to district government. Cropp trumpeted her 25 years of experience in district government and her desire to continue the progress made by Anthony Williams, who endorsed her candidacy. The race was widely viewed as neck-and-neck through the spring of 2006. Both candidates raised significant and nearly equal amounts of money –roughly $1.75 million through June 10, 2006 –and neither gained any significant advantage from the numerous debates and forums. By July 2006, public and private polling gave Fenty a roughly 10-point advantage. Political observers have debated whether it was Fenty's unprecedented door-to-door campaign, in which he and his campaign workers visited virtually every block in the district, Cropp's lack of engagement in the campaign, or the electorate's desire for a new direction after eight years of Anthony Williams. Cropp's campaign began a series of negative attacks during the last month of the campaign. In direct mail and television advertisements, Cropp painted Fenty as unfit for the job and a careless lawyer who had been admonished by the D.C. Bar; in 2005, he received an informal admonition from the Bar Association for his role in a probate case in 1999. The attacks, however, backfired; the reaction, coupled with the endorsement of the "Washington Post" newspaper, increased Fenty's lead in the campaign's final weeks. On September 12, 2006, Fenty won all 142 district precincts in the Democratic Primary. This had never happened before in District of Columbia history—and defeated Linda Cropp by a 57–31 percent margin. Fenty received 89% of the vote in the general election. He became the district's sixth elected mayor since the establishment of home rule. Tenure (2007–11). Fenty paid a lot of attention to education reform. On the first day of his term, in an unprecedented and controversial move, Fenty introduced legislation to restructure the school system to give him full responsibility for schools. Across the district, district residents had been demanding that the schools be "fixed." Schools in the district had been troubled for years with student test performance scores and graduation rates among the lowest in the nation. In 1996, a Control Board appointed by Congress had taken over control of the public school system, declaring that the schools were in a "state of emergency." Mayor Fenty viewed this re-structuring as the solution. In April, 2007, the D.C. Council approved Fenty's school takeover plan, and in May 2007, legislation needed to approve the change was passed by Congress and signed by President Bush. Under the new structure, the existing superintendent was replaced by a school chief, or chancellor, who was selected by the mayor and would report directly to him. This power shift also allowed the mayor to make swift changes in the system's central office, alter teacher qualification requirements, and implement a school consolidation process. His selection of Michelle Rhee to manage District schools surprised many people. In choosing Rhee, he stepped outside of the local landscape to consult with national education experts including New York City School Chancellor Joel Klein. The move to restructure the school's reporting system and the addition of a school chancellor as a direct report have been credited with putting the school system on the path to long-awaited improvements. To ensure that maximum resources would go directly to classrooms, the mayor and chancellor closed 23 underenrolled schools and significantly reduced the school system's central administrative staff. Student achievement at the secondary level rose 14 points in reading and 17 points in math since 2007, gains that are unprecedented in DC history and unparalleled nationwide. Student SAT scores rose 27 points in 2010. Graduation rates rose each year since 2007, and 72 percent of district students took the Practice Scholastic Aptitude Test, a.k.a. the PSAT, which functions as a practice test for students entering college. His administration also took on a major, five-year maintenance and construction effort to dramatically improve school buildings by 2014. The Mayor and Chancellor successfully negotiated a collective bargaining agreement with the Washington Teachers Union. The contract has become a national model for other jurisdictions, especially because it establishes a system of performance-based teacher compensation. While focusing on improving schools, the Fenty Administration changed district agencies, ensuring more efficient and effective service delivery throughout district government. Fenty's choice for police chief, Cathy Lanier, also made national headlines. Under Fenty, Lanier has added police officers to the streets and expanded community policing initiatives, for example, "beefing up" the policy of accepting anonymous text message tips from local residents to cut down on retaliation. By local news accounts, there is evidence of success. The homicide rate in the District dropped 25% in 2009. The closure rate for homicide cases rose to 70%. In his "State of the District" speech, the Mayor reported that homicides were at their "lowest level since 1964" and that "both violent crimes and property crimes" had experienced a double-digit decline. Fenty has championed development efforts across the district. Across the district, several schools, libraries, parks and recreation centers have been renovated to offer state-of-the-art facilities for residents, youth and families. There have been many improvements made to recreational play spaces for children: Under Fenty, 16 neighborhood and school playgrounds were opened and 9 play courts and fields were completed. Under his leadership, the District's largest shopping center, the D.C. USA Shopping Center, was opened. New developments, such as the Camp Simms retail development, have infused new life into the neighborhood with a retail grocery store and a sit-down restaurant east of the Anacostia River. Renovation of affordable housing units helped provide housing during tough economic times. The Fenty Administration also expanded health care coverage for the uninsured and established thousands of units of affordable housing, while creating the "Housing First" program to provide permanent supportive housing for the district's homeless. The administration also reduced the backlog of Child Protective Services (CPS) investigations by improving the retention of social workers, increasing recruitment of social workers to fill vacancies, and building a quality, experienced leadership. Additionally, the Fenty Administration improved the delivery of emergency medical services. It also finalized the sale of Greater Southeast Community Hospital (now United Medical Center) in a public-private partnership that kept the facility open for patients east of the Anacostia River. In December 2009, Fenty signed the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Equality Act of 2009 to legalize same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia. During the signing ceremony, Mayor Fenty and other attending district officials expressed their support for the gay rights movement by expressing "they want the District to provide a road map for gay rights activists as the debate over same-sex marriage...moves across the nation..." Controversies. Mayor Fenty and his administration came under attack from political opponents. Council Chair Gray complained that Fenty did not share with the district council tickets donated by a local sports arena. Chair Gray demanded that Fenty hand the tickets over to him so Gray could have control of them. The D.C. council also charged that Fenty circumvented them in making contracts for park improvements. Rather than treat them as district contracts, the contracts were made with the D.C. Housing Agency. Unsuccessful 2010 re-election campaign. Fenty officially launched his reelection bid on April 10, 2010, at his campaign headquarters at 5929 Georgia Avenue, NW, in Washington, D.C.’s Brightwood neighborhood. The Fenty campaign's headquarters were located on the site of the old Curtis Chevrolet dealership within Ward 4, the ward in which Fenty began his political career as an Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner in ANC 4C. Fenty faced ten candidates in the District's September 14, 2010, Democratic primary. On July 31, 2009 (13½ months before the 2010 primary), Fenty's 2010 mayoral campaign passed the 2006 primary fundraising total of $2.4 million. On August 1, 2010, the editorial board of "The Washington Post" officially endorsed Fenty. "Washington City Paper" followed on September 9. One primary candidate in particular, Sulaimon Brown devoted his efforts to attacking Fenty rather than establishing his own positive campaign. After the election, Brown was given a $110,000 per year job in the D.C. Department of Health Care Finance within the new administration. However, Brown was later fired because of questions about his past. In March 2011, Congress announced an investigation into the hiring of Brown. A "Washington Post" poll released on Aug. 29 found Gray with a 17-point lead among likely voters. A Clarus poll conducted September 7 gave Gray a 7-point lead among likely voters, and a Public Policy Polling survey sponsored by WAMU-FM radio and "Washington City Paper" showed an 11 percent lead for Gray. Fenty lost the Democratic primary election to Vincent C. Gray. Gray received 53 percent of the vote to Fenty's 46 percent. Following the reporting of the results, Fenty called it highly unlikely he would run for public office again. While Fenty received the most write-in votes for mayor in the Republican primary election, Fenty had previously said he would not accept the Republican nomination. After politics. Fenty signed with Greater Talent Network, a major speakers bureau, in January 2011. The same month, Fenty became an outside adviser and counsel to Heffler, Radetich & Saitta, an accounting and consulting firm based in Philadelphia. Also in January 2011, it was announced that Fenty would become a distinguished visiting professor of politics, a featured lecturer and a career adviser in the Department of African American Studies at Oberlin College. In February 2011, Fenty became an outside adviser to Rosetta Stone, which produces foreign language learning software. In March 2011, Fenty became a strategic adviser for the state and local government practice of Capgemini Government Solutions LLC, an information technology consulting firm. In May 2011, Fenty became a member of the advisory board of EverFi Inc., an online education and certification firm. In July 2011, Fenty joined the law firm Klores Perry Mitchell P.C. as special counsel. On the "Morning Joe" broadcast on March 8, 2011, Adrian Fenty backed Wisconsin Republican Governor Scott Walker's union-busting bill and said that the Democratic state senators should be held accountable. Election history. 2000 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, Democratic Primary Election 2000 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, General Election 2004 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, Democratic Primary Election 2004 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, General Election 2006 Mayor of the District of Columbia, Democratic Primary Election 2006 Mayor of the District of Columbia, General Election Bernadette Bernadette is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name Bernard. Celebrities with the name "Bernadette" include the actress Bernadette Peters. Hwang Hui Hwang Hui (8 March 1363 28 February 1452) was a politican and scholar of the Goryeo dynasty and Joseon dynasty. He was the Prime Minister of the Joseon dynasty from 1431 to 1449. Sulaimon Brown Sulaimon Maurice Brown (born July 31, 1970 in Charleston, SC) is an accountant. He was a candidate for mayor of the District of Columbia in 2010. During the campaign, he actively supported another candidate, Vincent Gray. After Gray became mayor, Brown's criminal record became public. He is being investigated by the United States Attorney. Brown is also being investigated by committees of the DC City Council and of Congress. Background. Brown's father, Melvin Brown, was an Army Ranger, and Brown's mother was a nurse at Howard University Hospital. Brown earned a Bachelor of Business Administration - Accounting from the University of the District of Columbia. Brown worked as a University of the District of Columbia police officer until 2005. Brown then worked at various accounting firms. In 1988, Brown was tried and acquitted by a jury on an attempted murder charge in Chicago. Brown was also accused of assault in Essex County, New Jersey, but a grand jury refused to indict Brown. The "Washington City Paper" reported that DC court records show "gun charges against Brown were dropped in 1991 in exchange for Brown going to a diversion program, and a jury found Brown guilty in 1995 for unlawful entry." The "City Paper" also reported that a restraining order had been issued against Brown in 2007. The press asked Brown if he had a criminal record. Brown replied that he had been arrested once for trespassing at Howard University. Political activity. Brown was a volunteer in Adrian Fenty's 2006 campaign for mayor. According to Brown's 2009 website, Brown "worked behind the scenes campaigning for many elected officials [including] The President of the United States Barack Obama. He has helped in efforts to get White House Legislation passed and most recently trying to get a Supreme Court nominee appointed." Brown became a candidate for the 2010 Democratic Party nomination for mayor. On June 24, 2010, Brown was running out of money because he had not held a job for 18 months. Brown discussed his financial problems with another candidate for mayor, Vincent Gray. Brown and Gray reached an agreement for Gray to provide cash payments to Brown for the rest of the campaign. They also agreed that if Gray won the election, the city would hire both Brown and his brother. Before the primary election, Brown received $44,000 from the Gray campaign and an additional $750 from Lorraine Green, Chairwoman of Gray's campaign. Howard Brooks carried the cash between Gray's campaign and Brown. Because Brown was a declared candidate, he participated with Mayor Fenty in a number of candidate debates. At the August 2010 forum in Ward 8, Brown questioned whether Fenty loved his parents. According to the "Washington Post", "During the election, Brown, 40, drew attention at debates by urging voters to cast ballots for Gray and criticizing incumbent Adrian M. Fenty." Brown received 209 votes in the primary. Gray defeated Fenty in the September 14, 2010 primary, and Gray won the general election in November 2010. Gray became Mayor in January 2011. Political appointment. The Gray Transition Team hired the Capitol Inquiry firm to check Brown's background. Capitol Inquiry discovered Brown's past legal proceedings in Chicago and New Jersey, and included them in a confidential report. In January 2011, Brown was hired to a $110,000-a-year job in the DC Office of Health Care Finance. Gray claimed that Brown was hired by Wayne Turnage, the director of that office. When the "Washington City Paper" raised questions about the hiring of Brown, he was quickly fired. DC police escorted Brown out of his new office. Mayor Gray called a press conference the same day, and stated: He’s qualified to do the work, Mark. What he did on the campaign has no relation to this. What he did on the campaign is what he decided to do. I didn't ask him to do that nor did I encourage him to do that.Turnage said that he fired Brown because they could not get along and not because of what was printed about his background. Brown sat in the back of the press conference as an uninvited guest, and spoke to reporters at the end of the conference. When the press asked Brown if Gray had promised him a job, Brown refused to answer. Brown blamed City Councilman David Catania for his being fired. Brown said that Catania had threatened to delay the confirmation of Turnage until Brown was fired. Catania denied this. Brown was placed on paid administrative leave for 15 days. Investigations. In March 2011, Congress announced an investigation into the hiring of Brown. In April and May 2011, the DC City Council issued a subpeona to get Brown to testify. Brown hid from the people trying to give him the subpeona and went to court to fight having to testify. On May 31, 2011, the D.C. Superior Court order Brown to testify before the D.C. Council committee that was investigating this matter. On June 6, 2011, Brown testified under oath that Gray had paid him cash to keep in as a candidate in the primary race and had promised him a job. Brown claimed that Gray himself had ordered one of the payoffs. The City Council probe showed that Green, Gray's chief of staff Gerri Mason Hall and Gray's personnel director Judy Banks gave Gray's political allies city jobs. They did it in a way that did not pay attention to qualifications or laws. Brown was required to report the money that he got as campaign contributions. On June 5, Brown gave the press copies of money orders payable to "Sulaimon Brown for Mayor" from relatives of Howard Brooks, including Brook's son (Peyton Brooks), the son's girlfriend, and a cousin of Brook's wife. The last two denied ever making the contributions. Peyton Brooks was also hired as a $110,000-a-year special assistant in the Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development. Peyton Brooks was one of several children of Gray's campaign workers to be fired after the press printed stories about the jobs. Brown said that he received additional money orders from Howard Brooks, but that those did not have names on them. The United States Attorney's Office is also investigating. Brown said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation asked Brown about the payments from Brooks, Green and Gray. 2011 Norway attacks The 2011 Norway attacks were two attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011. The first attack was a car bombing near government buildings in Oslo. The second attack was a mass shooting at a summer youth camp on an island northwest of Oslo. Of the total 77 deaths, 55 were teenagers, and another 96 people were injured. The car bomb also shattered many windows of buildings in the government quarter of downtown Oslo. The bomb explosion was near the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg at 15:26. It killed eight people and injured several others. The second attack happened about 90 minutes later, at a youth camp organized by the youth group (AUF) of the Norwegian Labour Party (AP) at the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the campers, killing 69 people. The police arrested several suspects, but most were released. Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian Protestant man, committed both attacks. He was later charged with both attacks. Records show he had planned the attacks for years, as an act of anti-immigration ideology and against multiculturalism. The European Union, NATO and countries around the world have expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks. Oslo bombing. On 22 July 2011 at 15:26 (CEST) a powerful explosion went off near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway ("H-blokka") and several other government buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy ("R4") and Ministry of Finance. "(See map)" The nearby street was filled with glass and debris following the explosion. The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings. A giant cloud of white smoke was seen as a fire burned at the Ministry of Petroleum. The blast was heard at least seven kilometres away. Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for more explosive devices. The police asked people to leave central Oslo. Casualties. Eight people are known to have been killed in the explosion, with fifteen injured, eleven seriously. A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal injuries. Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was not hurt in the blast. Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time. Because July is the main holiday time in Norway, and that attacks took place during the weekend, there were not as many people in the area as usual, which may saved many lives. Impact on transportation. All roads into Oslo's downtown area were closed as police moved people from the area and warned Oslo residents to stay away from the city center. They were also told to limit their usage of mobile phones due to concerns of another possible terrorist attack. Public transport into and out of the city was stopped. The police checked cars on the road to Oslo airport, which remained open as the police conducted searches in cars at the site. The Gardermoen railway line between Lillestrøm and Oslo airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks. The same happened at the offices of TV 2, which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building. Utøya shooting. About 90 minutes after the Oslo explosion, a gunman in police uniform, believed to be Anders Behring Breivik, got on a ferry about 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo. The ferry went to the island of Utøya in lake Tyrifjorden. The island was the site of the Labour Party's annual Workers' Youth League (AUF) youth summer camp. Once on the island, the gunman began to shoot the mainly adolescent campers, before finally being captured. The shooter was dressed as a police officer, and said he had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo. He signalled and asked people to gather around him before firing his weapons, killing and injuring many people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake. The police reported that most of the casualties were youths of about 15 and 16 years old. People on the island were reported to have hidden in lavatories or undergrowth, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman. The shooting supposedly lasted for 90 minutes. The police were informed about the shooting at 17:27, and at 18:27 the gunman had been arrested. When the police arrived at the scene, they were confronted with a scene of survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons. They were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them. At about 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July 2011, the National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland thought the number of deaths at Utøya was "at least 80" with the count expected to increase. Sixty-nine people died. Perpetrator. The attacker is Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested on Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings. He has been charged and convicted of carrying out both attacks. He is in prison. Political views. Acting national police chief Sveinung Sponheim said that the suspected gunman's Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and anti-Muslim views, but whether that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen". Police have described Breivik as being a right-wing extremist. Breivik described himself as a conservative nationalist. He has been described as a Christian fundamentalist by news sources. He is reported to have written many posts on the website "document.no", described by "Aftenposten" as "Islam-critical and Israel-friendly". He went to meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), linked with the website. He is was also once a member of the right-wing Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. FpU leader Ove Vanebo said Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme. Media reports say that Breivik posted comments on the internet saying he is an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus, and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. Breivik said Wilders' Party for Freedom, is "the only true party for conservatives". Breivik has said he is "pro-gay and pro-Israel". On Twitter he paraphrased utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests." The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) said that Breivik published a 1516-page manifesto, on his anti-multiculturalist and right-wing militant ideologies, on the day of the attacks. Beliefs that there were other perpetrator(s). Several witnesses at the youth camp, believe (as of 23 July 2011) that there was more than one shooter. The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently checking this information. Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter. Acting Police Chief Sveinung Sponheim has said that "It's very difficult at this point to say whether he was acting alone or whether he was acting as part of a larger network". Reactions. Domestic. At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, prime minister Jens Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity since World War II. Stoltenberg said that the attack would not hurt the Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety". Eskil Pedersen of the Workers' Youth League vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance. King Harald sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity. Svein Østerud , professor emeritus, said that before we can analyze the trauma of the nation, we have to acknowledge that Breivik and [some] other terrorists, are youths that lost their way, when going thru institutions ... while struggling to find one's identity, and at the same time (and everyday) being forced to [ conform to the] norms set by school, parents, and social media. International. The European Union, NATO, the United Nations Security Council, governments and leaders from around the world expressed their condemnation of the attack, condolences, and solidarity with Norway. Memorials. At Utøya, the place of memorial is called ["the clearing"] "Lysninga"; a part of it is ["the ring"] "Ringen" - a "ring of steel [that] hangs between trees and here the names and age of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved"; "it lies at the highest point of the island"; It was unveiled during the summer of 2015. "Hegnhuset" was inaugurated in 2016. A temporary national monument in Oslo was unveiled on 22 July 2016. One monolith stands in each municipality. At 53 [places] in Norway, are statues by Nico Widerberg that were anonymously financed. One monolith was put at Utsikten - a roadside rest area with a view of Utøya; it is located on E16 at Nes in Hole (municipality). National memorial in Hole municipality. In June 2017 the government decided that one of the national memorials, should be placed at Utøya-kaia, in Hole municipality; the memorial will not [be a work of art, or] have an artistic expression. KORO , an agency under the Ministry of Culture, will no longer formally be tied to the process in regard to the memorial in Hole. In popular culture. Jan Kjærstad published in 2017, "Berge", a novel that is about the attacks and a triple homicide in 1999, in Norway . Harald Cerny Harald Cerny (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mostly for TSV 1860 München. Career. He started his career with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams. At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started the professional career. The first two years he played for the second squad but in the 1992/93 he played in the first team giving his debut versus Eintracht Frankfurt. 1993 he went back to Austria playing with FC Admira/Wacker . After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994/95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayerns rival TSV 1860 München. With 268 matches, 238 of them in the Bundesliga, for 1860 he is the record holder of the club. Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007. International. Cerny made his debut for Austria in March 1993 against Greece. He played 47 matches and scored four goals.His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg. He was also in the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. There he played two matches versus Cameroon and Chile. National team statistics. !Total||47||4 Franz Wohlfahrt Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian goalkeeper. Career. He started with the local club SV St.Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured. International. In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship. His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland. His last match was a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey. He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad. In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia. All in all he played 59 matches for Austria. Gas exchange Exchange of gases or gas exchange is carried out by organisms. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis, which makes oxygen. Plants only do this out during the day, when there is sunlight. Plants respire all day and night. In the human respiratory system, gas exchange happens in the alveolus (alveoli for plural). These are in the lungs and help with diffusion. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, from the air. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, into the air. Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by respiration. Pentene Pentene is the name of alkenes with the formula C5H10. They are hydrocarbons. In total, there are five different pentenes. Pentens occur in cracking processes and in natural gas. Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols. Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made. Paul Strzelecki Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia. He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California. In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko. He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called "Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land". He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society. In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave. A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842. Stress (mechanics) Stress is the force per unit area on a body that tends to cause it to change shape. Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between its particles. These internal forces are a reaction to the external forces applied on the body that cause it to separate, compress or slide. External forces are either surface forces or body forces. Stress is the average force per unit area that a particle of a body exerts on an adjacent particle, across an imaginary surface that separates them. The formula for uniaxial normal stress is: where σ is the stress, F is the force and A is the surface area. In SI units, force is measured in newtons and area in square metres. This means stress is newtons per square meter, or N/m2. However, stress has its own SI unit, called the pascal. 1 pascal (symbol Pa) is equal to 1 N/m2. In Imperial units, stress is measured in pound-force per square inch, which is often shortened to "psi". The dimension of stress is the same as that of pressure. In continuum mechanics, the loaded deformable body behaves as a continuum. So, these internal forces are distributed continually within the volume of the material body. (This means that the stress distribution in the body is expressed as a piecewise continuous function of space and time.) The forces cause deformation of the body's shape. The deformation can lead to a permanent shape change or structural failure if the material is not strong enough. Some models of continuum mechanics treat force as something that can change. Other models look at the deformation of matter and solid bodies, because the characteristics of matter and solids are three dimensional. Each approach can give different results. Classical models of continuum mechanics assume an average force and do not properly include "geometrical factors". (The geometry of the body can be important to how stress is shared out and how energy builds up during the application of the external force.) Simple stresses. In some situations, the stress within an object can be described by a single number, or by a single vector (a number and a direction). Three such simple stress situations are the "uniaxial normal stress", the "simple shear stress", and the "isotropic normal stress". Uniaxial normal stress. Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. The volume of the material stays constant. When equal and opposite forces are applied on a body, then the stress due to this force is called tensile stress. Therefore in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size. In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces. Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress. Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well as compressive stress and/or shear stress. Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the "limit state" of stress. Stress in one-dimensional bodies. All real objects occupy three-dimensional space. However, if two dimensions are very large or very small compared to the others, the object may be modelled as one-dimensional. This simplifies the mathematical modelling of the object. One-dimensional objects include a piece of wire loaded at the ends and viewed from the side, and a metal sheet loaded on the face and viewed up close and through the cross section. Pericyclic reaction In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds. In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are: In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes. However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level. This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule. Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system). Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized. A large photoinduced hydrogen sigmatropic shift was utilized in a corrin synthesis performed by Albert Eschenmoser containing a 16π system. Due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, there is a parallel set of "retro" pericyclic reactions, which perform the reverse reaction. Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry. Pericyclic reactions also happen in several biological processes: References. Organic Chemistry 2011–12 Manchester United F.C. season The 2011–12 season is Manchester United's 20th season in the Premier League. Manchester United signed a £40 million four-year deal with DHL. In November, Sir Alex Ferguson celebrated 25 years in charge of the club. Pre-season. Manchester United started their season with a tour in the United States. United finishing the tour with a game against Barcelona in Washington on 30 July. Champions League. Manchester United will face Benfica, Basel and Otelul Galati in Group C. League Cup and FA Cup. League Cup. Manchester United were drawn against Crystal Palace in the quarter-finals of the League Cup. The Annoying Orange Annoying Orange is a popular live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel "realannoyingorange" weekly, with now over 200 videos. , The channel had almost 3 million subscribers. At that time, it was 43rd in terms of how many people are subscribed to it. Characters. Orange. Orange (Dane Boedigheimer) is the main character. He is described as really annoying, but sometimes funny. He warns others about a knife and other items ready to kill them. Pear. Pear (Boedigheimer) is described as a normal, bad, lying, negative, and abusive character. He was Orange's best friend (Annoying Orange) and normally tells Orange to stop being annoying and shut up, but it is discovered in the episode "Wishful Thinking" that Pear would not be friends without Grapefruit. Pear is in Grapefruit's gang and was making fun of Orange. Midget Apple. Midget Apple (Boedigheimer) is a small apple in the series. He does not like being called "Midget Apple," preferring the term "Little Apple." Apple. Apple (Boedigheimer) is Orange's former best friend and current rival (bully). Apple is in Grapefruit's bullying gang. TV show. In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 high fructose adventures TV show based on the YouTube series. Cycloaddition A cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between reactants with double bonds that get replaced by a ring structure. It is a pericyclic chemical reaction where "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity." It is a cyclization reaction: it makes new ring of atoms. Cycloadditions are named by the basic size of the molecules that are being brought together. This would make the Diels–Alder reaction a [4 + 2]cycloaddition, and the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition a [3 + 2]cycloaddition. This type of reaction is a non-polar addition reaction. Reaction mechanism. Heat can cause the double bonds to form a ring. Thermal cycloadditions usually have (4n + 2) π electrons participating in the starting material, for some whole number "n". Because of orbital symmetry, most cycloadditions are suprafacial-suprafacial. Rarely, they are antarafacial-antarafacial. There are a few examples of thermal cycloadditions which have 4n π electrons (for example the [2 + 2] cycloaddition). These proceed in a suprafacial-antarafacial sense. For example, the dimerisation of ketene has a orthogonal set of p orbitals. Those p orbitals allow the reaction to proceed using a crossed transition state. Light can also cause the double bonds to form a ring. Cycloadditions in which 4n π electrons participate can also occur as a result of photochemical activation. Here, one component makes an electron move from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (π bonding) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (π* antibonding). After the electron is promoted to the higher orbital, orbital symmetry allows the reaction to proceed in a suprafacial-suprafacial manner. An example is the DeMayo reaction. Another example is shown below, the photochemical dimerization of cinnamic acid. Note that not all photochemical (2+2) cyclizations are cycloadditions; some are known to operate by radical mechanisms. Some cycloadditions instead of π bonds operate through strained cyclopropane rings; as these have significant π character. For example, an analog for the Diels–Alder reaction is the quadricyclane-DMAD reaction: In the (i+j+...) cycloaddition notation i and j refer to the number of atoms involved in the cycloaddition. In this notation a Diels-Alder reaction is a (4+2)cycloaddition and a 1,3-dipolar addition such as the first step in ozonolysis is a (3+2)cycloaddition. This notation uses parenthesis. The IUPAC preferred notation however, with [i+j+...] counts electrons and not atoms. It uses square brackets. In this notation, the Diels–Alder reaction and the dipolar reaction both become a [4+2]cycloaddition. The reaction between norbornadiene and an activated alkyne is a [2+2+2]cycloaddition. Types of cycloaddition. Diels-Alder reactions. The Diels–Alder reaction is a [4+2]cycloaddition reaction. Huisgen cycloadditions. The Huisgen cycloaddition reaction is a [2+3]cycloaddition. Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition. The Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition is a [3+2]cycloaddition. Formal cycloadditions. Cycloadditions often have metal-catalyzed and stepwise radical analogs, however these are not strictly speaking pericyclic reactions. When charged or radical intermediates are involved in a cycloaddition, or when the cycloaddition result is found in a series of reaction steps, they are sometimes called formal cycloadditions to make a difference from true pericyclic cycloadditions. One example of a formal [3+3]cycloaddition between a cyclic enone and an enamine catalyzed by "n"-butyllithium is a Stork enamine / 1,2-addition cascade reaction: Cheletropic reaction A cheletropic reaction is a type of pericyclic reaction where one atom on one of the reagents gets two new bonds. A pericyclic reaction is one that involves a transition state with a cyclic array of atoms and an associated cyclic array of interacting orbitals. A reorganization of σ and π bonds occurs in this cyclic array. Cheletropic reactions are a subclass of cycloadditions. What sets cheletropic reactions apart is that on one of the reagents, both new bonds are being made to the same atom. A few examples are shown to the right in Figure 1. In the first case, the single atom is the carbon atom in the carbonyl group. That carbon atom ends up in carbon monoxide. The end result is making two new bonds to one atom. The first two examples are known as "cheletropic extrusions" because a small stable molecule is given off in the reaction. The driving force for these reactions is often the entropic benefit of releasing a gas (e.g. CO or N2). Theoretical analysis. Because of the geometry of the molecules involved in cheletropic reactions, they confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists. Cheletropic reactions confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry. In the pericyclic transition state, a small molecule donates two electrons to the ring. Two possible geometries can explain the reaction. The small molecule can approach in either a linear or non-linear way. In the linear approach, the electrons in the orbital of the small molecule are pointed directly at the π system of the big molecule. In the non-linear approach, the orbital approaches at a slightly off angle. The π-systems ability to rotate as the small molecule approaches is crucial in forming new bonds. The direction of rotation will be different depending on how many π-electrons are in the system. A diagram of a two-electron fragment approaching a four-electron π-system using frontier molecular orbitals is shown below. The rotation will be disrotatory if the small molecule approaches linearly and conrotatory if the molecule approaches non-linearly. Disrotatory and conrotatory tell how the bonds in the π-system are rotating. Disrotatory means opposite directions while conrotatory means the same direction. This is also shown in the diagram below. Using Huckel's Rule, one can tell if the π-system is aromatic or anti-aromatic. If aromatic, linear approaches use disrotatory motion while non-linear approaches use conrotatory motion. The opposite goes with an anti-aromatic system. Linear approaches will have conrotatory motion while non-linear approaches will have disrotatory motion. Cheletropic Reactions Involving SO2. Thermodynamics. When sulfur dioxide reacts with butadiene and isoprene, two different products result. The reaction mechanism will control what gets made. A kinetic product and a thermodynamic product are both possible. More of the thermodynamic product gets made than the kinetic product. The kinetic product comes from a Diels–Alder reaction, while a cheletropic reaction makes a more thermodynamically stable product. The cheletropic pathway is used more because it makes to a more stable five-membered ring adduct. The scheme below shows the difference between the two products. The path to the left shows the thermodynamic product, while the path to the right shows the kinetic product. Suarez and Sordo showed this in 1995. They showed this both with experiments and using Gaussian calculations. Kinetics. One example of this is the cheletropic reactions of 1,3-dienes with sulfur dioxide. Chemists have carefully looked at the kinetics of this reaction. In 1976, Isaacs and Laila measured the kenetic factors for the addition of sulfur dioxide to butadiene derivatives. Rates of addition were monitored in benzene at 30 °C with an initial twentyfold excess of diene. They used a spectrophotometer to study light at 320 nm to measure the disappearance of SO2. The reaction showed "pseudo first-order kinetics". The chemists found that electron-withdrawing groups on the diene decreased the rate of reaction. Also, the reaction rate was affected considerably by steric effects of 2-substituents, with more bulky groups increasing the rate of reaction. (In other words, the larger the group of atoms hanging from the second carbon atom, the quicker the reaction ran.) The authors attribute this to the tendency of bulky groups to favor the cisoid conformation of the diene which is essential to the reaction (see table below). In addition, the rates at four temperatures were measured for seven of the dienes. From these measurements, chemists used the Arrhenius equation to calculate the enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡) and entropy of activation (ΔS‡) for each reaction. This was one of the first important efforts to study the kenetics of a cheletropic reaction. Monnat, Vogel, and Sordo, in 2002, measured the kinetics of addition of sulfur dioxide to 1,2-dimethylidenecycloalkanes. They wrote that the reaction of 1,2-dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide can give two different products depending on reaction conditions. The reaction makes the corresponding sultine through a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction under kinetic control (≤ -60 °C), but, under thermodynamic control (≥ -40 °C), the reaction makes the corresponding sulfolene through a cheletropic reaction. The activation enthalpy for the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is about 2 kcal/mol smaller than that for the corresponding cheletropic reaction. The sulfolene is about 10 kcal/mol more stable than the isometric sultine in CH2Cl2/SO2 solution. The authors were able to experimentally work out a rate law at 261.2 K for the reaction of 1,2-dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide to give the corresponding sulfolene. The reaction was first order in 1,2-dimethylidenecyclohexane but second order in sulfur dioxide (see below). This confirmed a prediction of theoretical chemists based on high-level "ab initio" quantum calculations. Using computational methods, the authors proposed a transition structure for the cheletropic reaction of 1,2-dimethylidenecyclohexane with sulfur dioxide (see figure at right). The reaction is second order in sulfur dioxide because another molecule of sulfur dioxide likely binds to the transition state to help stabilize it. Similar results were found in an 1995 study by Suarez, Sordo, and Sordo which used "ab initio" calculations to study the kinetic and thermodynamic control of the reaction of sulfur dioxide with 1,3-dienes. Solvent effects. The effect of the solvent of the cheletropic reaction of 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrothiophen-1,1-dioxide (shown at right) was kinetically investigated in 14 solvents. The reaction rate constants of the forward and reverse reaction in addition to the equilibrium constants were found to be linearly correlated with the ET(30) solvent polarity scale. Reactions were done at 120 °C and were studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the reaction mixture. The forward rate k1 was found to decrease by a factor of 4.5 going from cyclohexane to methanol. The reverse rate k-1 was found to increase by a factor of 53 going from cyclohexane to methanol, while the equilibrium constant Keq decreased by a factor of 140. It is suggested that there is a change of the polarity during the activation process as evidenced by relationships between the equilibrium and kinetic data. The authors say that the reaction appears to be influenced by the polarity of the solvent, and this can be shown by the change in the dipole moments when going from reactant to transition state to product. The authors also state that the cheletropic reaction doesn’t seem to be influenced by either solvent acidity or basicity. The results of this study lead the authors to expect the following behaviors: 1. The change in the solvent polarity will influence the rate less than the equilibrium. 2. The rate constants will be characterized by opposite effect on the polarity: k1 will slightly decrease with the increase of ET(30), and k-1 will increase under the same conditions. 3. The effect on k-1 will be larger than on k1. Carbene Additions to Alkenes. One of the most synthetically important cheletropic reactions is the addition of a singlet carbene to an alkene to make a cyclopropane (see figure at left). A carbene is a neutral molecule containing a divalent carbon with six electrons in its valence shell. Because of this, carbenes are highly reactive electrophiles and generated as reaction intermediates. A singlet carbene contains an empty "p" orbital and a roughly "sp""2" hybrid orbital that has two electrons. Singlet carbenes add stereospecifically to alkenes, and alkene stereochemistry is retained in the cyclopropane product. The mechanism for addition of a carbene to an alkene is a concerted [2+1] cycloaddition (see figure). Carbenes derived from chloroform or bromoform can be used to add CX2 to an alkene to give a dihalocyclopropane, while the Simmons-Smith reagent adds CH2. Interaction of the filled carbene orbital with the alkene π system creates a four-electron system and favors a non-linear approach. It is also favorable to mix the carbene empty "p" orbital with the filled alkene π orbital. Favorable mixing occurs through a non-linear approach (see figure 2 at right). However, while theory clearly favors a non-linear approach, there are no obvious experimental implications for a linear vs. non-linear approach. Sigmatropic reaction A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction. A sigmatropic reaction does not use a catalyst and involves a single molecule (an uncatalyzed intramolecular process). It changes one σ-bond into a different σ-bond. The name "sigmatropic" is the result of a compounding of the long-established "sigma" name for single carbon-carbon bonds and the Greek word "tropos", meaning turn. This is a rearrangement reaction which means that the bonds in a molecule shift between atoms without any atoms leaving or new atoms added to the molecule. In a sigmatropic reaction, a substituent moves from one part of a π-bonded system to another part in an intramolecular reaction with simultaneous rearrangement of the π system. True sigmatropic reactions usually do not need a catalyst. Some sigmatropic reactions are catalyzed by a Lewis acid. Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions. The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the [3,3] Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement and the Fischer indole synthesis. Overview of Sigmatropic Shifts. Woodward-Hoffman Sigmatropic Shift Nomenclature. A special notation is used to describe sigmatropic shifts. Each of the carbon atoms on the backbone of the molecule are assigned a position number. Sigmatropic rearrangements are described by an order term [i,j]. This means the migration of a σ-bond adjacent to one or more π systems to a new position (i-1) and (j-1) atoms removed from the original location of the σ-bond. When the sum of i and j is an even number, this is an indication of the involvement of a neutral, all C atom chain. An odd number suggests that there is a charged C atom or of a heteroatom lone pair replacing a carbon-carbon double bond. Thus, [1,5] and [3,3] shifts become [1,4] and [2,3] shifts with heteroatoms, while preserving symmetry considerations. Hydrogens are omitted in the third example for clarity. Here is a way to find the order of a given sigmatropic rearrangement. The first step is to give numbers to each atom starting with the atoms of the bond being broken as atom 1. Chemists count the atoms in each direction from the broken bond to the atoms that form the new σ-bond in the product. The numbers that correspond to the atoms forming the new bond are then separated by a comma and placed within brackets. This creates the sigmatropic reaction order descriptor. Chemists also count atoms when naming a sigmatropic shift where a hydrogen atom moves. The carbon chain does not break in a hydrogen atom migration. So, chemists count across all atoms involved in the reaction rather than only across the closest atoms. For example, the following hydrogen atom migration is of order [1,5], attained by counting counterclockwise through the π system, rather than the [1,3] order through the ring CH2 group that would mistakenly result if counted clockwise. Suprafacial and Antarafacial Shifts. Chemists have studied sigmatropic reactions where the migrating group has a sterocenter. In principle, all sigmatropic shifts can occur with either the same (retention) or the opposite (inversion) geometry of the migrating group. This depends on whether the original bonding lobe of the migrating atom or its other lobe is used to form the new bond. In cases of stereochemical retention, the migrating group translates without rotation into the bonding position. In the case of stereochemical inversion the migrating group both rotates and translates to reach its bonded conformation. There is another way that a sigmatropic reaction can produce products with different sterochemistry. The migrating group can stay on the original face of the π system after rebonding. Or, it can go to the opposite face of the π system. If the migrating group remains on the same face of the π system, the shift is known as suprafacial. If the migrating group transfers to the opposite face is called an antarafacial shift. Transformations that occur within small- or medium-sized rings cannot make antarafacial shifts. Classes of Sigmatropic Rearrangements. [1,3] Shifts. Thermal Hydride Shifts. In a thermal [1,3] hydride shift, a hydride moves three atoms. The Woodward-Hoffmann rules dictate that it would proceed in an antarafacial shift. Although such a shift is symmetry allowed, the Mobius topology required in the transition state prohibits such a shift. It is geometrically impossible. This is why enols do not isomerize without an acid or base catalyst. Thermal Alkyl Shifts. Thermal alkyl [1,3] shifts, similar to [1,3] hydride shifts, must proceed antarafacially. The geometry of the transition state is prohibitive. But an alkyl group, due to the nature of its orbitals, can invert its geometry and form a new bond with the back lobe of its sp3 orbital. This reaction will result a suprafacial shift. These reactions are still not common in open chain systems because of the highly ordered nature of the transition state. So, the reactions work better in cyclic molecules. Photochemical [1,3] Shifts. Photochemical [1,3] shifts should be suprafacial shifts; however, most are non-concerted because they proceed through a triplet state (that is, they have a diradical mechanism, to which the Woodward-Hoffmann rules do not apply). [1,5] Shifts. A [1,5] shift involves the shift of 1 substituent (-H, -R or -Ar) down 5 atoms of a π system. Hydrogen has been shown to shift in both cyclic and open chain systems at temperatures at or above 200 ˚C. These reactions are predicted to proceed suprafacially, by a Huckel-topology transition state. Photoirradiation would require an antarafacial shift of hydrogen. Although such reactions are rare, there are examples where antarafacial shifts are favored: In contrast to hydrogen [1,5] shifts, there have never been any observed [1,5] alky shifts in an open-chain system. Chemists have determined rate preferences for [1,5] alkyl shifts in cyclic systems: carbonyl and carboxyl> hydride> phenyl and vinyl» alkyl. Alkyl groups undergo [1,5] shifts very poorly and usually require high temperatures. However, for cyclohexadienes, the temperature for alkyl shifts is not much higher than that for carbonyls, the best migratory group. A study showed that this is because alkyl shifts on cyclohexadienes proceed through a different mechanism. First the ring opens, followed by a [1,7] shift, and then the ring reforms electrocyclically: This same mechanistic process is seen below, without the final electrocyclic ring-closing reaction, in the interconversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2. [1,7] Shifts. [1,7] sigmatropic shifts are predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules to proceed in an antarafacial fashion, by a Mobius topology transition state. An antarafacial [1,7] shift is observed in the conversion of lumisterol to vitamin D2, where following an electrocyclic ring opening to previtamin D2, a methyl hydrogen shifts. Bicyclic nonatrienes also undergo [1,7] shifts in a so called walk rearrangement, which is the shift of divalent group, as part of a three-membered ring, in a bicyclic molecule. [3,3] Shifts. [3,3] sigmatropic shifts are well studied sigmatropic rearrangements. The Woodward-Hoffman rules predict that these six electron reactions would proceed suprafacially, using a Huckel topology transition state. Claisen Rearrangement. Discovered in 1912 by Rainer Ludwig Claisen, the Claisen rearrangement is the first recorded example of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction. An example of Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3] rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether, which upon heating yields a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl. The formation of a carbonyl group makes this reaction, unlike other sigmatropic rearrangements, inherently irreversible. Aromatic Claisen rearrangement. The ortho-Claisen rearrangement involves the [3,3] shift of an allyl phenyl ether to an intermediate which quickly tautomerizes to an ortho-substituted phenol. When both the ortho positions on the benzene ring are blocked, a second ortho-Claisen rearrangement will occur. This para-Claisen rearrangement ends with the tautomerization to a tri-substituted phenol. Cope Rearrangement. The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope. For example 3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene heated to 300 °C yields 2,6-octadiene. Oxy-Cope rearrangement. The Oxy-Cope rearrangement a hydroxyl group is added at C3 forming an enal or enone after Keto-enol tautomerism of the intermediate enol: Carroll Rearrangement. The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β-keto allyl ester into a α-allyl-β-ketocarboxylic acid. This organic reaction can be followed by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone. The Carroll rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative allylation. Fischer Indole Synthesis. The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Hermann Emil Fischer. The choice of acid catalyst is very important. Successful acid catalysts include: Bronsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, and aluminium chloride are also useful catalysts. Several reviews have been published. [5,5] Shifts. Similar to [3,3] shifts, the Woodward-Hoffman rules predict that [5,5] sigmatropic shifts would proceed suprafacially, Huckel topology transition state. These reactions are rarer than [3,3] sigmatropic shifts, but this is mainly a function of the fact that molecules that can undergo [5,5] shifts are rarer than molecules that can undergo [3,3] shifts. Walk Rearrangements. The migration of a divalent group, such as O, S, NR or CR2, which is part of a three-membered ring in a bicyclic molecule, is commonly referred to as a walk rearrangement. This can be formally characterized according to the Woodward-Hofmann rules as being a (1, n) sigmatropic shift. An example of such a rearrangement is the shift of substituents on tropilidenes (1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes). When heated, the pi-system goes through an electrocyclic ring closing to form bicycle[4,1,0]heptadiene (norcaradiene). Thereafter follows a [1,5] alkyl shift and an electrocyclic ring opening. Proceeding through a [1,5] shift, the walk rearrangement of norcaradienes is expected to proceed suprafacially with a retention of stereochemistry. Experimental observations, however, show that the 1,5-shifts of norcaradienes proceed antarafacially. Theoretical calculations found the [1,5] shift to be a diradical process, but without involving any diradical minima on the potential energy surface. Group transfer reaction A Group transfer reaction is pericyclic reaction where one pi bond is converted to one sigma bond, at the same time that a sigma bond migrates. The best known group transfer reaction is the ene reaction. Mercedes-Benz W201 The Mercedes-Benz W201 is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993. Cadel Evans Cadel Evans (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France. Early life. Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world athlete. Evans attended Newling Public School in Armidale, and Eltham High School in Melbourne. Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan) Grand Army Plaza is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York. It is in front of the Plaza Hotel. It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park. The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898. It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it. Construction was finished in 1916. The Plaza is oval. 59th street divides it into northern and southern parts. The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him. There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza. The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance. This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer. A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain. The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed. The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million. The Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner. USS Enterprise (CV-6) USS "Enterprise" (CV-6), often called "The Big E," was the sixth aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. She was also the seventh U.S. Navy ship to use the name "Enterprise". She was launched in 1936 and was a "Yorktown" class aircraft carrier. She was one of three American carriers brought into service before World War II which survived the war. She took part in more fights against Japan than any other U.S. ship. These fights included the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, many other fights during the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf. At three different times during the Pacific War, the Japanese said that she had been sunk in battle. This lead her being nicknamed "The Grey Ghost". "Enterprise" earned 20 battle stars. This was more than any other U.S. warship in World War II. Some have said that she is the most glorious and honored ship in the history of the United States Navy. However, it could be argued that the 18th century frigate USS Constitution could perhaps rival that. Building and commissioning. "Enterprise" was launched on 3 October 1936 at Newport News Shipbuilding. She was sponsored by Lulie Swanson, who was the wife of the Secretary of the Navy, Claude A. Swanson. "Enterprise" was commissioned on 12 May 1938. "Enterprise" sailed south so that her performance could be tested. This took her to Rio de Janeiro. After she returned, she was used along the east coast and in the Caribbean until April 1939. This is when she was ordered to serve in the Pacific. Service history. "Enterprise" was one of fourteen ships to be fitted with the RCA CXAM-1 RADAR. She was first based in San Diego (where she was used in the movie "Dive Bomber") and then at Pearl Harbor after Former President Roosevelt ordered the fleet to be based far forward. "Enterprise" and the aircraft squads she carries trained a lot and moved aircraft among the island bases of the Pacific. "Enterprise" left Pearl Harbor on 28 November 1941. "Enterprise" was completing a transport mission, returning to Hawaii after moving Marine Fighter Squadron 211 (VMF-211) to Wake Island on 7 December 1941. This was when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. World War II. Pearl Harbor. "Enterprise" was returning to Oahu on the morning of 7 December 1941. 18 SBD Dauntlesses from "Enterprise" squadrons Scouting Squadron Six (VS-6) and Bombing Squadron Six (VB-6) arrived at Pearl Harbor while the Japanese were attacking it. Even though they were surprised, they quickly went into action to defend Pearl Harbor. VS-6 lost six planes during the attack. VB-6 lost one. Many of these planes were shot down by the Japanese. However, at least one plane was lost to anti-aircraft (AA) fire, and many more were damaged. During the battle, one radio report was heard: "Do not attack me, this is Six Baker Three an American plane". Later, the same pilot (Ensign Manuel Gonzales from VB-6) was heard telling his radioman/gunner to get ready to land on the water. Lieutenant C. E. Dickinson and his crewmate William C. Miller, from VS-6, shot down one Japanese plane before they had to jump out after their plane caught fire. Dickinson later went to Ford Island to fly another plane. He took part when the United States were searching for the Japanese fleet. "Enterprise" also sent up six F4F Wildcats from Fighting Squadron Six (VF-6) during the attack. All of these aircraft except two were shot down by shellshocked AA gunners when they tried to land on Ford Island later that night. "Enterprise" got her aircraft ready to go on a large search for the Japanese force that attacked Pearl Harbor. They search was to the south and west of Oahu. However, the Japanese had started moving northwest. "Enterprise" went into Pearl Harbor for fuel and supplies on the night of 8 December. Early the next morning, she went to patrol the rest of the Hawaiian Islands to make sure there were no more attacks. Even though the group did not find any ships, "Enterprise" aircraft sank Japanese submarine . "I-70" was sunk at on 10 December 1941. During the last two weeks of December 1941, "Enterprise" and her group moved to the west of Hawaii to make sure those islands were not attacked. Two other groups tried to help at Wake Island at the same time. After the "Enterprise" group had a short rest at Pearl Harbor, they left on 11 January. They were protecting ships sending help to Samoa. On 1 February, "Enterprise"'s Task Force 8 raided Kwajalein, Wotje, and Maloelap in the Marshall Islands. They sank three ships, damaged eight and destroyed many aircraft. The Battle of Midway. Five days later, "Enterprise" sailed for the South Pacific to help other U.S. carriers in the Coral Sea. However, the Battle of the Coral Sea was over before "Enterprise" got there. On 28 May, "Enterprise" moved, as Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's flagship, to Midway. She was ordered to hold Midway and do as much damage to the enemy as possible. USS "Hornet", six cruisers and 10 destroyers were with "Enterprise" on that day. Both the Americans and Japanese launched air attacks. Even though the fighting went on until 7 June, by the end of 4 June the result had been decided. The Battle of Midway began on the morning of 4 June 1942, when four Japanese carriers attacked on Midway Island. The Japanese did not know that the U.S. Navy was in the area. Just three hours after the first bomb hit Midway, planes from the U.S. carriers attacked. "Enterprise" launched an attack using torpedo bombers, but this failed. Soon after this, "Enterprise" dive bombers attacked and sank the Japanese carriers and . Later in the afternoon, bombers from "Enterprise" and USS "Yorktown" sank (aircraft from "Yorktown" also sank ). "Yorktown" and USS "Hammann" were the only American ships sunk, but 113 planes were lost. 61 of these were lost during the attacks. Japanese losses were much bigger. They lost four carriers, one cruiser and 272 planes. Even though she lost many planes, "Enterprise" returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 June 1942 undamaged. South Pacific. After a month of rest, "Enterprise" headed on 15 July 1942 for the South Pacific. There, she helped support the attack on the Solomon Islands on 8 August. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Japanese light carrier "Ryūjō" was sunk. The Japanese troops that were supposed to land on Guadalcanal was forced back. "Enterprise" was hit three times. 77 sailors were killed and 91 were hurt. "Enterprise" was damaged badly. "Enterprise" was fixed at Pearl Harbor from 10 September-16 October 1942. On 13 November, pilots from "Enterprise" helped to sink . When the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ended on 15 November 1942, "Enterprise" had helped to sink 16 ships and damage eight more. On July 20 1943, "Enterprise" started being upgraded. These happened over several months. She was given an anti-torpedo blister. This meant that the carrier would be protected more against torpedoes. Return to duty. "Enterprise" was back by November 1943. She helped the U.S. soldiers landing on Makin Atoll from 19–21 November 1943. "Enterprise" launched planes to strike the Marshall Islands and helped U.S. soldiers land on Kwajalein from 29 January-3 February 1944. Then she went to strike the Japanese base in Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands on 17 February. "Enterprise" launched planes to hit Jaluit Atoll on 20 February. She helped troops who were landing on Emirau Island (19–25 March). On 14 April she helped troops to land in Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura), in New Guinea. The Battle of the Philippine Sea. On 19 June 1944, "Enterprise" took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. For over eight hours, American and Japanese pilots fought. Over two days, six American ships were damaged. 130 planes and 76 pilots and aircrew were lost. American aircraft and U.S. submarines sank three Japanese carriers (, , and ). The Japanese lost 426 planes. "Enterprise" helped to defend the U.S. ships and to strike the Japanese ships. After the battle, "Enterprise" helped with the Invasion of Saipan until 5 July. She then went back to Pearl Harbor for a month of rest. She came back on 24 August and attacked the Bonin Islands from 31 August – 2 September. The Battle of Leyte Gulf. In the Battle of Leyte Gulf (23–26 October), "Enterprise" planes attacked battleships and destroyers. During November, planes from "Enterprise" hit Manila and Yap. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 6 December 1944. After the war. Operation Magic Carpet. "Enterprise" sailed to Pearl Harbor with 1,100 soldiers. She then started sailing to Europe. She brought 10,000 soldiers home. During the Enterprise’s last trip, the ship was caught in very high winds in the Atlantic. The crew almost abandoned ship. "Enterprise" had to go back to New York. "Enterprise" got a British Admiralty Pennant. The pennant was given to "Enterprise" as a gift from an ally. "Enterprise" is the only non-Royal Navy ship to get the award in more than 400 years. The end of the "Big E". "Enterprise" went into the New York Naval Shipyard on 18 January 1946 to be deactivated. In 1946, she was going to be given to the state of New York to be a memorial. However, this plan was cancelled in 1949. The "Big E" was sold on 1 July 1958 to the Lipsett Corporation to be scrapped. Scrapping was done in May 1960. Successor to the "Big E". In November 1961, USS "Enterprise" (CVA(N)-65) was brought into service. This was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. The was decommissioned on 1 December 2012. Another "Enterprise" would be a , CVN-80. Awards. "Enterprise" was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for her service during World War II. The citation says: "Enterprise" also got the Navy Unit Commendation and 20 battle stars for World War II service. This means that she is the highest decorated US ship ever. Pentagon Force Protection Agency The Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) protects and keeps safe the occupants, visitors, and infrastructure of the Pentagon, Navy Annex and other assigned Pentagon facilities. PFPA is a civilian Defense Agency within the United States Department of Defense. PFPA does its job using law enforcement officers (Pentagon Police), criminal investigative and protective services agents; threat management agents; chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives technicians; and anti-terrorism/force protection and physical security personnel. Pentagon Police Directorate (PPD). The mission of the Pentagon Police Department (PPD) is to promote high quality law enforcement and security services, in order to provide a safe and orderly work environment for Department of Defense workers in the Washington, DC area. Formerly The Defense Protective Service (DPS), The Pentagon Police have exclusive jurisdiction within the Pentagon Reservation and share concurrent jurisdiction with other police agencies in an area of approximately around the complex. Arlington County, Virginia also gave the Pentagon Police officers conditional police authority throughout Arlington County. The United States Pentagon Police is also charged with the protection of certain Department of Defense executive officers. Pentagon Police officers are Federal law enforcement officers, appointed under Title 10 Section 2674 of the United States Code. They receive their initial training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection Directorate (AT/FP). The mission of the Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection Directorate (AT/FP) is to provide Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) interests throughout the National Capital Region with a total AT/FP program designed to protect lives, facilities, information and equipment. The AT/FP Division advises Pentagon leaders on AT/FP matters; conducts anti-terrorism training for all OSD workers; gathers, analyzes and disseminates threat information as it relates to AT/FP; develops AT/FP plans and programs, conducts threat/vulnerability assessments and performs other duties pursuant to the protection and security of the Pentagon. The AT/FP Directorate is composed of highly trained anti-terrorism and security specialists responsible for deterring, detecting, and responding against terrorist activity particularly when the Secretary of Defense or other Department of Defense employees are the target. They are leaders in this effort even when top Defense officials are away from the Pentagon. Criminal Investigations & Protective Directorate (CIPD). The Criminal Investigations & Protective Directorate investigates violations of the United States Code within the jurisdiction of PFPA and provide executive protection to DoD High Risk Personnel (HRP) in the Washington area. PFPA Special Agent's (1811) investigate violations of federal criminal laws. The agents also provide protection during visits by foreign Ministers of Defense to the 48 contiguous United States. They also protect other visits designated by the Office of the Secretary of Defense. CIPD's Operations Section is responsible for coordinating protection missions and providing around-the-clock ("24/7") support for field agents. The Protective Services Unit (PSU) is responsible for providing protective support for the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon Building. They handle visits to the Pentagon by foreign and domestic dignitaries, as well as cover protection for special events on the Pentagon Reservation, most recently noted the dedication of the 9/11 memorial. The police officers assigned to PSU provide residence security in hotels while traveling with HRP's both inside and outside of the United States. The Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, & Explosive Directorate (CBRNE). This unit guards the Pentagon and other nearby Department of Defense facilities against possible attacks. It checks all mail and deliveries. CBRNE also monitors the environment at the Pentagon and DOD installations to make sure that they do not have these hazards. When a suspicious item is found, bomb experts are sent to examine and sometimes to destroy the item. Force Protection Technology Directorate (FPTD). This group manages PFPA's computers and networks. It maintains security alarms and sensoring systems. It operates the computerized locks that control building access. Security Services Directorate (SSD). This group issues Pentagon building passes. It operates all barriers and gates that control access on the Pentagon campus. It reviews all requests from people to take pictures of the Pentagon. Linaceae The Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species. There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of Linaceae are always simple. Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in "Sclerolinon" and some "Linum") or whorled (in some "Hesperolinon" and "Linum"). National Museum of the Marine Corps The National Museum of the Marine Corps is the historical museum of the United States Marine Corps. It is located in Quantico, Virginia. It is open to the public with free admission. The museum had its grand opening on November 10, 2006. Over 500,000 people visit the museum each year. The museum is a public-private venture, a cooperative effort of the United States Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation. The Foundation manages the museum operation, while the museum building will be donated to the Marine Corps. The Foundation raised $60 million to build the building. The Marine Corps spent $30 million to build the museum's exhibits and displays. History. On the day the museum opened, President George W. Bush gave a dedication speech and also presented the Medal of Honor to the family of fallen Marine Jason Dunham. President Bush said, "These walls remind all who visit here that honor, courage, and commitment are not just words. They are core values for a way of life that puts service above self. And these walls will keep the history of the Marine Corps alive for generations of Americans to come." Curtis W. Fentress, FAIA, RIBA of Fentress Architects, designed the museum building. The exterior design is meant to "evoke the image of the flag raisers of Iwo Jima," an image that is also preserved by the USMC War Memorial. The 210 ft steel spire is like the Iwo Jima flagpole. The museum is a tribute to the U.S. Marines who have served their country since 1775. The new museum replaces the Marine Corps Historical Center, in the Washington Navy Yard, which closed 1 July 2005, and the Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, in Quantico, Virginia, which closed on 15 November 2002. The museum building was designed for expansion. New galleries can be added around the circular lobby. On June 5, 2010, 12,000 square feet of additional galleries were added. They cost $12 million. In October 2010, skylights in the museum lobby were shot on two different evenings as a part of the Northern Virginia military shootings. On April 14, 2011, the Semper Fidelis Memorial Park was dedicated. It covers 23.2 acres and includes 1.07 miles of new walking trails. Marine Corps Heritage Foundation. The Marine Corps Heritage Foundation, established in 1979, is a private, non-profit organization which was established in support of historical programs of the Marine Corps. The MCHF programs initially included "education, awards, publications, special projects, preservation..." In 1999, the Foundation expanded its mission to include the creation of the National Museum of the Marine Corps. Heritage Center. The National Museum of the Marine Corps is designed to be the centerpiece of a complex of facilities called the Marine Corps Heritage Center. This multi-use, campus includes the Semper Fidelis Memorial Park and Semper Fidelis Chapel; a demonstration area with parade grounds; hiking trails and other outdoor recreational offerings; a conference center and hotel; and an archive facility to restore and preserve Marine artifacts. The chapel, designed by Fentress Architects, was completed in 2009 with a donation of $5 million from a retired Marine. Exhibits. The museum features the following permanent exhibits, which were designed by Christopher Chadbourne and Associates, Inc.: On 5 June 2010 the following three exhibits were opened. The historical exhibits including displays of artifacts, multimedia, and full immersion experiences. For example, the exhibit on wintertime in the Korean War is in a room cooled to a lower temperature. The museum building also include class rooms, a theater, a gift shop, bar and a restaurant. Programs. The museum hosts lectures by historians and military experts. The Marine Corps Band performs a summer concert series. The Arts Mentorship Program has interships for student artists attending the Prince William County schools. Celastrales Celastrales is an order of flowering plants. They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera. All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another. Celastraceae Celastraceae the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera "Euonymus" and "Celastrus" (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk. Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery is a cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia. People who served in the United States military are buried here. The cemetery started during the American Civil War. It is on a big farm called Arlington House. Arlington House was the home of Mary Anna Custis Lee. Mary Anna Custis Lee was a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington. She was also the wife of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Although most of the farm now has graves, the old farmhouse still stands in the middle of the cemetery. The cemetery is across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. The cemetery covers . People who died serving the United States in a war, and military veterans are allowed to be buried in the cemetery. People are buried here who fought in wars from American Civil War to the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. People who were buried here before the Civil War were reburied after 1900. Arlington National Cemetery is taken care of by the United States Army. Arlington House (Custis-Lee Mansion) and its land are taken care of by the National Park Service as a memorial to Lee. Recently, the way the cemetery is managed caused controversy. History. George Washington Parke Custis was the grandson of Martha Washington, and grew up with Martha and George Washington. He got the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802. He began building Arlington House, where he lived with his wife Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis. The land and house was given to their only child that lived to be an adult, Mary Anna Custis Lee. She was married to Robert E. Lee, a West Point graduate and United States Army officer. When Fort Sumter was forced to surrender at the beginning of the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln asked Lee to be the general of the federal army. Lee did not give an answer right away, but waited to see if his home state of Virginia would leave the Union. Lee left the federal army when Virginia said it was leaving the United States. He decided he could not fight against his home state. He became the leader of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He then became commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee was a great commander and won several battles against the Union forces. Most Union officers thought Lee had broken his promises to the Union because he chose to fight against them. Part of Arlington was taken away from the Lee family and became a graveyard. Mostly Union dead are buried there. Before the Civil War, the United States did not have large military-only cemeteries. Important generals were buried in the Congressional Cemetery with other important leaders. American military cemeteries were needed on distant frontiers, and near battles and hospitals where many soldiers died. When dead Civil War soldiers filled the burial grounds near Washington, D.C., Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs proposed in 1864 that of the Robert E. Lee family property at Arlington be taken for a cemetery. During the Civil War, people invented tricks to capture or to make life hard for Americans that fought on the other side of the war. The government assessed taxes on properties and insisted that the owners appear in person to pay them. If the plantation owner did not come, the government would sell the land. The government bought Arlington at tax sale in 1864 for $26,800. Mrs. Lee did not show up in person, but rather had sent an agent to pay the $92.07 in property taxes that were owed for the land. The government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tax payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfather's will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lee's favor in "United States v. Lee", deciding that Arlington had been taken illegally, Congress returned the land to him. The next year, Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000. Custis Lee and Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War and son of President Lincoln, were both present when the property was officially turned over to the government. In 2011, Hurricane Irene killed six large trees at the cemetery. The 220-year-old "Arlington Oak" fell down near the grave of John F. Kennedy. Sections. Arlington National Cemetery is divided into 70 sections, with some sections in the southeast part of the cemetery saved for future use. Section 60, in the southeast part of the cemetery, is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan. In 2005, Arlington National Cemetery bought another from the National Park Service, along with from the Department of Defense that was part of Fort Myer and that is the site of the Navy Annex. Section 21, also known as the Nurses Section, is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried. The Nurses Memorial is there. In the cemetery, there is a Confederate section with graves of soldiers of the Confederate States of America and a Confederate Memorial. All Confederate headstones are peaked rather than rounded. In Section 27, there are buried more than 3,800 former slaves, called "Contrabands" during the Civil War. Their headstones are designated with the word "Civilian" or "Citizen". Grave markers, niches and headstones. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs takes care of the National Cemetery Administration's requests for the words and faith emblems (a cross, Jewish star, etc.) at no charge to the family of the dead put on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers. There are 39 authorized faith emblems available for placement to represent the deceased's faith. "Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones" and "Markers" Markers The cemetery had allowed privately-purchased markers in certain burial areas. Since 2001, the areas that the cemetery permitted such markers in are filled. The older sections of the cemetery have many different private markers, including artillery pieces. Tomb of the Unknowns. The Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery is also called the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". It stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington, D.C. It honors soldiers who died without their bodies being identified. The Tomb is one of the more popular sites at the Cemetery. The tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado. It consists of seven pieces, with a total weight of 79 short tons (72 metric tons). The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9, 1932, at a cost of $48,000. U.S. Army guards have stood watch at the Tomb of the Unknowns at all times since July 2, 1937. The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard") began guarding the Tomb April 6, 1948. Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies. Ceremonies are also held for Easter. About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year. The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont. The Memorial Display room, between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns, uses Botticino stone, imported from Italy. The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America's soldiers. Congress authorized the structure March 4, 1913. Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15, 1915. The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution. Netherlands Carillon. The Netherlands Carillon is a carillon (bell tower) that was a gift from the Netherlands to the people of the United States in 1954, in thanks for their efforts during World War II. The bells are played by people with special training. This happens regularly during the summer and on special days. Recorded tunes are played on the hour and during the day. It is next to Arlington National Cemetery, on the north side. Memorials. It is now hard to find space to build new memorials at the cemetery. The army worries that new memorials take up space that could otherwise be used for graves. The army requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials onto the cemetery grounds. Still, there are several memorials on the cemetery grounds, and groups regularly ask for space for new memorials. The Space Shuttle "Challenger" Memorial was dedicated on May 20, 1986, in memory of the crew of flight STS-51-L, who died during launch on January 28, 1986. Written on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee, Jr. poem "High Flight". Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial, some were not, and were laid to rest under the marker. Two of the crew members, Scobee and Smith, are buried in Arlington, as well. There is a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle "Columbia" broke apart during reentry on February 1, 2003. It was dedicated on the first anniversary of the disaster. Astronauts Laurel Clark, David Brown and Michael Anderson are also buried in Arlington. The Cairn, the Lockerbie memorial is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. The memorial is made up of 270 stones, one for each person killed in the disaster. In section 64, there is a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon, and lists the names of all the victims that were killed. There are only two mausoleums located within the confines of the cemetery. One is for the family of General Nelson Appleton Miles in Section 3 and the other one belongs to the family of General Thomas Crook Sullivan and it is in Section 1. There is a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during the Korean War and the two world wars. The "Women in Military Service for America Memorial" is at the Ceremonial Entrance to Arlington National Cemetery. Notable burials. The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13, 1864. Notable civilians. Whether or not they were wartime service members, U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington, since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders-in-chief. Four state funerals have been held at Arlington: those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy, that of General John J. Pershing, and that of U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy. Military burials. As of May 2006, there were 367 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Nine of these recipients are Canadians. Burial under protest. Warrant Officer Gregory S. Crandall's helicopter was shot down over Savannakhet province, Laos, on February 18, 1971. In May of that year the military listed him KIA. According to Arlington National cemetery records John Manning, chief of the Army's Mortuary Affairs Branch stated that witnesses to the crash reported that the ..."helicopter burst into flames and exploded when it hit the ground.". It was also reported that there were a series of seven explosions. The remains of Crandall and two other soldiers were recovered in February 1991 and on September 17, 1993, with full military honors, a full sized steel casket, and at the protest of the family, the remains of Warrant Officer Gregory S. Crandall, a single No. 4 maxillary premolar tooth, was buried. Torquoselectivity In organic chemistry, torquoselectivity describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk. When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination "between" these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction. Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce distinct structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups. Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone. 2011 Pan American Games The 16th Pan American Games were held in 2011 in Guadalajara, Mexico. Over 6,000 athletes from 42 countries competed in 36 sports. William Kidd Captain Kidd, or, by his real name, "William Kidd", ( 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish pirate and sailor. It is heard that he buried a treasure chest on a deserted island. The chest had a lot of gold and jewels in it. He was found guilty of murder and was executed by hanging at 'Execution Dock', Wapping, in London on 23 May 1701. Gripper A gripper is something that grips things or makes it easier to grip things. It may refer to: Jeff Kent Jeffrey Franklin Kent (born March 7, 1968) was an American baseball player. He played second base. He played for six different teams, including the New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a five-time All-Star, and the 2000 National League MVP. In his career, he batted .290, with 2,461 hits, 377 home runs and 1,518 RBIs. He has more home runs than any other second baseman. He also drove in 90 or more batters in nine straight seasons. Kent was from Bellflower, California and went to high school in Huntington Beach. Angelshark An angelshark is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus Squatina. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known. The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres. Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks. They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks. Discription and biology. The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time. Behavior. Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail. Goblin shark The goblin shark ("Mitsukurina owstoni") is a rare, poorly-known species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only living species in the family Mitsukurinidae. The Goblin shark can be easily identified by its long, flattened snout. Males can reach up to lengths of 12.6 feet (3.8 meters), and females can reach up to lengths of 12.2 feet (3.7 meters). The heaviest Goblin shark found weighed 210 kg (460 pounds). The Goblin shark is a bottom-dwelling shark, being found in waters as deep as 4265 feet (1,300 meters). It has been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean. Description. The Goblin shark can be easily identified by its long, flattened snout. It has a noticeably long head, tiny eyes and five short gill openings. The mouth is large and parabolic in shape. Its body is soft and flabby. This shark has a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe. The pectoral fins are short and wide, and the two dorsal fins are small, round and equal in size. The anal fin is round and smaller than the dorsal fins, while the pelvic fins are larger than the dorsals. The Goblin shark has a long extendable jaw, with long, thin teeth. The shape of its body shows that the Goblin shark is a slow moving species of shark. Living Goblin sharks are a pinkish-white color with bluish fins. Specimens fade and become a brownish color when preserved in alcohol. Goblin sharks have 26 long, thin, spike-like teeth on their upper jaw and 24 on their lower jaw. They have three rows of front teeth on each side of both jaws. The teeth in the front upper jaw are separated from the smaller upper side teeth by a gap. Mature male Goblin sharks have been found to reach lengths ranching from 8.66 to 12.6 feet (2.6 to 3.8 meters) long. Mature females have been found to reach lengths ranging from 11 to 12.2 feet (3.4 to 3.7 meters). The size at birth is not known, but the smallest specimen found was 3.51 feet (1.07 meters) long. The heaviest Goblin shark found weighed 210 kg (460 pounds), and was 3.8 metres (12 feet) long. Distribution. This species of deep-sea shark is thought to be widely distributed. Specimens have been seen in the Atlantic, off the coast of Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, France, Madeira, Senegal, Portugal, and the Gulf of Guinea. It has also been reported in the western Pacific off Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the Indian Ocean it is found off South Africa and Mozambique. It was recently recorded in the U.S.A near San Clemente Island off the coast of California, as well as in the northern Gulf of Mexico, south of Pascagoula, Mississippi. Habitat. The Goblin shark is a bottom-dwelling shark that is rarely seen at the surface or in shallow coastal waters. This species is found along the outer continental shelves, upper slopes, and off seamounts. Most specimens have been observed near continental slopes, between 885 and 3149 feet (270 and 960 meters) deep. It has been found in waters up to 4265 feet (1,300 meters) deep, and in waters as shallow as 311 to 449 feet (95 to 137 meters). Records show that the Goblin shark could also be an oceanic species. Feeding. The Goblin shark senses its prey with the help of electro-sensitive organs. The jaws are made for rapid projection to help in the capture of prey. The jaw is thrust forward by a double set of ligaments at the mandibular (lower jaw) joints. When the jaws are withdrawn, the ligaments are stretched and they become relaxed when the jaw is projected forward. The jaws are usually held tightly while swimming, and have a function like a catapult when the Goblin shark wants to feed. The front teeth are made for crushing. The Goblin shark feeds on shrimps, pelagic octopuses, fish, and squids. It is also thought to feed on crabs, and deep-sea rockfish. Reproduction. There is no proper information about the reproduction habits of the Goblin shark. No pregnant female has been found or captured. It is believed that they are ovoviviparous, meaning that the young are born live, but there is no placental connection, instead the embryos are nourished by egg yolk. There is no real information of when the Goblin shark matures, when and how it mates, and how long the gestation period lasts. Human interactions. The Goblin shark is fished commercially off Japan, and is sometimes caught along with cutlassfish off Portugal. Elsewhere, they are taken mainly as bycatch of deep-water trawls and occasionally with deep-water longlines, deep-set gillnets, and possibly purse seines. The Goblin shark is probably harmless, but since it has rarely been encountered by humans it is not yet possible to tell. Although probably common, this species of shark is rarely seen and is therefore poorly known. Blue shark The blue shark ("Prionace glauca") is a species of requiem shark. It has a slim, smooth-looking body with large eyes, and a long, cone-shaped snout. The dorsal surface is a dark blue colour, and the belly is white. The largest blue sharks can reach lengths of up to 3.8 metres, and weigh as much as 206 kg. The shark is found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They range from the surface to as deep as 350 metres, and prefer water with the temperature of 7 to 16 °C. Description. The blue shark has a slim, smooth-looking body with large eyes, and a long, cone-shaped snout that is longer than the width of its mouth. It has extremely long, pointed pectoral fins. The dorsal fin is moderate in size. It is closer to the pelvic fins than to the pectoral fins. The blue shark's name comes from its distinct dark blue dorsal surface, and bright blue sides. The belly is white. The colours of the blue shark help it to camouflage in the open ocean. The largest blue shark on record measured 3.8 metres (12.5 feet), but they are rumored to get as large as 6.1 metres (20 feet). Males reach maturity at the ages of 4–5 years, when they are at the lengths of between 1.8-2.8 metres (6-9.2 feet). Females mature at slightly older ages from 5–6 years, when they are at the lengths of between 2.2-3.2 metres (7.2-10.5 feet). The largest blue sharks range in weights from 204–206 kg (450-454 pounds). Habitat. Blue sharks are found worldwide, in temperate and tropical waters. They are a pelagic species that rarely comes near shore. They have been known to frequently swim to inshore areas around oceanic islands, and locations where the continental shelf is narrow. In the western Atlantic they can be found from Newfoundland, Canada to Argentina. In the eastern Atlantic they range from Norway to South Africa, including the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean, they range from South Africa to Indonesia. In the western Pacific they are found from Japan to New Zealand. In the eastern Pacific, Blue sharks range from the Gulf of Alaska to Chile. Being a pelagic species, the shark's habitat consists of open ocean areas, from the surface to 350 metres (1,148 feet) in depth. They prefer cooler water ranging from 7 to 16 °C (45-61 °F) in temperature. They are known to swim in water with the temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) or greater. When in the tropics, the shark usually swims to deeper water with cooler temperatures. This is common in the tropical Indian Ocean, where the majority of Blue sharks are found at depths of 80–220 metres (263–722 feet), where water temperatures range from 12-25 °C (54-77 °F). In the Pacific, at latitudes between 20°N and 50°N, they are known to migrate to higher latitudes during the summer and lower latitudes during the winter. Their populations remain constant throughout the year between 20°N and 20°S latitude. Behaviour. The blue shark has one of the largest ranges in terms of depths of the water. They can be found from the surface to the bottom. This type of adaption makes it easy for them to be able to find food. Blue sharks are known to migrate thousands of miles for food and for mating. This species of shark often is not found alone. Instead, they form groups based on their gender and on their size. They are often referred to as the "Wolves of the Sea" due to the complex levels of hierarchy that they form within their groups which highly reflects the behaviour of wolves. Due to their territorial instincts and their aggressive behaviours, divers have to be very careful around them. Many of the filmings of these sharks have been done with the divers in cages for the divers' own personal safety. Feeding. The majority of the blue shark's diet consists of invertebrates such as squid, cuttlefish, and pelagic octopus, and bony fish such as herring and sardines. They also feed on various types of sea birds, crustaceans such as lobster, crab, and shrimp, and they also feed on carrion. They are very opportunistic when it comes to hunting. They have been known to feed on almost anything that they can find, including prey items which they can find in large numbers such as shrimp. They have been known to feed until they actually can not eat any more. Since they feed on almost anything that they can find, they have been known to feed on garbage and rubbish such as plastic and rubber tires. This can result in the shark falling ill, and even dying. Reproduction. Blue sharks are viviparous, with the males maturing at the age of 4-5, and females reaching maturity at the age of 5-6. The gestation period lasts from 9 to 12 months. During mating, the males have been known to bite the females, but their thick skin is believed to stop any pain. Pups are 41 to 50 cm (16 to 20 inches) long at birth, with females giving birth to 4-135 pups at a time, but the number of pups depend on the size of the female, with larger females giving birth to more pups. Blue sharks live to up to 20 years. Predators. Predators of the blue shark include the California sea lion and larger sharks such as the shortfin mako shark, and the great white shark. Human interaction. Recreationally, blue sharks are considered a sport fish, and large individuals provide a challenge for fishermen. Most commercially caught blue sharks are considered bycatch. It is estimated that 10 to 20 million are killed each year, possibly having a negative impact on world populations. The salmon, mackerel, and sardine fisheries are affected by Blue shark predation on catches, and entanglement in nets. The fins of blue sharks are sold to Asian markets and are used to make shark-fin soup. Having been known to attack humans and boats, blue sharks are considered to be a dangerous species. Twelve unprovoked attacks and four boat attacks have been documented by the International Shark Attack File (ISAF). Three documented attacks resulted from air or sea disasters. There are several accounts where Blue sharks attacked shipwrecked sailors floating in the open ocean. The blue shark sometimes circles swimmers or divers for up to fifteen minutes or more. While not overly aggressive, it is not a timid shark, and needs to be approached with caution, especially if it has been circling, since it may attempt to bite. Conservation. Although blue sharks are among the most abundant, widespread, and fast growing shark, they are one of the most heavily fished sharks in the world. With an estimated 10 to 20 million individuals caught and killed each year, there is concern not only about what this is doing to Blue shark populations, but also about the effect the removal of such an important predator might have on the oceanic ecosystem. Blue sharks are one of the most important species in the international shark-fin trade. However, their meat, while eaten in a few countries, is not very popular. The blue shark is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Let's Kill Hitler "Let's Kill Hitler" is the eighth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". The episode was broadcast on BBC One, Space and BBC America on 27 August 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story. The story began with "A Good Man Goes To War" (episode seven). It is the 778th episode. The episode centers around River Song and the history of Amy Pond. Romano Mattè Romano Mattè (Trento, January 17 1939) is an Italian former association football player, who coached the national teams of Mali and Indonesia. Wichita, Kansas Wichita is the largest city in the U.S. State of Kansas. It is the county seat of Sedgwick County. It is the 50th largest city in the United States. In 2020, 397,532 people lived there. Wichita is the main city of the Wichita metropolitan area; it had an estimated 644,888 people living there in 2018. It is in Sedgwick County, which is in the south-central part of the state. Many parts of airplanes are made in Wichita. Wichita State University is in the city. History. Archaeological evidence says that people have lived near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers (where Wichita is) since 3000 B.C. In 1541, a Spanish trip led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira (or Wichita) people. Fighting with the Osage in the 1750s forced the Wichita people further south. Before Americans came to live in the region, the area was part of the territory of the Kiowa people. The area was part of France as part of Louisiana. It was later bought by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It became part of Kansas Territory in 1854. It became part of the state of Kansas in 1861. The Wichita came back in 1863. They came back because they were forced to leave their land in Indian Territory by Confederate forces in the American Civil War. The Wichita people created a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas River. In 1868, trader James R. Mead created another trading post in the area. Surveyor Darius Munger built a house to use as a hotel, community center, and post office. Geography. Downtown Wichita is at (37.688888, −97.336111). It has an elevation of . Wichita is in south-central Kansas. It is at the junction of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 54. It is part of the Midwestern United States. It is north of Oklahoma City, southwest of Kansas City, and east-southeast of Denver. The city is on the Arkansas River. It is near the western edge of the Flint Hills. It is in the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Climate. Wichita is in North America's humid subtropical climate area (Köppen "Cfa"). Wichita usually has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature in the city is . People. Wichita is the biggest city in Kansas, and it is the 51st largest city in the United States. It is racially more similar to the rest of the United States than any other major city. 2010 census. The 2010 census says that there were 382,368 people, 151,818 households, and 94,862 families living in Wichita. Metropolitan Area. Wichita is the main city of both the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Wichita-Winfield Combined Statistical Area (CSA). The Wichita MSA includes Sedgwick County, Butler County, Harvey County, and Sumner County. In 2010, 623,061 people lived there. This would make it the 84th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Economy. Famous restaurants such as White Castle and Pizza Hut were created in Wichita. Wichita's biggest industrial sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing was 21.6 percent of the employment in 2003. Aircraft manufacturing has been the main part of the local economy for a long time. It is so important, that can influence the economic health of the entire region. Kansas gives tax breaks and other incentives to aircraft manufacturers. Healthcare is Wichita's second-biggest industry. It employs about 28,000 people in the area. Since healthcare needs remain fairly consistent regardless of the economy, this field was not subject to the same pressures that affected other industries in the early 2000s. The Kansas Spine Hospital opened in 2004. A critical care tower at Wesley Medical Center also opened in 2004. In July 2010, Via Christi Health, which is the largest provider of healthcare services in Kansas, opened a hospital that will serve the northwest area of Wichita. Via Christi Hospital on St. Teresa is the system's fifth hospital to serve the Wichita community. Koch Industries and Cargill, the two largest privately held companies in the United States, both have headquarters in Wichita. Culture. Arts. Wichita is a cultural center for Kansas. It has several art museums and performing arts groups. The Wichita Art Museum is the biggest art museum in Kansas. It has over 7,000 works of art. The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University is a modern and contemporary art museum. It has over 6,300 works of art. Music. Music Theatre Wichita, Wichita Grand Opera, and the Wichita Symphony Orchestra perform often at the Century II Convention Hall. It is downtown. Concerts happen often by the schools of music at Wichita's two biggest universities. Sports. Wichita has several professional, semi-professional, non-professional, and collegiate sports teams. Professional teams include the Wichita Thunder ice hockey team, the Wichita Force indoor football team, and the Wichita Wind Surge Minor League Baseball team. The city hosts the Air Capital Classic. It is a professional golf tournament of the Web.com Tour. It was first played in 1990. Government. According to Kansas law, Wichita is a city of the first class. Since 1917, it has had a council-manager form of government. Wichita is in Kansas's 4th U.S. Congressional District. For the Kansas Legislature, Wichita is in the 16th, 25th32nd districts of the Kansas Senate. It is in the 81st, 83rd101st, 103rd, and 105th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives. Education. Primary and secondary education. Wichita Public Schools (US$259) is the largest school district in Kansas. It has over 50,000 students. It has more than 90 schools in Wichita. It includes 10 high schools, 16 middle schools, 61 elementary schools, and more than a dozen special schools and programs. There are more than 35 private schools in Wichita. Colleges and universities. Three universities are in Wichita. The biggest is Wichita State University (WSU). WSU has more than 14,000 students. It is the third-biggest university in Kansas. WSU's main campus is in northeast Wichita. They have other campuses around the Wichita area. Friends University is a private Christian university. It has its main campus in west Wichita. Newman University is a private Catholic university. It is also in west Wichita. Libraries. The Wichita Public Library is Wichita's library system. It has a main facility. It is called the Advanced Learning Library, and it is in Delano. It also has six locations in other neighborhoods around Wichita. The library has several free programs for the public. It includes special events, technology training classes, and programs specifically for adults, children, and families. In 2009, it had more than 1.3 million books and 2.2 million items total. Media. "The Wichita Eagle" is Wichita's major daily newspaper. It started in 1872. The "Wichita Business Journal" is a weekly newspaper that covers local business events and developments. Several other newspapers and magazines, many of which focus on something specific, are also published in Wichita. These include: "The Community Voice", a weekly African American community newspaper; "El Perico", a monthly Hispanic community newspaper; "The Liberty Press", monthly LGBT news; "Splurge!", a monthly local fashion and lifestyle magazine; "The Sunflower", the Wichita State University student newspaper. The Wichita radio market includes Sedgwick County, Butler County, and Harvey County. Six AM radio stations and many FM radio stations are in Wichita. Wichita is the main city of the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. That market covers the western two-thirds of Kansas. All of the market's network affiliates broadcast from Wichita. The ABC, CBS, CW, FOX and NBC affiliates serve the wider market through networks of other stations. The city also hosts a PBS member station, a Univision affiliate, and several low-power stations. Infrastructure. Flood control. Wichita has had bad floods of the Arkansas River in 1877, 1904, 1916, 1923, 1944, 1951 and 1955. In 1944, Wichita flooded 3 times in 11 days. Because of the 1944 flood, Wichita built the Wichita-Valley Center Floodway in 1958. It makes the water go around Wichita. Utilities. Westar Energy gives electricity. Cox Communications and Spectrum offer cable television. AT&T U-Verse offers IPTV. Those three companies also offer home telephone and broadband internet service. Kansas Gas Service provides natural gas. Transportation. Bus. Wichita Transit has 53 buses. There are 18 bus routes in Wichita. They say there are over 2 million trips per year (5,400 trips per day) on its routes. Wichita Transit also has a paratransit service. It has 320,800 passenger trips every year. Air. The Wichita Airport Authority manages the city's two main public airports. The airports are Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport and Colonel James Jabara Airport. Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport is in western Wichita. It is the city's main airport. It is also the biggest airport in Kansas. Railroad. Two Class I railroads, BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad (UP), operate freight rail lines through Wichita. The closest Amtrak station is in Newton. It is north. Amtrak offers service on the "Southwest Chief" line between Los Angeles and Chicago. Wichita has not had passenger rail service since 1979. Other websites. Official sites More information Casablanca (movie) Casablanca is a 1942 American movie set in the eponymous city of Morocco during World War II. It stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. From the time of its debut, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever made. The Godfather The Godfather is a 1972 American crime movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It is based on Mario Puzo's novel of the same name. Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola wrote the screenplay. Its lead stars are Marlon Brando and Al Pacino. The movie is about the history of the Corleone crime family. It takes the story up to Michael Corleone becoming crime boss in 1955. It is the first movie in "The Godfather" trilogy. It is considered one of the greatest movies of all time and the best gangster movie and movie about the Mafia. Plot. It is the year 1945 in New York City. Vito Corleone leads the Corleone crime family. He is the Don (Crime Boss/Godfather) of the family. His daughter Connie is marrying Carlo. Vito's youngest son is Michael, and his girlfriend is Kay Adams. Johnny Fontane wants a movie role. The director Jack Woltz says no. Vito has Jack's favorite horse beheaded, and Jack gives in. Sollozzo wants Vito to enter his drug business. Vito says no and says it would be bad for his political connections. Vito sends Luca Brasi to the Tattaglia crime family. At the meeting, Luca is killed with a piano wire. Other workers from the Tattaglia family gun down Vito and capture Tom Hagen. Vito survives and ends up in a hospital. Sonny, Vito's oldest son, now leads the crime family. Sonny has Bruno Tattaglia killed. Michael visits Vito and watches him at the hospital. Police captain Mark McCluskey beats Michael when he leaves. Sollozzo and McCluskey want to meet with Michael. Michael agrees to the meeting. Michael, Sonny, and Clemenza plan a way to murder the two. Clemenza places a gun at the meeting place at a Bronx restaurant beforehand. During the meeting, Michael gets the gun and shoots the two men. Michael quietly leaves the restaurant. There is now open war among the Five Families. Michael flees to Sicily, Italy. Fredo, Vito's middle son, stays in Las Vegas. Moe Greene protects Fredo. Carlo is abusive to his wife, Connie. For this, Sonny publicly attacks Carlo. Carlo is abusive again. Sonny drives to their home. At a highway booth, men shoot him many times and kill him. Michael marries Apollonia in Italy. A car bomb that was for Michael kills her.   Vito is better and hears about his son's death. He sets up a meeting with the Five Families. At the meeting, Vito promises he will not get back at them for his son and will enter the drug business. Michael returns home to New York because he is safe now. Michael marries Kay and has two children. Michael starts taking over the family business. Vito tells Michael that Dan Barzini is responsible for Sonny's death. Michael sends Tom Hagen to Las Vegas and gets advice from his father. Michael wants to move his family to Las Vegas and meets with Moe Greene. He learns that Fredo is more loyal to Greene than to the Corleone family. Vito dies of a heart attack in 1955. There is a large funeral. At the funeral, Tessio says that Barzini wants to meet. Michael now knows that Tessio is a traitor, because Barzini is a traitor. Michael has all the five family bosses, Tessio and Greene, killed. At the same time, Michael has the baptism of his son. Michael has Carlo confess to Sonny's murder and says he is now in exile. However, Clemenza murders Carlo with a wire. Kay asks Michael if it is true what Carlo said. Michael denies it. Capos pay respect to Michael, the new "Don Corleone". Production. Development. The movie is based on the book "The Godfather" by Mario Puzo. The book was very popular. It was a New York Times best seller for 67 weeks. The novel takes place from 1945 to 1955. It tells the story of Vito Corleone from childhood to adulthood. Paramount Pictures wanted to make a movie about the novel. The studio gave Puzo money to finish the novel so it could be filmed. Paramount originally wanted to make the film for $80,000 and release it in 1971. The film's main plot is the same as the book. However, a few things in the novel are not in the movie. Some subplots and backstories are not in the film. For instance, Johnny Fontane and Lucy Mancini are more developed in the book. The book also gives a background to the villain Jack Woltz. The childhood of Vito Corleone is not in the film. In the book, Johnny Fontane goes to Hollywood. In the end, Kay Corleone accepts Michael as the new boss over the family. She realizes how heartless her husband is. The characters in the movie are the same in the book. Both the book and the movie are about the Corleone crime family. Vito Corleone serves as the crime boss. Vito Corleone and the other characters are not based on real-life people. However, some characters connect to real-life mobsters. These include the real "Five Families" in New York. Real-life mobsters like Frank Costello and Carlo Gambino were a basis for Vito Corleone. Johnny Fontane is based on Frank Sinatra. Direction. Paramount wanted Italian-Americans in the movie. Robert Evans and others from Paramount believed that their last film, "The Brotherhood", was unsuccessful because there were no Italian-Americans. Paramount first wanted Sergio Leone to direct the film. The studio also went to Peter Bogdanovich, Peter Yates, Richard Brooks, Arthur Penn, Costa-Gavras, and Otto Preminger. All of them said no to the movie. Francis Ford Coppola, who would direct the film, said no at first. He thought the book was "cheap stuff". He changed his mind because of finances and advice from others. There was much tension between Coppola and Paramount. Francis Ford Coppola wanted the movie to be in the 1940s and 1950s like the book. He also wanted a larger budget to make the film in New York City and Sicily. Paramount allowed this because the book was so popular. The studio had wanted a low-budget film because previous films were unsuccessful. Coppola did many screen tests, which cost money. There were disagreements about whether to have Marlon Brando and Al Pacino in the film. Coppola wanted the actors, but Evans did not. Some people wanted to fire Coppola, but he eventually had several people fired. Writing. Both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay separately. Paramount paid Puzo $100,000 to write the script. Puzo wanted to stick to his book. This was the first screenplay Puzo had written. Coppola wanted to emphasize the themes of culture, character, power, and family. Coppola created a booklet with pages from "The Godfather" and made notes on 50 scenes. The final script was completed on March 29, 1971 and was 163 pages long. The Italian-American Civil Rights League, led by Joseph Colombo, wanted words like "mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" not to be used in the film. Any of these words in the script were replaced with other words.   Casting. Puzo and Coppola wanted to have Marlon Brando play Vito Corleone. Paramount was against this and wanted Ernest Borgnine. Other people considered for the role were George C. Scott, Richard Conte, Anthony Quinn and Orson Welles. Borgnine and Brando were the two finalists. Paramount would only cast Brando under certain conditions. Brando would have to do a screen test, earn less for the film, and was not allowed to cause any problems. For Michael Corleone, Paramount wanted  Warren Beatty or Robert Redford. Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal. Coppola wanted Al Pacino. Dustin Hoffman, Martin Sheen, and James Caan auditioned as well. At first, James Caan was to play Michael. Coppola convinced Evans to have Pacino play Michael. Paramount chose actors based on their heights. For instance, they chose Caan because he was short, like Pacino. Al Martino was a singer. He wanted to play Johnny Fontane. Coppola removed him and replaced him with Vic Damone. Martino went to his crime boss. The boss published papers about Coppola switching the roles. Eventually, Damone gave up the part to please the mob. Robert De Niro originally wanted to play Paulie Gatto, but he quit. Johnny Martino took his place. The actors Diane Keaton, John Cazale, and Gianni Russo got their roles in the film. Coppola gave his family members roles. They included his sister Talia Shire, his daughter Sofia and his father, Carmine. Filming. Actors could practice the script for two weeks before filming. The two weeks ended with a dinner, where everyone had to play their roles. Most of the film was shot in real locations in New York City and Sicily. Filming was in New York City from March 29, 1971, to July 2, 1971, and in Sicily until August 6, 1971. After filming, scenes from the film were removed. Most of these scenes did not add to the plot. Coppola worked with cinematographer Gordon Willis. They did not use modern filming techniques. Instead, they used the "tableau format". Tableau shots are when actors and objects are in the picture like a painting. The two used light and darkness and shadows to show psychological changes. The scenes in Sicily are softer and more romantic than the ones in New York. There were many different real shooting locations. The opening wedding scene was shot on Staten Island. The scene with a beheaded horse used a real horse. The horse had already been beheaded before the film used it. The scene was filmed at Sands Point Preserve on Long Island. The murder of Sonny was filmed at Mitchel Field in Uniondale, New York. Sonny's car was a 1941 Lincoln Continental. Several scenes were filmed at Filmways in East Harlem. The Corleone olive oil business was on Mott Street in New York City. There were over 120 locations in New York City. The scenes in Las Vegas were filmed on location. In Sicily, scenes were in Savoca and Forza d'Agrò. Music. Coppola hired Nino Rota to be the composer for the film. He wrote several pieces, including the "Love Theme." Rota used some of his music from "Fortunella" (1958). Evans did not like the music, but Coppola convinced Evans to keep it. Coppola thought the music made the film more Italian. Coppola's father, Carmine Coppola, also composed some music. Other music in the film include Cherubino's aria, "Non so più cosa son" from "Le Nozze di Figaro" by Mozart and "C'è la luna mezzo mare", a Sicilian song. Release. "The Godfather" was first released in theaters at Loews's State Theatre in New York City on Tuesday, March 14, 1972. "The Godfather" was also on television on NBC. The first half was on November 16, 1974 and the second half on November 18, 1974. "The Godfather: The Coppola Restoration" restored the original video and was released in 2008. Reception. Box Office. The movie was a financial success. It was the highest-grossing film in 1972. On its first day in theaters, the film made about $58,000. Tickets were about $3 to $4.00. In the opening weekend, the film made about $241,000 in New York and about $300,000 in total. The film made about $10 million in one week. This was a record at the time. It made over $100 million in 18 weeks. This was another record. It was the fastest film to reach that number. "The Godfather" was the number one film for over 23 weeks. The film would eventually make about $134,000,000. Critical response. "The Godfather" received very positive reviews. The film has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics said the movie went beyond expectations and created new standards for cinema. They praised the cinematography and said it was revolutionary. Roger Ebert wrote that the film is completely absorbing and has many complex character interactions. Critics and other directors praised the cast. They said it was one of the best. Many said that Coppola should get the most praise. The film has a 100 out of 100 on Metacritic with "universal acclaim". Awards. At the Golden Globe Awards, the film got nominations for Best Picture – Drama, James Caan for Best Supporting Actor, Al Pacino and Marlon Brando for Best Actor – Drama, Best Score, Best Director, and Best Screenplay. The film went on to win Best Screenplay, Best Director, Best Actor – Drama (Brando), Best Original Score, and Best Picture – Drama. The film got 11 nominations at the Academy Awards. They included: Best Picture, Best Costume Design, Marlon Brando for Best Actor, Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay, Pacino, Caan, and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, Best Film Editing, Nino Rota for Best Original Score, Coppola for Best Director, and Best Sound. The movie won Best Actor for Brando, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Picture. The film got five nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, including Pacino for Most Promising Newcomer, Rota for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, and Brando for Best Actor, the film's costume designer Anna Hill Johnstone for Best Costume Design. The film won for Film Music.   Brando boycotted the Academy Awards and rejected the Golden Globe Award. He did this because he did not like how the movie industry showed Native Americans. Pacino also boycotted the Academy Award. He did not want the award for Best Supporting Actor, but Best Actor. Recognition. "The Godfather" was chosen to be part of the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1990. The film is on several lists of the American Film Institute. It is number 3 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, number 11 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, number 5 in AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores and number 1 in AFI's 10 Top 10 Gangster Film. In "Sight & Sound" director's poll, the film got 6th place in 1992, 2nd place in 2002 and 7th place in 2012. In a 1998 "Time Out" poll, the film was ranked the best movie ever. In 1999, "Entertainment Weekly" named the film the best of all time. The National Society of Film Critics voted the film No. 39 out of the top 100 essential movies. "Time" magazine named the film one of the top 100 films of all time. The film got second place in BBC's 100 Greatest American Films list. Legacy and influence. Sequels and other movies. A sequel, "The Godfather Part II", was released in 1974 and won another Best Picture Oscar. It was the only sequel to do so until 2003's . The third movie in "The Godfather" trilogy, "The Godfather Part III", came out in 1990. The critics thought it was not as good as the other two movies. Many films about the Italian-American Mafia came after "The Godfather" trilogy. One notable film is "Goodfellas" by Martin Scorsese. A study found that over 81 percent of all films about Italian-American mobsters were created after "The Godfather". There are about ten films each year on the subject. The Godfather Effect. In 2012, the book "The Godfather Effect" showed the influence of "The Godfather" trilogy. The book was a critical success. The study shows how the films changed views on Italian-American immigrants. It also changed how Americans saw their own national identities. The movies changed how Hollywood showed Italians. They removed stereotypes about Italian-Americans. The films tried to show the Mafia realistically and from the criminals' perspective. "The Godfather" trilogy changed the gangster genre. The family is central in the movies. There are no reckless and brutal criminals, but criminals who protect and support the family. The movies were also about the failures of the American Dream. "The Godfather" opens with the words, "I believe in America". The movie shows the corruption of American business. The films reflected public opinion. People were unhappy with events like the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. The film also showed the darker side of the American Dream and conflicts between family and business. In other media. Other movies and TV shows have referenced or parodied "The Godfather". Brando himself played Vito in the parody comedy film "The Freshman" (1990). In "Saturday Night Live", John Belushi played Vito Corleone in a therapy session. "The Sopranos" referenced quotes from the film. "The Simpsons" refers several times to the film like the scenes of the beheaded horse and Sonny's murder. "Modern Family" parodied the baptism scene. The arctic shrew Mr. Big in "Zootopia" is a parody of Vito Corleone. The 2006 video game "The Godfather" is based on the movie. "The Offer" is a TV show with ten episodes. It is based on the development of "The Godfather". "Francis and The Godfather" will be a film about the making of "The Godfather". It will star Oscar Isaac as Francis Ford Coppola. Venus flytrap The Venus flytrap, "Dionaea muscipula", is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats. The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes "only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch". The two-touch trigger means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food. Appearance. The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect Nutrition. The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths. First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body. The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids. House plants. Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus. Prime number A prime number is a natural number of a particular kind. Any natural number is equal to 1 times itself. If the number is equal to any other natural numbers multiplied, then the number is called a composite number. The smallest composite number is 4, because 2 x 2 = 4. 1 is not a composite number. Every other number is a prime number. The prime numbers are the numbers other than 1 which are "not" equal to formula_1 (except 1 times itself). The smallest prime number is 2. The next prime numbers are 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13. There is no largest prime number. The set of prime numbers is sometimes written as formula_2. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be written as a product of primes in a unique way, though the way the prime numbers occur is a difficult problem for mathematicians. When a number is larger, it is more difficult to know if it is a prime number. One of the answers is the prime number theorem. One of the unsolved problems is Goldbach's conjecture. One of the most famous mathematicians of the classical era, Euclid, recorded a proof that there is no largest prime number. However many scientists and mathematicians are still searching to find it as part of the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search. How to find small prime numbers. There is a simple method to find a list of prime numbers. Eratosthenes created it. It has the name Sieve of Eratosthenes. It catches numbers that are not prime (like a sieve), and lets the prime numbers pass through. The method works with a list of numbers, and a special number called "b" that changes during the method. As one goes through the method, they circle some numbers in the list and cross out others. Each circled number is prime and each crossed-out number is composite. At the start, all the numbers are plain: not circled and not crossed out. The method is always the same: For example, one could carry out this method on a list of the numbers from 2 to 10. At the end, the numbers 2, 3, 5, and 7 will end up circled. These are prime numbers. The numbers 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 will be crossed out. These are composite numbers. This method or algorithm takes too long to find very large prime numbers. However, it is less complicated than methods used for very large primes, such as Fermat's primality test (a test to see whether a number is prime or not) and the Miller-Rabin primality test. What prime numbers are used for. Prime numbers are very important in mathematics and computer science. Very long numbers are hard to solve. It is difficult to find their prime factors, so most of the time, numbers that are probably prime are used for encryption and secret codes. For example: Igloo An igloo (or iglu) is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome (like half of a hollow ball). They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes. They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called "Eskimoes"). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing. Dust (disambiguation) Dust is fine, solid particles of matter. Dust may also mean: For articles on how the word "dust" is used as a technical term in physics, astronomy, cosmology, and environmental science, see: The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera () is a French novel by Gaston Leroux. It was published in 1910. An English edition came out a year later. The book was adapted to a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1986. The musical was made into a movie in 2004. Movie versions include one starring Lon Chaney in 1925, one from 1943 with Claude Rains, another from 1962 with Herbert Lom, and "The Phantom of the Paradise" (1974). The story has been adapted to made for television movies several times. The band iron maiden made a song name the phanTom of the Opera from their self titled album iron maiden. Fleet, Hampshire Fleet is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading. Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions. There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range. Working in Fleet. Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC. There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor! Travelling in Fleet. It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days. Hentai Hentai is a Japanese word that literally means "strange appearance", but also means "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show porn and sex-related anime, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as "ecchi" are used. The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters. Hentai is the anime version of porn. There is on screen sex, often very graphic and very imaginative. Since hentai is anime, the performers are not bound by physical laws. Makers of hentai often use this in very creative ways. Some of the acts performed in hentai would be physically impossible. Some of the performers are often impossible themselves. Fairies, monsters, and even new and strange creatures are stars of hentai. Monsters and demons with tentacles are seen so often that “tentacle porn” is its own sub-category of hentai. Most of the hentai (anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the only actual goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include highly taboo themes, such as coprophilia or dismemberment, pedophilia, and rape. Sometimes slightly less taboo subjects, such as incest. Some examples of these kind of game-to-hentai-anime conversions are Immoral Sisters, Isaku, Pia Carrot, Five Card, Bible Black, Words Worth, Night Shift Nurses, Huniepop, and Milk Junkies. Famous hentai films include: Rapping Rapping is a type of vocals, like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like talking, but timed with rhythm over music. Someone who raps is called a rapper, or sometimes an MC. That stands for Master of Ceremonies. Rapping can be done over music of many types (or genres), including jazz, house, reggae and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is hip hop. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in New York City, USA, in the 1970s. People would talk over disco music DJs at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping. But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in Jamaica used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s. Going back further than that, the West African Griots (travelling musicians and poets) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s. Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music. Snowboarding Snowboarding is a sport that is much like skiing. A person stands on a snowboard and rides down a mountain covered with snow. A snowboard is a flat board with bindings that hold your feet in place while gliding down the mountain. It is different from skiing because both feet are on one board - like surfing. Some snowboarders like to ride over jumps and do tricks. Origin. The snowboard was born in the seventy's through the imagination of several different Americans. The original idea was born in 1965 through Sherman Poppen. He invented the ‘’snurfer ‘’, which was made of two skis fixed together, as a gift to his daughter. It soon became very popular, so he licensed it to the Brunswick Corporation who sold about a million over the next 10 years. In the mid-1970s Dimitrije Milovich created a snowboard inspired by the surfing board called the 'Winterstick'. Finally, in 1977 Jake Burton Carpenter helped by Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first snowboard model, which made them very rich. During the eighty's, the sport became very popular. In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held in Vermont at Suicide Six. The number of windsurfering and snowboarding stations grew very fast everywhere there was snow and mountains. Snowboarding was first recommended to join the Olympic program in 1996 by the Olympic council in Atlanta. Two years later, some competitions like the Big slalom and the Half-pipe took place in The Olympic Nagano games. Equipment. Snowboarders must wear hot and good quality clothes against the cold temperature. They wear also some ski goggles to protect their eyes from reflection of the sun on the snow, against the snow and the wind that can be very hurtful. It is essential to have a good view during the ride. The board that they used has to be fitted by squares on all its length that allow snowboarders to practice this sport even if there is not a lot of snow. Also, the snowboard is equipped with binding to provide snowboarders solidity and stability. The security attach have to be firmly tied on the binding and clip on one of your boots adapted to this sport. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended. Positions. There are two possible positions on the board. First of all, there is the regular one. With this position, your right foot is placed in the back. The second one is called goofy where you have to put your left foot in the back. The choice between those two positions is personal to everyone. Contrary to what everybody can thinks, goofys are not necessary left-handed or regulars right-handed. In fact, seventy-five percent of the people are regulars. Because the board make a curve in the front and in the back, it can glide on the two sides. In addition, the board called twin-tips is perfectly symmetric, so it allows windsurfers to glide in switch (when the favorite foot is in the back) or in normal-foot (when the favorite foot is in the front). Aquamarine Aquamarine is a gemstone, named for its blue-green color, which looks like some shallow seas. It is a type of beryl. The color aquamarine is named for the gemstone. It is considered as a birthstone of March. Trinitrotoluene TNT (Trinitrotoluene, also called Trotyl, Tritol, Tolite and Tol) is a powerful, shattering (brisant) nitroaromatic explosive, somewhat similar to dynamite (which is based on the nitric acid ester nitroglycerin, however). Sometimes TNT is used to mean dynamite, or dynamite is used to mean TNT, because they can both be used in similar ways; however the two materials are distinct, different chemicals with only some of their properties (such as the brisance, their shattering power) being similar while other properties (such as stability and sensitivity) are entirely different. Traces of TNT can be detected by analytical forensic chemical investigation even in extremely small amounts. For example, if a person has been involved in a crime using TNT, scientists can track it down by testing hair or clothing samples to see if TNT traces are found on them. These traces can remain in the hair or in the fabric of the clothes even after many washings. TNT is a nitroaromatic explosive and it can be dangerous both as an explosive and for being poisonous if handled incorrectly. Soldiers, engineers and workers who must work with TNT should therefore observe strict safety measures when handling this explosive. Spore Spores are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores. The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have. Fungal spores. Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent. Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal. Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species. Bacterial spores. Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186 Plant spores. Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes. Radiohead Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The lead singer and songwriter of the band is Thom Yorke, who also plays guitar and piano. Thom is known for his high voiced singing style. The band is known for their different style of rock music. The band has five members, and three of them play guitar. In their early years, Radiohead was known for their layered and heavy guitar sound. In later years, the band began using other instruments too, and creating more electronic sounds. The band still performs live and attracts large crowds of fans to sold-out concerts, even though they play many different styles of music. They have created nine albums so far, the most recent being "A Moon Shaped Pool" (2016). History. Radiohead started in 1985. The members of the band went to school together at Abingdon School, a boys' school in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The band first called themselves "On a Friday". The band would usually rehearse on Friday in their school's music room. On A Friday signed a contract with EMI, a large record label, in 1991. They changed their name to "Radiohead". This name came from the song "Radio Head" on the album "True Stories" by Talking Heads. They released their first EP, called "Drill", in May 1992. It was not very popular. Radiohead started work on their first album. It was called "Pablo Honey" and it was recorded in 1992 in a studio in Oxford. They released their first single, "Creep", late in 1992. They released "Pablo Honey" in February 1993. Initially, the album was going to be released also in late 1992 but was delayed. The album did not become popular, but "Creep" did, and the band got a lot of fans because of it. At the time, Radiohead's style of music was not very popular, and people said it sounded like Nirvana, but was not as good. They said that other Britpop bands, like Suede, were better. "Creep" was played on the radio at a lot of colleges around the world, however. When Radiohead went on tour in the United States in early 1993, the music video for "Creep" was being played frequently on MTV. Radiohead made an EP in 1994. This was called "My Iron Lung", and contained the title single, and seven songs known as B-sides (because they were not on a full-length album). The main song, "My Iron Lung", was about the way fans had reacted to their song "Creep". The band was happy the song had been a hit, because otherwise they might not have been able to continue the band. But the band, especially Thom Yorke, were reluctant to be celebrities. They were already disturbed by the workings of the music industry. They felt they had no control over things. "Creep" was popular, so they felt under pressure to make more similar songs. They hated the way "Creep" was the only Radiohead song anyone listened to at their concerts, yet it was all that was keeping them popular and afloat in the record industry. The "iron lung" was a metaphor for such a "life support". Their second normal album, "The Bends", came out in 1995. The album was going to released in late 1994 but was also delayed. The song "My Iron Lung" was on it, along with 11 new ones. The band released four more songs as singles: "Fake Plastic Trees", "High and Dry", "Just" and "Street Spirit [Fade Out]". None of these songs were as popular as "Creep" around the world. Radiohead was now a one-hit wonder to many people in America. Songs from "The Bends" did not get played on the radio very much there. But the album became very popular in Radiohead's home of the UK. It also got excellent reviews from music critics, unlike the band's first album. Many said it was one of the best rock records in memory. The album was produced by John Leckie, a veteran at EMI's Abbey Road studios. As a young man Leckie had assisted on Pink Floyd albums in the 1970s. The band's lineup was the same for "The Bends". Thom Yorke and Ed O'Brien played rhythm and auxiliary guitar; Thom sang and Ed sang backup. Phil Selway played drums and percussion. Colin Greenwood played bass guitar. Radiohead's lead guitarist was Jonny Greenwood, Colin's younger brother. Jonny was also younger than any of the other members. Jonny was the only member of the band who did not graduate from university. He was also the only member who had attended music school. Jonny had had to leave university after a few months to join Radiohead on a tour when they became popular. But he played in an orchestra when he was young, and he had a knowledge of classical and experimental music and jazz. Thus, Jonny became the band's musical expert. At this stage he already played many instruments, such as keyboard. It was Jonny's complex and cathartic guitar solos in songs like "Just" and "The Bends" that soon began to attract notice. So did his simpler playing in other songs. The circle of Radiohead fans began to grow. Thom Yorke's lyrics also began talking about larger more political themes during this time. Mostly, they were still about personal disappointments, loves, losses, depression, unease, and anger. But Thom wrote songs like "Fake Plastic Trees" and "Street Spirit" which found the source of the unease in the larger structure of society, not the individual. Radiohead's style of music had gotten more mature, according to most people, without changing too much. Some others felt their songwriting had improved so much it was no longer unrecognizable. The band used more keyboards and acoustic guitar this time, and made a more subtle atmosphere. But electric guitars were the main instrument used on the record. Some of Radiohead's influences this time were: the post-punk band Magazine, the singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, Morrissey's (former Smiths singer) "Vauxhall & I", and the music of R.E.M. That band had inspired Radiohead from the beginning. Radiohead would get a chance to tour with them in summer 1995, after releasing the album. Lead singer Michael Stipe became a friend and mentor to Thom, and also a public fan of Radiohead. In 1995 he said "they're so good, they're scary". The band's influences had expanded once more by the time of their next album "OK Computer". With "OK Computer" (released in 1997), the band started the next section of their career. They started using more sounds from electronic music. They released the album "Kid A" (released in 2000, was initially going to release sometime in late 1999) which had a lot less use of guitar than on previous albums, but was still called one of their best albums (with some people calling it their best). An album of songs recorded during this time, but that did not appear on "Kid A" was released, called "Amnesiac" (released in 2001). In 2003 they released the album "Hail To The Thief" which was a return to a sound with more guitars and less use of electronic sounds. In 2007 they released "In Rainbows". It was first released for free on the band's website, then released properly on January 1, 2008. The album was delayed two times. It was going to be released in late 2005, then it was going to be released sometime in 2006, before finally being released in 2007. After this, they went on to release "The King of Limbs" (2011) and "A Moon Shaped Pool" (2016), which both garnered critical and popular acclaim. Additionally, they released TKOL RMX 1234567 (2011), an album of collaborations with the likes of Four Tet, Jamie XX, and Caribou and an remix of OK Computer named "OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017" (2017). Their most recent album is "KID A MNESIA" (2021), an extended and reworked version of Kid A which is over 2 hours long. Awards. BRIT Awards. Radiohead has been nominated five times at the BRIT Awards. Grammy Awards. Radiohead has received three awards from fourteen nominations at the Grammy Awards. Ivor Novello Awards. Radiohead has received one Ivor Novello Award. Mercury Prize. Radiohead has received four Mercury Prize nominations. MTV Video Music Awards. Radiohead has received one award from ten nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards. PLUG Awards. Radiohead has received one nomination at the PLUG Awards. Q Awards. Radiohead has received two awards from the Q Awards. Ladino language Ladino (also called Judeo-Spanish) is a Jewish Romance language that is very close to the Spanish language. It has many old Spanish words and Hebrew words. History. During the Middle Ages, many Jews lived in Spain. They were called Sephardic Jews or "Sephardim" (in Hebrew). Forced to leave Spain after the country was taken over by Christians, they brought the old Spanish with them to their new countries. Some Sephardic Jews still speak Ladino in Israel, Turkey, Bulgaria, the United States, and other countries. Like many other Jewish languages, Ladino is an endangered language, is in danger of language death. It could become an extinct language. Most native speakers are old because many of them who emigrated to Israel and did not pass on the language to their children or grandchildren. In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling by the extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish. Writing. Ladino is usually written by using the Latin alphabet but in Israel, it uses the Hebrew alphabet. Ladin language. Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language, which is related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian languages and is mostly spoken in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Northern Italy. Guns N' Roses Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar, backing vocals), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are "Welcome to the Jungle", "Paradise City", "Sweet Child O'Mine", "Patience", "Live and Let Die", "November Rain", "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "Don't Cry", and "Civil War". The music they made was different from the rock music that was popular in the 1980s. They played harder rock music. It was also closer to traditional rock. Because of this, many music fans became interested in Guns N'Roses. Guns N'Roses was created in Los Angeles in June, 1985. By singer W. Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. Axl's old band was named Hollywood Rose, and Tracii's old band was named L.A. Guns. They joined the two names and got the name Guns N' Roses. In 1985, Guns N' Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner couldn't attend the show. Axl called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became one of their most famous songs. Then in 1990, drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by The Cult drummer Matt Sorum. On November 1991, Gilby Clarke replaced Izzy on rhythm guitar. Gilby then left the band on October 1994 and was replaced by Axl's childhood friend Paul "Huge" Tobias. Slash left the band on October 1996. On April 1997, Matt got fired from the band due to fighting between him and Paul. On August 1997, Nine Inch Nails' Robin Finck replaced Slash on lead guitar, while Duff also left Guns N' Roses. In 1998, Josh Freese replaced Matt on drums on March, The Replacements' Tommy Stinson replaced Duff on bass on May, while Chris Pitman joined the band as a second keyboardist alongside Dizzy on October. Robin left Guns N' Roses to rejoin Nine Inch Nails on August 1999. In 2000, Buckethead and Bryan "Brain" Mantia joined the band on March, with Buckethead replacing Robin, Brain replacing Josh. Robin then rejoined Guns N' Roses on October. On July 2002, Richard Fortus (who was previously member of Love Spit Love and The Psychedelic Furs) joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Paul. Slash, Duff and Matt were in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, until Scott died. Buckethead left the band on March 2004. Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal then replaced Buckethead on May 2006. On October 2006, Frank Ferrer now joined the band, replacing Brain. On March 2009, Sixx:A.M.'s DJ Ashba joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Robin who returned to Nine Inch Nails. On June 2014, Tommy and Bumblefoot left Guns N' Roses. Bumblefoot now became a member of Art of Anarchy and Sons of Apollo. Ashba also left the band on July 2015. Since parting ways with the "Appetite for Destruction" lineup, Axl has remained a constant member and many lineups have changed since. The last studio album the band released was "Chinese Democracy", which had been delayed for over 10 years, to mixed reactions. In 2016, Slash and Duff rejoined the band, along with the band's first female member, , who replaced Chris. Lineups. March 1985 March – May 1985 May – June 1985 June 1985 – February 1990 February – July 1990 July 1990 – November 1991 November 1991 – October 1994 October 1994 – October 1996 October 1996 – April 1997 April – August 1997 August 1997 August 1997 – March 1998 March – May 1998 May – October 1998 October 1998 – August 1999 August 1999 – March 2000 March – October 2000 October 2000 – July 2002 July 2002 – March 2004 March 2004 – May 2006 May – October 2006 October 2006 – March 2009 March 2009 – June 2014 June 2014 – July 2015 July – December 2015 January – February 2016 March 2016 – present Lake Chaubunagungamaug Lake Chaubunagungamaug, or Lake Webster is a lake in the United States. It is in the state of Massachusetts. The lake is also known by the much shorter name of "Webster Lake", but some people prefer the long name Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, which is the Native American name for the lake. The name is the longest place name in the United States. Hans Enoksen Hans Enoksen (born 1956) was the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2002 to 2009. Nunarput, utoqqarsuanngoravit Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (, ; "You Our Ancient Land") is the national anthem of Greenland. It was written by Henrik Lund, and it became the national anthem in 1916. Ben Stiller Benjamin Edward "Ben" Stiller (born November 30, 1965) is an American actor, comedian, voice actor, screenwriter, movie director, and producer. He is best known for his roles in "There's Something About Mary", "Zoolander" (2001), "Meet the Parents" (2001) (and its 2004 sequel "Meet the Fockers"). Stiller has also starred in "Flirting with Disaster" (1996), "Duplex" (2003) and "" (2004) among others. One of the first movies he starred in was Steven Spielberg's "Empire of the Sun" (1987) "Tropic Thunder" (2008). He directed "Reality Bites" (1994) and "The Cable Guy" (1996). Early life. Stiller was born in New York City in 1965. His father, Jerry Stiller, was from a Jewish family that immigrated from Poland and Galicia, in Eastern Europe. His mother, Anne Meara, who was of Irish Catholic background, converted to Reform Judaism after marrying his father. She died in 2015. The family celebrated both Hanukkah and Christmas, and Stiller had a Bar Mitzvah. He has said that he is "half Jewish and half Irish Catholic." Stiller's parents frequently took him on the sets of their appearances, including "The Mike Douglas Show" when he was six. He stated in an interview that he considered his childhood unusual: "In some ways, it was a show-business upbringing—a lot of traveling, a lot of late nights—not what you'd call traditional." His older sister, Amy, has appeared in many of his productions, including Reality Bites, DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story, and Zoolander. Stiller displayed an early interest in filmmaking and made Super 8 movies with his sister and friends. At age 9, Stiller made his acting debut as a guest on his mother's short-lived television series, Kate McShane. In the late 1970s, he performed with the New York City troupe NYC's First All Children's Theater, playing several roles, including the title role in Clever Jack and the Magic Beanstalk. After being inspired by the television show Second City Television while in high school, Stiller realized that he wanted to get involved with sketch comedy. During his high school years, he was also the drummer of the post-punk band Capital Punishment, which released the studio album Roadkill in 1982. The band's bassist, Peter Swann, went on to become (as of 2018) an Arizona Court of Appeals Judge. The band reunited in 2018 to release a new EP, titled This is Capital Punishment, for Record Store Day. Stiller attended The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine and graduated from the Calhoun School in New York in 1983. He started performing on the cabaret circuit as opening act to the cabaret siren Jadin Wong. Stiller then enrolled as a film student at the University of California, Los Angeles. After nine months, Stiller left school to move back to New York City. He made his way through acting classes, auditioning and trying to find an agent. Career. When he was approximately 15, Stiller obtained a small part with one line on the television soap opera Guiding Light, although in an interview he characterized his performance as poor.[31] He was later cast in a role in the 1986 Broadway revival of John Guare's The House of Blue Leaves, alongside John Mahoney; the production would garner four Tony Awards. During its run, Stiller produced a satirical mockumentary whose principal was fellow actor Mahoney. Stiller's comedic work was well received by the cast and crew of the play, and he followed up with a 10-minute short titled The Hustler of Money, a parody of the Martin Scorsese film The Color of Money. The film featured him in a send-up of Tom Cruise's character and Mahoney in the Paul Newman role, only this time as a bowling hustler instead of a pool shark. The short got the attention of Saturday Night Live, which aired it in 1987 and two years later offered Stiller a spot as a writer. In the meantime, he had a bit role in Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun. In 1989 Stiller wrote and appeared on Saturday Night Live as a featured performer. However, since the show did not want him to make more short films, he left after four episodes. He then put together Elvis Stories, a short film about a fictitious tabloid focused on recent sightings of Elvis Presley. The film starred friends and co-stars John Cusack, Jeremy Piven, Mike Myers, Andy Dick, and Jeff Kahn. The film was considered a success, and led him to develop the short film Going Back to Brooklyn for MTV; it was a music video starring comedian Colin Quinn that parodied LL Cool J's recent hit "Going Back to Cali". Producers at MTV were so impressed with Back to Brooklyn that they offered Stiller a 13-episode show in the experimental "vid-com" format. Titled The Ben Stiller Show, this series mixed comedy sketches with music videos and parodied various television shows, music stars, and films. It starred Stiller, along with main writer Jeff Khan and Harry O'Reilly, with his parents and sister making occasional appearances. Although the show was canceled after its first season, it led to another show titled The Ben Stiller Show, on the Fox Network in 1992. The series aired 12 episodes on Fox, with a 13th unaired episode broadcast by Comedy Central in a later revival.[36] Among the principal writers on The Ben Stiller Show were Stiller and Judd Apatow, with the show featuring the ensemble cast of Stiller, Janeane Garofalo, Andy Dick, and Bob Odenkirk.[37] Both Denise Richards and Jeanne Tripplehorn appeared as extras in various episodes. Throughout its short run, The Ben Stiller Show frequently appeared at the bottom of the ratings, even as it garnered critical acclaim and eventually won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program" posthumously. A crowd of people is all looking towards a man at the center who is signing a hat. The crowd is attempting to hand him posters to sign and others are taking pictures using cameras and cell phones. In the early 1990s Stiller had minor roles in films such as Stella and Highway to Hell as well as a cameo in The Nutt House. In 1992 Stiller was approached to direct Reality Bites, based on a script by Helen Childress. Stiller devoted the next year and a half to rewriting the script with Childress, fundraising, and recruiting cast members for the film. It was eventually released in early 1994, directed by Stiller and featuring him as a co-star. The film was produced by Danny DeVito, who would later direct Stiller's 2003 film Duplex and produce his 2004 film Along Came Polly. Reality Bites debuted as the highest-grossing film in its opening weekend and received mixed reviews. Stiller joined his parents in the family film Heavyweights (1995), in which he played two roles, and then had a brief uncredited role in Adam Sandler's Happy Gilmore (1996). Next, he had lead roles in If Lucy Fell and Flirting with Disaster, before tackling his next directorial effort with The Cable Guy, which starred Jim Carrey. Stiller once again was featured in his own film, as twins. The film received mixed reviews, but was noted for paying the highest salary for an actor up to that point, as Carrey received $20 million for his work in the film. The film also connected Stiller with future Frat Pack members Jack Black and Owen Wilson. Also in 1996, MTV invited Stiller to host the VH1 Fashion Awards. Along with SNL writer Drake Sather, Stiller developed a short film for the awards about a male model known as Derek Zoolander. It was so well received that he developed another short film about the character for the 1997 VH1 Fashion Awards and finally remade the skit into a film. In 1998 Stiller put aside his directing ambitions to star in a surprise hit with a long-lasting cult following, the Farrelly Brothers' There's Something About Mary, alongside Cameron Diaz. That year, he starred in several dramas, including Zero Effect, Your Friends & Neighbors, and Permanent Midnight. He was invited to take part in hosting the Music Video awards, for which he developed a parody of the Backstreet Boys and performed a sketch with his father, commenting on his current career. In 1999 he starred in three films, including Mystery Men, where he played a superhero wannabe called Mr. Furious. He returned to directing with a new spoof television series for Fox titled Heat Vision and Jack, starring Jack Black; however, the show was not picked up by Fox after its pilot episode and the series was cancelled. In 2000, Stiller starred in three more films, including one of his most recognizable roles, a male nurse named Gaylord "Greg" Focker in Meet the Parents, opposite Robert De Niro. The film was well received by critics, grossed over $330 million worldwide, and spawned two sequels. Also in 2000, MTV again invited Stiller to make another short film, and he developed Mission: Improbable, a spoof of Tom Cruise's role in Mission: Impossible II and other films. In 2001, Stiller directed his third feature film, Zoolander, starring himself as Derek Zoolander. The film featured multiple cameos from a variety of celebrities, including Donald Trump, Paris Hilton, Lenny Kravitz, Heidi Klum, and David Bowie, among others. The film was banned in Malaysia (as the plot centered on an assassination attempt of a Malaysian prime minister),[52] while shots of the World Trade Center were digitally removed and hidden for the film's release after the September 11 terrorist attacks. After Stiller worked with Owen Wilson in Zoolander, they joined again for The Royal Tenenbaums. Over the next two years, Stiller continued with the lackluster box office film Duplex, and cameos in Orange County and Nobody Knows Anything! He has guest-starred on several television shows, including an appearance in an episode of the television series The King of Queens in a flashback as the father of the character Arthur (played by Jerry Stiller). He also made a guest appearance on World Wrestling Entertainment's WWE Raw. In 2004, Stiller appeared in six different films, all of which were comedies, and include some of his highest-grossing films: Starsky & Hutch, Envy, DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (in which he had an uncredited cameo), Along Came Polly and Meet the Fockers. While the critical flop Envy only grossed $14.5 million,[60] the most successful film of these was Meet the Fockers, which grossed over $516.6 million worldwide. He also made extended guest appearances on Curb Your Enthusiasm and Arrested Development in the same year. In 2005, Stiller appeared in Madagascar, which was his first experience as a voice actor in an animated film. Madagascar was a massive worldwide hit, and spawned the sequels Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa in 2008 and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted in 2012. In 2006, Stiller had cameo roles in School for Scoundrels and Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny; he was executive producer of the latter. In December 2006, he had the lead role in Night at the Museum. Although not a critical favorite, it earned over $115 million in ten days. In 2007, Stiller starred alongside Malin Åkerman in the romantic comedy The Heartbreak Kid. The film earned over $100 million worldwide despite receiving mostly negative reviews. In 2008, Stiller directed, co-wrote, co-produced, and starred in the film Tropic Thunder, with Robert Downey Jr. and Jack Black; Stiller had originally conceived of the film's premise while filming Empire of the Sun in 1987. In 2009, he starred with Amy Adams in , sequel to Night at the Museum. In 2010, Stiller made a brief cameo in Joaquin Phoenix's mockumentary I'm Still Here and played the lead role in the comedy-drama Greenberg. He again portrayed Greg Focker in the critically panned but financially successful Little Fockers, the second sequel to Meet the Parents. He had planned to voice the main character in Megamind, but later dropped out while still remaining a producer and voicing a minor character in the film. In 2011, Stiller starred with Eddie Murphy and Alan Alda in Tower Heist, about a group of maintenance workers planning a heist in a residential skyscraper. He produced, directed, and starred in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which was released in 2013. In 2018 and 2019, Stiller played Michael Cohen on Saturday Night Live for 6 episodes. Health. In October 2016, Stiller revealed that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in June 2014. Following surgery, he received a cancer-free status in September 2014. References. Ben Stiller at the Jonathan Ross Show. Sieve of Eratosthenes The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple way to find "all" the prime numbers up to some number "n": When the algorithm is finished all the numbers that are left not crossed out are all the prime numbers from 2 up to "n". As an optimization we can start the counting in step 3 from "p2", and stop in step 2 when "p2" is greater than "n". This is allowed because for each number "k" that is smaller than "p", the number "kp" in step 3 will be already crossed out as part of the algorithm working for some previous prime that is smaller than "p" – the smallest such prime which divides "k" evenly. Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American statesman, Founding Father, and scientist. He has also been known as "the First American". He was a very important person in the American Revolution and helped make the Thirteen Colonies one nation. As a leader of the Enlightenment, he influenced European scientists. He even was the first thing many Europeans associated with America at the time. His successful diplomacy in France was an important factor in the United States' win over Great Britain. Childhood and family. Franklin was born in Boston. After two years of school he stayed home as an apprentice in his father's candle-making shop. Two years after starting to work at his father's shop, he went to work at his brother James' printing shop. While working there, Franklin secretly wrote articles for the newspaper and labelled them as being by "Mrs. Silence Dogood". He quarrelled with his brother and at age 17 ran away to Philadelphia, then to London and then back to Philadelphia. Franklin loved books and reading. Franklin, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. He became rich and famous as a printer, publisher and writer. Later, he sold his businesses and became busy with science and politics. Political life. Benjamin Franklin was very important in Pennsylvanian and early American politics. He was a leader in the city of Philadelphia, where he did many important things. He was the President of the Academy and College of Philadelphia. Later he became a councilman, a Justice of the Peace, later a representative of the city. He also started one of the first public libraries in Philadelphia. He was for many years the postmaster of Philadelphia, and in 1753 became Postmaster General of the Thirteen Colonies. In 1757 he went to live in London as agent for Pennsylvania and later for other colonies. He was in the Continental Congress, which led the country during the Revolutionary War, and he helped write the United States Declaration of Independence. He controlled the postal service as Postmaster General. As ambassador to France he helped persuade the French to join the war against Great Britain. He helped negotiate the peace, too. Later, he was part of the group that made the Constitution of the United States. Publications. Franklin called himself a printer, but is also known for his writings. Among some of the more well known are Poor Richard's Almanack, and the Pennsylvanian. Inventions. Franklin was a scientist who studied experiments in an effort to improve or correct them. One of his greatest contributions was in the theory of electricity. Most people see Franklin as one of history's greatest inventors. For example, he invented the lightning rod and bifocals, the Franklin stove, and the glass harmonica. Death. Franklin died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from pleurisy, April 17, 1790 aged 84. Legacy. Benjamin Franklin owned slaves and printed ads to help slavers find runaway slaves in his newspaper. Eventually, he changed his mind and became an abolitionist. But he still made a lot of money from slavery. The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (where he lived) marked his three hundredth birthday in 2006. Many streets and a few towns are named for him. A picture of Franklin has been on the United States' hundred-dollar bill since 1928. He was also on the fifty-cent coin for 15 years. Noble Eightfold Path In Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: "ariya atthangika magga") is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom ("pañña"), virtue ("sila"), and concentration ("samadhi"). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech. Here is a description of the path: Gone with the Wind Gone with the Wind is a 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. It tells the story of a family woman in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. She falls in love with a city gentleman. It is one of the most famous books of its time, and was made into a movie of the same name. The title takes the name from the line of Ernest Dowson's poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (The line appeared in the book). Critics and historians have disagreed with its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864. The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937. In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, "Scarlett". Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries. In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's "The Wind Done Gone". (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody. AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies is a list of the top one hundred movies in American cinema. It was made by the American Film Institute in 1998. The television station CBS aired the list's special. Movies that were on the list: Flag of Greenland The Flag of Greenland was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white. Its local name in the Greenlandic language is "Erfalasorput", which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the Erfalasorput and the Dannebrog, often side by side. Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort. In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders. Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985. To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea. Greenlandic language Greenlandic can be divided into three dialects: Kalaallisut or, in English, Greenlandic, is the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language is now taught to all Greenlanders in school, regardless of their native dialect. It is related to Inuktitut. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish, while Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to take words from English or sometimes French and Russian. It is written using the Roman alphabet. The dialect of the Upernavik area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in sound from the standard dialect. Tunumiit oraasiat, (or Tunumiisut in Kalaallisut, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3,000 speakers. Avanersuaq is the dialect of the area around Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the North Baffin dialect, since a group of Inuit from Baffin Island settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1,000 speakers. Earthworm An earthworm is an invertebrate animal with a long, stretchy body and no legs. It is a type of annelid. There are 5,500 known species of earthworms in 21 families. They are found everywhere, except in polar or dry climates. Their sizes vary: they can be between two centimeters and about three meters in length. The biggest known earthworm is the giant Gippsland earthworm, found in Australia. It is usually about 80 cm in length, but can grow to about 3 meters. The most common earthworm (in Europe, and most other temperate climate regions) grows to a size of about 20–25 cm when extended. Most earthworms can regrow lost segments, assuming the worm has not had too much damage. This capability varies by species. Long ago, all animals looking like worms were lumped together by John Ray and by Linnaeus in their classifications. Later, biologists found that some were in quite different groups. Roundworms and flatworms are different phyla. Inchworms are a type of caterpillar, and the slow-worm is a legless lizard. Physical characteristics. The average earthworm is a reddish brown color, with a pointed posterior and anterior end. There are no eyes or other discerning facial features, only a simply opening for a mouth. Earthworms have long, segmented bodies, covered in microscopic setae, or bristles, which help to anchor and pull the worm via longitudinal muscle contractions. Earthworms have no lungs, and absorb oxygen directly through their skin. In order to do this, they must stay moist, and do so by lubricating their skin with glands along their bodies. Earthworms are invertebrates, lacking a skeleton. To support and shape the body, they are filled with coelomic fluid. Earthworms sometimes appear to have a "belt" or "saddle" around their bodies; this is a "clitelum", a structure containing maturing eggs. Earthworm habitats. Earthworms typically live in damp (but not wet), loose soil. They can also be found in loose leaf litter, and after it rains they can be found on the surface as they are forced out of the water-logged soil. Many gardeners welcome earthworms, as they aerate and enrich the soil with their droppings. They are also found in compost, feeding on decaying vegetable matter. An earthworm's burrow can be seen by the pile of dark, sand-like droppings, or casts, surrounding the entrance. Reproduction. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning they each contain male and female gametes. During mating, both worms exchange sperm and have eggs fertilized. The belt-like swollen area on the earthworm’s body, commonly called the "saddle" or "belt", is called a clitelum. It secretes a slimy substance that forms capsules which protect the eggs (sperm cells and eggs merge inside the capsule and form embryos). Inside, 1-20 eggs mature, taking between 60 and 90 days to hatch, depending on environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. An earthworm takes up to a year to fully mature, and in the wild they can live from 4 to 8 years. Diet. The typical earthworm diet is decaying matter, humus, leaf litter, microbial fungi, and other microscopic organisms. Earthworms are important to the environment, breaking down organic matter and passing it through their gut as newly enriched soil. An earthworm has no teeth, so it swallows grit to help grind food in its multi-chambered gut. As an earthworm burrows and feeds, it aerates the soil and adds nutrients from deeper soil layers to upper layers, making easier new plant growth in the process. For this reason, they are valued by farmers and gardeners worldwide. Wire Wire is a long, thin and flexible piece of metal. Wires are made in many different metals and sizes, and are used for many purposes. Wire rope has been used for centuries. Electrical wire is wire used to carry electricity. When people touch wire that is carrying electricity, they get shocked, which is bad, so the outside coating of electrical wires is colored. Most electric wires are black, but some wires have a differently colored coating. Different colors indicate different purposes, for example, in the United States, green or bare is a ground (earth) wire, white is a neutral wire, and black, blue, red, brown, yellow, and orange are hot (live) wires. A wiretap is when law enforcement puts a device into a phone or other electronic device to hear what suspected criminals are going to do. Copper wire is the best known type of wire, but wire can also be made out of aluminum or other metals. If we did not have wiring almost all of our electronics would not be working or available. Whistle A whistle is a thing that uses a stream of gas (usually air) to make a sound, or the act of making a similar sound called whistling. Whip A whip is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people. Some whips are made for corporal punishment. Die Toten Hosen Die Toten Hosen is a German punk band from Düsseldorf, Germany. They are one of the most popular punk bands from Germany. Their career started in 1982. Their first album was released in 1984 and named "Opel-Gang". Most of their songs are in German. Some are in English and in a few other languages such as Spanish. They have many fans in German-speaking countries but also they have many fans in South America and other parts of Europe. Members. The band consists of the following members: Balalaika The balalaika is a musical instrument from Russia. The Balalaika family includes the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. They all have three strings. There are many ways to tune balalaika; the most common tuning is E-E-A. The prima balalaika is played with the fingers, the sekunda and alto either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played. The basses and contrabasses, which have legs that rest on the floor, are played with leather picks. Early pictures of the balalaika show it had between two and six strings, like some Central Asian instruments. Frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player. Development. The balalaika was improved by a Russian, Vasily Vasil'yevich Andreev. He had heard peasants on his farm playing badly made instruments. Andreev wanted to improve the instrument and use it for concerts. He spent the rest of his life working on this instrument with help from two violin makers and a carpenter. They improved the soundboard, which made it louder. He came up with the idea of the prima balalaike, sekunda, alto, bass and controbass balalaika. He then spent several years writing and arranging music for groups of balalaikas to play. The first public performance by the Ensemble of Balalaika Players took place in 1888. After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party encouraged the playing of the instrument and large balalaika orchestras were started. Klezmer Klezmer is a kind of music. It was made by the Jews of Eastern Europe, and it is a mix of Russian, Greek and Romanian folk music, based on and Jewish prayer music. In old times, it was played during Jewish weddings and religious festivals, and it was made for dancing. The most common klezmer instruments are the clarinet and the violin, because they are the best to play in the sad klezmer style. New South Wales New South Wales is one of the states of Australia. It is the oldest state in Australia and is sometimes called the "Premier State". Of all Australian states, New South Wales has the most people. An inhabitant of New South Wales is referred to as a New South Welshman. The capital city of New South Wales is Sydney. Sydney is the biggest city in Australia. The name New South Wales came from the journal of Lieutenant James Cook (later Captain Cook), who sailed up the east coast of Australia in 1770. He thought that the land looked like the south coast of Wales. He named it "New Wales" but then changed the name in his journal to "New South Wales". New South Wales was founded (begun) in 1788, by the British who set up a small colony which became known as Sydney Town, and grew into the city of Sydney. The British colony of New South Wales originally included more than half of the Australian mainland, as well as New Zealand, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and New Zealand. Geography. New South Wales has four main geographical areas: The state is bordered on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, and on the south by Victoria. Its coast faces the Tasman Sea. New South Wales contains two Federal Territories: the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and the Jervis Bay Territory. New South Wales' three big cities are Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong which all lie along the coast. Other settlements include Albury, a large town which borders with Victoria; Broken Hill, the most westerly large town; Dubbo; Orange, Bowral, Bathurst, home of the Bathurst 1000; Port Macquarie, Tamworth, home to the country music festival; Armidale, Inverell, Lismore, Nowra, Gosford, Griffith, Queanbeyan, Leeton, Wagga Wagga, Goulburn, where a lot of Australia's fruit is grown and Coffs Harbour, a popular tourist destination. Demographics. The population of New South Wales at the end of June 2007 was 6.89 million people. Population grew by 1.1% over the preceding year, lower than the national rate of 1.5%. 62.9% of NSW's population is based in Sydney. Hemp Hemp ("Cannabis sativa" subsp. "sativa") is a plant and the fibers made from it. It is a subspecies of the "Cannabis sativa" plant. It is usually used to make cloth and other textiles, and ropes. History. Hemp is one of the oldest plants humans have grown and used. Hemp was domesticated in Asia over 10,000 years ago. It was already used to make clothes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The seeds were eaten, and the plant had medicinal uses. From there the use of hemp spread. In Europe, hemp was at least used 5,500 years ago. It is one of the earliest domesticated plants recorded. It is quite strong and does not need many pesticides (to keep away bugs) and no herbicides. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time. Hemp is similar to marijuana, but contains very little THC, the chemical that makes people feel good while using marijuana. Hemp is completely legal in most U.S. states, France, Spain, Indonesia, England, and Ireland. Uses for hemp. Hemp can be used for the following things: 1000s The 1000s decade span from 1000 to 1009. Lung The lung is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a "spine", or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs have two of them. In animals, the lungs are the area where gas exchange takes place. Without gas exchange, oxygen would not pass into the blood from the lungs so the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed for respiration. The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen to move from the lung through the alveoli into blood vessels and red blood cells. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air we breathe out. Bird lung. Birds lungs are smaller than mammal lungs, and do not have alveoli, instead they have millions of para-bronchi. These para-bronchi end up in tiny capillaries or very small blood vessels and they pass close to the body's blood vessels, so diffusion can occur and the oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in birds lungs are continuously diffused into and out of the blood, not like in mammals where diffusion can only happen in the alveoli. Air does not go into and back out of the lungs as in mammals. Instead, muscular air sacs push the air forward through bird lungs. Reptile lung. Reptile lungs open and close because of the ribs surrounding them pressing down on them and then opening up with the help of muscles. The liver is also attached to the bottom of the lungs and when a muscle which is attached to the liver pulls, the liver moves away from the lungs and pulls them, making them bigger. Amphibian lung. Frog lungs are very simple compared to most other lungs, they are simply balloons, with moist outsides allowing for diffusion. But frogs do not move around much and so do not need lots of oxygen, but they can also take in oxygen through their moist outer skin if a big demand of oxygen is needed (e.g. Fight or flight response) Kansas City Kansas City is the name of two cities in the United States of America. Rock music Rock music is a genre of popular music. It developed during and after the 1960s in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. Rock and roll grew out of rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music is related to a number of other genres such as blues and folk. It has influences from jazz, classical, and other music genres. Musically, rock mostly uses the electric guitar as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Rock music is song based. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. However, rock has become very different and it is hard to say what its common musical instruments are. Like popular music, rock music lyrics are mostly about "romantic love". They can also have social or have political themes, however. Rock focuses on musical skill, live performance, and it tries to be more real than pop music. By the late 1960s, a number of different rock music below-genres had come out. These included hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion. From these forms, the counterculture developed psychedelic rock. New genres that came from this scene included progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal. Progressive rock made the music more artistic. Glam rock focused on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focused on loudness, power and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk caused other below-genres to come about into the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to be the most popular type of rock music. It broke through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. More merging of below-genres have since emerged. These include pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium. Rock music has also helped cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture made the goth and emo subcultures. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also made changes to social attitudes towards race, sex and drug use. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. Cream Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, butterfat, and butter fat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Cream can also be used to make some sauces such as the Americanized Alfredo sauce. Time dilation Gravitational time dilation is a physics concept about changes in the passage of time, caused by general relativity. A clock in outer space moves more quickly than a clock on Earth. Heavy things like planets create a gravitational field that slows down time nearby. This means that a clock on a spaceship far away from any planet would move faster than a clock near Earth. This is different from time dilation explained by special relativity, which says that fast objects move more slowly through time. Close satellites like the International Space Station move very quickly to orbit the Earth, so they are slowed down. Because the ISS is in low Earth orbit (LEO), time dilation due to gravity is not as strong as time dilation due to its speed, so a clock on it is slowed down more than it is sped up. An object in Geostationary orbit moves less quickly and is farther away from Earth, so gravitational time dilation is stronger, and clocks move more quickly than in LEO. This means that engineers need to pick different clocks for different orbits. GPS satellites work because they know about both kinds of time dilation. Case #1: In special relativity, clocks that are moving run slower, according to a stationary observer's clock. "This effect does not come from workings of the clocks, but from the nature of spacetime". Case #2: the observers may be in positions with different gravitational masses. In general relativity, clocks that are near a strong gravitational field run slower than clocks in a weaker gravitational field. Evidence. Experiments support both aspects of time dilation. Time dilation due to relative velocity. The formula for determining time dilation in special relativity is: where It could also be written as: where A simple summary is that more time is measured on the clock at rest than the moving clock, therefore, the moving clock is "running slow". When both clocks are not moving, relative to each other, the two times measured are the same. This can be proven mathematically by For example: In a spaceship moving at 99% of the speed of light, a year passes. How much time will pass on earth? Substituting into :formula_1 So approximately 7.09 years will pass on earth, for each year in the spaceship. In ordinary life today, time dilation had not been a factor, where people move at speeds much less than the speed of light, the speeds are not great enough to produce any detectable time dilation effects. Such vanishingly small effects can be safely ignored. It is only when an object approaches speeds on the order of (10% the speed of light) that time dilation becomes important. However, there are practical uses of time dilation. A big example is with keeping the clocks on GPS satellites accurate. Without accounting for time dilation, the GPS result would be useless, because time runs faster on satellites so far from Earth's gravity. GPS devices would calculate the wrong position due to the time difference if the space clocks were not set to run slower on Earth to offset the quicker time in high Earth orbit (geostationary orbit). Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. The Court meets in its own building in Washington, D.C. However, until 1935, the Supreme Court met in the United States Capitol. Background. There are 9 justices on the court now: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Courts (All the justices of the court under one specific Chief Justice) are unofficially named for the Chief Justice; the current Court is called the "Roberts Court" after Chief Justice John Roberts. The Supreme Court chooses which cases it will decide on. Many people ask the Supreme Court to decide their cases, but the court refuses most of them. For the Supreme Court to decide a case, the case must be about federal law or be about the laws of more than one state. Cases must first be decided by a federal district court and a federal court of appeals or by a state supreme court. Even after that, the Supreme Court can choose not to decide a case for any reason. There are some cases that can start in the Supreme Court and that the Supreme Court must decide, but those are rare. The justices serve for life unless they want to retire earlier or are impeached. If a justice retires, he or she can still be asked to serve as a judge on a federal Court of Appeals. New justices are nominated (picked) by the President of the United States, and later must be approved by the United States Senate. In February 2022, President Joe Biden nominated Ketanji Brown Jackson to succeed retiring Justice Stephen Breyer. Jackson will become the first female African American Supreme Court justice. The current Court. The current court is named "the Roberts Court" named after Chief Justice John Roberts. Fall (motion) A fall is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity. An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor. Scientific and universal definition. Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential. Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields. The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is. What is down in natural human language(s)? Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle. Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth. But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth. In space, somewhere between the Earth and it's moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon. At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter. At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets. Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity. What about an electrically charged object? A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling. Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces. (Thank goodness or our electronics would not work and life would not even exist.) As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy. Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy. Falling people. Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause. This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion. In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones. During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall. Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads. Autumn Autumn is the season after summer and before winter. In the United States this season is also called fall. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is often said to begin with the autumnal equinox in September and end with the winter solstice in December. In the Southern Hemisphere, it runs from the autumnal equinox in March to the winter solstice in June. In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. The period of school between the start of September and the end of December is often referred to as the “Fall Semester”, “Fall Quarter”, or “Fall Term”. When it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Equator, autumn is very much like spring, with little difference in temperature or in weather. Autumn is a time when most animals are looking for food so they can store up for winter, because they soon will be going into hibernation. The weather gets colder and more windy. In Autumn the hours of daylight and the hours of night are the same. In autumn the weather changes all the time. The weather turns cooler and often windy and rainy. Fall Fall has several meanings: Holocaust denial Holocaust denial is the claim that the Holocaust did not happen, or was not as bad as most people think it was. Historians agree that during World War II, the Nazis did kill millions of people during the Holocaust, including many people in concentration camps. They agree that there is more proof in writing, pictures, and places about the Holocaust than any other great killing of people. Holocaust deniers usually call themselves "Holocaust revisionists." They say that the Holocaust is a hoax made up by Jewish people working together. It is against the criminal law to deny the Holocaust in Israel and in many European countries, especially in Germany. Some Holocaust deniers, like Ernst Zündel, have been charged with crimes. What do Holocaust deniers say? These are Holocaust deniers' most common arguments: Holocaust denial also includes these claims: Is Holocaust denial true? Historians agree that the Holocaust happened. They also agree that Holocaust deniers use bad research, get things wrong, and sometimes make facts up to support their claims. Many things together prove that the Holocaust did happen: John Locke John Locke (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), known as the "Father of Liberalism", was an English philosopher and physician. His writings on the theory of social contract influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, and the American revolutionaries. His ideas are mentioned in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theories were usually about identity and the self. Locke thought that we are born without thoughts, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience. Biography. Locke's father, who was also named John Locke, was a country lawyer. He had served as a captain in the early part of the English Civil War. His mother, Agnes Keene, was a tanner's daughter and was thought to be very beautiful. Both mother and father were Puritans. Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about twelve miles from Bristol. He was baptized when he was born. After that, his family soon moved to Pensford. Education. In 1647, Locke was sent to Westminster School in London. During this time he was being sponsored by Alexander Popham, a member of the Parliament. After finishing his studies there, he went into the Christ Church. Although Locke was a good student, he did not like the schedule of the time spent there. He did not like the classical subjects taught at the university, and wanted to learn more about modern philosophy. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he had met at the school, Locke learned about medicine. Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1656 and a master's degree in 1658. In 1666, he met Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for his liver disease. Cooper was impressed with Locke and asked him to come. Works. Locke had been looking for a job and in 1667 moved into Shaftesbury's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashley's personal physician. In London, Locke continued his studies on medicine. Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesbury's liver disease became worse until Shaftesbury was about to die. Locke used the advice of several physicians and persuaded Shaftesbury to go to an operation. Shaftesbury lived through the operation and thanked Locke for saving his life. Shaftesbury, as a member of the Whig movement, was a big influence on Locke's political ideas. However, after Shaftesbury began to fall from favor in 1675, Locke decided to travel across France. He came back to England in 1679. At this time, due to Shaftesbury's insists, Locke wrote the "Two Treatises of Government". While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed before this even started. Move to the Netherlands. However, Locke ran away to the Netherlands in 1683. This is because people became suspicious of him being involved in the Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England. In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the essay. Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution. Locke came with William of Orange's wife back to England in 1688. Return to England. Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams' country house in Essex. Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton. Death. He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691. Locke never married nor had children. Events during lifetime. Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London. He did not quite see the Acts of Union 1707 though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime. Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time. Marcha Real The "Marcha Real" (; "The Royal March") was first published in 1761. It has sometimes been the national anthem (country's song) of Spain. When Francisco Franco ruled Spain, new lyrics were written for it. Since 1978, those words are no longer official. In 2007 a contest for new lyrics did not result in new lyrics being made official. It is one of only four national anthems in the world with no official words, only music. Former lyrics. The lyrics used when Alfonso XIII was king were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946):<poem lang="es" style="margin-right:2em; float:left;">La bandera de España (Coro) Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria, que en tus ojos es abierto corazón...! Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr; Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán. España guiadora (Solo) ¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos donde quieras tú; que honrarlo es nuestra ley! ¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos, porque vivas tú, sin tregua pueblo y rey! Una bandera gloriosa nos das; ¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará! Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir, ¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti! ¡Viva España!... (Coro) ¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria, la explosión triunfal abrió camino al sol; ¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos y al hablar dan fe del ánimo español... ¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe! ¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin, al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!</poem> <poem style="float:left;">Flag of Spain (Chorus) Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Life, life, future of the Fatherland, in your eyes it is an open heart Purple and gold: immortal flag; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Purple and gold: to want and to achieve; You are, flag, the sign of human effort. Spain guiding (Solo) Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take anywhere you want; because honoring it is our law! Command us, Spain, and united we will fight, so that you may live, relentless people and king! You give us a glorious flag; Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us! So that, one day, we can be covered by it, Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you! Long live Spain! ... (Chorus) Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland, the triumphant explosion Has opened the way to the sun; Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples and when they speak they have faith in the Spanish will ... Mark plow hammer and bugle your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith! Guide the mind and the hand until the end, the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!</poem> Satellite (artificial) A satellite is an object that orbits another object. In space, satellites may be natural, or artificial. The moon is a natural satellite that orbits the Earth. Most artificial satellites also orbit the Earth, but some orbit other planets, or the Sun or Moon. Satellites are used for many purposes. There are weather satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, reconnaissance satellites, astronomy satellites. The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957. This surprised the world, and the United States quickly worked to launch their own satellite, starting the space race. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. The United States launched their first satellite, called "Explorer 1" on January 31, 1958. The UK launched its first satellite in 1962. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Satellites orbiting now. Artificial satellites come from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few hundred satellites are currently working, but thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. The largest satellite is the International Space Station, which was put together by several different countries (including the organizations of NASA, ESA, JAXA and RKA). It usually has a crew of six astronauts or cosmonauts living on board. It is permanently occupied, but the crew changes. The Hubble Space Telescope has been repaired and updated by astronauts in space several times. There are also artificial satellites orbiting something other than the Earth. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is one of those orbiting Mars. Cassini-Huygens orbited Saturn. Venus Express, run by the ESA, orbited Venus. Two GRAIL satellites orbited the moon until December 2012. Several satellites have orbited the Sun for years. Artificial satellites have several main uses: Orbits. Most of the artificial satellites are in a low Earth orbit (LEO) or a geostationary orbit. To stay in orbit, the satellite's sideways speed must balance the force of gravity. Satellites in low orbit are often less than one thousand kilometers above the ground. Close to the Earth, in LEO, the satellites must move faster to stay in orbit. Low orbits work well for satellites that take pictures of the Earth. Many do jobs that call for high orbital inclination (they swing above and below the equator), so they can communicate, or look at other areas. It is easier to put a satellite in low Earth orbit, but the satellite appears to move when viewed from Earth. This means a satellite dish (a type of antenna) must be always moving in order to send or receive communications with that satellite. Medium orbit works well for GPS satellites - receivers on Earth use the satellite's changing position and precise time (and a type of antenna that does not have to be pointed) to find where on Earth the receiver is. But constantly changing positions does not work for satellite TV and other types of satellites that send and receive a lot of information. Those need to be in geostationary orbit. A satellite in a geostationary orbit moves around the Earth as fast as the Earth spins, so from the ground it looks like it is stationary (not moving). To move this way, the satellite must be straight above the equator, and 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the ground. Césarville-Dossainville Césarville-Dossainville is a French village in the "département" of Loiret and the "région" of Centre. La Marseillaise "La Marseillaise" ( ; "The Marseillaise") is the national anthem of France. It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26, 1792. It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army"). Lyrics. Additional verses. These verses were removed from the national anthem. Variants. There have been many different variants of the song, including: Russian variant. In Russia, "The Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by Russian French speakers in the 18th century. In 1875 Peter Lavrov wrote the original Russian text (not translated from the French lyrics) to the same tune, known as the "Worker's Marseillaise", which became very popular in Russia and was used in the Russian Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the Russian republic, and after the October Revolution, it was official along with The Internationale. Quotation in music. Composers have often quoted La Marseillaise in their music, for example Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture. Nashville, Tennessee Nashville is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels. Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census). A resident of Nashville is called a "Nashvillian". Government and politics. The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl. The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal. History. On March 3, 2020, a tornado tracked west to east, just north of the downtown Nashville area, killing at least 25 people and leaving tens of thousands without electricity. On December 25, 2020, a suicide bombing happened in the city. Sports teams. Nashville sports teams include: References. Notes Salem, Oregon Salem (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County. In 2003 it had 142,940 people living in it. It is in the Willamette Valley. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of the four U.S. states called a "Commonwealth" of the United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city has 50,099 people living in it. Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169 km) northwest of Philadelphia. Originally the home to Native Americans, Captain John Smith first made contact with them in 1608. In 1719, English trader John Harris, Sr. built a home on the bank of the river, and by 1785 obtained the land from William Penn, creating the settlement of "Harrisburg" named after Harris. Olympia, Washington Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called "Olympians". Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County. Geography. Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water. Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September. Economy. Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government. Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College. Culture. Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba. Invertebrate An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or "backbone". This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate. The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are: Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla. Sugar, We're Goin Down "Sugar, We’re Goin' Down" is the first single from the "From Under the Cork Tree" album, by Fall Out Boy and it was the song that made them famous. It was released in 2005. Lawrence of Arabia Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life. The 1982 movie "Gandhi" follows the story pattern of "Lawrence of Arabia's": after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life. "Lawrence of Arabia" won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture. Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion). A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it. Glyphosate Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's "Roundup". It is also used in genetically modified crops. There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans. Pudding Pudding is a popular dessert and snack. It tastes sweet, and comes in many flavors. The most common kind of pudding is chocolate. Some other kinds are vanilla, butterscotch, banana, and pistachio. Most pudding today is made out of milk, sugar, flavoring, and flour. Eggs can be used, too. If you do not want to make the pudding, you do not have to. The grocery store sells pudding that is already made. One of the most popular makers of pudding in the United States is Jell-O. In Britain, the word "pudding" is often used for any dessert, especially a dessert made with flour and eggs and cooked by steaming, boiling or baking, e.g. treacle pudding, chocolate pudding or Spotted Dick (pudding with raisins or currants). There are also milk puddings such as rice pudding or semolina. Confusingly, "steak and kidney pudding" is a savoury dish, similar to "steak and kidney pie" but with a softer pastry. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (Moravia, 6 May 1856 – London, 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist (a person who treats the nervous system). He invented the treatment of mental illness and neurosis by means of psychoanalysis. Freud is important in psychology because he studied the unconscious mind. The unconscious part of the mind cannot be easily controlled or noticed by a person. In 1860 his family moved with their little boy to Vienna. He did well in school and became a doctor. Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886. They had six children. Freud lived in Austria in the 1930s. After the Anschluss, Germany and Austria were combined. Because he was Jewish, he received a visit from the Gestapo. Freud and his family did not feel safe anymore. Freud left Vienna and went to England in June 1938. Freud's ideas. Freud developed a theory of the human mind (its organisation and operations). He also had a theory that human behaviour both conditions and results from how the mind is organised. This led him to favor certain clinical techniques for trying to help cure mental illness. He theorised that personality is developed by a person's childhood experiences. Early work. Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna at the age of 17. He got his M.D. degree in 1881 at the age of 25 and entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons. Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring repressed thoughts and feelings into consciousness in order to free the patient from suffering distorted emotions. Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging a patient to talk in free association and to talk about dreams. In November 1880 Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough which he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father she had developed a number of transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. However, following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated again. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously, and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom. This recovery is disputed. Freud famously proposed that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses. However, patients were generally unconvinced that Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief. Cocaine. As a medical researcher, Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine as a stimulant as well as analgesic. He wrote several articles on the antidepressant qualities of the drug and he was influenced by friend and confidant Wilhelm Fliess, who recommended cocaine for the treatment of "nasal reflex neurosis". Freud felt that cocaine would work as a cure for many conditions and wrote a well-received paper, "On Coca", explaining its virtues. He prescribed it to his friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow to help him overcome a morphine addiction acquired while treating a disease of the nervous system. Freud also recommended cocaine to many of his close family and friends. Reports of addiction and overdose began to come from many parts of the world. Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished because of this early ambition. Furthermore, Freud's friend Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of 'cocaine psychosis' as a result of Freud's prescriptions, and died a few years later. Freud felt great regret over these events. The Unconscious. Freud made arguments about the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behavior. However the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance". Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious in mental life". This meant that dreams illustrate the "logic" of the unconscious mind. Freud developed his first topology of the psyche in "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1899) in which he proposed that the unconscious exists and described a method for gaining access to it. The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort. One key factor in the operation of the unconscious is 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind. Psychosexual development. Freud hoped his model was universally valid and so turned to ancient mythology and ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles. "I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood." Freud said. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf. "Three essays on the theory of Sexuality"). He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire incest and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. Freud originally thought child sexual abuse was a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory". He noted finding many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events. During the late 1890s Freud, who never abandoned his belief in the sexual cause of neuroses, began to emphasize fantasies built around the Oedipus complex as the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms. Despite this change in his explanatory model, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had in fact been sexually abused by their fathers. He explicitly discussed several patients whom he knew to have been abused. Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process called "sublimation". He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development – first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. The repressive or dormant latency stage of psychosexual development comes before the sexually mature genital stage of psychosexual development. Id, ego, and super-ego. In his later work, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay "Beyond the Pleasure Principle", and fully elaborated upon it in "The Ego and the Id" (1923). The Id is the impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences. The term "Ego" entered the English language in the late 18th century. "Ego" is Latin for 'I'. It attempts to balance the desires of the Id with reality. It tries to act ways that will bring benefit in the long term, rather than bring grief. The term "Id" ('the It' or 'the Thing') represents the primitive urges to possess, conquer, dominate and achieve pleasure. It can be seen very clearly in young children, who have not yet learnt to mask their feelings. The Super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which makes a clear distinction between right and wrong, and makes no allowance for special circumstances. The rational Ego attempts to get a balance between the impractical hedonism of the Id and the equally impractical moralism of the Super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, the Ego may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, and displacement. The theory of ego defense mechanisms has received empirical validation, and the nature of repression, in particular, became one of the more fiercely debated areas of psychology in the 1990s. Life and death drives. Freud believed that humans were driven by two conflicting central desires: the life drive which is called "Eros" (survival, propagation, hunger, thirst, and sex) and the death drive (Thanatos). Freud recognized the death drive only in his later years and developed his theory of it in "Beyond the Pleasure Principle". Freud acknowledged the tendency for the unconscious to repeat unpleasurable experiences in order to desensitize, or deaden, the body. This compulsion to repeat unpleasurable experiences explains why traumatic nightmares occur in dreams, as nightmares seem to contradict Freud's earlier conception of dreams purely as a site of pleasure, fantasy, and desire. On the one hand, the life drives promote survival by avoiding extreme unpleasure and any threat to life. On the other hand, the death drive functions simultaneously toward extreme pleasure, which leads to death. Freud addressed the conceptual dualities of pleasure and unpleasure, as well as sex/life and death, in his discussions on masochism and sadomasochism. The tension between life drive and death drive represented a revolution in his manner of thinking. Later criticisms of Freud. There are four main charges against the orthodox view of Freud. They are: Anthony Clare, psychiatrist and broadcaster, described Freud as a "ruthless and devious charlatan", and that "many of the foundations stones of psychoanalysis are phoney". Snack A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn. Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods. Providence, Rhode Island Providence is the capital and the most populous city of Rhode Island. It was one of the first cities established in the United States. It is located in Providence County. It is the third largest city in the New England region. In the 2010 census, the city proper population was 178,042. The area is the 37th largest metropolitan population in the country, with an estimated MSA population of 1,600,856. This is more people than the population of Rhode Island due to the area reaching into southern Massachusetts. Providence is at the mouth of the Providence River, at the head of Narragansett Bay. The city's small footprint is crisscrossed by streets at odd angles and has a rapidly changing distribution of residents. Providence was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations". After being one of the first cities in the country to industrialize, Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry. Today, the City of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning, which has shifted the city's economy into service industries, although it still retains significant manufacturing activity. From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses. After 1853 the state legislature stopped meeting at the Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between Providence State House and the Newport State House in Newport. Early in the 20th century, Providence became the only capital of the state. Hurricanes. On September 21, 1938, a severe Category 3 hurricane struck Providence and nearby areas. Providence was flooded with storm surge. Another hurricane hit the region in September 1944 near the Connecticut-Rhode Island border. Ten years later, Hurricane Carol struck the area as a Category 2 hurricane, bringing severe storm surge and wind to the Providence area. The storm killed 17 in Rhode Island. Highways and Interstates. I-95 runs from north to south through Providence. I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod. I-295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts. The city's Iway project is moving I-195 to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence. I-195 currently separates these two neighborhoods. The project is estimated to cost $446 million and be completed in 2012. Colleges and Universities. The flagship campuses of five of Rhode Island's colleges and universities are in Providence (city proper): Columbia, South Carolina Columbia is the capital of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 Census, it has a population of 137,300. It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is in Lexington County. It is home to the University of South Carolina. Just east of the city is Fort Jackson, the U.S. Army's largest and most active initial entry training installation, History. Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains. The fall line is the spot where boats cannot travel any farther upstream and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill. The state capital before 1790 was Charleston on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1786, the legislature decided to move the money to the state's center. The site of Columbia was chosen for its location on the river just 13 miles (21  km) northwest of South Carolina's geographic center. The State Legislature first met there in 1790. After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a significant stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35  km) section. It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850. Columbia was one of the first planned cities in the United States. It is known for its wide streets. On February 17, 1865, during the Civil War, a fire destroyed much of Columbia was killed while being occupied by Union troops under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman. The 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center. In the 1920s, Columbia business people constructed a large dam on the Saluda River to make hydroelectric power. The dam, using the native red clay soil and bedrock, was the largest earthen dam in the world when it was completed in 1930. Lake Murray, formed by the dam, is 41 mil, es (66  km) long and 14 miles (23  km) wide at its widest point. When the lake was finished, it was the world's largest artificial reservoir. The company built the dam grew to become SCANA Corporation, one of Columbia's largest employers. The city of Columbia has recently accomplished several redevelopment projects and has several more planned. The historic Congaree Vista, a district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features several historic buildings that have been rehabilitated. Transportation. The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), operates mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area. CMRTA operates express shuttles and bus services serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia. Since 2003, CMRTA has provided transportation for more than 2 million passengers, expanded route services, and introduced 43 new ADA-accessible buses offering safer, more comfortable transportation. CMRTA has also added ten natural gas-powered buses to the fleet. The Central Midlands Council of Governments is investigating the potential for rail transit in the region. Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry, and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two main lines of the future Southeastern High-Speed Rail Corridor. Columbia's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur. The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE; ICAO:KCAE). The city is served daily by Amtrak and Greyhound Lines buses. Education. Columbia has the main campus of the University of South Carolina, chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina. The university has 350-degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools. It is an urban university in downtown Columbia, just south of the Capitol. Other colleges are Allen University, Benedict College, Columbia College, Columbia International University, Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary, and Midlands Technical College. Pierre, South Dakota Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 13,646. Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889. Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination. Transportation. Two airlines serving Pierre Regional Airport provide non-stop flights to Denver and Minneapolis-St. Paul. The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway. Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America. It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2000 census, Charleston has 53,421 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County. Madison, Wisconsin Madison is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had 221,735 people living in it, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin. It is the county seat of Dane County. Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin. Cheyenne, Wyoming Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America. As of September 2005, it had an estimated population (number of people living in it) of 55,362. It is the county seat of Laramie County. Cheyenne was founded in 1867 and the current mayor of Cheyenne is Marian Orr. Cheyenne Cheyenne might mean: Jeannie Longo Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist. One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows: Buckminster Fuller Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and . Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", and "Synergetics". He also used inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome, the pinnacle of which would be a 5 kilometer diameter dome over Manhattan, as well as cloud nine. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres. Some of his books. Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy. Bill Harry Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool. He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles. They promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing. They did not get far together, but each member later became well-known. Harry founded "Mersey Beat", a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961. He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles. Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia. Shows he has been on include "Good Morning", "Good Morning America", BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles. The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong. Harry has also been a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America. Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for "Weekend Magazine", and columnist for the Fleetway magazines "Marilyn" and "Valentine". He was given an award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for everything he has done for the music business in his lifetime. Artists worked with. In London, Harry worked with many entertainers. His job as their publicist was to deal with the media. Paul Bremer Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American author and politician. He was born on September 30, 1941. He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war.. Biography. Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut. He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959. Then he went to Yale University. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963. In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University. His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris. In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service. At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan. He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971. He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig. A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department. A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President. He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway. A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands. He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism." Bremer retired in 1989. Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger). He also served as a board member for several corporations. A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate. Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company. Bremer speaks many languages besides English. He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish. Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren. After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book. The title of the book is "My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope". The book was published in January 2006. William P. Frye William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830–August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine. He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Headache A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside. A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here: The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories: Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin. Treatments. In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief. There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any. Fever A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity. It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual [[measurement] of body [[temperature]] will vary based on the location of the [[measurement]]. For a [[temperature]] taken from under the [[tongue]], the measurement may be lower. [[Rectal]] temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower. When people are ill, their body's [[immune system]] fights the [[disease]], and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises. About 38 °C (100.4 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5 °C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever. [[Child]]ren usually have a higher fever than adults; their [[immune system]] is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like [[rabbit]]s and [[cat]]s, also have a higher normal temperature than humans. Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a [[medical emergency]]. At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by [[Infection]], whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]], and [[renal cell carcinoma]]. Other websites. [[Category:Symptoms]] [[Category:Medical signs]] Peoria, Illinois Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2000 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of machinery. Roads. Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74. People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474. Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois. Culture. Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public. Sedative A sleeping pill (people also call it sedative) is a drug that people take to help them sleep. It calms them, and makes them very relaxed. There are different kinds of sedatives: Some sedatives can act very fast, usually in 10-15 minutes. Those who consider taking sedatives should talk with their doctor, who can give them the sedatives which are best for them. Most sedatives are highly addictive, so people need a prescription from their doctor to get sedatives. If they take sleeping pills for a longer time, they can get addicted. Getting rid of the addiction is very hard to do. Addiction means that people who take the drug cannot stop taking it, without bad consequences (as described below). It's like people who want to stop smoking, but who cannot. People who have taken sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sleeping pills act on their ability to react, those who have taken such pills should not do the following: Some people are addicted to sedatives. When they stop taking the sedatives, they may experience the following Some addictions can also be psychological; when the users stop taking the drug, they may feel depressed. Epilepsy Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the brain. It is characterized by seizures that do not seem to have an obvious cause. To the outside viewer, these seizures show as episodes of heavy shaking. Depending on the seizure, the shaking may be short and difficult to detect or it may be longer. People with epilepsy are sometimes called "epileptic", but it is the fit or seizure that is "epileptic". Many people have died from seizures. Different forms. There are many different forms of seizures, and there are also many different forms of epilepsy. Most forms of epilepsy cannot be cured. In most cases, drugs can make life easier for those suffering from it. In very few cases, (which are difficult to treat), surgery may help. In some cases, only eating special things (called a diet) may help. A special diet has been developed; it is called Ketogenic diet. When it was developed, it was mainly used to treat certain children with epilepsy, before good drugs became available. Today, it is used to treat certain cases where drugs do not seem to help. Certain forms of the disease disappear after a time, they do for example only occur in childhood. Epilepsy is not "one" condition. Rather, it stands for a number of health problems that all show in the same ways. Occurrence. The condition is very common; about one percent of people worldwide (65 million) have epilepsy. Nearly eighty percent of all cases occur in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. In the developed world, onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. In the developing world this is in older children and young adults. Between five and ten percent of all people will have an unprovoked seizure by the age of eighty. The chance of having a second seizure is between forty and fifty percent. Common things. The condition has many forms, but generally the following is true: Treatment. The condition is very common, and has been studied a lot. Doctors only say someone has epilepsy, if that person has had at least two seizures, for which the immediate cause cannot be seen. There are also seizures which are not caused by epilepsy. There are drugs for many forms of epilepsy that make life better for those affected. In about two third of the cases, taking one drug alone can make the seizures go away. The remaining third is more difficult to treat, but in many cases, a combination of drugs can at least reduce the number of seizures. In most cases, epilepsy is caused by scars in the brain. Some forms of the condition are caused by genetic disorders, which may be passed on from the parents to the children. Very often, the actual cause for an epileptic seizure is lack of sleep, too much alcohol, or other things that cause stress. Many countries in the world say there are special rules for people who have epilepsy. They need to be without a seizure for some time before they may drive a car. They also need to take drugs to treat their illness. In many countries, such people may not drive buses, taxis or trucks. Problems. People having an epileptic seizure face a number of problems. The most common ones are: Risk factors. In many cases, risky behaviour can provoke seizures. Such risk factors include In many cases,a person who is able to cope with stress, who sleeps enough, and who does not drink too much can reduce the risk of having a seizure. Trout A trout is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. Most trouts are fresh water fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young. Tijuana Tijuana ( or ; ) is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the largest city in Baja California. Tijuana is well known destination for US Tourists. Tampa, Florida Tampa is a city in Florida, a state of the United States. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020. Tampa is 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 52nd largest city in the USA. Sports. Tampa is the home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tampa Bay Lightning and Tampa Bay Storm. Diana Krall Diana Jean Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia. Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old. She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles. In 1990, she moved to New York City. Krall's 1996 album "All For You," was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the "Billboard" jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award. She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year". Her 2001 album "The Look of Love" was #1 in Canada. It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year. Her 2002 album "Live in Paris" won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record. Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year. Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004. Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003. Juno Award The Juno Awards are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards. The Juno awards were first presented in 1970. Categories. The categories for the Juno Awards are: Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve Corporation and released in 2004. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998. It is sold through the Steam platform also developed by Valve. It is also available in The Orange Box, along with and (sequels to Half-Life 2), Portal, and Team Fortress 2. Half-Life 3 is currently in development. Half-Life 2 is based on a game engine called Source. There have been many other Source-based games, such as Portal, Team Fortress 2, , and Garry's Mod. Half-Life was a very popular video game, and Half-Life 2 was also very popular. Many reviewers believe Half-Life 2 is better than Half-Life and one of the best games ever made. It took six years to create Half-Life 2 (from 1998 to 2004). It was supposed to be released in 2003, but it was not ready. Many fans were very angry and said Valve lied to them. However, it did release the next year (2004). It had much better graphics than Half-Life. It also had more complicated non-player characters and more of a story. Plot and Characters. In Half-Life 2, the player is Gordon Freeman (the same character as in Half-Life). It begins about 20 years after the first Half-Life. The Combine, a group of evil aliens, took over Earth and made humans their slaves. Gordon Freeman wakes up on a train in a place named City 17. He finds the resistance, some humans who fight the Combine. In the game, he must help them and fight with them. The game ends with Gordon Freeman stopping Doctor Breen, the evil human who is helping the Combine. There are many important characters in this game other than Gordon Freeman. Some are Eli Vance, who worked at Black Mesa with Gordon Freeman before the Combine came. He is part of the resistance. Alyx Vance is Eli's daughter. She travels with Gordon in part of the game. Doctor Mossman also worked at Black Mesa. She works with the resistance, but is also a traitor who helps Doctor Breen. Barney Calhoun was a guard at Black Mesa. Now he leads the resistance. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 1974 American horror movie, based on real events. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" franchise. It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema. Encryption Encryption allows information to be hidden so that it cannot be read without special knowledge (such as a password). This is done with a secret code or cypher. The hidden information is said to be encrypted. Decryption is a way to change encrypted information back into plaintext. This is the decrypted form. The study of encryption is called cryptography. Cryptanalysis can be done by hand if the cypher is simple. Complex cyphers need a computer to search for possible keys. Decryption is a field of computer science and mathematics that looks at how difficult it is to break a cypher. Examples. A simple kind of encryption for words is ROT13. In ROT13, letters of the alphabet are changed with each other using a simple pattern. For example, "A" changes to "N", "B" changes to "O", "C" changes to "P", and so on. Each letter is "rotated" by 13 spaces. Using the ROT13 cipher, the words "Simple English Wikipedia" becomes "Fvzcyr Ratyvfu Jvxvcrqvn". The ROT13 cipher is very easy to decrypt. Because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet, if a letter is rotated two times by 13 letters each time, the original letter will be obtained. So applying the ROT13 cipher a second time brings back the original text. When he communicated with his army, Julius Caesar sometimes used what is known as Caesar cipher today. This cipher works by shifting the position of letters: each letter is rotated by 3 positions. Most kinds of encryption are made more complex so cryptanalysis will be difficult. Some are made only for text. Others are made for binary computer data like pictures and music. Today, many people use the asymmetric encryption system called RSA. Any computer file can be encrypted with RSA. AES is a common symmetric algorithm. One-time pad. Most types of encryption can theoretically be cracked: an enemy might be able to decrypt a message without knowing the password, if he has clever mathematicians, powerful computers and lots of time. The one-time pad is special because, if it is used correctly, it is impossible to crack. There are three rules that must be followed: If these three rules are obeyed, then it is impossible to read the secret message without knowing the secret key. For this reason, during the Cold War, embassies and large military units often used one-time pads to communicate secretly with their governments. They had little books ("pads") filled with random letters or random numbers. Each page from the pad could only be used once: this is why it is called a "one-time pad". Encryption on the Internet. Encryption is often used on the Internet, as many web sites use it to protect private information. On the Internet, several encryption protocols are used, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), IPsec, and SSH. They use the RSA encryption system and others. The protocol for protected web browsing is called HTTPS. URL encryption mostly uses the MD5 Algorithm. Various algorithms are used in the internet market depending upon the need. Gelsenkirchen Gelsenkirchen ( , , ]; ) is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about north of Cologne in the so-called Ruhr Area. About 269,000 people live there. In the past it was dominated by coal mining and steel industry. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04. Pseudoscience Pseudoscience is anything that pretends to be science but is not. Together, "pseudo-" and "science" mean "fake science". Pseudoscience may fail one or more parts of being scientific. Pseudoscience is "not" just an idea that is not accepted by the mainstream scientific community. It is an idea not open to testing, no matter what evidence against it is available. Despite the fact that the word pseudoscience means "false science", it is the "openness to testing" which is fundamental to science. This is more fundamental than whether a theory is accepted. After all, ideas have been proved wrong, though once they were believed to be true. Obviously, science is not always right but always "open to correction", which makes a clear difference between science and pseudoscience. There is a difference, however, between pseudoscience and religion. Astrology is a pseudoscience, because it pretends to be based on facts, but is not. Religions make statements which are certainly not scientific, and are not meant to be. Insofar as a religion makes no factual claims, it is not open to refutation. When it does make factual claims it is vulnerable. A good example is the decision of the Catholic Church to defend the ancient ideas of the heavens (Ptolemy) against the (then) new ideas of Galileo and Copernicus. Types of pseudoscience. Ideas (more properly "hypotheses") about how nature works may be considered pseudoscientific for many reasons. Sometimes, the hypothesis is just simply wrong, and can be demonstrated to be wrong. An example of this is the belief that the Earth is flat, or the belief that human female skeletons have one more rib than men do. Ideas such as these are considered unscientific because they have been proved wrong. Sometimes, an idea "might" be true, but could never be demonstrated to be true, even in principle. For example, suppose some people believe that the Earth and the universe came into existence last Thursday. They claim that when the universe came into existence last Thursday, it was created with the "appearance" of being many millions of years old. According to these believers, even our memories of two weeks ago are actually just the false memories that came along with the creation of the universe, which took place last Thursday. Such a belief is considered pseudoscientific because it is not falsifiable—no experiment could shed light on whether this belief is true or false. Other types of pseudoscience are considered pseudoscientific because they are based on deception, even though the idea being used is not impossible. Examples are people who claim to have made time travel devices, antigravity devices, or teleporters. Scientists simply do not have the technology to build such things at present, even though they may be able to someday. Some ideas are "arguably" pseudoscientific. This means that some mainstream scientists consider the idea pseudoscientific and some do not. Certain ideas about how the stock market behaves fall into this category. Pseudoscience is not exactly the same thing as biased research, where the scientist has some bad motive (such as personal gain, fame, or financial profit) for promoting their findings. It is also not the same as an untested hypothesis, which is an idea that scientists cannot test yet because they do not have the money or technology to do so. The theories of quantum gravity are untested hypotheses: scientists can easily imagine experiments to test them, but they just do not quite have the technology to do so at this time. Borderline pseudoscience. Examples of ideas which are not accepted by scientists, but which still have some credibility today: Dowsing (rhabdomancy, searching for water under the ground by "reading" a wooden stick) ; parapsychology or psychical research (communication in ways which is not accepted by science), psychoanalysis (wholesale acceptance of Freud's ideas). Other pseudoscholarship. Pseudoscholarship is anything that pretends to be scholarly and academic but is not. There are many kinds, including pseudoscience: West Coast West Coast could mean several places: It can also mean: Nuclear missile Nuclear missiles are missiles (rockets that land on the earth or hit something in the air, the water, or whatever) with atomic bombs inside. In the time of Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built many nuclear missiles to ensure Mutual assured destruction. This meant a country that attacked would be destroyed. Treaties were made to reduce the numbers of missiles to make everyone safer. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland (or "hypophysis") is an important part of the endocrine system. It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones. The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also called the "infundibulum"). The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of pituitary hormones. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus. Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. Hormones released. The gland releases several kinds of hormones. Anterior pituitary. The endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by neurosecretion from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary cells synthesizes and secretes these important endocrine hormones: The two gonadotropins; Here one hormone is produced: Posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus have axons that go right down into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the hormones produced by these neurosecretory cells: Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout birth labour. Miskolc Miskolc is the third largest city of Hungary and the capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. Its population is 178.950. Location. Miskolc is in the north-eastern part of the country, east from the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva. Its area is 236.68 km². History. The first known people who lived in this area are the Celts. The Hungarians came here in the end of the 9th century. The area was named after the Miskóc family who were its owners, and it was first mentioned in 1210. The family lost a war against King Charles I and the king took away their properties. A castle was built in Diósgyőr (a town near Miskolc; it is now a part of the city) in the 13rd century. It was the favourite castle of King Louis I who lived in the 14th century. When Hungary was in a war with the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans burned down Miskolc in 1544. The Austrians also burned the city down in 1707 because Prince Francis Rákóczi, who started a freedom fight against the Austrians, lived in Miskolc for a while. In 1724 Miskolc became the capital of the county. The city developed. In the 18th and 19th centuries the people built many important buildings: schools, churches and a theatre. In the 1786 census (when they count the people) 14.719 people lived in Miskolc and there were 2414 houses. After the first World War Miskolc became more important, because Hungary had to give Kassa, the other important city of the area, to Slovakia. Miskolc became a centre of iron industry. In 1945 Miskolc and Diósgyőr became one city. In 1949 a university was founded in Miskolc. Lots of people moved to Miskolc because they could find new jobs in the city. In the 1980s more than 200.000 people lived here. It was the second largest city in Hungary (the first was the capital Budapest). Now Miskolc is the third largest, the second is Debrecen. Since the 1990s the iron industry is less successful and lots of people lost their jobs. Miskolc is now an important cultural city and tourists like it too. The theatre holds an opera festival every year. The most beautiful parts of the city are Tapolca (with a famous warm water bath in a cave), Lillafüred (with a hotel which looks like a palace and is called Palace Hotel) and the castle of Diósgyőr. City parts. Avas. The Avas is a hill (234 m / 780 ft high). There is a TV tower, an old church (the oldest building in Miskolc) and a large housing estate (high houses with lots of flats) on Avas. Downtown. The Downtown is the centre of Miskolc. The most important street is the Széchenyi street which is often called Main street. There are lots of nice old buildigs and lots of shops here. Diósgyőr. Diósgyőr has a castle, some factories and housing estates. University Town. The University of Miskolc is a new university because it was founded in 1949. Most universities in Hungary are older and have old buildings in the downtowns. The University of Miskolc has a whole city part for itself, the buildings of the university and the houses in which the students live are in a lare park. Lillafüred. Lillafüred is a small village outside Miskolc, but it belongs to the city. The Palace Hotel, some caves and a nice waterfall are here. Miskolc-Tapolca. Tourists like Miskolc-Tapolca because of its famous Cave Bath where people can bathe in warm water inside of a large cave. The houses here are expensive. Boeing The Boeing Company ( ) (NYSE: BA ) is an American company which makes aircraft and defense items. The company was started in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. Boeing has grown to become very big. It bought its main rival, McDonnell Douglas, in 1997. Boeing moved its headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois in 2001. Boeing is made up of many smaller parts. These parts are called divisions. The divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturers in the world. It is the second-biggest defense contractor in the world as of 2011. Uterus The uterus or womb is part of the reproductive system of the female body. The uterus is the place a baby grows for nine months during pregnancy. It is a pear-shaped organ inside a woman. It is behind the bladder and in front of the rectum. The uterus weighs 70 grams. The endometrium is the tissue that lines the uterus. A hormone called estrogen makes the endometrium thick with blood and fluid. This uterine lining gives the growing baby what it needs to grow. The endometrium leaves the uterus as the monthly flow of blood (menstruation). The endometrium will form again. This happens every 28 days. The number of days can be different for each woman. The fertilized egg will move through the fallopian tube and into the uterus. It will then attach to the endometrium. Anatomy. The uterus is part the female reproductive system. Other structures and organs that are part of the reproduction system are the vagina, ovaries and fallopian tubes. The uterus has four main parts. The fundus is the upper part of the uterus. It has a rounded shape. Another part of the uterus is the body. The uterotubal angles are the parts connected to the Fallopian tubes. The bottom part of the uterus is the cervix. The uterus has three layers. The outer layer is called the perimetrium. It is a thin layer that surrounds the outside of the uterus. The perimetrium is made of tissue made of epithelial cells. The middle layer is the myometrium. Most of the uterus is made up of the myometrium. The layer on the inside is the endometrium. The endometrium is made of secretory, ciliated, and basal cells. The uterus is not in the same place for all women. It is tilted forward in most women. Other women have a uterus that tilts up or backwards. The uterus is supplied by blood vessels. Blood travels to the uterus through arteries. The big arteries are the internal iliac arteries. The big arteries branch off into smaller arteries called the ovarian artery and the uterine artery. The smaller arteries give blood to all the layers of the uterus. The blood returns to the heart and lungs through the veins. The uterus is held in place by ligaments. These are the anterior, posterior, lateral, uterosacral, and round ligaments. The position of the uterus can vary depending on the contents of the bladder. The uterus changes during the life of a woman. It is inactive during childhood and old age. During the time that a woman or girl can have a baby it is a very active organ. It does many things. It is where menstruation begins, it is the place where the fertilized ovum attaches, it is the place where the baby grows, it is the strong muscle that pushes the baby out during birth. Tumors. Cancer can form in the uterus. But this is not common. There are two types of uterine cancer. These are endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. Endometrial cancer can grow from cells lining the uterus. Uterine sarcoma is a rare cancer that grows from cells in the smooth muscle of the uterus. Other tumors can grow in the uterus that are not cancer. One of these is a Uterine fibroid. Abnormal uterus. A girl can be born with a uterus that is not normal. When a woman has uterus that is not normal she can also have other organs that are not normal. She may not know this until she wants to have babies. Having a baby can be hard. If a woman has a uterus that is not normal, she may not be able to have babies. Many times the uterus can be corrected by surgery. Pregnancy. The uterus changes during pregnancy. It grows with the baby. It also has fluid and the placenta inside. It starts small but it becomes very large. It can hold as much as five to twenty liters. The uterus is made of smooth muscle called the myometrium. The cells of the myometrium grow during pregnancy. Strong fibrous tissue grows on the outside of the uterus. The myometrium grows at first but becomes thinner at the end of the pregnancy. A doctor or nurse can feel the baby through the thinning uterus. Uterine prolapse. The uterus can move down and be seen through the vagina. This can happen after a woman has a baby. Older women have this problem more than younger women. Other things that make women have their uterus drop down: Surgery. The uterus is removed by surgery for many reasons. Removing the uterus is called a hysterectomy. Surgery to remove the uterus may need to be done after having a baby. This is because the woman may be bleeding heavily. The uterus may need to removed because there is cancer growing in it. Other animals. A uterus is present when an animal gives birth to live offspring. Therefore, all mammals have a uterus except monotremes. However, humans are almost alone in having a single uterus. The other mammal which has a single uterus is the chimpanzee, our nearest living relative. Other mammals have either wholly separated uteri or uteri which are fused along part of their length. Animals which lay eggs have an oviduct, and there are quite a few reptiles which are viviparous or ovoviviparous. Satanism Satanism is a word that has several different meanings. It can describe different religions and philosophies. Sometimes the word "Satanism" is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists. Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group. A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people. The word is often used by people who do not know much about Satanists, who think that Satanism means the worship of an evil being called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God". This is not true for most Satanists. For them, Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves, and the word Satan is used as a symbol for man's inner desires and for knowledge. These people read the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists. There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, with the most well known being the Church of Satan, created in 1966 by Anton LaVey, who also wrote The Satanic Bible. Even though these types of satanists are atheists, meaning they do not believe in a higher being, they do practice magic. They believe that there is no afterlife. Other types of Satanists do worship Satan. They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older. They believe their religion is similar to that of Witches. Some ethnoreligious groups were (and still are) falsely accused of being Satanists, for example: it was believed that Wiccans were Satanists because the god worshipped by them has horns (a trait commonly associated with Baphomet, a Satanic idol, when in fact it means fertility for Wiccans) and due to the demonization of paganism by Christians as well, the Kurdish Yazidi were also accused by Muslims and Christians alike of being Satanists because Melek Taûs, the central deity in Yazidism is similar to Iblis (the Islamic equivalent of Satan), and the Afro-Brazilian religions Umbanda and Candomblé were thought to be "Satanic" by Portuguese colonizers and Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and its deities ("orishas") deemed to be "demons" purely based on prejudice and racism towards the African slaves and their culture. Decatur, Illinois Decatur is a city in the American state of Illinois. In the 2000 census, there were more than 80,000 people living in it. Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72. There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur. Decatur is the county seat of Macon County. Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. president, for a short time. The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park." Elba Elba () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine. The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people. History. The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there. In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy. French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II. Airport. There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich. Saint Helena (disambiguation) Saint Helena can mean: See also: St Helens; St. Helena Parish, Louisiana North Africa North Africa is the Northern part of Africa. It is usually made up of these countries: Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers and Moors (mixed Africans and Arabs). The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims. Sanskrit Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-European language. It is a sacred language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism and is the origin of most Indo-Aryan languages. Today, about 14,000 people in India use it as their daily language mostly for religious purposes. It is one of the 22 official languages of India. Most languages in Pakistan, North India, Nepal and Bangladesh are derived from Sanskrit. The Dravidian languages of South India are separate from Sanskrit and are not derived from Sanskrit. The two primary languages of Pakistan and India, Hindi and Urdu, are derived mainly from Sanskrit. Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of Old Indo-Aryan. Its linguistic ancestry can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. The Indo-European Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Europeans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into South Asia during the early 2nd millennium BC, which brought the Indo-European language Sanskrit with them. The main script used to write Sanskrit is Devanāgarī, but it can be written in the scripts of various other Indian languages and is sometimes written in the Latin alphabet. Historically, it was written in the ancient and holy Brāhmī script. William Jones, working as a judge in India in the 18th century, studied Sanskrit and recognized its similarities to Latin and Greek and other European languages. This led to the Indo-European languages being recognized as a group of related languages stretching from Europe to India. Literature. Sanskrit literature includes poetry and drama. There are also scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form of hymns and chants. Grammar. The language has a very complex grammar, with eight grammatical cases, the grammatical genders, and three grammatical numbers. Words are also described based on their qualities. The language is considered highly scientific, as each word in a sentence can describe the number, gender, and action of the subject. Dementia Dementia is a group of diseases with symptoms, which affect the way people think and interact with each other. It can often be linked to a disease or damage done to the brain. Very often, short-time memory, mind, speech and motor skills are affected. Certain forms of dementia cause a change in the personality of the sufferer. A person suffering from dementia will lose certain skills and knowledge they already had. This is the main difference to other conditions affecting the mind. People who suffer from learning problems, or lower intelligence will never acquire certain skills, people suffering from dementia will lose skills they have acquired. Dementia is more common in older people, but younger people can be affected as well. Certain forms of dementia can be treated, to some extent. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for between 50 and 60 percent of all cases. Other types include vascular dementia and lewy body dementia. Famous people who suffered from dementia include Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean leader, and also Rosa Parks, the civil rights activist. People who see the following worsen may suffer from dementia: Behavioral changes may include: Some types dementia are reversible. This means the damage can be undone. Other types are irreversible. This means that they cannot be undone. Irreversible dementia is usually caused by an incurable disease, such as Alzheimer's disease. Reversible causes of dementia also include diffuse axonal injury after injuries to the head or the brain, known medically as Traumatic brain injury. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease causes a dementia that gets worse quickly, over weeks or months, and is caused by prions. ,other forms like encephalopathy or delirium may develop relatively slowly, over a number of years. The two leading causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and Multi-infarct disease. Glioma related tumors are another kmown cause. Alcohol dementia, is sometimes associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and is caused by long-term or uncontrolled, heavy alcohol abuse. Possible metabolic causes are such as liver failure or kidney failure; and chronic subdural hematoma. Possible other causes may include brain infection by illnesses like meningitis leading in cases to viral encephalitis drug toxicity (e.g. anticonvulsant drugs). A recent report by Science Daily says that researchers at the University of Bergen, in Norway have discovered a connection between Oral health and Alzheimers disease. Elasticity (physics) Something that is elastic can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band. It tries to come back to its first shape. The "stress" is the force applied; the "strain" is how much the shape is changed, and the elastic modulus is the ratio between those numbers. This idea was first suggested by Robert Hooke in 1675. Harmonica A harmonica is small musical instrument that is played with the mouth by blowing into holes in its side. Harmonicas are cheap and easy to play. Harmonicas produce their musical sounds from the vibrations of reeds in the harmonica's metal case. Harmonicas are used in blues music, folk music, rock and roll music, and pop music. A special type of harmonica, the chromatic harmonica, is used in jazz and classical music. Harmonicas are made in several different keys: G, A♭, A, B♭, B, C, D♭, D, E♭, E, F, and F♯. Each key can play a different range of notes. How they are played. Harmonicas are played by blowing or sucking air into one side. On this side, there are many holes. Each hole has a different note. Different notes are played when you blow or suck air. Types of harmonicas. Another type of harmonica is the chromatic harmonica. More songs can be played on it than a regular harmonica, because chromatic harmonicas can play more different notes. Chromatic harmonicas have a button which moves a sliding bar. By pressing the button, the player can play a larger range of notes. Different names. The harmonica is called many different names, such as: mouth organ, mouth harp, Hobo Harp, French harp, Reckless Tram, harpoon, tin sandwich, blues harp, Mississippi saxophone, or simply harp. Straits of Florida The Straits of Florida (or Florida Straits) is a strait between the Florida Keys and Cuba. Electron microscope An electron microscope is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the wavelength of light limits the maximum magnification that is possible. As electrons have a smaller wavelength, they can achieve a higher magnification, and can see very small objects - typically around 1,000 times smaller than those seen in an optical microscope. The outline of objects, as revealed by the flow of electrons, is changed into a picture using visible light for people to see. Electron microscopes were invented in Germany in the 1930s. Types of electron microscope. Transmission Electron Microscope TEM. A beam of electrons is sent towards the specimen - some electrons are reflected, while some pass through. Those that pass through are detected and used to form an image of the specimen at a magnification of about 500,000 times. This microscope is more powerful than a light microscope. Reflection Electron Microscope (REM). Similar to a Transmission Electron Microscope, but the reflected electrons are detected. By measuring the reflected electrons, some information about the surface of the specimen can be gathered. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A narrow beam of electrons is moved across the specimen and a picture is built up piece by piece by detecting how the electrons are reflected or absorbed as it moves. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM). It combines the high magnification of TEM with the better surface detail of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analysis on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone. Insomnia Insomnia is when people cannot sleep for long or short periods. A person with this problem is called an "insomniac". Insomnia can mean a problem with getting to sleep or a problem with staying asleep. Insomnia is a symptom and not a disease or illness. Different kinds of insomnia. There are at least three different types of insomnia: Causes. There are many causes of insomnia. Some of them are: Treatments. There are drugs available that can help treat the different kinds of insomnia. In some cases, there are also certain herbs that can help. A third way that seems to help is a type of therapy that aims at changing the behaviour of those affected. Airbus A320 family The Airbus A320 family is a family of jet airliners. It only has two rows of seats, which means it is a narrow-body plane. The family is made by Airbus and it is made up of the A318, A319, A320 and A321, as well as the ACJ business jet. The A320 family is made in Toulouse, France, and Hamburg, Germany. Since 2009, an airplane plant in Tianjin in the People's Republic of China has also been making aircraft for Chinese airlines. In June 2012, Airbus said that it would start making some A319, A320, and A321 planes in Mobile, Alabama. The planes in the family can hold up to 220 passengers and they have a range of . The range depends on the model. The first plane in the A320 family was the A320, which was launched in February 1981. It first flew on 22 March 1984 and the first A320 was delivered in 1984. The family got bigger over time, and there are now three other aircraft in the family: the A321 (first delivered 1990), the A319 (1996) and the A318 (2003). The A320 was the first airliner to have fly-by-wire flight control systems. It was also the first commercial airliner to have side-stick controls. (A side-stick is a small joystick which is used to fly the plane instead of a yoke.) On 1 December 2010, Airbus announced a new version of the plane, called the A320neo. With the A320neo, new engines will be used (the CFM International LEAP-X and the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G) and some improvements have been made to the outside of the plane. Winglets have also been added, which Airbus calls "Sharklets". The A320neo will use 15% less fuel than the current A320. Virgin America is the A320neo's launch customer. As of 31 December 2011, 1,196 A320neo aircraft have been ordered by 21 airlines, which makes it the fastest-selling commercial aircraft in history. As of June 2013, 5,635 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been delivered, and 5,443 of these are still being used. As well as this, 4,014 planes are on order. The A320 family's main rivals are the Boeing 737, 717, 757 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80. Although the 717 is not used on most airlines. Development. The A320 was the world's first commercial jet to use a small joystick, also called a "sidestick", to fly it instead of a normal yoke (a steering-wheel like device). This matched the new digital 'fly-by-wire' system, the first use of this in a civilian aircraft, which makes the A320 much easier and safer to fly. The A320 also has a full "glass-cockpit", where most instruments in the cockpit (the front part of the plane where the pilot is) have been replaced by television screens. Most of the technology first used on the A320 has been used in other Airbus aircraft made afterwards. Other manufacturers, like Boeing, have also used much of the technology like a glass-cockpit and fly-by-wire in the Boeing 777. Design. Engines. The A319, A320 and A321 have engines made by two different companies; International Aero Engines (IAE) supply the V2500 and CFM International provide the CFM56. Over 54% of A320s in the air today have CFM engines. The significantly smaller A318 has either Pratt and Whitney PW6000 engines or CFM56-5. The PW6000 was not as good as expected and this may have reduced the number of sales; several airlines cancelled their orders before the more efficient CFM engine arrived. Types. The A320 has been shortened to produce the A319 and stretched to produce the A321. Recently it was shortened even more to make the A318. However this version has not sold as well and the only large operator is Frontier Airlines. These different versions are known as "A320 derivatives". When talking about all of them, they are known as the "A320 family" or "A32x". Changes in size are done by removing or adding sections of fuselage (the part of the aircraft passengers sit in) and adjusting the power of the engines. Airbus try to keep the airplanes the same where possible, to reduce operating costs. Pilots only need one licence (called a type rating) to fly all A320 derivatives. Accidents and problems. The A320 has been very reliable in service. Many early problems were caused by pilots not being use to the new "glass cockpit" and "fly-by-wire", but these no longer happen. In recent years, the A320 has had a number of problems involving its front undercarriage. The following accidents are some of those which have occurred since 1988: Seven incidents of nose gear malfunction, including JetBlue Airways Flight 292. Features. This information comes from: Airbus. Priest A priest or priestess is a person who is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the priesthood, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules. In Christianity. A priest is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish. To become a Catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy. Catholic priests are not allowed to marry meaning that they have to be celibate. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest. The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, some Anglican Churches allow women to be priests. Higher priests are called Bishops and Archbishops in the Anglican Church. John Sentamua and Rowan Williams are the archbishops of York and Canterbury. In some denominations only men can become priests. The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope, Pope Tawadras. Protestantism. Many Protestant churches have ministers or pastors instead of priests. Japan. In Japan there are Buddhist priests and nuns, Shinto priests and priestesses ("kannushi") as well as clergy in the Christian traditions. Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea between the Arabian Peninsula of Asia in the northeast and Africa in the southwest. It is a part of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea is about 2200 km long and less than 330 km wide. Many ships go through the Red Sea because the Suez Channel at the north end connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Bab-el-Mandeb in the south is a gate to the Indian Ocean. Ports include Suez, Port Sudan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba and Eilat. The Red Sea has that name because it sometimes looks red from the red algae. The water has more salt and is clearer than water of most other seas because almost no rivers run into it. The climate is dry and warm. Many people, including those from Europe, like to vacation there. Some of them are divers and want to see the beautiful coral reefs and fish. Seaside resorts include Sharm el-Sheikh, Eilat or Hurghada. Geography. The countries next to the Red Sea are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel. In the Bible. According to the book of Exodus, God parted it for Moses and the Israelites so they could escape from the Egyptian Army. List of country calling codes The page is a list of country calling codes. These are area codes for telephone numbers. Zone 1 - North American Numbering Plan Area. Places in the NANPA (North American Numbering Plan Area) have been given area codes as if they were all areas inside one country. Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), known as "Lucky Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle", was a pioneering United States airplane pilot. He became famous for making the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Early life. Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Swedish immigrants. He grew up in Little Falls, Minnesota. His father, Charles August Lindbergh, was a lawyer and later a U.S. congressman, who was against the United States entering into World War I. His mother was a teacher. While he was young, he was interested in machines. In 1922 he joined a pilot training program with Nebraska Aircraft, bought his own airplane, and became a stunt pilot. In 1924, he started training as a pilot with the United States Army Air Corps. After finishing first in his class, Lindbergh took his first job as pilot of an airmail route in St. Louis. He flew the mail in an airplane. In April 1923, while visiting friends in Lake Village, Arkansas, Lindbergh made his first ever flight over Lake Village and Lake Chicot. First solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindbergh gained fame around the world as the first pilot to fly solo (alone) and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. He flew from Roosevelt Airfield (Nassau County, Long Island), New York, USA to Paris, France on May 20-21, 1927 in his single-engine airplane "The Spirit of St. Louis". He needed 33.5 hours for the trip. When he arrived back in the United States, many warships and aircraft escorted him to Washington, D.C. where President Calvin Coolidge gave him the Distinguished Flying Cross. Lindbergh's act won him the "Orteig Prize", which was 25,000 US dollars. A parade was held for him on 5th Avenue in New York City on June 13, 1927. At the end of the year, he was named "Time"'s first Man of the Year. He served on a variety of national and international boards and committees, including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in the United States. Medal of Honor citation. Lindbergh's Medal of Honor recognized that he had done something unique. This is one of only two medals given for conduct during peacetime. The words of Lindbergh's citation explain:. For displaying heroic courage and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life, by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the "Spirit of St. Louis," from New York City to Paris, France, 20-21 May 1927, by which Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the greatest individual triumph of any American citizen but demonstrated that travel across the ocean by aircraft was possible. Later life. Lindbergh married Anne Morrow in 1929. In 1932 he made headlines again, when his baby son, Charles Lindbergh III, was kidnapped and murdered. Bruno Hauptmann was convicted of the crime and later put to death in the electric chair. The Lindberghs later moved to Europe. He died of lymphoma on August 26, 1974 in Hawaii. Legacy. Lindbergh is honored in aviation for mapping out polar air-routes, flying at high altitudes, and decreasing fuel use. Lindbergh's legacy is, in part, his unique solo flight which changed public opinion about the value and significance of aircraft and air travel. In greater part, his legacy developed from what he did with his status and fame. He used his celebrity to advance aviation across the world. A developing Lindbergh legacy is in life sciences. Pilot A pilot is a person that drives a vehicle (form of transportation) such as an airplane, spacecraft, or boat. All types of pilots must pass a number of tests and obtain a license before they can operate the vehicle. The pilot of a flying machine is usually in charge for the whole trip. A ship pilot usually only guides the ship through an especially difficult place such as a harbor. Charles August Lindbergh Charles August Lindbergh, Sr. (January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924), was a United States Congressman for 6th District of Minnesota from 1907 to 1917. He was the father of Charles Lindbergh. Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands or Føroyar (that meaning "Sheep Islands") are a group of eighteen islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland, Norway, and Iceland. They are a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but have had local (autocratic) rule since 1948, and people in the Faroe Islands have had the right to do business with people from all countries since 1856. Most government matters are controlled by the Faroese government, except for military defense. The Faroes have similarities to Iceland, Shetland, the Orkney Islands, the Outer Hebrides and Greenland. The island group, or archipelago, left Norway in 1815. The Faroes have their own representatives in the Nordic Council. History. The first recorded evidence of people living in the Faroe Islands was written in the 9th century. Irish monks had lived here. Regions and municipalities. Administratively, the islands are divided into 34 municipalities within which there are 120 or so cities and villages. Traditionally, there are also the six "sýslur" ("regions"; Norðoyar, Eysturoy, Streymoy, Vágar, Sandoy and Suðuroy). Geography. The Faroe Islands are eighteen islands off the coast of Northern Europe, between the Norwegian Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 1,399 square kilometres (540 sq. mi), and has no major lakes or rivers. There are 1,117 kilometres (694 mi) of coastline, and no land boundaries with any other country. The only island that does not have anybody living on it is Lítla Dímun. Economy. Fish, raising sheep, and tourism are important parts of the economy of the Faroe Islands. The economy was in trouble around 1990. Unemployment decreased in the later 1990s. It was down to about 6% at the end of 1998. By June 2008 unemployment had declined to 1.1%, before rising to 3.4% in early 2009. However, since fishing is so important to the economy, if there are problems with fishing, the economy could be in trouble Since 2000, new business projects have been created in the Faroe Islands to attract new investment. The introduction of Burger King in Tórshavn was widely publicized but no one knows how things will go for this company. Trades on the islands are easy by the bridges or the tunnels that connect 80% of the population in the islands. Culture. Ólavsøka. The national holiday Ólavsøka, is on 29 July. It commemorates the death of Saint Olaf. The celebrations are held in Tórshavn. They start on the evening of the 28th, and go until 31 July. The official part of the celebration starts on the 29th, with the opening of the Faroese Parliament. In the day there is a procession with many people from the churches in the islands. The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands. The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands () is the most important cultural institution in the Faroes. It supports Nordic and Faroese culture, locally and in the Nordic region. The House is managed by a director changed every four years. Music. In the islands there are many artists and musicians, with the most famous listed below: Musicians: Bands: In the Islands,there are music festivals,where international musicians participating, like Food. Traditional Faroese food is mainly based on meat and potatoes and uses few fresh vegetables. A very important meat in the islands is lamb, the first ingredient of many dishes. Other typical dishes from the islands are fresh fish, blubber, whale, seabirds, and Faroese puffins and their eggs. Climate. The climate is defined as subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with cool summers, and with cold winters. Usually there is fog or a heavy wind that causes air traffic problems. Animals and vegetation in the islands. There are more sheep than people in the Faroe Islands. The islands have no native mammals, because the islands are far away from land. Many species of birds live sometimes in the islands, like eider, starling, wren, guillemot, and black guillemot. Only a few species of wild land seals live in the Faroe Islands today, the grey seals. Sometimes tourists can see whales in the waters near the islands. Grey Seals are very common around the Faroese shores. The natural vegetation of the Faroe Islands is like in the Scottish islands or in Ireland. It is mostly wild flowers, grasses, moss and lichen. Faroese language Faroese is the Germanic language of the Faroe Islands spoken by about 70,000 people. The language came from Old Norse which was spoken in the Middle Ages. Faroese is the most similar to Icelandic. The alphabet has 29 letters that come from the Latin alphabet. Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 - February 10, 1957) was an American writer. She was born in Wisconsin and spent her childhood in Missouri and Kansas. She became a teacher in South Dakota at age 16. Wilder is best known as the author of the "Little House on the Prairie" series of books. A TV series, "Little House On the Prairie", was inspired by the story of her life as told in her books. The series starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as Charles 'Pa' Ingalls. Mestizo Mestizo (meh-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Amerindian ancestry. Mestizos have existed since the time when Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. A mestizo was usually the son of a Spanish father and a Native American mother. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations, a large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, which is the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world. During the colonial era, many Native Americans were converted to Roman Catholicism and began using the Spanish language instead of their traditional one. This was because of the concept that existed in the Spanish colonies which gave more "value" to European people over Native Americans and Africans. Because of this, many Native Americans gained better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "indios." Indo-Mestizo. Indo-Mestizo (also known as Cholo) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Native American and 1/4 Caucasian ancestry and an unfortunate derogatory term used by the European cast system for racial discrimination against Original Native people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta Indo-Mestizos term is a racial slur used mostly to discriminate against Original Native people in Eastern and Southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America,in South American West Pacific Side Ecuador, Peru, Chile Colombia and Bolivia Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits, but may have a light pigmentation with completely Native American features, or a dark pigmenation with some obvious Caucasian features. Famous Indo-Mestizos include Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are so called because of their appearance, not because of known genetic background. Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (sometimes called RAF, it’s acronym), is the air force of the United Kingdom. The RAF began in 1918 when the Royal Flying Corps (spoken as 'core') and the Royal Naval Air Service joined together. It is the oldest air force in the world. The first man to lead the RAF was Hugh Trenchard. The RAF has many bases across the world, including the UK, Falkland Islands, Cyprus and Gibraltar. Some examples of the UK bases are RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland, RAF Valley in Wales, RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland and RAF Linton-on Ouse in England. The RAF has very new planes including the Eurofighter Typhoon, F35 Lightning II and the BAE Systems Hawk. The Hawk is used to train fast-jet pilots. World War II. The RAF were very busy during World War II. Many important planes were built for the RAF. The Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane helped defend Britain during the Battle of Britain. The Avro Lancaster bomber attacked Germany with strategic bombing. The RAF lost great numbers of pilots and aircraft, fighting around the world and especially against the "Luftwaffe", the German Air Force. Tequila Tequila is a Latin American drink from Mexico that contains alcohol. It is made from a plant called agave. It contains about 40 percent alcohol, and is often used in bars and nightclubs to make mixed drinks such as the "tequila sunrise" or the Margarita. It is also muggish The Book of One Thousand and One Nights The Book of One Thousand and One Nights is an old cycle (or group) of stories that mostly come from Arabia and Persia, and a few also from India, Central Asia and China. All these stories were later collected together. There are different layers of the stories: Coup d'état A coup d'état (pronounced []), or just coup ([]) for short, is the removal of a head of state and/or head of government from power (overthrow). Unlike a revolution, which usually takes large numbers of people to take over, a coup can be done by a small number of people. Even one person can cause a coup, such as Idi Amin for example, who controlled the Ugandan army. Coups can also be done by other countries, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. One well-known failed coup was the Beer Hall Putsch, where Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of the state of Bavaria in Germany. The term comes from French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state". Informally, "coup" is sometimes used to refer to takeovers, or wins, in places other than government, such as inside a company or corporation. Walt Disney Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, animator, writer, voice actor and film producer. Disney was an important person in the American animation industry and throughout the world. He is regarded as an international icon and philanthropist. He is well known for his influence and contributions to the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy Disney, he was the founder of Walt Disney Productions. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company. He is also famous for Disneyland. As an extraordinary animator and entrepreneur, Disney was well known as a movie producer and a showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse. He provided the original voice for Mickey Mouse. He received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year. It gave him more awards and nominations than any other person in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards. He gave his name to the Disneyland, and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, as well as international resorts like Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. He died on December 15, 1966 from lung cancer aged 65. A year later, construction of the Walt Disney World Resort began in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom in 1971. Early life. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois. His father, Elias Disney, had Irish-Canadian ancestry and his mother, Flora Call Disney, had German and English ancestry. His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had traveled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. The d'Isigny name was anglicized as "Disney" and the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire. Career. About the time Disney was entering high school, his family moved to the city of Chicago. Disney took classes at the Chicago Art Institute and drew for the school newspaper. When he was sixteen, Disney decided he wanted to help fight in World War I. Since he was still too young to join the army, he dropped out of school and joined the Red Cross. He spent the next year driving ambulances for the Red Cross in France. Disney's best-known creation is the cartoon character, Mickey Mouse. Disney even provided the voice for Mickey Mouse for many years. Donald Duck is another famous creation. Minnie Mouse and Pluto are also his creations. Disney was once fired from a newspaper company in Kansas City, Missouri because of his lack of creativity. Disney began as a cartoonist in the 1920s. He created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit but lost ownership of the character due to a contract problem. He then created Mickey Mouse. Disney started the Walt Disney Studios and created the first full-length animated movie when he created "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937). The movie was a huge success. The money from the movie helped Disney create many more cartoons and movies such as "Fantasia, Pinocchio" (both 1940)", Dumbo" (1941), and "Bambi" (1942). New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful "Cinderella" (1950), "Peter Pan" (1953), and "Mary Poppins" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. He earned 32 academy awards. Disney once refused an offer from Alfred Hitchcock to make a movie at Disney World after Hitchcock filmed "Psycho". He also served as the host of The Wonderful World of Disney, a weekly variety show that had Disney cartoons and some live-action skits. In the 1950s, Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Disneyland was the first modern theme park. Disney also bought the land for Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened. Both Disneyland and Walt Disney World (and now other Disney theme parks) are famous for their design, level of detail, being very clean, and animatronics. Death and legacy. On December 15, 1966, Disney died of lung cancer in Burbank, California at the age of 65. His movies and theme parks are still enjoyed by millions of people around the world. His company continues to produce very successful new theme parks and films. After Disney's death, many rumors were spreading that Disney's body was cryonically frozen, and that he was stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland. In reality, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California. Some people have accused Disney of being racist and antisemitic. This was because he made some insensitive comments and included ethnic stereotypes in his cartoons and films, even though he employed a lot of Jews and people of different backgrounds. Eucharist The Eucharist, also called holy communion, the sacrament, or the Lord's supper, is a kind of religious ritual in many Christian churches. It started when Jesus Christ told his followers to eat bread (His body) and drink wine (His blood) in memory of him, at the Last Supper. In the Roman Catholic Church. According to the Roman Catholic Church, the Eucharist is the true presence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. During a Mass, through the act of transubstantiation, the bread and wine offered change, and are no longer bread and wine. They become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. The bread and wine do not change appearance, but they are the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, which Catholics in good standing (not in the state of mortal sin) come and receive Christ—they consume Him. This follows what was said by Christ "Eat my Body and Drink my Blood" (John ch.6). Most Protestant denominations believe that this was meant as a symbol, while the Catholic Church bases its beliefs on the tradition handed down through the church. First century St. Ignatius of Antioch, disciple of the beloved disciple John, in speaking of "the heretics plaguing the church" in their day, wrote: "They abstain from the Eucharist because they do not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ" (Smyrnaeans, 7). From the second century, St. Justin Martyr wrote: "This food we call Eucharist, which no one is allowed to share except the one who believes that our teaching is true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and so lives as Christ has handed down. For we do not receive these as common bread and common drink; but just as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise we have learned that the food over which thanks has been given by the prayer of the word which comes from him, and by which our blood and flesh are nourished through a change, is the Flesh and Blood of the same incarnate Jesus" (The First Apology). In other churches. In most Protestant churches, not including Lutheranism, the sacrament of communion involves eating small wafers or Matzos and drinking wine or grape juice, and not believing that it is the actual body and blood of Jesus, but as a very important symbolic observance, and fulfillment of what Christ commanded. Some churches offer it daily, some weekly, some monthly, and some a few times a year. Unlike the Catholic teaching, Lutherans teach that the bread and wine is Jesus' body and blood, but is bread and wine also (consubstantiation). In the Latter Day Saints or "Mormon" Church, followers eat small pieces of bread and drink water. They believe that this is a symbol of the body and blood of Jesus, and they call it the Sacrament. They also believe that it helps them to make the promises of baptism all over again. Stroke (disambiguation) Stroke can mean one of the following: Little House (book series) Little House on the Prairie is a book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder in 1935. It is one part of series of books about Wilder's childhood in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Kansas during the late 19th century. The books have been made many times into movies and television series. Some other writers have also written books about Laura and her relatives. The books became famous during the 20th century. During the 21st century, scholars began to look at them closely as literature and as art. Wilder has been criticized for the way she shows Native Americans and black Americans. "Little House" books. "Pioneer Girl" was one of the first books Ingalls-Wilder wrote, but she could not find a publisher that wanted to print it. "Pioneer Girl" is a nonfiction story of Wilder's life. Her daughter told her to write fictional stories instead. The Little House series is a different from the true story of Ingalls-Wilder's life. She was trying to tell a happy story and to show manifest destiny as a good thing. She wanted the story to make sense, so she left things out if they did not fit her ideas. The fictional books do not talk about when her family moved east to Iowa or her little brother who died young. She also invented fictional characters and made combination characters: Nellie Olson is one person in the fictional books but she was based on more than one person in real life. In 2015, an edited version of "Pioneer Girl" was published. It has many footnotes explaining things for twenty-first-century readers. Native Americans in the books. In 2018, the Association for Library Service to Children changed the name of its "Laura Ingalls Wilder Award" to the "Children’s Literature Legacy Award" because people did not like the way Wilder wrote about Native Americans in "Little House on the Prairie". They said the book had "dated cultural attitudes toward Indigenous people and people of color that contradict modern acceptance, celebration, and understanding of diverse communities." For example, in the book, one white character says "the only good Indian is a dead Indian." Some of the words Ingalls use to describe Native Americans makes them sound like non-human animals. Other people disagreed, saying the book showed how complicated things between Native Americans and white settlers were. For example, it shows that the Ingalls family is on Indian land illegally, which means they must leave. It shows Laura asking her parents why they are in Indian territory if they don't want to be near Indians. Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano is an Italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - "Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano". Ward Cunningham Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham (born May 26, 1949) is an American computer programmer. He started the first wiki website on March 25, 1995, and is considered the inventor of that software. He currently lives in Beaverton, Oregon. Ward Cunningham got a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Purdue University, and then got his master's degree in computer science from there as well. he has worked for Tektronix Computer Research Laboratory, the Eclipse Foundation, and Microsoft, among other places. In 2009, he joined AboutUs, an editable guide to websites. Chain A chain is like a rope, but made up of several elements called links. Rope A rope is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). A rope can be used to lift, or pull things, like pulling a ship into a harbor with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not move away. The twisting of fibers in rope is what leads to its high tensile strength (meaning it's very difficult to pull apart) and this innovation allowed the rope to become a construction staple that has been used for millennia. Ropes have been used for thousands of years, from the Egyptians using them in 4000BCE and modern-day construction that relies heavily on the strength of this tool. The X-Files The X-Files is an American science fiction television series set in Maryland. It ran from its creation in 1993 until 2002, lasting for nine seasons. On January 24, 2016, a new season began airing. The series is about two FBI agents, Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny). Together, they work to find answers to strange cases. Many of these cases have to do with aliens and the paranormal. "The X-Files" was a very popular show; it is the second longest running science fiction show behind "Stargate SG-1". It also won awards like the Emmy Awards and the Golden Globe Awards. Plot. The plot of the show has to do with finding the answer to mysteries, or X-Files. Mulder believes that the answers to many of these mysteries have to do with aliens and the paranormal, while Scully believes that the answer can be found using science. Sometimes, there are monsters that are introduced into the show. Episodes with monsters in them are called "Monster-of-the-week" episodes. There is a plot in the show about Mulder's sister, Samantha Mulder. She was taken by aliens when she was little. Mulder spends a lot of time looking for her. In season seven, Mulder finds out that both the aliens and the government took his sister for experiments. They wanted to make an alien-human hybrid and used Samantha as a test subject. Mulder and Scully believe that there is a part of the government that is helping the aliens. They find out this is true. The part of the government that helps the aliens is called "The Syndicate." The Syndicate helps the aliens to take over Earth. Eventually, Mulder is taken by the aliens and is replaced in the series by John Doggett, another FBI agent. Doggett and Scully then work together in season eight. In season nine, Scully is replaced by Monica Reyes. Movies. In 1998, a movie called " was made. In the plot of the series, it is between seasons five and six. It is mainly about government conspiracy involving aliens. It was directed by Rob Bowman. Another movie, called ", was made in 2008, six years after the season ended. The movie is more like a horror story than a story about aliens. It was directed by Chris Carter. It earned $20,982,478 in the US, earned $47,386,956 in countries outside the US, and in total earned $68,369,434. Patent A patent gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention. If someone makes or uses that invention without being allowed to, the inventor can sue that person in court to make them stop. The inventor can sell the patent to another person or company. A patent lasts for up to 20 years, depending on the country. After that, anyone can copy the invention. Each country has its own patents. China gives Chinese patents. India gives Indian patents. The United States gives United States patents. An inventor can get a patent in any country the inventor wants. An inventor can get patents in many different countries for the same invention. Each patent in each country costs money to get. The rules for patents are similar in most countries. Getting a patent. To get a patent, the inventor must ask the government by describing the invention in writing. This is called a patent application. The inventor can write the patent application, but it is usually written by a person trained to write patent applications. This person is called a patent agent or, if the person is a lawyer, a patent attorney. The government does not usually just give the inventor a patent. Instead, the government tries to confirm whether the idea is actually new. This is called patent examination. The government will try to find books, stories, or other patents that show that the idea was not new. The inventor, or his or her patent attorney, then tries to show how the inventor's idea is actually new and is different from anything that the government finds. If the government finds that the inventor's idea is new, it will give the inventor a patent. The government will also send the inventor a copy of his or her patent application with a special seal. This copy is the patent. The inventor must also pay the government a tax to get a patent. Usually, an inventor pays money to ask for the patent, and the inventor pays money when they get a patent. In some countries, the owner of a patent must also pay money to keep the patent. Some can be cheap and some can be expensive. Using a patent. The owner of a patent can stop other people from using their invention. If someone other than the patent owner uses the patent, this is called infringing a patent. If the owner knows that someone is infringing his or her patent, the patent owner can ask a court to stop them. If the court agrees that the other person was using the patent, the court can make that person pay a fine to the patent owner. The patent owner can give other people permission to use their patent. This is called a patent license. A person who wants to use another person's patent will usually pay money to the patent owner. What can be patented. Patents most often cover products or processes that contain 'new' functional or technical ideas. They are concerned with how things work, how they are made, or what they are made of. Patents cover many different things such as electronics, medicines, agriculture and transport – anything in fact, from a small detail in an electric switch to an entire power station. Usually, to get a patent there are three rules that the idea needs to follow: Marking. Often a product is marked with a text saying 'patent pending' or 'pat. pending', which means that a patent has been asked for (part of) the product. Then people are warned that they should not copy the invention. Parts of a patent. Patents are usually very long. They include a number of smaller parts. A patent usually includes a section that briefly describes the idea called the abstract. It also may include a section that describes other people's inventions and how the inventor's idea is different called the "background of the invention." The patent also includes a long description of the idea itself called a "detailed description." In this section, the inventor tries to describe every detail of his or her invention. The patent also has a number of pictures called the "figures." The figures are usually drawn by people called draftsman that are trained to draw in a special way. The pictures are labeled with numbers to show different parts of the invention. At the end of most patents is a section called the claims. These are usually numbered. They include a short statement that lists all of the things needed for the invention. A court will use the claims to decide if another person is "infringing" the patent. The Wizard of Oz The Wizard of Oz is an American musical movie. It was produced by MGM and released by RKO in 1939. The movie is based on the children's book "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum. This book was first published in May 1900. The book and movie are about a little girl's adventures in the land called Oz. This is still watched from 1939 to 2017. The song "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The movie was first televised in 1956. It became an annual Thanksgiving television special for many years. The movie was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress. In 1998, the movie was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Story. Dorothy (Judy Garland) lives on a drab Kansas farm with her Auntie Em and Uncle Henry (Clara Blandick and Charlie Grapewin). A powerful storm sweeps her away to the Land of Oz. She accidentally kills a wicked witch. She wants to go home, but only the Wizard of Oz (Frank Morgan) can send her home. She must go to the Emerald City to see him. She sets off on the Yellow Brick Road wearing the witch's ruby slippers. She makes three friends on the road: a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion (Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr). On the way to Emerald City, the friends are tormented by The Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton). She is the sister of the witch Dorothy killed. She wants the ruby slippers. Dorothy won't give the slippers to the witch. The friends arrive in Emerald City. The Wizard sends them off to kill the witch. The friends are captured by the witch. Dorothy throws a pail of water over the witch. The witch melts. In the Emerald City, the four friends are welcomed as heroes. The Wizard prepares his hot air balloon to take Dorothy back to Kansas. The balloon takes off without her. A good witch called Glinda (Billie Burke) tells Dorothy she can go home by just clicking the heels of the ruby slippers together and thinking about home. She does this. She wakes up in her bed. Her adventures have been a dream. Assassination Assassination is the murder of an important or popular person. Usually the person is a political leader, like the head of a country or a political party. Assassinations are usually done for political reasons or for payment. A person who assassinates someone is called an assassin. Throughout history, assassinations have happened for many different reasons. Sometimes assassinations have been used to take over governments. Other times, assassinations have been used to kill military leaders during wars, or for religious reasons. Some assassins want revenge, or just want to be famous. In ancient to medieval times. Assassinations have happened ever since people started living in group societies. The Old Testament of the Bible talks about assassinations in the Books of Judith, Kings, Samuel, and Chronicles. An ancient Indian writer named Chanakya, who lived from about 350 283 BC, wrote a lot about assassinations in a book called "Arthashastra". One of his students later assassinated some of his enemies, including two of Alexander the Great's generals. Famous victims of assassinations include Philip II of Macedon (336 BC), Alexander the Great's father, and Julius Caesar (44 BC). Several Emperors of the Roman Empire were assassinated so that a different leader could take their place. In the Middle Ages, many kings in the Eastern Roman Empire were murdered so that new kings could take power. During the Renaissance, asassinations happened in Western Europe. Kings William the Silent of the Netherlands (1584), Henry III of France (1589), and Henry IV of France (1610) were all assassinated. The first American use of state assassination (where a government planned to assassinate someone) happened in 1620. It happened in Plymouth in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, where the Pilgrims had landed. Native Americans had lived there before the Pilgrims landed, but the Pilgrims wanted the land to themselves. Myles Standish invited a local Native American tribal chief, the chief's 18-year-old brother, and two other Native Americans to a feast. Then they locked the door, killed the three older men, and hanged the teenager in public as a warning to the other Native Americans to stay away. In modern history. Assassinations have been common in modern history. This section does not list every assassination that has happened in modern history. It lists some examples of world leaders who were assassinated, and explains some of the reasons why these assassinations happened. In Imperial Russia, two emperors were assassinated within 80 years: Paul I (1801)pp. 16–17 and Alexander II (1881).p. 419 In the United States, four presidents were assassinated within 100 years. They were Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1865), James Garfield (1881), William McKinley (1901), and John F. Kennedy (1963). After Abraham Lincoln was killed, Andrew Johnson became president. He was president for four years. During that time, 12 people who held important political jobs were assassinated. The next president, Ulysses S. Grant, led the United States from 18691877. During that time, 11 government leaders were assassinated; another 9 were attacked, but survived. The World Wars. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. Some historians say this assassination started World War I. In the 1930s and 1940s, Josef Stalin's NKVD assassinated some people outside of the Soviet Union, including Leon Trotsky. These were mostly people who Stalin thought were against him or could take power from him. He wanted to make sure to keep the power he had, so he killed many of his opponents, though mostly within the Soviet Union. Between 1934 and 1944, different individuals and groups tried 27 different times to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany during The Holocaust and World War II. These people wanted to stop Hitler from taking over so many countries and killing so many people. However, he always survived. During World War II, the Allies used assassinations to kill important Nazi and Japanese leaders: Activists. Some famous human rights activists were also assassinated in the next few decades. They were assassinated by people who did not like the things they were doing to work for human rights. The most famous activists who were assassinated include: The United States CIA (1960 1970). Between 1960 and 1965, the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tried at least eight times to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro.p. 71 Around this time, the CIA also made plans to assassinate Patrice Lumumba, the only democratically elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.pp. 19–24 Between 1960 and 1970, the CIA also encouraged and in some cases helped with assassination plans against:p. 256 The 1970s 1980s. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution turned Iran into an Islamic Republic. A group called Iran Human Rights Documentation Center says that between 1979 and the 1990s, leaders of the Iranian government had 162 people assassinated, in 19 different countries. The group says Iran stopped the assassinations because a German court put out an arrest warrant for the head of Iranian military intelligence. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated in 1981 at a parade. He was killed by people who wanted to take over the country and make it into an Islamic Republic. In 1983, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated. Aquino was against Ferdinand Marcos, the dictator who ruled the Philippines. The people of the Philippines were so upset that they started the non-violent People Power Revolution. This led to the end of Marcos's government. Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, became President of the Philippines. In India, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984. Her son Rajiv Gandhi became the next Prime Minister. He was assassinated in 1991. (They were not related to Mohandas Gandhi.) The 1990s to today. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated in 1995. The Israelis and Palestinians were working on a peace agreement. Rabin was killed by an Orthodox Jew who did not agree with the peace treaty. Many historians think Rabin's murder is one of the main reasons the peace talks fell apart. In Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in 2007. Bhutto had been the first woman ever elected to lead a Muslim country. An Al-Qaeda leader said that Al-Qaeda assassins had killed Bhutto. He said they did this because Bhutto was trying to get rid of violent Jihadist militia groups in Pakistan. He said this made her important to the United States, so Al-Qaeda killed her. In the 2020s, President of Haiti Jovenel Moïse was assassinated in 2021 and former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe was assassinated in 2022. Statistics. One research study looked at assassinations of national leaders (leaders of countries, like presidents or prime ministers). The study showed that: Another study looked at all assassinations between 1946 and 2013. It included not just national leaders, but also other members of government (including local governments), and people who were against the government. This study found that between 1946 and 2013, a total of 954 people were assassinated in 758 different attacks. This study also looked at who was most likely to be assassinated. Of those 954 people who were assassinated: Gillian Anderson Gillian Leigh Anderson, (born August 9, 1968) is an American-British film, television and theatre actress, activist and writer. Her credits include the roles of FBI Special Agent Dana Scully in the long-running and widely popular series "The X-Files", ill-fated socialite Lily Bart in Terence Davies' film "The House of Mirth" (2000), and DSI Stella Gibson on the BBC crime drama television series "The Fall". Among other honours, Anderson has won a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. After beginning her career on stage, Anderson achieved international recognition for her role as FBI Special Agent Dana Scully on the American sci-fi drama series "The X-Files" for all ten seasons (1993–2002, 2016). Her film work includes the dramas "The Mighty Celt" (2005), "The Last King of Scotland" (2006), "Shadow Dancer" (2012) and two "X-Files" films: "The X-Files: Fight the Future" (1998) and "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" (2008). Her other notable television credits include: portraying Lady Dedlock in the successful BBC production of Charles Dickens' "Bleak House", Wallis Simpson in "Any Human Heart", portraying Miss Havisham in "Great Expectations" (2011) and Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier on "Hannibal". In 2013, Anderson began starring as DSI Stella Gibson on the critically acclaimed BBC crime drama television series "The Fall". She has been serving as an executive producer from its second series. She will be appearing as goddess Media in the upcoming TV series "American Gods". Anderson is the co-writer of "The EarthEnd Saga" novel trilogy and the self-help guide book "WE: A Manifesto for Women Everywhere". Aside from film and TV, Anderson has taken on the stage and has received both awards and critical acclaim. Her stage work includes "Absent Friends" (1991) – for which she won a Theatre World Award for Best Newcomer, "A Doll's House" (2009) – that earned her a Laurence Olivier Award nomination, and a portrayal of Blanche DuBois in "A Streetcar Named Desire" (2014, 2016) – for which she won the "Evening Standard" Theatre Award for Best Actress and received her second Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. Anderson has been active in supporting numerous charities and humanitarian organizations. She is an honorary spokesperson for the Neurofibromatosis (NF) Network and the co-founder of South African Youth Education for Sustainability (SAYes). Anderson was appointed an honorary Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2016 for her services to drama. Debt Debt is what someone owes to someone else. Usually, debt is in the form of money, but it can also be items, services, favors, or other things. Thus if you make an agreement to give or do something for someone else, you now owe a debt. Unpaid debt can lead to problems such as the Greek government-debt crisis. Debt is used by many corporations and individuals to make large purchases that they could not afford under normal circumstances. Popular types of debt owed by households and individuals are mortgage loans, car loans, credit card debt, and income taxes. In the case of individuals, debt is a way to use an anticipated income combined with the future purchasing power at present before earning the same. On the other hand, corporates have a multitude of options when it comes to debt. Debts can be short term or long term. Companies may use debt for their working capital or day-to-day operations. Types of debt. Goods, services or money borrowed with the intent of repayment (in kind or not) creates a debt. Debt can be classified as either secured debt, unsecured debt, revolving debt, or a mortgage. A secured debt uses "collateral", which is an asset that is promised to the debt-holder until the debt has been repaid. If the repayment is not made in full, the lender gets the collateral asset. For instance, a car loan typically creates a secured debt. If you still owe money on the car loan and do not make timely payments, the note-holder can take back (or repossess) the car and sell it to get the money still due. A home mortgage is similar. An unsecured debt is more risky to the debt-holder (the lender, also called creditor). In the event of non-payment of the debt, the lender cannot take assets. Credit card debt is typically unsecured. If you charge items to a credit card and do not make the monthly payments, the credit card issuer can report the non-payment to the credit-reporting agencies. That will reduce your credit score so others will not lend you money. But usually they cannot take back whatever you bought with the card. Revolving debt is a line of credit or an amount that a borrower can continuously borrow from. In other words, the borrower may use funds up to a certain amount, pay it back, and borrow up to that amount again. Revolving credit accounts are open ended, meaning they don’t have an end date. As long as the account remains open and in good standing, borrower can continue to use it. A mortgage is a debt issued to purchase real estate, such as a house or condo. It is a form of secured debt as the subject real estate is used as collateral against the loan. Uranium Uranium is a chemical element (a metal) on the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 92, which means that a uranium atom has 92 protons in its center, which is called a nucleus. Uranium that is dug out of the ground will be made from three different isotopes: three different types of uranium with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Most of it is Uranium-238; uranium-235 is less common; uranium-234 is the rarest. Pitchblende is the main ore that is mined for uranium. Uranium-235 can be used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons by making a nuclear chain reaction. This turns the uranium-235 into uranium-236 and splits the nucleus into two smaller nuclei. This makes two completely different elements with smaller atomic numbers. This process is called nuclear fission and creates lots of heat. This heat makes it very useful for making steam in nuclear reactors, or for making explosions with nuclear weapons. But most such weapons use Plutonium made from uranium-238. Uranium is a bit radioactive. Uranium which has had its uranium-235 taken out of it is called depleted uranium. It is less radioactive than natural uranium. It is used in anti-tank weapons. Uranium can also be used as a dye for stained glass or pottery, which is how it was used before people found out that it was radioactive. Uranium is a dangerous substance. Because Uranium is radioactive it is often seen with the hazard sign for radioactive elements, a group of three triangles with curved outer edges pointing in towards the middle (as you can see on the left). Some people believe that Uranium is light green, and glows, due to the way it is depicted in many movies. However, this is not true. Uranium is a shiny white metal, but is usually seen in its oxide form which is black. Spent or partially spent uranium fuel rods kept underwater, for example inside a nuclear reactor or in a spent fuel pool, can glow blue due to Cherenkov radiation. In addition to being radioactive, uranium is a heavy metal and is chemically toxic. Characteristics. Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6. It is malleable, ductile and slightly paramagnetic. It is strongly electropositive. It is a poor electrical conductor. Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3. Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements and their compounds. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid dissolve the element very slowly. Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. As little as 15 lb (7 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb. The nuclear weapon detonated over Hiroshima, called "Little Boy", relied on uranium fission. History. Pre-discovery use. The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to the year 79 CE. It was used in the Roman Empire to make ceramic glazes yellow. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy. It was found by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. In the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic). In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. The Graduate The Graduate is a 1967 American movie based on a novel by Charles Webb, and directed by Mike Nichols. It is set in Southern California. In the movie and book, a recent college graduate (played by Dustin Hoffman) is seduced by Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft), the wife of his father's business partner. He later falls in love with their daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross). The movie was Hoffman's first major role (it was his second role). He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance. The soundtrack album contained music by folk duo Simon and Garfunkel, and replaced The Beatles's "White Album" for the number one position (most sales) on the music charts. Scenes from "The Graduate" have been well-remembered by many people, since it appeared. In one of them, one-word advice for corporate success ("Plastics") is given by a family friend of Benjamin's. (Reportedly, sales of stock in plastics companies jumped in the months after the movie appeared.) Another scene, where Ben tries to stop Elaine from marrying another man, has been imitated and parodied in television programs, including the cartoon series "Daria". In 1998, a play based on the movie premiered in London and on Broadway; its stars included Kathleen Turner, Alicia Silverstone and Morgan Fairchild. Cast. Uncredited: Awards and honors. Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, and Katharine Ross earned Oscar nominations for their performances. Along with the acting nominations, the movie received nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Picture. Mike Nichols won the Academy Award for Best Director. The movie won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Editing (to Sam O'Steen) and the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. In 1996, "The Graduate" was picked to keep in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. American Film Institute recognition The movie is listed in the 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die book. Alfa Romeo made a "Graduate" edition Alfa Romeo Spider, the car Benjamin drives in the movie. Aquitaine Aquitaine (Occitan: "Aquitània"; ; ) is a part of southwestern France. It was once an administrative region but is now part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. With over 41,000 square kilometers, it is one of the largest regions of mainland France (the largest of all French regions is French Guiana, in South America). Its capital was Bordeaux, the largest city. The French name of the people living in the region is "Aquitain". The five departments in the region were Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Geography. The Aquitaine region was the third largest region of Metropolitan France, after Midi-Pyrénées and Rhône-Alpes. Its area was . It bordered with three French regions: Poitou-Charentes to the north, Limousin to the northeast and Midi-Pyrénées to the east. To the south is Spain (Aragon and Navarre) and to the west the Atlantic Ocean. The coast along the Atlantic Ocean, part of the Bay of Biscay, is called the Côte d'Argent ("Silver Coast"). The Greenwich Meridian passes through Aquitaine. Most of Aquitaine is in the Aquitanian basin, a relatively flat and geologically young landscape. High mountains are found only in the south of Aquitaine, in the Pyrenees mountain range. The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest point of Aquitaine; it is on the border with Spain. The main rivers of the region are the Garonne, that flows through the Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne departments; the Dordogne, that flows through the Dordogne and Gironde departments; the Lot, that flows through the Lot-et-Garonne department; the Dropt, that flows through the Dordogne, Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne departments; and the Adour, that flows through the Landes department. The climate is mild - except in the high mountains - all year round. On the Atlantic coast, the annual average temperature is above 15 °C, in Bordeaux is about 14 °C and on the border of Limousin is still 11 °C. Rainfall is relatively high and is higher in the south of the region. History. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was at times a kingdom and a duchy. Various wars made it larger and smaller. Aquitane came into the control of England when Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England in 1152. It remained in English control until 1453 at the end of the Hundred Years' War. Departments. The Aquitaine region is formed by five departments: Demographics. The Aquitaine region had a population, in 2012, of 3,285,970, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The 10 most important cities in the department are: Frances Winfield Frances Winfield is the wife of an American politician, L. Paul Bremer III. They have two children. Life. She is an author. She was born in Connecticut. She met her husband at a music concert. They fell in love in college. They got married in 1966. Both she and her husband are strong Roman Catholics. They are ministers in their home state of Maryland. Nightmare A nightmare is a very powerful dream that the sleeper finds disturbing or frightening. Nightmares usually have either physiological causes, like a high fever, or psychological ones, like trauma or stress in the sleeper's life. Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help. Nightmares usually happen during REM sleep. In earlier times. In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares were really the work of demons. They thought people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved. In the 19th century, people thought their diet was responsible. When Ebenezer Scrooge sees a ghost in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, he thinks "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." is responsible. Similarly, the "Household Cyclopedia" (1881) offers this advice about nightmares: Melilla Melilla is a city in North Africa, which is separated from Spain by the Mediterranean Sea. It is an exclave that belongs to Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Ceuta is another such city. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Málaga. Its surface is about 20 square kilometers, and there are almost 70,000 people living there. Ceuta Ceuta is a Spanish city in North Africa, at the Strait of Gibraltar which divides it from mainland Spain. It is an exclave of Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Melilla is another such city. The city area is about 20 square kilometers, and there are over 82,000 people living in the city. The city is surrounded by a border fence, which has been built to keep the Moroccans (and other Africans) from moving there unlawfully. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Cádiz. It was built by the Phoenicians at a strategic position. Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a country in West Africa. It used to be called Upper Volta and the name was changed to Burkina Faso in 1984. The country was once ruled by France, but it has been independent since 1960. The capital is Ouagadougou. In 2005, about 13,228,000 people lived in the country. It is next to Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. It does not have any coast with an ocean or sea. People from Burkina Faso are called Burkinabé (pronounced burr-KEE-na-bay). History. People have lived in the area of Burkina Faso for thousands of years. At first, they were hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and collecting fruits and vegetables. Later they became farmers. People called the Mossi arrived between the 11th and 13th centuries. They ruled the area until the end of the 19th century. In 1896 France beat the Mossi kingdom and became the colonial rulers of Burkina Faso. After World War I, the country was called Upper Volta. In 1960, Upper Volta became independent from France. The first president of the new country was Maurice Yaméogo. After he became the president, Yaméogo banned other political parties. For several years the people of Upper Volta were very unhappy with the government and in 1966 the military took over in a military coup. In 1983 the government was taken over again by military men called Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré. Sankara became president. In 1984, he changed the name of the country to Burkina Faso. It means "land of honest people". In December 1985, Burkina Faso went to war for five days with near-by country Mali. In 1987, there was another military coup and Sankara was assassinated (murdered). Blaise Compaoré became the president. On 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou. Compaoré was ready to change the constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30 October 2014, some protesters set fire to the parliament. They also took over the national television headquarters. On 31 October 2014, President Compaoré, resigned after 27 years in office. In 2015 the country held their first election. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, a former Prime Minister, was elected as president. In 2022, Kaboré was removed from power during a military coup d'état led by Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. Regions, provinces, and departments. Burkina Faso is divided into thirteen regions, forty-five provinces, and 301 departments. The regions are: Cities. Below is a list of the largest cities in Burkina Faso. For other cities see List of cities in Burkina Faso. Geography and climate. Burkina Faso is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain. It has a gently undulating landscape with a few isolated hills. The southwest of the country forms a sandstone massif. The highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of . The area is bordered by sheer cliffs up to high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is . The difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than . Burkina Faso is a mostly flat country. Burkina Faso has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between of rainfall. In the dry season, the harmattan – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts about four months, from May/June to September. It is shorter in the north of the country. Burkina Faso's natural resources include manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt and small deposits of gold. Burkina Faso's fauna and flora are protected in two national parks and several reserves. Culture. Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important. Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published. There is also a large artist community, especially in Ouagadougou. Much of the crafts produced are for the growing tourist industry. The food of Burkina Faso, typical of west African cuisine, is based around staple foods of sorghum, millet, rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. The most common sources of protein are chicken, eggs and fresh water fish. Battle of Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo was a battle that was fought between the French army and the British and Prussian armies. Napoleon was crowned as Emperor of France in 1804, and then launched the successful Napoleonic Wars. France soon had an empire that stretched from Spain to the Russian border. Defeated at the Battle of Leipzig and elsewhere, he accepted exile on the island of Elba in 1814. In February 1815 he again took control of the French Army. He attacked his enemies in Belgium and was defeated at Waterloo. It was the last battle of the Napoleonic Wars. History. Napoleon seemed unstoppable until two separate campaigns failed. He gathered a huge army to invade and conquer Russia in 1812. His army was caught by the Russian winter and destroyed by the weather and lack of food. The countries of Eastern Europe, led by Austria and Prussia, began to ally against him, forcing his troops back towards France. Meanwhile, a small army in Portugal and Spain, led by Arthur Wellesley (later to become Duke of Wellington) began to push Napoleon’s troops out of Spain. By 1814, Napoleon faced total defeat, with invasions from all sides. A peace treaty was arranged. Napoleon would abdicate (give up the throne) and live on a small Mediterranean island called Elba, with a small army. He was replaced as ruler of France by Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI. The 100 Days. On the island of Elba, Napoleon was not content. He had been promised money by the new French government, but the money did not come. His wife (an Austrian princess) and his sons were forbidden to visit him. Messages from France showed that his enemies were quarreling. He seized his opportunity, going by ship in February 1815 and landing in France again. His welcome was very mixed. Many French were tired of war and the death and suffering that it made. However, others wanted a return to the power and glory of the old days and saw Napoleon as their best hope. His first days were tense but, by personal leadership and persuasion, Napoleon managed to gain the support of the army. When the king panicked and fled the country, there was little to stop Napoleon returning to Paris and resuming his title of Emperor. The Waterloo Campaign. What Napoleon needed now was a period of time to organize himself and the French army. The allies were caught completely by surprise and their only chance to stop him lay with two small armies in Belgium: a British and Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian (German) army commanded by Marshall Blücher. Napoleon decided on a further gamble. He gathered an army and prepared a surprise attack on Wellington and Blucher, hoping to catch them unprepared. His plan was successful at first and he crossed the Belgian border before Wellington and Blucher could join forces. Ligny and Quatre Bras. His first battle was at Ligny and, after a fierce day’s fighting, he defeated the Prussian army, forcing it to retreat. Thinking that Blucher would retreat back to Prussia, Napoleon turned his attention towards Wellington. There had already been a small battle at Quatre Bras, as Wellington tried to delay the French advance. This had given Wellington enough time to prepare a full defensive position across the road leading to Brussels, near the village of Waterloo. The French army advanced towards them and set up their camp on a ridge facing the combined British and Dutch (Anglo-Dutch) army. Heavy rain caused delays and confusion and both armies settled down for the night in the mud to await the dawn and the forthcoming battle. Napoleon’s army faced the Duke of Wellington’s Anglo-Dutch army near Waterloo on 18th June 1815. Wellington’s troops were deployed behind a low ridge, partially protecting them from the French massed artillery. Phase 1 – The Attack on Hougoumont. At around 11.00 Napoleon ordered his guns to open fire. French infantry began an attack against the Château of Hougoumont, defended by the British Foot Guards. This was intended to draw Wellington’s reserves away from the centre, where Napoleon’s main attack would fall. According to records Hougomont was considered to be a vital key to winning the Battle Of Waterloo. Phase 2 – The French Infantry Attacks. At 13:30 Napoleon launched an infantry attack against Wellington’s centre. Men of the King’s German Legion resolutely defended the farm of La Haye Sainte. This disrupted the French attack. British artillery and musketry succeeded in checking the French assault and the British Household and Union heavy cavalry brigades charged after the wavering Frenchmen. Elated by their success, the British cavalry pursued their enemy too far and in turn suffered terrible casualties at the hands of the French lancers and light cavalry. Phase 3 – The French Cavalry Attacks. At 15.00 the Anglo-Dutch army appeared to be retreating after the heavy bombardment they had received all day, so Napoleon's general Marshal Ney led a massed French cavalry attack against Wellington’s centre. However, the British infantry had only been moving back to regroup and tend the wounded, and they were able to form squares to defend themselves from cavalry attack. The French took terrible casualties as they circled these impregnable formations of infantrymen. The situation further deteriorated for Napoleon as Blucher's Prussian troops launched an attack at Plancenoit to his rear at 16.30. Phase 4 – The Prussians begin to increase pressure. By early evening the French attack at Hougoumont, intended as a diversion, was now having the opposite effect. The French committed more and more troops to the bitter fighting around the château, which was held by only a small force of British Guardsmen. More French reserves were being sent to meet the Prussian threat to the rear of Napoleon’s army at Plancenoit. However, the French had at last succeeded in capturing the farm of La Haye Sainte, only a short distance from Wellington’s centre. Phase 5 – The Attack by the Imperial Guard. At approximately 19.30 Napoleon committed his last reserves in a final effort to obtain victory. As Prussians arrived to bolster Wellington’s flank, veterans of the French Imperial Guard advanced to 'finish the job'. The British infantry, exhausted from the continuous cannonade they had received all day, rose to meet them. The musketry of the British Guards Brigade defeated Napoleon’s finest troops. They fled, and the whole French army joined them in retreat. Wellington ordered his entire line to advance and the French were driven from the field. São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe is an island nation in Central Africa, it is located off the Gulf of Guinea. The main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe are about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km, respectively, off of the northwestern coast of Gabon. The country have a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate),São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles as well as the smallest and least populous Portuguese-speaking country in the world. The English translation of the countries name is Saint Thomas and Prince. The islands were a Portuguese colony, but have been independent since July 1975. Portuguese is the official language. History. The Portuguese arrived in São Tomé Island on December 21, 1471, and Príncipe Island on January 17, 1492. As these were days dedicated to saints, both islands had saints’ names. S. Antão Island, the former name of Príncipe Island, changed in 1500 to honor the Prince of Portugal. The official historical version says that the country was uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sailors. The first successful Portuguese settlement in the archipelago was in 1493. The volcanic soil of the islands proved to be good for sugar crops. Hard work was needed to grow and harvest the sugar crops. Slaves were brought from Portugal to do the work. Because other countries began producing more sugar, the islands were not able to make money from it. Instead it became a stopping place for the slave trade. In the 19th century, crops of coffee and cocoa were grown. These became successful. By 1908 the country was the largest producer of cocoa. It is the most important crop for the country. On February 3, 1953, the Batepá massacre occurred. In the massacre hundreds of local people were killed by Portuguese settlers. The Portuguese wanted workers for the crops. The locals said they were being used as slaves. The governor told the military to take any locals who did not want to work. In the late 1950s a group wanted independence. They were called the MLSTP (Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe). In 1974 they succeeded in removing Marcelo Caetano as their leader. On 12 July 1975 São Tomé and Príncipe became an independent country. The first president was Manuel Pinto da Costa. He was the MLSTP`s General Secretary. Until 1990 the MLSTP was the only political party. They changed the constitution to allow other political parties. The new Party of Democratic Convergence (PCD) won the most seats in the National Assembly. Miguel Trovoada was elected president. Politics. The president is elected for a five-year term and can be re-elected. The prime minister is elected for a four-year term. The thirteen members of the cabinet (the group of ministers) are chosen by them. All adult citizens can vote in the elections. They vote by secret ballot. Provinces. São Tomé and Príncipe is divided into 2 provinces: Príncipe and São Tomé. The provinces are further divided into seven districts, six on São Tomé and one on Príncipe (with Príncipe having self-government since April 29, 1995). Geography and Climate. São Tomé and Príncipe is formed by two volcanic islands - the biggest of which is S. Tomé - and several islets. It is in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Africa. Both islands belong to the Cameroon volcanic mountain line. The archipelago is 1,001km2 in size. The equator line passes through the Rolas’s Islet which is in the south of S. Tomé Island. The tallest peak is the Peak of S. Tomé at 2,024m tall. The climate is tropical, hot and humid, with an annual average temperature of 27 C. There are two main seasons. Gravana is the driest season. It has little or no rainfall and the temperatures are lower. Gravana lasts from June to August. The rainy season is from October to May. Economy. Since the archipelago´s discovery, its economy has been based on agriculture and fishing. Cocoa is 95% of the country’s exports. Other exports are copper, palm oil and coffee. Another economic activity is tourism. After independence, the country’s economy was nationalized, it was then privatised in the early 1990s. Now the government budget is mainly based on foreign assistance from donors such as the UN Development Programme, the World Bank, and country donors. The main importers of the archipelago's production are Portugal with 51%, France with 14%, Angola with 11%, and Japan with 10%. In 2001, petroleum was found in the waters claimed by the archipelago and Nigeria. Demographics. According to the 2010 census, about 163,000 people lived in São Tomé and Príncipe. 52,000 lived in the capital and less than seven thousand lived on Príncipe Island. São Tomé is the country’s capital and main city. The people of S. Tomé and Príncipe are divided into the following ethnic groups: mixed-blood, descendents of Portuguese settlers and African slaves; Forros, the biggest ethnic group and descendents of freed slaves; Angolares, descendents of Angolan slaves; Tonga, mixed blood of Forros and hired workers from Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde; and Cape Verdean descendents. The country’s official language is Portuguese. Other languages spoken are Forro, a creole spoken by 80% of S. Tomé Island`s people; Angolar, spoken mainly on the southeast of S. Tomé Island; Lung`ié, spoken in Príncipe Island; and Creole from Cape Verde. Almost everyone is Christian: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant and Seventh-Day Adventist. Culture. The country’s culture is the product of Portuguese and African cultural influence. Typical dances on the islands are Ússua, Socopé, Dêxa, and Puita. Tchiloli, Danço Congo and Auto dos Floripes are public theatrical performances, examples of the Portuguese cultural legacy. Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo was a famous poet from São Tomé. Education. Children are required to attend school for four years. The National Lyceum (São Tomé and Príncipe) and the University of São Tomé and Príncipe are the two colleges. Equatorial Guinea The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a nation in west central Africa, and one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west. The country's territory is both on the continent and on islands. The continental part is known as Río Muni. On one island, Bioko, is the capital, Malabo. Equatorial Guinea and the peoples living there were colonized by Spain. Spanish is an official language because of this. Provinces. Equatorial Guinea is divided into seven provinces (capitals appear in parentheses): The provinces are further divided into districts. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. Mbasongo did the military academy in Zaragoza, Spain. He came to power in a military coup, deposing the former leader Francisco Macías Nguema. Ngema had ruled the country for the previous decade. He was known to be very cruel. Ngema was sentenced to death and executed by a firing squad. Mbasonga promised to start over and to do a better job at governing the country. In 1982, a new constitution was made. MBasogo was given the newly created post of president. He was re-elected in 1989, 1996 and 2002. In 1989 he was the only candidate, in the 1996 and 2002, international observers said the election results were false. Obiang's regime kept clear authoritarian characteristics even after other parties were legalized in 1991. Most domestic and international observers consider his regime to be one of the most corrupt, ethnocentric, oppressive and undemocratic states in the world. Equatorial Guinea is now essentially a single-party state, dominated by Obiang's Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE). In 2008 American journalist Peter Maass called Obiang Africa's worst dictator, worse than Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. The constitution grants Obiang wide powers, including the power to rule by decree. Nonetheless, Obiang has far less power than Macías. For the most part his rule has been considerably milder. Notably, there have been none of the atrocities that characterized the Macías era. All but one member of the 100-seat national parliament belong to the PDGE or are aligned with it. The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press to express their views. Around 90% of all opposition politicians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists have been jailed unfairly, and several killed since 1979. In July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang to be a god who is "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell." He personally made similar comments in 1993. Despite these comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the Vatican by John Paul II and again by Benedict XVI. Macías had also proclaimed himself a god. In November 2021, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was appointed at his party's congress as a candidate for a sixth term in the 2023 election. Lord Voldemort Lord Voldemort (born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the Harry Potter series of children's books. The books were written by J.K. Rowling. Voldemort first appears in the 1997 fantasy novel "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". In the "Harry Potter" movies, Voldemort is played by actors Richard Bremmer, Christian Coulson, Ralph Fiennes, Hero-Fiennes Tiffin, and Frank Dillane. Name. "Voldemort" means "flight of death" in French. J.K. Rowling apologized for this in 2009, saying that she did not mean that French people were bad: "I can assure you that no anti-French feeling was at the origin of this choice. As a Francophile, I have always been proud of my French blood. But I needed a name that evokes both power and exoticism." She also said that Voldemort himself was "100 percent English". Fictional biography. In the world of "Harry Potter" some people are wizards and can do magic. "Wizarding society" hides from non-magical people, whom they call "muggles". Wizards have separate governments and separate schools where they teach their children magic in addition to normal things like history. Voldemort's mother named him Tom Marvolo Riddle. His mother, Merope Gaunt, is a descendant of the famous ancient wizard Salazar Slytherin, but by the time she is a young woman, the family is poor. Merope tricks a handsome and rich young non-wizard named Tom Riddle into falling in love with her via Amortentia, or the Love Potion. They run away and got married. After the love potion wears off, Tom Riddle leaves Merope, disgusted when he found out that his wife was a witch. She gives birth to a son and names him Tom Marvolo Riddle. She dies right after that. Tom Marvolo Riddle grows up in an orphanage in England. He does not know about wizards or magic but does know he can do things other children cannot. He like to scare the other orphans, kill their pets and steal their things from them. When he is 11 years old, a teacher at the wizard school Hogwarts named Albus Dumbledore comes to his orphanage and tells him he is a young wizard and can go to the school. Tom Marvolo Riddle goes to Hogwarts, where he is sorted into Slytherin. At there, he learns magic, and becomes a handsome young man. He also collects rare objects, sometimes by stealing them. Other people make Tom Marvolo Riddle their leader and he starts calling himself Lord Voldemort. Over the years, Voldemort makes magical objects called Horcruxes and puts part of his soul in each one. This keeps him from dying all the way and makes it possible for his friends to bring him back to life. Voldemort believes wizards should rule the world and conquer non-magical people instead of hiding from them. He also thinks that "pure-blood wizards", wizards who do not have any non-magical parents or ancestors, are superior to other people. Ironically, he is a "half-blood" wizard himself. He starts a war to make himself the leader of the wizarding world. Voldemort and his followers kill many wizards and non-magic people. Voldemort hears part of a prophecy saying that a specific boy might grow up and defeat him one day. He decides this boy must be Harry Potter, then still a baby. He finds Harry's family, kills his parents, and tries to kill Harry, but the spell backfires due to Lily's loving sacrifice. Because of his horcruxes, Voldemort does not really die. He is "less than the meanest ghost" but he is still in the world. His spirit runs away and hides. Even with Voldemort gone, most wizards are still so afraid of him that they do not want to say his name. They call Voldemort "You-Know-Who" or "He Who Must Not Be Named". In the first book, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", Voldemort sneaks back into Hogwarts School by partially possessing the body of his secret follower, Professor Quirrell. He and Quirrell try to steal the philosopher's stone to bring Voldemort back to life. Harry and his friends stop them. In the second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", one of Voldemort's horcruxes, his childhood diary possesses the body of a girl named Ginny Weasley and lets a monster called a basilisk into the school. The basilisk petrified several Muggle-born students, turning them to stone. Harry and his friends stop it, though Harry's friend, Hermione is also petrified in the process. She did left a clue behind, and Harry destroyed the diary, restoring Ginny's vitality. Voldemort does not appear in the third book, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" in any form. In the fourth book, "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", Voldemort's followers trick Harry into coming to them so they can use him to cast a spell that brings Voldemort back to life. In the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", Voldemort and his followers start trying to take over the wizarding world again, but they are hiding while they do it. Harry Potter and his friends prove to the rest of the wizarding world that Voldemort really is alive again. In the sixth book, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" Voldemort and his followers fight and take over much of the wizarding government in Britain. In the seventh book, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Harry Potter and his friends find all of Voldemort's horcruxes and defeat him. Voldemort is defeated, once and for all by Harry Potter, his mortal enemy. Interpretation. Experts generally say Voldemort is a metaphor for fascism and fear of outsiders. He has also been compared to Rick Perry, Dick Cheney. Many people, including author J.K. Rowling, compared Donald Trump to Lord Voldemort after his 2015 proposal to forbid Muslims from entering the United States. Hogwarts Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional boarding school in J. K. Rowling's best-selling "Harry Potter" series. It is a school of magic for witches and wizards between the ages of eleven and seventeen living in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Scotland. Hogwarts houses. Gryffindor. Gryffindor house was started by Godric Grand Gryffindor, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values courage. Its symbol (animal) is the lion and its colours are scarlet (red-purple) and yellow / goldish yellow. Nearly Headless Nick is the house ghost. The Gryffindors always compete with the Slytherins. The Gryffindor Common Room (the place where the Gryffindor students spend their time and do their homework) is in one of the castle's towers, at the seventh floor. At the door, there is the Fat Lady, or the Lady who is fat. She lets the students in only after they give her the password (which changes from the beginning of the school year to the end of the school year). The Fat Lady wears a blue dress. In the room there is a place with fire, many chairs and tables, and two pair of stairs which take the girls and boys to their sleeping rooms. The head of Gryffindor house is Minerva McGonagall. List of well known Gryffindors Hufflepuff. Hufflepuff house was started by Helga Hufflepuff, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values hard work, patience, friendship and fair play. Its symbol (animal) is the badger and its colours are black and yellow. The Fat Friar is the house ghost. The Hufflepuff Common Room door is near the kitchens, in the dungeons. It is a quite cozy and welcoming place, not at all like a dungeon. In the room there are yellow hangings and fat armchairs, with little underground tunnels that take the students to their sleeping rooms. The tunnels have round doors like barrel-tops. The head of Hufflepuff house is Pomona Sprout. List of well known Hufflepuffs Ravenclaw. Ravenclaw house was started by Rowena Ravenclaw, from whom it gets its name. The house especially values intelligence. Its symbol (animal) is the eagle and its colours are blue and bronze, the house's saying is "Wit beyond measure is man's greatest treasure". The Grey Lady is the house ghost and when she was alive she was Helena Ravenclaw, daughter of Rowena Ravenclaw. The Ravenclaw Common Room is in Ravenclaw Tower, on the west side of the Castle. At the door the students must answer a riddle that the eagle-shaped door knocker asks them. The head of Ravenclaw house is Filius Flitwick. List of well known Ravenclaws Slytherin. Slytherin house was started by Salazar Slytherin, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values ambition and determination. Its symbol (animal) is the snake and its colours are green and silver. The Bloody Baron is the house ghost. The Slytherin Common Room is in the dungeons of Hogwarts and is placed under The Black Lake, in the school grounds. The house has a negative reputation, with a lot of people saying that it is the house from where almost all dark wizards in Britain, notably Tom Riddle (Voldemort), came from. The house is usually in competition with the Gryffindor house, as they "don't like each other on principle". The head of Slytherin house is Severus Snape and in the 7th book Horace Slughorn. List of well known Slytherins Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). Origin. They were formed in 1917 as one of the six original NHL teams. They were called the Toronto Arenas, but changed their name to St. Patricks, then to Maple Leafs, in the 1920s. The maple leaf is a symbol of Canada. The hockey team was actually named for an older team, a minor league baseball team called the Toronto Maple Leafs. History. The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times, more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens. However, they have not won since 1967. Early years. They won in their first year, 1918, and then again in 1922 and 1932. In their early years, they had many NHL scoring champions: "Babe" Dye in 1923 and 1925, "Ace" Bailey in 1929, Harvey "Busher" Jackson in 1932, Charlie Conacher in 1934 and 1935, and Gordie Drillon in 1938. However, no Toronto player has been scoring champion since then. Victories. They were a strong team in the 1940s. They won the Stanley Cup in 1942 against the Detroit Red Wings, four games to three, even though they were losing three games to none at one point. This was the first of six championships in ten years; they also won in 1945, then three years in a row: 1947, 1948, and 1949, and again in 1951. Some of their best players in that time included goaltender Turk Broda, forward Syl Apps, and defence "Babe" Pratt, who won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in 1944. Ted "Teeder" Kennedy won the Hart Trophy in 1955; but no other Maple Leaf has won that award. The team won four Stanley Cups in the 1960s: three in a row - 1962, 1963, and 1964 - and again in 1967. Frank Mahovlich, a left winger, was the star player. They were also led by defenceman Tim Horton (who began the Tim Horton's doughnut shops), center Dave Keon, goaltender Johnny Bower, and winger George Armstrong. Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the top player in the playoffs in 1967. Later years. In the late 1970s, the Maple Leafs were a good team, with players such as centre Darryl Sittler (who scored a record 10 points in one game) and Swedish defence Borje Salming (one of the first Europeans to play in the NHL). However, there were 18 NHL teams by then, so it was hard to come first. Wendel Clark was a strong player in the 1980s; he became the team's all-time top scorer. Mats Sundin was another Swedish star in the 1990s and 2000s. They also had some good goaltenders around this time: Curtis Joseph, then Ed Belfour. References. Notes Detroit Red Wings The Detroit Red Wings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). History. Early history. The Red Wings were formed in 1926. The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit. As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings. Later history. In the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team. Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950. Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963. Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103). Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence. As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years: 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955. Two of these were very close: they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens). These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven. The Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960. They lost the NHL Finals five times between 1956 and 1966. Norm Ullman was their star center in the 1960s. Comeback. They were not a strong team again until the late 1980s. Steve Yzerman became a star at this time. Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994. The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002. They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002. Nicklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001. The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players. Winnings. The Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams. They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943. Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940. Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time. Wayne Gretzky Wayne Gretzky (born January 26, 1961 in Brantford, Ontario) known as "The Great One", is a Canadian retired ice hockey player. Gretzky played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 20 seasons. He was coach and part-owner of the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes until he stepped down on September 24, 2009. He also managed Canada's Olympic hockey teams in 2002 and 2006, as well as Canada's 2004 World Cup of Hockey team. Biography. The Gretsky family comes from Belarus, or more precisely from the Brest region (the village of Ogdemer), from where his paternal grandfather Terenty Lavrentiyovych Gretsky emigrated. Grandmother Veyna Maria was Ukrainian and comes from Pidhaitsi (now Ternopil region); he and his grandfather spoke Ukrainian to each other. His parents were Walter and Phyllis Gretsky; his father considered Ukrainian his native language. The family had four other children: Kim, Kate, Brent and Glenn. Gretsky did not emphasize his Ukrainian roots, but at a large fundraising dinner in Toronto in support of the Canadian medical mission to help victims on the Maidan and the ATO on September 11, 2014, Wayne and his wife Janet were introduced to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper as guests of honor. Career. Wayne signed his first contract at the age of 16 with the Indianapolis Racers. He then played for the National Hockey League (NHL): "Edmonton Oilers" (Ukrainian-Canadian Dave Semenko was his bodyguard from rival teams), "Los Angeles Kings", "New York Rangers". Gretzky was a star junior player with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League. When he was a boy he went from a bad first season, to great improvement. But this success also brought criticism because his father pushed Gretzky's success over other young players'. In 1978, when he was 17, he began playing as a professional with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), but was sold to the Edmonton Oilers after only a few games. He was third in WHA scoring and rookie of the year. The WHA folded in 1979, and the Oilers team joined the NHL. At the age of 19, Gretzky won his first Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP). He won this trophy nine times. In 1981, he won his first of ten Art Ross Trophies as NHL scoring champion. He set many records in the 1980s, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season. In the 1981-82 season, he scored 50 goals in 39 games, when the record had been 50 games. He was named as Sports Illustrated athlete of the year in 1982. He was also called "the greatest player of all time" in "Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the NHL". Gretzky won four Stanley Cup championships with the Edmonton Oilers: 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988. He won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1985 and 1988. Then, in 1988, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings. He helped them to the finals in 1993. In 1996, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues, and signed with the New York Rangers at the beginning of the 1996-97 season. He retired, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, in 1999. When he retired, he had 2857 career points, over 1000 more than the next highest player. To this day, no one else has reached 2000. He still holds the record for most career goals (894) and assists (1963) (he has more assists than anyone else has points). He holds many other records, such as most 100-point seasons (15), most points in the playoffs (47 in one year and 382 career), and most games in a row with at least one point (51). He was named to the first or second all-star team 15 times and was MVP of the NHL all-star game three times. He had 61 official NHL records when he retired. In 21 years of playing on the ice (1487 games), Wayne Gretsky broke virtually all NHL records. He has 894 goals and 2857 points. He has won the NHL's most prestigious awards nine times (including "Most Valuable Player" and "Best Scorer"). In the Stanley Cup he played 208 matches, scored 122 goals. Four-time (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988) winner and three-time (1983, 1986, 1993) Stanley Cup finalist. 7 seasons in a row he was named the most productive player in the NHL (1980-1987). Awarded the Order of Canada (1984), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (1999). Participant in the 18th Winter Olympics (Nagano, 1998), executive director of the Canadian national team at the 19th (Salt Lake City, 2002) and 20th (Turin, 2006) Olympic Games. Since 2005 - head coach, later co-owner of the team "Coyotes" (Phoenix, Arizona, USA). He set 61 NHL records and was nicknamed the Great for his achievements. For his outstanding contribution to the development of world hockey in 1994, Wayne Gretsky was awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy. The athlete is also recognized as the best NHL hockey player of all time, immortalized in the "Hockey Hall of Fame". Number 99, under which he played, is assigned to him in all NHL teams. Gretzky's number, #99, was retired by the entire league. He was named Canada's male athlete of the 20th century. He has also been honoured with Canada's highest honour for a civilian: the Order of Canada. Family. Gretzky married American actress Janet Jones in 1988. They have five children: Paulina, Ty, Trevor, Tristan, and Emma. Hart Memorial Trophy The Hart Trophy is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year. It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart. It was first awarded in 1924. Wayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four. Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each. The closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes. In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque. Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: "Frangford am Maa", "Frank ford on the Main"), is one of the biggest cities in Germany. The city of Frankfurt has a population of 700,000. The metropolitan area, called Rhine-Main after its two biggest rivers, has over four million people. Frankfurt is an important centre for traffic and for the financial business. The Frankfurt International Airport is the largest in Germany, and one of the largest in the world. Frankfurt's train station is one of the largest, and its highway crossing is the centre of Germany's street network. Frankfurt is the seat of the European Central Bank, the German Federal Bank (Bundesbank) and of the biggest German banks, and it has an important stock exchange where shares of German companies are traded. Frankfurt is on the Main river. The city's name means "ford of the Franks" - a ford is a place in a river where it is so shallow that you can walk through it, and the Franks were a Germanic people which existed in the first millennium. So, this was a place where travellers could cross the river without a boat. The frankish kings built a palace and a church here. Over the centuries, this group of buildings grew to be a big city which was famous for international trade and fairs, like today. Frankfurt was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, and its emperors were crowned here. In the 19th century, Frankfurt was the capital of the German Confederation which was founded after the Holy Roman Empire fell apart. During the revolution of 1848, the first freely elected German parliament worked in Frankfurt. During the Industrial Revolution, many factories and railway lines were built in Frankfurt and its suburbs. In the city centre, a lot of big buildings were built, like an opera house, theatres, stock exchange, railway stations, department stores or museums. Tram lines were constructed to make travelling inside the growing city easier. In World War II, the old city was totally destroyed by airplane bomber attacks. After the war, Germany was divided into two parts, and Frankfurt became the economic capital of West Germany while Bonn was chosen to be the political capital. Frankfurt is a very international city. Every third inhabitant is not German. Most immigrants come from southeastern Europe, Turkey and North Africa, but there are people from almost every country living in Frankfurt. There are also many international business companies here, and the big airport links Frankfurt with many countries in the world. Many banks are based in Frankfurt, which is why so many are offered there. Frankfurt has some of the tallest buildings in Europe, which is why the city is although called "Mainhattan". The largest shopping street in Frankfurt is called the Zeil. "Frankfurter" is also a name for a hot dog, or sausage, because they are said to have originated in the city. Frankfurt has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification). Wikimania. The first Wikimania conference was hosted in this city in 2005. Hugh Capet of France Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (941–996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years. Early career. Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I. His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois. By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy. While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held. Elected king of the Franks. When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks. Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Family. He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had: Disney Channel Disney Channel is a cable television network that is owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel shows programs that are made for family audiences, mostly pre-teens and teenagers. The channel began on the morning of April 18, 1983. Its programs ran for 18 hours a day until December 1986. In 1983-1997, the channel was called The Disney Channel. Programming blocks. Disney Junior. Disney Channel programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on weekdays from 6 a.m.-2 p.m. ET/PT (6-10 a.m. during the summer months) and weekends from 6-9 a.m. ET, called Disney Junior. , the only programming featuring classic Disney characters is "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse" on the Disney Junior block. Other programming in this block includes "Mickey and the Roadster Racers, , Sofia The First," and "Elena of Avalor." On May 26, 2010, it was announced that the Playhouse Disney block will be re-branded under the name Disney Junior starting on February 14, 2011 which later became its own digital cable and satellite channel on March 23, 2012, replacing SOAPnet. The Disney Junior channel is a direct competitor to Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. network and PBS and Comcast's PBS Kids Sprout. List of dog breeds People have carefully bred dogs for thousands of years. Sometimes they inbreed dogs who have the same close ancestors, and sometimes they mix dogs from very different ancestors or even from different breeds. This continues today, resulting in hundreds of dog breeds, some that are similar to each other, and others that are very different. This list includes common breeds, rare breeds, and breeds that are still being developed into new breeds. See each article for more information.ten Breed categories. Dog breeds are often grouped in different ways, such as: Dog breeds are also sometimes grouped into similar , such as Mastiff types, spitz types, pit bulls, or Lurchers. Dog breed list. Dog breeds include: Nonsporting Dogs Other websites. See the lists of dog breeds that these important breed registries allow: Milli Vanilli Milli Vanilli was a German musical group, formed in Munich. They consisted of Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998). They were popular in the late-1980s. In 1990, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990. 1706 The year 1706 was a common year which started on a Friday. Geology Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust. People who study geology are called geologists. Some geologists study minerals (mineralogist) and the useful substances the rocks contain such as ores and fossil fuels. Geologists also study the history of the Earth. Some of the important events in the Earth's history are floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, orogeny (mountain building), and plate tectonics (movement of continents). Subjects. Geology is divided into special subjects that study one part of geology. Some of these subjects and what they focus on are: Types of rock. Rocks can be very different from each other. Some are very hard and some are soft. Some rocks are very common, while others are rare. However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Faults. All three kinds of rock can be changed by being heated and squeezed by forces in the earth. When this happens, faults (cracks) may appear in the rock. Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines. Earthquakes are caused when a fault breaks suddenly. Soil. Soil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of particles (or tiny pieces). The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies. Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth. Plants of all sorts grow in soil. To find out more about types of rocks, see the "rock (geology)" article. To find out more about soil, see the "soil" article. Principles of Stratigraphy. Geologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks they are studying. The following ideas were worked out in the early days of stratigraphy by people like Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton and William Smith: Pisa Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy. About 90,000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa. Cheshire Cheshire is a county in England. It is the North West part of the country. It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield which covers a large area of plains. The main attraction is in Kerridge where there is the famous landmark 'White Nancy.' Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman). Government. The Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom. The Queen chooses a Governor to represent the territory. The Governor can use his powers freely, but the Queen still has executive power. Taxation. There are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay. The government receives most income from indirect taxes. However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes. Climate. The Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate. The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April. Tourism. The Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs. This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving. Airports. There are three airports in the Cayman Islands. The main one is . It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town. 1197 1197 (MCXCVII) was . 1210 1210 (MCCX) was . E-mail Electronic mail (or e-mail or email) is an Internet service that allows people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and receive electronic letters. Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than snail mail when sending over long distances, and are usually free. Like with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail. With e-mail, this is called spam. Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out nearly completely. To send or receive an email in the traditional way, one needs a device (computer, phone etc.) connected to the Internet and an e-mail program (simply called mailer). Several formats exist for email addresses. The most common, called , looks like user@domain.com. E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by HTML style. Some companies let people send and receive emails for free from a remote website. Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo! are among the many that do this kind of "web mail". Webmail does not follow the pattern below exactly because the webpage is a web application and takes care of many details by itself. The traditional way uses a mailer, as is usual with smartphones. Microsoft invented its own "communication protocol" (or set of rules) for sending and receiving mail, called "Exchange". Exchange protocol works entirely differently from the traditional method and is not explained here. Traditional method. This diagram gives an example of what happens when email is sent from one person to another using the traditional method. In this example, Alice is sending email to Bob. 1242 1242 is a year in the 13th century The Dillinger Escape Plan The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American metalcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains. Queensrÿche Queensryche is an American progressive heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1981. Midnight Oil Midnight Oil is an New Zealand rock band. They formed in Auckland in 1976. The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes. Jon Bon Jovi John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi. Biography. In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands "Starz" and "Atlantic City Expressway". In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history. He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011. On the Waterfront On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden. The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history . Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. Faith No More Faith No More is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since. They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie. Discography. So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include: The Pretenders The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978. Schindler's List Schindler's List is a 1993 American movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on "Schindler's Ark", a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally. The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory to rescue them from destruction by the Nazis . Plot. It is about businessman Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory. His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save from the Nazi’s in Nazi Occupied Poland, where Jews were normally sent to Concentration camps operated by the SS during the Holocaust from 1941 to 1945 . Awards. "Schindler's List" featured on a number of "best of" lists, including the "TIME" magazine's Top Hundred as selected by critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel, "Time Out" magazine's 100 Greatest Films Centenary Poll conducted in 1995, and Leonard Maltin's "100 Must See Movies of the Century". The Vatican named "Schindler's List" among the most important 45 movies ever made. A Channel 4 poll named "Schindler's List" the ninth greatest movie of all time, and it ranked fourth in their 2005 war movies poll. The movie was named the best of 1993 by critics such as James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, and Gene Siskel. The movie was designated by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Spielberg won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for his work, and shared the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture with co-producers Branko Lustig and Gerald R. Molen. Steven Zaillian won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score, and won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards. The movie also won numerous other awards and nominations worldwide. Impact. Among others such as "Citizen Kane" and "Sunset Boulevard", it has been called one of the greatest movies ever. In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list. In February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers. It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA). Chlorofluorocarbon A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming. Singin' in the Rain Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies". It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made. Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21. North and South North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War. "North and South" had two sequels. They are called "Love and War" and "Heaven and Hell". The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part). Apparatus Apparatus can refer to: Internet Movie Database Internet Movie Database (or IMDb for short) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998. Chicago Blackhawks The Chicago Blackhawks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1926, named after the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I which was nicknamed the "Blackhawk Division". The division was named after Chief Black Hawk, a native American leader. The team has won the Stanley Cup Championship six times, in 1933, 1937, 1961, 2010, 2013 and in 2015. The current captain of the Blackhawks is Jonathan Toews. Early Games. The Regina Capitals were a team in the Western Canada Hockey League until 1925, when they moved and became the Portland Rosebuds. One year later, the league folded. Most of the Portland players then played for the new Chicago team in the NHL. In the 1930s, Charlie Gardiner was a star goaltender for the team. Players on the Blackhawks won four scoring titles (Art Ross Trophy) in the 1940s: Doug Bentley in 1943, his brother Ben in 1946 and 1947, and Roy Conacher in 1949. Max Bentley also won the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player in 1946. Goalie Al Rollins won the Hart Trophy in 1954. By 1960, however, the team had only made the Stanley Cup final four times, winning the Cup in 1934 and 1938, and losing in 1931 and 1944. The team was much stronger in the 1960s. Bobby Hull led the NHL in goals seven times, more than any other player. He also won three Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Stan Mikita won four Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Between them, they led the NHL in scoring seven times in nine years. Star goaltender Glenn Hall was an all-star many times; and Pierre Pilote won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times. The Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup in 1961, and also made the finals in 1962 and 1965. Goalie Tony Esposito led them to the finals in 1971 and 1973. Since that time, they have had many star players such as Doug Wilson, Steve Larmer, Jeremy Roenick, and Tony Amonte; but they have not won the Cup since 1961, the longest wait of any NHL team. They won the Presidents' Trophy as the top team in the regular season in 1991, and made the finals again in 1992, partly due to Ed Belfour (who won two Vezina Trophies as best goaltender) and Chris Chelios (who won two Norris Trophies on Chicago). As of 2006, however, they have only made the playoffs once in the last eight years. Current. The mascot of the Chicago Blackhawks is named Tommy Hawk. He was introduced in the 2001–02 NHL season. He wears the Blackhawks' four feathers on his head and also wears a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants. Tommy Hawk sometimes participates in the T-shirt toss and puck chuck with the fans. The Blackhawks have their own official fight song called, "Here Come the Hawks!" which is also an introduction for them. A song that was called "Keys to the City" was given to the Blackhawks organization as a gift by Ministry & Co Conspirators. After the Blackhawks score a goal at the United Center they play the song "Chelsea Dagger" by The Fratellis. In 1985, during the Campbell Conference playoff game, a tradition was started where the Blackhawks fans would cheer and applaud loudly during the singing of the national anthem. This is still done today. Jonathan Toews was named the team's captain prior to the 2008-09 season opener which made him the third-youngest captain at the time. The Blackhawks led the NHL in home attendance with a total of 912,155, averaging 22,247 fans per game during to the 2008-09 season. The number of attendance also included the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field which had 40,818 fans in attendance. The Blackhawks acquired forward Marián Hossa and signed him to a 12-year contract which was worth 62.8 million dollars. The deal also included Tomas Kopecky, John Madden, and Richard Petiot. Due to the salary cap, the Blackhawks were forced to give up a bunch of their players. On June 9, 2010 The Blackhawks won their first Stanley Cup in 49 years when Patrick Kane scored the game-winning overtime goal as they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in game 6 of the best-of-7 series. On June 24, 2013, the team won their fifth Stanley Cup after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. They were down 2–1 and scored two goals from Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland 1:16 and 0:58.3 (17 seconds apart) to win 3-2. On June 15, 2015, the Blackhawks won their third Stanley Cup championship in six years after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning 4 games to 2 in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. It was their first Stanley Cup win on home ice since 1938. Cape Verde Cape Verde () or Cabo Verde (, ) (, ), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country in Africa. It is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Western Africa. The islands cover a combined area of slightly over . They have a volcanic origin. Cape Verde is one of Macaronesia's group of islands. Name. The Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias (or Denis Fernadez) discovered in 1445 a peninsula along the coast of Senegal that he named Cap-Vert (Dias named it "Cabo Verde", "verde" being Portuguese for "green", a reference to the vegetation in the area). Dias did not discover the "Cape Verde Islands", but rather the actual cape. This peninsula is the westernmost point of the African continent. History. The first Europeans to arrive in Cape Verde were the Portugueses Diogo Gomes and Antonio da Noli in 1460. The islands were uninhabited, and the first settlement was founded in 1462 on the island of Santiago (the main Island) which was divided into two “capitanias”, Alcatrazes and Ribeira Grande. The first one failed and the main activity in Ribeira Grande was the exploitation of cotton farms. Ribeira Grande served also as a slave trade post and as post of slave Christianization before they were sent to the New World. The city suffered several pirate raids and for this reason in 1712, after a French attack, the authorities were forced to move the capital to Praia, where it is located until now. Cape Verde had the status of Portuguese colony until 1951 when Portugal changed its status to Overseas Province and in 1961 Portugal gave full citizenship to all Cape Verdeans. Cape Verde has been independent of Portugal since 5th July 1975. The fight for independence was led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and headed by Amilcar Cabral, the national hero of both countries, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Geography. The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately off the coast of West Africa, near Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, and is a part, together with the Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands and Canary Islands, of the Macaronesia ecological region. It lies between the latitudes 14°N and 18°N, and the longitudes 22°W and 26°W. The country is an archipelago with a total area of . It is formed by ten islands (nine inhabited) and several very small islands (islets) divided into two groups, arranged according to the prevailing wind direction: The largest islands are, to the southeast, Santiago, where lies Praia, the capital and largest city of the country, and the island of Santo Antão, in the extreme northwest. Praia is also the main population centre of the archipelago, followed by Mindelo on the island of São Vicente. Climate. The sun shines 350 days a year and temperatures range between . The breeze (a gentle to moderate wind) blows constantly from the ocean at a relatively low average humidity of 40% to 60%. The Cape Verde Islands only have two seasons: The "Tempo das Brisas" ("Time of the winds") from October to mid-July and the "Tempo das chuvas" ("Rainy season") from August to September, when there may be heavy tropical rainfall. The coolest months are January and February (average temperature of 21 °C), where temperatures can drop down to 16 °C; the warmest is the month of September (up to 36 °C) with an average temperature of 27 °C. Otherwise, the islands of Barlavento (Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolao, Boa Vista, Sal, Santa Luzia, Branco and Razo) are always somewhat cooler than those of the Sotavento (Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava), where summers can be quite hot. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Praia (Cabo Verde) is Bwh (Tropical and Subtropical Desert Climate). Wildlife. Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development. Endemic birds include Alexander's Swift ("Apus alexandri"), Bourne's Heron ("Ardea purpurea bournei"), the Raso Lark ("Alauda razae"), the Cape Verde Warbler ("Acrocephalus brevipennis"), and the Iago Sparrow ("Passer iagoensis"). The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde Shearwater. Reptiles include the Cape Verde Giant Gecko ("Tarentola gigas"). Administrative divisions. Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities ("concelhos") and subdivided into 32 parishes ("freguesias"). Politics. Cape Verde is a representative parliamentary republic. The constitution —adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999— defines the basic principles of its government. The president is the head of state and is elected for a 5-year term; the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the President. Economy. The economic resources of Cape Verde are largely dependent on agriculture and fishing. Agriculture frequently suffers the effects of droughts. The most important crops are coffee, bananas, sugar cane, tropical fruits, corn, beans, sweet potato, and cassava. The industrial sector is incipient but is based on the production of “aguardente” (spirits from sugar cane), clothing and footwear, paints and varnishes, tourism, fishing and canned fish, and salt extraction. Banana, canned fish, frozen fish, lobsters, salt, and clothes are the main exports. The national currency is the Cape Verdean escudo. Remittances from emigration are another important source of resources for the State of Cape Verde. Demographics. In Cape Verde, the annual rate of population growth and mortality are low, compared to average rates of other middle-income countries. The average life expectancy is 66 years and 71 years respectively for men and women. The resident population in the country is estimated at 500,000 inhabitants. There are an estimated additional one million Cape Verdeans living abroad, mainly in the United States, Western Europe, and Africa. Cape Verde has a young population with an average age of 23 years. Culture. Cape Verdean culture is a unique mixture of European and African elements. Corn is the staple food of Cape Verde. The national or traditional dish is "cachupa", which is a stew of hominy (dried maize kernals), beans, and whatever meat or vegetables may be available. Other common foods include rice, beans, fish, potatoes and manioc. A traditional breakfast is a steamed cornbread, eaten with honey and milk or coffee. Grogue, or sugar cane liquor, is manufactured on the islands and is a popular drink, particularly among the men. Cape Verdean music incorporates Portuguese, Caribbean, and African influences. Popular genres include morna, funaná, batuque, coladeira, and cola san jon. Health. In Cape Verde, other than private clinics, the government guarantees a public health system which comprises several healthcare centers and three central hospitals (Hospital Agostinho Neto, in Praia, Hospital Baptista de Sousa, in São Vicente, and Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, in Assomada). The cost of public health is supported by the government, but users must pay a fee which varies in accordance with the capacity of the user to afford it. Education. After independence, the different governments of Cape Verde invested massively in education and illiteracy has been reduced drastically. Today almost one hundred percent of school-age children attend school. Attendance to primary schooling, which comprises 6 years, is compulsory and free of any charge. Education is guaranteed by a network of public schools that span from nursery school to university. There are also several private schools in all levels of education. Madeira Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between and , just under north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union. The archipelago comprises the major part of one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores located to the northwest), that includes the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands. The name Madeira could be used for the autonomous region, the geographical group of islands or just the island of Madeira. These islands are part of the Macaronesia. History. Discovery. Madeira's official written history began in 1418, when two captains under service to Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were pushed by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: "holy harbour"). The following year, an organised expedition was sent to this new land to take possession of the island on behalf of the Portuguese crown. Later, the new settlers saw an island to the southwest, and so the larger island of Madeira was discovered. Settlement. The islands were found to be completely uninhabited, and their colonization by the Portuguese began around 1420 or 1425. To get the minimum conditions for the development of agriculture, they had to cut part of the dense forest and to construct a large number of canals ("levadas") to carry water, since in some parts of the island there was excess water, while in others water was scarce. During this period, fish constituted about half of the settlers' diet, together with vegetables and fruits cultivated from small pieces of land. Initially, these colonists produced wheat for their own subsistence, but later the quantity cultivated was sufficient to begin sending wheat to continental Portugal. On the 23 September 1433, the name "Ilha da Madeira" (English: "Madeira Island", or literally "island of wood") began to appear in the first documents and maps. The name given to the islands corresponded to the large dense forests of native trees that covered the island. However, when wheat production began to fall, the crisis forced to plant other commercial crops. They brought from Sicily plants of sugarcane to produce sugar. After the 17th century, as sugar production went to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important product became its wine. Geography. As other islands of the Macaronesia, the Madeira islands are of volcanic origin and with a subtropical climate. Location. The archipelago is in the African plate, in the Atlantic Ocean between the latitudes 30° and 33° north, southwest of Lisbon and, about west of the African coast, almost at the same latitude as Casablanca. Islands and islets. The Madeira islands have a total area of . Their individual areas vary between of the largest island (Madeira) to of the Savage Islands. Of the eight islands, only the two largest (Madeira and Porto Santo) are inhabited, having as main accesses, the Madeira Airport in Funchal and the one in Porto Santo. By sea, Funchal has a port that receives different ships, especially cruise ships. The remaining islands are nature reserves. Territory. The territory of the archipelago contains two main islands: the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo; besides these, there are two groups of uninhabited islands, the Desertas and Savages. The island of Madeira has a very irregular and uneven terrain, being the highest points the peaks "Pico Ruivo" (1862 m), "Pico das Torres" (1851 m), "Pico do Ariero" (1818 m) and "Pico do Juncal" (1800 m). The northern coast is dominated by high cliffs. The island of Porto Santo, on the other hand, has a completely different geomorphological formation of the island of Madeira. It is very flat where only small plants grow and the soils are poor and not very good for agriculture. This island has some peaks, particularly in the north, and the " Pico do Facho" (517 m) is the highest point of elevation in the island, followed by "Pico Branco" (450 m). The highest point of Desertas Islands is "Pedregal" (442 m) in Deserta Grande, and of Selvagens Islands is "Pico da Atalaia" (153 m), in Selvagem Grande. Climate. The average temperature for the year in Funchal, Madeira island, is 19 °C (66.2 °F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of 16.1 °C (61.0 °F). The average amount of precipitation for the year in Funchal is 596.9 mm (23.5"). The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 109.2 mm (4.3") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5 mm (0.1"). There are an average of 87 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in December with 13 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 1 days. For the Villa de Porto Santo, Porto Santo island, the average temperature for the year is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 21.7 °C (71.0 °F). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 15 °C (59.0 °F). The average amount of precipitation for the year in Villa de Porto Santo is 375.9 mm (14.8"). The month with the most precipitation on average is January with 61 mm (2.4") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5 mm (0.1"). The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Funchal (Madeira) and Villa de Porto Santo (Porto Santo) is Csb (Mediterran Climate). The climate of Desertas islands and partes of Porto Santo is semi-arid (Bs) and in the Savage islands is a desert climate (Bw). Administration. In 1976 Madeira became one of the two autonomous regions of the Republic of Portugal (Azores is the other) under the Portuguese name "Região Autónoma da Madeira", with its own executive and a regional legislature. The current president of the regional government is Miguel Albuquerque. The main offices of the regional government are in Funchal, making this city the capital of the region. Administrative divisions. Administratively, the Autonomous Region of Madeira (with a population of 267,785 inhabitants in 2011 and covering an area of ) is organised into 11 "municípios", of which 10 are in the island of Madeira and one in Porto Santo. Municipalities are further divided into 54 "freguesias", 53 in Madeira and 1 in Porto Santo. Population. According to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira was 267,785: 126,268 men and 141,517 women. The density for the whole region is persons/km2; calculating the density taking in account only the inhabited islands (Madeira and Porto Santo), the density would be inhabitants/km2. Nature. The region of Madeira is home to a great and important biodiversity, with an estimated 7,571 terrestrial species for the whole archipelago. The total number of endemic species and subspecies is about 1,419 (1,286 species and 182 sub-species), which represents 19% of the overall species diversity. The most known environment of the archipelago is its Laurel forest (laurisilva) which still extends over 15,000 hectares or 20% of the archipelago. These forests, very rich in biodiversity, are the largest and best-preserved Laurel forests in the entire Macaronesia region. They are home to unique plant and animal species, including the famous Trocaz Pigeon or Madeira Laurel Pigeon ("Columba trocaz"), and the Madeira Kinglet ("Regulus madeirensis"). The most threatened bird of Europe, the Madeiran or Zino’s Petrel ("Pterodroma madeira") inhabits the highest cliffs in the Central Mountainous Massif of the Madeira island. In the sea around Madeira there are numerous species of marine mammals, including 28 species of cetaceans and the critically endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal ("Monachus monachus"). There are 6 protected areas in the Madeira Archipelago, including the Madeira Natural Park. This park, which covers over 2/3 of Madeira Island and includes the entire Laurel forest, is a European Council Biogenetic Reserve since 1992, and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1999. Additionally, 11 sites in the whole archipelago are part of the Natura 2000 network and 11 other sites are designated Important Bird Areas. Economy. The local economy is based mainly on agriculture and tourism, the main resource. Agriculture produces bananas, flowers, and Madeira wine which is exported. The industrial area is not very diverse and they are relationated with food, beverages, tobacco and construction. Cameroon Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages. Geography. At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Regions. The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. The regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers. Cities. Some of the largest cities in Cameroon are: Languages. The official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French. Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa. It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006. The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century. At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea. It became independent in 1973. In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea. Regions and sectors. Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector. These are divided into thirty-seven sectors. The regions are: Mauritius The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands. It includes Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius. It was formerly ruled by the European countries: France, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, but is now independent from these all European Colonies. Port Louis is its capital. In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people. The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and Indian Sub Continent. The island of Mauritius was the home of the dodo. Location. The island is in the southwest Indian Ocean. It is about east of Madagascar. The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of Réunion to the southwest. Flag. The Mauritian flag is made up of four colours of equal width. The colours represent the following: History. Mauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination. Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. Mauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810). The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent. It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It inspired the story similar to "A Christmas Carol". Djibouti Djibouti (officially called the Republic of Djibouti) is a country on the eastern coast of Africa. The capital city is also called Djibouti. Djibouti gained its independence from France on June 27, 1977. The country was created out of the French Somaliland (later called the French Territory of the Afars and Issas), which was created in the 1800s as a result of French colonialism in Africa. In 2020, about 920,000 people lived there. It is one of the least populous countries in Africa. Two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar people, account for most of the people living in the country. Djibouti joined the United Nations on September 20, 1977. It is also a member of the Arab League, as well as the African Union and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). History. The history of Djibouti goes back thousands of years when it was part of the Sabean Empire (Ethiopia) to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, Pakistan, and China. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam. Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings. The country is close to a narrow part of the Red Sea so it is considered an important area from a military viewpoint. Djiboutians. The Djiboutians () are the people inhabiting or originating from Djibouti (including their diaspora). The country is mainly composed of two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar. It has many languages - though Somali and Afar are the most widely spoken ones, Arabic and French serve as the official languages. There is a small Djiboutian diaspora in North America, Europe, and Australia. Geography. Djibouti is near to the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Awdal of Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. In the Great Rift Valley the rift between the African Plate and the Somali Plate meet the Arabian Plate. This makes a geologic tripoint that is the lowest place in Africa. Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft). The Mousa Ali range is the country's highest mountain range. The Grand Bara desert covers parts of southern Djibouti. Most species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the Day Forest National Park. This forest area is the main habitat of the endangered and endemic Djibouti francolin (a bird). Administrative divisions. Djibouti is divided into six administrative regions, with Djibouti city representing one of the official regions. It is further subdivided into twenty districts. Religion. The people of Djibouti are mostly Muslim. Islam is observed by 94% of Djibouti's population (about 740,000) (2010 estimate). The remaining six percent follow Christianity. The Republic of Djibouti names Islam as the only state religion. The Constitution of 1992 provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths as well as the freedom to practise any religion. Sports. Association football is the most popular sport in Djibouti. The country became a member of FIFA in 1994. They have only played in qualifying rounds for both the African Cup of Nations and FIFA World Cup. Transportation. The country is linked to Ethiopia by way of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway. Mauritania Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast. Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani. At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places. Demographics. Religion. Mauritania is almost 100% Muslim, most of whom are Sunni. Atheism in Mauritania is punishable by death. On 27 April 2018, The National Assembly passed a law that allows for the death penalty for certain apostasy-related crimes. Language. Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of Mauritania. Hassaniya is the Arabic dialect that is widely spoken throughout the country. It is mostly used in daily life. Berber languages. There are also some Berber languages that are spoken in Mauritania. In de south Zenaga is spoken and close to the border with Mali in the southeast Tamasheq (a variety of Tuareg) is spoken. Zenaga is only spoken by a few hundred peoples and seems to be close to disappearance. Foreign languages. As Mauritania is a former colony of France, it is now part of the Francophonie. French is spoken including African French and Maghreb French. Niger-Congo languages. There are several Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in Mauritania. These are Wolof, Soninke, Pulaar and Bambara. Economy. Mauritania is rich in natural resources but has a low GDP. Many people living in Mauritania depend on farming and livestock. Mauritania has a large deposit of iron ore, which is almost half of the country's total exports. Lake Huron Lake Huron is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake. Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore. Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan. The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean. On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron". Reunion Reunion could mean: Réunion Réunion () is an island of France. It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. Its capital is Saint-Denis. The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges. The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches. The island is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long; 45 kilometres (28 mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust. The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632 ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day. The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues. The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070 ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit. Lake Erie Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America. It is the second to the last in the Great Lake system before water flows into the St. Lawrence River. Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. In 1813 a naval battle was fought on the lake. Most of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a small river, the Detroit River, that moves water down from Lake St. Clair past Detroit, Michigan. Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga. At the foot of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio. At the bend of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio. Water that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River. The river pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario. Mali Mali (Bambara: ߡߊߟߌ, Fula: 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, ), officially the Republic of Mali (; Bambara: ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ); Fula: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, ) is a landlocked country (a country entirely surrounded by land) in West Africa. Mali is bordered by Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Physical features of Mali include the Sahara desert in the north, with the Niger River and Sénégal River in the southern part of the country. As of a July 2011 estimate, Mali has a population of approximately 14,000,000 people. Mali has a total area of . Most of the people live in the southern part of the country. Mali's capital and most populated city is Bamako. History. The Mandé people founded several kingdoms in the Sahel. This was a big area that included Mali. These kingdoms included the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. Timbuktu was an important city in these empires because a lot of trade across the Sahara Desert went there. Timbuktu was also a good place for learning. The Songhai Empire became much smaller after a Moroccan attack in 1591. France invaded Mali in 1880. After that, France owned Mali. France gave Mali the names "French Sudan" and the "Sudanese Republic". At some times it also included other nearby countries. In early 1959, Mali and Senegal united and they became the Mali Federation. They became independent from France on June 20, 1960. Senegal left the Mali Federation a few months later. The Republic of Mali, with Modibo Keïta as the first president, left the French Community on September 22, 1960. There was a coup in Mali in 1968. Modibo Keïta lost his job and was put in prison. Mali was then ruled by Moussa Traoré until 1991. He treated the country badly, and so there was another coup in 1991 after protests against the government, and a new constitution was made. The leader of the country was then Amadou Toumani Touré. In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic election. President Konaré won again in 1997 and he made big political and economic changes. In 2002, Amadou Toumani Touré won the election and he started his second term as head of state. He was a retired general and was the military leader of the 1991 coup. Today, Mali is one of the least stable countries in Africa. Regions and cercles. Mali is divided into 8 regions and 1 district. The country is further divided into 49 cercles, containing 288 "arrondissements" and 703 communes. The regions and district are: Geography. Mali is the world's 24th-largest country. The area of the country is 1,240,000 km² (478,734 mi²). Mali and South Africa are about the same size. It is two times bigger than Texas. Most of Mali is part of the Sahara Desert. Mali is does not have any sea coast. It is landlocked. Mali does not have many mountains. Flat areas in the north are covered by sand. Savanna is around the Niger River in the south. The climate is dry. The dry season is hot and dusty. There are many natural resources in Mali, including gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt, and limestone. Economy. Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world. 65% of its land area is desert or something similar. There have been several long droughts over the last hundred years. Therefore, most economic activity is near the Niger River. About 10% of the people are nomads and 80% of workers have jobs in farming and fishing. Industry is mainly to process farm products. Women also do pottery and the pots are bought and taken to markets. Many foreign tourists like the traditional methods which the women use to make the pots. Mali's main export is cotton, so if the price of cotton changes, Mali's economy is affected a lot. Mali also receives a lot of financial help from other countries. In 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended a programme for changing the economy and the government followed this. Several international companies started exploring for larger amounts of gold in 1996-1998, and the Malian government thinks that Mali will become an important gold exporter soon. Demographics. There are several ethnic and religious groups in Mali. These religions are common in Mali. Culture. About 90% of people from Mali follow Sunni Islam, but they do not always forget their traditional religions. Muslims have their own schooling system. The number of Muslims from Mali who go to Mecca is increasing and some study in Arab countries. About 1% of the people are Christians. When Mali was under French control, Christian teachers were sent to Islamic areas. The language of Mali under French rule was French, but now not many people outside towns can read or write this language. However, about 60% of the people use other languages well. Many people can read and write in Bamanakan (the most popular spoken language). This language has its own alphabet, called N'Ko. Other people can read and write in Arabic, after going to an Islamic school. One of the oldest universities in the world is Sankore University in Timbuktu. It began in the 1400s. Famous musicians from Mali include kora player Toumani Diabaté, and the guitarist Ali Farka Touré, who has died. Chief Joseph Chief Joseph (1840 – September 21, 1904; whose real name was Hinmaton-Yalaktit) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States. His father was the leader of the Nez-Perce before him, and his mother was a member of this tribe too. When Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers. When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho. The turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863. It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho. Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory. Chief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried. In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace. In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government. He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant. But he only got mean looks and little attention. So a war began in 1877. The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets. Some people were freezing to death. But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won. Many men died on both sides. That's why Joseph decided to surrender. He gave up fighting in 1877. He was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people. He knew he could not trust them anymore. He was tired of being considered a savage. He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently. He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence. But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he "died from sadness". He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State. Seychelles Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands. Seychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade. Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population. Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors. There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants. Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and Réunion to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles has an estimated population of 86,525. It is the smallest population of any African state. History. It is thought that Arab sailors first saw the islands in the 7th century. Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the islands in 1502, and called them Three Brothers (), but he did not visit the islands. The British East India Company visited the islands, but they did not settle there. Geography. Seychelles is to the northeast of Madagascar and about east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. According to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change. Some of the districts in Seychelles include: Anse Boileau, Takamaka and Cote D’Or. Subdivisions. Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles. They are called Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mahé. There are two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also include satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district. Economy. During the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the main exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry. Flora and fauna. Like many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles had loss of biodiversity during early human history. This included the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands. There was also the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii. This was partly due to a shorter period of human occupation being only since 1770. The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected. The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species. There are a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant is in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae). Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia "Rothmannia annae" found only on Aride Island Special Reserve. The freshwater crab genus "Seychellum" is endemic to the granitic Seychelles. There are a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs that live on the islands. The Aldabra Giant Tortoise now lives on many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. There are several unique varieties of orchids on the Islands. The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery. The main natural resources of the Seychelles are fish, copra, cinnamon, coconuts, salt and iron. Square mile A square mile (sometimes written "mi²" ) is an American unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example. One square mile is just less than 2.6 square kilometres. Regions of Peru A Region is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru. Provinces of Peru     *     Lima Province (Lima) Ica Region Ica is one of 25 regions of Peru. The capital of the region is Ica. Togo Togo is a small country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The capital city Lomé is located along the Gulf of Guinea. In 2016, about 7.5 million people lived there. The official language is French. Togo was a hub of the Atlantic slave trade for Europeans. Togo was a part of the Slave Coast. Many Togolese descendants live in the Americas. The country is known for Voodoo. Togo is also known for its various flora and fauna. Monkeys, snakes, and lizards are numerous in many areas in Togo. History. From the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the Ewé from the east, and the Mina and Guin from the west; most of them settled in coastal areas. The Portuguese explored the area in the late 15th century. As Togoland, it became a protectorate of Germany in 1884. After World War I, Togo was ceded to the French. Togo gained independence from French rule in the 1960s. General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader in 1967. When Eyadéma resigned in 2002 and later died in 2005, his son, Faure Gnassingbe became president. Economy. The economy of this small African country is based on agriculture. Agriculture provides jobs for 65% of the labor force according to the CIA Factbook. Agricultural products include coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, and sorghum. Industries include phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages. Government. The president of Togo is elected for 5 years. The president is also the commander of the armed forces. The president also has the right to begin legislation and dissolve parliament. After Togo's independence from France, General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader. When Eyadéma died in 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbe became president. During his re-election campaign, he helped get port concessions in Lomé extended for Bolloré Groupe from 10 to 35 years in exchange for help from the group's public relations subsidiary Havas. In a 26 Feb 2021 civil hearing at the Paris judicial court, French billionaire Vincent Bolloré, along with associates Gilles Alix and Jean-Philippe Dorent, pleaded guilty to corrupt practices in Togo. The President of the court rejected the negotiated plea bargain and ordered that the three be tried in criminal court. In the same trial, Bolloré SE was fined $12 million. Regions. Togo is divided into 5 regions. The regions are divided into 30 prefectures and 1 commune. From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime. Cities. The largest cities in Togo are: Religion. About 51% of the population has local beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. Food and drink. The Togolese enjoy many foods including tropical fruits, pastries, and many different products made from peanuts. Major drinks include tea, coffee, and wine. Togolese often snack on plantains and French donuts or beignets. Bad Religion Bad Religion is an American band that plays punk rock music. They were created in Southern California in 1979 by Jay Bentley (bass), Greg Graffin (vocals), Brett Gurewitz (guitars) and Jay Ziskrout (drums). People think that they brought back punk rock and helped pop-punk bands during the late 1980s. Since they were created 30 years ago, Bad Religion has had a lot of members come and go. Greg Graffin is the only person that's been in the band the whole time but today there are three of the four members that were in the group when it started. Today, Bad Religion has fourteen studio albums, two EPs, three compilation albums, one live recording, and two DVDs. Some critics think that their 1988 album "Suffer" is one of the most important punk rock albums of all time. People began to notice Bad Religion after their 1993 album "Recipe for Hate", which was number 14 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart. Their next album, "Stranger Than Fiction", had the band's well-known hits "21st Century (Digital Boy)" and "Infected", did well and was the only Bad Religion album to get gold status in the US. Brett Gurewitz left in 1994. Bad Religion was not as well known after that and did not sell many albums until "The Process of Belief" in 2002. Brett Gurewitz came back in 2001, and worked with them on their four most recent albums. The band is planning to make another album in 2012. They are known for their smart use of style, comparisons, word choice, imagery, and voice harmonies (which they call "oozin aahs.) Lyrics sometimes have to do with their emotions or their opinion of society. Lyrics and ideology. Most of Bad Religion's lyrics are written by Greg Graffin or Brett Gurewitz. Sometimes, but often, they will co-write a song. Other band members, such as Jay Bentley, also write songs, but very rarely. Brett Gurewitz says he tried to copy The Germs singer Darby Crash early on in Bad Religion's career. "He wrote some intelligent stuff, and didn't shy away from the vocabulary, which I thought was cool." Bad Religion also uses voice harmonies. The Adolescents influenced them with their three-part voice harmonies. Bassist Jay Bentley says, "Seeing The Adolescents live, it was so brilliant. So, in a way, the Adolescents influenced us into saying we can do it too, because look, they're doing it." Social and political issues. Many of Bad Religion's songs are about what they think are social problems, but they do not blame causes of these problems to any single person or group. Greg Graffin thinks that the politics in the United States can make it hard to talk about the problems. The band is sometimes direct about the things they want to say. Brett Gurewitz said he was angry at former U.S. president George W. Bush and that "The Empire Strikes First" is about him. "Our whole album is dedicated to getting Bush out of office. I'm not a presidential scholar but I don't think you'll find a worse president in the history of the United States. He's probably one of the worst leaders in the history of world leaders. I just hate the guy." Religion. Despite the name of the band, the members say they are not anti-religious. Greg Graffin says that more often than not, the band likes to use religion to represent anything that does not let a person be free. Their songs are more about being against everyone being the same than against religion or God. But Greg Graffin is an atheist. He helped write the book 'Is Belief in God Good, Bad or Irrelevant?' The band's bassist Jay Bentley has stated that he has spiritual beliefs. Brett Gurewitz is a "provisional deist." Meat Puppets The Meat Puppets are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums). The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit "Backwater". The band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh). He also released a solo album. His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months. In 2006, the Meat Puppets reformed and released a new album, "Rise to Your Knees" in 2007. As of November 2009, Shandon Sahm is back as the drummer in the Meat Puppets. He replaces Ted Marcus, who was a member from 2006. The band was chosen by Animal Collective to perform their album "Up on the Sun" live at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in May 2011. Ted Bundy Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy (November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, and rapist. He confessed to killing 30 women, although the actual number of murders committed is unknown. Biography. Ted Bundy was born in 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, USA. He lived with his mother Louise Cowell and grandfather Sam Cowell when he was a child. Bundy and his mother moved to Washington where she married a man named John Culpepper Bundy. As a child in Washington, Bundy was a good student and went to church often, yet he found it hard to make friends and he began stealing. As a young man, Bundy became involved in politics and got together with a woman named Diane Edwards, known better by the pseudonym Stephanie Brooks. She left him, and he went on his own for a while. After seeing that he had improved, she got back together with him, but he proposed and left her a few days later. This is when the murders began. The people that Bundy would murder were much like this lady: young, white skinned (Caucasian), and with long dark hair parted in the middle. Bundy's first known murders were in 1974 with his first known violent attack on January 4 when he crept into the room of an 18-year-old girl called Joni Lenz and beat her with a crowbar while she was asleep. He then sexually assaulted (raped) her with a metal rod that he took from the bed. She was found the next morning in a pool of blood. She was not killed but would remain in a coma and suffered brain damage (damage to the brain that stop the body from working properly). A few weeks later on January 31, Bundy broke into another woman's basement and beat her over the head. He then dressed her, wrapped her in blankets, and carried her away. She was found a year later in Seattle, Washington with no head. In between this time and June 1974, he killed eight more women in Washington. In June, he kidnapped Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from a park near Seattle. These attacks, unlike the attacks before, were in 'broad daylight' - in front of other people. In the autumn Bundy moved to Utah to begin studying law at the University of Utah. He began killing again in October 1974. Bundy kidnapped and killed three girls in October 1974, one of them being the daughter of a police officer. On November 8, Bundy told a girl that he was a police officer and he told her to get in his car. She did, believing he really was a police officer. He then tried to handcuff her but she would not let him and she jumped out of the car and escaped. Bundy was angry that she had got away and so a few hours later he kidnapped another girl and killed her. Her body was never found. Bundy was still living in Utah in 1975 and was still attending law school but he began only killing people in Colorado. Bundy kidnapped and killed four women from Colorado and one more from Utah in the first half of 1975 (January to June). On August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested for not stopping his car when ordered to by a police officer. When they searched his car they found a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, and other items that they thought he must have been using to burglarize houses. The police then noticed that his car was the car the girl who escaped had told them about. Bundy was sentenced on March 1, 1976, to fifteen years in prison for kidnapping her. Bundy escaped from the police twice in 1977 before he could be sentenced for the murders he had committed. By early 1978 he had made his way to Florida where he killed two more women and injured three others. After that he murdered a 12-year-old girl called Kimberley Leach. She was the last girl murdered by Bundy before he was stopped by a police officer on February 15, 1978. Bundy had antisocial personality disorder. He went on trial on June 25 until July 31 for the murders he had committed. He was sentenced to 3 death sentences, and was going to be executed by the electric chair. In the time he was in prison and waiting to be executed he helped the police investigate other murders and in 1988 he admitted to having killed eight more women than he was tried for. Bundy was executed by the use of the electric chair at the Florida State Prison on January 24, 1989. He was 42 years old. Longboarding A longboard is a type of skateboard. It is often longer than a regular skateboard. Longboard are made in many different shapes. They are often faster than regular skateboards. This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of. Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing. Downhill racing is known as longboarding. Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular. In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board. History. The first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s. They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull. Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates. It was called "Sidewalk Surfing". Longboards were first sold in 1959. Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers. These early longboards were crude. They had wheels made of metal. Clay wheels were used later to make them safer. Longboarding became popularin the late 1950s and early 1960s. It had become much less popular by 1965. Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel. Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster thanthey could before. Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable. These changes made the boards more stable. They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport. The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body. The cutout deck was added in the 1990s. It had sections cut out around the wheels. This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns. There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them. Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials. These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber. Dimensions. Most boards are in length. Widths vary from . Longboard are made in many shapes. These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard. Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels. They are better suited for carving or a "smooth" feel. Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground. This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability. This also makes the boards better for downhill racing. Mid-length boards, have many different uses. They have more weight and bulk. This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves. These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders. Graffiti Graffiti is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place. It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a graffito but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark. Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it is considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission. History. Graffiti has been found in very old cities. For example, in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages and drew caricatures on walls. Graffiti is also found in many places. Some people do murals of graffiti rather than just writing one mark in a location. It was used for good instead of vandalism. Probably the simplest graffiti is when a person cuts (or carves) the name of a lover on a tree with a knife. Today, many graffiti are very complicated mixtures of writing and pictures. They are sometimes made by gangs and applied with spray-paint to buildings, bridges, street signs, and other areas. These are often signed with a "tag" (in graffiti slang, a signature), which is a shape special. Graffiti can be thought of as a part of hip hop or street protest. It is often but not always illegal. Some cities have small areas where graffiti can be made. Sometimes graffiti are very beautiful. Some people consider graffiti as not only something bad, but something good, like art. Some people pay graffiti artists to do graffiti on their buildings. In the 1980s, some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous. Modern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1970s by the children of the working class. They called it "writing," and called themselves "writers." In a 1971 New York Times article, the term "graffiti" was first used to refer to the new urban art explosion that was becoming popular in New York City. This period of the early 1970s is known as the "Original School." Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as "Old School." Appellation d'origine contrôlée Appellation d'origine controlée (AOC, "controlled designation of origin") is a French phrase which shows that a product comes from a certain area. Some products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product. The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region of France. The French government set up the "Institut national des appellations d'origine et de la qualité" (INAO, "National institute of controlled designation of origin") in 1935 to oversee the system. Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese. AOCs are most often found in connection with: Distillation Distillation is a process where a mixture made of two or more liquids (called "components") with different boiling points can be separated from each other. The mixture is heated until one of the components boils (turns to a vapor). The vapor is then fed into a condenser, which cools the vapor and changes it back into a liquid that is called "distillate". What remains in the original container is called the "residue". This is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction. Fractional distillation (using a distillation column with more than two outlets) can be used to improve the separation. An oil refinery uses fractional distillation to purify crude oil, separating several different liquids for different uses. This has been used for a long time, to distill alcohol and produce alcoholic drinks. Distillation is a commonly used operation in many industries. Distillation can be done anywhere, whether it's in a house or a laboratory, but in most countries it is illegal to distill alcohol without a license. Illegally distilled alcoholic drinks are in some places called "moonshine". Distillation is also the main way of desalination of water. In this case the salt is a solid that is in solution with the water. In alcohol distillation or petroleum distillation, the things to be separated from their solution are two or more distillation liquids. Lawyer A lawyer (also called an "advocate", "attorney", "barrister", "counsel", "counsellor", or "solicitor") is someone who practices law. A lawyer has earned a degree in law, and has a license to practice law in a particular area. If people have any problem regarding the law, they can contact a lawyer for advice. A legal problem is referred to as a case. A person can hire a lawyer to start a case against someone else, or to help with a case that has been started against them. If the case goes to court, the lawyer will represent their client in court. The lawyer will use their knowledge of the law to convince the court that the client is on the right side of the argument. Lawyers also help people "settle out of court," which means that both sides of the argument agree to resolve the dispute ahead of time so that they will not have to go to trial. When a person is accused of a crime, the person has a defense lawyer to try to show they have not committed a crime. The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the "prosecutor". Lawyers also prepare legal documents for their clients. Examples: buying or selling property or making a will (testament). Certain lawyers (called "commissioners of oaths" in England) can take legally binding witness statements which can be presented to the court. Lawyers work in different settings. Some work by themselves, while some work in law firms. Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies. Lawyers who work for private companies are usually called in-house counsel. Lawyers generally charge a fee for the work that they do, but sometimes advice is offered freely, which is called "pro bono," meaning "for the public good." In many countries, if a person is accused of a crime and unable to pay for a lawyer, the government will pay a lawyer to represent them using tax money. Loreto Region Loreto is Peru's most northern region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region. It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos. Administrative divisions. The region is divided into eight provinces ("provincias", singular: "provincia"), which are composed of 53 districts ("distritos", singular: "distrito"). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are: Iquitos Iquitos is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru. It is on the banks of the Amazon River. Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents. It is a major port on the Amazon. Excluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road. One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane. It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. Iquitos was founded in 1747 by Jesuit José Bahamonde. Originally it was the home of the Iquito native tribe. About 100 years ago, Iquitos was a very rich town, because of the rubber industry. Today Iquitos relies mostly on tourism, wood industry and local trade. Apple juice Apple juice is the juice from apples. It does not have alcohol, and it tastes sweet from the natural fruit sugars. Many companies making apple juice like to say that they do not add more sugar into the drink, and there is only natural sugar. Origin. The apple tree came from the same era as Elizabethan in the late 1500s and early 1600s ("Pyrus malus"), and is native to Britain. Even in the Old Saxon papers, apples and cider are mentioned a lot. The fruit is thought to have come in the Caucasus, a place with many mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas. The Lady apple, a kind of apple still grown today, is believed to be one of the oldest apple trees on record. Composition. Apple juice is 88% water and 11% carbohydrates (including 9% sugars), with little amounts of protein or fat. Health. In both facts and stories, the apple appears to be very healthy. There are two types of apple juice. One is the clear apple juice, and the other is the cloudy apple juice. Pectin and starch are taken out during the production process to produce clear apple juice. Cloudy apple juice is cloudy because of evenly-distributed small pulp suspensions in the juice concentrate. Also, in apple juice, the vitamin C, and other vitamins are contained inside, as well as mineral nutrients such as boron which helps build strong bones. Apples can also be a main source of fiber, and is a powerful cleanser and an important necessity for the health of your body. The compounds in apple juice called phytonutrients delay the break down of LDL or cholesterol. In history, the phrase from Benjamin Franklin "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" is very famous. New research is proving this phrase to be a fact. Researchers at UC Davis School of Medicine have recently found out that drinking apple juice seems to slow down the process that may lead to heart disease. Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands had studied and found that smokers who ate many fruits and vegetables, especially apples, had reduced their risk of getting the common diseases smokers would get. The risk was reduced by 50%. For older people, drinking fruit juices should begin with apples, especially if they are suffering from arthritis and rheumatism. This is because apples carry a substantial amount of potassium. Because of this, eating apples or apple juice has been known to help. Drinking apple juice also removes some toxins from the liver and kidneys and is low in calories. Over time, this can reduce the chances of having liver or kidney disease. Use. Apple juice can be used to make cider and calvados. Some types of cider and all types of Calvados contain alcohol. Production. Addressed as one of the most popular fruits in the world, the apple is cultivated in around 7,500 different kinds in shape, color, texture, firmness, crispness, acidity, juiciness, sweetness, nutrition, and harvesting time. Storage. Fresh apple juice needs refrigeration. Closed bottles of canned apple juice can be kept in a dark, cool place, such as a pantry or cupboard. It slows down the spoiling of the product. The way it looks, feels, or tastes could change over time. Once the juice container is opened. Or if it was not closed and shipped without needing freezing by the producer, it must be closed again tightly and frozen to avoid contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria. Calvados (drink) Calvados is an alcoholic drink. It is made from distilling cider in Normandy, one of the oldest Provinces of France (created in 911). It got its name from the place called Calvados which is famous for making it (sometimes called 'le Pays d'Auge'). It is also made in the other places in Normandy including la Manche (Cotentin) and l'Orne (Domfront). How Calvados is made. The way to make Calvados is to distil cider twice. The first time it is done, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol. The second time it is done, the amount of alcohol is increased to about 40%. Since 1942, the Calvados has its own "Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC)", which means it is from one place. The rules are: How Calvados is served. Calvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif. It goes very well with cheese, chocolate, dessert or ice cream. Crepes can also be served with Calvados. Calvados can also be added to coffee. People usually do this at the end of dinner. Still A still is a tool used to clean a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word di"still"ation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes. There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills. In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated. The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected. Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky. A reflux still is much more complex. It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out. The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still. This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity. Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries. Ravioli Ravioli is a type of Italian food pasta dish. It is usually two layers of pasta dough with a filling between the two layers. There are many different recipes, with different kinds of fillings. The most common fillings are meat, vegetables or blackboard cheese. People eat this kind of food with a sauce or melted butter. The Bridge on the River Kwai The Bridge on the River Kwai is a British 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book "The Bridge over the River Kwai" (). The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England. In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand. They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon. Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project. Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi. The deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true. The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese. Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel. Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945. In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos. A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, "The General", which starred Buster Keaton.) The movie is best known for the "Colonel Bogey March", the song that is whistled by the POWs. It is also known as the "River Kwai March". The movie won seven Academy Awards, one for Best Picture. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay. Tannin Tannins are bitter-tasting chemical compounds that bind proteins. Tannins are present in the following: Tannins are also used in the treatment of leather, to make it more durable. Natural tannins for this purpose come from oak trees, but synthetic tannins are more used. Cuisine Cuisine refers to any style of cooking, including its practices, traditions and recipes. A cuisine is usually associated with a specific culture. It is mainly influenced by the ingredients that are available to that culture. Cooking methods, customs and ingredients together form meals that are unique to a particular region. When people talk about Italian cuisine, they are referring to the food that Italians are famous for. Cuisine is a French word that means "kitchen", but it originally comes from the Latin word "coquere", which means "to cook". Traditionally, cuisines are shaped by a number of things. In some religious traditions, certain foods are forbidden by law (an example is pork in Islam). Climate and trade affect the what ingredients are available. Climate may also affect the methods by which food is prepared. Before the exploration of Asia and America by Europeans, certain foods were not known to European cuisine. Tomatoes, maize, avocados and cacao, for example, did not enter European diets until merchants brought these ingredients back from the New World. In modern times, cuisines are becoming more and more multicultural. New cuisines continue to develop even today. Cuisines have different courses or three meals Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner. Ancient Greeks had breakfast—bread dipped in wine. The bread was made from barley, the main source of all bread in ancient times. It was probably hard, which is why the Greeks would dip it in the wine, to soften it and make it easier to eat. The history of breakfast goes back to the ancient Greeks who ate something called a teganites (τηγανίτης), which resembled a pancake. These were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and usually topped with honey or cheese. Hotel A hotel or a guest-house is a large building with many rooms, where people can sleep when they are not at home. A motel is a hotel especially for motorists - people who drive cars - where the room door usually opens into the parking lot rather than to an interior corridor. Inn is sometimes used to mean a smaller hotel. Guest house can also mean an accessory dwelling unit. An extended stay hotel is one where suites are rented by the week. These places will rent a room for any number of days. They offer rooms to sleep as their business. There are also hotels where conferences are held. Some hotels have swimming pool. Some hotels are called capsule hotels (in Japan). History. Hotels emerged as inns along important transport routes. The first hotels appeared in the days of the Ancient World, in the Middle Ages they also served as shelters for the infirm. This is indicated by the etymology of the word hotel, hôtel: through st.-fr. ostel, hostel it comes from Latin. cubiculum hospitale ("guest room"), whence the word "hospital". In the 16th-17th centuries, the hotel is an aristocratic residential building with ceremonial and service courtyards. Today, according to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), hotels are called a house with furnished rooms for short-term stay of visitors, consisting of a number of rooms that have a single guide and provide certain services. They are grouped into classes and categories according to the types of services provided, with the equipment available in them. The hotel is also called a residential property complex (building, part of the building, equipment and other property), designed to provide services. Types. International luxury hotels have high-quality amenities, full-service restaurants and rooms. They usually provide the highest level of personalized and professional service in major or capital cities. Upscale full-service hotels range in quality from upscale to luxury. Branded hotels are typically full-service and classified as luxury. A key characteristic is focus on a unique guest experience. Smaller independent non-branded hotels with 100 rooms or fewer. Small to medium hotels that give a limited number of amenities. This amenities cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler. Such hotels may lack leisure amenities such as an restaurant or a swimming pool. Small to medium-sized hotels where clients can stay longer than in traditional hotels. A motel is an abbreviation for "motor hotel". It is a small-sized low-rise lodging establishment. Usually motels have access to individual rooms from the car park. Motels are good for road travellers, travellers on road trip vacations or workers who drive for their job. Some Like It Hot Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, Pat O'Brien, Jack Lemmon and George Raft, and directed by Billy Wilder. It is seen by some as a remake of the 1951 German movie, "Fanfaren der Liebe". (Michael Logan wrote the story for the version) The movie is set in 1929. It has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002). It was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. Yale University Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. It is in the Ivy League and considered by many people to be one of the best universities in the world. Yale is the third oldest university in the United States. Yale was founded in 1701 in a town near New Haven by a group of church ministers. At first it was called "The Collegiate School" and was created to teach male church ministers in Connecticut. When Elihu Yale, a businessman with the East India Company, gave the school money and books in 1718, the school changed its name to Yale College. It moved into the center of New Haven in the same year. About fifty years later, the school began to teach other subjects like science and history. As the school became more liberal, it became one of the first American schools where extracurricular student groups were created, especially singing groups, sports teams, and student publications like the Yale Daily News. In the beginning, Yale only taught undergraduate students. Over time, it created graduate schools for medicine, nursing, environmental science, law, music, drama, business, and other professions. In 1869, Yale became the first school in the United States to offer a PhD. Because it had grown to have many types of schools, degrees, and courses, Yale changed its name to Yale University in 1887. The undergraduate college began to accept women as students in 1969. Yale has one of the largest libraries in the United States, with 19 library buildings and over 15 million books. The school's main library building, Sterling Memorial Library, is built to look like a cathedral. The Beinecke Library has one of the world's largest collections of rare books and old manuscripts. The school's campus is known for its Gothic Revival architecture, which was built to look like older English universities like Oxford and Cambridge. On its main campus, Yale has two art museums, a natural history museum, and many theaters. The university also has a golf course near campus and owns five forests in New England. Fifty-two Nobel Prize winners have been students or professors at Yale, and five U.S. presidents have graduated from Yale, including George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Other famous alumni include politicians Hilary Clinton and John Kerry, actors Meryl Streep and Edward Norton, inventors Eli Whitney and Samuel Morse, CNN anchors Fareed Zakaria and Anderson Cooper, FedEx founder Fred Smith and Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi, and computer scientist Grace Hopper. Yale's color is blue, and its mascot is a bulldog named "Handsome Dan." Its sports teams are called the Yale Bulldogs, and they play in the Ivy League. Peter Salovey, a psychologist, is the current president of Yale. Salzburg Salzburg (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ) is the capital and also a district of the Austrian state of Salzburg or Salzburgerland. The population is about 150,000 and is the 4th largest city of Austria. Its most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Another famous inhabitant of Salzburg was the physicist Christian Doppler who found the Doppler effect which was named after him. The Salzach river crosses the city. The old town was adopted by the UNESCO as World Heritage Site in 1996. Known is Salzburg also for being one of the settings for the movie "The Sound of Music" which based on the musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein. History. People lived in Salzburg since the New Stone Age till present. The oldest finding in the city area is dated around 4500 B.C. From 15 B.C. onwards after the Roman occupation the city was called Iuvavum. The roman city was in today's old town around the Waagplatz. The city became an important place from the east to the province of Germania. The Romans left on the beginning of the barbarian migration around 500. Up to 696 only few can be said about the history. 696 the city was given to bishop Rupert by Duke Theodo II. of Bavaria. Rupert was ordered by the Duke to bring Christianity to the east and southeast of his country. Rupert founded the monastery St. Peter and for women the monastery Nonnberg. 739 Salzburg became the seat of a bishop and 774 the first cathedral was built. 998 Salzburg became archbishopric ruling the whole Bavarian area. In the Middle Ages Salzburg became wealthy by the trade with salt from the nearby Dürnberg in Hallein. Till the 14th century Salzburg became independent from Bavaria and was a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The citizens of Salzburg were under the command of the archbishop unlike other cities in the empire. In the baroque era the look of today's city was shaped. The cathedral was rebuilt in the baroque style. Most of the architects came from Italy. 1622 a university was founded. Due to the fact that it was a catholic state Protestants had a severe standing in Salzburg. Yet 1731 Protestants, who came not back to the catholic belief had do leave Salzburg within eight days. In the early 19th century Napoleon Bonaparte promoted the Duchy of Salzburg, than later was a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Then, Salzburg was annexed by Austria, returned to Bavarian and divided between Bavaria and Austria. 1918 Salzburg became a federal state of the new Republic of Austria. In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Salzburg was a part of Germany. In 1945, when Austria was independent from Germany. It became a federal state again. Urban districts. Urban districts ("Stadtteile"): Monuments. Salzburg is a World Heritage. There are some places of interest like: Salt (disambiguation) Salt could mean: Basque language Basque (Basque: ) is the language spoken by the Basque people in the Basque Country and its diaspora. Although most other Europeans speak Indo-European languages, Basque is a language isolate and is not related to them or to any other language in the world. History and classification. The ancestors of Basques are among the oldest residents of Europe, and their origins are unknown, as are the origins of the language. Many scholars have tried to link Basque to Etruscan, African languages, Caucasian languages and so on, but most see Basque as a language isolate. A connection with the Iberian language has given some hope, but it is unclear whether similarities are caused by genetic relations or mere vicinity. It was spoken long before the Romans brought Latin to the Iberian Peninsula. Geographic distribution. Basque is spoken in an area that is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country (Basque: "Euskal Herria)". Basque was once spoken over a larger area, but Latin took over in some places. Official status. Historically, Latin or a Romance language has been official. Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque area of France, and French citizens are barred from using Basque in a French court of law. Dialects. There are six main Basque dialects, comprising Biscayan, Guipuzcoan, and High Navarrese (in Spain), and Low Navarrese, Labourdin, and Souletin (in France). The dialect boundaries are not, however, congruent with political boundaries. One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, in particular the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte). Derived languages. There is now a unified version called Batua ("unified" in Basque), which is the language taught in schools. Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoa regional dialect. Grammar. Basque is an ergative-absolutive language. Its grammar is very complex, with many different cases for nouns. The vowel system is the same as most Spanish-speakers and has five pure vowels, . Vocabulary. By contact with nearby peoples, Basque has borrowed words from Latin, Spanish, French, Gascon and others but accepted fewer than Indo-European languages. Some claim that many of its words come from Latin, but phonetic evolution has made many of them now appear as if they were native words, e.g. "lore" ("flower", from "florem"), "errota" ("mill", from "rotam", "[mill] wheel"), "gela" ("room", from "cellam"). Writing system. Basque is written with the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is "ñ", which is pronounced like the "n" in "onion", and "ç" and "ü" are also used. Basque does not use "c, q, v, w, y" except for loanwords and are not considered part of the alphabet. Also, "x" is pronounced as a "sh", as in "shine". Heinz Fischer Heinz Fischer (born 9 October 1938) is the former president of Austria. His wife is Margit Fischer. Chlorine Chlorine (chemical symbol Cl) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 17, and its atomic mass is 35.45. It is part of the 7th column (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. Properties. Physical properties. Chlorine is a very irritating and greenish-yellow gas. It has a strong, bleach-like smell. It is toxic and bad for you. It can be made into a liquid when cooled. It is heavier than air. Chemical properties. Chlorine is highly reactive. It is more reactive than bromine but less reactive than fluorine. It reacts with most things to make chlorides. It can even burn things instead of oxygen. It dissolves in water to make a mixture of hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid. The more acidic it is, the more chlorine is made; the more basic it is, the more hypochlorous acid (normally turned into hypochlorite) and hydrochloric acid (normally turned into chlorides) are there. Chlorine reacts with bromides and iodides to make bromine and iodine. Chlorine compounds. Chlorine exists in several oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, and +7. The -1 state is most often in chloride. Chlorides are not reactive. Compounds containing chlorine in its +1 oxidation state are hypochlorites. Only one is common. They are a strong oxidizing agent, as are all + oxidation state compounds. +3 is in chlorites. +4 is in chlorine dioxide, a common chlorine compound that is not a chloride. +5 is in chlorates. +7 is in perchlorates. Hypochlorites are most reactive, while perchlorates are the least reactive. Many organic compounds have chlorine in them. Freon has chlorine in it. PVC (poly-vinyl chloride), a common plastic, has chlorine in it. Chlorine oxides can be made, but most of them are very reactive and unstable. Occurrence. Chlorine is not found as an element. Sodium chloride is the most common chlorine ore. It is in the ocean (sea salt) and in the ground (rock salt). There are some organic compounds that have chlorine in them, too. Preparation. It is made by electrolysis (the passing of electricity through a solution to make chemical reactions happen) of sodium chloride. This is known as the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen chloride with oxygen and a catalyst. It can be made in the laboratory by reacting manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid. It is made when sodium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid. This is a dangerous reaction that can happen without anyone knowing. Uses. For water purification. As of 2021, the main use of chlorine is for bleach. It is also added to water, as a way of purifying it. Chlorine is both very reactive, and very poisonous. It will act as a disinfectant: if it is added to water, it will kill off bacteria and other organisms. Swimming pools are often filled with water that has been treated that way. As a chemical weapon. Germany used chlorine as a chemical weapon in the First World War. They used it at the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915. According to soldiers, which were present at the battle, the chlorine smelled like a mixture of pepper and pineapple. It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest. Chlorine reacts with water in the mucosa of the lungs to form hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid will destroy living tissue. It often kills. Gas masks with activated charcoal or other filters can protect the respiratory system. This makes chlorine gas much less deadly than other chemical weapons. German scientist Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin was the first to use it. Together with IG Farben, he developed methods of how to use chlorine gas against an entrenched enemy. Chlorine is heavier than air, so it will stay in the trenches. On 22nd April, 1915, German forces attacked the French army. With of chlorine, they only killed about 1.200 French soldiers. For this reason, chlorine was soon replaced with the more deadly phosgene and mustard gas. Because it is easily available, chlorine is still used as a chemical weapon in war. That way, it has been used in the Syrian civil war. It has also been used in an improvised explosive device in Iraq, in 2015. Other uses. Chlorine is used to make many compounds that are important: both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride contain chlorine. History. It was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele who thought it had oxygen in it. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Humphry Davy who insisted it was an element. The US made all water chlorinated (added chlorine to water) by 1918. Safety. It is poisonous in large amounts and can damage skin. When it is inhaled (breathed in), it irritates the lungs, eyes, and skin badly. It can cause fire with some things because it is very reactive. It is heavier than air, so it can fill up enclosed spaces. Halogen The halogens are chemical elements under the second-to-right column in the periodic table, also known as Group 17. The elements in the group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine. Halogen literally means "salt becomer", but it is often said to mean "salt producer". They are very reactive, so they are likely to join with other elements on the left side of the periodic table to make compounds. This is because they are missing one electron. They are rarely found alone in nature. Fluorine is the most reactive, while iodine is the least reactive. Astatine is very radioactive and hard to get. Vitamin A vitamin is a chemical compound that is needed in small amounts for the human body to work correctly. They include Vitamin A, many B vitamins (like B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. For example, citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain vitamin C. The term was coined in 1912 by biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine". By convention the word "vitamin" does not include other essential nutrients, such as certain minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids. Thirteen vitamins are recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, and not their structure. Each vitamin name (the word "vitamin" followed by a letter) refers to a number of vitamer compounds which all show the same biological activity. For example, "vitamin A" refers to several different chemicals. Vitamers convert to the active form of the vitamin in the body. They are sometimes inter-convertible to one another as well. The body does not make these chemicals. They come from other places, usually food. A short term lack of a certain vitamin is usually not a problem, because the body can store vitamins for a short time. Not having a certain vitamin for a longer period of time can lead to different diseases, depending on the vitamin. Probably the best-known of these diseases is scurvy, which results from not having enough Vitamin C. Beriberi and rickets are others. Today, many drug companies make inexpensive pills that contain various vitamins. They help people avoid those diseases. Vitamins can be either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) can be stored in the body, and are used when needed. Water-soluble ones only stay in the body a short time. Name changes. Currently there are no vitamins F to J. These existed at some time. Today they are no longer seen as vitamins. Some of them were also false leads, and turned out to be something else. Others were renamed as B vitamins. Today, the B vitamins are a whole complex, and not just one vitamin. The German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the 'Koagulation' (clotting) of blood following wounding. At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through I were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable. The following table lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. Adultery Adultery is a word used in religious texts like Exodus 20:14. Adultery applies to a married person having sex with someone other than the person who they are married to. In countries where religion is important, adultery often comes with a heavy punishment. Some Muslim countries punish it with death by stoning. In most countries adultery is no longer a crime, but most people still see it as a bad thing.(see Gospel of John 8) If a person who is married takes part in adultery, that person's husband or wife would usually have the right to be able to go to court to divorce them. The word adultery originates not from “adult”, as is commonly thought in English-speaking countries, but from the Late Latin word for “to alter, corrupt”: “adulterare”. “Adulterare” in turn is formed by the combination of “ad” (towards), and “alter” (other), together with the infinitive form “are” (making it a verb). Thus the meaning is literally “to make other”. In contrast, the word “adult” (meaning a person of mature years) comes from another Latin root, “adolescere”, meaning to grow up or mature: a combination of “ad” (towards), “alere” (to nourish, to grow), and the inchoative infix “sc”(meaning to enter into a state of). Literature. Famous adulterers include : Perjury Perjury is the word used for a person that tells a lie while they are under oath (in a courtroom). Committing perjury is against the law, and can be punished with a jail or prison sentence. Perjury is a serious crime because it might be used to take away the power of a court, which can lead to punishment for the wrong person. In the United States, perjury is a federal offense, and it can be punished by five years in prison. However, in California, a person who commits perjury can get the death penalty if the perjury led to a wrongful execution. The rules of perjury also apply when a person says or does something "under penalty of perjury", even if he or she never swore an oath. One example is the United States' income tax return, where people have to sign as true and correct under penalty of perjury. A person can be punished by three years in prison if he or she lies on the tax return. A statement that involves "interpretation" are not perjury because people can judge incorrectly without knowing it. Perjury only happens if a person wanted to do it and then actually did. Canada. The offence of perjury is written in section 132 of the Criminal Code. It is described by section 131, which says that perjury is when a person says something false when he or she knows that it is false. People who commit perjury can be imprisoned for fourteen years at most. European Union. A person in the Court of Justice of the European Communities swears anything he knows is false is guilty of perjury. Proceedings for perjury can happen in any place in the State and the offence can be treated as if it happened in that place. United States. Perjury in American law comes from the common law of England, which defined the it as giving a false testimony under oath that has to do with the issue. Definitions. The American legal system defines perjury as saying anything knowingly false under oath to a "competent tribunal, officer, or person". The punishment can be a fine or up to five years in prison or both. Lust Lust is a term for a strong desire or wanting, or maybe even needing, often for sexual acts, although it is also commonly used to talk of a "lust for life" or a "lust for power" or for other goals. As a sexual desire, it is considered a sin (a failing) by Christianity, which lists it as one of the seven deadly sins. "Lust" was originally an Anglo-Saxon word which meant "desire" or "appetite". Seven deadly sins The seven deadly sins, also known as cardinal sins, are types of sins within Christian teachings, although they are not mentioned in the Bible. Behaviors or habits are grouped into this category if they directly form other wickedness. According to the regular list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony and sloth, which are the opposite from the seven heavenly virtues. These types had their origins with the Desert Fathers, who recognized seven or eight evil thoughts. The seven deadly sins were portrayed in paintings and decorations on churches, as well as in older textbooks. Modern definitions and views. Most of the seven deadly sins are defined by Dante Alighieri as wicked versions of love. The seven deadly sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride. Ranked in order of least evil to most evil like in Dante's "Divine Comedy", the seven deadly sins are: People notice that some of these sins are connected. They have attempted to set down an order to them. Each of these cardinal sins are ways of not loving God and not loving others as much as oneself. The opposite of these sins are the seven heavenly virtues: chastity, moderation, charity, zeal, meekness, generosity, and humility. Punishments. According to the Divine Comedy, there are punishments for those who die with unconfessed deadly sins. The Lustfuls are swept around by a strong wind, without ever resting. This is because lust is so powerful, that it can blow one around without need. The Gluttons are forced to lie down in a kind of snow, made by freezing rain, black snow, and hail. This symbolizes what they made with their life. The Greedy are in boiled in hot oil, it's the best oil that money can buy, but it's still pretty hot and you will be turned into gold. The Slothful are thrown into a snake pit where the indolent will have to move around to get the snakes off them eternally. The Wrathful’s limbs are ripped apart, because the furious use their arms and/or legs in their act of violence. Bromine Bromine (Br) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 35, and its atomic weight is 80. It is part of the Group 7 elements (halogens) on the periodic table. It is diatomic, which means that two atoms are stuck together to make a molecule in any bromine sample. Properties. Physical properties. Bromine is a red-brown liquid. Liquid elements are rare; only bromine and mercury are liquid at room temperature. It easily evaporates to make suffocating brown fumes. It has a bad smell. Its name means "stench of he-goats". It can become a metal at very high pressures. It has two stable isotopes. They are 79Br and 81Br. There are about 29 other radioactive isotopes. Chemical properties. Bromine is quite reactive. Its reactivity is between chlorine, which is more reactive, and iodine, which is less reactive. It reacts with metals and nonmetals. Phosphorus reacts violently with bromine. Aluminum reacts in a similar way. It can bleach things like chlorine. It reacts better in the light. It dissolves a little in water. Hot water makes it disproportionate into hydrobromic acid and hypobromous acid. Bromine can form compounds with substances such as sodium to form sodium bromide. Chemical compounds. Bromine forms compounds in many oxidation states: –1, +1, +3, +5, and (sometimes) +7. –1 is the most common. It is found as bromide. Bromides are not reactive. They are colorless solids that dissolve in water easily. Covalent bromides can be liquids or gases. The other compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. Their chlorine cousins are more common. +1 has the hypobromites, which are unstable. +3 has the bromites. Bromine dioxide is the only common bromine compound found in the +4 oxidation state. +5 has the bromates, which are more common than all the other ones except the bromides. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents and are sometimes added to flour. +7 has the perbromates. Perbromates are very unstable. Occurrence. Bromine is found as bromide in the ocean and in brine pools. The Dead Sea has a lot of bromide in it. Bromine is not an important part of our body, unlike its relatives chlorine and iodine. Preparation. Bromine is made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of a bromide. The bromide is oxidized to bromine, while the chlorine is reduced to chloride. Uses. It is mainly used to make organobromine compounds, organic compounds with bromine in them. Organobromines are used to put out fires. They used to be added to gasoline. Some were used as pesticides. Some inorganic bromides were used as sedatives. Bromine can also be used as a disinfectant. Silver bromide is used in film. Safety. Bromine is toxic and corrosive to skin. Bromine gas is irritating when it is breathed in, too. Bromine can react violently with many things. Fluorine Fluorine (symbol F) is a chemical element that is very poisonous. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 9, and its atomic mass is 19. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. Properties. Fluorine is a light yellow diatomic gas. It is very reactive gas, which exists as diatomic molecules. It is the most reactive element. Fluorine has a very high attraction for electrons because it is missing one. This makes it the most powerful oxidizing agent. It can rip electrons from water (making oxygen) and ignite propane on contact. It does not need a spark. Metals can catch on fire when placed in a stream of fluorine. After it is reduced by reacting with other things, it forms the stable fluoride ion. Fluorine is very poisonous. Fluorine bonds very strongly with carbon. It can react with the unreactive noble gases. It explodes when mixed with hydrogen. The melting point of fluorine is -363.33°F (-219.62°C), the boiling point is -306.62°F (-188.12°C). Chemical compounds. Chemical compounds containing fluorine ions are called fluorides. Fluorine only exists in one oxidation state: -1. Occurrence. Fluorine is not found as an element on the earth becase it is too reactive. Several fluorides are found in the earth, though. When calcium phosphate is reacted with sulfuric acid to make phosphoric acid, some hydrofluoric acid is produced. Also, fluorite can be reacted with sulfuric acid to make hydrofluoric acid. Fluorite naturally occurs on the earths' crust in rocks, coal and clay. Preparation. Fluorine is normally made by electrolysis. Hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in potassium fluoride. This mixture is melted and an electric current is passed through it. This is electrolysis. Hydrogen is produced at one side and fluorine at the other side. If the sides are not separated, the cell may explode. Someone made fluorine in 1986 without using electrolysis. They produced manganese(IV) fluoride by using various chemical compounds, which released fluorine gas. Uses. Fluorine is used to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons. It is also used to make sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is used to propel stuff out of an aerosol can. It is also used to make integrated circuits. Fluorine compounds have many uses. Fluoride ions are in fluorine compounds. Fluoride ions can be in toothpaste. Some are used in nonstick coatings. Freons contain fluorine. Safety. Fluorine as an element is extremely reactive and toxic. It can react with almost everything, even glass. Fluorine is also poisonous. Fluoride ions are somewhat toxic. If too much toothpaste containing fluoride is eaten then fluoride poisoning may occur. Fluoride is not reactive, though. Iodine Iodine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 53, and its atomic mass (the number of protons plus neutrons) is 127. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements and its electronic configuration is 2,8,8,18,17. It is a nonmetal. Properties. Physical properties. Iodine is a dark purple-black solid. It is also a nonmetal and a halogen. It sublimes when heated to make a bright purple vapor. This vapor is very irritating, although colorful. Iodine does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in a solution of an iodide in water. It dissolves easily in organic solvents. Chemical properties. Iodine is at the bottom of the halogens and is the least reactive of the halogens. Iodine is an oxidizing agent, though not as strong as bromine or chlorine. It can become the colorless iodide ion if another atom or molecule gives an iodine atom one of its electrons. This is called reduction. Iodine reacts with hydrogen sulfide or hydrazine to make hydriodic acid. Iodine dissolves in oleum to make a bright blue solution of I2+ and sulfur dioxide. This cation is also made when iodine reacts with antimony pentafluoride. Iodine reacts with bases to make hypoiodite and iodide. The hypoiodite disproportionates to iodate and iodide. Iodine reacts with nitric acid and chlorates to make iodates, too. Iodine reacts violently with some metals like aluminium to make large amounts of heat and toxic vapors. Chemical compounds. Iodine forms chemical compounds in several oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7. This is typical of the halogens except for fluorine. -1 compounds as iodides are the most common. Most organic iodine compounds are in the -1 oxidation state. Most iodides are colorless or reddish-yellow and are weak reducing agents. +1 and +3 compounds are quite rare. They are both oxidizing agents. +1 compounds are found as iodine monochloride and hypoiodites. +3 compounds are found as iodine trichloride or iodine trifluoride. +5 compounds are found as iodates and iodic acid. Iodine pentafluoride and iodine pentoxide are iodine compounds in the +5 state. +5 and +7 compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. +7 compounds are normally found as periodates and periodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is also in the +7 oxidation state. Potassium iodide is one of the most common iodides. Iodides are normally colorless but turn yellow after being in air because the iodide is oxidized to iodine. Iodides react with acidified manganese dioxide or chlorine to make iodine. Iodine monochloride is a red or brown liquid. Iodine trichloride, as well as iodine trifluoride, are yellow solids. Iodates like potassium iodate are colorless solids similar to chlorates. Iodic acid is the only stable oxidizing halogen acid. Chloric acid, by comparison, is very unstable and dangerous. Iodine pentoxide is a white solid, and iodine pentafluoride is a yellowish liquid. Periodates, like sodium periodate, are colorless solids similar to perchlorates, although weaker oxidizing agents. They decompose to iodates when they are heated. Periodic acid is not as stable as iodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is the only iodine(VII) compound. History. It was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811. He burned seaweed to get sodium carbonate and reacted the residue with sulfuric acid. One time, he poured too much sulfuric acid on the seaweed and purple vapor came out which made dark blue-black crystals on a cold surface. He did not have enough money to see whether it was a new element or not. He gave samples to several chemists, who identified it as an element in 1813. Occurrence. Iodine is too reactive to be in nature as an element. Iodine compounds are not common in the ground. There is a mineral called caliche that is found in dry deserts. It has iodate in it. Iodide is found in seawater. Kelp has quite large amounts of iodine in it. Iodine is one of the heaviest elements needed by living things. If people do not get enough of it, they get a disease known as goitre. Most salt has iodine in it, in the form of iodide or iodate. People can also take iodine pills to make sure they get enough. Preparation. Kelp was burned and the iodine extracted from the ashes in the 18th and 19th century, but now it is not good enough for common use. Most iodine now is extracted from seawater. Chlorine is reacted with seawater to change the iodide to iodine. Air is blown over the water to evaporate the iodine. Then the iodine is reduced with sulfur dioxide to hydriodic acid. Then the hydriodic acid is oxidized with chlorine again to make iodine. This process is repeated until the iodine is pure. A very pure form of iodine is made by reacting copper sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which is not stable. It breaks down into copper(I) iodide and iodine, which is pure. Uses. Iodine is used as a catalyst for making acetic acid. Animal feed also has iodine in it for nutrition. Iodine is used for a disinfectant. Tincture of iodine is a common iodine disinfectant. Iodine can be used to prevent thyroid cancer after a nuclear explosion. After a nuclear explosion, radioactive iodine fills the air. The radioactive iodine easily goes into the thyroid and causes cancer. When people take iodine tablets, it fills up the thyroid with non-radioactive iodine which prevents any radioactive iodine from coming in. Iodine compounds can be used in X-rays because X-rays cannot go through them easily. Some metals are purified using their iodides. Silver iodide is used in photographic film and cloud seeding. Erythrosine is a food coloring that has iodine in it. Iodine can be used to make illegal drugs so it is restricted in some areas. Iodine can be used as a test for reducing agents. Iodine turns colorless when mixed with a reducing agent. Iodine also turns black when mixed with starch. Iodides become colored when mixed with oxidizing agents. Safety. Iodine can irritate skin. Its vapors are irritating to the lungs. It is less toxic than the other halogens, though. 2-3 grams of iodine can kill. Iodides are only toxic in large amounts. Astatine Astatine is a radioactive, chemical element. Its atomic number is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 17 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.3 hours. History. The first creation of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek "estates" (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable". Chemistry. Astatine is highly radioactive and all its isotopes have half-lives of approximately 8 hours or less, the longest being astatine-210 with a half-life of a bit over eight hours. Some of its isotopes may be found in nature, but because it is so unstable, only about an ounce exists in the Earth's crust at any point in time. Chemists say it is the rarest element in the Earth's crust. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Only a few compounds with metals have been found, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead. Uses. It can be used for cancer treatment and in radioactive tracers. United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a part of the United States (U. S.) Congress. Congress is the legislature of the U. S. government and makes federal laws. The other part of Congress is the U. S. Senate. There are maximum 435 members in the United States House of Representatives. These members are called U. S. Representatives or just representatives. The number of representatives from each state depends on the number of people in that state, the population, but there is at least one U. S. representative from each of the 50 states. Every 10 years, the United States Census Bureau counts the population of the United States. States gain or lose Representatives based on the count. The House of Representatives is in one of the two wings in the U.S. Capitol building. The other wing is for the Senate. Sometimes the House of Representatives is informally called the House. The chairman/chairperson in the U.S. House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House. The current Speaker is Nancy Pelosi. According to the U.S. Constitution, all bills about raising revenue, which includes taxes, must start in the House of Representatives. Also, the House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach certain officials, such as the president or federal judges. According to the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives can expel, or impeach, one of its representatives by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members. Lourdes Flores Nano Dr.Lourdes Celmira Flores Nano (born October 7 1959) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. She is the leader of the Christian People's Party. She tried to become the mayor of Lima in 2010. Flores Nano was born in Lima in 1959. She studied law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She studied for a Phd in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, one of the world's oldest universities in Madrid, Spain. She was a member of the Lima Municipal Council and then a member of the National Congress of Peru. In 2001 and 2006 she was a candidate in election for the President of Peru. Novel Novels are books which have one long story written in them. They are works of prose fiction. They are longer than short stories and novellas. There are many kinds. For example, some are adventure stories, like "Treasure Island" by Robert Louis Stevenson. There are horror (scary) stories like Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein". There are also science fiction novels like "Dune" by Frank Herbert, and humorous novels like "Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain. Novels in English are usually at least 60,000 words long. Some are much bigger, 150,000 words or more. Novels usually have 100 pages or more. The first novels were written more than three hundred years ago. Some people say that "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes is the first novel. It was first published in 1605. Genres of novels. There are many different genres, or categories, of novels. Some of these are: Fiction Fiction is any story made up by an author. It is a creation of the author's imagination. It is not based strictly on history or facts. The opposite of fiction is non-fiction, writing that deals with facts and true events. Often in a library, part of the library is for fiction books and another part of the library is for non-fiction. The word "fiction" comes from the Latin word "fictum", which means "created". This is a good way to remember what fiction is: if it has been created or made up by somebody, it is fiction. Fiction can be written or told, or acted on stage, in a movie, on television or radio. Usually the purpose of fiction is to entertain. However, the dividing line is not always so clear. Fiction with real people or events in it is called "historical fiction", because it is based on things that happened in history. This type of fiction is written so that we can imagine and understand what it was like when those people were alive. Reality can be presented through creative writing, and imagination can open the reader's mind to significant thoughts about the real world. Parts of fiction. Characters. In fiction, there are always characters. There is usually a protagonist, or hero. Sometimes this is a group of people, not one person. You usually support the hero (or heroes.) The protagonist has to face some kind of enemy, usually another character called the "antagonist". The fight between the protagonist and their enemy is called the "conflict". Plot. Plot is a literary term. It is the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another. The events may form a pattern. That pattern may be a sequence, through cause and effect, or how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. (For example, at the start. a puppy hunged by a tree branch. At the middle, someone sees that puppy is about to fall. At the end, someone saves the puppy.) Aristotle on plot. In his "Poetics", Aristotle considered plot ("mythos") the most important element of drama—more important than character, for example. A plot must have, Aristotle says, a beginning, a middle, and an end, and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable. Of the utmost importance to Aristotle is the plot's ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience. In tragedy, the emotions are fear and pity, emotions which he considers in his "Rhetoric". Freytag on plot. Gustav Freytag considered plot a narrative structure that divided a story into five parts, like the five acts of a play. These parts are: exposition (of the situation); rising action (through conflict); climax (or turning point); falling action; and resolution. Climax. The climax is the most dangerous and exciting part of the plot. For example, if you were on a rollercoaster, the highest part would be the climax. The climax usually near to the end of the story, because the whole story has been building up to it (rising action). In an action drama it is the point when the hero or heroine looks like s/he is about to lose, and is in the greatest danger. Conflict. Conflict is very important in fiction. Every work of fiction needs a conflict, or problem. There are five basic types of conflict. In modern times, a new one, "Person vs. Technology", has been used. Person vs. Self. Person vs. Self is when a character is facing his own fears, confusion or philosophy. Sometimes the character tries to find out who he or she is, and comes to realize it or change it. Sometimes the character struggles to find out what is right or wrong. Although the enemy is inside the character, they can be influenced by outside forces. The struggle of the human being to come to a decision is the base of this type of conflict. Person vs. Person. Person vs. Person is when the hero is fighting another person. There is usually more than one time that the hero meets the enemy. For example, if a child is being bullied, that is person vs. person conflict. An example is the conflict between Judah and Messala in "". Person vs. Society. Person vs. Society is when the hero's main source of conflict is traditions or ideas. The protagonist is basically fighting what is wrong with the world he lives in. Society itself is often treated as a single character, just as another person is in person vs. person conflict. An example in literature would be "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Brontë. Person vs. Nature. Person vs. Nature is when a character is fighting against forces of nature. Many films focus on this theme. It is also found in stories about trying to survive in places far away from humans, like Jack London's short story "To Build a Fire". Person vs. Supernatural. Person vs. Supernatural is when a character is battling supernatural forces. Sometimes, this force is inside themselves, it is internal. Such stories are sometimes used to represent or criticize Freud's theory of id vs. superego. Bram Stoker's "Dracula" is a good example of this, as well as "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley and "Christabel" by Samuel Coleridge. It is also very common in comic books. Person vs. Machine/Technology. Person vs. Machine/Technology places a character against robot forces with artificial intelligence. "I, Robot" and the "Terminator" series are good examples of this conflict. Oak Lawn, Illinois Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, USA. It is a suburb of Chicago. Fossil fuel Fossil fuels are fuels that come from old life forms that decomposed over a long period of time. The three most important fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Oil and gas are hydrocarbons (molecules that have only hydrogen and carbon in them). Coal is mostly carbon. These fuels are called fossil fuels because they are dug up from underground. Coal mining digs up solid fuel; gas and oil wells bring up liquid fuel. Fossil fuel was not much used until the Middle Ages. Coal became the main kind of fuel with the Industrial Revolution. Uses. Most of the fuels people burn are fossil fuels. A big use is to make electricity. In power plants fossil fuels, usually coal, are burned to heat water into steam, which pushes a fan-like object called a turbine. When the turbine spins around, magnets inside the turbine make electricity. Crude oil can be separated to make various fuels such as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. These substances are made by fractional distillation in an oil refinery. They are the main fuels in transportation. That means that they are burned in order to move cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, trains and even spacecraft. Without them, there wouldn't be much transport. People also burn fossil fuels to heat their homes. They use coal less for this than they did long ago, because it makes things dirty. In many homes, people burn natural gas in a stove for cooking. Fossil fuels are widely used in construction. Origin. All fossil fuels come from the periods in Earth's history when the Earth had huge tropical forests. In those periods, plants lived, grew and died, faster than they decayed. In other words, they were times when much of the dead vegetation did not entirely decompose. Instead it became coal and related substances such as peat. The times of the great wetlands which produced coal and peat were in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), continuing in the first part of the Permian; the Jurassic and Eocene periods. Virtually all the worlds' coal dates to those periods. Problems. Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels. This can be reduced by making the combustion process more efficient, and by using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases. This pollution is responsible for causing the earth to get warmer, called global warming. They are also non-renewable resources, there is only a limited amount of coal, gas, and oil, and it is not possible to make more. Eventually all the fossil fuels will be used. Some scientists think that coal will have run out by 2200 and oil by 2040. Renewable energy sources like biomass energy such as firewood are being used. Countries are also increasing the use of wind power, tidal energy, and solar energy to generate electricity. Some governments are helping automobile makers to develop electric cars and hybrid cars that will use less oil. Boston Bruins The Boston Bruins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924. They have won six Stanley Cup championships, and they lost against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals after winning in 2011. History. Early years. In their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups: 1929, 1939, and 1941. Ralph "Cooney" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930. Aubrey "Dit" Clapper was also a star player around this time. Then Eddie Shore came along, a huge star in the league on defense. Shore won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times: in 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1938. Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often. Cecil "Tiny" Thompson was the team's star goaltender. In the 1940s and 1950s the Bruins had new stars. Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley were great centers and both won scoring championships and MVP trophies. They were helped by Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer on wing, and Frank Brimsek replaced Thompson in goal. The 1960s were not so good for the Bruins. Schmidt retired to become the team's coach and the team did not have many stars. They finished in last place six times out of seven years and did not make the playoffs eight straight seasons. Left wing John Bucyk was their best player. Later years. Bobby Orr began as a defenseman with Boston in 1966. After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenseman in the NHL eight times in a row, and the Bruins became a top team again. He joined with centers Phil Esposito and Derek Sanderson, Bucyk and goalie Gerry Cheevers to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972. Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years. He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974. Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies: 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974. Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defenseman ever to win the scoring title. The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. Ray Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times, was the team's greatest star in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history. The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990. Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990s, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005. The Bruins won the Stanley Cup championship in 2011. In the 2018-2019 season the Bruins made the Stanley Cup final once again, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion St. Louis Blues in 7 games. George Morrow George Morrow (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States. Morrow promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers. Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club. Starting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including "Morrow Designs". Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the CP/M operating system. When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing. Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986. Dietary mineral A dietary mineral is a chemical element that a living thing needs to be part of what they eat, other from the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are already very common in living things. One example of a dietary mineral is calcium, which humans and many other animals need to build strong bones and teeth, among other things. Iron is another mineral, which you can find in red meat. It is important for us to have iron as it creates red blood cells. Other common minerals include potassium and phosphorus. Cleveland, England Cleveland was a non-metropolitan county that existed between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1996. It was in North East England. The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities. Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic language. The Hungarian name for the language is "Magyar". The Finno-Ugric languages also include Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in Russia: Khanty and Mansi are the most closely related to Hungarian. The Hungarian name for the language is "Magyar". Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, unlike most other European languages, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German. Speakers and dialects. Hungarian is spoken by approximately 13 million people. Most of them live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but there are also speakers in Slovakia, the northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the official languages of the European Union (EU). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia. Hungarian has several dialects, but people can easily understand one another. The Csángó dialect in Romania, however, is archaic and has changed less than the other dialects. Hungarian literary language is based on the Northeastern dialect. Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German. Grammar. Hungarian grammar is very different from that of Indo-European languages like English. Hungarian has no grammatical gender. For example, there are no separate words for "he" and "she" but there is one pronoun ("ő"). Instead of prepositions, (like "from" or "with"), Hungarian uses suffixes (particles at the end of main words). For example, "from Budapest" becomes "Budapestről", and "with Alexandra" becomes "Alexandrával". Another Hungarian feature is vowel harmony: suffixes change according to (harmonise with) the vowel of the main word. If they have "a" in the word, the suffix normally has "a" as well ("fa" "tree" and "fával" """with a tree"), and if they have "e", the suffix will change to have "e" as well' ("teve" "camel" and "tevével" "with a camel"). Hungarian words have the accent on the first syllable. Writing. The Hungarian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. Some letters have diacritics (dots or commas above them) and so Hungarian has 44 letters, more than the 26 of English. Since Hungarian writing is mostly phonetic, it is easy to write words by knowing their pronunciation. History. The earliest known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the "Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany" (1054). The "Funeral Oration and Prayer" (1192-95) and the "Old Hungarian Lament of Mary" (13th century) are the earliest known continuous Hungarian texts. In the 16th century, the first printed Hungarian texts were published. The modern literary language appeared in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Hungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary between 1844 and 1849 and then again in 1867. Hungarian Hungarian can mean: Rochester, New York Rochester is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area. It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse. Media. WHEC NBC WROC CBS WXXI PBS WOKR American Broadcasting Company WUHF Fox Broadcasting Company WGBT UPN Geography. Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring. Economy and education. Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology. Dragon (disambiguation) A dragon is a legendary creature, typically with reptile-like traits. Dragon might also mean: Shop A shop or store is a place where people can go to buy items that they need or want. People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture, jewelry, or many other things. There are loads of shops in the world people can buy their things from. People might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it. For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop. Shops can be anything from large supermarket chains to small businesses. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Miloš Forman and starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher. It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon which is run by the tyrannical Nurse Ratched (Fletcher) and where the new patient Randle McMurphy (Nicholson) rebels against her. It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since "It Happened One Night". These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The screenplay was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie). Dr. Strangelove Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (better known as only Dr. Strangelove) is a 1964 British-American black comedy movie directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick, and starring Peter Sellers. The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general, George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson. He orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload. The key to the film is the acting of Peter Sellers, who played three main roles: During the movie's ending, the world is blown up by a Soviet deterrence weapon, the Cobalt-Thorium G "doomsday machine", whose existence had not been announced. Vera Lynn's recording of "We'll Meet Again" is played as the world meets its end (it was a famous song of World War II). This is sometimes said to be a film of the book Peter George's thriller novel "Red Alert" (1958). But in this book Strangelove's character does not appear. It seems the director Stanley Kubrick had intended to use ideas from the book, but as the film developed the influence of tragi-comedy and the genius of Peter Sellers changed its direction. In 1989, the United States Library of Congress chose this movie to be kept in the National Film Registry. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies. Animal husbandry Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of animals, particularly livestock. People have done this for a very long time; it is much older than agriculture. Nomadic people and people In rural areas often teach their children how to care for their animals. 4-H is an organization that also teaches children in the United States how to raise and care for farm animals. Some people who specialize in animal husbandry try to make sure that the animals are well cared for, while others try to make sure that the animals cost as little as possible to raise. Examples of animal husbandry are: Animal husbandry includes domestication of animals to obtain animal products (like milk, meat, wool, leather), and use them for transportation. Branches. Dairy. Dairy farming is a branch of animal husbandry whereby dairy animals are raised for their milk. The cow is mainly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys. In the past, cows were kept in small herds on family farms, grazing pastures and fed hay in winter, nowadays they are kept in larger herds, more intensive systems and the feeding of silage. Meat. Many animals are raised for their meat. Meat, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary protein around the world. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs give birth to more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year. Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions. Poultry. Poultry includes all birds domesticated by man. They are kept for their eggs and for their meat. They include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. Chickens are mainly used throughout the world for egg production. Methods for keeping poultry range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but at night they are kept in barns for their own protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are kept in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages. Walt Disney World Resort The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment complex near Orlando, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971 with only the Magic Kingdom theme park. It has since added Epcot (October 1, 1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (May 1, 1989) and Disney's Animal Kingdom (April 22, 1998). It also has 2 water parks, 23 hotels, a campground, and Disney Springs, which is a shopping area with souvenir shops, restaurants, and sports activities. It covers an area of and is the largest theme park in the world. The resort was inspired by the dreams of Walt Disney and his creation of Disneyland in California. Its original theme park, Magic Kingdom, is designed similarly to Disneyland. Walt Disney created "Disney World" to have a vacation resort that was much different from Disneyland's one-day visit; this includes a much wider variety of sports, recreation, themed resort hotels and entertainment. The theme parks come with lots of different and fun rides and you can go swimming at the water parks. Sometimes, Disney characters walk around the parks to enjoy the younger ones. The rides are related to the books and films that Disney created. Attractions. The resort is approximately as large as San Francisco and twice the size of Manhattan. It has many exciting destinations including theme parks, water parks and more. Theme Parks. There are 4 theme parks in Walt Disney World. Each of them have numerous rides, restaurants and entertainment activities to witness. You can meet Disney characters there and have fun viewing different parades. Water Parks. There are 2 water parks: Harp The harp is a musical instrument. It is the second biggest string instrument in an orchestra. It dates back to 4000 BC when the Egyptians used them in holy places. Christian artists often draw angels playing harps in Heaven. How harps work. Parts of a harp. Harps have strings that are tied to the frame, which is usually a triangle made of wood. Each string is tight, and the frame must be strong so that the many tight strings do not break it. The side of the triangle that leans on the player's body is called the "sound box". The top side of the triangle has a lot of pegs in it. There is one peg for each string on the harp. The top of each string is tied to one peg, and twisted around the peg. The player turns the peg to make the string more tight or less tight. This is how the player makes each string make the right note. The bottom of each string is tied to the sound box. The last side of the triangle is called the pillar. Many of the oldest harps did not have them. If the strings were too tight, they would break the harp. Adding a pillar to a harp frame makes the frame very strong, so that the strings will not break it. Playing a harp. Harp players pluck the strings with their fingers, similar to a guitar. This makes the strings move so that the strings make sounds. Each string sound is a different musical note. Harp players play music by plucking the strings in the right order and at the right time. More than one string can be plucked at the same time to make a chord, or they can be played quickly, one after another, to make an arpeggio. When the harp player wants a note to stop, they touch that string softly, so that it stops moving. Kinds of harps. There are many different kinds of harps. The two main kinds are folk harps and pedal harps. The folk harp is the older kind of harp, the oldest dating back to 3000 BC in Ancient Egypt. In these harps, each string can only make one note at a time. They are usually tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the white notes on a piano in order. This is called a diatonic scale. In some places, they are tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the black notes on a piano in order. This is called a pentatonic scale. Folk harps can be found in many different sizes. The smallest ones can be less than half a meter tall and can have as little as 20 strings. The biggest ones can be almost 1.5 meters tall, have up to 40 strings, and can stand on the ground by themselves. These harps are too big to be lifted by one person. The pedal harp was invented during the 1800s by a man in France. This is the kind of harp that is heard in most classical music and is used in the modern symphony orchestra, and for this reason it is often called a concert harp. Pedal harps are about two meters tall and have about 50 strings. The lowest and highest notes on a pedal harp are the same as the lowest and highest notes on a piano. They are very heavy, and need more than one person to move them. The frame is usually made out of metal. Like the folk harp, the pedal harp is tuned like the white keys on a piano. However, it has seven pedals to let the harp player play music in different keys. Each pedal, named after the different musical notes, has three places. For the "A" pedal, the usual place makes all the "A" strings sound like a normal "A" ("A"-natural). The lower place makes all the "A" strings on the harp sound like "A"-flat, while the higher place makes all the "A" strings sound like "A"-sharp. A cross-strung harp is a pedal harp that is chromatic and consists of two rows of strings. They cross near to the middle of the string without touching. The strings are in the order of the piano keys (7 plus 5) or in the order of the 6-plus-6 system. Things that are not harps. Some instruments have the word harp in their name, but they are not really harps. The harp is such an old musical instrument, that people sometimes say "harp" when they mean any kind of instrument. Kassam Stadium Kassam Staudium is an arena in Oxford, England. It is where Oxford United F.C. plays. It is the biggest arena in the blue square premier league conference national Nucleotide A nucleotide is an organic molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. These two types of nucleic acid are essential biomolecules in all forms of life on Earth. A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group. Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures. Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy for the many cellular functions that need it. Examples are: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, and so on. In addition, nucleotides work in cell signaling, and they are in important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+). In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be labeled using radionuclides to make radionucleotides. Voting Voting is when a group of people decide something by saying what they want. It can be for electing a leader or representative, passing a law, and other things. When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the winner is determined. Voting can be done in small groups (friends deciding what to do over weekend), societies (building committee deciding on whether to paint a building), nations (voting for president or - in some cases - voting for independence) and global (United Nations deciding how to limit nuclear weapon development). Usually the side that gets most votes will win. This is called majority rule. The right to vote is called suffrage. In some cases, a certain percentage may be needed to win a vote. This is often the case when voting to change the constitution of a country, or when electing a government official. When choosing a government official, there may be several rounds. In the first round, votes can be cast for all candidates. In the second round, only the two or three candidates with the most votes can be chosen. Voting is done in democratic government. Joule A joule ( or sometimes ) is a unit in the SI system. It measures energy; usually in scientific or electrical appliances . It is named after James Prescott Joule. A joule refers to the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton is applied on it over a distance of 1 metre (1J = 1N × 1m). It is related to the watt (a unit of power): one watt equals one joule per second. It can also be understood as the work done for passing one ampere of electric current through an electric circuit of external resistance equivalent to one ohm for one second. Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss (pronunciation: , Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany. Gauss contributed to many areas of learning. Most of his work was about number theory and astronomy. Childhood. He was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever. When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had incorrectly measured something on his complicated payroll. Gauss was correct. Gauss also taught himself to read. When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050. The formula is formula_1. According to this archived website, the problem given to Gauss was actually more difficult to do. The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798. Adulthood. When Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit. Gauss made calculations that let them locate it. Later in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics. He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph. Work. Gauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory. In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity. He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way. Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly. Gauss made important discoveries in Probability theory. Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon is a famous canyon in Arizona, formed by the Colorado River. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a National Park of the United States. It is also one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and is over a mile (1.83 km) (6000 feet) deep in places. Nearly two billion years past of the Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries (smaller rivers) cut their channels through layer after layer of rock. Evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago. Since that time, the Colorado River continued to erode and form the canyon to the point we see it at today. Geology. The result of all the erosion is one of the most complete geologic columns (stacks of rock layers) on the planet. There are nearly 40 major sedimentary rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area. They range in age from about 200 million to nearly 2 billion years old. Most were laid down in warm, shallow seas, near ancient, long-gone sea shores in western North America. Both marine and terrestrial sediments are represented, including fossilized sand dunes from an ancient desert. There are at least 14 known unconformities in the geologic record found in the Grand Canyon area. The major rock exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the almost 2 billion year old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230 million year old Kaibab Limestone on the rim. Shown in the diagram, there is a gap of about one billion years between the stratum that is about 500 million years old (blue) and the lower level, which is about 1.5 billion years old at the top (green). This large unconformity indicates a period of erosion between two periods of deposition. Many of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps. The seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America. The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) was caused by 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1500 to 3000 m) uplift of the Colorado Plateau. This started about 65 million years ago during the Laramide period of orogeny (mountain-building). This uplift steepened the gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which increased their speed and their ability to cut through rock. Weather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system. The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper. The base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river's base level (its lowest point). This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago. The stepped appearance of the rocks was caused by their varied resistance to the flow of water. Between three million and 100,000 years ago, volcanic activity spread ash (tuff) and lava over the area and at times completely blocked the river. These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon. Tourism. Many people come from around the world to visit the Grand Canyon. People can also take trips floating on the Colorado River in boats and rafts. Some people like to hike in the Grand Canyon. The land on the north side of the Grand Canyon is called the "North Rim". The land on the south side of the Grand Canyon is called the "South Rim". "North Rim" is open to visitors from May to October. It is possible to visit "South Rim" all year round. There are trails leading from the North Rim and the South Rim to the bottom of the canyon. These trails lead to a place at the bottom of the canyon called "Phantom Ranch". Phantom Ranch has a campground and cabins where hikers can spend the night. Some people also ride mules into the Grand Canyon. Most people who visit the Grand Canyon drive in cars to the South Rim and just look at the canyon from the rim and take pictures. The are also free shuttles for visitors. They are a good way to go from one viewpoint to another. Many tourists like to fly over the canyon on a helicopter to have a panoramic view. Grand Canyon admission is $35 per car. People accessing by foot or bicycle have to pay $20. Admission to Grand Canyon is included in the National Parks & Federal Recreational Lands Annual Pass ($80), which is valid to enter all National Park in United States for a year. Dairy product Dairy products are foods that are made from animal milk. Usually, they are made from the milk of cows and goats, but they can be made from the milk of other animals as well. Dairy products include milk, cheese, butter, yogurt,ice cream...etc Alberto Fujimori Alberto Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was the President of Peru from 1990 to 2000. A controversial figure in Peruvian politics, his government is credited with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability. He is still remembered in Peru for defeating Shining Path, the peace with Ecuador and recovering the economy after the presidency of Alan García. Even amid his prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period. In 2001, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was accused of doing illegal things. People thought that Fujimori was also involved. After that, Fujimori went to Japan, because he has Japanese ancestors, thus is a citizen there. Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation. Fujimori resigned the Presidency of Peru. Valentín Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned. In 2005 Fujimori was detained in Chile. After his extradition in 2007 the Peruvian government put him on trial and convicted him. He was sentenced to several years in prison. On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds but in 2019 he was put back in prison. His daughter, Keiko is also a politician and ran for president three times, the most recent being is 2021. List of presidents of Peru This is a list of presidents of Peru. Republic of Peru (1839–present). The Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839. New York Rangers The New York Rangers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City. The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships. History. Early years. The Rangers were started by a promoter named Tex Rickard. Newspapers began calling the new team "Tex's Rangers", a play on the famous police force known as the Texas Rangers. The team picked up on the nickname, and have been called "Rangers" ever since. The Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940. Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942. "Babe" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time. Later years. The Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings. Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959. The team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins. They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert. The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians. Rivalry. There was another team in New York, the Americans. The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers. The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived. This became known as Dutton's curse. Comeback. Red Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true. Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994. Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence. They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning. Problems and Today. Recently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row. However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jaromír Jágr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundqvist. They reached the Finals in 2014 and lost to the Kings in 5 games. Lundqvist wuld go on to play his entire 15-year career with the team as he retired prior to the 2020-21 season. Headstone A headstone, gravestone or tombstone is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify a person who is buried beneath it (in the grave). These markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (epitaph or inscriptions) and pictures, but at times some gravestones can be unmarked, leaving a dead person unidentifiable. Plasma Plasma could mean: Blood plasma Blood plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood. In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the plasma. Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Plasma is the transport medium for excretion. In hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this. An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting. Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge. The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes. The plasma is poured into another container. Hospitals may give patients: Blood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells "and" the clotting factors). Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy which involves taking out blood plasma, treating it, and putting it back in the patient. Storage. Whole plasma may be stored frozen, or it may be stored dry. Dried plasma can be flown anywhere in the world, and is vital for the armed forces. The method was invented in the US in 1940, and used widely in World War II. The Army/Navy standard pack was two tin cans, each with 400cc bottles inside. One held the plasma, the other distilled (pure) water. The plasma could be restored in three minutes, and remained fresh for about four hours. Vancouver Canucks The Vancouver Canucks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They started to play in the NHL in 1970. They play in Vancouver, British Columbia at Rogers Arena. History. Early games. The Canucks were first a team in the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL), winning the championship in 1946 and 1948. In 1952 the PCHL changed its name to the Western Hockey League (WHL). The Canucks stayed in the WHL. Beginning. The Canucks joined the NHL in 1970. They were not a good team at first, though they won their division in 1975. Andre Boudrias was a star for the team at this time. The team made the Stanley Cup finals in 1982, which surprised many people, since they had finished below average in the regular season. Goaltender Richard Brodeur, along with forwards Stan Smyl, Thomas Gradin, and Darcy Rota, led the team. Coach Roger Neilson and some players raised white towels on top of their hockey sticks to "surrender" to the referees, who they thought were unfair (a white flag means surrender or "I give up"). After that, the fans all waved white flags during Canucks playoff games (this is called "Towel Power"). The team lost four games to zero in the finals to the New York Islanders. Comeback. In the late 1980s, players such as Toni Tanti and Petri Skriko led the team. They made the finals again in 1994, due to players such as goaltender Kirk MacLean, the "Russian Rocket" Pavel Bure (who scored the most goals in the NHL that year), Trevor Linden, and Cliff Ronning. However, they lost the series four games to three to the New York Rangers. 1990-present. The Canucks did poorly in the late 1990s, but improved in the 2000s. Markus Naslund came second in scoring in 2002 and 2003, and was named the Pearson Trophy winner as players' choice for the best player in 2003. Todd Bertuzzi, Matthias Ohlund, and Ed Jovanovski were also important players who helped lead the team to the division title in 2004. However, they lost in overtime of deciding game seven to the Calgary Flames in the first round of the playoffs (just as they had done in 1989), and the Flames went to the finals (just like 1989). The Canucks just missed the playoffs in 2006. Two of the young stars, identical twins Daniel and Henrik Sedin, along with players such as Anson Carter, were important to the team that year. In 2011 the Canucks won the President's Trophy as they were the best team in the NHL regular season. They also made the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, but lost to the Boston Bruins. The Bruins won the Stanley Cup. The Canucks won the President's Trophy again in 2012, but lost to the La Kings in the first round in five games. On April 8, 2014, the Canucks fired General Manager Mike Gillis. Not too long afterward, they announced that they had hired Trevor Linden as their new General Manager. Folding Fold or folding could mean: Mi Reflejo Mi Reflejo is the first Spanish-language album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album "Christina Aguilera" but in Spanish. This album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001. It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album. Behaviour Behaviour (or behavior) is what an animal does or how it acts. Behaviours may be conscious or unconscious. They may be inherited or learnt. The term is also used for systems and for machines which interact with their environment. The term is not well-defined. In experiments, behaviour is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus. Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings. If their behaviour is conscious it means that they know what they are doing. If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behaviour. Humans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot. This is done because we (and other animals) inherit nervous system reflexes which cause us to pull away from the thing that is causing the pain. Behaviour is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. The nervous system reacts, and notices what happens. The hormone system is much slower. It makes some kinds of behaviour more, or less, likely. A simple example is the change from being a child to an adult. This involves a whole range of hormones which affect growth and behaviour. Behaviour is also linked to learning. Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler. However, even the simplest animals show habituation, which is a primitive kind of learning. For organisms, learning means that they change their behaviour because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react. People often use the word "behaviour" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another. Children are taught what is good behaviour and what is bad behaviour. Good behaviour is about being polite and thoughtful to other people. It is the kind of behaviour that people in a society expect from others. Ankle In anatomy, the ankle is the joint that links the foot to the leg. Tangsudo Tangsudo, dangsudo or tang soo do () is a Korean martial art. It is considered as Korean karate. History of tangsudo. The name "tangsudo" means "the way of Chinese hands". In the Korean peninsula several schools of martial arts had been prohibited by Japanese invaders for 35 years, and they went out from secret at the end of the Second World War. They were known as schools of tangsudo. In the modern Korea, the first school of tangsudo was Chungdokwan, founded in 1944 by the master WonKukLee. As a result of the liberation of Korean nation, which was happened 15th August 1945, other four schools were opened: Mudokkwan, Songmukwan, Chidokwan, and Changmukwan. Other schools ("kwan") were added to the list after the end of the civil war between north and south (1950-1953). In December 1955, with the approval of the president of Republic of South Korea, Singman Rhee, a meeting of the founders of the main schools was called. The intention of this meeting was to unify the different schools and to give the name and the form to the national martial art. The name should be related neither with China, nor with Japan ("tangsu"="Chinese hands" and its Japanese pronunciation is "karate"). Among a lot of already postulated names there was "Taekwondo", proposed by a General named Choi Hong Hee. In 1961 the "Korean Association of Taesudo" rises. Mudukkwan of Hwang Kee and Ydokwan of Byong Yun Kwei remained anchored to the tradition. The new organization dismembered the technical inheritance of the old tangsudo in 1962. The sporting combat with the use of jumps, kicks and fists formed taesudo briefly; the techniques of personal defense with the use of levers and throws (grappling) became "hapkido". On the other hand, the techniques of "neikung" (internal work), which control breathing, energy (Ki) and the mental concentration, became not very noticeable. In 1964 the organization changed its name once again into "Korean Association of Taekwondo". That name remain ultimate. In 1966, "International Taekwondo Federation" is born. Its aim was to spread out the new-born discipline in the rest of the world. Its founder is the Korean general Choi. In 1971 Taekwondo becomes national sport of South Korea for presidential decree of the president Park Chung Hee. In 1973, "World Taekwondo Federation" is born, presided by Dr Un Yong Kim. It was founded in opposition to the ITF. The ITF, after a series of continual changes, will have the support of the North Korea. Meanwhile, the WTF of Doctor Kim reaches the Olympic Games: Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992. So, it is an official Olympic sport and no more martial art. The schools, which were faithful to tangsudo had to choose the strategy of the emigration, by installing them outside of Korea, in America, Europe, Southern Africa, etc., to maintain live and unaltered the message of the ancient, wise men of Orient. Techniques of fight in tangsudo. Stances. There are many stances in the tangsudo. Some of them are basic, for example "the stance of preparation"; the others need more balance, such as "the stance on one foot" or "the stance of the crane". Basic Techniques. Basic techniques are simple and effective. The students learn all the basic techniques (blocks, blows, kicks) which can be found in the traditional art of tangsudo. "Dojang" (schools of the tangsudo), gives special importance to the "art", not only to fighting. The hand techniques involve, amongst others, many different fist techniques and "knife-hand" techniques. Each of them has a correct form and special practical use, and they are used in blocking and in attack. The tangsudo is the martial art which gives much attention to foot techniques and to flexibility. They are also used for both blocking and attacking. Training of tangsudo. In the traditional method, the student has to learn the basics first of all, later he does repeatedly the fight of one step and the fight of three steps. The fight of one step teaches how to direct attention, but the fight of three steps teaches him how to move forward and to move backward, as well as how to use a distance. Together, they give the belief in student's abilities, and the student needs this belief in order to successfully block and attack in the free fight. Training of the mind. The teachers give attention to the importance of the Principles and Creed of Tangsudo, the students learn discipline and respect. The self-confidence, the concentration and the control are also underlined, because they are important aspects of everyday life. Practice of basics ("kibon"). The students do regularly the basic techniques with marching almost during every lesson. This helps them to understand the dynamics of a movement and this improves the technique by repetition. The basics teach them good balance and good stance. Forms ("hyong"). The forms are the sequences of the basic techniques. They are fixed in advance. The forms in the tangsudo are obtained from different styles of martial arts. Indeed, the majority of them is the versions of karate kata. They show the special practical use of all the basic techniques in a variety of situations. The form is considered as if the performer of the form were defending himself against many enemies. The "hyong" are arranged patterns of techniques which the students do regularly at all levels. The study of the forms increases abilities of understanding, of learning, and of remembering. Forms change the shape of the basic techniques and they teach the strategy, the tactics, the choosing of the right moment, and the balance. If the tangsudo is treated as "the art for the art", the forms are easily learned and they are similar to a kind of dance in presentation. While the student advances in ability, the "hyong" become more complicated and become the challenge. Forms are a part of the training of tangsudo which a student can easily do regularly almost anywhere. Fight ("daeryeon"). The fight of training gives the chance to use freely all the techniques against one or some opponents. Self-control is important. Proper choosing of the right moment, position and methods of passing through the defenses of an opponent are also exercised. Although students may use helmets, gloves and boots filled with soft material, the rule of avoiding any contact is respected. Fight of one step ("hanbon-daeryeon"). This exercise lets the person who is being trained practice techniques of self-defence against a known attack in a controlled way. The aim is the development of responses to certain situation without conscious thought. This allows to learn correct distance and choosing of the right moment, which are two factors of deciding importance in a real fight. This also gives self-confidence and control. This is a way of practising that is very controlled, safe, and without contact. Free fight ("jayu-daeryeon"). The free fight allows make continuous use of the techniques against the other person in a controlled environment. The aim is to defend oneself in an unknown situation. Attention is given to safety at all times. According to the traditional method, the student need not hit a heavy bag to increase the power of his blows and to prepare himself for free fight. That is because the students uses of control, not contact. The students stop their blows close to the target. Therefore, if in a real fight they decide to hit the target, they can do it easily. According to the traditional theory, if the student makes contact constantly, it will be difficult to control his actions when he needs. But if he always makes continuous use of control, he can easily hit when he needs. If the student constantly makes contact during free fight, his mind will become wild. But if the student makes continuous use of controlled fight, his mind will become more controlled. Both states of mind can spread over his life outside of class. Because full contact is not allowed, the students have no need to use strong protectors (things that protect). Using boxing gloves and thick feet protectors leads them to hit strongly. And when they hit while wearing such things, they does not feel whether their technique is correct. In order to avoid this problem, the traditional masters should make a choice the light protectors of fists and of insteps. They suffice to prevent injury when the contact accidentally occurs. According to the modern method, the free fight is similar to fights in kickboxing. The students use boxing gloves, protectors of the feet, and protectors of the head. Whether free fight is aimed at competition or at fight on the street, the student should make a great effort to improve his endurance (power of enduring). That is a reason that the student needs to have good basics and good skills of the fight of one step and of three steps; they develop the student's endurance. It will not happen immediately; usually two or three months are necessary in order to develop the endurance. The important part of it is proper breathing. The student has to breathe at the right time when he hits or he blocks. If he stops his breath when he does an action, he can still do the action, but he will become gradually tired as time passes. Finally he will lose his ability to continue. On the other hand, each time he breathes in and breathes out correctly, he extends the amount of time when he can continue to fight. Training of self-defence ("hosinsul"). Training of self-defence teaches a student how to defend himself against grabs, holds and locks. It also contains how to deal with situations where it is necessary to defend oneself without causing permanent physical wound to his attacker and how to use pressure points. "Jayu-daeryeon" is perfect in order to improve the self-defence ability. The student can combine any techniques: kicks, punches, blows to feet (sweeps), takedowns and overthrows. Breaking of the boards ("kyokpa"). Breaking of the boards is a favorite occupation of many students and spectators. Breaking shows the level of the students' techniques and it helps them understand what effect their techniques can have on a target. It is used during tests of movement to a higher rank and attention is given to safety at all times. This occupation teaches to focus the mind and to direct attention correctly towards the technique. This also helps the students to pass their barriers of the mind, and improves their belief in their abilities. Annie Hall Annie Hall is a 1977 American romantic comedy movie from United Artists. Woody Allen directed and stars in it. At first it was called "Anhedonia", then "It Had To Be Jew", but these titles would not sell the movie. "Annie Hall" has been considered a biography of Allen's real life, but the actor has denied this claim. Plot. The movie takes place in New York City and the latter half in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of Alvy Singer, a comedian from Brooklyn, who is obsessed with death. He has an affair with the title character, Annie Hall (played by Diane Keaton) and the two embark on a romance. He encourages Annie to further her career as a nightclub singer. Alvy recalls how his Brooklyn house was below a roller coaster on Coney Island. His father was the owner of a place that had bumper cars, something that reflected the marriage between Alvy's father and Alvy's mother. Throughout the film, many flashbacks are included, often humourously; however, when Alvy recalls his times with Annie, the comedic mood turns nostalgic and Alvy is left wondering what could have happened differently if his insecurities were not in the way. Alvy asks Annie to marry him after they split. She tells him no, as she wants to stay friends. Techniques. "Annie Hall" is noted for its use of special elements such as double exposure (two pictures in one) and magic themes in a real setting. There is an animated scene with a cartoon version of Allen, and the Witch from Disney's "Snow White". Awards and success. Academy Awards. The movie won four Academy Awards: Allen was nominated for Best Actor. The movie won one Golden Globe Award, for Best Actress in Musical or Comedy (Diane Keaton). It was nominated for three more: Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), Best Director (Woody Allen), and Best Actor in Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen). The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. Recognition. It has been called one of the best comedy movies of all time. It has appeared on IMDb's Top 250 List, and was number thirty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. In 1992, it was selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry. Influence. Many of today's romantic comedy movies have been influenced by "Annie Hall". The tie that was worn by Keaton's character was popular at the time of the movie's release. Christopher Walken, who would later become more famous, had a role as the title character's brother. Hayao Miyazaki is a leader in the area of anime, or Japanese animation. His name is pronounced "Ha-ya-oh Me-ya-za-key". He worked with Isao Takahata. His company made the animated movies "Spirited Away" (2001), "My Neighbor Totoro" (1988), "Kiki's Delivery Service" (1989), "Porco Rosso" (1992) and "Princess Mononoke" (1997). His company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for "Spirited Away". It was the first anime to win the award in that category. During a press conference at Italy's Venice Film Festival, he announced that he was going to retire from the production of feature-length films. Miyazaki announced his retirement on September 2, 2013. Gasoline Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, clear liquid that is mostly used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It is made by boiling petroleum, a fossil fuel. In a distillation process, petroleum is heated to a very high temperature, then it separates into its components, one of them is gasoline. This is an expensive process. It is made mostly of octane (C8H18), a hydrocarbon. Gasoline is sold at gas stations (petrol stations). In order to burn properly in high-compression internal combustion engines, each brand of gasoline includes gasoline additives. So, the exact make up of gasoline is different at different stations. Gasoline is graded by its octane rating that measures how well it will burn. Most car engines can burn "regular" gasoline which has an octane rating of 87. Precision-made engines require or prefer "premium" gasoline with an octane rating of 93. Most stations offer three different mixtures of gasoline with three separate octane ratings and prices. Uses. Gasoline is most often used in vehicles like cars, vans, etc. Gasoline can be used in a wide variety of other things that we use every day, such as lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and small boat motors. Some larger vehicles like trucks or ships may use diesel fuel instead of gasoline. Dangers. Gasoline is very dangerous. It can explode when an electric spark lights it. It is also harmful if a human drinks it or if it gets on the skin. It hurts the environment and human health by creating poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide. If a gasoline engine is used indoors or in a closed space, the carbon monoxide can cause death in minutes. Many people die every year from using gasoline-powered generators indoors, or leaving vehicles running inside a garage. Usage and pricing. The US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption. In 2003 The US consumed , which equates to 1.3 gigalitres of gasoline each day (about 360 million US or 300 million imperial gallons). The US used about 510 billion litres (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade. Europe. Unlike the US, countries in Europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. For example, price for gasoline in Europe is more than twice that in the US. United States. Because of the low fuel taxes, the retail price of gasoline in the US is subject to greater changes (than outside the US) when calculated as a percentage of cost-per-unit. From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline was between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon. After 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, then dropped approximately $2.60 per U.S. gallon as of September 2009. Recently, the U.S. has experienced an upswing in gas prices of 13.51% from Jan 31st to March 7, 2011. Most consumer goods have posted prices that exclude tax; taxes are added based on a percentage of the purchase price. Because of primitive gasoline pumps in the 1920s, United States gasoline prices are posted with taxes included and the taxes are set on cents per gallon. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. (These taxes collect the cost of maintaining the roads.) As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding red diesel). Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, as of January 2011, are California (47.7¢/gal), New York (47.3¢/gal), Hawaii (45.8¢/gal), and Connecticut (45.2¢/gal). The federal government and many states fail to increase their gasoline taxes over time with inflation. However, some states also charge a sales tax as a percentage and vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline. About 9% of all gasoline sold in the US in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. Some car manufacturers "recommend" premium gasoline but have computer-controlled engines that adjust the timing to avoid knocking. So, most cars can burn regular grade gasoline but at a slightly reduced performance. The Associated Press said premium gas–which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more than regular unleaded–should be used only if the manufacturer says it is “required”. To reduce the use of imported oil, the US uses Gasohol (10% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures. Brazil. Brazil has the largest national fuel ethanol industry. Gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration. Tropical cyclone A tropical cyclone is a circular air movement that starts over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near the Equator. Most tropical cyclones create fast winds and great rains. While some tropical cyclones stay out in the sea, others pass over land. They can be dangerous because of flooding and because the winds pick up objects, including things as big as small boats. Tropical cyclones can throw these things at high speeds. Tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons form when convection causes warm, moist air above the ocean to rise. They begin as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 °F (27 °C) or hotter. The Coriolis effect made by the Earth's rotation causes the winds to rotate. Warm air rises quickly. Tropical cyclones usually move westward in the tropics, and can later move north or south into the temperate zone. The "eye of the storm" is the center. It has little rain or wind. The eye wall has the heaviest rain and the fastest winds. It is surrounded by rain bands which also have fast winds. Tropical cyclones are powered by warm, humid ocean air. When they go onto land, they weaken. They die when they spend a long time over land or cool ocean water. Tropical cyclone, typhoon or hurricane. The term "tropical cyclone" is a summary term. In various places tropical cyclones have other local names such as "hurricane" and "typhoon". A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean is called a hurricane. The word hurricane is also used for those that form in the eastern, central and northern Pacific. In the western Pacific a tropical cyclone is called a typhoon. In the Indian Ocean it is called a "cyclone". Naming. Tropical cyclones are usually given names because it helps in forecasting, locating, and reporting. They are named once they have steady winds of 62 km/h. Committees of the World Meteorological Organization pick names. Once named, a cyclone is usually not renamed. For several hundred years hurricanes were named after saints. In 1887, Australian meteorologist Clement Wragge began giving women's names to tropical cyclones. He thought of history and mythology for names. When he used men's names, they were usually of politicians he hated. By World War II cyclone names were based on the phonetic alphabet (Able, Baker, Charlie). In 1953 the United States stopped using phonetic names and began using female names for these storms. This ended in 1978 when both male and female names were used for Pacific storms. In 1979 this practice was added for hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic. Impact. In the past these storms sank many ships. Better weather forecasting in the 20th century helped most ships avoid them. When tropical cyclones reach land, they may break things. Sometimes they kill people and destroy cities. In the last 200 years, about 1.5 million people have been killed by tropical cyclones. Wind can cause up to 83% of the total damages of a storm. Broken wreckage from destroyed objects can become deadly flying pieces. Flooding can also occur when a lot of rain falls and/or when storm surges push water onto the land. There is a possibility of "indirect" deaths "after" a tropical cyclone passes. For example, New Orleans, Louisiana suffered from poor health conditions after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005. Classifications. Tropical cyclones are classified into different categories by their strength and location. The National Hurricane Center, which observes hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean, classifies them using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Tropical cyclones in other places such as the Western Pacific Ocean or the Southern Hemisphere are classified on scales that are quite a bit like the Saffir-Simpson Scale. For example; if a tropical storm in the western Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds, it is then officially called a "typhoon". A tropical depression is an organized group of clouds and thunderstorms with a clear circulation in air near the ocean and maximum continuing winds of less than 17 m/s (33 kt, 38 mph, or 62 km/h). It has no eye and does not usually have the spiral shape that more powerful storms have. Only the Philippines are known to name tropical depressions. A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a very clear surface circulation and continuing winds between 17 and 32 m/s (34–63 kt, 39–73 mph, or 62–117 km/h). At this point, the cyclonic shape starts to form, although an eye does not usually appear in tropical storms. Most tropical cyclone agencies start naming cyclonic storms at this level, except for the Philippines which has its own way of naming cyclones. A hurricane or typhoon or a cyclone is a large cyclonic weather system with continuing winds of at least 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph, or 118 km/h). A tropical cyclone with this wind speed usually develops an eye, which is an area of calm conditions at the center of its circulation. The eye is often seen from space as a small, round, cloud-free spot. Around the eye is the eye wall, an area where the strongest thunderstorms and winds spin around the storm's center. The fastest possible continuing wind speed found in tropical cyclones is thought to be around 85 m/s (165 kt, 190 mph, 305 km/h). Aymara language The Aymara language is spoken by the Aymara tribe in Bolivia, Peru, and north of Chile. In Chile, only a third of thribe say that they speak it well. An inflected language, it is one of the few Native American languages that has over one million speakers. Michelle Bachelet Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria AC (; born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician. She served as the President of Chile from 11 March 2014 to 11 March 2018. She was also President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first woman president of Chile. In 2010, Bachelet became the president of UN Women. In 2013, she resigned from that position. Bachelet is a socialist. Her father was general Alberto Bachelet (1923–1974) and her mother was archaeologist Ángela Jeria (1926–2020). In 2018, Bachelet became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. She was named after the French actress Michèle Morgan. Zhou Zhou is a Chinese name that refers to: It is also the Chinese word for "U. S. state". Zhou (周) is also a common Chinese surname. Famous people with that name include: Politician A politician (from Classical Greek πόλις, "polis") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. The word politician is sometimes replaced with the euphemism statesman. Basically, a "politician" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution. Politicians have always used language, as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They use common themes to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters. Politicians become experts at using the media With the rise of mass media in the 19th century they made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters. The 20th century brought radio and television, and television commercials became the single most expensive part of an election campaign. In the 21st century, they have become increasingly involved with social media based on the Internet and smartphones. Sendero Luminoso Sendero Luminoso, (English: Shining Path, official complete name: Partido Comunista del Perú-Sendero Luminoso, PCP-SL), is a Peruvian Maoist group which is based on communist ideology. Their leader, Abimael Guzmán, and several important members of the group were captured on September 12, 1992. Since then, the group has not been as powerful. Sendero Luminoso in Peru. "Sendero Luminoso" in 1980-2000s. In a try to take over the country into a new political model, "Sendero Luminoso" started making terrorist attacks, mainly in Ayacucho and Puno cities, in the night. The group used terrorist things for kill people such as bombs in cars, fire on houses and more. There was (ish) more than 60,000 killed and vanished people by Sendero Luminoso. "Sendero Luminoso" in 2000+s. Before the Abimael Guzmán's capture in 1992, Sendero Luminoso stopped working, but is still in the "VRAEM" (spanish: Valle de los ríos Apurímac, Ere y Mantaro), also known as the "drug's valley", by their big number of drugs there. Attacks/(attributed to) attacks. 2012. 12 days later, the Peruvian government starts an operation to save the workers, called "Freedom Operation" with 24 special forces people. Sendero Luminoso attacks the helicopter drived by the special forces people. The co-pilot dies by the attack. 2 days then, the 36 workers were liberated. The workers go back to Kiteni province, and they get help from the local police. Then 2 police leaders die and 10 militars were injured. 1 day more, the on that day president Ollanta Humala meet the workers for ask they information about the kidnappers. Three days later, the head Martín Quispe Palomino tell to periodists that he was the author of the kidnap, then marked as false with the apparition of Luis Astuquillca the day n° 29. Fat Fat is one of the three main types of macronutrients. Fats are found in many foods. They are made of macromolecules called lipids. Lipids are based on long-chain fatty acids. Some of these are essential because the body cannot make them. Types and functions. There are three different types of fats: Unsaturated fats, Saturated fats, and Trans fats. Unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. They are considered useful fats because they can improve blood cholesterol levels, and ease heart rhythms. Most vegetable oils are liquid at room temperature have unsaturated fats. There are two kinds of unsaturated fats, Mono-unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats. It is commonly found in avocados, nuts, peanuts, seeds, wild fish, and olive oil. For polyunsaturated fats, it is recommended to have an omega-3 to omega-6 ratio of 1:1. Saturated fats. Saturated fats will likely have no benefits. They are mainly found in animal foods, but a few plant foods are also high in saturated fats. Too much saturated fat in your diet can lead to heart disease and other health problems, such as gaining weight or increasing the risk of heart disease or stroke. People should not eat too much saturated fats. You should limit saturated fat to less than 10% of your daily calories. It can usually be found in dairy products, meat products, grain-based desserts. Trans fats. Trans fatty acids are commonly called trans fats. They are a kind of unsaturated fat. Trans fats may be natural or they may be made. Naturally-occurring trans fats are found in the guts of some animals and foods which are made from these animals. Artificial trans fats are made in an industrial process. The process adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. Trans fats are worse for cholesterol levels than saturated fats. They are most likely found in frying, baked goods, and processed foods. Roles. Good roles. Fats are used to absorb or get nutrients, like Fat-soluble Vitamins for humans. It is used as a source of backup energy in cases when carbohydrates are not available, or people can not use it at that time. People need more than 20 to 35% of daily calories from fat. Also, fats play a role in helping people's body maintain or keep the core (center) temperature. However, they are also harmful, in other words, they have bad effects on human's bodies. Good fats & bad fats. Bad fats, in other words, trans fats, have no known health benefits and will damage someone's heart and take them away from healthy. People might get diseases like blindness, which means they can not see anything because of having too much cholesterol and other fats. Most of the foods that contain these types of fats are solid at room temperature, such as butter and animal meat. On the other hand, good fats are naturally found in foods and will not damage the human's organs. The example foods of good fats are avocados, eggs, and nuts. Important types. Unsaturated fatty acids are very important. They are called by where their double bond is placed. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) and omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6) are essential: you need them both. They help build longer molecules which do cell signaling in different tissues. There are over 20 different signaling paths that control a wide array of bodily functions. Eat fat and burn fat. Why do you need to eat fat to burn fat? Medium-chain triglycerides are good for burning fat. They are easily absorbed, digested, and reused as energy. Eating milk fat, palm oil, and coconut oil will burn fat because they contain medium-chain triglycerides. Fat can be important for people, but too much fat is bad. The fat we eat can provide energy for us. Not all fatty foods are good for you, such as pizza, french fries, and hamburgers. The fat from those may cause you became fatter, and your health may become terrible. Diet. Fats also provide long-term energy for humans and, in cold climates, a layer of insulation to keep the body warm. They help the body use the vitamins found in foods. Fats are also good for the skin and hair. Olive oil is an especially healthy fat. Many types of fish also contain healthy fat, for example salmon, sardines, herring, and tuna. But if too much fat collects in the body, a person can become too heavy. The energy given by fats is used by moving around or exercising. Some vegetables like celery or carrots contribute much less to the bodies fat supply. Though being very important for the human body, it can also harmful in large amounts. Health risks. Too much fat (especially Trans fats) in the body can cause diseases. Indeed, obesity, meaning too much fat, is sometimes called a disease itself. One disease from excess fat is called "fatty liver". It is a condition which can be resolved by eating different foods. Fatty liver is when someone has too many fats in their liver, but it can also be associated by alcohol or metabolic syndrome. Fatty liver can be fixed by exercise and better diet. This is one of the hidden danger of fats. Another hidden danger of fats is that it can cause some heart diseases. One example is Heart Failure. Heart Failure is an illness that does not have enough heart pumps blood. It lowers the leading of blood flow.The main ways to avoid these issues are exercise and good eating. Exercise reduces excess body fat and strengthens the body. Healthy diet keeps nutritious balance in your body and helps remove the fats in your body. Saturated fat Saturated fat is a kind of fat. It has no double bonds. It has carbon atoms that are fully saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. They have no double bonds, while unsaturated fat has one or two. Due to no double bonds, their oxidation process is slow. Health. Is saturated fat a risk factor for heart disease (CVD)? This is a question with many controversial views. Although most in the mainstream heart-health, government, and medical communities hold that saturated fat is a risk factor for CVD, some recent studies have produced conflicting results. For a long time scientists have believed that eating saturated fat was a leading cause for heart attack, cancer, or other diseases. However, new research have shown that there is no connection between how much saturated fat you eat and heart diseases. This is still a controversial question. Things like butter, coconut, lard and meat have lots of saturated fat. Compound. Saturated means that it holds all the hydrogen atoms that it can, meaning that all of the carbon (c) atoms have two hydrogen (H) atoms attached to it. Mackinac Bridge The Mackinac Bridge is a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Michigan. It connects that state's Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula. The bridge is long. It carries a four-lane interstate highway, Interstate 75. It was built by the state of Michigan. The Mackinac Bridge passes over a strait of water that connects two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan (to the west of the bridge) and Lake Huron (to the east). At the center of the Mackinac Bridge is a long suspension span. The bridge, made of steel and concrete, hangs from wires that run down from two huge, curved cables. The government agency that runs the Mackinac Bridge charges motor vehicles a toll to drive over it. In 2020, the toll was $4.00 for an automobile. The government hangs colored lights from the big cable. The lights come on at night so that the bridge can be seen from many miles away. The Mackinac Bridge was opened in 1957. This started a major economic boom in northern Michigan as tourists drove from all over North America to see the bridge, the Great Lakes, and the northern forests. Unsaturated fat Unsaturated fat is a kind of fat. It is different from saturated fat in that it is liquid at room temperature while saturated fat is more solid. Its molecules contains double bonds whose carbon atoms that are not fully saturated with hydrogen. There are two types: In cellular metabolism, an unsaturated fat molecule contains somewhat less energy (that is fewer calories) than the saturated fat molecule of the same length. Examples of unsaturated fats are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, and vegetable oils such as canola and olive oils. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats. Health. Unsaturated fat is better for people than saturated fat. Some testing has shown that it can raise a person's HDL ("good" cholesterol) levels. Unsaturated fat is also very important for a healthy brain. People think that unsaturated fats are 'healthier' than saturated fats. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake (or 67 grams given a 2000 Calorie diet). The new dietary guidelines have got rid of this recommendation at the request of the meat and dairy industries. Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Food packages promote only one or the other, depending on which is the largest share in the product. Various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat. Cold fusion Cold fusion is nuclear fusion at room temperature and normal pressure. Nuclear fusion is how many nuclei, the center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons, are forced together to form a heavier nucleus (singular of nuclei) and during that process, energy is released. Some scientists hope that this may be Earth's future energy source, but most scientists do not agree. For nuclear fusion to take place, a large amount of energy is needed. With this energy, the atoms are pushed together, which are repelled by the electrostatic force (a force between protons which are particles in the nucleus of the atom and have a positive electrical charge). But once this force is overcome and the nuclei are pushed close enough together, another much more powerful force will take over: the strong nuclear force. It only operates at short distances, so when the nuclei are close enough, they attract each other because of the strong nuclear force which is stronger than the electrostatic force. It is hoped that the energy released by cold fusion is much greater than the energy used to push the atoms together. In 1989 two scientists, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, published a paper in "Nature", an important science journal, claiming to have created cold fusion. This was a very important story at the time. Other scientists were not able to repeat their experiments. This is why cold fusion is not generally accepted by scientists at the moment. Several dozen scientists are still working on cold fusion research. They publish in peer-reviewed journals and other academic sources regularly, but most are not convinced. Cusco Cusco is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley) in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of Cusco Region. The city has a population of about 300 000, triple the population it contained just 20 years ago. Alternate spellings include Qusqu (in old Quechua), Cusco, (after the Spanish arrived), and current Quechua. Cusco is the preferred way to spell it in Spanish. Inca history. Cusco was the capital of Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire). The city was planned to be shaped like a puma. The city had two areas: the "hurin" and "hanan", which were further divided to each be part of two of the four provinces of the Inca Empire: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Cuntisuyu (SW), and Collasuyu (SE). A road led from each of these quarters to the corresponding quarter of the empire. Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, but only in the quarter of Cusco that corresponded to the quarter of the empire he had territory in. According to Inca legend, the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti, the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tahuantinsuyu. But archaeological evidence points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacutieven though he did initiate growth in the city after defeating the Chancas as a monument to Incan glory. There was however a city plan, and two rivers were changed to flow around the city. Post-Columbian Cusco. The first Spanish soldiers arrived in the city on November 15, 1533. Spanish "conquistador", or "conqueror", Francisco Pizarro, however, officially refounded Cusco on March 23, 1534, naming it the "Very noble and great city of Cusco". The many buildings constructed after the Spanish conquest have Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture. The Spanish made a new city on the foundations of the old Inca city, replacing Incan temples with churches and palaces for the Spanish. In the colony, the city of Cusco was very rich, thanks to the agriculture, cattle raising, mining and trade with Spain. Many churches and convents were built, and even a Cathedral, and the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco. The major earthquake that hit Cusco in 1950 badly destroyed the Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Koricancha (Temple of the Sun). The city's Inca architecture, however, survived the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the granite walls of the Koricancha were exposed, as well as many walls throughout the city. While some wanted to restore the buildings to their colonial splendor, some of Cusco citizens urged city officials to retain the exposed walls. Eventually they won out and now tourists from around the world enjoy looking at these ruins within the living city. The 1950 earthquake was the second time that the Dominican Priory had been destroyed, the first being in 1650 when another major earthquake struck Cusco. Nearby sights. Other nearby Inca sites are: Pachacuti's presumed winter home Machu Picchu, which can be reached by a lightly maintained Inca trail; the "fortress" at Ollantaytambo; and the "fortress" of Sacsayhuaman which is approximately two kilometers from Cusco. Other less visited ruins include Inca Wasi, the highest of all Inca sites at 3,980 m (13,134 feet), and Old Vilcabamba the capital of the Inca after the Spanish took over Cusco. The surrounding area, in the Huatanay Valley, is strong in agriculture. There is corn, barley, quinoa, tea, and coffee grown. Cusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, attracted many tourists during South America's continental soccer championship, the Copa América 2004, which was held in Peru. Cusco Region Cusco is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cusco. Cusco Region is home to Machu Picchu, one of the most famous landmarks in South America. Midnight Cowboy Midnight Cowboy is a 1969 American drama movie, released by United Artists. John Schlesinger directed it, and Waldo Salt wrote the screenplay based on the James Leo Herlihy novel. It stars Dustin Hoffman (in his first starring role after "The Graduate"), along with Jon Voight in the title role. It is the only X-rated movie to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. Schlesinger won a Best Director Award; both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor. In 1971, it was given the "R" rating by the MPAA. Apart from this, nothing was changed in the movie. Storyline. Joe Buck (played by Voight, in his first major acting role) was raised by his grandmother in Texas. She died after Joe grew up, when he was drafted into the US Army. He had a girlfriend, who was called Crazy Annie, but she had been sent to a psychiatric hospital. With both women gone from his life, Joe had no-one in his life. After he left the Army, he worked as a dishwasher, and dreamed of moving to New York City, to become a "hustler" – a male prostitute. He saved money to make the trip, bought some stylish cowboy clothes, and travels to NYC on a bus. Joe knows little about the realities of both New York and his chosen job, and he soon finds himself homeless, with no money and only rare chances to earn any. When he first meets Rico "Ratso" Rizzo (Hoffman's character), Ratso (tricks) Joe out of $20, but when they met again, Ratso offered to share his "place", which turned out to be a room in a condemned building. The two became friends. Ratso shares what he knew about New York with Joe, and became his "manager" (pimp), and Joe shares any money he makes with Ratso. Ratso is sick, probably with tuberculosis, and as time goes on he depends more and more on Joe. Ratso plans to move to Florida before winter starts. The weather turns cold as the year ended, but Joe and Ratso got a break, when they were invited to a big party. Along with eating (and stashing for later) as much of the food there as they could, Joe meets a who finally treated him the way he had always wanted to be, in New York City, and paid him likewise. Ratso, however, became even more ill, and was unable to walk or stand for long. He refuses to go to a doctor or a hospital, and insists Joe takes him to Florida. Joe tries to set up another encounter with the socialite, to raise travel money, but failed. He donated blood to get grocery money, and by chance meets a traveling . The salesman invites Joe to spend the night with him, but later feels guilty, and sends Joe home with a St. Christopher medal. When Joe finds Ratso sicker than ever, he returns to beat and rob the salesman, for the money they needed. Joe and Ratso leaves for Florida on a bus, headed to Miami. Joe buys new clothes for them both, and throws away his cowboy clothing. "I ain't no kinda hustler," Joe decided, and he plans to find a regular job once they reached Florida. Joe and Ratso talk and joke during the trip, but Ratso dies before they arrived. Joe realizes how much he had cared about Ratso as a person, and that what he had missed most in his life was someone to be close with. Joe had lost his grandmother and his sweetheart. Now he had lost his best friend, and Joe is scared to go on alone. Awards and honors. The movie won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay. Both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor awards and Sylvia Miles was nominated for Best Supporting Actress. Miles had one of the shortest performances ever nominated (clocking in under four minutes of screen-time). The film won six BAFTA Awards. It was also entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival. John Barry, who supervised the music and composed the score for the movie, won a Grammy for Best Instrumental Theme. Fred Neil's song "Everybody's Talkin'" also won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for Harry Nilsson. In 1994, the movie was picked by the Library of Congress to keep in the United States National Film Registry. Age of consent The age of consent is the age at which a person can legally consent to have sexual intercourse. This is also the minimum age of the other person legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. Having sex with a person who is younger than the age of consent (but who agrees to have sex) is called statutory rape. The person below the minimum age is regarded as a victim, and their sex partner as the offender. Different countries have different laws regarding the age of consent. Some are as low as 12 or as high as 21. Most countries have ages set between 14 and 16. But worldwide, the average age of consent is 16 years of age. Exceptions and different laws. Most jurisdictions allow minors above a certain age to marry with parental and/or government permission. In jurisdictions which allow this, a minor who is married is an exception to the law. For example, in Wisconsin the age of consent for sex is 18. Marriage is an exception. Marriage usually prevents a party to the marriage from being charged under sexual assault laws, as long as both husband and wife are at least 16 years, although not if one of the parties is younger than this age and one is older. This varies from country to country. In some places kissing is considered a sexual activity. Other places only count sexual intercourse. Most countries have laws that say what the legal age of consent is. This is usually a fixed age. For example, in France the age of consent is set at 15, which means having sex with anyone below that age by anyone over that age is illegal. However, some jurisdictions use sexual maturity instead of age to determine capacity for consent. For example, when Russia was a part of the Soviet Union, its age of consent was having reached "sexual maturity". There are exceptions to age of sexual consent laws. Although most jurisdictions have a fixed age set as the law, where no one over that age can be with anyone under that age, some states have close in age exceptions. For example, in Indiana the age of consent for sex is 16, but there is a close in age exception that makes it legal for a person younger than 18 but above 16 to still be able to have sex with a 14 year old without being guilty of a crime. Indiana also allows a defense against the law in court if the victim is married or was married in the past, and allows pregnant females who are 15 or older to marry the man who impregnated. This is with parental and government approval as an alternative to prosecuting the defendant. Worldwide. The age of consent varies between states and countries. The laws in different areas range as low as 13 years to 20 years old. The laws are almost always affected by a nation's culture. Nations with Islamic law tend to have lower ages. European countries generally range from 14 years to 16 years. In the United States, the age varies from 16 to 18. In many areas, there is a "close-in-age" part of the laws. This allows for people under of consent but above a certain age to have sex with people as long as there older partner is either less than a certain age or the difference in age is a certain number of years. The age of consent may also vary if one of the people is in a position of authority over the other. For example, if the older person was a teacher of the victim, the age may be higher than for other people, an example of this is Indiana where the age where a person can have sex is 16 except if the older partner is a teacher at the victim's high school, in which case the age limit is 18. If the two people are married, the age is often lower. Age of consent can also be affected by the type of sex or the sex of the person. Many areas have different ages for homosexual sex as well as anal sex. There are areas which also have different ages depending on if the person is male or female. If a person is caught having sex, or any other sexual act, with someone who is below the age of consent, the person may be punished as a sex offender. The violator may be sent to prison, or jail, or fined. In Wisconsin having sex with a person beneath 16, a felony (serious crime), carries prison time, but having sex with a minor who is 16 or over but under 18, which is a misdemeanor (a non-serious crime), carries jail time and a fine. An example of punishing age of consent violations occurred in 2011, an American swimming teacher was sent to prison for 16 months for having sex with a 15-year-old student. The law usually applies to both males and females having sex with a minor. Andy Richter Paul Andrew "Andy" Richter (born October 28, 1966) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his former role as Conan O'Brien's sidekick on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Richter was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the second of four children. He was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. While attending Columbia College, Chicago, he played in several Chicago comedy groups, including the Annoyance Theatre, before getting on Late Night. Richter left Late Night in 2000. He said he wanted to focus on an acting career. His first major work was FOX's critically acclaimed but little watched "Andy Richter Controls the Universe". It was cancelled after two short runs. His next FOX sitcom, "Quintuplets", was not liked by the critics. It lasted only one season. He is married to actress Sarah Thyre. They have two children. In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in movies such as "Seeing Other People", Olsen Twins' "New York Minute", "Madagascar", and "Cabin Boy". Jennifer Granholm Jennifer Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician. Granholm is the 16th United States Secretary of Energy since 2021 under the Joe Biden administration. She was the Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California. She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years. On December 15, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Granholm to be Secretary of Energy. Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 2021 with a 64-35 vote. Sandra Day O'Connor Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was the first woman to serve as justice on the Supreme Court, as well as the first from Arizona. One of her ideas on the Supreme Court was the endorsement test. It was a way to check if the government was supporting religion. Life. O'Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan. Reagan said while running for president that he wanted a woman to be on the supreme court and promised to nominate a woman for the job the first chance he got. One of her biggest supporters was Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who helped make sure that all 100 Senators voted to confirm her. While on the Supreme Court, she was involved in several major supreme court decisions including: Bush v. Gore, which had to do with a disputed election; Planned Parenthood v. Casey which involved a woman's right to privacy. She was also involved in Lawrence v. Texas, a case about whether burning a US flag was free speech. She retired from the court in 2006. Sam Alito was chosen to replace her. On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest civilian honor of the United States. It was given by President Barack Obama. In October 2018, O’Connor announced her effective retirement from public life after disclosing that she was diagnosed with the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Things named after her. She has a school named after her in North Phoenix, Arizona. John Paul Stevens John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer. He was a United States Supreme Court justice. He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975. He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000). He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later became against the death penalty. In 2010, he announced his retirement in the Supreme Court. Stevens died on July 16, 2019 from problems caused by a stroke while under hospice care in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the age of 99. Antonin Scalia Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an Associate Justice. Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court. Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor. He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents. He was the first Italian-American on the Court. Early life. Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York. Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School. He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life. Supreme Court Justice. Scalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law. He also believed in originalism. This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it. Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints. He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Death. Scalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79. His death left a split in the court with 4 conservatives and 4 liberals. President Barack Obama said he would choose Scalia's successor in "due time". President Obama, former Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bernie Sanders, and Vice president Joe Biden all reacted to his death. Replacement. On March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies. Honors. In November 2018, Scalia received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump. Anthony Kennedy Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 11, 1987, and took the oath of office on February 18, 1988, serving until July 31, 2018. Kennedy became the most senior Associate Justice on the court following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016. Since the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he has been the swing vote on many of the Court's 5–4 decisions. He has authored the majority ruling in many of these cases, including "Lawrence v. Texas", "Boumediene v. Bush", "Citizens United v. FEC", and "Obergefell v. Hodges". On June 27, 2018, Kennedy announced his retirement from the Supreme Court, effective July 31. Background. Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936. He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics. He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court. He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988. He has two sons and a daughter. David Souter David Hackett Souter (; born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members. Pre-Supreme Court. He was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court. He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978–1983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983–1990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990). Retirement. Following Souter's retirement announcement in May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor as his replacement. Clarence Thomas Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is the Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the second African American to serve on the court, after Thurgood Marshall. During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment. Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991. Early life. Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. His father left his family when he was only two years old. He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old. This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family. Clarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather wanted him to become a priest. Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah. In 1968 he transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University. Career. After Yale he returned to Missouri and worked for State Attorney General, John Danforth. in 1977 Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate. Thomas became a corporate lawyer for the Monsanto Company. Two years later he became Danforth's legislative aide in Washington, D.C.. President Ronald Reagan offered Thomas a job as the assistant secretary for civil rights in the U.S. Department of Education. He then became the chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. In 1991, Thurgood Marshall retired from the Supreme Court. Bush nominated Thomas to replace him. Supreme Court. He had a hard time getting approved so that he could become a Supreme Court justice. This was partly because one of his former employees, Anita Hill, claimed that he sexually harassed her. Thomas said that was not true. The Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 52-48. All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation. Stephen Breyer Stephen Gerald Breyer (; born August 15, 1938) is an American politician, academic and lawyer. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Breyer was generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court. In January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term. Breyer left the court on June 30, 2022 when his retirement became official. Background. Breyer is of Jewish descent. Breyer generally supported a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties. Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench. Breyer was also the only justice to appear on a quiz show ("Wait Wait Don't Tell Me"). Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Breyer is an Eagle Scout. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (March 15, 1933 – September 18, 2020) was an American jurist. She was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton. She was known as a feminist icon and was nicknamed "The Notorious R.B.G.". Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020 in Washington, D.C. Supreme Court. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She was the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice. Ginsburg was considered a member of the more liberal side of the Supreme Court. Ginsburg wrote notable majority opinions, including "United States v. Virginia", "Olmstead v. L.C.", and "Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc." She was known as "The Notorious R.B.G.", in reference to the rapper known as "The Notorious B.I.G.". When John Paul Stevens retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77. Health. Ginsburg had surgery for colon cancer in 1999 and for pancreatic cancer in 2009. On November 8, 2018, she was hospitalized after fracturing three ribs in a fall. On August 24, 2019, it was revealed that Ginsburg underwent radiation treatment for pancreatic cancer over the summer. In July 2020, she announced that she had liver cancer. On September 18, 2020, Ginsburg died from problems caused by metastatic pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C. at the age of 87. John Roberts John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed by President George W. Bush, Roberts is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the court. However, since the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, he has been seen as the moderate and tie-breaker in some major Supreme Court cases during the Presidency of Donald Trump. Before joining the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005, Roberts was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for two years. Roberts has been portrayed as a consistent advocate for conservative principles by analysts such as Jeffrey Toobin. Roberts was first nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Sandra Day O'Connor as an Associate Justice, but Chief Justice William Rehnquist died before Roberts's confirmation so Bush nominated Roberts to replace Rehnquist instead. Roberts was confirmed by the full United States Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78–22. Tacna Region Tacna Region is the most southern region in Peru. The capital city is Tacna. Tacna Tacna is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Tacna Region. Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (born Prague July 3, 1883 – died near Vienna June 3, 1924) was a Czech-born, German-speaking writer. His best known works are "The Metamorphosis" and the novels "The Trial" and "The Castle". Not much of his work was published during his lifetime. He asked his friend to make sure that all his writings which were not published, including his three novels, would be destroyed when he died. Fortunately his friend did not destroy them, and they were published after Kafka’s death. Kafka’s writings are about the frightening world around him which he often did not understand. A typical situation in his books might be someone who has gone somewhere to take a message, but he does not know what the message is or who it is for. The people he meets confuse him even more. Sometimes, when people find themselves in strange, nightmarish situations like this, they are described as Kafkaesque situations. His life. Kafka was born into a middle-class Jewish family. His father was a merchant. He was very strict and unkind to his family. Kafka’s stories often have fathers who are very brutal and unkind. Kafka spent most of his life living at home. He never married or became free from his parents. He felt that he had no will of his own. He wrote about people who are dominated by some mysterious power. He found it difficult to make friends, he hated his job and everyone around him. He often felt that he belonged nowhere. He was German-speaking but lived in a Czech-speaking country (Bohemia, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic). He was different because he was Jewish, but he did not become part of the Jewish community either. He said that he was a socialist and an atheist, but although he was interested in politics he never took part in political activity. He supported Czechs who wanted to rule their own country and let their culture flourish, but he was not one of them because he himself was brought up in a German culture. It was while he was studying law at the University of Prague that he met Max Brod who was to become his friend. Brod was a writer himself, and he later wrote a biography of Kafka. After his studies Kafka took a job in an insurance company. He was good at his job although he hated it. He found the office work boring, and he spent his nights writing. In 1917 he got tuberculosis. Gradually he became more and more ill. He had to retire in 1922. He spent some time in hospital. He died in Klosterneuburg in 1924. His works. Several publishers realized how good Kafka’s writings were and asked him whether they could publish his works. Kafka reluctantly let a few things be published. One of these works was a story called " Metamorphosis" (German: "Die Verwandlung"). It is about a man called Gregor Samsa (the name “Samsa” means "loner" or "lonely"). Gregor wakes up one morning to find he has changed into a giant cockroach. His family becomes ashamed of him and they stop looking after him so that he slowly dies. Stories like these are a kind of fable. They are full of strange and frightening situations. His novel "Amerika" (published in 1927) is about a man who arrives in America looking for a father figure to protect him. He is quiet and timid and other people use him. In the end he dies. In "The Trial" (German: "Der Prozess", published in 1925), a man who works in a bank is arrested and taken to court. He is never told what he has done wrong. Even the priest tells him that if he asks what he has done wrong it proves that he is guilty. Finally he is executed. In "The Castle" (German: "Das Schloss") a man who is simply called “K” (the first letter of “Kafka”) arrives at a castle saying that he has been given a job there, but the people there say they have not been told about his appointment. Kafka never finished the novel, but Max Brod says that Kafka was going to end it with K receiving permission to stay at the castle just as he was dying. The German word “Schloss” has two meanings: “castle” and “lock”. K becomes locked (trapped) in this strange situation. At the time of his death only a few people understood Kafka’s writings. Max Brod saved all the unpublished books which would otherwise have been lost. Kafka is now thought of as one of the most important writers of the 20th century. His works had a lot of influence on German literature. Eva Braun Eva Anna Paula Braun (6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime girlfriend of Adolf Hitler. She met him in Munich when she was 17 years old. They married the day before they committed suicide (killed themselves), Braun killed herself by using cyanide. Hitler used cyanide and at the same time shot himself. When she was married, she was known as Eva Anna Paula Hitler. She was born in Munich, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany at the age of 33. Her body was burned as well as Adolf Hitler. Computer recycling Computer recycling means taking things from old computers and using them in new computer things. The phrase is also used to mean that computers need to be thrown away in a special way, as they often have things that are bad for the environment or dangerous inside them that can cause problems if they are thrown away like usual waste (garbage). Secure Recycling. Sometimes people are worried that the information inside a computer will be stolen when the computer is thrown away. For example, if you have a product design on an old computer, somebody might copy your design. Big companies have a lot of computers, with a lot of private information on them. They will often pay other companies to remove all the information from a computer before it is thrown away. This usually involves physically destroying the drive. It is possible to non-destructively erase the data on a hard drive by overwriting the entire drive with random numbers. With this method, only the data is destroyed, not the drive itself. This allows the drive to be reused. Nagasaki is the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century. It has been recognized as a core city since 1997. History. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century. During the Edo period, Nagasaki was the only port in which trade with other countries was permitted because of the national isolation policy ("sakoku"). In the 1870s, Nagasaki became the capital city of the prefecture which evolved from the former province. On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the second of two Japanese cities which were destroyed with an atomic bomb near the end of the Second World War. Ayyavazhi Ayyavazhi (, "path of the master"), is a Hindu denomination with one god that started in South India in the middle of the 19th century. The 'zhi' () in the word, 'Ayyavazhi', is a retroflex, ri. Ayyavazhi is considered as a branch of Hinduism, officially. It is widespread in Tamil Nadu's southern districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, and Thoothukudi district and some parts of Kerala. As one of the fastest growing faiths of southern India, its growth had been noted in the Christian missionary reports of the mid-19th century. The ideas and philosophy of the religion are based on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar and the religious texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Most followers of Ayyavazhi do not regard themselves as different from Hinduism. History. Ayyavazhi began to be seen firstly by the large number of people gathering to worship Ayya Vaikundar at Swamithoppe, which is at that time "poovandanthoppe". The majority of the followers of Ayyavazhi were from the poor group of the society. For the Christian missionaries it gives a big challenge in their converting mission from its beginning. Although the majority of these followers were from the Chanar cast, apart from Ayyavazhi sources, some outer sources too says that a large number of people from other castes also followed this religion. By the middle of nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi had come to be recognised as a separate religion, grown well in the region of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli. The growth in its number of followers had increased speedly from 1840s. After the death of Vaikundar, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books "Akilattirattu Ammanai" and "Arul Nool". The five Citars, who were the deciples of Ayya Vaikundar, and their descendants travelled to several parts of the country and carried the mission of Ayyavazhi. At that time the Payyan dynasty started ruling of Swamithoppe pathi, while other Pathis came under the control of the followers of Ayya. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. Currently Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, one of descendant of Payyan dynasty is said to be as the leader of Ayyavazhi. He has laid foundations for a large number of Nizhal Thangals all over South India. And now seeing the growth of the religion the day of birth of Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram was announced as a holiday by the government for the districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin from this year while the district of Kanyakumari was announced as a holiday earlier. Scriptures and holy places. The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai and the Arul Nool, and they are the source of the religion's mythology. The holy book states that the "Akilattirattu Ammanai" was written down by Hari Gopalan Citar by hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his wife Lakshmi. There was no definite history about the beginning of Arul Nool; but the followers believe that it was written by Citars and by those who get possessed by divine power. It contains the prayers, hymns and ways for the worship in Ayyavazhi, religious practices, prophesies and also many rules. To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are five holy places, called Pathis, with "Panchappathis" as the most important. The temple of Swamithoppepathi is the head of the Ayyavazhi religion. The Vakaippathi, where 700 families were sent to Thuvayal Thavasu by Vaikundar was approved as a Pathi in Akilam although this place has no direct association with the activities of Vaikundar. There is a big disagreement within the followers of Ayyavazhi as to the holiness of some of the places of worship. The Avatharappathi in Thiruchendur was accepted by the book "Akilam" as a Pathi, but as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the other devotees. There are also some followers which strongly quarrel Thiruchendur as a Pathi though they accept it as a secondary holy site. Akilattirattu Ammanai Akilathirattu Ammanai (; from "akilam" (world) + "thirattu" (collection) + "ammanai" (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism. The title is shortened as Akilam. This is the largest Ammanai work. History. According to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1841 CE). The author says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said. Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves. Then in 1939 it was given printed form. According to the author, the book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam. This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics). It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi. Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, as per him, he did not know any thing about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he did not know what he had written the day before. As soon as Ayya Vaikundar attained Vaikundam, the tied-up palm leaf text, which was until then not opened. It was there the regulations of Ayyavazhi contains. As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the Citars far and wide. Ayya Vaikundar Ayya Vaikundar () is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of the Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of the Ayyavazhi religion, officially a Tamil Hindu branch. The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty). The Ekam as soul incarnated with the spirit of Narayana in the body of Muthukutty. Pathi The worship centers of Ayyavazhi are called Pathis. The activities of Vaikundar is historically jointed with this Pathis. There are five Pathis: Planck mass The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics. It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant. It is approximately 21.76 μg, which is about the mass of a grain of rice. The idea was to have a definition based only on fundamental universal constants. Human sexuality Human sexuality is the ability of people to have sexual experiences and feelings. This involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. The most common form of human sexuality is heterosexuality, but homosexuality, bisexuality and asexuality exist too. An abnormal form of sexuality is called a paraphilia, while a normal one is called a normophilia. War and Peace War and Peace () is a famous novel written by Leo Tolstoy, a Russian writer. It is about four families of noblemen in Russia during the wars with Napoleon, and how they deal with the war and with one another. Tolstoy described "War and Peace" as "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less an historical chronicle." The book describes Russian life in the 19th century, and also tells about Tolstoy's own idea about free will, history, and how events unfold. Main characters. There are 580 characters in "War and Peace", but these are the main characters: Bay City, Michigan The American city of Bay City is a small city in the state of Michigan, United States. In the 2000 census it had more than 35,000 people living in it. Although small, Bay City is one of the largest port cities on Lake Huron, one of the North American Great Lakes. It is part of a triangle of small cities in Central Michigan. The other two cities are Saginaw, Michigan, and Midland, Michigan. Bay City was the birthplace in 1958 of Madonna Ciccone, a well-known American singer. The Scottish Pop group Bay City Rollers are said to have gotten their name from the city as well. Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical elemental metal. It is a greyish-white in color. It is atomic number 40 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Zr. And it is in the family of four (4). Zirconium alloys are used as cladding for nuclear fuel rods. Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical elemental metal with an atomic number of 39, a chemical symbol of Y, and an atomic weight of 88.905(abridged). It is classified as a transition metal. It is atomic number 39 on the periodic table. It is silvery-white, solid ant room temperature, and tends to form crystals. In chunk form, it is unreactive in air, but powdered yttrium may burn at 400 degrees Celsius. It has several uses, which include lasers, TV's, and metallurgy. Windows 98 Windows 98 is an operating system for computers. Released on June 25, 1998 by Microsoft, it is the successor of Windows 95. It came before Windows Me. Support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006. Windows 98 was seen by many as a small upgrade to Windows 95, rather than a rebuilt version of Windows. The biggest changes were: Because Microsoft made Internet Explorer such an important part of Windows 98, the company was taken to court by the United States government. This was because they felt it was unfair to other companies who made web browsers. It is not supported anymore, but many people still use it on older computers that will not run Windows XP or later versions of Windows. Press demonstration. Before the release of Windows 98, there was a press demonstration at Comdex in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). When presentation assistant Chris Capossela plugged a scanner in and attempted to install it, Windows 98 displayed a Blue Screen of Death. Gates remarked after applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon. Second Edition. Windows 98 Second Edition (SE) was released in 1999. This was an official upgrade to Windows 98 which allowed people to use more types of computer hardware, like monitors and printers, and also let more than one machine on a network use the same Internet connection. Waste Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use. It may be no longer useful as it has served its purpose, and at the end of the process have no further use, and is generally discarded. It is unwanted material that people have thrown away. It is often also called trash, "garbage", "rubbish", or junk. It can be solid, liquid, or gas, or it can be waste heat. There are many different kinds of waste. Garbage is the waste we produce daily in our homes, including old or unwanted food, chemical substances, paper, broken furniture, used containers, and other things. When waste is a liquid or gas, it can be called an emission. This is usually pollution. Sanitation is the proper handling of human waste. Waste can also be something abstract (something that you cannot touch), for example, "a waste of time" or "wasted opportunities". When people use the words "waste" or "wasted" in this way, they are saying (directly or indirectly) that something has been used badly (using too much of it or using it incorrectly). Waste management. People have thrown away waste in heaps for thousands of years. In modern homes and businesses, garbage is normally placed in waste containers of some sort. It is then moved to the streets, where it can be collected and taken to a place designed to hold, destroy, or recycle garbage. Some waste materials, such as paper, wood, glass, metals, and plastic containers, can be recycled (reused). Materials that cannot be recycled are either burned ("incinerated") or heaped into landfills. Plant matter, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, is biodegradable. It can usually be heaped into a compost, where it will decompose relatively quickly. This kind of waste is often called "wet" or "green" waste. Very often, waste is not collected in containers. It may instead be thrown onto the ground or dumped somewhere. This is called "". Other websites. A description about the different sources of waste including classification of waste. 1096 Year 1096 (MXCVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. 1098 Year 1098 (MXCVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo is a country in Africa. Its capital city is Brazzaville. The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on 15 August 1960. The north of the country has very large areas of rainforest, but in the south are many farms which grow cashcrops like bananas, peanuts. Geography. Congo is in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa. It is along the Equator. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short Atlantic coast. The capital, Brazzaville, is on the Congo River, directly across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Departments. The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 Departments. Departments are divided into communes and/or districts. The districts are: Gabon The Gabonese Republic, or Gabon, is a country in Africa. It is located on the equator. It has borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Libreville, which is also the largest city in the country. Gabon has an area of almost . 1.5 million people live in Gabon. Gabon was a colony of France. It became a new country on August 17, 1960. Since 1960, the country has had only 3 presidents. At first it had one-party rule. In the early 1990s, the country switched to a multi-party government. Gabon is one of the richest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has 4th highest HDI and third highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the region. Gabon has high levels of income inequality, and there are significant amounts of poverty in the country. History. Not much is known about the history of Gabon before European contact. The first people who lived in the country were pygmies. Later, Bantu people took over the area after moving down from the North. Not much is known of the local culture, other than tribal art that exists. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were first Europeans to visit the area. At that time, the coast of Gabon was ruled by the Kingdom of Loango. That was a state that included parts of what is today Angola and Republic of Congo. The Portuguese first settled on the islands of São Tomé, Príncipe, and Fernando Pó. But they visited the coast of Gabon regularly. The Portuguese named Gabon region after their word "gabão" which means a coat with sleeve and hood. Starting from the 16th century, the coast was used for slave trade. In the 19th century, the French made Gabon part of their Colonial empire. At this time much exploration was done of Gabon's dense jungles. The explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was one of the most famous to do so. In 1849, freed slaves founded Libreville, which later became the capital. In 1910 Gabon was one of the French colonies which formed French Equatorial Africa (together with Congo, Central African Republic and Chad). French Equatorial Africa lasted to 1959. On 17 August 1960, Gabon became a new country. Since 1960, Gabon has only had 3 presidents. In 1961 Léon M'ba became the first president. In 1967 after his death Omar Bongo became the president and ruled the country to 2009. In 2009, Omar Bongo died and his son Ali Bongo Ondimba took over as president. Geography. Gabon is on the Atlantic coast of central Africa. It is on the equator. Gabon generally has an equatorial climate. Rainforests cover 85% of the country. There are three distinct regions: the coastal plains (ranging between 20 and 300 km from the ocean's shore), the mountains (the Cristal Mountains to the northeast of Libreville, the Chaillu Massif in the centre, culminating at 1575 m with Mont Iboundji), and the savanna in the east. The coastal plains form a large section of the World Wildlife Fund's Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion and contain patches of Central African mangroves especially on the Muni River estuary on the border with Equatorial Guinea. Gabon's largest river is the Ogooué which is 1200 km long. Gabon has three karst areas where there are hundreds of caves in the dolomite and limestone rocks. Some of the caves include Grotte du Lastoursville, Grotte du Lebamba, Grotte du Bongolo, and Grotte du Kessipougou. Many caves have not been explored yet. A National Geographic Expedition visited the caves in the summer of 2008 to document them (Expedition Website ). Politics. The first Gabonese president was Leon Mba. His successor was Omar Bongo, from 1967 until his death in 2009. Under his governance Gabon had just one political party between 1968 and 1990. It was called PDG. Provinces and departments. Gabon is divided into nine provinces. The provinces are divided into 37 departments. The provinces are: Economics. Gabon has nine states. The soil of Gabon is rich in the metals uranium, manganese, and petrolium. Therefore, these three elements, such as metal exploited in Port-Gentil, uranium in Munana, and the manganese in Franceville. Culture. Gabon has a wide culture. Before colonialism, Gabon's people believed their ancestral spirit as religion, like bwiti, mvett, djobi. After colonialism, others religions such as Christianity and Islam came to be added to the first animist believers. The Gabon national football team has represented the nation since 1962. Gabon were joint hosts, along with Equatorial Guinea, of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. They were the only hosts of the competition's 2017 tournament. Gabon has excellent recreational fishing. It is considered one of the best places in the world to catch Atlantic tarpon. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu () is a state in the South of Indian Union. The capital of this state is Madras. Other large cities in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur and Thoothukudi. Tamil is the language spoken in Tamil Nadu. It is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. A small part of Tamil Nadu borders the Arabian Sea to the west. It borders the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The Tamilians are very proud of their language and heritage. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the South Indian zone. The current chief minister of the state is M. K. Stalin. He is the leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party. The leader of the opposition is Edappadi K. Palaniswami. He belongs to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIDMK), another political party. These two Dravidian parties have been in power alternately in Tamil Nadu since 1967. The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the southernmost tip is Kanniya Kumari (also called Cape Comorin) at the tip of the Indian peninsula. Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India, with an area of 129,996 km2 and over 62 million people. The major river is Kaveri, which meets the needs of agriculture. Other important rivers include south Pennar, Palar, Vaigai, Tamira bharani, Manimuthar, Noyyal and Bhavani. Tamil Nadu, a South Indian state, is famed for its Dravidian-style Hindu temples. The three ancient Tamil empires of Chera, Chola, and Pandya were of ancient origins. In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE. Duck Ducks are birds in the family Anatidae. Ducks are closely related to swans and geese, which are in the same family. Ducks are not a monophyletic group. They are a 'form taxon'. Swans and geese are in the same family but are not called ducks. The main difference is that ducks have shorter necks, and are smaller. Other swimming and diving birds, like grebes and loons, are not ducks. A baby duck is called a "duckling", and a male duck is called a "drake". Most ducks are aquatic birds. They can be found in both saltwater and fresh water. The subfamily Anatinae ("dabbling ducks") feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. Ducks lay eggs once a year and are omnivorous, eating aquatic plants and tiny animals. Along the edge of the beak there is a comb-like structure called a "pecten". This strains the water squirting from the side of the beak and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers. Diving ducks dive deep to get their food. Many ducks are migratory. This means that they spend the summer months in a different place than the winter months. Ducks show a cosmopolitan distribution, they can be found all over the world, except for Antarctica. Some duck species live on the South Georgia and Auckland Islands, which are subantarctic. Many species have established themselves on remote islands, such as Kerguelen or Hawaii. Ducks are sometimes kept as pets. They are often kept by groups of people on public ponds for their beauty and calming nature. People commonly feed ducks in ponds stale bread, thinking that the ducks will like to have something to eat. However bread is not healthy for ducks and can kill them. In nature, ducks eat grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. In poultry. Some ducks are bred and kept by humans. They are not wild ducks. They are kept to provide food (meat and eggs), or to use their feathers for pillows and other items in the house. Especially in Asia, many people like to eat duck. Duck meat is high in fat, which helps the bird float in the water. The eggs from ducks are thought to have a richer taste than chicken eggs. North by Northwest North by Northwest is a 1959 spy thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Ernest Lehman wrote the script, and Cary Grant stars in the lead role. The movie also stars Eva Marie Saint and James Mason. The story is about the innocent Roger Thornhill getting caught up in the spy world. Bernard Hermann composed the music for the movie. Saul Bass created the famous opening sequence. It was one of the first uses of moving text on screen. The movie is often considered an Alfred Hitchcock classic and one of the best movies of all time. Plot. Two men kidnap Roger Thornhill at a hotel. They believe Thornhill is George Kaplan. They drive him to the mansion of Lester Townsend. Phillip Vandamm, who is an enemy spy, questions Roger. Vandamm's men make Thornhill drunk and put him in a car to kill him. Thornhill does not die. Instead, the police catch him. Thornhill cannot make the police or his mother believe his story. They visit the house of Townsend. A woman pretends she knows Thornhill and makes up stories. Thornhill visits Kaplan's hotel room with his mother. Vandamm's men enter the hotel. Kaplan runs away from them. He goes to the United Nations to meet Lester Townsend. Thornhill talks with Townsend and learns that Townsend does not live in his mansion. One of Vandamm's men throws a knife that kills Townsend. Everyone thinks Thornhill killed Townsend. A government intelligence agency reads about Thornhill. They decide not to help him to protect an agent. Thornhill goes into a 20th Century Limited train. He meets Eve Kendall. She is an American spy and wants to win the trust of Vandamm. She helps Thornhill escape, and they start a relationship. She sets up a meeting with Kaplan at a rural bus stop. Thornhill goes there and a crop duster pane attacks him. The plane blows up when it flies into a tank truck. Thornhill goes to Kaplan's hotel in Chicago and sees Kendall. He goes to her hotel room. She asks him to leave him alone and leaves. He follows her to an art auction. He sees her with Vandaam and Vandaam's men. Vandaam buys a Mexican Purépecha sculptur. Thornhill draws attention to himself so he can escape Vandaam's men. The police take Thornhill, but they give him to "The Professor." The Professor is an agent and tells Thornhill that Kaplan does not exist and is just a way to distract Vandaam from Kendall. Thornhill agrees to play the role of Kaplan. At Mount Rushmore, Thornhill talks with Vandamm to have Kendall arrested. Kendall shoots Thornhill with blanks and runs away. The Professor has Kendall and Thornhill meet. Thornhill learns she must go on an airplane with Vandamm. The Professor locks Thornhill in a hospital room. Thornhill escapes and goes to Vandamm's house. Vandamm discovers that Kendall is a spy, used blanks and that the sculpture has microfilmss. Vandamm says he will throw Kendall off the plane. Thornhill warns Kendall with a note. The two escape and end up at the monuments of Mount Rushmore. Vandamm's men fall from the monuments. The Professor arrests Vandamm. Reception. Critical response. The movie had very positive reviews. It has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics praised the movie as a great thriller with much suspense. They said the movie has many iconic images. Some said the movie is an excellent parody of Hitchcock's work and a classic example of his techniques. Critics found the movie very entertaining. Critics noted how the famous locations created more shocking scenes and added suspense. They also said the movie was both suspenseful and cherry. The movie has a rating of 98/100 on Metacritic with "universal acclaim". Awards. "North by Northwest" got three nominations at the Academy Awards. They were the awards for Best Film Editing, Best Art Direction – Set Decoration, Color, and Best Original Screenplay. The movie won an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. At the Faro Island Film Festival, the movie got two nominations for Best Actor (Cary Grant) and Best Film. The movie won Top Action Drama at the Laurel Awards. Legacy. "North by Northwest" has made several polls and lists for the greatest movies ever made. In a 1998 "Time Out" poll, the movie ranked the 12th greatest movie. In a 2022 "Time Out" poll, the movie was considered the best thriller ever. The poll from the British Film Institute ranked "North by Northwest" the 53rd greatest movie. The movie is on several of the American Film Institute's lists. The AFI ranked it the 40th-greatest American movie. The movie is ranked 7th on AFI's 10 Top 10 for mystery. It is also No. 40 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, No. 4 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, and No. 55 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). The Library of Congress choose the movie to be part of the National Film Registry in 1995.   Nightwish Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Finland. They formed in July 1996 and played acoustic mood music. The band's keyboardist and composer Tuomas Holopainen had the idea of forming a band. He asked Tarja Turunen to sing and Emppu Vuorinen to play guitar. At the beginning of 1997, the band started playing stronger music. Jukka Nevalainen joined the band to play the drums. Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar. In May 1997, Nightwish signed a contract (binding agreement) with Spinefarm Records and they released their first album 'Angels Fall First'. In 1998, Sami Vänskä joined the band to play bass guitar. The same year Nightwish released 'Oceanborn', which was quite different to 'Angels Fall First'. In May 2000 they released 'Wishmaster', which was similar to 'Oceanborn'. They also entered the contest to be Finland's representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song 'Sleepwalker'. They won the phone vote but the judges disagreed so they came second. The other band members asked Tarja to leave the group in 2005 after their "End of an Era" tour. Tuomas wrote an open letter to her, stating the reasons why she had to leave. He then put the letter on the official website. In 2007, Swedish singer Anette Olzon became the new singer, and Nightwish released a single, 'Amaranth'. A few months later, they released the album 'Dark Passion Play'. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa. Its capital is Freetown. The official language is English. The country was first made as a place where freed slaves could live. From 1991 until 2000, there was a civil war in Sierra Leone between rebels and the government. The war is now over. Sierra Leone is known for its blood diamonds. These were mined and sold during the civil war. This was in order to buy the weapons for the civil war. There are 71,740 square kilometres of land in Sierra; In terms of land area it is similar in size to Ireland. Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite, and a major producer of gold. The country has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile. Sierra Leone is also home to the third large Door A door is a hard, flat object a person can open and close so that person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages. The reasons for a door are: Types of doors. A revolving door is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in. A blind door is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice. An up-and-over door is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening. A fire door is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel. A doggie door is a small door for dogs or other small pets. They are usually on the bottom of people-sized doors. 1540s The 1540s was a decade that started on 1 January 1540 and ended on 31 December 1549. Boeing 737 The Boeing 737 is a twin narrow-body airliner built by Boeing. At first, Boeing was making it to be a shorter, cheaper airliner than its 707 and 727. However, the 737 has become a family of many different models. The number of passengers it can carry ranges from 85 to 215. The 737 is the only narrow-body airliner that Boeing is making. The only types of 737 that Boeing is still making are the -700, -800 and -900ER. A version of the 737 with larger engines, the 737 MAX, came into service in 2017 but was grounded between 2019 and 2021 as unsafe. Boeing began designing the 737 in 1964. The very first 737-100 flew in 1967. It was first used by an airline in February 1968. The 737-200 started being used in April 1968. The -200 was basically just a longer version of the 737-100. In the 1980s Boeing made the -300, -400, and -500 models. Boeing called these models the Boeing 737 Classic series. The 737 Classics could carry more passengers, and they had new engines: CFM56 turbofans. The 737 Classic planes also had some improvements made to the wings. In the 1990s, Boeing brought out the 737 Next Generation. The 737 Next Generation planes also had redesigned wings, a better cockpit and a new cabin. The 737 Next Generation is made up of the -600, -700, -800, and -900ER models. These models go from to in length. The 737 is the best-selling jet airliner in history. Boeing has never stopped making 737s since 1967. 7,283 aircraft have been delivered, and the 737 still has 2,759 orders that have not been delivered yet (). Boeing 737s are built at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. The 737's main rival is the Airbus A320 family. On average, 1,250 737s are in the air at any time and two land or leave somewhere every five seconds. Development. Background. Boeing was looking at designs for aircraft which flew short distances. Boeing wanted to make another aircraft to replace the 727 on short flights. It began designing the 737 on May 11, 1964. Boeing did a lot of research and found that airlines wanted an airliner which could hold 50 to 60 passengers. This airliner would also be able to fly routes long. Lufthansa was the first airline to order a Boeing 737 on February 19, 1965. They ordered 21 aircraft, worth $67 million (1965, $190.28 million in 2008). After Boeing spoke to Lufthansa in winter 1964, they made the 737 bigger so that it could hold 100 passengers. On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced that United Airlines had ordered 40 737s. United wanted a plane which was a bit bigger than the 737-100. Boeing made a different type of 737 for United, which was longer. This other plane was called the 737-200. Boeing changed the name of the original 737 to the 737-100. Making and testing of the 737. The first 737s were made near Boeing Field (now officially called King County International Airport) because the factory in Renton was too busy building the 707 and 727. After 271 aircraft were made at Boeing Field, Boeing moved the 737s to Renton. This was in 1970. The first Boeing 737-100 prototype was ready in 1966. It made its first flight on April 9, 1967. On December 15, 1967 the Federal Aviation Administration said that the -100 was allowed to fly with passengers. They gave it the Type Certificate A16WE. Lufthansa got its first 737 on December 28, 1967. On February 10, 1968, Lufthansa became the first non-American airline to fly a new Boeing aircraft. It was the only large airline which bought the 737-100. Only 30 -100s were ever made. The 737-200 first flew on August 8, 1967. The FAA allowed it to fly with passengers on December 21, 1967. The first flight it made for United Airlines was on April 28, 1968. It flew from Chicago to Grand Rapids, Michigan. Airlines liked the 737-200 much more than the 737-100. 737-200 Advanced. A "thrust reverser" is a part of the engine of a plane. It changes the flow of air through the engine so that it ends up trying to push the plane backwards instead of forwards. The first thrust reversers on the 737 were not very good. They were said to lift the aircraft off the runway when they were used. This meant that the wheels were not being pushed down onto the ground very much, which made the brakes less useful. In 1968, Boeing improved the thrust reverser. This improvement was put onto all aircraft after March 1969. Aircraft which were made before the improvement could have it installed. Boeing also improved the flaps. This improvement allowed the flaps to be used more during takeoffs and landing. All these changes meant that the 737 could hold more cargo and fly further. In May 1971, after the 135th aircraft was built, all of these improvements, as well as better engines and more fuel, were put into the 737-200. This gave it 15% more payload and range than the first 737-200s. This type of 737-200 became known as the 737-200 Advanced. In 1970, Boeing only got 37 orders for 737s. Since Boeing were running out of money, they thought about stopping making 737s and selling the design to Japanese companies. Boeing cancelled the Boeing Supersonic Transport and started making less Boeing 747s. By doing this, Boeing kept enough money to keep the 737 project going. In 1988, Boeing stopped making 737-200s. 1,114 aircraft were made and the last one was delivered to Xiamen Airlines on August 8, 1988. 737 Classic. In 1979, Boeing started working on a large improvement for the 737. Boeing wanted to allow the aircraft to hold more passengers and travel further. It also wanted to make improvements to make the aircraft more modern. However, it also wanted to keep it similar to the older 737s. In 1980, information on this new type of 737 (called the 737-300) was given at the Farnborough Airshow. The CFM56-3B-1 engine was chosen to be the engine for this new 737 type. This engine burned much less fuel and was much less noisy. However, it was also difficult to fit these engines to the aircraft. This was because the 737's wings were not very high above the ground, and the CFM56 had a bigger diameter than the original engines. Boeing and CFM solved the problem by putting the engine slightly ahead of the wing, instead of right under it. They also moved some parts of the engine, which would normally go on the bottom, to the sides. This made the engine look a bit like a hamster pouch, because the engine is not shaped like a circle. The plane could now carry 149 passengers, because the fuselage of the plane was made bigger. Many changes were made to the wings. The tip of the wing was made longer by . The wingspan was also made bigger. The flaps on the wings were changed. The flight deck (cockpit) was improved with electronic displays. However, airlines could choose not to have these in their planes. The main cabin (where the passengers sit) was also made better. It looked similar to the cabin of a Boeing 757. The prototype of the 737-300 first flew on 24 February 1984. Its pilot was Jim McRoberts. In June 1986, Boeing said that it was working on the 737-400. The 737-400 made the fuselage even bigger (by ). This change meant that the -400 could carry 170 passengers. The 737-400's first flight was on February 19, 1988. The first airline to use it was Piedmont Airlines. Boeing made a 737-500 because its customers wanted one. It was a replacement of the 737-200. The -500 is longer than the 737-200. Up to 132 passengers can travel on the 737-500. Cockpits with electronic displays could be installed on the -500, but airlines could choose the use the older cockpit if they wanted. The 737-500 was first ordered by Southwest Airlines in 1987. Southwest Airlines ordered 20 aircraft. The 737-500 flew for the first time on June 30, 1989. On February 28, 1990, Southwest Airlines got their first delivery. After the Boeing 737 Next Generation planes were brought into service, Boeing named the 737-300/-400/-500s the 737 Classic series. 737 Next Generation. In 1991, Boeing started working on an updated group of 737s. They did this so they could have a plane to rival the Airbus A320. Boeing said that the 737 Next Generation (NG) program had begun on November 17, 1991. The -600, -700, -800, and -900 models are all part of the 737 Next Generation program. The 737 was changed so much by the 737NG program that it is almost like a new aircraft. However, some important parts of the plane were kept similar to the older 737s. The wing was changed again. Many different changes were made. An example of one is a bigger wingspan (made bigger by ). Since the wings were made bigger, 30% more fuel could fit in the plane. CFM56-7B engines were used, which were newer, quieter and burned less fuel. The improvements to the wing, engine and fuel mean that the 737NG can travel 900 nautical miles further. This means it can travel over in total, which means that the 737NG can travel between different continents. Winglets can be added to most 737NG models. The flight deck was given modern electronics (called avionics). The main cabin was also improved. The first NG to be built was a 737-700. It was finished on December 8, 1995. This aircraft was 2,843rd 737 built. It first flew on February 9, 1997. The prototype 737-800 was finished on June 30, 1997 and first flew on July 31, 1997. The smallest of the 737NGs, the -600, is the same size as the -500. It was the last NG to be launched (it was launched in December 1997). It first flew on January 22, 1998. The FAA certified it on August 18, 1998. A Boeing delivered the 5,000th 737 to Southwest Airlines on February 13, 2006. The 6,000th 737 was delivered to Norwegian Air Shuttle in April 2009. The Airbus A320 family has sold more planes than the 737NG over the past ten years. However, this total includes sales for the A321 and A318. The A321 has been the rival of Boeing's 757 and the A318 has been the rival of the 717. The Next Generation series helped make sure the 737 stayed the bestselling airliner family since it first flew. 737 MAX. Since 2006, Boeing has been thinking about replacing the 737 with a completely new design. This was named the Boeing Y1 by people who worked at Boeing. This re-design would be launched after the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Boeing did not decide on whether or not to go ahead with this. They said they would decide in 2011. On July 20, 2011, Boeing said that they were working on a new 737 version, which would have the CFM International LEAP engine. American Airlines said they would order 100 of these aircraft. On August 30, 2011, Boeing said that a new 737 would definitely be launched. It was called the 737 MAX. It would also definitely have CFM International LEAP-1B engines. The MAX 8 first carried paying passengers in May, 2017. In 2019 two MAX 8 aircraft crashed, killing all aboard and causing aviation authorities to ban commercial operation of the 737 MAX until they are fixed. Design. The 737's main landing gear (wheels) go into holes at the bottom of the plane. The wheels do not have a door to close over them. The tyres can be seen easily when a 737 is taking off or is flying low-down. 737s do not have fuel dump systems. A fuel dump system is a system which gets rid of any unneeded fuel if the aircraft needs to make an emergency landing while it still has a lot of fuel on board. This is useful because aircraft can only land safely at a certain weight or below. Getting rid of unneeded fuel helps to get to a safe weight for the plane to land. The first 737s were too small to need these systems. Adding a fuel dump system to the bigger 737s would make the plane much heavier. Instead, if the emergency is not very serious, 737s fly around in circles to get rid of fuel. If the emergency is serious, the 737 just needs to land at an unsafe weight. If it has to land at an unsafe weight, the plane needs to be looked at for damage. If there is no damage, the plane can be put back into service. Engines. Engines on the 737 Classic series (300, 400, 500) and Next Generation series (600, 700, 800, 900) are not shaped like a circle like most planes. The 737 Classics had CFM56 turbofan engines. These burned much less fuel and made much less noise than the Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines which were used on the -100 and -200. However, because the 737's wings and fuselage are not very high above the ground, it was impossible to get the engines to fit on the wings. Boeing and CFM fixed this problem by putting the engines slightly ahead of the wings instead of putting them right underneath. They also moved some parts of the engines which would normally go at the bottom to the sides. This is what makes the engines non-circular. The gearbox of the engine was moved from the bottom of the engine to the side. The gearbox makes the engine look a bit like a triangle. Since the engine is close to the ground, it is possible that they can be damaged by things lying on the ground. The CFM56-7 engine on the 737 Next Generation burns even less fuel than the engines on the 737 Classics. The Boeing 737 MAX aircraft will have CFM International LEAP-1B engines. These engines are supposed to burn 10-12% less fuel than the CFM56-7B engines on the 737 Next Generation family. Flight systems. The 737's controls are very safe. If the hydraulics or both engines fail, servo tabs will be automatically used. Servo tabs are small hinges which move important parts of an aircraft. The tabs are controlled by the yoke (the thing used to steer the plane). For the 737 Next Generation, a new cockpit with LCD displays was made. These cockpits also have modern avionics (autopilot etc.). Most 737 cockpits have "eyebrow windows". These are smaller windows which are above the main windows. There are two on each side. Eyebrow windows were used on the Boeing 707. They helped the pilot see better when the plane was turning. However, because autopilot, advanced radar etc. exist, they are no longer needed. They were removed from the 737 cockpit in 2004. However, 737s used by the military still have them installed. If the customer likes, Boeing will install eyebrow windows for them. Upgrades. Winglets can be fitted to 737s which do not have them already installed. They can also be added when the aircraft is built. The winglets are about tall. They are fitted at the end of the wing and help the engines to burn less fuel because they reduce drag. They also help make less noise on takeoff. Winglets can help a plane burn up to 5% less fuel. the 737 has carbon brakes. These are made by Messier-Bugatti. These new brakes have been allowed by the Federal Aviation Administration. They weigh less than the steel brakes normally fitted to the 737 Next Generation family. If 700 pounds of weight is taken off a Boeing 737-800, it burns 0.5% less fuel. Main cabin. How the cabin looks was changed in each different type of 737 (Classic and Next Generation). The cabin design of the 737 Original was changed 737 Classic using designs from the 757. Designs from the Boeing 777 were used to design the cabin for the Next Generation 737. The newest cabin design is called the Sky Interior. It has curved walls. It also has redesigned windows. The Sky Interior has more headroom and LED mood lighting. Overhead bins which move have been installed. These bins are similar to the bins on a 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. They have more space for luggage than the other designs. The Sky Interior is also designed to make the cabin less noisy by 2–4 dB. The first 737 with the Sky Interior was delivered to Flydubai in 2010. Malaysia Airlines, TUIFly and Continental Airlines have also ordered 737s with the Sky Interior. Types of 737. The 737 are split into three "generations". These are Original, Classic and Next Generation. The "Original" models are the 737-100, 737-200/-200 Advanced. The "Classic" models are the 737-300, 737-400 and 737-500. The "Next Generation" models are the 737-600, 737-700/-700ER, 737-800, and 737-900/-900ER. The fourth generation of 737 is called the 737 MAX. It is still being worked on, but when it is finished, it will be made up of the 737-MAX-7, 737-MAX-8 and 737-MAX-9. The MAX-7 will replace the 737-700, the MAX-8 will replace the 737-800 and the MAX-9 will replace the 737-900 and 739-900ER. 737 Original. 737-100. The very first 737 model was the 737-100. It was first ordered by Lufthansa in 1965. The -100 was finished on January 17, 1967. It entered service in 1968. The aircraft is the smallest type of 737. Only 30 737-100s were ordered and delivered. No 737-100s are still being used by airlines. The 737-100 prototype is in the Museum of Flight in Seattle. 737-200. The 737-200 is a 737-100 with a larger fuselage. It was created because of an order from United Airlines in 1965. The -200 was finished on June 29, 1967. It entered service in 1968. The 737-200 Advanced is an improved version of the -200. Its first user was All Nippon Airways. It began using the -200 Advanced on May 20, 1971. The -200 Advanced has many improvements. For example, more powerful engines and more fuel. The 737-200 Advanced can also fly further than the 737-200. The last delivery of a 737-200 aircraft was in August 1988 to Xiamen Airlines. This was the 1,095th 737-200 built. Many 737-200s are still used by airlines. After 40 years the last 737-200 aircraft in the United States were retired on March 31, 2008. This happened with the last flights of Aloha Airlines. 737 Classic. The Boeing 737 Classic is the name of the 737-300/-400/-500. However, they were only called the 737 Classics after the 737 Next Generation (737-600/700/800/900) aircraft were made. Until then, the 737 Classics were called the 'new generation' of the 737. The 737 Classics were made from 1984 to 2000. 1,988 aircraft were delivered in that time. As of January 1, 2001, 1,945 are in service. 737-300. The 737-300 was brought into service in 1981. It was used by both US Airways and Southwest Airlines. The 737-300 is the first model of the 737 Classic series. The -300 can usually hold 128 passengers. The 737-300 series was made until 1999. The last -300 was delivered to Air New Zealand on 17 December 1999. This was the 1,113th 737-300 made. 737-400. The 737-400 brought into service in 1985. It was just a longer version of the 737-300. Piedmont Airlines was the launch customer. They ordered 25 aircraft in 1986. The first 737-400s were brought into service in 1988 with Piedmont. The last -400 was delivered to CSA Czech Airlines. This was the 486th -400 built. The 737-400F was a 737-400 changed into a cargo plane. The -400F was not delivered by Boeing. They were changed into cargo planes by the airlines that owned them. Alaska Airlines was the first airline to change a -400 to a -400F. It could carry 10 pallets of cargo. 737-500. The 737-500 was finished 1987. It was brought into service with Southwest Airlines in 1990. The 737-500 is around the same length of the 737-200. It was a modern, complete replacement of the 737-200. The last 737-500 was delivered to All Nippon Airways on July 26, 1999. This was the 389th built. 737 Next Generation. In the 1990s, Boeing realised that the Airbus A320 family was a serious threat. Boeing could lose customers because of it. In November 1991, Boeing began the Next Generation program. The Next Generation aircraft would replace the 737 Classics. The 737-600, 737-700 and 737-800 planes were planned. 737-600. The 737-600 replaced the 737-500. It was also supposed to replace the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. The 737-600 was finished in 1995. The first aircraft was delivered to Scandinavian Airlines on September 18, 1998. The 737-600 is the only Boeing 737 still being made that cannot be fitted with winglets. The 737-600's rivals are the Airbus A318, Embraer 195 and Sukhoi Superjet 100. The Bombardier CSeries will also be a rival.<ref>"Bombardier Launches CSeries Jet." Tsar Tsar is a title for the supreme ruler in several countries. In Bulgaria, the title was used in 913–1422 and again in 1908–1946. The last tsar to rule Bulgaria was Boris III, who replaced Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 1918. In Serbia, the title was used in 1346—1371. The last tsar to rule Serbia was Stephen Uroš V. In the Russian Empire, the title was used from 1546 until 1721. Starting in 1721, the title of Russian emperors was "imperator", but the word "tsar" remained in common use until the Russian Revolution in 1917. The last tsar to rule Russia was Nicholas II, who replaced Alexander III in 1894. The system of government used during the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire was called Tsarist autocracy, also known as Tsarism. "Tsar" is also spelled "tzar", "czar", and "csar". It is the Eastern European word for "caesar". It can be translated to "emperor". 1550s The 1550s was a decade that started on 1 January 1550 and ended on 31 December 1559. Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss ("German": Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 – July 25, 1934) was the Chancellor of Austria from 1932 until 1933. He led the country as a dictator from early 1933 until 1934. He studied law in Vienna, and Economics in Berlin. During World War I, he served in the Alps and briefly became a Prisoner of War in 1918. He became Chancellor on May 20, 1932 as head of a right-wing coalition government. He wanted to solve the problems caused by the Depression. He had problems finding majorities in parliament. The measures he liked to take to deal with inflation were not well liked. In March 1933, he suspended the Austrian parliament. He then governed by decree. With Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany, Dollfuss feared that the influence of the NSDAP would grow. This would then lead to a growth in popularity for its Austrian counterpart. Because of this, he banned the NSDAP in June 1933. He also banned the SDAPÖ in February 1934. In September 1933 he formed an umbrella grouping to support the regime, the "Vaterländische Front" (Fatherland Front) and merged the Christian Social Party with the para-military Heimwehr (Home Guard), a Nationalist paramilitary group. The regime which was put into power by him and remained in power until 1938 is often called "Austrofascism". The form of state he employed was called the "Ständestaat". On July 25, 1934, eight Austrian Nazis entered the Chancellery building and shot and killed Dollfuss in an attempted coup, as a prelude to Anschluss. The Nazis surrendered and were executed. Kurt Schuschnigg became the new dictator of Austria. Language isolate A language isolate is a language that is not known to be related to any other language. Many languages are related to other languages by coming from an older language, and both are still similar. Languages that are related are language families. Most languages known to belong to a language family. However, some are not known to be related to other languages and are called language isolates. Some spoken language isolates are Basque, Zuni, Burushaski, Ainu and Mapudungun. Some extinct language isolates are Sumerian, Elamite and Urartian. Species A species is a kind of organism. It is a basic unit of biological classification, and a formal rank in taxonomy. Originally, the word was used informally in a rather vague way, but now there are at least 26 different ways it is used. All animals or plants that are the same kind belong to the same species. Wolves ("Canis lupus") are one species. Humans ("Homo sapiens") are another species. Broadly, the idea is that, for example, cats breed with cats and produce more cats. This is the basis for deciding to have a species called "Felis catus". However, to give a simple definition of 'species' is difficult, and many people have tried. Species is a word for a particular kind of living thing, for example, a jackdaw. Jackdaws and ravens are similar, so they are together in a larger group (taxon) called a genus, in this case "Corvus". Then there is a family (such as the crow family, which includes crows and ravens as well as jays and magpies). Families are put together into orders such as the songbirds, which includes many families of birds. The next group is the class; all birds are in the same class. After that is the phylum, such as vertebrates, which is all animals with backbones. Last of all is the kingdom, like the animal kingdom. These are ways to classify living things. There is a mnemonic to help people remember the order of the divisions which are listed again below: "King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti". Example. Take as an example the bird called a Common Loon or Great Northern Diver: Historical changes in the term. There is a long history of disagreement over whether species are objective things, or whether they are man-made labels. Those who think species are objectively different point to things which 'good' species do. They look similar, and they breed true, that is, mate with their own kind, and have offspring which are obviously in the same species. Against this are the many exceptions. There are species which shade gradually into other species, and which interbreed in overlapping populations (see ring species). On the other hand, there are species which look absolutely identical, but which do not breed together (sibling species). It is quite clear that 'species' as used by palaeontologists and 'species' as used by other biologists cannot be the same. A palaeontologist can only use visible features of a fossil, which are only a small part of the traits of a living species. Not only that, but many species which are virtually identical can only be distinguished by their DNA. This relatively recent discovery of sibling species is very important, and their numbers are growing rapidly. We underestimated the effect of convergent evolution. The greatest change in the species concept was made by Charles Darwin, for evolution meant that hard-and-fast lines could not be drawn between species. Another shift came when Ernst Mayr proposed the biological species concept, which emphasized the interbreeding population as the heart of the species concept. This meant that, in his view, species were objective, that is not just the subjective opinion of a taxonomist. His explanation of the process of speciation was geographical isolation between populations which had once been interbreeding. Today, emphasis has moved back closer to Darwin's ideas. Numbers. According to the most recent estimate, there are about 8.7 million species on Earth. This counts only eukaryote organisms. It leaves out bacteria, archaea and viruses. Fewer than a quarter of the species have not been identified, named and catalogued. At the present rate, it might take over 1000 years to complete this job. Some will become extinct before this count is complete. Ancestor An ancestor is a person (or another organism or thing) from whom (or which) another is descended. Usually, it refers to a person far in the past, rather than the parents or grandparents in the close family. A very similar word is forebear. A female ancestor may be called an ancestress. The line of ancestors from which an organism descends is referred to as its ancestry. A second meaning relates to evolution. There, it is used of a species or group of species of animals or plants from which others have evolved. In a similar way, the word ancestor can be used for an early prototype or forerunner of a later device. In law an ancestor can mean the person from whom an estate is lawfully obtained. No blood relationship is necessarily implied. More commonly, however, it is the person from whom an estate is obtained based on law and blood. Two people have a genetic relationship if one is the ancestor of the other, or if they share a common ancestor. Each of someone's ancestors will have contributed to their DNA. In evolution, species that have evolved from the same ancestor are said to be of common descent. However, this concept of ancestry does not apply to some bacteria and other organisms capable of horizontal gene transfer. DNA testing is used in determining ancestry. This can be for testing, to determine the parents of a child for legal purposes. DNA is also used to better understand the ancestry and history of all humans over the last 50,000 years. This was one of the benefits of the Human genome project. In some cultures ancestors may have relatively little importance. Many today have no knowledge of their own great-great-grandparents. China is an example of a culture that in general has a deep respect for ancestors. Korea is an example of a culture that engages in ancestor worship where ancestors are revered. But genealogy (the study of one's ancestors) is growing in popularity and includes both amateur and professional genealogists. River dolphin River dolphins are five species of dolphin which live in fresh water rivers and estuaries. Three species live in fresh water rivers. The La Plata Dolphin lives in salt water estuaries and the ocean. Differences between marine and river dolphins. Both river dolphins and marine dolphins belong to a group of mammals called cetaceans. The snout of a river dolphin measures about 58 centimeters (2 ft) long, approximately four times as long as that of most marine dolphins. They use their long snout to search for fish on the muddy bottom of the river. River dolphins have smaller eyes than marine dolphins, and their vision is poorly developed because they live in dark, muddy water. River dolphins are less active than marine dolphins because they do not need to search so widely to find fish. Marine dolphins work in pods (packs) because when they find a shoal of fish then they work together to make the most of their find. River dolphins work mostly as individuals or small groups. Taxonomy. The following is the taxonomy of river dolphins, or how dolphins are classified: Other sources. River-Dolphins-and-their-habitat Estuary An estuary is where a river meets the sea. There, saltwater mixes with freshwater. The river becomes wider and wider and flows slowly to the ocean. Bays, marshes, swamps, and inlets can all have estuaries. A view of an estuary from the air is usually an interesting sight: many estuaries meander (curve and bend) to find their way to the sea. Estuaries come in all sizes and shapes, each according to its location and climate. Where rivers meet the sea and fresh water mixes with salt water, the mixture is called brackish water. Some estuaries are very large. They may be large ocean bays that have more than one river flowing into them. For example, Chesapeake Bay is a large estuary, and several different rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean there. In simple terms it is where a river meets with a large body of water only with ((one)) outlet and not many like a ((delta)). Habitat. Estuaries are usually filled with shallow waters, and sunlight reaches all levels of the water. Marsh grasses, algae, and other kinds of plants live in estuaries and provide food for a variety of fish, crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Estuaries are especially important since they act as nurseries for many different types of young fish and other animals before they head out toward the open ocean. Many sea birds also nest in estuaries. The United States government has a program to study and protect the natural environment in many different estuaries, called the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. One reason that the natural environment in so many estuaries is in danger is because they are also good places for people to live and build cities. Unfortunately, many of world's largest cities are at or near estuaries. James Bond James Bond is a fictional British spy created by Ian Fleming in 1953. History. 1950s-1960s. In 1953, Fleming wrote "Casino Royale", the very first James Bond novel. The novel made a lot of money, and he continued to write one James Bond novel each year until he died in 1963. In a 1956 South African radio program "Moonraker" he was voiced by Bob Holness. In 1962 Albert. R. "Cubby" Broccoli and Harry Saltzman started to produce the first James Bond movie, Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as James Bond. The movie became extremely popular, and they continued to make more Bond movies. In the end of the 1960s Connery did not want to do any more Bond movies, and many thought that Bond was now dead. In 1969, George Lazenby appeared in one movie as the Bond character, but the movie was not successful. 1970s-1980s. In 1971 Sean Connery stepped back into the role for one movie "Diamonds are Forever". After this in 1973, producers came up with the "Live and Let Die" movie, starring Roger Moore as Bond. The movie became a very big success. The series continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s with Roger Moore playing the role of Bond. In the 1980s, Bond movies were not as successful at the box office. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1980s there were many other action movies being produced that could compete with the Bond series. After Moore left the role as Bond, he was replaced with Timothy Dalton in the late 1980s. Dalton tried to make a serious, "down to earth" Bond, closer to the Fleming novels. Fans did not like Dalton's interpretation of the Bond character, and the movies made little money. 1990s. The Cold War ended in 1991. Since Bond almost always fought Communists, many now thought that the Bond series of movies was finally dead. In 1995, producers developed the Goldeneye movie, starring Pierce Brosnan as Bond. This film made the Bond character well known in the 1990s. Brosnan appeared in several Bond movies. 2000s. In 2002, the James Bond character was used in the 20th movie, Die Another Day, the 40th anniversary of the movies and the 50th anniversary since Fleming wrote his first Bond novel. In 2006, the 21st movie, Casino Royale, was released. Pierce Brosnan, who played James Bond in the previous four movies, was replaced by Daniel Craig, the first James Bond to have blonde hair. The movie is based on the first Ian Fleming novel of the same name, but is set in the present day. The movie features a cameo appearance by Richard Branson, a British billionaire. It has a new model of Aston Martin DB9, the car that made James Bond so famous in the 1960s. Many fans think that whilst this movie is different than other movies, it is much better, and movies in the future (however few there will be) will be in this new format. In 2008, Craig appeared in a second Bond movie, "Quantum of Solace" and a third, "Skyfall", in 2012. His fourth appearance as Bond was with "Spectre" in 2016. His fifth and final appearance as Bond is with "No Time to Die" in 2021. Movies. Many of the James Bond movies were massive hits. However, there are two movies classed as unofficial Bond films and not recognised as part of the series. The 1967 version of "Casino Royale" was a spoof, featuring "Jimmy Bond". Also, "Never Say Never Again" was not made by Albert R. Broccoli's production company, EON Productions. Connery is the tallest actor to play James Bond to this day. A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 movie) A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 movie. It is based on the 1947 play by Tennessee Williams. The movie stars Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh. Tetrahedron A tetrahedron (triangular pyramid) is a three-dimensional shape. It has four corners. It looks like a pyramid. It has six equally long edges, four corners and four equilateral triangular faces. Every two edges meet on one of those corners forming a sixty-degree angle. All of its sides are triangles. Formulas for a regular tetrahedron. A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron where all of its edges are the same length. If the length of an edge is "a": Robert Hooke Robert Hooke FRS (Isle of Wight, 18 July 1635 – London, 3 March 1703) was an English naturalist, architect and polymath. Hooke played an important role in the birth of science in the 17th century with both experimental and theoretical work. He was a colleague of Robert Boyle and Christopher Wren, and a rival to Isaac Newton. Hooke was a leader in the plans to rebuild after the Great Fire of London in 1666. There is no surviving portrait of Hooke. Hooke's achievements. Physics. He discovered Hooke's Law of elasticity. He designed and ordered the making of telescopes and microscopes, and used both instruments. He reported on this work in a book called "Micrographia" in 1665. He was the first person to see biological cells. He made drawings of bodies in the Solar System, and made the first attempts to measure the distance of certain stars. Robert Hooke was appointed the Royal Society's first Curator of Experiments in 1662, and he rose to be Secretary of the Royal Society. He took responsibility for experiments performed at its weekly meetings. This was a position he held for over 40 years. In 1664 Hooke also was appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in London and Cutlerian Lecturer in Mechanics. On 8 July 1680, Hooke observed the nodal patterns associated with the mode of vibration of glass plates. He ran a bow along the edge of a glass plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.p101 Hooke did some fundamental work on gravitation and the motion of the planets. Forever after, he was convinced that Newton and the world had cheated him of the creditp389 Natural history. He was also known for his work in natural history (biology and geology). He reported on his microsope use in a book called "Micrographica" in 1665. He was the first person to see biological cells, and was the first to use the word 'cell' to describe them. In 1668, in a talk to the Royal Society, he recognised that fossil shells of unknown marine animals suggested that some species had become extinct. Architecture. Hooke achieved fame in his day as Surveyor to the City of London and chief assistant of Christopher Wren. Hooke helped Wren rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666. He also worked on the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and the infamous Bethlem Royal Hospital (which became known as 'Bedlam'). Many other buildings were designed by Hooke, including the Royal College of Physicians (1679). Hooke's collaboration with Christopher Wren included St Paul's Cathedral, whose dome uses a method of construction conceived by Hooke. Hooke also participated in the design of the Pepys Library, which held the manuscripts of Samuel Pepys's diaries, the most frequently cited eyewitness account of the Great Fire of London. In the reconstruction after the Great Fire, Hooke proposed redesigning London's streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards. This pattern was used in the later renovation of Paris, Liverpool, and many American cities. The proposal was rejected. The opponents argued that in practice property owners were secretly shifting their boundaries. Hooke was in demand to settle many of these disputes, due to his skill as a surveyor and his tact as an arbitrator. Emission Emission is a word that originally comes from Latin. Originally it means something that is sent out. Several things can be sent out: Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (9 September 1828 20 November 1910) was a Russian novelist and anarchist, famous for writing the books "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", and many other works. He was a Christian and believed in non-violence and practiced simple living. His work "The Kingdom of God is within you" has influenced people like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Early life. Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the region of Tula, Russia and he married Sofia Andreevna Bers. Death. Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82. He died of pneumonia. Life and career. When he was young his parents died, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. At the age of 16, he began studying law and oriental languages. Unfortunately, he left University in the middle of his studies and spent much of his time in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Later on in his life, he joined the Army with his brother after running up some heavy gambling debts. It was at that time that he started writing. His conversion from a wealthy society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his later days was notable. It was caused by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61. Others who followed a similar path were Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy saw a public execution in Paris, an experience which marked the rest of his life. After "Anna Karenina", Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886) and "What Is to Be Done?" (1886) develop a radical Christian philosophy which led to his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901. After shaping both his political and literary development in Europe, he returned to Russia and founded 13 schools for Russia's peasant children. California wine People have made wine in the American state of California for a long time. California has become recognized as making some of the world's best wine. California makes most of the wine that is made in America. History. People first made wine in California in 1769. Missionaries from Mexico brought their wine plants to produce wine for the mass. Later, people coming from Europe improved the making of wine. They had brought their own kinds of wine plants. Before 1920, there was more wine made every year. Then Prohibition began. During Prohibition, it was not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States. It almost ended the making of wine in California. Californian wine-making took a long time to recover. In 1990, the USA sent less than five percent of its wine to other countries. After that, exports of wine from California increased. Today, the USA is one of the big wine industries. Wines. Wine comes in different colors. Most wines are called "red" or "white". White wine is not really white, it just has a very light color. 54 percent of the Californian wines are white wines. Some examples of white wines are Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. Some examples of red wines are Zinfandel, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir. Cool climate viticulture. Grapes for wine used to need warm weather. People wanted to grow more grapes, so they learned how to grow them where the weather was not as warm. That way of growing grapes is called "cool climate viticulture". Vines are now planted in colder places, up to above sea level. Monterey County was the first place where that was done. Wine regions. In California, there are more than 800 wine cellars. Wine cellars are big rooms were wine is stored. They are part of a winery, the place where wine is produced. Two of the most famous growing areas for wine in California are Napa County and Sonoma County. The wines from those places are some of the best in the world. Some examples of the wines made there are Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. Other known wineries are in Mendocino, in the Lake Counties, Santa Maria and Santa Barbara. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American movie from 20th Century Fox. George Roy Hill directed it, and John Foreman produced it. It stars Paul Newman and Robert Redford as two robbers in Wyoming who go to Bolivia to escape the law. The movie was loosely based on the real story of the two title characters (Butch Cassidy and his friend Harry Longabaugh, also called "Sundance"). But it made the legends of the two more popular. It won four Academy Awards: for Best Cinematography (shooting work on a movie), Best Original Score, Best Song (Burt Bacharach's "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head") and Best Original Screenplay (William Goldman). It was also nominated for Best Picture, Best Director (Hill) and Best Sound. Goldman won the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. It was one of the largest-grossing movies of the 1960s (with $102.3 million in the United States). It was number fifty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. At first, Warren Beatty and Steve McQueen (even Marlon Brando) were called upon to play the title roles. When Newman and Redford took their place, the roles were switched, with Newman as Sundance, and Redford as Cassidy. The studio, 20th Century Fox, did not like Redford's role. But the movie's director, Hill, wanted it that way. As a result, Redford has said that the movie made him a more famous actor. The Sundance Film Festival is named after Redford's role, as well his Utah ski resort. Mehmed II Mehmed II or Mehmed the conqueror (, "Meḥmed-i sānī"; Modern , ; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire. He also conquered Bosnia and introduced Islam to the region where it quickly gained an influence amongst the local population. He became sultan after his father died 5 Feb 1451. The Bold and the Beautiful The Bold and the Beautiful is a popular American soap opera. After "The Young and the Restless", it is the highest-rated soap opera there. The series is shown in over 100 countries. About 300 million people watch it every day. This makes "The Bold and the Beautiful" the most watched television series in the world. The first episode was shown on March 23, 1987 on the CBS network. The series was created by the soap opera writer William J. Bell and his wife, Lee Phillip Bell. It is the only American soap opera to have its daily episodes translated into Spanish for the Hispanic viewers in the United States. The series is set in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of the Forrester family, who owns a fashion empire called Forrester Creations. The major members of the family are Eric Forrester (played by John McCook), the president of Forrester Creations, his wife Stephanie (Susan Flannery), their eldest son Ridge (Ronn Moss) and Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), who was married to both the father and the son. She owns most of Forrester Creations. This is because she created "BeLieF", a formula which earned much money for the company. There used to be a second fashion company called Spectra Fashions. It was Forrester’s main competitor. The conflicts between the Forrester and the Spectra families was one of the major themes of the story. Primary color Primary colors (or primary colours) are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors. The primary colors are those which cannot be created by mixing other colors in a given color space. For subtractive combination of colors, as in mixing of pigments or dyes for printing, the CMYK set of primaries is often used. In this system the primary colors are cyan, magenta,and yellow. Other sets include the RYB system of red, yellow, blue, especially used by artists. For additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in television and computer screens, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. Biological basis. Primary colors are not a fundamental property of light but are related to the physiological response of the eye to light (the way the eye works). For humans, three primary colors are usually used, since human color vision is trichromatic. Fundamentally, light is a continuous spectrum of the wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye, an infinite-dimensional stimulus space. However, the human eye normally contains only three types of color receptors, called cone cells. Each color receptor respond to different ranges of the color spectrum. Humans and other species with three such types of color receptors are known as trichromats. The additive primaries are red, green, and blue. Because of the response curves of the three different color receptors in the human eye, these colors are optimal in the sense that the largest range of colors — a gamut — visible by humans can be generated by mixing light of these colours. Additive mixing of red and green light, produce shades of yellow or orange. Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple and magenta. Mixing equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey; when all three colors are fully saturated, the result is white. The color space that is generated is called the RGB ("red, green, blue") color space. Subtractive primaries. Media that use reflected light and colorants to produce colors are using the subtractive color method of color mixing. In the printing industry, to produce the varying colors, apply the subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta together in varying amounts. Subtractive color works best when the surface or paper, is white, or close to it. Mixing yellow and cyan produces shades of green; mixing yellow with magenta produces shades of red, and mixing magenta with cyan produces shades of blue. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should produce shades of grey, resulting in black when all three are fully saturated, but in practice they tend to produce muddy brown colors. For this reason, a fourth "primary" pigment, black, is often used in addition to the cyan, magenta, and yellow colors. The color space generated is the so-called CMYK color space. The abbreviation stands for "Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black" — K stands for "Kohle" (German for coal) and is used to represent black as 'B' could be confused with 'Blue'. In practice, mixtures of actual materials like paint tend to be less precise. Brighter, or more specific colors can be created using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic creates a dark cyan - something which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly subtractive. Umbilicus The umbilicus (also called navel or bellybutton) is a place on the body of mammals that is left after a baby loses its umbilical cord. The umbilicus of humans is in the middle of the abdomen. It is usually only easy to see on humans, and is a thin line on many other mammals. In humans, they can be split into two different kinds, the kind that goes in (innie) and the kind that goes out (outie). Different people have different navels that can be different in size, shape, and looks, but these differences are not genetic (you do not get them from looks passed down in your family). The hepatic portal vein passes from the umbilical vein to the liver. When a person becomes fat, the fat usually goes around the umbilicus. It marks the water shed line of the body. The venus blood & lymph do not cross the umbilical plane. James Cook Captain James Cook, FRS (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer. He made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, mapping many areas and recording several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He is most notable for the British finding the east coast of Australia, finding the Hawaiian Islands and for making the first maps of Newfoundland and New Zealand. During his lifetime, he sailed twice around the world. He crossed the Antarctic Circle and found new islands and landscapes in North America and the South Pacific. During his trips he spent a lot of time on science experiments, and mapping new areas. He also wrote a lot of books about what he found. Cook's life. Cook was born on 27 November 1728 in Marton in Yorkshire in England. He was a son of a Scottish farmer. He was educated at the school in Great Ayton, and at 17 he began work in a shop at Staithes. At 18, Cook became a sailor, and became an apprentice to John Walker of Whitby. Walker's business was transporting coal. Cook learned mathematics and navigation from Walker. He studied as much as he could about navigation and science. He was sent on three expeditions with the ship called "Endeavour" all over the world. His goals on these missions were: Captain Cook was killed in Hawaii in a dispute about a stolen boat. Cook's Family. He had four sons and one daughter. Their names were Elizabeth Cook, Hugh Cook, George Cook, Nathaniel Cook and  Joseph Cook. His father’s name was James Cook. He had 3 sisters and 2 brothers. Their names were Mary Cook, who died at age 4, Margaret Cook, William Cook, Jane Cook and John Cook. References Offside rule The offside rule is one of the oldest football rules, but is still a much discussed rule. This is probably because of the relatively complicated set of provisions provided by the sport's law-making body, the IFAB for deciding if a player in an offside position is actually guilty of an offside offence by becoming involved in active play. It can also be a difficult decision for the referee or assistant referee to make as they need to watch the ball, the player playing the ball and also the attacker who is seeking to receive the ball at the same time. Offside is an offence committed by the team which has the ball and is punished with an indirect free kick. It is a common misconception that the ball must be played forward for an offside offence to be committed. This is incorrect however, as an offside offence is related to the position of the player in relation to the last two opponents, the ball and the opponent's goal line rather than the direction the ball is played. If the player is closer to the opponent's goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent when it is played by a team mate, she or he is in an offside position. But there are some exceptions: Valentine's Day Valentine's Day is a celebration that happens on February 14. It is the day of the year when lovers celebrate their love. This can be done by giving flowers, chocolates, Valentine's cards or just a nice gift. Love notes can be given to one another. These notes that people give out are also called "valentines". Some people pick one person and call them their "Valentine" as a gesture to show love and appreciation. Symbols of Valentine's Day are heart shapes, roses, and Cupid with his arrows. Valentine's Day is named for the martyred Christian saint named Valentine. He was a bishop that married forbidden couples. Since the 14th century, Valentine's pairs are formed in England. English emigrants then took the Valentine's custom to the United States. After World War II, US soldiers brought this festival to Europe. Legend. In the third century A.D., Valentine was the bishop of Terni (Italy). He performed weddings for couples who were not allowed to get married. They may not have been allowed to get married because the parents did not agree with the connection or because the bridegroom was a soldier or a slave, so the marriage was forbidden. Valentine gave the married couple flowers from his garden. That's why flowers play a very important role on Valentine's Day. This did not please the emperor. On February 14, 269 AD, Valentine was beheaded because of his Christian faith. An expansion of the legend combines the day of death of Valentine with the Roman festival Lupercalia. It was the festival of the great goddess Lupa, which is the feminine word for wolf. She was the Great She-Wolf who nursed the twin babies, Romulus and Remus, who later became the founders of Rome. During the annual ceremony, the temple priestesses (lupae) wrote their names on strips of papyrus. These were picked by young men. After the lottery, the youngsters walked through the city and got the blessings of the citizens. The martyr Valentine became the patron saint of the lovers. Still in the Middle Ages, as in France or in Belgium, people were chosen by the lottery to live a year with each other and people prayed to Saint Valentine to make love potions and charms. United States and Europe. In the 19th century, the custom of sending Valentine's Cards became very popular. The cards usually have pictures of hearts or flowers and contain some sort of poem, message, or code. Codes and simple messages give some people the courage to show their true feelings to the person they love. Today, some people still use mysterious codes to show their love. People can use newspapers to give a coded message to their loved one, giving other readers a view of the couples' intimacy with one another. Sometimes they will give each other chocolates. Famous for the popularity of the celebration is the folk song called "Die Vogelhochzeit" ("The Birds' Wedding"). China. In China, a holiday called Qi Xi is also called "Chinese Valentine's Day", especially by younger people. Qi Xi is traditionally held on the 7th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar. In recent years, it has become more like Valentine's Day in other countries. Canary Islands The Canary Islands are a group of islands off the coast of Morocco. They are an autonomous community of Spain (they make their own laws). There are seven main islands. The people who live there speak Spanish. The autonomous community has two capital cities, of equal status: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Like the other islands of Macaronesia, they were created by volcanoes on the bottom of the sea. Those volcanoes slowly rose above the water and became islands. This process lasted many thousands of years. The islands have a very long and interesting history. When Europeans first came to the Canary Islands, they found people already living there. These people were called the Guanches. Many of the Guanches were killed in 15th-century battles with the Spanish, and the ones who remained adopted the Spanish way of life. After the Spanish conquest, many battles were also fought against pirates. Most recently Morocco was interested in them. After the Spanish conquest, many Europeans settled there. Portuguese and Spaniards, and also Belgians and Maltese were among the early settlers. Recently many people from all over Europe, America, India, and Africa have also become citizens or permanent residents. The seven islands are: La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura. People from La Gomera have a whistle language that children there learn at school. Tenerife has the highest mountain in the Canary Islands and Spain too, the Teide. The Teide is actually a volcano, but it has not been active in more than 300 years. The islands are popular with tourists because of their warm climate and nice beaches. The local farmers grow lots of exotic fruits including papayas and bananas. The Canary Islands' main exports include bananas and tobacco. Fish used to be a class of vertebrates. Now the term covers five classes of animals that live in the water: There are more fish than four-limbed animals: there are over 33,000 described species of fish. Fish are usually covered with scales. They have two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are cold-blooded (poikilotherm). There are many different kinds of fish. They live in fresh water in lakes and rivers, and in salt water in the oceans. Some fish are less than one centimeter long. The largest fish is the whale shark, which can be almost 15 meters long and weigh 15 tons. Almost all fish live in the water. A group of fish called the lungfish have developed lungs because they live in rivers and pools which dry up in certain parts of the year. They burrow into mud and aestivate until the water returns. The English word "fish" does not fit neatly into cladistics, which is the scientific way to put living things into groups. So scientists call it a paraphyletic word. This means that the animals called "fish" in English do not fit into just one phylum. Some fish are more closely related to land animals than they are to other fish. For example, lobe-finned fish were the first animals with bones to come live on land, and all land animals are their descendants. Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to humans than to ray-finned fish. Types of fish. "Fish" is not a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all descended from lobe-finned fish (and not from fish as a whole). But the use of the term "fish" is so convenient that we go on using it. Fish are the oldest vertebrate group. The term includes a huge range of types, from the Middle Ordovician, about 490 million years ago, to the present day. These are the main groups: Certain animals that have the word "fish" in their name are not really fish: crayfish are Crustacea, and jellyfish are Cnidaria. Some animals look like fish, but are not. Whales and dolphins are mammals, for example. Anatomy. Bony and cartilagenous fish. Most kinds of fish have bones. Some kinds of fish, such as sharks and rays, do not have real bones. Their skeletons are made of cartilage, and so they are known as cartilaginous fish. Fish scales. All fish are covered with overlapping scales, and each major group of fish has its own special type of scale. Teleosts ('modern' fish) have what are called "leptoid" scales. These grow in concentric circles and overlap in a head to tail direction like roof tiles. Sharks and other chondrichthyes have "placoid" scales made of denticles, like small versions of their teeth. These also overlap in a head to tail direction, producing a tough outer layer. Shark skin is available for purchase as shagreen, a leather which as original is smooth in one direction, and rough in the other direction. It may be polished for use, but is always rough in texture and resistant to slipping. The scales are usually covered with a layer of slime which improves passage through the water, and makes the fish more slippery to a predator. There are various types of eel: most are in the Anguilliformes. Their life-style has evolved many times. Eels have scales with smooth edges or are absent. Freshwater fish. 41% of all fish live in freshwater. There are also some important fish which breed in rivers, and spend the rest of their life in the seas. Examples are salmon, trout, the sea lamprey, and three-spined stickleback. Some fish are born in salt water, but live most of their mature lives in fresh water: for example the eels. Species like these change their physiology to cope with the amount of salt in the water. Swimming. Fish swim by exerting force against the surrounding water. There are exceptions, but this is usually done by the fish contracting muscles on either side of its body. This starts waves of flexion which travel the length of the body from nose to tail, generally getting larger as they go along. Most fishes generate thrust using lateral movements of their body & tail fin (caudal fin). However, there are also species which move mainly using their median and paired fins. The latter group profits from the gained manoeuvrability. This is needed, for example, when living in coral reefs. Such fish cannot swim as fast as fish using their bodies & caudal fins. Muscle. Fish can swim slowly for many hours using red muscle fibres. They also make short, fast bursts using white muscle. The two types of muscle have a fundamentally different physiology. The red fibres are usually alongside a much greater number of white fibres. The white fibres get their energy by converting the carbohydrate glycogen to lactate (lactic acid). This is anaerobic metabolism, that is, it does not need oxygen. They are used for fast, short bursts. Once the lactic acid builds up in the muscles, they stop working, and it takes time for the lactate to be removed, and the glycogen replaced. Using their white fibres, fish can reach speeds of 10 lengths per second for short bursts. Swimming for long periods needs oxygen for the red fibres. The oxygen supply has to be constant because these fibres only operate aerobically. They are red because they have a rich blood supply, and they contain myoglobin. Myoglobin transports the oxygen to the oxidising systems. Red muscle gets its energy by oxidising fat, which weight for weight has twice as much energy as carbohydrate or protein. Using their red fibres, fish can keep up a speed of 35 lengths per second for long periods. Swimming in groups. Many fish swim in groups. Schools of fish can swim together for long distances, and may be chased by predators which also swim in schools. Casual groups are called 'shoals'. Body shape. The shape of the body of a fish is important to its swimming. This is because streamlined body shapes makes the water drag less. Here are some common fish shapes:- The picture on the right shows a shark. This shark's shape is called "fusiform", and it is an ovoid shape where both ends of the fish are pointy. This is the best shape for going through water quickly. Fishes with fusiform shapes can chase prey and escape predators quickly. Many live in the open ocean and swim constantly, like marlins, swordfish, and tuna. Ichthyosaurs, porpoises, dolphins, killer whales all have similar shapes. This is an example of convergent evolution. Eel-like. The long, ribbon-like shape of an eel's body shows another shape. This enables them to hide in cracks, springing out quickly to capture prey, then returning quickly to their hiding spot. Flatfish. Flatfish live on the bottom of the ocean or lake. Most use camouflage: they change colours to match the ocean floor. During their early lives, their eyes move to the upper side of their flat body. Reef fish also have flat bodies, and their body is often highly coloured. Flat bodies can slip in and out among the corals, sponges, and rocks, avoiding predators. Angelfish, surgeonfish, and butterflyfish are examples. Fish as food. Some people eat many different kinds of fish. These include carp, cod, herring, perch, sardines, sturgeon, tilapia, trout, tuna, and many others. A person who buys and sells fish for eating is called a fishmonger. The word "to fish" is also used for the activity of catching fishes. People catch fish with small nets from the side of the water or from small boats, or with big nets from big boats. People can also catch fish with fishing poles and fishhooks with bait. This is often called angling. Anglers also different types of fishing lures. Because people are catching too many fish for food or other uses, there are less and less fish in the sea. This is a problem known as overfishing. Fish as pets. Selective breeding of carp made them into the domesticated koi in Japan, and goldfish in China. This breeding began over 2,000 years ago. The Chinese brought their goldfish indoors during the Song Dynasty. They kept them in large ceramic vessels. That we now do in glass fish tanks. Foot A foot (one "foot", two or more feet) is a body part on the end of a leg. It is used when walking. It is also important for balance: it helps people stand straight. People also use it to kick, in both fighting and sports, football being an example. People's hands and feet have the same shape: they both have five "digits" (the fingers and toes). Many other animals with backbones also have five digits. The part of the foot which joins it to the leg is called the "heel". The bottom of the foot is called the "sole". Most land vertebrates have feet, and there are many different sorts of foot. The feet of monkeys are much like the hands. The hard foot of an ungulate is a hoof. When an animal has soft feet, or feet with soft parts on the underside, it is called a "paw". Many invertebrates also have feet. Many use footwear to protect themselves from weather and dirt. There are multiple kinds of footwear, for example "sandals", "shoes", and "boots". When people do not remove footwear, especially in hot places or when they are very active, their feet can smell badly ("foot odour)". Wearing footwear that is too big or small can be bad for the feet, causing blisters. People who have foot, leg, and back problems can also get help from special shoes. People have different traditions in different parts of the world for when to wear footwear. For example, in many countries, usually do not wear their shoes or boots in a home. In the United States people often wear shoes inside a home. In Japan, people do not wear shoes in homes, and floors are often made of very soft materials. In Japan it is also important to keep the floors clean. In cultures where people always wear shoes, people sometimes think it is bad not to wear them. Not wearing shoes can be good for the feet, especially if they are damaged. Conditions like Athlete's foot affect the feet, causing the feet to feel dry and cracked. Doctors who work with people's feet are "podiatrists" or "chiropodists". Bones. Half the bones in a human body are in the foot. There are 26 bones there. They are 14 phalanges (toes), 5 metatarsals (arch of the foot), and 7 tarsals (ankle bones). France France ( or ; ), officially the French Republic (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It also includes various departments and territories of France overseas. Mainland France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is sometimes referred to as "L’Hexagone" ("The Hexagon") because of the shape of its territory. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic. The head of state is the President, who is also a politician. The Prime Minister is secondary to the President. This slightly strange system was chosen by General Charles de Gaul in 1970. The main ideals are expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Metropolitan France is bordered (clockwise from the North) by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. The overseas departments and collectives of France share land borders with Brazil and Suriname (bordering French Guiana), and the Netherlands Antilles (bordering Saint Martin). France is linked to the United Kingdom by the Channel Tunnel, which passes under the English Channel. France is the largest country in the European Union and the second largest in Europe. It has been one of the world's most powerful countries for many centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonized much of North America. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built one of the largest colonial empires of the time. This included large parts of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Pacific Islands. France is a developed country and has a large economy. It is the most visited country in the world, with 82 million foreign visitors every year. France was one of the first members of the European Union, and has the largest land area of all members. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, NATO, and the Latin Union. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. France has the largest number of nuclear weapons with active warheads, and the largest number of nuclear power plants, in the European Union. France's official language is French, which is also official in 29 other countries. Some other French speaking countries include the Congo, Quebec, and Mauritius. An interesting fact is that the French King Louis XIX only enjoyed 20 minutes of royal fame after his father Charles X abdicated, leaving him to ascend the French throne in July 1830. Geography and climate. France is in Western Europe. France shares its borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. France has two mountain ranges near its borders: the Alps in the east and the Pyrenees in the south. The climate of southern France is similar to Greece which both have Mediterranean climate. There are many rivers in France, including the Seine and the Loire. In the north and the west of France, there are low hills and river valleys. In France there are many different climates. The Atlantic has a major effect on the weather in the north and west. This means the temperature is about the same most of the year. It is in the marine west coast climate region. In the east, winters are cold and the weather is good. Summers are hot and stormy. In the south, winters are cool and wet. Summers are hot and dry. The north has a temperate climate similar to that of the United Kingdom and other Northern European countries. France has the second-largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world. It covers 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,637 sq mi). Only the United States has a larger one . History. The name "France" comes from the Latin word Francia ', which means "land of the Franks". The borders of modern France are about the same as those of ancient Gaul. Celtic Gauls inhabited Ancient Gaul. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul for Rome in the 1st century BC. Eventually, the Gauls adopted Roman speech (Latin, from which the French language evolved) and Roman culture. Christianity first appeared in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. It became firmly established by the fourth and fifth centuries. In the 4th century AD, the Germanic tribes, principally the Franks invaded the Gauls. This is how the name "Francie" appeared. The modern name "France" comes from the name of the Capetian Kings of France around Paris. The Franks were the first tribe of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Christianity rather than Arianism. The French called themselves "the most Christian Kingdom of France". The Treaty of Verdun (843), divided Charlemagne's Empire into three parts. The biggest area was Western Francia. It is similar to modern France. The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet became King of France. His descendants, the Direct Capetians, the House of Valois and the House of Bourbon, unified the country with many wars and dynastic inheritance. The monarchy was the most powerful during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV of France. At that time, France had the largest population in Europe. The country had a big influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the common language of diplomacy in international affairs. Much of the Enlightenment happened in France. French scientists made big scientific discoveries in the 18th century. France also conquered many overseas possessions in the Americas and Asia. France had a monarchy until the French Revolution in 1789. King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. Thousands of other French citizens were killed. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the Republic in 1799. He later made himself Emperor of the First Empire (1804–1814). His armies conquered most of continental Europe. The metric system was invented by French scientists during the French revolution. That time 3 estates were developed. After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, another monarchy arose. Later Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte created the Second Empire in 1852. Louis-Napoléon was removed after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. The Third Republic replaced his regime. The large French colonial empire in the 19th century included parts of West Africa and Southeast Asia. The culture and politics of these regions were influenced by France. Many ex-colonies officially speak the French language. The country actively took part in both the First and Second World Wars, with battles taking place on its soil. During the First World War, millions were killed in the trenches including over a million in the Battle of the Somme. The conditions were extremely difficult for the soldiers on the front. The last surviving veteran was Pierre Picault who died on 20 November 2008 at the age of 109. During the Second World War, Nazis occupied France. The Allies landed in Normandy on 6 June 1944 and began the Battle of Normandy. German forces lost France in just a few months. Divisions. The 13 regions and 96 departments of metropolitan France include Corsica. France is divided into (administrative) regions: Corsica has a different status than the other 12 metropolitan regions. It is called "collectivité territoriale". France also has five overseas regions: These four overseas regions have the same status as the metropolitan ones. They are like the overseas American states of Alaska and Hawaii. Then France is divided into 101 departments. The departments are divided into 342 arrondissements. The "arrondissements" are re-divided into 4,032 cantons. The smallest subdivision is the commune (there are 36,699 communes). On 1 January 2008, INSEE counted 36,781 communes in France. 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France. Government. The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The constitution declares the nation to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". It provides for a separation of powers. Military. The French armed forces has four branches: France has about 359,000 military personnel. France spends 2.6% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on defense. This is the highest in the European Union. France and the UK spend 40% of the EU defence budget. About 10% of France's defence budget is for its nuclear weapons force. Foreign relations. France is a member of the United Nations. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and has veto rights. It is also a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It hosts the headquarters of the OECD, UNESCO and Interpol. In 1953, the United Nations asked France to choose a coat of arms to represent them internationally. The French emblem is now on their passports. France was a founding member of the European Union. In the 1960s, France wanted to exclude the United Kingdom from the organisation. It wanted to build its own economic power in continental Europe. France and Germany became closer after World War II. This was to try to become the most influential country in the EU. It limited the influence of the new Eastern European members. France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). However, under President de Gaulle, it left the joint military command. In the early 1990s, France received criticism for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia. France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies. For instance it has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad. Economy. France is a member of the G8 group of leading industrialised countries. France has the eighth-largest economy in the world by Gross domestic product (GDP) (which takes into account how much it costs to live in different countries and inflation rates). France and 11 other European Union members jointly launched the euro on 1 January 1999 and started using it in 2002. France's economy has nearly 2.9 million registered companies. The government has a considerable influence over railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications firms (as it owns big companies like SNCF and EDF (French electricity)). France has an important aerospace (design of aircraft and spacecraft) industry led by Airbus. It can also launch rockets from French Guiana. France has invested a lot in nuclear power. This made France the smallest producer of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialised countries in the world. As a result, 59 nuclear power plants generate most of the electricity produced in the country (78% in 2006, up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990). France is the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe. France exports wheat, poultry, dairy products, beef, and pork. It is also famous for its wine industry. France received 10 billion euros in 2006 from the European Community as subsidies to its farmers. At one time, the Factory Act of 1833 limited the workday for women and children to 11 hours a day. Demographics. On 1 January 2008, it was estimated that 63.8 million people live in France, including in the Overseas Regions of France. 61,875,000 of these live in metropolitan France, the part of the country that is within Europe. Ethnic groups. The major ethnic groups living in France today are descended from Celtic people and Roman people. The significant minority groups living in France are: Culture. Language. French is the official language of France. It belongs to the Romance language group, which includes Italian and Spanish. Many regional dialects are also used in France. Alsatian, a German dialect, is spoken in Alsace and in parts of Lorraine in eastern France. French was the language of diplomacy and culture in Europe between the 17th and 19th century and is still widely used. Some people in France also speak Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, German, Flemish, and Occitan. Religion. France is a secular country and the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The population is about 51% Roman Catholic, and 31% of people are agnostics or atheists. 5% are Muslim, 3% say they are Protestant and 1% say they are Jewish. 10% are from other religions or do not have an opinion about religion. There are also Zoroastrian, Unitarian Universalist, Jain and Wiccan communities. Religions founded in France include Raelism. According to a Poll in 2007: Literature. French literature began in the Middle Ages. French was divided into several dialects at the time. Some authors spelled words differently from one other. During the 17th century, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Molière, Blaise Pascal and René Descartes were the main authors. In the 18th and 19th centuries, French literature and poetry reached its best. The 18th century saw writings of authors, essayists and moralists as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. As for French children's literature in those times, Charles Perrault wrote stories such as "Little Red Riding Hood", "Beauty and the Beast", "Sleeping Beauty" and "Puss in Boots". Many famous French novels were written in the 19th century by authors such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas and Jules Verne. They wrote popular novels like The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte-Cristo, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Misérables. Other 19th century fiction writers include Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal. Famous novels were written during the 20th century by Marcel Proust, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Houellebecq. Sports. The Tour de France cycling race in July is one of the best-known sporting events. It is a three-week race of around 3,500 km that covers most of France and ends in the centre of Paris, on the "Avenue des Champs-Elysées". Football is another popular sport in France. The French team won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and 2018. They also won the UEFA European Football Championship in 1984 and 2000. France also hosts the 24 Hours of Le Mans car race. France also hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2007 and finished fourth. France is closely associated with the Modern Olympic Games. At the end of the 19th century, the Baron Pierre de Coubertin suggested having the Olympic Games again. France hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in 1900 and 1924, in Paris. France will host the Summer Olympics in 2024, in Paris. France also hosted the Winter Games three times: in 1924 in Chamonix, in 1968 in Grenoble, and in 1992 in Albertville. Cuisine. French cuisine has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world. The roots of modern "haute cuisine" lie in chefs like La Varenne (1615–1678) and the notable chef of Napoleon, Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the Middle Ages. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients. Typical ingredients like roux and fish stock, and techniques such as marinading, and dishes such as ragout, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces. French cuisine was introduced in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace; how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything. Escoffier's largest contribution was the publication of "Le Guide Culinaire" in 1903, which established the fundamentals of French cookery. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the Savoy Hotel and Carlton Hotel in London, the Hôtel Ritz Paris, and some of the greatest cruise ships. Escoffier, however, left out much of the culinary character to be found in the regions of France. Gastro-tourism and the "Guide Michelin" helped to make people familiar with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have become common all over the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally. In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to cook. In the south, they prefer olive oil and garlic. In France, each region has its own special dish; choucroute in Alsace, quiche in Lorraine, cassoulet in the Languedoc-Roussillon, and tapenade in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'. Tourism. France is the number one tourist destination in the world. In 2007, 81.9 million foreign tourists visited France. Spain comes second (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States comes third (51.1 million in 2006). Some of the most famous attractions in Paris, are the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe. Another one is Mont Saint Michel, in Normandy. A European Disneyland is located in a suburb east of Paris. The resort opened in 1992 and is also a popular tourist destination in Europe. Finland Finland (Finnish: "Suomi") is a country in Northern Europe and is a member state of the European Union. Finland is one of the Nordic countries and is also part of Fennoscandia. Finland is located between the 60th and 70th latitudes North. Its neighbours are Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, Russia to the east and Estonia to the south, beyond the sea called Gulf of Finland. Most of western and southern coast is on the shore of the Baltic Sea. The capital of Finland is Helsinki; the second largest city is Tampere. The official currency of the country is the euro (EUR); before 2002 it was the markka, the Finnish mark (FIM). The president of Finland is Sauli Niinistö. 5.5 million people live in Finland. Finnish and Swedish both are the official languages of Finland; the most spoken languages is Finnish, mother tongue of about 90% of the population. Swedish is spoken by the Swedish speaking minority of Finland, called the Finnish Swedes, who make up 5% of the total population. Finland became independent of Russia on 6 December 1917. The most important cities and towns in Finland are Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa, Turku, Oulu, Lahti, Kuopio, Jyväskylä and Pori. Finland is a highly industrialised First World country. The most important Finnish industrial products are paper, and steel products such as machines and electronics. Nokia (the mobile company) is originally a company of Finland, named after a small town called Nokia. Finland has been top of the list of least corrupt countries on the Corruption Perceptions Index more times than any other country. People and culture. The people of Finland are called Finns. Most Finns speak Finnish as their mother tongue. About six percent of Finns have the Swedish language as their mother tongue. They live mostly in the western part of Finland and on Åland (Finnish Ahvenanmaa) Finns also study mandatory English and Swedish in school. Most Finns work either in services (that is: shops, banks, offices or businesses) or in factories. Finns often like saunas and nature. Many Finnish families have summer cottages, small houses where they go to relax on their summer holidays. The most important festivals that Finnish people celebrate are Midsummer and Christmas. The most popular sports in Finland are ice hockey, skiing, track and field and association football (soccer). Finns have also won events in swimming, motor sports and gymnastics. There is a group of a few thousand Samis (also called Lapps) in the most northern part of Finland, called Lapland. Most of the Samis live in Norway and Sweden. Many Sami people farm reindeers. Originally, Samis were hunter-gatherers. In the past the Sami were nomads, but nowadays they live in regular houses. Very few people in Finland are from other countries. In 2016 about 4% of residents were born in another country. Nature and weather. Most of Finland is covered by pine forest. The swan, which was considered holy long ago, is the national bird of Finland. Wood is the most important natural resource of Finland. It is estimated that up to one-third of all wood resources of the European Union are in Finland. The national animal of Finland is the brown bear. The largest animal is the elk, a type of moose, which is a member of the deer family. There are hundreds of rivers and thousands of fresh water lakes. Fishing is a popular sport. It is estimated there are almost 180,000 lakes in Finland. Many islands in the Baltic Sea belong to Finland, too. Thousands of islands are part of the Åland archipelago. Tourists from all over the world come to see the fells and the northern lights in Lapland. The highest mountain of Finland is Halti, which is 1328 meters high. The largest lake is Saimaa, 4,400 square kilometres. The longest river of Finland is Tornionjoki. The largest river (by watershed) is Kemijoki, 552 kilometres long. The weather in Finland varies widely by season. Summer usually lasts from May to early September, and temperatures can reach up to +30 °C. Autumns are dark and rainy. Winter snow usually begins to fall in Helsinki in early December (in Lapland it can fall as early as October) and in the winter the temperature can drop to -40 °C. Highest temperature recorded in Finland is +37,2 °C and lowest temperature is -51,5 °C. Winter usually lasts to mid-March, when the snow melts in Helsinki (in Lapland the snow usually doesn't melt until early May), and Spring lasts till late May. Spring can be erratic, and the weather can change from frost to sunshine within a matter of days. The famed Northern Lights are common in Lapland. History. People first came to Finland 10,000 years ago. That was just after an ice age, after a glacier that covered the ground had receded. Some think the first people in Finland already spoke a language similar to the Finnish language that is spoken today. It is known that an early form of the Finnish language was spoken in Finland in the Iron Age. (The Iron Age in Finland was 2,500–800 years ago). The first residents in Finland hunted animals, as "hunter-gatherers". Some people started to farm crops about 5,200 years ago. Farming slowly became more and more popular and became the major way of life until the modern age. The ancient Finns were pagans. The most important god of the Finnish pantheon was Ukko. He was a god of sky and thunder, much like Odin, another Scandinavian god-king. These powers were common among the pagan god kings in pantheons ranging from the Finnish Ukko, to the Scandinavian/Germanic/Saxon Odin, all the way east to Zeus of the Greeks and Jupiter of the Romans. Around a thousand years ago, when most of Europe was adopting Christianity, Finland also began following Christianity. During the Reformation of Christianity in the 16th century, most Finns became Protestants. Some pagan practices still remain amongst the now Christian Finns, such as bear worship. From the Middle Ages Finland was a part of Sweden. Then, in the year 1809, Russia took Finland from Sweden. Finland was a part of Russia, but after a short period of time it became autonomous. The Finns essentially controlled Finland, though the Tsar was in control officially. Finns could create their own laws and had their own currency, (called the "markka"), their own stamps and own customs. However, Finland did not have its own army. During the 1905 Russian Revolution, in the Grand Duchy of Finland: the Social Democrats organised the general strike of 1905 (). The Red Guards were formed. On , Russian artillerymen and military engineers rose to rebellion in the fortress of Sveaborg (later called Suomenlinna), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the Sveaborg Rebellion with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled by loyal troops and ships of the Baltic Fleet within 60 hours. After independence. On 6 December 1917, Finland became independent, which meant that it no longer was a part of Russia. There was a communist revolution in Russia and after 1922 Russia was a part of the Soviet Union. There were communists in Finland too, who tried to create a revolution in Finland This attempt at revolution caused the Finnish civil war. The communists lost the civil war, and Finland did not change its old capitalist system Stalin, who was the leader of the Soviet Union, did not like having a capitalist country as its neighbour. Stalin wanted Finland to become a communist state and be a part of the Soviet Union. The leaders of Finland refused: they wanted to stay independent. The Soviet Union sent many troops across the eastern border of Finland to try to make Finland join them, which resulted in the Winter War. The Soviet Union eventually won, and took most of Karelia and other parts of Finland. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany, and he wanted to invade the Soviet Union. Finland wanted to retrieve the areas that it had lost, so they joined the German invasion, which started with Operation Barbarossa in 1941. The Finnish part of the Second World War is called the Continuation War in Finland. However, Finland was not a fascist or an antisemitic country. Finns were interested in freedom rather than dictatorship. While Germany was losing the war, Finland had already progressed into the Soviet Union in order to regain the areas lost in the previous peace. Finland wanted to end the war with the Soviet Union, which resulted in peace. Once again Finland had to give up the areas they had conquered. This time, the peace with the Soviet Union made Finland and Germany enemies. Finns fought the Germans, and Germans retreated to Norway, burning down all of Lapland behind them. This is called the Lapland War. Finland remained independent. After the war, many factories were built in Finland. Many people moved from farms to cities. At that time, big factories manufactured products like paper and steel. More and more people worked in more advanced jobs, like high technology. Also, many people went to universities to get a good education. Finland was one of the first countries where most people had Internet connections and mobile phones. A well-known company that makes mobile phones, Nokia, is from Finland. Finland joined the European Union in 1995. The Finnish currency was changed to the euro in 2002. Economy. Finland has a mixed economy. Free market controls most of production and sales of goods, but public sector is involved in services. In 2013, taxes were 44% of gross national product. This is 4th largest in Europe, after Denmark, France and Belgium. In 2014 services were 70% of the gross national product. The largest company in 2014 was oil refinery Neste Oil. The second largest was Nokia. Two forest industries Stora Enso and UPM-Kymmene, were numbers three and four. Number five was Kesko which sells everyday goods in K-supermarkets. Elections. Elections are organized to select 200 members to the Parliament of Finland. Also selected are the president of Finland, members of town and city councils and Finnish members to the European Parliament. The elections are secret and direct. People vote directly for the person they want to be elected. In presidential elections votes are only cast for a person, not for a political party. All the other elections are proportional. The system is a combination of voting for individuals and parties. The right to vote is universal and equal. In general elections everybody has one vote. Fruit In botany, a fruit is a plant structure that contains the plant's seeds. To a botanist, the word "fruit" is used only if it comes from the part of the flower which was an ovary. It is an extra layer round the seeds, which may or may not be fleshy. However, even in the field of botany, there is no general agreement on how fruits should be classified. Many do have extra layers from other parts of the flower. In general speech, and especially in cooking, fruits are a sweet product, and many botanical fruits are known as vegetables. This is how ordinary people use the words. On this page, we describe what botanists call a fruit. The fleshy part of a fruit is called the mesocarp. It is between the fruit's skin (exocarp) and the seeds. The white part of an apple, for example, is the "fleshy" part of the apple. Usually, when we eat a fruit, we eat the "fleshy" part. Types of fruits. Berry. If the entire fruit is fleshy, except for maybe a thin skin, the fruit is called a berry. A berry might contain one seed or many. Grapes, avocados, and blueberries are berries. They all have a thin skin, but most of the fruit is fleshy. Don't get confused by the name of fruits like strawberries, because actually they are "not" berries. The seeds are on the outside: on a real berry, the seed or seeds are "inside" the fruit. Pepo. A pepo (pronounced "pee' po") is a modified berry. Its skin is hard and thick and is usually called a "rind". Pumpkins and watermelons, for instance, are pepos. Hesperidium. A hesperidium is another modified berry. It has a leathery skin that is not as hard as the skin of a pepo. All citrus fruit like oranges and lemon are hesperidiums. Pome. A pome (pohm) is a fruit that has a core surrounded by fleshy tissue that one can eat. The core is usually not eaten. Berries are different - the seeds are "inside" the fleshy part, not separated from it by a core. apples and pears are pomes. Drupe. Drupes are also called stone fruit. A drupe is a fleshy fruit with a hard stone around the seed. We usually call this 'stone' the 'pit' of the fruit. Peaches and olives are drupes. Actually, the almond fruit is a drupe, too, though we eat the seed that is inside the 'pit' of the almond fruit. Botanical fruits. Since fruits are produced from fertilised ovaries in flowers, only flowering plants produce fruits. Fruits are an evolutionary 'invention' which help seeds get dispersed by animals. The botanical term includes many that are not 'fruits' in the common sense of the term. such as the vegetables squash, pumpkins, cucumbers, tomato, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper and some spices, such as allspice and chillies. Accessory fruits. An accessory fruit or false fruit (pseudocarp) is a fruit in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue. A fig is a type of accessory fruit called a syconium. Pomes, such as apples and pears, are also accessory fruits: the core is the true fruit. Non-botanical fruits. Strictly speaking, these are not botanical fruits: Area of agreement. These are fruits which you can buy in shops, and which are also acceptable as botanical fruits: Many fruits come from trees or bushes. For plants, fruits are a means of dispersal, usually by animals. When the fruit is eaten, the seed(s) are not digested, and get excreted. Where fruits have big stones, just the soft parts are eaten. Most fruits we eat contain a lot of water and natural sugars, and many are high in Vitamin C. They have a large amount of dietary fibre. Fruits are usually low in protein and fat content, but avocados and some nuts are exceptions to this. Not only humans, but our closest living relatives (primates) are keen fruit-eaters. So are many other groups of herbivorous mammals and many birds. Seedless fruits. Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial bananas, pineapple, and watermelons are examples of seedless fruits. Some citrus fruits, especially oranges, satsumas, mandarin oranges, and grapefruit are valued for their seedlessness. Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids, and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant which is produced by fertilisation. The method requires normal pollination and fertilisation. Farm A farm is a piece of land used to grow crops and/or raise animals. People who grow these plants or raise these animals are called farmers. This work is called farming. Land that is used to grow plants is called farmland. Land that is used to feed animals with its grass is called pasture. Land that can be used to grow plants for food is called arable land. Many farms are very large and can cause damage. In some places farms are many and small, and can also cause damage. Farms provides most of the food for people. Some people farm to eat the food they produce (subsistence agriculture). Other farms, including large ones, sell their products to markets far away in urban areas (commercial or industrial farming). Most subsistence farms are in poorer countries, while industrial farms are in richer countries. Geography Geography (from Greek: , "geographia", literally "earth description") is the study of earth and its people. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes. A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed. Geography is divided into two main parts called physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography. Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers. Branches. Physical geography. Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including: Human geography. Human geography is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at: History. The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map is the "Imago Mundi" of 600 BC. Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age. During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the Islamic world and made more. Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad. Western Europe became known as the leader of geographic thought during the European Renaissance and The Age of Exploration (1400–1600). The printing press made maps and information about the world avalible to everyone. This caused more interest in how the world worked. In the 1700s and 1800s scientists started to study the relationship between the enviroment and its people Related pages Grammar Grammar is the study of words, how they are used in sentences, and how they change in different situations. The Ancient Greeks used to call it "grammatikē tékhnē", the craft of letters. It can have any of these meanings: When we speak, we use the native person's grammar, or as near as we can. When we write, we try to write with correct grammar. So, speaking and writing a language each have their own style. Different languages. All languages have their own grammar. Most European languages are rather similar. English makes few changes to its word endings ('suffixes'). In the Italic or 'Romance' languages (such as French, Italian, and Spanish), word endings carry a lot of meaning. In English we have just a few: plurals and possessives ("John's") are the most common. In our verbs we have dropped most endings except one: I love, you love, but "she loves". That final 's' comes from the Anglo-Saxon, which had more suffixes. Verbs do have endings which show changes in tense: walked, walking. Word order is the other big difference. Romance languages normally put adjectives after the nouns to which they refer. For example, in English, a person may say "I like fast cars", but in Spanish, it is "Me gustan los coches rápidos". The order of the words has changed: if just the words, without the grammar, are translated into English, it would mean 'to me they please the cars fast'. This is because Spanish and English have different rules about word order. In German, verbs often come near the end of sentences (as: "Die Katze hat die Nahrung gegessen"), whereas in English we usually put them between subject and object, as: "the cat has eaten the food". Changing language. Written grammar changes slowly but spoken grammar is more fluid. Sentences which English speakers find normal today, might have seemed strange 100 years ago. And they might not, because many of our favourite sayings come from the Authorized King James Version of the Bible, and from Shakespeare. Different people speak with grammar that differs from that of other people. For example, people who use the dialects called General American English and BBC English might say, "I didn't do anything", while someone who speaks what is called African American Vernacular English or AAVE might say, "I didn't do nothing". London working class version: "I ain't done nuffink!" These are called "double negatives", and are found almost entirely in spoken English, and seldom written. These differences are called dialects. The dialect a person uses is usually decided by where they live. Even though the dialects of English use different words or word order, they still have grammar rules. However, when writing in American English, grammar uses the rules of General American English. When people talk about using 'proper English', they usually mean using the grammar of general British English, as described in standard reference works. The models for "spoken" English in Britain are often called Received Pronunciation or BBC English. Parts of speech. Grammar studies nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, sentences, phrases, clauses, interjections. Nouns. Nouns are 'thing' words like 'table and 'chair'. They are objects, things you see in everyday life. Proper nouns are names of specific places, people, or other things like days of the week. The name 'James' is a proper noun, as is 'Wednesday' and 'London'. Nouns can also be abstract things, such as 'suffering' or 'happiness'. Verbs. Verbs are words that describe actions: "Ryan threw the ball". State: "I am worried". The basic verb form is called the infinitive. The infinitive for existence is "to be". A famous example is the speech of Hamlet: "To be or not to be, that is the question". Variations of the infinitive create verb tenses. Adjectives. Adjectives describe nouns. For example, the pretty in "pretty bicycle" says that the bicycle is pretty. In other words, the "pretty" is describing the bicycle. This can also happen with a place. For example, the tall in "that's a tall building" is describing the building. Syntax. Grammar studies syntax which is how the "parts of speech" fit together according to rules and create sentences. Sentences fit together and create paragraphs. Great Lakes The Great Lakes are five large lakes in east-central North America. They hold 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The five lakes are: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Geography. Four of the Great Lakes are on the border between Canada and the United States of America. The other, Lake Michigan, is completely inside the United States. All together, by volume, they are the largest group of fresh water lakes in the world. No one of the Lakes is larger than Lake Baikal (Russia) or Lake Tanganyika (East Africa). The cities of Chicago, Illinois (9.8 million people, on Lake Michigan), Toronto, Ontario (5.5 million, on Lake Ontario); Detroit, Michigan (5.3 million, on the Detroit river); Montreal, Quebec (3.9 million, on the St. Lawrence River), Cleveland, Ohio (2.9 million, on Lake Erie), Buffalo, and Ottawa (1.2 million, Ontario, on the Ottawa River) are on the shores of the Great Lakes or their rivers. Though the five lakes have separate basins, they form a single, connected body of freshwater. The lakes connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. Lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie are approximately equally high and ships can easily pass from one to the next. Water flows from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan into Lake Huron; then through the Detroit River into Lake Erie; then through Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario; and then through the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean. Water also drains from the Chicago River on the south. Many rivers flow through a large watershed into the lakes. The lakes have about 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region includes the five lakes and many thousands of smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes". Lake Michigan and Lake Huron hit all-time record low levels in 2013. The unusual shape of the Great Lakes has created the possibility of large waves called seiche. If a storm causes a fast, strong increase in air pressure on one side of a lake, the water level on that side of the lake will drop and suddenly push up the water level on the opposite side of the lake. A 10 foot tall wave in Chicago caused several deaths in 1954. Ecological threats. The Great Lakes are home to a variety of species of fish and other organisms. In recent years, overfishing caused a decline in lake trout. The drop in lake trout increased the alewife population. In response, the government introduced salmon as a predator to decrease the alewife population. This program was so successful that the salmon population rose rapidly, and the states surrounding Lake Michigan promoted 'salmon snagging'. This has been made illegal in all of the Great Lakes states except for a limited season in Illinois. Lake Michigan is now being stocked with several species of fish. However, several invader species such as lampreys, round goby, and zebra mussels threaten the native fish populations. Invasive species. Accidentally introduced species are a big problem. Since the 19th century about 160 species have invaded the Great Lakes ecosystem, causing severe economic and ecological impacts. According to the Inland Seas Education Association, they deprive fish of food, cause blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On average a new invasive species enters the Great Lakes every eight months. Two important infestations in the Great Lakes are the zebra mussel, first discovered in 1988, and the quagga mussel in 1989. These molluscs are efficient filter feeders. They compete with native mussels, and also reduce available food and spawning grounds for fish. Also, the mussels hurt utility and manufacturing industries by clogging or blocking pipes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that the economic impact of the zebra mussel will be about $5 billion over the next decade. Because the quagga mussel is good at filtering plankton from the lake water, sunlight reaches deeper into the lake. This increases the growth of algae. Pollution. Chemicals from industrial plants run off the land into rivers and arrive in the lakes. Some of these chemicals are highly toxic, such as mercury. Contaminated water from sewer overflows also reaches the lakes, and beaches get closed because of the threat of pathogenic bacteria. GNU Free Documentation License The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for open content such as software. It was made by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. It was initially created for use with software documentation, but can be applied to other types of works as well, such as Wikipedia. As a copyright license, the GFDL is a type of contract between the creator of a copyrightable work (such as a book, an encyclopedia article, a painting, or a piece of music) and anyone else who might want to use it. The GFDL is considered "copyleft" because the license is meant to make it easier to use and re-use the copyrighted work, not to restrict its use. If a copyrightable work is released under the GFDL, the creator of the work is saying that anyone else may reproduce, distribute, or modify the work, as long as they follow a set of requirements specified in the GFDL. Among the requirements of the GFDL are that any new work created from the original work is also licensed under the GFDL—that is, once something is licensed as GFDL, it will always stay licensed as GFDL, and anything which uses it also is licensed as GFDL. The GFDL also says that in order to distribute or modify a work licensed with the GFDL, the re-user must give credit to any previous authors of the work, and include a list of changes they made to the work. Finally, any work licensed with the GFDL must contain, somewhere, the entire text of the license. This provision has been criticized, because it is not always easy to include an entire, long license with a copyrighted work. In a book, for example, it is easy to include one extra page with the license, but if the work is something like a song, or a photograph, it is not easy. The GFDL has other requirements that are more complicated. For example, if part of the work is labeled as an "invariant section," it cannot ever be removed or changed by someone using the work ("invariant" means "does not change"). Works licensed under the GFDL may be included in with non-GFDL-licensed works only if it is clear which parts of the work are licensed as the GFDL. For example, in a book of poetry it would be easy to label some poems as licensed under the GFDL and some not licensed under it. But it would not be easy to label if part of a song was licensed as GFDL and the rest was not, so this would not be allowed. Any use of GFDL material which violates the terms of the GFDL is potentially copyright infringement. Infringement issues are managed through a community based approach with the approval and assistance of the Free Software Foundation. A number of online projects use the GFDL. An online project to license its content under the GFDL is Wikipedia. The GFDL has been criticized by many people who wish that it made it even easier for content to be re-used. Among the criticisms are that it is very hard to combine GFDL material with other copyleft licenses, that it is not always clear and easy to understand, and that some of its requirements, such as the "invariant sections", are not free at all. History. The GFDL was released in draft form for feedback in September 1999. After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in March 2000, version 1.2 in November 2002, and version 1.3 in November 2008. The current state of the license is version 1.3. Conditions. Material licensed under the current version of the license can be used for any purpose, as long as the use meets certain conditions. Glass Glass is a hard material that can be made in many shapes. It is usually transparent, but it can also be made in colours. Glass is mainly made of silica; glass made of silica only is called silica glass. it was originated In India Glass used to make windows and bottles is a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of about 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. By changing the proportions, and adding different ingredients, many kinds of glass can be made. Coloured glass is made by adding small amounts of metal oxides. For example, a blue colour is given by tiny amounts of cobalt oxide. Crystal glass is made by adding lead and zinc oxides. It is not actually a crystal because all glass is a non-crystalline solid. Crystal glass is called cut glass if it has been cut by hand: Because glass is used to make lenses, the word "glasses" often means eyeglasses. The myth that glass is actually a liquid comes from the fact that old windows in houses and churches (200–300 years old) are sometimes a little out of shape: thicker at the bottom than the top. This is actually due to the process of glass making in the past which led to the glass pane being thicker at one edge than the other. It was sensible to install the windows with the thick edge at the bottom. Sometimes a window can be found with the thick edge at the top of the window. Glass can be recycled over and over. Glass bottles and jars can easily be recycled to make new glass bottles and jars or used in industry as aggregate (building material) or sand. God God is a being or spirit worshipped as a deity. He is considered to be the creator of the universe in some religions. Theists believe that God created everything that exists and has ever existed. Some theists think God is immortal (cannot die) and has power without limits. Deism is the belief that God exists, but God does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe "is" God, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities. Agnostics think we cannot know for sure whether God or gods exist, but still might (or might not) believe at least one deity exists. People who believe that the word "God" should be defined before taking a theological position are ignostic. In some religions, there is only one deity, God. This is called monotheism. Some monotheistic religions are the Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam), the Bahá'í Faith, and Sikhism. In other religions there are many gods. This is polytheism. Some polytheistic religions are Hinduism, Shinto, Taoism, paganism, Wicca and some variants of Buddhism. Some say that there is one God who can come in many forms, or that there is one God that is more powerful than the other gods. In philosophy and theology, people normally write about a God that has a personality but no body and is everywhere at once; that God made the world and time and is separate from the world; that no-one made God; that God knows everything and has all power; that God is both free and good; and that God is perfect and the start of all morality. There are different names for God in different religions. Some examples are Yahweh, Elohim in Judaism and Christianity, Allah in Islam, Baha in Bahá'í Faith, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism. In English, people write the words "god" and "gods" are in lowercase letters. People that believe in only on god (monotheists) like to write "God" with a capital letter. Some people that believe in more than one god (polytheists) also like to use capital letters when writing about their gods. Most people that believe in God or gods do not believe in the gods of other religions. Does God exist? Many people have asked themselves if God exists. Philosophers, theologians, and others have tried to prove that it exists. Others have tried to disprove the hypothesis. In philosophical terminology, such arguments are about the epistemology of the ontology of God. The debate exists mainly in philosophy, because science does not address whether or not supernatural things exist. There are many philosophical issues with the existence of God. Some definitions of God are not specific. Arguments for the existence of God typically include metaphysical, empirical, inductive, and subjective types. Some theories try to explain order and complexity in the world without evolution or scientific method. Arguments against the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive arguments. Conclusions sometimes include: "God does not exist" (strong atheism); "God almost certainly does not exist" ("de facto" atheism); "no one knows whether God exists" (agnosticism); "God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven" (deism or theism); and "God exists and this can be proven" (theism). There are many variations on these positions, and sometimes different names for some of them. For example, the position "God exists and this can be proven" is sometimes called "gnostic theism" or "strong theism". Believing in God. By the year 2000, approximately 53% of the world's population were part of one of the three main Abrahamic religions (33% Christian, 20% Islam, less than 1% Judaism), 6% with Buddhism, 13% with Hinduism, 6% with traditional Chinese religion, 7% with various other religions, and less than 15% as non-religious. Most of these religious beliefs involve God or gods. Some religions do not believe in a god or do not include the concept of gods. God in the Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are very popular monotheistic ones. Well-known Abrahamic religions include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Monotheistic means the people in these religions believe there is only one God. The name of God is usually not allowed to be said in Judaism, but some Jews today call him YHWH (Yahweh) or Jehovah. Muslims say the word Allah, which is the Arabic word for "God". Believers in the Abrahamic religions (except Islamic believers) believe that God has created human beings in his image, but this idea is not easily understood by humankind. One artistic idea is that of an wise elder man in use since the Renaissance. God in Christianity. The Christian Bible talks about God in different ways. Within Christian canon the Old Testament talks about "God the Father", whilst the Gospels in the New Testament are about Jesus, or "God the Son". Many Christians believe that Jesus was God's incarnation on Earth. Christians consider the Holy Spirit to be God as well, the third person of God. In the New Testament, there are three beings who are said to be God in different forms: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (also known as the Holy Ghost). This is called the Trinity. Although the word "Trinity" is not in the Bible, the word used for God in chapter one of Genesis is actually plural, and the phrase "in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit' is used in the New Testament, (e.g. Matthew 28:19). Another word that Christians believe has exactly the same meaning as "Trinity" is the word "Godhead", which "is" in the Bible. Christians believe that God incarnated in a human body, through the normal birth process, normally growing up into a man named Jesus or (Yeshua), coming to Earth specifically to give every person an opportunity of salvation from their own evil, called sin. The effect of personal evil far transcends the repercussions humans cause to one another in the world, but affects one's relationship with God the Father, and that aspect of the self cannot be addressed through one's own self-improvement efforts, but requires God to intervene in order to set one right. When Jesus prayed and talked to God, he called him "Father," and taught others to do the same. Jesus also taught that one must be born again in order to receive God's Spirit, otherwise one remains separated from God, acting merely from their own mind, thus being vulnerable to deception by human philosophies or the many spiritual philosophies which do not come from God but from fallen angels, which are within various false religions. After a person consciously accepts the free gift of eternal life, which Jesus's sacrifice offers, God comes to live in the individual, as God lived in humankind before the Fall. God in Eastern religions. In Hinduism, there is only one God, named Brahman, but Brahman is said to have taken on many different incarnations. Some of these are Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Shiva, Kali, Parvati, and Durga. To many outsiders, the worship of God's different incarnations is considered to be the worship of many gods. However, it is really only the worship of one God in different ways. Some Hindus also believe that the spirit of God lives in everyone. This idea is called Advaita Vedanta, which is the Hindu term for Monism. Religions like Buddhism and Confucianism involve the worship of many gods, or sometimes no gods at all. In Shinto, there is not a single specific God, as is in most religions, but instead, a wide variety of deities called "kami", they are the spirit and essence of all nature things, both animate and inanimate, even including rocks, trees and poetry, for example. As Shinto is a polytheistic religion, it is usually believed that there are "eight-million Kami" (八百万の神 yaoyorozu-no-kami), in the Japanese language, the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity. God in Western philosophy. Philosophers can talk about God or god; sometimes they talk about a specific god, but other times they are just talking about the idea of god. One of the earliest Western philosophers to write about God in a monotheistic way was the Greek Aristotle, who describes god as the Supreme Cause. Aristotle saw God as a being that makes everything happen, but is not influenced by anything else. The idea of an "all powerful" God raises some interesting questions. One of them is called the God paradox. It asks whether God can make a mountain (or rock) that is so heavy he cannot lift it. The question considers if a god "who can do anything" could do two things that are mutually contradictory. There have been several attempts to prove the existence of God with logic. Blaise Pascal said that it is better to believe there is a god, than to believe there isn't. This argument is known as Pascal's wager today. Note that Blaise Pascal was a mathematician, and he used this argument to illustrate the concept of expected value in statistics. Other attempts known as the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, and teleological argument today. Kurt Gödel formulated an argument for the existence of God using modal logic in the 1970s. Ghost In folklore, a ghost is thought to be the spirit of a dead person or they are referred to as the supernatural by others. Scientists say that there are no real ghosts, but many people believe that there are. There are a huge amount of stories about ghosts in books and movies. Sometimes the ghost is the spirit of a person who was killed by someone or who was already dead. The ghost may stay on Earth because he or she has unfinished problems or is still trying to say goodbye to people who they missed. Sometimes ghosts are said to live in a particular locality, for example an abandoned house or a place that existed hundreds of years ago. Sometimes the ghosts in these stories exist because of some problem the person had during life or to say goodbye to loved ones, that was not solved before he or she died. The ghost stays on Earth trying to fix the problem. If the problem is fixed, the ghost can leave. Many people say they have seen or heard ghosts. People who try to talk to ghosts as their job are called mediums. There can be bad ghosts and there can also be good ones. There have never been any ghosts that have actually hurt or killed people, although people tell stories about it. Many people believe they have seen ghosts. Others believe they have felt ghosts near them. Often the ghost is said to appear as a feeling of cold and a light or a misty cloud, but sometimes people say they have seen ghosts that look more like people. Sometimes ghosts are said to come in human form. Some ghosts might cause fear in the person who sees them, by being seen suddenly. Some ghosts are said to be friendly and help people who have problems. People or animals that can sense ghosts cannot feel them touching them as they are the spirit of a person, or a personified force. Ghosts are said to form right after people die, or even centuries later. Many people make up stories or urban legends. Many try to prove the existence of these paranormal creatures with special technology such as heat sensors. They also make TV shows dedicated to proving the existence of ghosts. They often investigate cases where a person has seen one or visit a place of sighting. Stories of ghosts can be found all over the world. Chinese philosopher Confucius said "Respect ghosts and gods, but keep away from them." The most feared spirit in Thailand is Phi Tai Hong, the ghost of a person who has died suddenly of a violent death. The Koran discusses spirits known as "jinn". In Europe there is the recurring fear of "returning" or "revenant" deceased who may harm the living. This includes the Scandinavian "gjenganger", the Romanian "strigoi", the Serbian "vampir", the Greek "vrykolakas" among others. Green Green is a colour between the yellow and blue colours in the rainbow. Green is a primary colour (a colour that can be mixed with another color) of light. The others are red and blue. Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. Green paint can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. Green light, like all light, is quanta—composed of photons. The wavelength of green light is about 550 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter). Most leaves of growing plants, such as trees and bushes, are green. This is because there is a chemical in leaves, called chlorophyll, which is coloured green. Tones of green color comparison chart. Green is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a wavelength of roughly 570-520 nm. God's eye view God's eye view is a name for a point of view where the speaker or writer assumes they have knowledge only God would have. It appears several ways: A special case of the last is in a wiki with a GodKing. Often this person can get others to believe what they say about what is right, without making any special effort to be fair to other views. Many people think René Descartes took a God's eye view when he said cogito ergo sum. George Berkeley argued that optics from Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler also had this problem. Google Google LLC is an American multinational corporation from the United States. It is known for creating and running one of the largest search engines on the World Wide Web (WWW). Every day more than a billion people use it. Google's headquarters (known as the "Googleplex") is in Mountain View, California, part of Silicon Valley. The motto of Google is "Do the right thing". Since September 2, 2015, Google has been owned by a holding company called Alphabet Inc.. That company has taken over some of Google's other projects, such as its driverless cars. It is a public company that trades on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbols GOOG and GOOGL. Google's search engine can find pictures, videos, news, Usenet newsgroups, and things to buy online. By June 2004, Google had 4.28 billion web pages on its database, 880 million pictures and 845 million Usenet messages — six billion things. Google's American website has an Alexa rank of 1, meaning it is the most widely visited website in the world. It is so widely known that people sometimes use the word "google" as a verb that means "to search for something on Google". Because more than half of people on the web use it, "google" has also been used to mean "to search the web". History. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Stanford University, USA, started BackRub in early 1996. They made it into a company, Google Inc., on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. In February 1999, the company moved to 165 University Ave., Palo Alto, California, and then moved to another place called the Googleplex. In September 2001, Google's rating system (PageRank, for saying which information is more helpful) got a U.S. Patent. The patent was to Stanford University, with Lawrence (Larry) Page as the inventor (the person who first had the idea). Google makes a percentage of its money through America Online and InterActiveCorp. It has a special group known as the Partner Solutions Organization (PSO) which helps make contracts, helps to make accounts better and gives engineering help. Advertising. Google makes money by advertising. People or companies who want people to buy their product, service, or ideas give Google money, and Google shows an advertisement to people Google thinks will click on the advertisement. Google only gets money when people click on the link, so it tries to know as much about people as possible to only show the advertisement to the "right people". It does this with Google Analytics, which sends data back to Google whenever someone visits a website. From this and other data, Google makes a profile about the person and then uses this profile to figure out which advertisements to show. Branding. The name "Google" is a misspelling of the word "googol". Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, made this word in 1937, for the number 1 followed by one hundred zeroes (10100). Google uses this word because the company wants to make lots of stuff on the Web easy to find and use. Andy Bechtolsheim thought of the name. The name for Google's main office, the "Googleplex," is a play on a different, even bigger number, the "googolplex", which is 1 followed by one googol of zeroes 1010100. References. Notes Gallon A gallon is a volumetric unit of measurement. People have used many different gallons throughout history. Only two gallons are still commonly used, which are the imperial and U.S. liquid gallon.This is 3,57 liter Sale of petrol. Petrol, also known as gasoline, is sold by the imperial gallon in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). All of the countries and territories just mentioned also use miles per hour for speed limits and drive on the left side of the road. Gasoline is sold by the U.S. gallon in Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Peru, as well as in the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau. Government A government is a group of people that have the power to rule in a territory, according to the administrative law. This territory may be a country, a state or province within a country, or a region. There are many types of government, such as democratic, parliamentary, presidential, federal or unitary. Types of governments. Plato listed five kinds of government in "The Republic:" Democracy. The most common type of government in the Western world is called democracy. In democracies, people in a country can vote during elections for representatives or political parties that they prefer. The people in democracies can elect representatives who will sit on legislatures such as the Parliament or Congress. Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems. Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people. However, many countries have forms of democracy which limit freedom of choice by the voters. One of the most common ways is to limit which parties can stand for parliament, or limit the parties' access to mass media such as television. Another way is to rig (unfairly manipulate or interfere with) the voting system by removing votes from opposition voters and substituting votes for the party in power. Few countries are textbook (classic, paradigmatic) democracies, and the differences between them has been much studied. Monarchy. A monarchy is a government ruled by a king or a queen who inherits their position from their family, which is often called the "royal family." There are two types of monarchies: absolute monarchies and constitutional monarchies. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers. In a constitutional monarchy a ruler's powers are limited by a document called a constitution. In modern times, monarchies still exist in Great Britain and the Commonwealth, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand, along with several other countries. A monarch may have one of several titles: King or Queen, Emperor or Empress, or Emir. Aristocracy. An aristocracy is a government run by the people of a ruling class, usually people who come from wealthy families, families with a particular set of values, or people who come from a particular place. A person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat. Aristocracy is different from nobility, in that nobility means that one bloodline would rule, whereas an aristocracy would mean that a few or many bloodlines would rule, or that rulers be chosen in a different manner. Dictatorship. Under a dictatorship, the government is run by one person who has all the power over the people in a country. Originally, the Roman Republic made dictators to lead during time of war. The Roman dictators (and Greek tyrants) were not always cruel or unkind, but they did hold on to power all by themselves, rather than sharing power with the people. The Roman dictators only held power for a short period of time. In modern times, a dictator's rule is not stopped by any laws, constitutions, or other social and political institutions, and can last many years or even decades. After leaving the Spanish Empire, many countries in Latin America were dictatorships. World War II was partly a war between dictators, and later new countries in Asia and Africa also were ruled by dictators. Examples of dictators include Josef Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Augusto Pinochet, Idi Amin, Muammar al-Qaddafi, and Gamal Abdul Nasser. These men ruled from when they took power until when they died, because they would not let anyone else take power from them. There is no evidence of a woman serving as a dictator in modern times. Oligarchy. An oligarchy is a government ruled by a small group of powerful people. These people may spread power equally or not equally. More so a different version of a monarchy, where everyone makes decisions together instead of one person making them all or telling people what to do, such as in a Dictatorship. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or passed down from father to son. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people. Some past examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Apartheid South Africa. A fictional example is the dystopian society of "Oceania" in the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy. This view is shared by anarchists. An oligarchy may have a leader in the ruling group. The history and the theory of government. The simplest idea of government is those who rule over people and land. This may be as small as a community or village or as big as a continent (like Australia and India). The people who rule can allow others to own land. It is a deed by government that gives this right in the way that laws describe. Some think they have the right to hold land without government permission. This view is called libertarianism. Others think they can do without government. This view is called anarchism. Almost every place on Earth is connected to one and only one government. Places without government are where people follow traditions instead of government rules, small border disputed areas and the continent of Antarctica, because almost no people live there. For every other place on Earth there is a government that claims 'sovereign control' over it. The word "sovereign" is old and means "control by a King" (sovereign). Governments of villages, cities, counties and other communities are subordinate to the government of the state or province where they exist, and then to that of the country. It is from Kings and feudalism that modern governments and nation states came. The capital of a country, for instance, is where the King kept his assets. From this we get the modern idea of capital in economics. A government may regulate trade as well as to rule over land. Governments also control people and decide things about what morality to accept or punish. In many countries, there are strict rules about sexual intercourse and drugs which are part of law and offenders are punished for disobeying them. Tax is how government is paid for in most countries. People who buy, sell, import, invest, own a house or land, or earn money are made to pay some of the money to a government. There are many theories of how to organize government better. These are called theories of civics. Many people think leaders must be elected by some kind of democracy. That way, they can be replaced at election. Many governments are not a democracy but other forms in which only a few people have power. There are many theories of how to run a government better, and keep people from hurting each other. These theories are part of politics. Galaxy A galaxy is a group of many stars, with gas, dust, and dark matter. The name 'galaxy' is taken from the Greek word "galaxia" meaning milky, a reference to our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Gravity holds galaxies together against the general expansion of the universe. In effect, the expansion of the universe takes place between groups of galaxies, not inside those groups. Gravity holds the galaxy together. The same applies to groups and clusters of galaxies, such as our Local Group where the Milky Way is, and the Virgo Cluster, a collection of more than 1,000 (might even be 2,000) galaxies. The gravitation is produced by the matter and energy in a galaxy or group of galaxies. Everything in a galaxy moves around a centre of mass, which is also an effect of gravity. There are various types of galaxies: elliptical, spiral and lenticular galaxies, which can all be with or without bars. Then there are irregular galaxies. All galaxies exist inside the universe. The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated stars (more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth). Description. There are galaxies of different sizes and type. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with a hundred trillion (1014) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies may contain many multiple star systems, star clusters, and various interstellar clouds. The Sun is one of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy; the Solar System includes the Earth and all the other objects that orbit the Sun. Star clusters are not galaxies, they are inside galaxies. Globular clusters are spherical-shaped star clusters which are part of the outer halo of the Milky Way. One of the largest (and oldest) known star clusters, Messier 15, has several million stars, packed closely together, with a black hole at its centre. The stars are too closely packed to get an accurate count, but it certainly has more stars than some of the smaller galaxies. Within galaxy clusters, galaxies move relative to other galaxies. They can and do collide. When this happens, the stars generally move past each other, but gas clouds and dust interact, and can form a burst of new stars. Gravity pulls both galaxies into somewhat new shapes, forming bars, rings or tail-like structures. Many galaxies continue to form new generations of stars. The Milky Way, and all spiral shaped galaxies like it (see right side image of NGC 2997), produce new stars at a rate of one or two stars per year. This star formation happens in the vast interstellar clouds that account for about 1% to 10% of the mass of these galaxies. Globular star clusters, on the other hand, are not currently forming stars because this activity happened billions of years ago and then stopped once all of the gas and dust clouds were used up. In the astronomical literature, the word 'Galaxy' with a capital "G" is used for our galaxy, the Milky Way. The billions of other galaxies are written as 'galaxy' with a lowercase "g". The term "Milky Way" first came out in the English language in a poem by Chaucer. When William Herschel wrote his catalogue of deep sky objects, he used the name "spiral nebula" for objects like the Andromeda Galaxy. 200 years later astronomers discovered that they are made of stars as the Milky Way is, so the term 'nebula' is now only used for diffuse structures within a galaxy. Types. There are two main kinds of galaxies, spiral galaxy and elliptical galaxy. They are classified according to the Hubble Sequence. Spiral galaxy. A spiral galaxy is a galaxy that has a spiral shape. Most of the galaxies in the universe observed by astronomers are spiral galaxies (about 77%). They are divided into two : NGC 1300 and NGC 1672 are examples of barred spiral galaxies. The Whirlpool galaxy and Messier 81 are examples of unbarred spiral galaxies. The identifying characteristics of a spiral galaxy are disk-shaped rotating, spiral arms, and a bulge in the galactic core. The spiral arms are where new hot stars are born. "Bulge" in the galactic core has old stars. This feature is common to the most spiral galaxies. Elliptical galaxy. An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy that has a ellipsoid (3D of ellipse) shape. This type of galaxy are dominant in universe, especially in galaxy clusters. The shape ranges from circle, ellipse, and cigar-shaped. In Hubble Sequence, this shape can be represented as class : Elliptical galaxies have a large range in size. The giant elliptical galaxy can be over a more 1 million light years and the smallest (know as "dwarf elliptical galaxy") are less than one-tenth the size of Milky Way The size of an elliptical galaxy can be measured as an effective radius which defines the area from which half its light comes. The mass of elliptical galaxy is also large. A giant elliptical galaxy can have mass of 1013 (many trillions) of solar masses. Other kinds of galaxies. A lenticular galaxy is a galaxy seen in a disc shape. Determining the shape of a lenticular galaxy is difficult because the shape can be between spiral galaxy and elliptical galaxy. The shape can be known by looking at the bulge of the galactic center. If the bulge is very bright, it is a spiral galaxy Geometry Geometry is the part of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see or make shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on. Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry. Uses. Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can also measure a solid shape's volume and surface area. Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find: Origins. Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of Surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called "The Elements". Non-Euclidean geometry. Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate. Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography. Examples. Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as: Graph theory Graph theory is a field of mathematics about graphs. A graph is an abstract representation of: a number of points that are connected by lines. Each point is usually called a "vertex" (more than one are called "vertices"), and the lines are called "edges". Graphs are a tool for modelling relationships. They are used to find answers to a number of problems. Some of these questions are: History. → A visualization of the Seven Bridges of Königberg. Leonhard Euler solved this problem in 1736, which led to the development of topology, and modern graph theory. A graph is an abstract data structure. It holds nodes that are usually related to each other. A node is a dataset, typically in the form of ordered pairs. Nodes are either connected or not connected to another node. The relation between nodes is usually defined as an Edge. Graphs are useful for their ability to associate nodes with other nodes. There are a few representations of Graphs in practice. Leonhard Euler used to live in a town called "Königsberg." (Its name changed to Kaliningrad in 1946). The town is on the river Pregel. There is an island in the river. There are some bridges across the river. Euler wanted to walk around and use each of the bridges once. He asked if he could do this. In 1736, he published a scientific article where he showed that this was not possible. Today, this problem is known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. The article is seen as the first paper in the history of graph theory. This article, as well as the one written by Vandermonde on the "knight problem," carried on with the "analysis situs" initiated by Leibniz. Euler's formula was about the number of edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron was studied and generalized by Cauchy and L'Huillier, and is at the origin of topology. The fusion of the ideas coming from mathematics with those coming from chemistry is at the origin of a part of the standard terminology of graph theory. In particular, the term "graph" was introduced by Sylvester in an article published in 1878 in "Nature". One of the most famous and productive problems of graph theory is the four color problem: "Is it true that any map drawn in the plane may have its regions colored with four colors, in such a way that any two regions having a common border have different colors?" Graph theory in perspective. Graph theory is an important part of mathematics and computer science. To many such problems, exact solutions do exist. Many times however, they are very hard to calculate. Therefore, very often, approximations are used. There are two kinds of such approximations, Monte-Carlo algorithms and Las-Vegas algorithms. Goatee A goatee is a beard formed by a tuft of hair under the chin, resembling that of a billy goat. Herm Herm is the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public. Herm is only 1 miles long. Cars are banned from the small island just like its Channel Island neighbour, Sark. Unlike Sark, bicycles are banned too. The sandy white beaches make Herm a walker's paradise. Population: 60 (2002). History History is the study of past events. People know what happened in the past by looking at things "from" the past including sources (like books, newspapers, scripts and letters), buildings and artifacts (like pottery, tools, coins and human or animal remains.) Libraries, archives, and museums collect and keep these things for people to study history. A person who studies history is called a historian. A person who studies pre-history and history through things left behind by ancient cultures is called an archaeologist. A person who studies mankind and society is called an anthropologist. The study of the sources and methods "used to study and write" history is called historiography. People can learn about the past by talking to people who remember things that happened at some point in the past. This is called oral history. For example, when people who had been slaves and American Civil War survivors got old, some historians recorded them talking about their lives, so that history would not be lost. In old times people in different parts of the world kept separate histories because they did not meet each other very often. Some groups of people never met each other. The rulers of Medieval Europe, Ancient Rome and Ancient China each thought that they ruled the only important parts of the world and that other parts were "barbarian". But they were still connected, even if they didn't realize it. Timeline of history. Current events, modern economic history, modern social history and modern intellectual history take very different views of the way history has affected the way that we think today. Health Health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease" according to the World Health Organization (WHO). "Physical" is about the body. "Mental" is about how people think and feel. "Social" talks about how people live with other people. It is about family, work, school, and friends. Aspects of health. Physical health. Physical fitness refers to good body health. It is dependent on genetic determinators and also on social, economic and ecological factors. That means, one's genes are partly responsible for one's physical health, but also other circumstances: where you live, how clean or polluted your water and the air around you is and also how good your social and medical system is. It is also the result of regular exercise, proper diet and nutrition, and proper rest for physical recovery. A person who is physically fit will be able to walk or run without getting breathless and they will be able to carry out the activities of everyday living and not need help. How much each person can do will depend on their age and whether they are a man or woman. A physically fit person usually has a normal weight for their height. The relation between their height and weight is called their Body Mass Index. A taller person can be heavier and still be fit. If a person is too heavy or too thin for their height it may affect their health. Better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are more productive, and save more. Many factors influence health status and a country's ability to provide quality health services for its people. Mental health. Mental health refers to a person's emotional and psychological well-being. "A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her thinking and emotional (feeling) abilities, function in society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life." One way to think about mental health is by looking at how well a person functions. Feeling capable and efficient; being able to handle normal levels of stress, have good friends and family, and lead an independent life; and being able to "bounce back," or recover from hardships, are all signs of mental health.It’s normal for all of us to feel worried, sad, upset, or have difficult emotions from time-to-time. For most people though, these feelings are only temporary and are resolved without causing any long-term problems. However, for some people, these negative feelings can become worse over time and lead to a mental health problem such as depression, anxiety, stress or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Public health. Public health refers to trying to stop a disease that is unhealthy to the community, and does not help in long life or promote your health. This is fixed by organized efforts and choices of society, public and private clubs, communities and individuals. It is about the health of many people, or everybody, rather than one person. Public health stops instead of encouraging a disease through surveillance of cases. To prevent being sick, it is good to act according to some simple advice: Hand washing, regular check-ups, vaccination programmes, drinking clean water and using condoms. When infectious diseases break out, washing hands for about 30 seconds may be especially important. Sometimes it is necessary to avoid masses of people or wear a surgical mask to protect yourself and to stop the spreading of the disease. Teaching people how to live healthily and educate them, especially about sex and child-birth, is also very important. Harbor Harbour means to shelter or keep safe. A harbor (or harbour) is a place where ships may shelter. Some harbours are used as ports to load and unload ships. The port will have quays or piers where the ships may be moored or tied up and a transport system for taking goods inland. Often railway and road transport will be used. Goods also move by pipeline transport and by smaller ships on rivers. Harbors can be natural as in San Francisco or artificial as in ancient Carthage or a mix of both. During the D-Day operations of 1944, two artificial harbors (named mulberry) were built just off the beaches where the invasion was going to happen. Hawaii Hawaii (sometimes spelled "Hawai'i".) is a U.S. state and the only U.S. State that is in Oceania. It is the last state that joined the United States, becoming a state on August 21, 1959. It is the only state made only of islands. Hawaii is also the name of the largest island. The capital and largest city of Hawaii is Honolulu on the island named Oahu. Name. Hawaii is known as the "Aloha State". "Aloha" is a Hawaiian word that has many meanings like welcome, hello and goodbye. Aloha also means love and care. The different meanings are brought together in the term "Aloha Spirit" to describe the friendly people of Hawaii. Geography. Hawaii is an archipelago, a long chain of islands. There are eight main islands and many small islands and atolls. They are the tops of underwater volcanos. The main islands are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. History. The first people of Hawaii were Polynesians. They came to the islands sometime between 200 and 600 AD. Captain James Cook discovered the islands in 1778. Others may have been there before him. Captain Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands for the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montague. Kamehameha I was the first king of Hawaii. He united the separate small Hawaiian kingdoms into one large kingdom in 1795. In 1893, American soldiers stopped Queen Liliuokalani from leading Hawaii when American business people took over the government and made their own laws. She was the last monarch of Hawaii. She also wrote the original words of the song called "Aloha Oe". The Americans made Hawaii into a republic for a short time. The new leader, Sanford Dole was called the President of Hawaii. In 1898, the United States of America took over the government and made Hawaii into a territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the fiftieth American state. It other words, it was taken ("annexed") against the wishes of its native people. Their queen, Lili’uokalani, wrote that “it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States… would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power”. Reason for statehood. Early in World War II the U.S. Pacific Fleet was based on the Phillipines. Perceiving that this was not safe, the navy moved its base to the Hawaiian islands, namely Oahu (the main island in the chain). It was there that the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. That was significant in the later discussions about the future of the islands. Economy. The biggest industry of Hawaii is tourism. Almost seven million people visited in 2000. Important exports are sugar, pineapple, macadamia nuts, and coffee. Popular tourist sites include Waikiki Beach, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Polynesian Cultural Center, and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor. State symbols. The state flower is the yellow hibiscus ("Hibiscus brackenridgei" or ). The state bird is the Hawaiian goose (nene). The state fish is the reef triggerfish, also called the '. The state tree is the candlenut, also called "kukui". The state song is Hawaii Ponoi. The state motto is '. In English it says, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness". References. Notes Honolulu Honolulu is the capital city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is also the largest city in Hawaii and it has the most important harbor. It is on the south-east shore of the island of Oahu. Etymology. Honolulu means "sheltered harbor" in the Hawaiian language. No one knows for sure when Honolulu was first settled or when the name was first used. History. Honolulu harbor was called Kulolia before foreigners came. The first foreigner was Captain William Brown of the English ship Butterworth, in 1794. He named the harbor Fair Haven. Other foreign captains is started calling it Brown's Harbor. The name Honolulu was used some time after that. Honolulu quickly became the most important harbor of Hawaii. At that time, sandalwood was a big export. Honolulu was also an important supply point for whalers. Kamehameha III made Honolulu the capital city of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1850. It was also the capital of the Republic of Hawaii and the Territory of Hawaii. It stayed the capital when Hawaii became a state in 1959. Hawaii (island) The Island of Hawaiʻi is the largest U.S. Hawaiian Island, and it is the farthest south. It is also called the "Big Island." Its area is 4,038 sq. miles (10,458 km2). The widest part of the island is 93 miles (150 km) across. The Big Island has more than half (~62%) of the total land area of State of Hawaii. It is part of County of Hawaii. The island is seven separate shield volcanos that erupted more or less one at a time, one partly covering the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Kohala (extinct), Mauna Kea (dormant), Hualalai (dormant), Mauna Loa (active), Kulani (extinct, mostly buried), and Kilauea (very active). The volcanos were caused by the Pacific oceanic tectonic plate moving over a hotspot. There lava from the Earth's lower mantle or upper core is close to the surface. The largest city on the island is Hilo. Hilo has many historic buildings, interesting shops, parks, many performances, festivals and events. It is on the rainy, east side of the island. The city of Kailua-Kona is on the dry, west side of Hawaii, and is popular with tourists. Hawaii Ponoi "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" (; "Hawai's Sons") is the state song of Hawaii. The words were written by King David Kalakaua, the music by Prof. Henry Berger, the Royal Bandmaster. "Hawai`i Ponoi" was also the anthem of the Kingdom of Hawai`i and the Territory of Hawai`i. Healing Healing is a process that happens in the body. Through healing, cells are able to repair damaged tissue. There are two different ways healing can happen: Most healing processes combine both ways of healing. History of Australia People have lived in Australia for over 65,000 years. The first people who arrived in Australia were the Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander people's. They lived in all parts of Australia. They lived by hunting, fishing and gathering. Aboriginal peoples invented tools like the boomerang and spear. There is also evidence that the Aboriginal people used farming methods. Tradition was very important in their lives. Their religion is called the Dreamtime, which has lots of stories about the creation of the world by spirits. Aboriginal art started at least 30,000 years ago and there are lots of Dreaming stories painted on walls and cut in rocks all around Australia. Aboriginal music has songs about the Dreamtime, sometimes with special instruments like the didgeridoo. In 1606 the first European, Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon (1571–1639), visited the west. Luis Vaez de Torres sailed through the water between Australia and New Guinea later that year. Only after Dirk Hartog chanced upon the west coast in 1616 did other European vessels visit and map the coast. After sixty more ships visited the coast, enough was known for a map to be published in 1811. The land was dry because of not much rain; some was a desert. The explorers thought no crops could be grown and so it would be difficult for people to live there. They decided there would be no economic reasons to stay. In 1642, Dutchman Abel Tasman, working for the Dutch East Indies Company reached Tasmania, which he called Antony van Diemenslandt. He then called the continent he charted the north coast of on his second visit in 1644 New Holland. In 1688, William Dampier became the first Englishman to reach Australia. But in 1770 a British sailor, Captain James Cook, found the fertile east coast of Australia. He called it New South Wales, and claimed it for Britain. Englishman Matthew Flinders published his map of the coast in 1814, calling it Australia for the first time, a name later formally adopted by the authorities. Colonial Australia. The British decided to use the land visited by Captain Cook as a prison colony. Britain needed a place to send its convicts (people who had been sent to jail for theft and other crimes) because its gaols were full and it had just lost its American colonies in the American War of Independence. In 1788 the British First Fleet of 11 ships, carrying about 1500 people arrived at Botany Bay (Sydney). Arthur Phillip led them as the first Governor of New South Wales. About 160 000 convicts were brought to Australia from 1788 until 1868. Free immigrants began arriving in the 1790s. For the first few years they did not have much food, and life was very hard. But soon they began to farm, and more people came. Sydney grew, and new towns were started. Wool brought good money. By 1822, many towns had been set up and people from the towns often visited Sydney for additional economic resources. Soon people from Sydney found other parts of Australia. George Bass and Matthew Flinders sailed south to Tasmania and a colony was started at Hobart in 1803. Hamilton Hume and William Hovell went south from Sydney by land. They found the Murray River, and good land in Victoria. Thomas Mitchell went inland, and found more rivers. In 1826, the first British military outpost was set up at King George Sound in Western Australia. The Swan River Colony was started in 1829, with townsites at Fremantle and Perth. In 1836, a free-settler colony was started in South Australia, where no convicts were ever sent. Queensland became a separate colony in 1859. As the towns and farms spread across Australia, the Aboriginal people were pushed off their land. Some were killed, and many died from illness and hunger. Soon, Australia's Aborigines were outnumbered by Europeans, and many were made to live on reserves. The goldrushes of New South Wales and Victoria started in 1851 leading to large numbers of people arriving to search for gold. The population grew across south east Australia and made great wealth and industry. By 1853 the goldrushes had made some poor people very rich. Convict transportation ended in the 1840s and 1850s and more changes came. The people in Australia wanted to run their own country, and self-govern. The first governments in the colonies were run by Governors chosen by London. Soon the settlers wanted local government and more democracy. The New South Wales Legislative Council, was created in 1825 to advise the Governor of New South Wales, but it was not chosen by voters. William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association (Australia's first political party) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales. In 1840, the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were started and some people could vote for them (but only men with a certain amount of money). Then, Australia's first parliamentary elections were held for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843, again with some limits on who could vote. "The Australian Colonies Government Act" [1850] allowed constitutions for New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. In 1850 elections for legislative councils were also held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. In 1855, limited self-government was granted by London to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. A new secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia in 1856, allowing people to vote in private. This system was copied around the world. In 1855, the right to vote was given to all men over 21 in South Australia. The other colonies soon followed. Women were given the vote in the Parliament of South Australia in 1895 and they became the first women in the world allowed to stand in elections. In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate. Australians had started parliamentary democracies all across the continent. But voices were getting louder for all of them to come together as one country with a national parliament. History of Spain Spain is a country in Europe. Early History. People have lived on the Iberian Peninsula for about 500,000 years. Neanderthal man came about 200,000 years ago. Modern humans first came about 40,000 years. Thousands of years ago Iberians and Celts lived there, and the Phoenicians made a few cities there to get tin and silver to trade. The Roman Empire controlled Spain for three hundred years; then people from Eastern Europe called Visigoths fought for Spain, won it from the Romans, and controlled Spain for over two hundred years. Medieval times. The Visigoths converted from Arian Christianity to Roman Catholics. Muslims who were Arab and Berber invaded in 711 and conquered Spain in 718. They called it Al-Andalus. Roman Catholics eventually decided to fight to take Spain back from the Muslims. They fought wars called the reconquista for more than seven hundred years. They also fought Crusades against other Christians like the Cathars. The Moors also fought each other for control of Al-Andalus. In the year 1492, they took the last part of Spain that had belonged to the Moors. Boabdil, the last Moorish Leader of Granada, gave the city to King Ferdinand of Aragon on 2 January 1492, and Christians now ruled all of Spain. Before this, several different kings had ruled different countries in what is now called Spain. Two of these countries, Castile and Aragon, came together when the king of Aragon, Ferdinand II, married the queen of Castile, Isabella. In the same year, 1492, they decided to send Christopher Columbus to explore the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus found a land there that the people of Europe did not yet know. These were the islands of the Caribbean Sea. Late 15th century. Columbus and other sailors explored more and found that there were two continents there - North America and South America. Spain sent many soldiers and businessmen to North and South America, and they took over very large parts of those two continents. Owning this empire made Spain very rich. But when they conquered that empire, they killed millions of the Native Americans who had lived there before. Spain owned this empire for more than three hundred years. Meanwhile, at home, the Muslim manuscripts had been either burnt or spread to other countries. Jews had been expelled from Spain. The multicultural society was destroyed, and so was the learning. Among the few things kept and respected in Spain were in music: harmony and stringed instruments, and of course the buildings, many of which became churches, by adding crosses. 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire was the strongest in the world through most of the next two centuries, thanks to gold from the Americas. This new gold made rulers and colonial governors rich. Meanwhile, others' savings became worth less due to inflation. Spain became a society of very rich and very poor. Some of the poorest went to the new colonies in the Caribbean, Central America and South America, mostly to find gold. Native American peoples were killed by diseases brought by the Spaniards, but most Spaniards did not know this. They found damaged and dying societies with people who had lost some of their most important leaders and thinkers. The Spaniards thought this meant they were inferior, and used this as an excuse to enslave the natives. Millions of natives died mining gold for the Spanish. The Spanish Empire also at this time funded the Spanish Inquisition which tortured and killed anyone who disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation which created Protestant sects in Europe was not allowed into Spain, it was kept out and, as with Jews or Muslims, its believers were killed. The nobles of Spain no longer had to fight anyone since the internal feuds were over. No one could challenge their power. In many ways it was held together as a reign of terror. People who challenged them were often called heretics, so that the Inquisition could torture them, and then nobles take the property. For ordinary people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, life got worse. A few rulers got rich. Today we would say that these people were guilty of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Many Church people who had the power to speak out at that time, did so, and they said many of the same things as we would say today. But none of this mattered much to the rulers. The great satire Don Quixote was written about this time. 18th century. In the 18th century, there was doubt over who should become king of Spain; this doubt led many of the kings of Europe to fight to become king of Spain. This was called the War of the Spanish Succession. France occupied Spain for a long time. This made Spain very weak. It also made Spain lose its empire in North and South America; all of the parts of that empire became their own countries, or were taken over by other countries such as the United States of America. 20th century. There was not much peace in Spain during the first part of the 20th century. Some Spaniards tried to set up a government chosen by the people (a democracy), and they made the King of Spain leave the country. However, in 1936, two different groups of Spaniards went to war over whether the government should be a democracy, or take orders from one person. In 1939, those who wanted democracy were defeated, and a dictator named Francisco Franco took over the government. Franco died in 1975. He had decided that Spain should have a king again, and he chose Juan Carlos, the grandson of the king who had been forced to leave the country, to be king. But the king did not rule as a dictator; instead, he chose to set up a democracy. Also since Franco's death, Spain appointed Adolfo Suárez to became Spain's first democratically elected prime minister. Now Spain is a modern democratic country, and does business with many countries around the world. It is a part of the European Union. Height Height is the distance between the lowest end and highest end of an object. For example, people consider the bottom of the foot a person's lowest end, and the top of the head a person's highest end. If the distance between the bottom of a person's foot and the top of that person's head is 64 inches, then that person's height is 64 inches. Historian A historian is someone who studies history. Historians use written sources to understand past events and societies. Human body The human body is the body of a person. It is the physical structure of a person. The body is a thing that can be hurt or killed. Its functions are stopped by death. You need your muscles and your joints to move. Study of the human body. Some people study the human body. They look at where it is different from, or the same as, other animals' bodies. These animals can be alive today. Or they can be extinct animals like other hominids. (Hominids are primates that are close to humans. Neanderthals and "Homo erectus" were hominids.) Some people study how the human body works and lives in its environment. Some people study what people think about their body. Artists study how to draw or paint the human body. Fields of study. Many different fields of study look at the human: Organ system. Various organ systems give the body the ability to live and do things. The human body and other animals. The human body is like other animals. The skeleton, muscles and other parts are very much like those of other primates. Our body is also like other mammals, and somewhat like other vertebrates. DNA differences follow a similar pattern. The human genome is closer to that of other primates than to other vertebrates, and closest to chimpanzee. Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element. It has the symbol H and atomic number 1. It has a standard atomic weight of 1.008, meaning it is the lightest element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the most common chemical element in the Universe, making up 75% of all normal (baryonic) matter (by mass). Most stars are mostly hydrogen. Hydrogen's most common isotope has one proton with one electron orbiting around it. Properties. Hydrogen is classed as a reactive nonmetal, unlike the other elements appearing in the first column of the periodic table, which are classed alkali metals. The solid form of hydrogen is expected to behave like a metal, however. When alone, hydrogen usually binds with itself to make dihydrogen (H2) which is very stable, due to its high bond dissociation energy of 435.7 kJ/mol. At standard temperature and pressure, this hydrogen gas (H2) has no colour, smell or taste. It is not toxic. It is a nonmetal and burns very easily. Combustion. Molecular hydrogen is flammable and reacts with oxygen: 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol) At temperatures above 500 degrees Celsius, hydrogen spontaneously ignites in air. Compounds. While hydrogen gas in its pure form is not reactive, it does form compounds with many elements, particularly halogens, which are very electronegative. Hydrogen also forms vast arrays with carbon atoms, forming hydrocarbons. The study of the properties of hydrocarbons are known as organic chemistry. The H- anion (negatively charged atom) is called a hydride, although the term is not widely used. An example of a hydride is lithium hydride (LiH), which is used as a "spark plug" in nuclear weapons. Acids. Acids dissolved in water typically contain high levels of hydrogen ions, in other words, free protons. The level of them is usually used to determine its pH, which basically means the content of hydrogen ions in a particular volume. For example, hydrochloric acid, found in people's stomachs, can dissociate into a chloride anion and a free proton, and the property of the free proton is how it can digest food by corroding it. Although rare on Earth, the H3+ cation is one of the most common ions in the universe. Isotopes. Hydrogen has 7 known isotopes, two of which are stable (1H and 2H), which are commonly referred to protium and deuterium. The isotope 3H is known as tritium and has a half life of 12.33 years, and is produced in small amounts by cosmic rays. The remaining 4 isotopes have half lives on the scale of yoctoseconds. Hydrogen in nature. In its pure form on Earth, hydrogen is usually a gas. Hydrogen is also one of the parts that make up a water molecule. Hydrogen is important because it is the fuel that powers the Sun and other stars. Hydrogen makes up about 74% of the entire universe. Hydrogen's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements is H. Pure hydrogen is normally made of two hydrogen atoms connected together. Scientists call these diatomic molecules. Hydrogen will have a chemical reaction when mixed with most other elements. It has no color or smell. Pure hydrogen is very uncommon in the Earth's atmosphere, because nearly all primordial hydrogen would have escaped into space due to its weight. In nature, it is usually in water. Hydrogen is also in all living things, as a part of the organic compounds that living things are made of. In addition, hydrogen atoms can combine with carbon atoms to form hydrocarbons. Petroleum and other fossil fuels are made of these hydrocarbons and commonly used to create energy for human use. Some other facts about hydrogen: History of Hydrogen. Hydrogen was first separated in 1671 by Robert Boyle. In 1776, Henry Cavendish identified it as its own element and called it "inflammable air". He realized in 1781 that burning it made water. Antoine Lavoisier gave Hydrogen its name, from the Greek word for water, 'υδορ (pronounced /HEEW-dor/) and gennen meaning to "generate" as it forms water in a chemical reaction with oxygen. Uses of Hydrogen. The main uses are in the petroleum industry and in making ammonia by the Haber process. Some is used elsewhere in the chemical industry. A little of it is used as fuel, for example in rockets for spacecraft. Most of the hydrogen that people use comes from a chemical reaction between natural gas and steam. Nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is a very powerful source of energy. It relies on forcing atoms together to make helium and energy, exactly as happens in a star like the Sun, or in a hydrogen bomb. This needs a large amount of energy to get started, and is not easy to do yet. A big advantage over nuclear fission, which is used in today's nuclear power stations, is that it makes less nuclear waste and does not use a toxic and rare fuel like uranium. More than 600 million tons of hydrogen undergo fusion every second on the Sun. Using hydrogen. Hydrogen is mostly used in the petroleum industry, to change heavy petroleum fractions into lighter, more useful ones. It is also used to make ammonia. Smaller amounts are burned as fuel. Most hydrogen is made by a reaction between natural gas and steam. The electrolysis of water breaks water into hydrogen and oxygen, using electricity. Burning hydrogen combines with oxygen molecules to make steam (pure water vapor). A fuel cell combines hydrogen with an oxygen molecule, releasing an electron as electricity. For these reasons, many people believe hydrogen power will eventually replace other synthetic fuels. Hydrogen can also be burned to make heat for steam turbines or internal combustion engines. Like other synthetic fuels, hydrogen can be created from natural fuels such as coal or natural gas, or from electricity, and therefore represents a valuable addition to the power grid; in the same role as natural gas. Such a grid and infrastructure with is now planned by a number of countries including Japan, Korea and many European countries. This allows these countries to buy less petroleum, which is an economic advantage. The other advantage is that used in a fuel cell or burned in a combustion engine as in a hydrogen car, the motor does not make pollution. Only water, and a small amount of nitrogen oxides, forms. Helium Helium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight of about 4.002602. There are 9 isotopes of helium, only two of which are stable. These are 3He and 4He. 4He is by far the most common isotope. Helium is called a noble gas, because it does not regularly mix with other chemicals and form new compounds. It has the lowest boiling point of all the elements. It is the second most common element in the universe, after hydrogen, and has no color or smell. However, helium has a red-orange glow when placed in an electric field. Helium does not usually react with anything else. Astronomers detected the presence of helium in 1868, when its spectrum was identified in light from the Sun. This was before its discovery on Earth. Helium is used to fill balloons and airships because its density is lighter than air. It does not burn, so is safe for that kind of use. It is also used in some kinds of light bulbs. People can breathe in helium: it makes their voices sound higher than it normally does. This is a joke, but is dangerous as if they breathe in too much, hypoxia can injure or kill them as they are not breathing normal air. Breathing too much helium can also cause long-term effects to vocal cords. Helium is created through the process of nuclear fusion in the Sun, and in similar stars. During this process, two hydrogen atoms are fused together to form one helium atom. On Earth it is made by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, although there are other examples. The alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium-4 nuclei. History. Helium was discovered by the French astronomer pierre Janssen on August 18, 1868, as a bright yellow line in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun. The line was thought to be sodium. On the same year, English astronomer, Norman Lockyer, also observed it and found that it was caused by a new element. Lockyer and English chemist Edward Frankland named the element helium, from the Greek word for the Sun, ἥλιος ("helios"). Characteristics. Helium is the second least reactive noble gas after neon. It is the second least reactive of all elements. It is chemically inert and monatomic in all standard conditions. Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas. Uses. Helium is used as a shielding gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, in making titanium and zirconium, and in gas chromatography, because it is inert. Helium is used as a shielding gas in arc welding. Helium is mixed with oxygen and other gases for deep underwater diving because it does not cause nitrogen narcosis. Helium is also used to condense hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel. It is used to remove the fuel and oxidizer from ground support equipment before the rocket launches. It is used to cool liquid hydrogen in space vehicles before the rocket launches. Helium is used as a heat-transfer medium in some nuclear reactors that are cooled down by gas. Helium is also used in some hard disk drives. Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics. Supply. Helium has become rare on Earth. If it gets free into the air it leaves the planet. Unlike hydrogen, which reacts with oxygen to form water, helium is not reactive. It stays as a gas. For many years after the 1925 Helium Act, the USA collected helium in a National Helium Reserve. American helium comes from wells in the Great Plains area. At present, more helium is supplied by Qatar than by the USA. Several research organisations have released statements on the scarcity and conservation of helium. These organisations released policy recommendations as early as 1995 and as late as 2016 urging the United States government to store and conserve helium because of the natural limits to the helium supply and the unique nature of the element. For researchers, helium is irreplaceable because it is essential for producing very low temperatures. Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics, and in certain cryogenics applications. Liquid helium is used to cool certain metals to the extremely low temperatures required for superconductivity, such as in superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging. Home page The home page of a website is the document that a web server sends to another computer's web browser application when it has been contacted without a request for specific information. That is, when one enters only a domain name in the Address box without specifying a directory or a file, the "home page" is usually the first part of the website one would be taken to. The Home Page is also called the Main Page. A properly written home page will tell a user about the information available on the website, and how to view different parts of the website. The home page of "simple.wikipedia.org" can be found at this link. Home Page was a popular computer application used for composing web pages. In Linux servers. In Linux-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc. This is a problem for website administrators to install website applications like MediaWiki. Mainly because most website applications are created with the homepage as index.php for PHP applications. In Windows servers. However, in Windows-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc. This is a problem for website administrators to install website applications like MediaWiki. Mainly because most website applications are created with the homepage as index.php (for PHP applications). Hair Hair is something that grows from the skin of mammals. Animal hair is usually called fur. Sheep and goats have curly hair, which is usually called wool. Wool is used to make many products, like clothing and blankets. Hair is made of keratins, which are proteins. Humans and some other animals have lost much of their hair through evolution, and some other mammals, such as the elephant and the whale, have almost none at all. Functions of hair. Hair can have different functions: False hair. Some animals, for example certain insects and spiders also have "hairs". However, these are not hair in the biological sense, but are actually bristles. The "hairs" found on certain plants are also not true hair, but trichomes. Human hair. In humans, hair grows mostly on the head, and the amount of body hair is different from race to race. Asians and native North Americans have the least amount of body hair, while Caucasians tend to have the most. Hair color. Hair color is passed down by parents only. Natural hair color can be given only by genes. It is impossible to have a hair color that is not passed down genetically by both mother and father. This relies on dominant and recessive genes carried by a parent. These genes may not be the color of their hair, however, many people carry genes that are recessive and do not show in their traits or features. Dyeing hair is to change the color of hair. It consists of a chemical mixture which can change the color of hair by a chemical reaction. Many people dye their hair to hide gray or white hairs. This is because most people gain white or gray hairs as they grow older. Genetics and chemistry. Two types of melanin pigment give hair its color: "eumelanin" and "pheomelanin". Pheomelanin colors hair red. Eumelanin determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, but more brown eumelanin will color the hair brown. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations give gray hair. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. The genetics of hair colors are not yet firmly established. According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair color. One phenotype (brown/blond) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond-haired child. The other gene pair is a non-red/red pair, where the not-red allele is dominant and the allele for red hair is recessive. A person with two copies of the red-haired allele will have red hair, but it will be either auburn or bright reddish orange depending on whether the first gene pair gives brown or blond hair, respectively. The two-gene model does not account for all possible shades of brown, blond, or red (for example, platinum blond versus dark blonde/light brown), nor does it explain why hair color sometimes darkens as a person ages. Several other gene pairs control the light versus dark hair color in a cumulative effect (quantitative genetics). Hair texture. Hair texture is also inherited genetically. The thickness of hair, its color and its tendency to curl are all inherited. There are also genetic differences between men and women. Body hair is limited in women, and thicker in men. Hair loss. People have about 100,000 hairs on their head. About 100 fall out each day, but they usually grow back. Some men are bald but girls and women may become bald if they lose their hair from a disease called alopecia. Men often lose some of their hair as they grow older. This is known as "baldness". Doctors call it "male pattern baldness" because hairs often fall out in similar places. It often begins by hair falling out first from the front of the head, and then from the top of the head. After a while, all that may be left is a some hair running above the ears and around the lower back of the head. Even though it is unusual for women to go bald, many women suffer from thinning hair over the top of their head as they grow old. People have tried to find cures for hair loss for thousands of years. In an effort to get their hair back, men have tried "cures" like applying strange lotions or even having their heads packed in chicken manure. Many unproven "cures" are still marketed today. It is only in the last decade or so that treatments have been developed which do sometimes work. Some doctors do hair transplants, where they take tiny plugs of hair from areas like the back of the neck and plant them in the bald spots on the head. Some drugs have been tested and approved for sale as hair loss treatments. They encourage hair regrowth and thickening, but work better if applied before hair loss turns to baldness. History and culture. People have been interested in hair on their heads for hundreds of thousands of years. For both men and women, styling and coloring hair have been ways to look good, and get attention. Sometimes society makes rules about hair, for example by not allowing people to cut their hair or beards, like in Sikhism (it is also good to do this in Islam, but not a requirement). Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is about 486 kilometres (302 miles) long and about 288 kilometres (179 miles) wide. To the west of Ireland is the Atlantic Ocean; to the east of Ireland, across the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain. Over 6.4 million people lived on the island in 2016. Countries. Today, the island of Ireland is made up of two countries: the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland: From 1801 to 1921, all of Ireland was part of the same country, called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1919, a war broke out, the Irish War of Independence, and on December 6 1921, the Irish Free State became independent. After a new constitution came into effect in 1937, the state became a republic. Northern Ireland stayed with the UK, and this would lead to The Troubles beginning in the 1960s and ending with the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998. Provinces and counties. Ireland is traditionally divided into four provinces and thirty-two counties. Twenty-six counties are in the Republic and six in Northern Ireland. Three of the provinces are entirely within the Republic (Connacht, Leicester and Munster), and one province (Ulster) has some counties in both the Republic and in Northern Ireland. Main cities. Dublin is the largest city. It is the capital of the Republic of Ireland. Dublin was established as a Viking settlement in the 9th century. The population is 525,383 in Dublin City, and 1,270,603 in Co. Dublin. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. It has 483,000 people in the Greater Belfast urban area there are 267,000 in the city itself. Shipbuilding used to be a major industry here. The "Titanic" was built in Belfast at the Harland and Wolff shipyard. Armagh is a city in Northern Ireland. It is often called the 'Ecclesiastic Capital of Ireland' as it is the seat of both the Catholic Church and the (Protestant) Church of Ireland. The population is 14,590. Cork is the largest city in Munster. Corkonians often refer to it as 'the Real Capital'. The population is 119,230. but following a 2019 Cork boundary change|boundary extension in 2019, the population increased to c. 210,000. Derry (Or Londonderry) is the second largest city in Northern Ireland. Derry is notable for the Medieval city walls which still stand. Because the walls have never been breached, the city is nicknamed "The Maiden City". In 2013 Derry was the UK Capital of Culture. Many cultural events took place there during the year. The population is 83,652. History. During the last glacial period (the "ice age"), most of Ireland was covered with ice. After that, Ireland became covered with trees. The first people came to Ireland about 9,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic period). They were nomadic. Once food ran out in the place they lived, they would move to another place. Evidence of these people was found in Mount Sandel, Co. Derry. About 4000 BC, in the New Stone Age (Neolithic period), the first farmers arrived in Ireland. These people cleared openings in the forest and built permanent settlements with houses and farmland. When people in this age died, they were buried in tombs called megaliths. Many megaliths are left standing today, such as portal dolmens and passage tombs.The most famous megalith is Newgrange passage tomb in co.Meath. New settlers came around 2000BC, marking the start of the Bronze Age. Copper was mined mainly in Mount Gabriel, Co. Cork and tin was imported from Cornwall. These people used bronze to make weapons, such as swords. They also used it to make early forms of jewellery, such as sun discs and torcs. These settlers buried the dead in court tombs or wedge tombs, and burial places have been found with stone circles. It is unknown when the Celts came to Ireland, but it is likely they brought the use of iron with them. The use of iron marks the start of the Iron Age. It is known that by about 300BC, the use of iron and Celtic culture was widespread in Ireland. The Celts lived in ring forts, hill forts, promontory forts and crannógs. It is thought that only the richer families and settlements lived in crannógs. These were man-made islands in the middle of lakes with houses on them. Celtic Ireland was split into around 150 kingdoms called tuath. The king was elected from the royal family. Below the king were the Nobles, and the Aos Dána, who were people with special skills, such as poets, Druids (priests), judges and craftsmen. By the early 6th century, Ireland was mostly Christian through the work of St. Patrick and other missionaries. Druids were replaced by priests and monks. Monasteries soon were built such as Glendalough in co. Wicklow. Glendalough and other monasteries built round towers for safety when Vikings attacked. Small monasteries were also built in remote places, the most famous being Skellig Michael, off the coast of co. Kerry. At this time many hand-written manuscripts were created by the monasteries. They include the Cathach, the Book of Durrow, and the Book of Kells. Monks also produced fine silver chalices, croziers and brooches, and carved high crosses. In 1169, Anglo-Norman lords invaded Ireland. They were led by Strongbow who landed at Passage East, Co. Waterford. The Anglo-Normans conquered many parts of Ireland in the following 60 years. They introduced their way of life to the Irish people. The feudal system was soon introduced in Ireland as a means of organising land. Castles were built to defend the land like Trim Castle, Co. Meath. During the Middle Ages, Ireland's first proper towns were built. From 1801 until 1921, all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1921 Northern Ireland was created and 'partitioned' from the south. Northern Ireland has stayed within the United Kingdom since then. The full name of the UK is 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. In 1921 the south became the Irish Free State. In 1937 the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution which named the state 'Ireland', and in 1948 this state passed the Republic of Ireland Act which declared it to be a republic. Migration. Many Irish people have left Ireland and moved to the United States, Canada, Australia, and South America. The Great Famine (1845 to 1849 inclusive) forced many to leave; it is estimated almost a million people died of starvation, and a million more emigrated. From a maximum of over 8 million in 1841, the total Irish population dropped to just over 4 million in the 1940s. Since then, the population has grown to over 6 million. This has been helped by the economic growth of the "Celtic Tiger" and since 2004 immigration from countries in Eastern Europe such as Poland. Today almost 80 million people around the world are descended from Irish immigrants. Sports. Ireland's main sports are Gaelic Games (Gaelic football, hurling, etc.) and soccer. The many sports played and followed in Ireland include Gaelic games (mainly Gaelic football, hurling and camogie), horse racing, show jumping, greyhound racing, basketball, fishing, handball, motorsport, MMA, boxing, target shooting and tennis. Hockey, golf, rowing, cricket, rugby union and Olympic target shooting are organised on an all-island basis, with a single team representing the whole of Ireland in international competitions. Other sports, such as soccer and netball, have separate organizing bodies in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. As Northern Ireland is a constituent nation of the United Kingdom it also sends a Northern Ireland Team to the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympic Games, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Ireland or Great Britain. Soccer is the most popular team sport in terms of participation. According to the Irish Sports Monitor 2015 annual report, 4.8% of adults over 15 participate in Soccer. Gaelic football 2%, camogie 1.2, rugby 1.1%. Individual exercise pursuits are most popular with 43% of all sport participated by individuals on their own. Personal exercise 13.7%, running 8.2%, swimming 8%, cycling 5.5%, dancing 3%, golf 2.7%, weights 2.3%, yoga 1.5% and pilates 1.4%. Soccer is by far the most popular team pursuit for males at 8.8% with Gaelic football attracting 3.4%. Personal exercise 13.4% and running 8.9% are the most popular male activities. Team sports do not figure highly amongst females with dancing at 4.6% and yoga 2.4% are two of the highest shared activities. Given the variety of sports in Ireland, it is of interest to note how the government's Capital Sports programme 2017 allocated it's €56 million funds. €23.5 million went to the GAA which highlights the strength of the GAA lobby. €7.25 million to soccer, Rugby €3.1 million, tennis €2.64 million, golf €1.97 million, sailing €1.21 million, athletics just under €1 million, diving €451,000 while other sports did not fare so well. Gaelic Football is one of the most popular sports in Ireland in terms of match attendance, and in 2003 had 34% of total sports attendances at events in the Republic of Ireland, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. Initiative's ViewerTrack study, which measured 2005 sports audiences, showed the sport's highest-profile match, the All-Ireland Football Final, to be the most watched event of the nation's sporting year. Soccer is the most played team sport in Ireland. Internet The Internet is the biggest world-wide communication network of computers. The Internet has a lot of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry many different kinds of information. The short form of internet is the 'net'. The World Wide Web is one of its biggest services. It is used by countless of people all over the world. The Internet was developed in the United States by the "United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" (DARPA). The Internet was first connected in October 1969 and was called ARPANET. The World Wide Web was created at CERN in Switzerland in 1990 by a British (UK) scientist named Tim Berners-Lee. Today, people can pay money to access the Internet from internet service providers. Some services on the Internet cost nothing to use. Sometimes people who offer these free services use advertising to make money. Censorship and freedom of speech on the Internet can be controversial. Services. The Internet is used for many things, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and other documents of the World Wide Web. The most used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web (which is also called the "Web" or “www”). The web contains websites, including social media, blogs, and wikis like Wikipedia. Webpages on the Internet can be seen and read by anyone (unless the page needs a password, or it is blocked). The second biggest use of the Internet is to send and receive e-mail. E-mail is private and goes from one user to another. Instant messaging is similar to email, but allows two or more people to chat to each other faster. Some governments think the internet is a bad thing, and block all or part of it. For example, the Chinese government thinks that Wikipedia is bad, so often no one in China can read it or add to it. Another example of the internet being blocked is in North Korea. Some parents and schools block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see. Dangers. The Internet makes communication easy, and communication can be dangerous too. People often send secret information, and sometimes other people can steal that information. They can use the Internet to spread lies, steal secrets, or give dangerously bad advice. For example, Facebook has had some problems with privacy settings. Italy Italy ( ]) is a country in Southern Europe. It is a member of the European Union. Its official name is Repubblica Italiana. The Italian flag is green, white and red. Italy is a democratic republic. Italy is a founding member of the European Union. In 2022, Italy's president is Sergio Mattarella. Its prime minister is Giorgia Meloni. Italy is also a member of the G7, as it has the eighth largest gross domestic product in the world. Italy has become famous for its wine and its food. Some foods are different between regions. Famous dishes include various types of pasta, pizza, and grapes. Olives are also often used. Before 1861, Italy was made up of smaller kingdoms and city-states. The country's capital, Rome, is one of the most famous cities in the world. It was the capital of the Roman Empire. Other famous cities in Italy include Venice, Naples, Turin, Genoa, Florence, Palermo, and Milan. Geography. Italy is a peninsula. It is surrounded by the sea on all of its sides except its north side. Northern Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and Austria by the Alps, a chain of mountains. Mont Blanc ("Monte Bianco" in Italian or "white mountain" in English), the highest mountain in Western Europe, is in this chain. The second important chain of mountains in Italy is the Apennines (), which are in central and southern Italy. The Po River is the longest river in Italy. It flows through 5 cities: Turin, Piacenza, Cremona, and Ferrara. The Tiber River runs through the city of Rome. Northern Italy has some of the biggest lakes in the country, such as Lake Garda, Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Iseo. Because it is surrounded by the sea, Italy has a very long coast, which brings tourists from all over the world. Tourists also come to see Italy's historical places. The country has a number of islands, the biggest of which are Sicily and Sardinia, which can be reached by ship or aircraft. Italy has a border at sea with Libya to the south. Political geography. The capital of Italy is Rome. This is where the Roman Empire started. Other large cities in Italy include Milan, Naples, Turin, Florence, Palermo, and Venice. Two enclaves (separate countries) are located within Italy. They are San Marino, which is surrounded by Northern Italy, and the Vatican City, which is surrounded by the city of Rome. People and culture. People from Italy are called Italians. Even if an Italian were to leave Italy, it is possible that their descendants could also claim Italian citizenship. This is because of Italian nationality law relying mostly on "ius sanguinis," or "right of blood" in Latin. Almost all Italians are Christians. Most of these are Roman Catholics. Roman Catholicism is based in the Vatican City, which is home to its leader, the Pope. The population of Italy is about 60 million people. Almost 3 million of them live in Rome, and 1.5 million in Milan. As of December 2015, over 5 million foreigners were living in Italy, which is 8.3% of the total population. The official language of Italy is Italian. German, Slovenian, French, and a few others are also recognized. People also speak dialects of Italian such as Sicilian and Sardinian. There are many different dialects spoken in Italy. They vary between regions and sometimes between provinces. The people of Italy are mostly descendant from the ancient Romans. Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other country in the world. These sites are culturally important and valued according to UNESCO. About 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005, it made over 5 million tonnes of wine. Food. Famous Italian foods include pasta and pizza. Art. Many notable artists were from Italy. They include: Economy. Italy has a modern social welfare system. The labor market is very strong. Many foreigners, especially from Romania, work in Italy where the wages are much higher. Italy's modern society has been built up through loans. Now the country has a very high debt of 1.9 trillion euros or 120% of the country's total GDP. Religion. Most people in Italy are Roman Catholics, but the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. 87.8% of the people said they were Roman Catholic. Only about a third said they were active members (36.8%). There are also other Christian groups in Italy, with more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians. 180,000 of them belong to the Greek Orthodox Church. 550,000 are Pentecostals and Evangelicals (0.8%). 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%), 30,000 Waldensians, 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 20,000 Baptists, 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists. The country's oldest religious minority is the Jewish community. It has about 45,000 people. It is no longer the largest non-Christian group. About 825,000 Muslims live in Italy. Most of them immigrated. (1.41% of the total population) Only 50,000 are Italian citizens. In addition, there are 50,000 Buddhists 70,000 Sikh and 70,000 Hindus in Italy. Regions. Italy has 20 regions (). Every region is divided into provinces. There are 20 regions. Five of them have a special status, called "autonomous". This means that they can make certain local laws more easily. These regions are marked with an asterisk (*) below. Politics. The head of state is Sergio Mattarella. He became President of the Italian Republic in February 2015. The first president was Enrico De Nicola. The head of government is Giorgia Meloni. She became Prime Minister on October 22, 2022, the first woman in that role. She succeeded Mario Draghi. Draghi's cabinet, fell after support for his coalition fell. Italy was one of the first members of the European Union. In 2002 along with 11 other European countries, it changed to using the euro as its official currency. Before this, the Italian lira had been used since 1861. Anyone who wants to be President of Italy must have Italian citizenship, be at least 50 years old, and must be able to uphold political and civil rights. History. The capital of Italy is Rome. Rome was founded in 753 BC. It was a separate state well known as Roman Kingdom firstly, Roman Republic and Roman Empire later. It conquered various neighbors including the Etruscan civilization in the north and the states in the south known as Magna Graecia. Before 1861, Italy was not a state. The area included a group of separate states that were ruled by other countries (such as Austria, France, and Spain). In the 1850s, the Earl of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was the head of government of the "State of Sardinia". He talked to the Austrians in Lombardy and Veneto and said they should create a Northern Italian state. This happened, but other Central and Southern Italian states also joined Piedmont to create a bigger state. Kingdom of Italy. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, creating the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the king. In 1861, Latium and Veneto were still not part of Italy, because they were ruled by the Pope and Austrian Empire. Veneto was made part of Italy in 1866 after a war with Austria. Italian soldiers won Latium in 1870. That was when they took away the Pope's power. The Pope, who was angry, said that he was a prisoner to keep Catholic people from being active in politics. That was the year of Italian unification. Italy participated in World War I. It was an ally of Great Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers. Almost all of Italy's fighting was on the Eastern border, near Austria. After the "Caporetto defeat", Italy thought they would lose the war. But, in 1918, the Central Powers surrendered. Italy gained the Trentino-South Tyrol, which once was owned by Austria. Fascist Italy. In 1922, a new Italian government started. It was ruled by Benito Mussolini, the leader of Fascism in Italy. He became head of government and dictator, calling himself "Il Duce" (which means "leader" in Italian). He became friends with German dictator Adolf Hitler. Germany, Japan, and Italy became the Axis Powers. In 1940, they entered World War II together against France, Great Britain, and later the Soviet Union. During the war, Italy controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea. On July 25, 1943, Mussolini was removed by the Great Council of Fascism. On September 8, 1943, Badoglio said that the war as an ally of Germany was ended. Italy started fighting as an ally of France and the UK, but Italian soldiers did not know whom to shoot. In Northern Italy, a movement called Resistenza started to fight against the German invaders. On April 25, 1945, much of Italy became free, while Mussolini tried to make a small Northern Italian fascist state called the Republic of Salò. The fascist state failed and Mussolini tried to flee to Switzerland and escape to Francoist Spain, but he was captured by Italian partisans. On 28 April 1945 Mussolini was executed by a partisan. After World War Two. The state became a on June 2, 1946. For the first time, women were able to vote. Italian people ended the Savoia dynasty and adopted a republic government. In February 1947, Italy signed a peace treaty with the Allies. They lost all the colonies and some territorial areas (Istria and parts of Dalmatia). Since then Italy has joined NATO and the European Community (as a founding member). It is one of the seven biggest industrial economies in the world. Transportation. The railway network in Italy totals . It is the 17th longest in the world. High speed trains include -class trains which travel at speeds of up to . If If is a word to describe a statement where one thing depends on something else. For example: If — is a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. It appeared in the "Brother Square Toes" chapter of Kipling's book "Rewards and Fairies". In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. It is arguably Kipling's most famous poem. Island An island is a piece of land that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river, sea or ocean. Islands are smaller than continents. Greenland and Australia are huge islands, but they are built of continental rock, and the latter is generally considered a continent. The most ancient part of continental rock is far older and chemically more complex than the rock of the sea floor. The heart of continents is their cratons, which are the most ancient and stable parts of the Earth's crust. In the cratons are all the rare elements needed for electronic equipment. They were swept up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. The rare elements we need were all got indirectly from supernovae explosions. The Sun's energy comes from turning hydrogen into helium. There are some islands which do have rare elements, and that is a sign that they were once part of a large supercontinent. So Great Britain was once part of a supercontinent. The oldest rocks are 2,700 million years old, and include many rare elements only found in cratons. Britain is a snapped-off piece of the "Old Red Sandstone continent", now known as Laurasia. Other islands that were formed from the ocean floor, as Japan, and Hawaii were, lack most of the rare elements. Japan has for many years since WWII imported iron ore from Australia. Its seizing of Manchukuo (~Manchuria) and the infamous attack on Pearl Harbour no doubt had many reasons. Lack of raw materials was one of these Now it looks for potential in its nearby deep-sea muds. Interim Interim means "in between" or "transitional" (moving from one time or place to another), or "temporary." Some common "interim" items: Idiom An idiom is a common phrase which means something different from its literal meaning but can be understood because of their popular use. Idioms are difficult for someone not good at speaking the language. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom "shape up or ship out", which is like saying "improve your behavior or leave if you don't", might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people. Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known to almost everyone. Slang is usually special words, or special meanings of normal words that are known only to a particular group of people. To learn a language a person needs to learn the words in that language, and how and when to use them. But people also need to learn idioms separately because certain words together or at certain times can have different meanings. In order to understand an idiom, one sometimes needs to know the culture from which the idiom comes. To know the history of an idiom can be useful and interesting. For example, most native British English speakers know that "No room to swing a cat" means "there was not much space" and can use the idiom properly. However, few know this is because 200 years ago sailors were punished by being whipped with a "cat o' nine tails". A big space was cleared on the ship so that the person doing the whipping had room to "swing the cat". An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the dictionary definitions of each word taken separately. The linguist's term for the real meaning of an idiom is the subtext. Some common idioms. Less common idioms include Idioms which have unclear meaning. Articles by Oxfam and the BBC have said that many idioms in English are unclear, or ambiguous. Many are understood differently in different countries. Many of the examples are taken from face-to-face talk, but may also apply in written reports. Examples. Vocables are sounds that are not proper words, but mean something, and are often ambiguous. One is a long drawn-out sound "hmmmmmm". One suggestion is that these idioms are used to smooth over difficult areas in social interaction. They cover passive-aggressive statements which might cause more conflict if openly expressed. IELTS The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) tests how fluent you are in the English language. People who take the test take the Academic Module or the General Training Module. The academic one is for people who want to go to university. The general one is for people who want to do other training or want to get work experience. People who want to emigrate to a country that uses English also take the general one. Most universities in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States accept the IELTS. Many professional companies do as well. Ink Ink is a liquid that is used to write, draw, print, or make marks. The word ink is from Latin and means "colored water". Ink is used in pens, in some computer printers, and in printing presses. In some countries, people write by using ink and brushes. People usually write or print using black ink, but ink can be any color. The first ink was used in Egypt about 2600 BC. The first inks were carbon inks, made from soot, which is 80% carbon, water and gum arabic. Red ink would need iron oxide (such as haematite) from ground rocks instead of soot. Later, in Europe, people used iron gall ink. This is the kind of ink Johann Sebastian Bach and Leonardo da Vinci used. Now ink colours are produced by man-made dyes. A disadvantage of many kinds of ink is that they may smudge when wet, spoiling the picture or writing. If water-based ink is used, the writing situation needs to be stable, with the writer seated at a table. Ink in a ballpoint pen (biro) is a kind of gel. It is held in a thin long cylinder (tube) inside the pen. The ink does not fall out of the cylinder as it sticks to the sides of the tube. Therefore, ballpoint pens can be used in a wider range of circumstances compared to water-based inks. Inch The inch is a unit of length in the Imperial system and the United States customary system. The abbreviation for inches is in or ". There are 12 inches in a foot. One inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres. The word "inch" came from Middle English "unche", which came from Old English "ynce", from Latin "uncia" meaning "a twelfth part". History. The inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. The inch was finally standardised in the International Yard and Pound Treaty in 1959 between the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The international yard was made equal to 0.9144 metres. From this, subdivisions and multiples of the yard were specifically defined. Usage. In Britain and the United States, people use inches more than they use millimetres or centimetres. In the rest of the world, international units are almost always used. The inch is not used by scientists. In the United Kingdom, road signs that show how high a vehicle can be in order to pass through a tunnel are required to be in feet and inches. Theme parks and drive thru signs usually show it in metres. People regularly measure their height in feet and inches. Official medical records, however, are required to record people's height in metric measurements only. In Canada, a mix of centimetres and inches are used in height. Older generations, especially, use Imperial units. A lot of exposure to Americanized phrases leads to younger generations often having a good understanding of both the Imperial and metric systems. In the United States, height is always in feet and inches. Science is the only field to use metric measurements. Other Commonwealth countries, including Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Jamaica use inches to varying degrees. From every day use to exclusively the older community. Pint The pint (abbreviated pt) is a unit of volume in imperial units and United States customary units. There are three types of pints used in different countries. An imperial pint and US pint both equal of a quart and of a gallon. An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint. Imperial Pint. The imperial pint is the pint used in England, Canada, Ireland, and Burma. The unit may appear in other Commonwealth. Confusion in Canada often arises as liquids are occasionally sold in U.S. pints, near the border, although the official and only pint that is legal in Canada is the imperial pint. The imperial system has no dry pint and volume in dry units, since solid objects are measured by mass. 1 imperial pint equals 568,261.25 mm3. An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint. US Wet Pint. The US wet pint, or more commonly 'pint', is the unit used to measure volume in the United States. It is more common than the dry pint which is used for non-liquid volume measurements. 1 US pint is exactly equal to 473,176.473 mm3, defined by the international yard and pound agreement. US Dry Pint. The US dry pint was a unit used for measuring the volume of solid objects instead of mass or quantity. Italian The word Italian may mean: Italians Italians ( ) are a Romance ethnic group native to the Italian peninsula. Italians have a common culture, history, ancestry and language. ISO 19011 ISO 19011 is the new global accounting standard, replacing accounting standards that were part of ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. It is the most likely basis for accounting reform which could put an end to accounting scandals. The standard offers four resources to organizations to "save time, effort and money": India India (Hindi: ), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ) and also known as Hindustan or Bhārat within the country, is a country in South Asia. It is the second largest country by number of people and seventh largest country by land area. It also has the most people of any democracy in the world. India is a peninsula, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It has six neighbors: Pakistan in the north-west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan in the north, and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. Sri Lanka is nearby to the south. The capital city of India is New Delhi. India has the second largest military force in the world and is also a nuclear weapon state. India's economy became the world's fastest growing in the G20 developing nations during 2014, replacing the People's Republic of China. India's literacy and wealth are also rising. According to New World Wealth, India is the fifth richest country in the world with a total individual wealth of $12.6 trillion. However, it still has many social and economic issues like poverty and corruption. India is a founding member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and has signed the Kyoto Protocol. India has the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP, the third largest by GDP (PPP) and is the fastest growing major economy. India is a nuclear power and has the second largest standing military in the world. India has its own space agency and has done various research throughout the solar system. India is also a member of the G20 and has been described as a potential superpower due to its rising economy and increase in global influence. India has the fourth largest number of spoken languages per country in the world, only behind Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Nigeria. People of many different religions live there, including the five most popular world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity. The first three religions originated from the Indian subcontinent along with Jainism. National Symbols of India. The National emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back. The lions symbolise power, pride, confidence, and courage (bravery). Only the government can use this emblem, according to the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005 The name India comes from the Greek word, "Indus". This came from the word "sindhu", which in time turned into Hind or Hindi or Hindu. The preferred native name or endonym is "Bharat" in Hindi and other Indian languages as contrasted with names from outsiders. Some of the national symbols are: History. Some of the main classical languages of the world Tamil language and Sanskrit was born in today's India. Both of these languages are more than 3000 years old. The country founded a religion called Hinduism, which most Indians still follow. Later, a king named Chandragupt Maurya built an empire called the Maurya Empire in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one whole country. From 180 BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC  AD 1100), other Indian dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. Southern India at that time was famous for its science, art, and writing. The Cholas of Thanjavur were pioneers at war in the seas and invaded Malaya, Borneo, Cambodia. The influence of Cholas are still well noticeable in SE Asia. Many dynasties ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the Mughal, Vijayanagara, and the Maratha empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British controlled most of India by 1856. In the early 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest against British control. One of the people who led the freedom movement was Mahatma Gandhi, who only used peaceful tactics, including a way called "ahimsa", which means "non-violence". On 15 August 1947, India peacefully became free and independent from the British Empire. India's constitution was founded on 26 January 1950. Every year, on this day, Indians celebrate Republic Day. The first official leader (Prime Minister) of India was Jawaharlal Nehru. After 1947, India had a socialist planned economy. It is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. It has fought many wars since independence from Britain, including the wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and 1999 with Pakistan and in 1962 with China. It also fought a war to capture Goa, a Portuguese-built port and a city that was not a part of India until 1961. The Portuguese refused to give it to the country, and so India had to use force and the Portuguese were defeated. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and it is one of the few countries that have nuclear bombs. Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Government. India is the largest democracy in the world. India's government is divided into three parts: the Legislative (the one that makes the laws, the Parliament), the Executive (the government), and the Judiciary (the one that makes sure that the laws are obeyed, the supreme court). The legislative branch is made up of the Parliament of India, which is in New Delhi, the capital of India. The Parliament of India is divided into two houses: the upper house, Rajya Sabha (Council of States); and the lower house, Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha has 250 members, and the Lok Sabha has 552 members. The executive branch is made up of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The President of India is elected for a period of five years. The President can choose the Prime Minister, who has most of the power. The Council of Ministers, such as the Minister of Defence, helps the Prime Minister. Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on 16 May 2014. He is the 19th Prime Minister of India. The president has less power than the prime minister. The judicial branch is made up of the courts of India, including the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court members have the power to stop a law being passed by Parliament if they think that the law is illegal and contradicts (opposes) the Constitution of India. In India, there are also 24 High Courts. Geography and climate. India is the seventh biggest country in the world. It is the main part of the Indian subcontinent. The countries next to India are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. It is also near Sri Lanka, an island country. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India, is near Thailand, Indonesia, and Myanmar. India is a peninsula, which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. The coastline of India is of about long. The northern part of India has many mountains. The most famous mountain range in India is the Himalayas, which have some of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna. India has different climates. In the South, the climate is mainly tropical, which means it can get very hot in summer and cool in winter. The northern part, though, has a cooler climate, called sub-tropical, and even alpine in mountainous regions. The Himalayas, in the alpine climate region, can get extremely cold. There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the deserts of India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year. That time is called the monsoon. That is because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land dries out because there is less rain) are possible. Monsoons normally come around July - August. Defence. The Indian Armed Forces is the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy and Air Force. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command. The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence. In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world. The Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries. In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world. From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and a war with China. Indian states. For administration purposes, India has been divided into smaller pieces. Most of these pieces are called states, some are called union territories. States and union territories are different in the way they are represented. Most union territories are ruled by administrators (called Lieutenant Governors) sent by the central government. All the states, and the territories of Delhi, and Puducherry elect their local government themselves. In total, there are twenty-eight states and nine union territories. States: Union territories: Trouble with the borders. There are disputes about certain parts of the Indian borders. Countries do not agree on where the borders are. Pakistan and China do not recognise the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian government claims it as an Indian state. Similarly, the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir. In 1914, British India and Tibet agreed on the McMahon Line, as part of the Simla Accord. In July 1914, China withdrew from the agreement. Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. China does not agree, and both mainland China and Taiwan do not recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. According to them, it is a part of South Tibet, which belongs to China. Economy. The economy of the country is among the world's fastest growing. It is the 7th largest in the world with a nominal GDP of $2,250 billion (USD), and in terms of PPP, the economy is 3rd largest (worth US$8.720 trillion). The growth rate is 8.25% for fiscal 2010. However, that is still $3678 (considering PPP) per person per year. India's economy is based mainly on: India's economy is diverse. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles. However, despite economic growth, India continues to suffer from poverty. 27.5% of the population was living in poverty in 2004–2005. In addition, 80.4% of the population live on less than US$2 a day, which was lowered to 68% by 2009. People. There are 1.4 billion people living in India. India is the second largest country by the number of people living in it, with China being the first. Experts think that in the year 2023, India will become the first. About 65% of Indians live in rural areas, or land set aside for farming. The largest cities in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad. India has 23 official languages. Altogether, 1,625 languages are spoken in India. Languages. There are many different languages and cultures in India. The only geographical place with more different languages and cultures is the African continent. There are two main language families in India, the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages. About 69% of Indians speak an Indo-Arayan language, and about 26% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic group. Around 5% of the people speak a Tibeto-Burman language. Hindi is the official language in India with the largest number of speakers. It is the official language of the union. Native speakers of Hindi represent about 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census). English is also used, mostly for business and in administration. It has the status of a 'subsidiary official language'. The constitution also recognises 21 other languages. Either many people speak those languages, or they have been recognized to be very important for Indian culture. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652. In the south of India, many people speak Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. In the north, many people speak Chhattisgarhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi, Odia, and Bihari. India has 27 official languages. Its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the languages. Hindi and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union" (Union meaning the Federal Government in Delhi); Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia are officially the "classical languages of India." Culture. Cave paintings from the Stone Age are found across India. They show dances and rituals and suggest there was a prehistoric religion. During the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata" were written from about 500–100 BCE, although these were orally transmitted for centuries before this period. Other South Asian Stone Age sites apart from Pakistan are in modern India, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art showing religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music. Several modern religions are linked to India, namely modern Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. All of these religions have different "schools" (ways of thinking) and traditions that are related. As a group they are called the Eastern religions. The Indian religions are similar to one another in many ways: The basic beliefs, the way worship is done and several religious practices are very similar. These similarities mainly come from the fact that these religions have a common history and common origins. They also influenced each other. The religion of Hinduism is the main faith followed by 79.80% of people in the Republic of India; Islam – 14.23%; Christianity – 2.30%; Sikhism – 1.72%; Buddhism – 0.70% and Jainism – 0.37%. Technology. India sent a spacecraft to Mars for the first time in 2014. That made it the fourth country and first Asian country to do so, successfully. It was called the Mars Orbiter Mission. ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single mission to create a world record. India became the first nation in the world to have launched over a hundred satellites in one mission. That was more than the 2014 Russian record of 37 satellites in a single launch. Pop culture. India has the largest movie industry in the world. It is based in Bombay which is now known as Mumbai, the industry is also known as Bollywood. It makes 1,000 movies a year, about twice as many as Hollywood. Sports. Indians have excelled in Hockey. They have also won eight gold, one silver, and two bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is the most popular sport in India. The Indian cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. They shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka and won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. Cricket in India is controlled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India or BCCI. Domestic tournaments are the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the Challenger Series. There is also the Indian cricket league and Indian premier league Twenty20 competitions. Tennis has become popular due to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala. The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup many times. Chess, which comes from India, is also becoming popular. This is with the increase in the number of Indian Grandmasters. Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played throughout India. Insult An insult is a description of someone that will offend them. It may or may not be true. It is called "derogatory" language. Terms like foolish, stupid, idiot and moron are insults, because they say that a person's mind is not quick or smart. Insulting someone's mother directly is a serious insult in many cultures. Ritual insults are part of many cultures. For example, they can be found in sports and military training. They are also very common in jargons. For example, the word "newbie" is a part of net jargon. Calling someone a newbie is usually insulting. One should be very careful when using new words to describe others. Reason. Usually, someone insults others because they want to feel like they are better or have more power (influence) than the people they insult. They may want this because they are actually afraid that they are worse or less powerful than the people they are insulting. Effects. When someone is insulted, their pride is hurt. They may want to fight back by insulting the person who insulted them, or by telling someone who is older. Immunology Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is the parts of the body which work against infection and parasitism by other living things. Immunology deals with the working of the immune system in health and diseases, and with malfunctions of the immune system. An immune system is present in all plants and animals. We know this because biologists have found genes coding for toll-like receptors in many different metazoans. These toll-like receptors can recognise bacteria as 'foreign', and are the starting-point for immune reactions. The type of immunity which is triggered by the toll-like receptors is called innate immunity. This is because it is entirely inherited in our genome, and is fully working as soon as our tissues and organs are properly developed. Vertebrates, "and only vertebrates", have a second type of immunity. This is called adaptive immunity, because it 'remembers' previous infections. Then, if the same infection occurs again, the reaction is much stronger and faster. This immunological memory "confers a tremendous survival advantage" and with it vertebrates "can survive over a long lifetime in a pathogen-filled environment". Types of immunity in vertebrates. Innate immune response. The innate immune system is usually means all of the cells and systems that does not have to be exposed to a particular pathogen before they can work. Innate immunity starts with the skin, which is an excellent barrier to infection. Adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune system includes cells and systems that do require previous exposure to a pathogen. It explains the unique ability of the mammalian immune system to remember previous infections and mount a rapid and robust reaction to secondary infections. This immunological memory is due to the biology of T-cells and B-cells. Other aspects of immunity. Vaccines boost the acquired immune system by offering weak forms of infection that the body can fight off. The system remembers how to do it again when a stronger infection happens. If the vaccine works, the body can then fight off a serious infection. The distribution of vaccines and other immune system affecting cures can be considered another level of acquired immune system, one governed by access to vaccination and medicine in general. The intersection of this with the spread of disease (as studied in epidemiology) is part of the field of public health. Errors and weaknesses. Errors of the immune system may cause damage. In autoimmune diseases, the body attacks parts of itself because the system mistakes some parts of the body as 'foreign'. Some kinds of arthritis are caused this way. Sometimes serious pathogens slip in because their surface is disguised as something the host cell walls can accept. That is how viruses work. Once inside a cell, their genetic material controls the cell. Infections like HIV get in this way, and then attack cells which are the basis of the immune system. Artificial means are often used to restore immune system function in an HIV-challenged body, and prevent the onset of AIDS. This is one of the most complex issues in immunology as it involves every level of that system. This research during the 1980s and 1990s radically changed the view of the human immune system and its functions and integration in the human body. History of immunology. Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides (460–395 BC) noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of some diseases could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity led to Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) developing vaccination and the germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until the proofs Robert Koch (1843–1910) published in 1891 (for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905) that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, when the yellow fever virus was discovered by Walter Reed (1851–1902). Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction. The Nobel Prize for 1908 was jointly awarded to Ehrlich and the founder of cellular immunology, Ilya Mechnikov (1845–1916). The simplest form of immunity is the DNA restriction system in bacteria that prevents infection by bacteriophages. Infinity Infinity (formula_1) is a number which is about things that never end. It is written in a single digit. Infinity means many different things, depending on when it is used. The word is from Latin origin, meaning "without end". Infinity goes on forever, so sometimes space, numbers, and other things are said to be 'infinite', because they never come to a stop. Infinity is usually not an actual number, but it is sometimes used as one. Infinity often says how "many" there is of something, instead of how "big" something is. For example, there are infinitely many whole numbers (called integers), but there is no integer which is infinitely big. But different kinds of math have different kinds of infinity. So its meaning often changes. There are two kinds of infinity: potential infinity and actual infinity. Potential infinity is a process that never stops. For example, adding 10 to a number. No matter how many times 10 is added, 10 more can still be added. Actual infinity, on the other hand, refers to objects that are accepted as infinite entities (such as transfinite numbers). Infinity in Mathematics. Mathematicians have different sizes of infinity and three different kinds of infinity. Counting infinity. The number of things, beginning with 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., to include infinite cardinal numbers. There are many different cardinal numbers. Infinity can be defined in one of two ways: Infinity is a number so big that a part of it can be of the same size; Infinity is larger than all of the natural numbers. There is a smallest infinite number, "countable infinity". It is the counting number for all of the whole numbers. It is also the counting number of the rational numbers. The mathematical notation is the Hebrew letter aleph with a subscript zero; formula_2. It is spoken "aleph naught". It was a surprise to learn that there are larger infinite numbers. The number of real numbers, that is, all numbers with decimals, is larger than the number of rational numbers, the number of fractions. This shows that there are real numbers which are not fractions. The smallest infinite number greater than formula_2 is formula_4 (aleph one). The number of mathematical functions is the next infinite cardinal number, formula_5. And these numbers, called aleph numbers, go on without end. Ordering infinity. A different "type" of infinity are the ordinal numbers, beginning "first, second, third, ...". The order "first, second, third, ..." and so on to infinity is "different" from the order "ending" "..., third, second, first". The difference is important for mathematical induction. The simple "first, second, third, ... " has the mathematical name: the Greek letter omega with subscript zero: formula_6. (Or simply omega formula_7.) The infinite series ending "... third, second, first" is formula_8. The real line and complex plane. The third "type" of infinity has the symbol formula_1. This is treated as addition to the real numbers or the complex numbers. It is the result of division by zero, or to indicate that a series is increasing (or decreasing) without bound. The series 1, 2, 3, ... increases without upper bound. This is written: the limit is formula_10. In calculus, the integral over all real numbers is written: formula_11 The arithmetic of infinity. Each kind of infinity has different rules. Addition, multiplication, exponentiation. formula_12 Addition with "alephs" is commutative. formula_13 Multiplication with "alephs" is commutative. formula_14 formula_15. formula_16. Addition with "omegas" is not commutative. formula_17. Multiplication with "omegas" is not commutative. formula_18 formula_19 formula_20 Subtraction, division. formula_21 Otherwise, division by infinity is not meaningful. Subtraction with infinity is not meaningful. January January (Jan.) is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between December (of the previous year) and February (of the current year). It has 31 days. January begins on the same day of the week as October in common years, and April and July in leap years. January ends on the same day of the week as February and October in common years, and July in leap years. The Month. January is named for Janus, the Roman god of doors and gates. January and February were put on the calendar after all the other months. This is because in the original Roman calendar, winter did not have months. Although March was originally the first month, January became the new first month because that was when people chose the new consuls (Roman leaders). The month has 31 days. January is a winter month in the Northern Hemisphere and a summer month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of July in the other. Perihelion, the point in its orbit where the Earth is closest to the Sun, also occurs in this month, between January 2 and January 5. January begins on the same day of the week as October in common years and on the same day of the week as April and July in leap years. January ends on the same day of the week as February and October in common years and on the same day of the week as July in leap years. January is the only month of the year that always has a "twin" - a month that both begins and ends on the same day of the week as it does. In a common year, this is October, and in a leap year, July. Every year, January both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. In common years immediately before other common years, January starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, September and December of the following year. In common years immediately before other common years, January finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, April and December of the following year. January's flower is the carnation with its birthstone being the garnet. The first day of January is called New Year's Day. It is said that it became this date when Roman consuls took office on this day in 153 BC. Different calendars across Europe made this the start of the New Year at different times, as some observed it on March 25. Reaching over from December, the Christmas season in Christianity also extends into this month. Eastern churches celebrate Christmas on January 6 or January 7, and Epiphany on January 18 or January 19 - In Western Christianity this occurs on January 6, with Christmas occurring on December 25. January 1 is celebrated the Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, that is a feast day of precept of the Blessed Virgin Mary. June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between May and July. It has 30 days. In Sweden in 1732 the month had 31 days. June never begins on the same day of the week as any other month, but always ends on the same day of the week as March. The Month. June comes between May and July and is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. It is one of four months to have 30 days. No other month of any year begins on the same day of the week as June: this month and May are the only two months with this property. June ends on the same day of the week as March every year, as each other's last days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart.In common years, June starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the previous year, and in leap years, April and July of the previous year. In common years, June finishes on the same day of the week as September of the previous year, and in leap years, April and December of the previous year. Every year, June starts on the same day of the week as February of the following year, as each other's first days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. In years immediately before common years, June starts on the same day of the week as March and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, August of the following year. In years immediately before common years, June finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year. June is one of two months to have a solstice (the other is December, its seasonal equivalent in both hemispheres), and in this month the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, meaning that June 20 or June 21 is the Northern Summer Solstice and the Southern Winter Solstice. This means that this date would have the most daylight of any day in the Northern hemisphere, and the least in the Southern Hemisphere. There are 24 hours of daylight at the North Pole and 24 hours of darkness at the South Pole. Selection of Historical Events. June 1, 1794: French Revolutionary Wars: The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France. June 2, 1953: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. June 3, 1965: The launch of "Gemini 4", the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew. June 4, 1783: The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their "montgolfière" (hot air balloon). June 5, 1837: Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas. June 6, 1844: The Young Men's Christian Association is founded in London. June 7, 1942: World War II: The Battle of Midway ends in American victory. June 8, 1949: George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" is published. June 9, 1944: World War II: Tulle massacre June 10, 2003: The "Spirit" rover is launched for NASA's Mars Exploration mission June 11, 2010: 2010 FIFA World Cup (first African FIFA) June 12, 2018: 2018 North Korea-United States Summit June 13, 1983: "Pioneer 10" becomes the first man-made object to leave the central Solar System June 25, 1950: Korean War starts. June 30, 1908: Tunguska event. July July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between June and August. It has 31 days. July was named after Julius Caesar. The mid-way point of the year is either on July 2 or in the night of July 1-2. July always begins on the same day of the week as April, and additionally, January in leap years. July doesn't end on the same day of the week as any other month in common years, but ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years. The Month. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of January in the other hemisphere. In the North, it is summer and in the South it is winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, July is often the warmest month of the year, and major sporting events and music festivals are held around this time. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is a winter month, with the coldest-recorded temperature having been measured in Antarctica in this month. July begins on the same day of the week as April every year and on the same day of the week as January in leap years. No other month in common years ends on the same day of the week as July, but July ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years. In common years, July starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as February and October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, July both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, July starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, June of the following year. In years immediately before common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as April and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, September of the following year. July's flower is a variety of the water lily. Its birthstone is the ruby. The meaning for the birthstone ruby is contented mind. Astrological signs for July are Cancer (June 21 - July 21) and Leo (July 22 - August 21). In the old Roman calendar, July was called "Quintilis", meaning "Fifth Month", because, in the old calendar, the year began in March. Augustus later renamed it July in honor of Julius Caesar, whose birthday was in this month. Augustus later also named the following month, August, after himself. Japan Japan (; Romanised as "nihon" or "nippon") is a country in East Asia. It is a group of many islands close to the east coast of Korea, China and Russia. The Pacific Ocean is to the east of Japan and the Sea of Japan is to the west. Most people in Japan live on one of the four islands. The biggest of these islands, Honshu, has the most people. Honshu is the 7th largest island in the world. Tokyo is the capital of Japan and its biggest city. The Japanese people call their country "Nihon" or "Nippon", which means "the origin of the Sun" in Japanese. Japan is a monarchy whose head of state is called the Emperor. Japan is the oldest monarchy in the world, lasting more than 2,000 years. History of Japan. The first people in Japan were the Ainu people and other Jōmon people. They were closer related to Europeans or Mongols. They were later conquered and replaced by the Yayoi people (early Japanese and Ryukyuans). The Yayoi were an ancient ethnic group that migrated to the Japanese archipelago mainly from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). Modern Japanese people have primarily Yayoi ancestry at an average of 97%. The indigenous Ryukyuan and Ainu peoples have more Jōmon ancestry on the other hand. The earliest records on Japan are from Chinese documents. One of those records said there were many small countries (in Japan) which had wars between them and later a country, ruled by a queen, became the strongest, unified others, and brought peace. The Japanese began to write their own history after the 5th and 6th centuries, when people from Korea and China taught Japan about the Chinese writing system. Japan's neighbours also taught them Buddhism. The Japanese changed Buddhism in many ways. For example, Japanese Buddhists used ideas such as Zen more than other Buddhists. Japan had some contact with the Europeans in the 16th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Japan. Later, the Spanish and Dutch came to Japan to trade. Also, they brought Christianity. Japan's leaders welcomed them at first, but because Europeans had conquered many places in the world, the Japanese were scared they would conquer Japan too. So the Japanese did not let the Europeans come into Japan anymore, except in a small area in Nagasaki city. Many Christians were killed. Only the Chinese, Korean, and Dutch people were allowed to visit Japan, in the end, and they were under careful control of the Japanese government. Japan was opened for visitors again in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry, when the Americans wanted to use Japanese ports for American whale boats. Perry brought steamships with guns, which scared the Japanese into making an agreement with him. This new contact with Europeans and Americans changed the Japanese culture. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 stopped some old ways and added many new ones. The Empire of Japan was created, and it became a very powerful nation and tried to invade the countries next to it. It invaded and annexed Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan, and Korea. It had wars with China and Russia: the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, World War I. In 1918, World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and in China. which grew to become a part of World War II when Japan became allies with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. In 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, a water base of the United States, and destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes. This started the United States' involvement in World War II. American and Japanese forces fought each other in the Pacific. Once airbases were established within range of the Japanese mainland, America began to win, and started dropping bombs on Japanese cities. America was able to bomb most of the important cities and quickly brought Japan close to defeat. To make Japan surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 150,000 Japanese citizens. Soon after this the Soviet Union began to fight against Japan, and the Japanese army in Manchuria lost. Japan surrendered and gave up all the places it took from other countries, accepting the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States occupied Japan from September 1945 to April 1952 and forced it to write a new constitution, in which it promised to never go to war again. Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. A period of record growth propelled Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world.On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history, triggering the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. On May 1, 2019, after the historic abdication of Emperor Akihito, his son Naruhito became Emperor, beginning the Reiwa era. On 8 July 2022, former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was assassinated while giving a campaign speech in Nara. Geography. Japan is a group of islands in the Western Pacific, off the coast of China. The four biggest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and there are about 6,000 smaller islands there. Japan is separated from the Asian continent by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Honshu, which means 'Mainland' in the Japanese language, is the biggest island. Hokkaido is the island north of Honshu. Kyushu is the island west of Honshu. Shikoku is the island to the south-west of Honshu. In the middle of Japan there are mountains. They cover the middle of the islands and leave a very narrow strip of flat land on most coasts. Many of the mountains are extinct volcanoes, but some are still active. The highest of these mountains is the beautiful, volcano-shaped Mt Fuji (3,776 metres or 12,389 feet high). Japan has many earthquakes, in fact there are about 1500 of these every year. The biggest earthquake recorded in Japan was in 2011 - called '2011 Tohoku Earthquake'. It caused great damage to several power plants forcing Japan to shut down all its nuclear plants. There was nuclear core meltdown which caused a serious health risk to nearby villages and cities. 90% of the people living in Japan live in just 10% of the land, near the coast. The other 10% of the people in Japan live away from the coast. Over 10 cities have more than a million people in them. The biggest city in Japan is Tokyo, which is the capital. Politics and government. Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. Since the late 19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established a civil code based on the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, which remains in effect with post–World War II modifications. The Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947, is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.The ruling party is the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) and the prime minister is Fumio Kishida. The legislature of Japan is called the National Diet. Science and technology. In the past, the Japanese learned science by way of China or from Europe in the Meiji Era. However, in recent decades Japan has been a leading innovator in several fields, including chemical engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics. There are many technological companies in Japan, and these companies make products for export. The robot Asimo was made and introduced in the year 2000. It was manufactured by Honda. Society and culture. Many things in Japanese culture originated in China, like Go and bonsai. Cherry blossom also known as Japanese cherry and Sakura is thought to be the national flower of Japan. Japan's traditional food is seafood, rice, miso soup, and vegetables. Noodles and tofu are also common. Sushi, a Japanese food made of cooked rice with vinegar with other ingredients such as raw fish, is popular around the world. The religion in Japan is mostly Shinto and Buddhist. Due to the tolerant nature of the two main Japanese religions, and the resulting intermixing of the two, many Japanese identify as both Shinto and Buddhist at the same time. There are small numbers of Christians and Hindus, and a few Jews. When it comes to popular culture, Japan is famous for making video games. Many of the biggest companies that make games, like Nintendo, Namco, and Sega, are Japanese. Other well-known parts of Japanese arts are comics, called manga, and digital animation, or anime. Many people get to know Japanese or how life in Japan is like by reading manga or watching anime on television. The Ryukyuans and the Ainu both have their own separate cultures, languages and religion. Cities. The biggest cities in Japan are: In Japan there are seven traditional regions: Territorial problem. Since Japan is an island nation, Japan has several problems over territory because maritime boundaries can be hard to protect. These days, Japan is competing for at least 4 different territories. It cannot agree with some neighbouring countries on whether the land belongs to Japan or the other country. Public transportation. There are several important international airports in Japan. Narita is the major international airport in the Tokyo area. Kansai International Airport serves as the main airport for Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Chūbu Centrair International Airport near Nagoya is the newest of the three. Haneda Airport is close to central Tokyo and is the largest domestic airport in the country. The Shinkansen is one of the fastest trains in the world and connects cities in Honshu and Kyushu. Networks of public and private railways are almost all over the country. People mostly travel between cities in buses. Subdivisions. Modern Japan is divided into 47 prefectures. Before the Meiji period (1868-1912), the nation was divided into provinces which were consolidated in the prefectural system. Sports. Japan has many traditional sports such as sumo, judo, karate, kyudo, aikido, iaido and kendo. Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as baseball, soccer, rugby, golf and skiing. Baseball is the most popular sport. Japan has taken part in the Olympic Games since 1912. It hosted the Olympic Games in 1964, 1972, 1998 and 2020. From 1912 until now, Japanese sportspeople have won 398 medals in total. Professional sports are also popular and many sports such as baseball (see Pacific League and Central League), soccer (see List of Japanese football teams), sumo, American football, basketball and volleyball, are played professionally. Jargon Jargon is a special way to use words that are shared only by a certain group of people. They do not mean what the dictionary says they mean. They have different meanings to the people using them than their everyday meaning. For example, the ordinary words "boot", "net", and "web" also have special meanings for users of computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. These, and to flame, to ping and many acronyms are part of net jargon. An "acronym" means that only some of the letters in the word or phrase are used. Often this is the first letter of each word. Other acronyms found online are simply common shorthand. Usually, more jargon is created over time. Jargon is also common in the military. It includes phrases like SNAFU. Jargon can be used by a clique to prevent others from joining or understanding, but it also is often just used because it is shorter. Jupiter Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System. It is the fifth planet from the Sun. Jupiter is a gas giant, because it is so large and made of gas. The other gas giants are Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter's mass is 1.8986×1027 kg, or about 318 times the mass of Earth. This is more than twice the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System put together. Jupiter can be seen even without using a telescope. The ancient Romans named the planet after their King of Gods, Jupiter (Latin: "Iuppiter"). Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky. Only the Earth's moon and Venus are brighter. Jupiter has 79 moons. About 50 of them are very small—less than five kilometres wide. The four largest moons of Jupiter are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are called the Galilean moons, because Galileo Galilei discovered them. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. Its diameter is larger than the planet Mercury's. Name and symbol. Jupiter was named for the king of the gods. The Greeks called him Zeus. The Romans called him Jupiter. The symbol for Jupiter, , is from the Greek zeta. It has a horizontal stroke. This stands as an abbreviation for "Zeus". Structure. Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System. Its diameter is 142,984 km. This is eleven times bigger than the diameter of Earth. Atmosphere. The atmosphere near the surface of Jupiter is about 88 to 92% hydrogen, 8 to 12% helium, and 1% other gases. The lower atmosphere is so heated and the pressure so high that helium changes to liquid. It rains down onto the planet. Based on spectroscopy, Jupiter seems to be made of the same gases as Saturn. It is different from Neptune or Uranus. Those two planets have much less hydrogen and helium gas. The very high temperatures and pressures in Jupiter's core mean scientists cannot tell what materials are there. This cannot be found out, because it is not possible to create the same amount of pressure on Earth. Above the unknown inner core is an outer core. The outer core of Jupiter is thick, liquid hydrogen. The pressure is high enough to make the hydrogen solid, but then it melts because of the heat. The planet Jupiter is sometimes called a failed star because it is made of the same elements (hydrogen and helium) as is the Sun, but it is not large enough to have the internal pressure and temperature necessary to cause hydrogen to fuse to helium, the energy source that powers the sun and most other stars. Mass. Jupiter is twice as massive as all the other planets in the Solar System put together. It gives off more heat than it gets from the Sun. Jupiter is 11 times the width of Earth and 318 times as massive. The volume of Jupiter is 1,317 times the volume of Earth. In other words, 1,317 Earth-sized objects could fit inside it. Cloud layers. Jupiter has many bands of clouds going horizontally across its surface. The light parts are zones and the darker are belts. The zones and belts often interact with each other. This causes huge storms. Wind speeds of 360 kilometres per hour (km/h) are common on Jupiter. To show the difference the strongest tropical storms on Earth are about 100 km/h. Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia. There may also be clouds of water vapor like clouds on Earth. Spacecrafts such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet. Scientists think it was water vapor because lightning needs water vapor. These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth. The brown and orange colors are caused when sunlight passes through or refracts with the many gases in the atmosphere. Great Red Spot. One of the biggest features in Jupiter's atmosphere is the Great Red Spot. It is a huge storm which is bigger than the entire Earth. It is on record since at least 1831, and as early as 1665. Images by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown as many as two smaller "red spots" next to the Great Red Spot. Storms can last for hours or as long as hundreds of years in the case of the Great Red Spot. Magnetic field. Jupiter has a magnetic field like Earth's but 11 times stronger. It also has a "magnetosphere" much bigger and stronger than Earth's. The field traps radiation belts much stronger than Earth's Van Allen radiation belts, strong enough to endanger any spacecraft travelling past or to Jupiter. The magnetic field is probably caused by the large amounts of liquid metallic hydrogen in the core of Jupiter. The four largest moons of Jupiter and many of the smaller ones orbit or go around the planet within the magnetic field. This protects them from the solar wind. Jupiter's magnetic field is so large, it reaches the orbit of Saturn 7.7 million miles (12 million km) away. The Earth's magnetosphere does not even cover its moon, less than a quarter of a million miles (400,000 km) away. Jupiter also experiences large aurorae, which happen when charged particles from the volcanic moon Io land in its atmosphere. Ring system. Jupiter also has a thin planetary ring system. These rings are difficult to see and were not discovered until 1979 by NASA's Voyager 1 probe. There are four parts to Jupiter's rings. The closest ring to Jupiter is called the Halo Ring. The next ring is called the Main Ring. It is about wide and only thick. The Main and Halo rings of Jupiter are made of small, dark particles. The third and fourth rings, called the "Gossamer" Rings, are transparent (see through) and are made from microscopic debris and dust. This dust probably comes from small meteors striking the surface of Jupiter's moons. The third ring is called the Amalthea Gossamer Ring, named after moon Amalthea. The outer ring, the Thebe Gossamer Ring, is named after the moon Thebe. The outer edge of this ring is about from Jupiter. Orbit. The orbit of a planet is the time and path it takes to go around the Sun. In the amount of time it takes for Jupiter to orbit the Sun one time, the Earth orbits the Sun 11.86 times. One year on Jupiter is equal to 11.86 years on Earth. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million kilometres. This is five times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Jupiter is not tilted on its axis as much as Earth or Mars. This causes it to have no seasons, for example summer or winter. Jupiter rotates, or spins around very quickly. This causes the planet to bulge in the middle. Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in the Solar System. It completes one rotation or spin in 10 hours. Because of the bulge, the length of the equator of Jupiter is much longer than the length from pole to pole. Grand tack hypothesis. The orbit of Jupiter is unusual among star systems. It is usual for giant planets to be much nearer to their stars. Because it is not, it suggests an unusual explanation is needed for the arrangement of the planets in the Solar System. These details are based on a new model of the early Solar System developed by an international team that includes NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Research and exploration. From Earth. Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky, after the Moon and Venus. The first person known to really study the planet was Galileo Galilei in 1610. He was the first person to see Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. This was because he used a telescope, unlike anyone before him. No new moons were discovered for more than two hundred years. In 1892, astronomer E.E Barnard found a new moon using his observatory in California. He called the moon Amalthea. It was the last of Jupiter's 67 moons to be discovered by human observation through a telescope. In 1994, bits of the comet Shoemaker Levy-9 hit Jupiter. It was the first time people saw a collision between two Solar System objects. From spacecraft. Seven spacecraft have flown past Jupiter since 1973. These were Pioneer 10 (1973), Pioneer 11 (1974), Voyagers 1 and 2 (1979), Ulysses (1992 and 2004), Cassini (2000) and New Horizons (2007). Two spacecraft have been brought into orbit around Jupiter. These were Galileo (1995) and Juno (2011). The Pioneer missions were the first spacecraft to take close up pictures of Jupiter and its moons. Five years later, the two Voyager spacecraft discovered over 20 new moons. They captured photo evidence of lightning on the night side of Jupiter. The Ulysses probe was sent to study the Sun. It only went to Jupiter after it had finished its main mission. Ulysses had no cameras so it took no photographs. In 2006, the Cassini spacecraft, on its way to Saturn, took some very good, very clear pictures of the planet. Cassini also found a moon and took a picture of it but it was too far away to show the details. The Galileo mission in 1995 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around Jupiter. It flew around the planet for seven years and studied the four biggest moons. It launched a probe into the planet to get information about Jupiter's atmosphere. The probe travelled to a depth of about 150 km before it was crushed by the pressure of all the gas above it. The Galileo spacecraft was also crushed in 2003 when NASA steered the craft into the planet. They did this so that the craft could not crash into Europa, a moon which scientists think might have life. NASA have sent another spacecraft to Jupiter called Juno. It was launched on August 5, 2011 and arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016. NASA published some results from the Juno mission in March 2018. Several other missions have been planned to send spacecraft to Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto. One called JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was cancelled in 2006 because it cost too much money. Moons. Jupiter has 80 known moons. The four largest were seen by Galileo with his primitive telescope, and nine more can be seen from Earth with modern telescopes. The rest of the moons have been identified by spacecraft. The smallest moon (S/2003 J 12) is only one kilometre across. The largest, Ganymede, has a diameter of 5,262 kilometres. It is bigger than the planet Mercury. The other three Galilean moons are Io, Europa and Callisto. Because of the way they orbit Jupiter, gravity affects three of these moons greatly. The friction caused by the gravity of Europa and Ganymede pulling on Io makes it the most volcanic object in the Solar System. It has over 400 volcanoes, more than three times as many as Earth. Jupiter in the Solar System. The grand tack hypothesis is that Jupiter disturbed all the inner planets before moving out to its present position. The following account is about its present position. Jupiter's large gravity has had an effect on the Solar System. Jupiter protects the inner planets from comets by pulling them towards itself. Because of this, Jupiter has the most comet impacts in the Solar System. Two groups of asteroids, called Trojan asteroids, have settled into Jupiter's orbit round the Sun. One group is called the "Trojans" and the other group is called the "Greeks". They go around the Sun at the same time as Jupiter. References. Notes King A king is a man who rules a country, because of inheritance. A king usually comes to power when the previous monarch dies, who is usually a family member of his. Sometimes a person may become king due to the previous monarch's abdication, for example George VI. For most of history, most countries were ruled in this way, especially in Europe. Some countries, such as France, are no longer monarchies. Some, such as the United Kingdom, still have a royal family. In some countries, people chose a new king from other people to decide from. The wife of a king is called a queen. A woman who becomes a ruler because of inheritance is also called a queen. If a country has a king or a queen, that means it is a monarchy. A country which a king or queen rules is called a kingdom. In the Muslim world a King would be known as Malik, Sultan or shah. Shah (Persian: شاه) is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. The term "Shah" often means Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979. Knowledge Knowledge means the things which are true, as opposed to opinion. Information which is correct is knowledge. Knowledge can always be supported by evidence. If a statement is not supported by evidence, then it is not knowledge. The evidence makes it justified. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. This was the point of Ryle's distinction between "knowing that" and "knowing how". It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology. The philosopher Plato defined knowledge as "justified true belief". This definition is the subject of the Gettier problems. All knowledge is a claim to be true, but the claim can be incorrect. The only claims (propositions) which are certainly true are circular, based on how we use words or terms. We can correctly claim that there are 360 degrees in a circle, since that is part of how circles are defined. The point of Aristotle's syllogism was to show that this kind of reasoning had a machine-like form: But actually, in the real world, not all swans are white. The most widely accepted way to find reliable knowledge is the scientific method. Yet one thing all philosophers of science agree is that scientific knowledge is just the best we can do at any one time. All scientific knowledge is provisional, not a claim of absolute truth. Religion and knowledge. Knowledge in religion is different in that it depends on faith, belief and the authority of religious leaders, not on evidence of a scientific or legal kind. There are differing views on whether religious statements should be regarded as knowledge. In many expressions of Christianity, such as Catholicism and Anglicanism, knowledge is one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. In the Garden of Eden knowledge is the factor that made humans greedy and treacherous. But in the Book of Proverbs it states: 'to be wise you must first obey the LORD' (9:10). In Islam, knowledge has great significance. "The All-Knowing" ("al-ʿAlīm") is one of the Names of God, reflecting distinct properties of God in Islam. The Qur'an asserts that knowledge comes from God and various "hadith" encourage getting knowledge. Muhammad is reported to have said "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" and "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". Islamic scholars, theologians and jurists are often given the title "alim", meaning 'knowledgeable'. Kauai Kauai (Kaua'i in Hawaiian) is the second oldest (after Ni'ihau) and fourth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle", Kaua'i lies 73 miles (117 kilometers) across the Kauai Channel, northwest of Honolulu on Oahu. It is of volcanic origin. The highest point on the island is Kawaikini. It is located above sea level. The wettest spot on Earth, with average rainfall of a year, is just east of Mount Waialeale. The high yearly rainfall has eroded deep valleys and canyons in the central mountain. The waterfalls that have been created by erosion in canyons are now popular tourist spots. The city of Lihue, on the island's southeast side, is the seat of Kauai County. It has a population of around 6,500, and is the main city on the island. Waimea, which is located on the island's southwest side and the first capital of Kauai, was the first place visited by Englishexplorer Captain James Cook in 1778. It was also the first capital of Kauai. The city is at the head of one of the most beautiful canyons in the world, Waimea Canyon, whose gorge is 900 meters (3,000 feet) deep. The island of Kauai was featured in Disney's 2002 animated feature film "Lilo & Stitch". is the only commercial airport on the island. There are two other general aviation airports on the island: , and . Kahoolawe Kahoolawe is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands of Hawaii. It is west of Maui and south of Lanai. It is roughly 11 miles long by across (). The highest point, Lua Makika, is above sea level. The island is dry because its low elevation does not cause much rain (orographic precipitation) to fall from the northeastern trade winds. Kahoolawe was used as a gunfire and bombing target by the United States military during World War II. It was a defense training area by the United States Navy from around 1941 until May 1994. Popular opinion in the state against this practice brought the end to this use. Navy has since been trying to cleanup unexploded ordnance (bombs and explosive shells) from the island. Ordnance is still buried or lying on the ground. Other items have washed down gullies and still other unexploded ordnance is underwater offshore. In 1981, the entire island was included on the National Register of Historic Places. The island is planned to be given back to the Hawaiian people. In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a law that "recognized the cultural importance of the island, required the Navy to return the island to the State, and directed the Navy to do an unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup and environmental restoration" . The turnover officially occurred on November 11, 2003, but the cleanup has not yet been completed. The U.S. Navy was given $400 million and 10 years to complete the large cleanup task, but this work has gone much slower than planned. In 1993, the Hawaii State Legislature established the Kahoolawe Island Reserve. It is made up of the whole island and waters out to from shore. By State Law, Kahoolawe and its waters can only be used for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; and education. Commercial uses are not allowed. The Legislature also created the Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC) to manage the Reserve while it is held in trust for a "future Native Hawaiian Sovereignty entity" . After the cleanup is finished, the restoration of Kahoolawe will need ways to control erosion, restore the plant life, recharge the water table, and slowly replace alien plants with native ones. Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. Non-natives will temporarily stabilize some areas before the permanent planting of native plants. Killing Killing a living thing is when someone or something ends that life and makes the living thing die. It means causing a death. When a human being kills another human being, it is called murder or homicide, such as manslaughter. Pesticides and herbicides are poisons for killing bad wild small animals or plants, respectively. When a soldier kills another in war, it is called "combat". When the state kills a convict sentenced to capital punishment, it is called execution. When someone kills a powerful person it is called assassination. When a person who wants to die kills himself it is suicide, or euthanasia if killed by another. When people kill other people to eat them, it is called cannibalism. Kilometre The kilometre is a common unit used for longer distances on Earth. The international unit for measuring distances is the metre and a kilometre is 1000 metres. It is used in most countries for measuring road and sea distances. In the UK and the USA, the statute mile is used more than kilometres for road distances and the nautical mile for sea distances. It is often used to measure the speed of cars, planes and boats by saying how many kilometres it can travel in an hour. This is shown as km/h. It is also spelled kilometer. This spelling is used in American English. One kilometre is 0.6214 miles (1093 yards or 3280.84 feet). This means that one mile is 1.6093 kilometres. One kilometre is the approximate distance a healthy adult human being can walk in ten minute A kilometer is sometimes called a klick Language Language is the normal way humans communicate. Only humans use language, though other animals communicate through other means. The study of language is called linguistics. Human language has syntax, a set of rules for connecting words together to make statements and questions. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have pre-set functions. Language may be done by speech or by writing or by moving the hands to make signs. It follows that language is "not" just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see non-verbal communication. Humans also use language for thinking. When people use the word "language", they can also mean: UNESCO says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming extinct. Universals of language. All languages share certain things which separate them from all other kinds of communication. There are many more things in common between languages. Inheritance. The capacity to learn and use language is inherited. Normally, all humans are born with this capability. "Which" language is learned by a child depends on which language is spoken by the child's community. The "capacity" is inherited, but the particular language is learned. Children have a special period, from about 18 months to about four years, which is critical for learning the language. If this is seriously disrupted, then their language skills will be damaged. Older people learn differently, so they seldom learn a second language as well as they learn their native language. Types of language. Mathematics and computer science use created languages called formal languages (like computer programming languages), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is seen as a language by many. Some people consider musical notation to be a way of writing the musical language. Chinese is the language with the most native speakers in the world, but Chinese is not really a language. It is a close family of dialects, some of which are as different as Romance languages are from one another. Greek is one of the world's oldest surviving languages. In its modern form, Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. About 13.5 million people speak the Greek language. English is often called "the international language", or lingua franca. It is the main second language of the world and the international language of science, travel, technology, business, diplomacy, and entertainment. French had a similar status until the 20th century, and other languages had it at other times. Some languages are made up so that a lot of people around the world can learn them, without the new languages being tied to any specific country or place. These are called constructed languages also known as Oral Sects. One of the most popular of these languages is Esperanto, which is sometimes called "La Internacia Lingvo," or "The International Language." Another of these languages is called Volapük, which was popular about a hundred years ago but is much less popular now. It has mostly been replaced by languages like Esperanto, Interlingua, and Ido. Dialects are basically other versions of a language. For example, Hoffish is a dialect of Swedish. Part of the reason that Volapük became unpopular is that some sounds are hard to say for people who speak Spanish or English, two of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Some languages are only spoken by closed ethnic groups such as the Romani language, which is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by only gypsies. Leisure Leisure (or free time) is when a person can choose what to do. During a person's leisure time, they do not have an obligation to be at school or work at a job. During leisure time, people can do fun activities, family activities, or other non-work activities, such as hobbies. Common forms of recreation or leisure are: A vacation or holiday is the setting aside of time specifically for leisure. During their vacation, some people travel to a different region or country, and stay at a hotel so that they can do things they could not do near home. Other people prefer to spend their vacation time at home in their own community. In rich industrialized countries such as the US and Canada, as well as in most European countries, workers are allowed to stay home on the weekend (usually Saturday and Sunday), and use it as leisure time. People in poorer developing countries usually have less leisure time, as they have to work longer hours and more days per year. Live Live can be a verb. It rhymes with "give". "To live" means "to be alive" (and not dead). If you live, then you have life. It can be used in a general way: Live can be an adjective. It rhymes with "five". Life Life is a concept in biology. It is about the characteristics, state, or mode that separates a living thing from dead matter. The word itself may refer to a living being or to the processes of which living things are a part. It may refer to the period when a living thing is functional (as between birth and death). The study of life is called biology: people who study life are called biologists. A lifespan is the average length of life in a species. Most life on Earth is powered by solar energy: the only known exceptions are the chemosynthetic bacteria living around the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds, specifically involving long-chain molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. With water, which all life needs, the long molecules are wrapped inside membranes as cells. This may or may not be true of all possible forms of life in the Universe: it is true of all life on Earth today. Summary. Living things, or organisms, can be explained as open systems. They are always changing, because they exchange materials and information with their environment. They undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli and reproduce. Through natural selection, they adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. Many life forms can be found on Earth. The properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. The systems that make up life have many levels of organization. From smallest to biggest, they are: molecule, cell, tissue (group of cells with a common purpose), organ (part of the body with a purpose), organ system (group of organs that work together), organism, population (group of organisms of the same species), community (all of the organisms that interact in an area), ecosystem (all of the organisms in an area and the non-living surroundings), and biosphere (all parts of the Earth that have life). At present, the Earth is the only planet humans have detailed information about. The question of whether life exists elsewhere in the Universe is open. There have been a number of claims of life elsewhere in the Universe. None of these have been confirmed so far. The best evidence of life outside of Earth is are nucleic acids that have been found in certain types of meteorites. Definitions. One explanation of life is called the cell theory. The cell theory has three basic points: all living things are made up of cells. The cell is the smallest living thing that can do all the things needed for life. All cells must come from pre-existing cells. Something is often said to be alive if it: However, not all living things fit every point on this list. They do, however, fit the biochemical definitions: they are made of the same kind of chemicals. The thermodynamic definition of life is any system which can keep its entropy levels below maximum (usually through adaptation and mutations). A modern approach. A modern definition was given by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in 1980, to which they gave the name "autopoiesis": Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems". This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas. What life needs. Chemistry. Life on Earth is made from organic compounds—molecules that contain carbon. Four types of long-chain molecules (macromolecules) are important: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Almost all living things need the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, to build these macromolecules. Living things also need small amounts of other elements, called "trace elements". Water is a very important part of all living things. For example, humans are about two-thirds water. Water is a solvent that lets molecules mix and react with other molecules. Energy sources. All living things need energy to survive, move, grow, and reproduce. Some can get energy from the environment without help from other living things: these are called producers, or autotrophs. Plants, algae, and some bacteria, a group of producers called photoautotrophs, use the sun's light for energy. When producers use light to make and store organic compounds, this is called photosynthesis. Some other producers, called chemoautotrophs, get energy from chemicals that come out of the ocean floor in hydrothermal vents. Other living things get their energy from organic compounds: these are called consumers, or heterotrophs. Animals, fungi, most bacteria, and most protists are consumers. Consumers can eat other living things or dead material. Both producers and consumers need to break down organic compounds to free energy. The best way to do this is aerobic respiration, which frees the most energy, but living things can only do aerobic respiration if they have oxygen (O2). They can also break down these compounds without oxygen, using anaerobic respiration or fermentation. Cells. All living things have cells. Every cell has a cell membrane on the outside, and a jelly-like material that fills the inside, called cytoplasm. The membrane is important because it separates the chemicals inside and outside. Some molecules can pass through the membrane, but others cannot. Living cells have genes, made of DNA. Genes say to the cell what to do, like a language. One DNA molecule, with many genes, is called a chromosome. Cells can copy themselves to make two new cells. There are two main kinds of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells have only a few parts. Their DNA is the shape of a circle, inside the cytoplasm, and they have no membranes inside the cell. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, and they have a cell nucleus. The DNA is inside the nucleus, and a membrane is around the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have other parts, called organelles. Some of these other organelles also have membranes. Types of life. Taxonomy is how lifeforms are put into groups. The smaller groups are more closely related, but the larger classes are more distantly related. The levels, or ranks, of taxonomy are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. There are many ideas for the meaning of species. One idea, called the biological species concept, is as follows. A species is a group of living things that can mate with each other, and whose children can make their own children. Taxonomy aims to group together living things with a common ancestor. This can now be done by comparing their DNA. Originally, it was done by comparing their anatomy. The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic and have only one cell. Bacteria range in size from 0.15 cubic micrometres ("Mycoplasma") to 200,000,000 cubic micrometres ("Thiomargarita namibiensis"). Bacteria have shapes which are useful in classification, such as round, long and thin, and spiral. Some bacteria cause diseases. Bacteria in our intestines are part of our gut flora. They break down some of our food. Both bacteria and archaea may live where larger forms of life cannot. Bacteria have a molecule called peptidoglycan in their cell wall, but archaea do not. Archaea have a molecule called isoprene in their cell membrane, but bacteria do not. Eukarya are living things with eukaryotic cells, and they can have one cell or many cells. Most eukaryotes use sexual reproduction to make new copies of themselves. In sexual reproduction, two sex cells, one from each parent, join to make a new living thing. Plants are eukaryotes that use the Sun's light for energy. They include algae, which live in water, and land plants. All land plants have two forms during their life cycle, called alternation of generations. One form is diploid, where the cells have two copies of their chromosomes, and the other form is haploid, where the cells have one copy of their chromosomes. In land plants, both diploid and haploid forms have many cells. Two kinds of land plants are vascular plants and bryophytes. Vascular plants have long tissues that stretch from end to end of the plant. These tissues carry water and food. Most plants have roots and leaves. Animals are eukaryotes with many cells, which have no rigid cell walls. All animals are consumers: they survive by eating other organic material. Almost all animals have neurons, a signalling system. They usually have muscles, which make the body move. Many animals have a head and legs. Most animals are either male or female. They need a mate of the opposite sex to make offspring. Sex cells from the male and female can meet inside or outside the body. Fungi are eukaryotes which may have one cell, like yeasts, or many cells, like mushrooms. They are saprophytes. Fungi break down living or dead material, so they are decomposers. Only fungi, and a few bacteria, can break down lignin and cellulose, two parts of wood. Some fungi are mycorrhiza. They live under ground and give nutrients to plants, like nitrogen and phosphorus. Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi are called protists. Most protists live in water. Evolution. Over thousands or millions of years, living things can change, through the process of evolution. One kind of evolution is when a species changes over time, such as giraffes growing longer necks. Most of the time, the species because better suited to its environment, a process called adaptation. Evolution can also cause one group of living things to split into two groups. This is called speciation if it makes a new species. An example is mockingbirds on the Galapagos Islands—one species of mockingbird lives on each island, but all the species split from a shared ancestor species. Groups that are bigger than species can also split from a shared ancestor—for example, reptiles and mammals. A group of living things and their shared ancestor is called a clade. Living things can evolve to be quite different from their ancestors. As a result, parts of the body can also change. The same bone structure became the hands of humans, the hooves of horses, and the wings of birds. Different body parts that evolved from the same thing are called homologous. Extinction is when all members of a species die. About 99.9% of all species that have ever lived are extinct. Extinction can happen at any time, but it is more common in certain time periods called extinction events. The most recent was 65 million years ago, when the dinosaurs went extinct. Origin of life. By comparing fossils and DNA, we know that all life on Earth today had a shared ancestor, called the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Other living things may have been alive at the same time as the LUCA, but they died out. A study from 2018 suggests that the LUCA is about 4.5 billion (4,500,000,000) years old, nearly as old as the Earth. The oldest fossil evidence of life is about 3.5 billion years old. How did non-living material become alive? This is a difficult question. The first step must have been the creation of organic compounds. In 1953, the Miller–Urey experiment made inorganic compounds into organic compounds, such as amino acids, using heat and energy. Life needs a source of energy for chemical reactions. On the early Earth, the atmosphere did not have oxygen. Oxidation using the Krebs cycle, which is common today, was not possible. The Krebs cycle may have acted backwards, doing reduction instead of oxidation, and the cycle may have made larger molecules. To make life, molecules needed to make copies of themselves. DNA and RNA make copies of themselves, but only if there is a catalyst—a compound which speeds up the chemical reaction. One guess is that RNA itself served as a catalyst. At some time, the molecules were surrounded by membranes, which made cells. Law Law is a set of rules decided by a particular place or authority meant for the purpose of keeping the peace and security of society. Courts or police may enforce this system of rules and punish people who break the laws, such as by paying a fine, or other penalty including jail. In ancient societies, laws were written by leaders, to set out rules on how people can live, work and do business with each other. But many times in history when laws have been on a false basis to benefit few at the expense of society, they have resulted in conflict. To prevent this, in most countries today, laws are written and voted on by groups of politicians in a legislature, such as a parliament or congress, elected (chosen) by the governed peoples. Countries today have a constitution for the overall framework of society and make further laws as needed for matters of detail. Members of society generally have enough freedom within all the "legal" things they can choose to do. An activity is "illegal" if it breaks a law or does not follow the laws. A legal code is a written code of laws that are enforced. This may deal with things like police, courts, or punishments. A lawyer, jurist or attorney is a professional who studies and argues the rules of law. In the United States, there are two kinds of attorneys - "transactional" attorneys who write contracts and "litigators" who go to court. In the United Kingdom, these professionals are called solicitors and barristers respectively. The "Rule of Law" is the law which says that government can only legally use its power in a way the government and the people agree on. It limits the powers a government has, as agreed in a country's constitution. The "Rule of Law" prevents dictatorship and protects the rights of the people. When leaders enforce the legal code honestly, even on themselves and their friends, this is an example of the rule of law being followed. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual." Culture is usually a major source of the principles behind many laws, and people also tend to trust the ideas based on family and social habits. In many countries throughout history, religion and religious books like the Vedas, Bible or the Koran have been a major source of law. Civil law and common law. Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. Civil law is based on legislation that is found in constitutions or statutes passed by government. The secondary part of civil law is the legal approaches that are part of custom. In civil law governments, judges do not generally have much power, and most of the laws and legal precedent are created by Members of Parliament. Common law is based on the decisions made by judges in past court cases. It comes from England and it became part of almost every country that once belonged to the British Empire, except Malta, Scotland, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also the predominant form of law in the United States, where many laws called statutes are written by Congress, but many more legal rules exist from the decisions of the courts. Common law had its beginnings in the Middle Ages, when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document called the Magna Carta. Religious law. Religious law is law based on religious beliefs or books. Examples include the Jewish Halakha, Islamic Sharia, and Christian Canon law. Until the 1700s, Sharia law was the main legal system throughout the Muslim world. In some Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, the whole legal systems still base their law on Sharia law. Islamic law is often criticised because it often has harsh penalties for crimes. A serious criticism is the judgement of the European Court that "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy". The Turkish Refah Party's sharia-based "plurality of legal systems, grounded on religion" was ruled to contravene the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The Court decided Refah's plan would "do away with the State's role as the guarantor of individual rights and freedoms" and "infringe the principle of non-discrimination between individuals as regards their enjoyment of public freedoms, which is one of the fundamental principles of democracy". History of law. The history of law is closely connected to the development of human civilizations. Ancient Egyptian law developed in 3000 BC. In 1760 BC King Hammurabi, took ancient Babylonian law and organized it, and had it chiseled in stone for the public to see in the marketplace. These laws became known as the Code of Hammurabi. The Torah from the Old Testament is an old body of law. It was written around 1280 BC. It has moral rules such as the Ten Commandments, which tell people what things are not permitted. Sometimes people try to change the law. For example, if prostitution is illegal, they try to make it legal. Legislature. In democracies, the people in a country usually choose people called politicians to represent them in a legislature. Examples of legislatures include the Houses of Parliament in London, the Congress in Washington, D.C., the Bundestag in Berlin, the Duma in Moscow and the Assemblée nationale in Paris. Most legislatures have two chambers or houses, a 'lower house' and an 'upper house'. To pass legislation, a majority of Members of Parliament must vote for a bill in each house. The legislature is the branch of government that writes laws, and votes on whether they will be approved. Judiciary. The judiciary is a group of judges who resolve people's disputes and determine whether people who are charged with crimes are guilty. In some jurisdictions the judge does not find guilt or innocence but instead directs a jury, how to interpret facts from a legal perspective, but the jury determines the facts based on evidence presented to them and finds the guilt or innocences of the charged person. Most countries of common law and civil law systems have a system of appeals courts, up to a supreme authority such as the Supreme Court or the High Court. The highest courts usually have the power to remove laws that are unconstitutional (which go against the constitution). Executive (government) and Head of State. The executive is the governing center of political authority. In most democratic countries, the executive is elected from people who are in the legislature. This group of elected people is called the cabinet. In France, the US and Russia, the executive branch has a President which exists separately from the legislature. The executive suggests new laws and deals with other countries. As well, the executive usually controls the military, the police, and the bureaucracy. The executive selects ministers, or secretaries of state to control departments such as the health department or the department of justice. In many jurisdictions the Head of State does not take part in the day-to-day governance of the jurisdiction and takes a largely ceremonial role. This is the case in many Commonwealth nations where the Head of State, usually a Governor almost exclusively acts "on the advice" of the head of the Executive (e.g. the Prime Minister, First Minister or Premier). The primary legal role of the Head of State in these jurisdictions is to act as a check or balance against the Executive, as the Head of State has the rarely exercised power to dissolve the legislature, call elections and dismiss ministers. Other parts of the legal system. The police enforce the criminal laws by arresting people suspected of breaking the law. Bureaucrats are the government workers and government organizations that do work for the government. Bureaucrats work within a system of rules, and they make their decisions in writing. Lawyers are people who have learned about laws. Lawyers give people advice about their legal rights and duties and represent people in court. To become a lawyer, a person has to complete a two- or three-year university program at a law school and pass an entrance examination. Lawyers work in law firms, for the government, for companies, or by themselves. Civil society is the people and groups that are not part of government that try to protect people against human rights abuses and try to protect freedom of speech and other individual rights. Organizations that are part of civil society include political parties, debating clubs, trade unions, human rights organizations, newspapers and charities. "Corporations are among the organizations that use the legal system to further their goals. Like the others, they use means such as campaign donations and advertising to persuade people that they are right. Corporations also engage in commerce and make new things such as automobiles, vaporisers/e-cigarettes, and Unmanned aerial vehicles (i.e. "drones") that the old laws are not well equipped to deal with. Corporations also makes use of a set of rules and regulations to ensure their employees remain loyal to them (usually presented in a legal contract), and that any disobedience towards these rules are considered uncivilized and therefore given grounds for immediate dismissal. L. L. Zamenhof Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (; , ; – ), credited as L. L. Zamenhof and sometimes as the pseudonymous Dr. Esperanto, was an eye doctor, linguist (who creates a language), and scholar who created the international language Esperanto. Biography. Zamenhof was born in 1859 in the town of Białystok, Poland. At the time, Poland was a part of the Russian Empire. Bialystok contained three major groups: Poles, Belorussians, and Yiddish-speaking Jews. Zamenhof thought that one common language would join these groups and stop fights between them. His first language was said to be Polish. His parents spoke Russian and Yiddish at home. His father was a German teacher, so Zamenhof learned that language from an early age and spoke the language fluently. Later he learned French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and English. He also had an interest in Italian, Spanish and Lithuanian. Zamenhof decided that the international language must have a simple grammar and be easier to learn than Volapük, an earlier international language. He attempted to create the international language with a grammar that was rich, and complex. The basics of Esperanto were published in 1887. He translated the Hebrew Bible into Esperanto. His grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof, was an engineer. He was 14 times nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize between 1907 and 1917. List of countries This is a list of sovereign states. V. - ("Holy See") - - Provinces and territories of Canada Canada is a country and sovereign state in the north of North America. It is made up of thirteen administrative divisions: ten provinces and three territories. The different levels of government in Canada are based on the principles of a federation: the governments of each province and territory share power with the federal government. The territories' governments have a more limited set of powers than the federal government. The provinces are in the south of Canada, near the border with the United States. They go from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. The territories are to the north, where fewer people live, close to the Arctic Circle and Arctic Ocean. Here is a list of the provinces and territories, and their standard abbreviations, with their capitals (the cities where their governments are based) and largest cities. Canada's national capital, where the federal government meets, is Ottawa. Las Vegas Las Vegas is a city in the American state of Nevada. There were 640,932 people living in the city in 2015, and more than 2,000,000 people living in the metropolitan area. It is the largest city in Nevada. Las Vegas is also the county seat of Clark County. Carolyn Goodman became the mayor in 2011. Hispanics (especially Mexicans and Cubans) and white people are the largest racial and ethnic groups in Las Vegas. Las Vegas has many Italians, Germans, English people and Irish people. Politics. Las Vegas leans to the left. Three of the four congressional districts in Nevada include parts of Las Vegas, and all three congresspeople representing those districts are Democrats from Las Vegas. History. Native Americans were the first to reside in the area, specifically the Paiute tribe. It was first called "Las Vegas" (which means "The Meadows" in the Spanish language) by the Spanish. The city is known for its dry weather, as is the rest of southern Nevada. It is surrounded by desert. The US Army built Fort Baker there in 1864. Las Vegas has natural springs, where people used to stop for water when they were going to Los Angeles or other places in California. In 1905, 110 acres owned by William A. Clark, on which he built a railroad to Southern California were auctioned and Las Vegas was founded as a railroad town. Las Vegas officially became a city in 1911. The Hispanic population in Las Vegas is growing and has rapidly increased. Most Latino Las Vegas residents are of Mexican, Cuban and Salvadoran descent. Las Vegas also has a small Puerto Rican, Guatemalan, Spaniard, Peruvian, Colombian, Honduran, Nicaraguan and Argentine population. The most common European ancestries in Las Vegas are German, Irish, Italian, Polish, French, Scottish, Russian, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch and Welsh. Filipino, Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, Indian and Chinese is the most common Asian ancestries. People. There is a Mexican, Chinese, Greek, German, Korean, Japanese, French, Italian, Israeli, Croatian, Polish, Filipino, Indian, Ethiopian and Chilean community in Las Vegas. Las Vegas has a growing Hispanic population. Many Hispanics in Las Vegas are of Mexican, Cuban and Salvadoran ancestry. Most of the foreign-born population were born in Mexico, the Philippines and El Salvador. Lanai Lanai (or Lānaʻi) is sixth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is also known as the "Pineapple Island". The island is almost a circle in shape and is 18 miles wide in the longest direction. The land area is 140 sq. miles (367 km2). It is separated from the island of Moloka'i by the Kalohi Channel to the north. History. Lana'i was first seen by Europeans on 25 February 1779 by Captain Clerke, with "HMS Resolution" on the James Cook Pacific Ocean trip. Clerke took command of the ship after Capt. Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific. In 1922, Jim Dole, the president of Dole Pineapple Company, bought the island of Lana'i. He made a large part of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation. Tourism. Tourism on Lana'i started not long ago. That was when the growing of pineapple was slowly coming to an end in the Islands. On Lana'i, you can be with nature and feel the mood of the Hawaiian countryside. Not like nearby O'ahu, the only town (Lana'i City) is small. It has no traffic or shopping centers. Tourists come mainly to relax. There are three hotels on Lana'i and several golf courses. Leap year A leap year is a year in which an extra day is added to the Gregorian calendar, which is used by most of the world. A common year has 365 days, but a leap year has 366 days. The extra day, February 29, is added to the month of February. In a common year, February has 28 days, but in a leap year it has 29 days. The extra day, called a leap day, occurs on the same day of the week as the first day of the month, February 1. Leap years are evenly divisible by 4. The most recent leap year was 2020 and the next leap year will be 2024. However, any year that is evenly divided by 100 would not be a leap year unless it is evenly divided by 400. This is why 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300 are common years, even though they are all divisible by 4. We have leap years because instead of 365 days, the Earth really takes a few minutes less than 365-1/4 days (365.24219) to go completely around the Sun. Without leap years, the seasons would start one day earlier on the calendar every four years. After 360 years, spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere would begin on December 21 (which is when winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemisphere presently begins). A number of countries use a lunar calendar (based on the Moon, instead of the Sun, like our solar calendar is). They have leap years when they add an extra lunar month. Different calendars add the extra month in different ways. So a year which has 366 days instead of 365 days where the month of February has 29 days is called a leap year. In a leap year, the corresponding months are January, April, and July, February and August, March and November, and September and December. No month corresponds to May, June, or October. In the Gregorian calendar, 97 out of every 400 years are leap years. In the outdated Julian calendar, 100 years out of every 400 are leap years. All other years are common years. Leather Leather is the skin of an animal made into a durable material by tanning. The skins of cows, pigs, and goats are often used to make leather. Skins of snakes, alligators or crocodiles, and ostriches are sometimes used to make fancier leather. Shoes, bags, clothes, and balls are often made of leather. Sometimes people make leather out of whales, ducks, giraffes, and African elephants, but all of these ways of making leather are very simple but can also be very hard and rare sometimes. How leather is made. The way leather is made is divided into three processes. They are preparing the leather, tanning it, and crusting. In preparing the leather, many things are done to make it ready for tanning. They include soaking it, removing the hair, liming, deliming, bating, bleaching, and pickling. Tanning is a process that makes the proteins, especially collagen, in the raw hide stable. It increases the thermal and chemical stability of the animal skins. The difference between fresh and tanned animal skin is that fresh animal skin dries to make it hard and stiff. When water is added to it, it becomes bad. But, animal skin that is tanned dries to make it flexible. It does not become bad when water is added to it. Crusting is a process that makes the leather thin and lubricates it. Chemicals added when crusting must be set in place. Crusting ends with drying and making the leather soft. It may include splitting, shaving, dyeing, whitening or other methods. From other animals. Today, most leather is made from the skin of cattle, which makes up about 65% of all the leather made. Other animals that are used include sheep (about 13%), goats (about 11%), and pigs (about 10%). Horse skin is used to make strong leather. Lamb and deerskin are used for soft leather. It is used in work gloves and indoor shoes. Kangaroo leather is used to make things that must be strong and flexible. It is used in bullwhips. In Thailand, stingray leather is used in wallets and belts. Stingray leather is tough and durable. License A license (in American English) or licence (in British English) allows someone to do something that they otherwise are not allowed to do. A person usually has to pay some money, and maybe pass a test to get a license. A license is usually written but it does not have to be. Most kinds of licenses can only be used by the person they were given to. Licenses may be temporary or permanent. Some licenses can not be taken away once they are given. A person with a license is called a licensee. In many countries, if a person tries to do something without the correct license to do it, they might have to pay a fine or go to prison. Examples of licenses. There are many different types of licenses. Driver's license. The laws of most countries say that people are only allowed to drive cars if they have a driver's license. If a person does not have a license, they may have to pay a fine if they are caught by the police. In many countries, a person must take a test and pay money to get a license. The test would check that they know the road rules, and have the skill to drive a car. Hunting license. Other licenses give permission to shoot animals (often called a hunting license). The hunting license usually says when a person may hunt. A hunter may have to pass a test to show that they understand the rules about hunting. Television licence. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, if someone has a television set, they must buy a "television licence" every year. Copyright licenses. Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a creative work the right to decide what other people can do with it. A person or a company can give a license to a copyright that they own. So in order for another person to use an owner's copyright they need permission from the owner. For example, when someone buys computer software, they also need a license from the creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing the buyer to use the software. Difference between license and licence. "License" is a verb and "licence" is a noun. "Licensing sessions" were the meetings of magistrates which decided about giving licences to sell alcohol. In American English there is no difference in spelling between the verb "to license" meaning to give permission, and the noun "a license" meaning the permission to do something. Distinction between a licence and a qualification. A degree in medicine is a qualification showing a person has successfully studied medicine. It is awarded for life. A licence to practice medicine is a legal permission to do so within the territory covered by the licensing authority. The licence may be taken away ('revoked') in certain situations. Link A link, also hyperlink in computing, is a part of a chain. A chain is made of many pieces of metal; each piece is a link. Today, people also use the word link in a new way. The World Wide Web on the Internet is made of many different Web pages. The computer software that people use to make these pages (HTML) lets us go to other pages in a very fast and easy way. The person who makes the web page can tell the computer to show a word or a picture on the Web page as a link. This means that when we click on the link with our computer mouse, the computer will show us the new page we want to see. Most links are blue, but they can be any color. The color of the link will change to dark blue when clicked as the web browser recognises it in the browser's cache. Unless the cache is cleared, the link will always stay dark blue. Ways of making links. There are many ways in making a link on a web page. The process is different for different internet software. Plain HTML. In .htm and .html files, a link can be created using this code: Text of link WikiSyntax. WikiSyntax like MediaWiki uses a simpler way of making links. To create a link to another page of the same website: Link text or just Page name. To link to an external website: Link text, , or just http://www.example.com. BB code. BB code is used in forum software. To create a link: [url]http://www.example.com[/url], or [url=http://www.example.com]Link text[/url] Library A library is a place where many books are kept. Most libraries are public and let people take the books to use in their home. Most libraries let people borrow books for several weeks. Some belong to institutions, for example, companies, churches, schools, and universities. The people who work in libraries are librarians. Librarians are people who take care of the library. Other libraries keep famous or rare books. There are a few "Copyright libraries" which have a copy of every book which has been written in that country. Some libraries also have other things that people might like, such as magazines, music on CDs, or computers where people can use the Internet. In school they offer software to learn the alphabet and other details.With the spread of literacy, libraries have become essential tools for learning. Libraries are very important for the progress and development of a society. Libraries are collections of books and other informational materials, however a library can also be a collection of items or media. People come to libraries for reading, study or reference. Libraries contain a variety of materials. They contain printed materials, films, sound and video recordings, maps, photographs, computer software, online databases, and other media. A library is not a bookstore (a store that sells books). Importance of a Library. The prime purpose of a library is to provide access to knowledge and information. To fulfil this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture. Then they pass down this to the coming generations. Therefore, they are an essential link between the past, present and future. People use libraries to work. They also use library resources to learn about personal interests. Sometimes, they get recreational media such as films and music. Students use libraries to study. Libraries help the students to develop good reading and study habits. Public officials use libraries for research and public issues. The libraries provide information and services that are essential for learning and progress. Public libraries. Many places have a public library, where anybody can join if they live in the area. With a library card, people can borrow books and take them home for several weeks. It does not cost money to get a library card at most public libraries. Books are kept on shelves in a special order so they are easy to find. Public libraries have lot of books on various topics including story books and many others. Many public libraries have books and CDs about learning English. Stories are kept in alphabetical order by the last name of the person who wrote them, the author. Books about other things are often given a special number, that refers to what they are about. They are then put on the shelf in number order. One number system used by many libraries is the Dewey decimal system. Academic libraries. Many colleges and universities have large academic libraries. These libraries are for the use of college students, professors, and researchers. Academic libraries are used mainly for doing research like studying the solar system or how earthquakes happen. These libraries do not have the same types of books you would find in a public library. They usually do not have fiction books or books for children (unless they are being studied). Academic libraries can have many books, sometimes more than a million. Special libraries. Special libraries are those libraries that are not public libraries or academic libraries. They are usually small. Many times a special library holds books on a particular subject or even a special kind of book. Some special libraries keep just old books or books by Shakespeare. A special library can be owned by a business for use only by that business. For example, Disney World in Orlando has its own library that is not open to the public but for the use of the people who work for the company. Librarians. A librarian is a person who works in a library. Librarians help people find books and information. They can teach people how to find books and use the library. A professional librarian is a person who went to school to study library science. They can earn a degree called a Masters in Library Science. History. The earliest known library was discovered in Iraq and belonged to the ancient civilization in Sumer. They didn't use paper books but instead wrote everything on clay tablets using a style of writing called cuneiform. These tablets are over 5,000 years old. The Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most important library of the ancient world. It was destroyed when the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC. Rome’s first public library was established by Asinius Pollio who was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar. Eventually Rome would build 28 public libraries within the city. When the Roman Empire fell in 330 AD, many books went east to the city of Byzantium where a large library was built. Other libraries were built in monasteries and public homes. Libraries began to appear in many Islamic cities, where science and philosophy survived after the fall of the Roman Empire. Christian monks and Islamic libraries exchanged books to copy. List of mathematics topics There are a number of topics in mathematics. Some of them include: Like Like can mean some different things: 1. We can use to like to say that we find a thing is good: 2. We can use like for "the same as" or "nearly the same as": 3. We can also use like for "the same way as": 4. In a question, we can use like to ask people to talk about a thing, or to say if they find it good or not: 5. We can also use like as "for example": 6. In British and American English young people, when talking, have recently started using like as an extra word in the middle of sentences. Sometimes they use it to report what someone said, especially when mimicking the way they said it. This should never be used in writing: As works in the same way as example 2 - comparing two things using either the word "like" or the word "as" is called making a simile ("As big as an elephant"). It may be better to use the word "as" for this to stop confusion with example 1. Political divisions of China There are twenty-three provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions and two special administrative regions in the People's Republic of China. Provinces are pronounced "Shěng" in Chinese Pinyin. The island of Taiwan is claimed as a province by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it is not under their control. Taiwan is an island known as Republic of China (Taiwan). Provinces and autonomous regions are broken into prefectures and sub-provincial cities. Provinces. There are 23 provinces in the People's Republic of China. Municipalities. There are 4 municipalities in the People's Republic of China. "Municipality" is the common English name for the Chinese "zhíxiáshì", meaning a city directly controlled by the national government. Autonomous Regions. There are 5 autonomous regions in the People's Republic of China. "Autonomous region" is the common English name for the Chinese "zìzhìqū", meaning an area with greater levels of self-government to accommodate minority groups. Special Administrative Regions. There are 2 special administrative regions in the People's Republic of China. "Special administrative region" is the common English name for the Chinese "tèbié xíngzhèng qū", meaning an area under special administration as a result of treaties that returned former European colonies to Chinese control. List of fruits Fruits on this list are defined as the word is used in everyday speech. It does not include vegetables, whatever their origin. The following items are fruits, according to the scientific definition, but are sometimes considered to be vegetables: Legislature Legislature is a word that comes from the Latin language, meaning "those who write the laws." A legislature is therefore a group of people who vote for new laws, for example in a state or country. Each person in the legislature is usually either elected or appointed. The constitution of that state or country usually tells how a legislature is supposed to work. In many countries, the legislature is called a Parliament, Congress, or National Assembly. Sometimes there are two groups of members in the legislature. This is called a "bicameral" legislature. A unicameral legislature has only one group of members. A country, district, city, or other small area may also have something like a legislature. These are often called councils, and they make smaller laws for their areas. Linear algebra Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics. It came from mathematicians trying to solve systems of linear equations. Vectors and matrices are used to solve these systems. The main objects of study currently are vector spaces and linear mappings between vector spaces. Linear algebra is useful in other branches of mathematics (e.g. differential equations and analytic geometry). It can also be applied to the real world in areas such as engineering, physics and economics. Linear algebra describes ways to solve and manipulate (rearrange) systems of linear equations. For example, consider the following equations: These two equations form a system of linear equations. It is linear because none of the variables are raised to a power. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is a straight line. The solution to this system is: This is because it makes all of the original equations valid, that is, the value on the left side of the equals sign is exactly the same as the value on the right side for both equations. Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix. For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix. London London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. London is the city with the highest population in the United Kingdom. On the Thames, London has been a central city since it was founded by the Romans two millennia ago as Londinium. The Romans bridged the river Thames and built a road network to connect Londinium with the rest of the country. London's original city centre, the City of London is England's smallest city. In 2011 had 7,375 inhabitants on an area of 2.9 km². The term "London" is used for the urban region which developed around this city centre. This area forms the region of London, the Greater London administrative unit led by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. London is one of the world's most important political, economic and cultural centres. London was the capital of the British Empire and so for almost three centuries the centre of power for large parts of the world. The city has about 9.1 million inhabitants (2018). If one counts the entire metropolitan area of London (London Metropolitan Area), it has about 15 million people. The city is the largest in Europe by population. The climate is moderate. History. The Romans built the city of "Londinium" along the River Thames in AD 43. The name "Londinium" (and later 'London') came from the Celtic language of the Ancient Britons. In AD 61, the city was attacked and destroyed. Then the Romans rebuilt the city, and London became an important trading hub. 5th century: end of Roman rule to 12th century. After the decline of the Roman Empire, few people remained in London. The Anglo-Saxon people of Sub-Roman Britain were mainly agricultural. Once the Romans had gone, trade with Continental Europe dwindled. In the 9th century, more people started living in London again. It became the largest city in England. However, it did not become the capital city of England again until the 12th century. For a long time after the Romans, England was not unified, and so had no capital. 17th century. The 17th century saw Londoners suffer from the plague and the fire of London. The century starts with the famous Gunpowder Plot. In the 17th century the Stuart kings ruled: James I and Charles I. Charles Stuart was defeated by Cromwell, so the century was remarkable in that respect. Cromwell marks the beginning of the modern system whereby Parliament is more important than the monarch. The war between Cromwell and Charles was bitterly fought. London was the key city, and Oxford was also important. The century also had two great disasters: the Great Plague and the Great Fire of London. The control of London by Cromwell and Parliament was one of the decisive factors in the civil war. Cromwell's victory was followed by his death in 1658, and the country for a time moved back to royal rule under Charles II. The plague virus, carried by fleas on rats, came to Britain from Europe. The Great Fire of London broke out at the beginning of September 1666. Unfortunately there were warehouses full of timber, pitch, tallow, wine and tar. These caught fire and, in the end, all the riverfront buildings were destroyed. The fire eventually destroyed about 60% of the city, (mainly the City of London, rather than the large city we have today). Old St Paul's Cathedral was destroyed. Some fires burnt more widely, up to present-day Southwark and even Highgate (which are not in the city, but are in London). Modern era. Another famous old part of Greater London is Westminster, which was a different city from the City of London. In Westminster is Westminster Abbey (a cathedral), the Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street (where the Prime Minister lives). After the railways were built, London grew much larger. Greater London has 33 boroughs (neighbourhoods) and a mayor. The old City of London is only a square mile in size but has its own Lord Mayor. Expansion of London. In stages, London has several times increased in size by statute in Parliament. The main motive for this has been taxation, and the increase in houses in what was once countryside. Since taxation was paid to the counties surrounding London, there was a motive for absorbing the countryside into London. This happened in several stages. Outside London, local taxes are paid to the County Councils; inside London they are paid to the Greater London Council. One county has been lost entirely (Middlesex) and all the others have lost land and revenue. The London Boroughs and the GLA (Greater London Authority) both raise taxes, and the representatives are elected. There is a London Plan which sets out the priorities. The number of local authorities which raise local taxes and spend it is 33: 32 London boroughs and the City of London. Business and economy. London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. The London Stock Exchange is the most international stock exchange and the largest in Europe. Financial services. London's largest industry is finance. This includes banks, stock exchanges, investment companies and insurance companies The Bank of England is in the City of London and is the second oldest bank in the world. Professional services. London has many professional services such as law and accounting firms. Media. The British Broadcasting Company (BBC), which has many radio and TV stations, is in London. Tourism. Tourism is one of London's biggest industries. London is the most visited city in the world by international tourists with 18.8 million international visitors per year. Within the UK, London is home to the ten most-visited tourist attractions. Tourism employed about 350,000 full-time workers in London in 2003. Tourists spend about £15 billion per year. Technology. A growing number of technology companies are based in London. Retail. London is a major retail centre, and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion. The UK's fashion industry, centred on London, contributes tens of billions to the economy. Manufacturing and construction. For the 19th and much of the 20th centuries London was a major manufacturing centre (see Manufacturing in London), with over 1.5 million industrial workers in 1960. Many products were made in London including ships, electronics and cars. Nowadays, most of these manufacturing companies are closed but some drug companies still make medicine in London. Twinnings. London has twin and sister city agreements with these cities: London also has a "partnership" agreement with Tokyo, Japan. Transportation (trains, airports and underground). The city has a huge network of transport systems including trains, underground (metro) and five main airports. The Victorians built many train systems in the mid-19th century (1850s). Their main stations are in London, and the lines go to every part of Great Britain. There were originally five major companies but the five companies became a national rail network in modern times. Their terminals at King's Cross, St. Pancras, Paddington, Waterloo and Charing Cross are still used as terminals. There are five airports, though only one is actually in London (London City Airport). There is the London end of the LondonBirmingham canal, which was important to the industrial 19th century. The most used airport is Heathrow Airport, although it is actually outside the city. The London Underground is a system of electric trains which are in London. It is the oldest underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as the "Metropolitan Railway". Later, the system was copied in other cities, for example Paris, New York, Moscow and Madrid. Even though it is called the London Underground about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is the name used for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground has got 274 stations and over 408 km of track. Over one billion passengers used the underground each year. With the need for more rail capacity in London, the Elizabeth Line (also known as "Crossrail") opened in May 2022. It is a new railway line running east to west through London, with a branch to Heathrow Airport. It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost. There is a black taxi system regulated by the Metropolitan Police, and various other private enterprise hire car companies. Efforts are being made to make roads safer for cyclists. Climate. London has an oceanic, or temperate climate. It is not usually very hot or cold. It is often cloudy. The Köppen climate classification: "Cfb") Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. Winters are generally cool. Spring and autumn are mild. London has regular, light rain throughout the year. July is the warmest month, with an average temperature at Greenwich of 13.6 °C to 22.8 °C. The coldest month is January, with an average of 2.4 °C to 7.9 °C. The average annual precipitation is fairly low at 583.6 mm, and February is normally the driest month. Drought is sometimes possible, especially during longer heatwaves in summer. Snow is uncommon but usually falls at least once each winter and heavy snow is rarer and does not happen every winter. While snow is uncommon in central London itself, there is more snow in the outer areas; this is because the "urban heat island" the big city generates makes the city about 5 °C warmer than surrounding areas in winter. Temperature extremes in London range from at Heathrow Airport on 19 July 2022 down to at Northolt on 1 January 1962. Litre A litre (international spelling) or liter (American spelling) is one of the metric units of volume. It is not a basic SI unit, but it is a supplementary unit. One litre is the volume of 1000 cubic centimetres, that is a cube of 10 × 10 × 10 centimetres (1000 cm3). One litre of water at has the mass of exactly one kilogram. This results from the definition given in 1795, where the gram was defined as the weight of one cubic centimetre of melting ice. Liters are usually utilized to measure the volume of liquids, this is because the density of liquids can vary a lot. However it can be applied to solids as well, for example 1 liter of Iron is around 7.7 kg. The symbol for litre is l or L. The script letter ℓ is also sometimes used. For smaller volumes, the decilitre is used: 10 dl = one litre. For smaller volumes, the centilitre is used: 100 cl = one litre. For smaller volumes, the millilitre is used: 1000 ml = one litre. The capital letter "L" is preferred by some people as the small "l" can look like the number one "1". History. The metric system was first introduced in France in 1791. That system did not have its own unit of capacity or volume because volume can be measured in cubic metres. In 1793 work to make the metric system compulsory in France was started by the Temporary Commission of Republican Weights and Measures. Due to public demand, the commission said that the cubic metre was too big for everyday use. They said that a new unit based on the old cadil should be used instead. One cadil was to be 0.001 cubic metres. This was equivalent to a cube with sides 10 cm. The "cadil" was also known as the "pinte" or the "litron". The "pinte" had been an old French unit of measure of capacity. In 1795 the definition was revised. The "cadil" was given the name "litre". In 1795 the kilogram was defined to be exactly one litre of water at 4 °C. In 1799 the kilogram was redefined. The new definition said that the kilogram was the mass of the "kilogram des archives". In 1901 scientists measured the volume of one litre of water at 4 °C very carefully. They found that it occupied about  dm3. The BIPM redefined the litre as being "exactly" the volume of one kilogram of water at 4 °C. In 1960 the SI was introduced. The BIPM changed the definition of the litre back to "one dm3". The litre is not part of SI. The BIPM defined the litre as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI". This was because it is used in many countries. The BIPM said that the litre should not be used for very accurate work. According to SI rules, the symbol for the litre should be "l". This is because the litre was not named after somebody whose name was "Litre". However the symbol "l" and the number "1" are easily confused. In 1979 the BIPM made an exception for the symbol for the litre. They said that people could use either "L" or "l" as its symbol. In Europe, milk is sold in one litre cartons. One litre bottle is also a popular package for soft drinks. Most alcoholic drinks are sold as 1/3 litre (0.33 l), litre (0.5 l) or 3/4 litre (0.75 l) bottles. Lime Lime is a green fruit, and the tree fruit itself. They are citrus fruits similar to lemons. Citrus fruits like limes are rich in vitamin C. Sailors from Britain were given lemon or lime juice to stop them falling ill with scurvy. This is how they got the nickname "Limey". There are several citrus trees whose fruits are called limes. They include the key lime "Citrus aurantiifolia", the Persian lime, the kaffir lime, and the desert lime "Citrus glauca". Limes are small, round and bright green. If they stay on the tree for a long time they turn yellow. Then they look like small round lemons. Lime juice is used in cooking and in drinks. Lime oils are often used in perfumes, used for cleaning, and used for aromatherapy. Lime tastes acidic and bitter. Lime juice is also made from limes. Mathematics Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes and patterns. The word comes from the Greek "μάθημα" (máthema), meaning "science, knowledge, or learning", and is sometimes shortened to maths (in British Commonwealth countries) or math (in North America). It is the study of: Applied math is useful for solving problems in the real world. People working in business, science, engineering, and construction use mathematics. Problem-solving in mathematics. Mathematics solves problems by using logic. One of the main tools of logic used by mathematicians is deduction. Deduction is a special way of thinking to discover and prove new truths using old truths. To a mathematician, the reason something is true (called a proof) is just as important as the fact that it is true, and this reason is often found using deduction. Using deduction is what makes mathematics thinking different from other kinds of scientific thinking, which might rely on experiments or on interviews. Logic and reasoning are used by mathematicians to create general rules, which are an important part of mathematics. These rules leave out information that is not important so that a single rule can cover many situations. By finding general rules, mathematics solves many problems at the same time as these rules can be used on other problems. These rules can be called theorems (if they have been proved) or conjectures (if it is not known if they are true yet). Most mathematicians use non-logical and creative reasoning in order to find a logical proof. Sometimes, mathematics finds and studies rules or ideas that we don't understand yet. Often in mathematics, ideas and rules are chosen because they are considered simple or neat. On the other hand, sometimes these ideas and rules are found in the real world after they are studied in mathematics; this has happened many times in the past. In general, studying the rules and ideas of mathematics can help us understand the world better. Some examples of math problems are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculus, fractions and decimals. Algebra problems are solved by evaluating certain variables. A calculator answers every math problem in the four basic arithmetic operations. Famous theorems. These theorems and conjectures have interested mathematicians and amateurs alike: These theorems and hypotheses have greatly changed mathematics: These are a few conjectures that have been called "revolutionary": Awards in mathematics. There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics. Mathematicians can receive the Abel prize and the Fields Medal for important works. The Clay Mathematics Institute has said it will give one million dollars to anyone who solves one of the Millennium Prize Problems. Mathematical tools. There are many tools used to do math or find answers to math problems. March March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between February and April. It has 31 days. March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. March always begins on the same day of the week as November, and additionally, February in common years. March always ends on the same day of the week as June. The month. In ancient Rome, March was called Martius. It was named after the war god (Mars) and the Romans thought that it was a lucky time to begin a war. Before Julius Caesar's calendar reform, March was the first month of the year in the Roman calendar, as the winter was considered to be a monthless period. March is one of seven months to have 31 days. March begins on the same day of the week as February in common years and November every year, as each other's first days are exactly 4 weeks (28 days) and 35 weeks (245 days) apart respectively. March ends on the same day of the week as June every year, as each other's last days are exactly 13 weeks (91 days) apart. In common years, March starts on the same day of the week as June of the previous year, and in leap years, September and December of the previous year. In common years, March finishes on the same day of the week as September of the previous year, and in leap years, April and December of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, March starts on the same day of the week as August of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year. In years immediately before common years, March finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year. In leap years, the day before March 1 is February 29. This determines the position of each day of the year from there on. As an example, March 1 is usually the 60th day of the year, but in a leap year is the 61st day. In terms of seasons, March is one of two months to have an equinox (the other is September, its seasonal equivalent in both hemispheres), with daylight and darkness of roughly the same number of hours, halfway between the December and June solstices. In the Northern Hemisphere, spring starts in this month, while it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Start of the season. The official start of either season is March 1, though the equinox can fall on March 20 or 21, occasionally on March 19. The northern spring equinox marks the start of the Iranian New Year and Baha'i New Year. It is from the March 21 date that Easter's date is calculated, on the Sunday after the first full moon in spring, meaning it can fall between March 22 and April 25 in Western Christianity. May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between April and June. It has 31 days. The month of May might have been named for the Roman goddess Maia, or more likely the Roman goddess of fertility Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. May never begins or ends on the same day of the week as any other month. May's flower is the Lily of the Valley. Its birthstone is the emerald. The meaning of the emerald is success in love. The Month. May comes between April and June and is the fifth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. It is one of seven months to have 31 days. In the older Roman calendar, May was the third month of the year. It is a spring month in the Northern Hemisphere and an autumn month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of November in the other. May is likely to have been named after the Roman goddess Maia, though there is a theory that May might have its name from the Latin "Maiores", meaning "Seniors". The same theory suggests that June would then be named from "Iuniores", meaning "Juniors". No other month of any year either begins or ends on the same day of the week as May: this month is the only one that has both of these properties. In common years, May starts on the same day of the week as August of the previous year, and in leap years, March and November of the previous year. In common years, May finishes on the same day of the week as August and November of the previous year, and in leap years, March and June of the previous year. In leap years and years immediately after that, May starts on the same day of the week as February of the previous year. Every year, May both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as January of the following year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. In years immediately before common years, May starts on the same day of the week as October of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, April and July of the following year. In years immediately before common years, May finishes on the same day of the week as February and October of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, July of the following year. In the Northern Hemisphere, May is in late Spring, and May Day on May 1 and Walpurgis Night, during the night of April 30 to May 1, are symbolic of the transition from winter to summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is in autumn, and comes just before the Antarctic winter, when emperor penguins breed there. Events in May. Special devotions to the Virgin Mary take place in May. Music Music is a form of art that uses sound organised in time. Music is also a form of entertainment that puts sounds together in a way that people like, find interesting or dance to. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drums or violin. The word "music" comes from the Greek word ("mousike"), which means "(art) of the Muses". In Ancient Greece the Muses included the goddesses of music, poetry, art, and dance. Someone who makes music is known as a musician. Definition of music. Music is sound that has been organized by using rhythm, melody or harmony. If someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person bangs saucepans or pots in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music. There are four things which music has most of the time: Definitions. There is no simple definition of music which covers all cases. It is an art form, and opinions come into play. Music is whatever people think is music. A different approach is to list the qualities music must have, such as, sound which has rhythm, melody, pitch, timbre, etc. These and other attempts, do not capture all aspects of music, or leave out examples which definitely are music. Music is a special shared relationship between a person, the persons behavior, and a sounding object.p10 Musical experience and the music, together, are called phenomena, and the activity of describing phenomena is called phenomenology. History. Even in the stone age people made music. The first music was probably made trying to imitate sounds and rhythms that occurred naturally. Human music may echo these phenomena using patterns, repetition and tonality. This kind of music is still here today. Shamans sometimes imitate sounds that are heard in nature. It may also serve as entertainment (games), or have practical uses, like attracting animals when hunting. Some animals also can use music. Songbirds use song to protect their territory, or to attract a mate. Monkeys have been seen beating hollow logs. This may, of course, also serve to defend the territory. The first musical instrument used by humans was probably the voice. The human voice can make many different kinds of sounds. The larynx (voice box) is like a wind instrument. The oldest known Neanderthal hyoid bone with the modern human form was found in 1983, indicating that the Neanderthals had language, because the hyoid supports the voice box in the human throat. Most likely the first rhythm instruments or percussion instruments involved the clapping of hands, stones hit together, or other things that are useful to keep a beat. There are finds of this type that date back to the paleolithic. Some of these are ambiguous, as they can be used either as a tool or a musical instrument. The first flutes. The oldest flute ever discovered may be the Divje Babe flute, found in the Slovenian cave Divje Babe I in 1995. It is not certain that it is really a flute. The item in question is a piece of the femur of a young cave bear, and is about 43,000 years old. However, whether it is a musical instrument or just a bone that got chewed on is an ongoing debate. In 2008, archaeologists discovered a bone flute in the Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, Germany. The five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The discovery is the oldest confirmed find of any musical instrument in history. Other flutes were also found in the cave. This flute was found next to the Venus of Hohle Fels and a short distance from the oldest known human carving. When they announced their discovery in 2009, the scientists suggested that the find showed that there was a well-established musical tradition when humans colonized Europe. The oldest known wooden pipes were discovered near Greystones, Ireland, in 2004. A wood-lined pit contained a group of six flutes made from yew wood, between 30 and 50 cm long, tapered at one end, but without any finger holes. They may once have been strapped together. In 1986 several bone flutes were found in Jiahu in Henan Province, China. They date to about 6,000 BC. They have between 5 and 8 holes each and were made from the hollow bones of a bird, the Red-crowned Crane. At the time of the discovery, one was still playable. The bone flute plays both the five- or seven-note scale of Xia Zhi and six-note scale of Qing Shang of the ancient Chinese musical system. Ancient times. It is not known what the earliest human music was like. Some architecture and paintings are thousands of years old, but old music could not survive until people learned to write it down. The only way we can guess about early music is by looking at very old paintings that show people playing musical instruments, or by finding instruments in archaeological digs (digging underground to find old things). The earliest piece of music that was ever written down and that has not been lost was discovered on a tablet written in Hurrian, a language spoken in and around northern Mesopotamia (where Iraq is today), from about 1500 BC. Middle Ages. Another surviving piece of early written music was a round called "Sumer Is Icumen In". It was written down by a monk around the year 1250. Much of the music in the Middle Ages (roughly 450-1420) was folk music played by working people who wanted to sing or dance. When people played instruments, they were usually playing for dancers. However, most of the music that was written down was for the Catholic church. This music was written for monks to sing in church. It is called Chant (or Gregorian chant). Renaissance. In the Renaissance (roughly 1400–1550) there was a lot of music, and many composers wrote music that has survived so that it can be performed, played or sung today. Many new types of art and music was made during this time. Some music was written for use in church services (sacred music) by the Italian composer Giovanni da Palestrina (1525–1594). In Palestrina's music, many singers sing together (this is called a choir). There was also plenty of music not written for the church, such as happy dance music and romantic love songs. Popular instruments during the Renaissance included the viols (a string instrument played with a bow), lutes (a plucked stringed instrument that is a little like a guitar), and the virginal, a small, quiet keyboard instrument. Baroque. The Baroque (roughly 1600–1740) was a Western cultural era. It emphasised drama and splendor in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music. In music, the term 'Baroque' applies to the final period of dominance of imitative counterpoint, where different voices and instruments echo each other but at different pitches, sometimes inverting the echo, and even reversing thematic material. The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. The upper class also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. In similar profusions of detail, art, music, architecture, and literature inspired each other in the Baroque cultural movement as artists explored what they could create from repeated and varied patterns. Some traits and aspects of Baroque paintings that differentiate this style from others are the abundant amount of details, often bright polychromy, less realistic faces of subjects, and an overall sense of awe, which was one of the goals in Baroque art. The word baroque probably derives from the ancient Portuguese noun "barroco" which is a pearl that is not round but of unpredictable and elaborate shape. Hence, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is "elaborate", with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Classical period. In western music, the classical period means music from about 1750 to 1825. It was the time of composers like Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Orchestras became bigger, and composers often wrote longer pieces of music called symphonies that had several sections (called movements). Some movements of a symphony were loud and fast; other movements were quiet and sad. The form of a piece of music was very important at this time. Music had to have a nice 'shape'. They often used a structure which was called sonata form. Another important type of music was the string quartet, which is a piece of music written for two violins, a viola, and a violoncello. Like symphonies, string quartet music had several sections. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven each wrote many famous string quartets. The piano was invented during this time. Composers liked the piano, because it could be used to play dynamics (getting louder or getting softer). Other popular instruments included the violin, the violoncello, the flute, the clarinet, and the oboe. Romantic period. The 19th century is called the Romantic period. Composers were particularly interested in conveying their emotions through music. An important instrument from the Romantic period was the piano. Some composers, such as Frederic Chopin wrote subdued, expressive, quietly emotional piano pieces. Often music described a feeling or told a story using sounds. Other composers, such as Franz Schubert wrote songs for a singer and a piano player called Lied (the German word for "song"). These Lieder (plural of Lied) told stories by using the lyrics (words) of the song and by the imaginative piano accompaniments. Other composers, like Richard Strauss, and Franz Liszt created narratives and told stories using only music, which is called a tone poem. Composers, such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms used the piano to play loud, dramatic, strongly emotional music. Many composers began writing music for bigger orchestras, with as many as 100 instruments. It was the period of "Nationalism" (the feeling of being proud of one's country) when many composers made music using folksong or melodies from their country. Lots of famous composers lived at this time such as Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Frederic Chopin, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. Modern times. From about 1900 onwards is called the "modern period". Many 20th century composers wanted to compose music that sounded different from the Classical and Romantic music. Modern composers searched for new ideas, such as using new instruments, different forms, different sounds, or different harmonies. The composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) wrote pieces which were atonal (meaning that they did not sound as if they were in any clear musical key). Later, Schoenberg invented a new system for writing music called twelve-tone system. Music written with the twelve-tone system sounds strange to some, but is mathematical in nature, often making sense only after careful study. Pure twelve-tone music was popular among academics in the fifties and sixties, but some composers such as Benjamin Britten use it today, when it is necessary to get a certain feel. One of the most important 20th-century composers, Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), wrote music with very complicated (difficult) chords (groups of notes that are played together) and rhythms. Some composers thought music was getting too complicated and so they wrote Minimalist pieces which use very simple ideas. In the 1950s and 1960s, composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen experimented with electronic music, using electronic circuits, amplifiers and loudspeakers. In the 1970s, composers began using electronic synthesizers and musical instruments from rock and roll music, such as the electric guitar. They used these new instruments to make new sounds. Composers writing in the 1990s and the 2000s, such as John Adams (born 1947) and James MacMillan (born 1959) often use a mixture of all these ideas, but they like to write tonal music with easy tunes as well. Electronic music. Music can be produced electronically. This is most commonly done by computers, keyboards, electric guitars and disk tables. They can mimic traditional instruments, and also produce very different sounds. 21st-century electronic music is commonly made with computer programs and hardware mixers. Jazz. Jazz is a type of music that was invented around 1900 in New Orleans in the south of the USA. There were many black musicians living there who played a style of music called blues music. Blues music was influenced by African music (because the black people in the United States had come to the United States as slaves. They were taken from Africa by force). Blues music was a music that was played by singing, using the harmonica, or the acoustic guitar. Many blues songs had sad lyrics about sad emotions (feelings) or sad experiences, such as losing a job, a family member dying, or having to go to jail (prison). Jazz music mixed together blues music with European music. Some black composers such as Scott Joplin were writing music called ragtime, which had a very different rhythm from standard European music, but used notes that were similar to some European music. Ragtime was a big influence on early jazz, called Dixieland jazz. Jazz musicians used instruments such as the trumpet, saxophone, and clarinet were used for the tunes (melodies), drums for percussion and plucked double bass, piano, banjo and guitar for the background rhythm (rhythmic section). Jazz is usually improvised: the players make up (invent) the music as they play. Even though jazz musicians are making up the music, jazz music still has rules; the musicians play a series of chords (groups of notes) in order. Jazz music has a swinging rhythm. The word "swing" is hard to explain. For a rhythm to be a "swinging rhythm" it has to feel natural and relaxed. Swing rhythm is not even like a march. There is a long-short feel instead of a same-same feel. A "swinging rhythm" also gets the people who are listening excited, because they like the sound of it. Some people say that a "swinging rhythm" happens when all the jazz musicians start to feel the same pulse and energy from the song. If a jazz band plays very well together, people will say "that is a swinging jazz band" or "that band really swings well." Jazz influenced other types of music like the Western art music from the 1920s and 1930s. Art music composers such as George Gershwin wrote music that was influenced by jazz. Jazz music influenced pop music songs. In the 1930s and 1940s, many pop music songs began using chords or melodies from jazz songs. One of the best known jazz musicians was Louis Armstrong (1900–1971). Pop music. "Pop" music is a type of "popular" music that many people like to listen to. The term "pop music" can be used for all kinds of music that was written to be popular. The word "pop music" was used from about 1880 onwards, when a type of music called music was popular. Modern pop music grew out of 1950's rock and roll, (for example Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Little Richard) and rockabilly (for example Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly). In the 1960s, The Beatles became a famous pop music group. In the 1970s, other styles of music were mixed with pop music, such as funk and soul music. Pop music generally has a heavy (strong) beat, so that it is good for dancing. Pop singers normally sing with microphones that are plugged into an amplifier and a loudspeaker. Musical notation. "Musical notation" is the way music is written down. Music needs to be written down in order to be saved and remembered for future performances. In this way composers (people who write music) can tell others how to play the musical piece as it was meant to be played. Solfège. Solfège (sometimes called solfa) is the way tones are named. It was made in order to give a name to the several tones and pitches. For example, the eight basic notes "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti, Do" are just the names of the eight notes that confirm the major scale. Written music. Music can be written in several ways. When it is written on a staff (like in the example shown), the pitches (tones) and their duration are represented by symbols called notes. Notes are put on the lines and in the spaces between the lines. Each position says which tone must be played. The higher the note is on the staff, the higher the pitch of the tone. The lower the notes are, the lower the pitch. The duration of the notes (how long they are played for) is shown by making the note "heads" black or white, and by giving them stems and flags. Music can also be written with letters, naming them as in the solfa "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti, Do" or representing them by letters. The next table shows how each note of the solfa is represented in the Standard Notation: The Standard Notation was made to simplify the lecture of music notes, although it is mostly used to represent chords and the names of the music scales. These ways to represent music ease the way a person reads music. There are more ways to write and represent music, but they are less known and may be more complicated. How to enjoy music. By listening. People can enjoy music by listening to it. They can go to concerts to hear musicians perform. Classical music is usually performed in concert halls, but sometimes huge festivals are organized in which it is performed outside, in a field or stadium, like pop festivals. People can listen to music on CD's, Computers, iPods, television, the radio, cassette/record-players and even mobile phones. There is so much music today, in elevators, shopping malls, and stores, that it often becomes a background sound that we do not really hear. By playing or singing. People can learn to play an instrument. Probably the most common for complete beginners is the piano or keyboard, the guitar, or the recorder (which is certainly the cheapest to buy). After they have learnt to play scales, play simple tunes and read the simplest musical notation, then they can think about which instrument for further development. They should choose an instrument that is practical for their size. For example, a very short child cannot play a full size double bass, because the double bass is over five feet high. People should choose an instrument that they enjoy playing, because playing regularly is the only way to get better. Finally, it helps to have a good teacher. By composing. Anyone can make up their own pieces of music. It is not difficult to compose simple songs or melodies (tunes). It's easier for people who can play an instrument themselves. All it takes is experimenting with the sounds that an instrument makes. Someone can make up a piece that tells a story, or just find a nice tune and think about ways it can be changed each time it is repeated. The instrument might be someone's own voice. The fact is, there are tons of instruments in the world. Madrid Madrid🇪🇸 (pronounced: “mah-drid or /məˈdrɪd/) is the capital and largest city of Spain. Madrid is in the middle of Spain, in the Community of Madrid. The Community is a large area that includes the city as well as small towns and villages outside the city. 7 million people live in the Community. More than 3 million live in the city itself. It is the largest city of Spain and, at 655 m (2,100 ft) above sea level, the second highest capital in Europe (after the Andorran capital Andorra la Vella). It is the second largest city in the European Union. As it is the capital city, Madrid is where the monarch lives and also where the government meets. Madrid is the financial centre of Spain. Many large businesses have their main offices there. It has four important footballs teams, Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid, Getafe, and Rayo Vallecano. People who live in Madrid are called madrileños. Madrid was ruled by the Romans from the 2nd century. After AD 711 it was occupied by the Moors. In 1083 Spain was ruled again by Spaniards. Catholic kings ruled the country. By the mid-16th century it had become the capital of a very large empire. Spain was ruled by monarchs from the House of Habsburg, then the House of Bourbon. After the Spanish Civil War it was ruled by a dictator until the mid-1970s when it became a democracy. Although it is a modern city, a lot of its history can be seen and felt as one walks along the streets and in the large squares of the city. There are beautiful parks, famous buildings, art galleries and concert halls. History. During the history of Spain many different people have lived there. The Phoenicians came in 1100 BC, followed by Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths and Moors. It was not until 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs got power, that Spain became a united country. Jews and Moors, who had lived happily there for many years, were driven away. Spain became very rich because it conquered many overseas countries, especially in Central and South America. However, Spain fought many wars and lost much of its treasure. It was very poor in 1936 when the Civil War was fought. General Franco became a harsh dictator until 1975 when Juan Carlos I was brought back to Spain and made king. There is now a democratic government. In prehistoric times people lived in the area which is now Madrid. The Romans lived there for several centuries. The origin of today’s city really starts in the 9th century when Muhammad I had a small palace built where the Palacio Real stands today. The Moors built strong forts in Madrid in 865 and put a wall round the city. These walls stood until 1476 when they were knocked down. In 1561 Felipe I moved the royal court from Toledo to Madrid. Madrid had now become the capital of a very large empire. Over the next years and decades the Plaza Mayor was built and many great buildings and monuments, many of which still stand. When Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile came to Madrid, Spain had become a very rich country. The 16th and 17th centuries are now known as the “Golden Century”. Their grandson was the famous Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). He liked his court to be in Seville. His son, Philip II (1527–1598) moved the court to Madrid in 1561. In the late 1800s there was a revolt, known as the First Spanish Republic. Later the monarchy was restored, but then there was a Second Spanish Republic followed by the Spanish Civil War. The Second Spanish Republic started on 14 April 1931 and was celebrated in La puerta del Sol which is the center of the city. Madrid suffered a lot in this war. It was bombed by airplanes. During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially during the 1960s, south Madrid became very industrialized, and many people from the rural areas moved to Madrid especially to the south east of the city. When General Franco died and democracy was restored, Madrid became more prosperous. During the 1980s and 1990s many new buildings were put up. Madrid has been attacked many times by terrorists. This includes the bombing of a restaurant in 1985, killing 18 people and the of trains in 2004, killing over 190 people. Geography. Madrid has a borderline cold semi-arid climate ("BSk" in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa" in the Köppen climate classification). Most rain falls in autumn and spring. The winters are cool because it is high up, and occasionally it snows. The summers are hot and dry. Often the temperature is above 30 °C (86 °F) in July and August and can often reach 40 °C (104 °F). At night it is much cooler. This is why many offices and businesses are closed and people have a sleep (siesta) in the afternoon when it is hot. Then they come out again in late afternoon and often eat dinner late at night. Buildings in Madrid. Spain's Royal Palace is in Madrid. It is one of the largest palaces in all of Western Europe. But the king and his family do not live there anymore; they live in a smaller palace, and only use the Royal Palace for important events, like meeting other kings and other official ceremonies. One can go inside the Royal Palace and learn about the history of Spanish monarchy. Other famous buildings are: The Prado Museum, the Temple of Debod, the Santiago Bernabeú Stadium and the Cuatro Torres Business Area. Art galleries. There are a lot of very big and important art museums in Madrid. The most famous ones are the Prado Museum, the Queen Sofia Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza museum. These show off paintings, sculptures, and other works of art from some of the most famous artists in the world. Many famous, important, and valuable works of art are in these museums. For example, the Queen Sofia museum has a famous painting by Pablo Picasso, called "Guernica". Picasso painted this painting to show how sad and angry it made him when the German Nazis destroyed a town in Spain called Guernica in 1937. Picasso had said that the painting should never return to Spain until it was a democracy again. Once that happened, they built the Queen Sofia museum just to have a good place to put it. Other sights. There are many other sights to see in Madrid. Many people go to see the Plaza Mayor which was a market place. The Plaza de la Villa was another famous market place. There are a lot of shops along the Gran Via. Real Madrid football fans celebrate at the Plaza de Cibeles. Two famous gates to see are the Puerta del Sol and the Puerta de Alcalá. A more recent landmark is the Almudena Cathedral. Madrid has some lovely parks. The Retiro Park is the most famous. The Cristal Palace can be found in this park. The Plaza de Toros is visited by many tourists. Bullfights take place there. Montreal Montreal (, spelled "Montréal" in French) is a city in the country of Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec and the second-largest city in Canada. It is the second-largest French-speaking city in the world after Paris. Montreal is built on an island sitting in the Saint Lawrence River. More than three million people live in the Montreal region. At the centre of Montreal is a mountain called Mount Royal. The suburb of Westmount, is a very affluent suburb of Quebec. Most of the people who live in Montreal speak French, but English is also commonly spoken, as a second language. History. The name 'Montréal' comes from "Mont Royal", which means 'Royal Mountain' in French. It was originally called "Ville-Marie", or City of Mary. Montreal has always played a very important part in the history and development of Canada. It continues to be a large Canadian industrial and commercial centre, as well as a major seaport (via the Saint Lawrence River). It once was the largest city in Canada, before Toronto grew to be larger. Tourists visit Montreal for its historical and cultural interest. One can visit the Old City in horse-drawn carriages, where many buildings from the earliest years stand and remind of the way of life that started in the New World, when Montreal was just a fur trading outpost belonging to France over 350 years ago. Geography. Montreal is in the southwest of Quebec, 530 kilometres north of New York City. The city itself is located on an island, the Island of Montreal. Near the downtown area, there is a hill called "Mount Royal" ("Mont Royal" in French). Economy. Montreal's economy is the second largest in Canada. The city's port is the biggest inland port (a port that is not on the sea) in the world. Many large corporations have their main offices in Montreal. It also hosts many international organizations like ICAO, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and IATA. The city is home to four major Universities, welcoming students from all parts of Canada and from all over the world. Montreal is also known for its cultural production sector. Because the city has many different buildings, movies are easy to film there. The circus troupe (group) "Cirque du Soleil" is from Montreal. The city is also known for its festivals, like the Montreal Jazz Festival and "Just For Laughs". Some video game companies also have studios in Montreal. Culture. Montreal is the cultural capital of Quebec and French-speaking Canada. Montreal has many beautiful churches (Montreal is referred to locally as 'the city of a hundred churches'), including the largest church in Canada, and also many important art, history, and science museums. You can also visit the location of the 1967 World's Fair, where today, as well as many other attractions, one will find the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Formula One automobile race course. Also of interest is the site where the 1976 Summer Olympic Games were held, and the modern architecture of the Olympic stadium (the 'Big O') and its tall inclined observation tower (the highest inclined tower in the world); now a landmark of Montreal. A lot of Montrealers are interested in hockey, and Montreal is home to its own ice hockey team called the Montreal Canadiens who play in the National Hockey League (NHL). Media. Montreal Stations CBMT CBC CFCF CTV Macadamia nut The macadamia nut is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There is more than one kind of Macadamia tree. Only one kind is grown for food. The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to high. It has groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well-drained soil (water can flow away easily) and of rain a year. The nutmeat (the soft part inside the shell that can be eaten) is mostly a creamy white color. Sometimes it looks a bit yellow. It has a flavor that many people like. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked) by themselves. They are used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People use them like almonds and cashews as part of cooked meals. This is an Oriental style of cooking. The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production started in Hawaii during the 1920s. Production later spread to California, Mexico, and other places with warm climate. Macadamias are poisonous to dogs. A dog usually needs 24 to 48 hours to recover fully after eating macadamias.The plant is in the Proteaceae family of flowering plants. Maui Maui is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It has a population of just over 100,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism. Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes. Geography. Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has been very worn down. In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore. Places. Other places on Maui popular with visitors include: Golf courses on Maui include: Molokai Molokai (sometimes mistakenly called Molokaʻi) is the fifth largest island in the U.S. Hawaiian Islands. The island is 38 miles long and 10 miles across. Its land area is 261 square miles. The highest mountain is named Kamakou, and it is 4,970 feet (1,514 meters) high. Molokai has many local indigenous names including Molokai 'Aina Momona (land of abundance), Molokai Pule O'o (land of powerful prayer), and Molokai Nui A Hina (of the goddess Hina). It is one of the least developed of the Hawaiian islands. The only big town is named Kaunakakai, which is also the main or chief port on the island. The airport is in Central Molokai. Also on the island is Kalaupapa, which is a place for people who have a diease called leprosy. Molokai has many Hawaiian fish ponds along its south shore. Many of these have been cleaned and fixed. Money Money, also sometimes called currency, can be defined as anything that people use to buy goods and services. Money is what many people receive for selling their own things or services. There are lots of different kinds of money in the world. Most countries have their own kind of money, such as the United States dollar or the British pound. History. The idea of bartering things is very old. A long time ago, people did not buy or sell with money. Instead, they traded one thing for another to get what they wanted or needed. One person who owned many cows could trade with another person who had a lot of wheat. Each would trade a little of what he had with the other. This would support the people on his farm. Other things that were easier to carry around than cows also came to be held as valuable. This gave rise to trade items such as jewelry and spices. When people changed from trading in things like, for example, cows and wheat to using money instead, they needed things that would last a long time. They must still have a known value, and could be carried around. The first country in the world to make metal coins was called Lydia. These first appeared during the 7th century BC, in the western part of what is now Turkey. The Lydian coins were made of a weighed amount of precious metal and were stamped with a picture of a lion. This idea soon spread to Greece, the rest of the Mediterranean, and the rest of the world. Coins were all made to the same size and shape. In some parts of the world, different things have been used as money, like clam shells or blocks of salt. Besides being easier to carry than cows, using money had many other advantages. Money is "easier to divide" than many trade goods. If someone own cows, and wants to trade for only "half a cow's worth" of wheat, he probably does not want to cut his cow in half. But if he sells his cow for money, and buys wheat with money, he can get exactly the amount he wants. Cows die, and wheat rots. But money "lasts longer" than most trade goods. If someone sells a cow for money, he can save that money away until he needs it. He can always leave it to his children when he dies. It can last a very long time, and he can use it at any time. Not every cow is as good as another cow. Some cows are sick and old, and others are healthy and young. Some wheat is good and other wheat is moldy or stale. So if a person trades cows for wheat, he might have a hard time arguing over how much wheat each cow is worth. However, money is "standard". That means one dollar is worth the same as another dollar. It is easier to add up and count money, than to add up the value of different cows or amounts of wheat. Later, after coins had been used for hundreds of years, paper money started out as a promise to pay in coin, much like an "I.O.U." note. The first true paper money was used in China in the 10th century AD. Paper money was also printed in Sweden between 1660 and 1664. Both times, it did not work well, and had to be stopped because the banks kept running out of coins to pay on the notes. Massachusetts Bay Colony printed paper money in the 1690s. This time, the use became more common. Today, most of what people think of as money is not even things you can hold. It is numbers in bank accounts, saved in computer memories. Many people still feel more comfortable using coins and paper, and do not totally trust using electronic money on a computer memory. Kinds. Many types of money have been used at different times in history. These are: "Commodity money" can be used for other purposes besides serving as a medium of exchange. We say it possesses intrinsic value, because it is useful or valuable by itself. Some examples of commodity money are cattle, silk, gold and silver. Convertible paper money is money that is convertible into gold and silver. Gold and Silver certificates are convertible paper money as they can be fully convertible into gold and silver. Inconvertible money is money that cannot be converted into gold and silver. Notes and coins are inconvertible money. They are inconvertible and are declared by the government money. Such fiat money is a country's legal tender. Today, notes and coins are the currencies used in bank deposits. Types of bank deposits: Multiplication Multiplication is an arithmetic operation for finding the "product" of two numbers in mathematics. It is often represented by symbols such as formula_1 and formula_2. Multiplication is the third operation in math, after addition which is the first, and subtraction which is the second. It can also be defined on non-number mathematical objects as well. With natural numbers, multiplication gives the number of tiles in a rectangle, where one of the two numbers equals the number of tiles on one side, and the other number equals the number of tiles on the other side. With real numbers, multiplication gives the area of a rectangle where the first number is the same as the size of one side, and the second number is the same as the size of the other side. For example, three multiplied by five is the total of five threes added together, or the total of three fives. This can be written as 3 × 5 = 15, or spoken as "three times five equals fifteen." Mathematicians refer to the two numbers to be multiplied as "coefficients", or "multiplicand" and "multiplicator" separately (where Multiplicand × multiplicator = product). Multiplication between numbers is said to be commutative—when the order of the numbers does not influence the value of the product. This is true for the integers (whole numbers), e.g. 4 × 6 is the same as 6 × 4, and also for the rational numbers (fractions), and for all the other real numbers (representable as a field in the continuous line), and also for complex numbers (numbers representable as a field in the plane). However, it is not true for quaternions (numbers representable as a ring in the four-dimensional space), vectors or matrices. The definition of multiplication as repeated addition provides a way to arrive at a set-theoretic interpretation of multiplication of cardinal numbers. A more accurate representation is to think of it as scaling quantities. This animation illustrates 3 being multiplied by 2, giving 6 as a result. Notice that the blue dot in the blue segment of length 3 is placed at position 1, and the blue segment is scaled so that this dot is placed at the end of the red segment (of length 2). For multiplication by any X, the blue dot will always start at 1 and end at X. This works even if X is smaller than 1, or negative. The opposite of multiplication is division. Multiplication table. Teachers usually require their pupils to memorize the table of the first 9 numbers when teaching multiplication, so that more complex multiplication tasks can be performed. Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is a company that makes computer software and video games. Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded the company in 1975. Microsoft makes Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office (including Microsoft Word), Edge, MSN and Xbox, among others. Most Microsoft programs cannot be downloaded for free–people have to buy them in a shop or online. Some products (like the Windows operating system) are often already installed when people buy a new computer. Services. Although Microsoft is best known for its software products, the company also runs a number of web services. They include: Hardware. Microsoft has also made a wide variety of hardware over the years. Among them are computer accessories like mice, keyboards, and webcams. The company also makes and promotes a video game console, Xbox. It lets people play video games on their televisions. The games were first stored on CDs, but many recent games are downloaded from the Internet. There have been three generations of Xbox. The first generation came out in 2001 and was just called Xbox, while the second, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005. The third model is the Xbox One in May 2013. In 2020, Microsoft introduced Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S. Beginning with the Xbox 360, Microsoft introduced Xbox Live, which lets people play games online against other people anywhere in the world. The Xbox has become very popular and more than 150 million units have been sold worldwide. Because of this, Microsoft is considered one of the three big companies that make video game consoles, along with Nintendo and Sony. Most recently, Microsoft has also started to make its own PCs, called the Surface. The first model was announced in 2012 and the Surface line now includes tablets that use either ARM or Intel processors, two models of laptops called the Surface Book and Surface Laptop, an all-in-one PC called the Surface Studio, and an interactive whiteboard, the Surface Hub. In 2014, Microsoft bought the mobile phone division of Nokia, a Finnish company, which then became Microsoft Mobile. The sale included the Lumia family of smartphones, which use Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform. From 2014 to 2016, Microsoft Mobile also made feature phones with the Nokia brand. Then the feature phone business was sold to HMD global, which continues to produce both feature phones and Android smartphones under license from Nokia. Islamic world The Islamic World consists of all people who are in Islam. It is not an exact location, but rather a community. When they do things together as Muslims, they are the "umma", which means "community" referring to all of the believers. The faith emphasizes unity and defense of fellow Muslims, so it is common for these nations to cooperate. Recent conflicts in the Muslim World have sometimes spread because of this desire to cooperate (see below). It is also likely that some have been made shorter and less damaging because of it. Some might even have never started. Demographics. Muslims are in many countries. In 52 nations, Muslims are the majority. Almost all are Sunni. They speak about 60 languages and come from all ethnic backgrounds. Media. The "Al-Jazeera" satellite TV network in the Arabic language is a news source many Muslims watch. In most Muslim nations, the government is the main source of news. This sometimes makes it very difficult or dangerous to make anti-government statements. There are, however, many other news programmes and websites in the Muslim world. Islam in law and ethics. Islamic law exists in many variations - in Arabic it is called shariah - five schools of which were created centuries ago. These are the classical fiqh: the Hanafi school from India, Pakistan and Bangaladesh, West Africa, Egypt, the Maliki in North Africa and West Africa, the Shafi in Malaysia and Indonesia, the Hanbali in Arabia, and Jaferi in Iran and Iraq - where the majority is Shia. All five are very old and many Muslims feel a new fiqh must be created for modern society. Islam has a method for doing this, al-urf and ijtihad are the words to describe this method, but they have not been used in a long time, and few people are trusted enough to use them to make new laws. So, in most of the Muslim world, people are very conservative, especially about alcohol, adultery, abortion and women working in jobs where they are used to lure customers. Muslim women often dress extremely modestly, and many do so by choice. But in some countries they have been forced to do so against their will. This is one of the things that causes tension between the Western World and that of Muslims. Islamic economics bans debt but in most Muslim countries Western banking is allowed. This is another issue that many Muslims have with the Western world. Islam in politics. One quarter of the world population share Islam as an ethical tradition. Many people in these countries also see Islam as a political movement. In democratic countries there is usually at least one Islamic party. Political Islam is powerful in all Muslim-majority countries. Islamic parties in Pakistan and Algeria have taken power. Many in these movements call themselves Islamists, which also sometimes describes more militant Islamic groups. The relationships between these groups and their views of democracy are complex. Some of these groups are called terrorists because they attack civilians of other non-Muslim nations, to make a political point. Conflicts with Israel and the US. Israel is very unpopular in the Muslim world, because of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the way that the state of Israel came into being in 1948 which many Arabs thought was unfair. Some Muslims see this as a fight against Judaism or Jews, but not all. In Morocco for instance, the Islamists recently invited Jews to join the party. Jewish groups also cooperate with Arabs in the West Bank, where Neturei Karta (anti-Zionist orthodox Jewish) leader Rabbi Mosche Hirsch served as the Minister for Jewish Affairs in the Fatah before there was a Palestinian Authority. Like the Arabs, this small group of Jews thought the way Israel was created was not right. However, very few Jews believe this, and most support Israel as a state. In 1979 there was a big shift in the way the Muslim world dealt with the rest of the world. In that year, Egypt made peace with Israel, Iran became an Islamic state after a revolution, and there was an invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. A lot of things changed in that year. By 2001 the Soviet Union was gone, Jordan had also made peace with Israel, and on September 11, 2001 there were major attacks on the U.S. - which most people believe were made to drive the United States out of the Muslim world, especially Saudi Arabia. In many ways the events of 1979 led to the events of 2001. The 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq are called part of a War on Terrorism by the United States. Many or most Muslims see it as a War on Islam. After the invasion, the Islamic parties won more seats, and a majority of Muslims polled in many nations expressed support for Osama bin Laden and said he would "do the right thing". Olivier Roy is a French scholar who thinks that this does not express support for al-Qaeda or militant Islam but opposing colonialism and what many Muslims call racism - favourable treatment for Jews especially those living in West Bank settlements, many of whom have American or British passport, and which the United Nations says have no right to live there. The situation is very complicated and there are many different views of it. Organization. The Organization of Islamic Conference formed in 1969 lets the Muslim nations work as a group. Russia joined in 2003. The Arab League is a smaller group of only the Arab countries. OPEC is another forum where issues between the Muslim and non-Muslim world come up. In 1973 to protest U.S. support for Israel there was an oil embargo which caused the 1973 energy crisis. Multiverse A multiverse is the theory of a conjectured set of multiple possible universes, including ours, which make up reality. These universes are sometimes called parallel universes. A number of different versions have been considered. The term "multiverse" was coined in 1895 by psychologist William James as a philosophical concept. The cosmological multiverse. The cosmological multiverse tries to explain why the universe we observe i.e. "our universe" seems so welcoming to the emergence of life. Even small changes to the way physics works would make life impossible. In a multiverse a vast number of universes are randomly created and some happen to favour life emerging there. Many inhospitable universes would also have been created, but there would be no life there to observe their existence. The quantum multiverse. The quantum multiverse is another version in which our universe splits into alternative futures with every quantum event. This is called many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Mechanistic paradigm The mechanistic paradigm, also known as the Newtonian paradigm, assumes that things in the environment around humans are more like machines than like life. It was more common in the 19th century. This is a set of loosely related beliefs that affects all sciences: Believers in this paradigm sometimes say that those who do not believe in it are following a cognitive paradigm - but almost no one uses this term, since it is redundant - cognitive science is already accepted as the most basic idea in the philosophy of science. But mechanists reject some of the ideas of cognitive scientists, like cognitive science of mathematics. Mechanistic thinking also assumes that philosophy of perception is much less important than cognitive scientists say it is - that humans and their beliefs and equipment do not generally add a lot of bias to a scientific theory. Thomas Kuhn said otherwise, that these things matter, and that the major assumptions of science, can shift drastically. This he called a paradigm shift. The shift from mechanistic to cognitive paradigm is an example of this. Later he used other words to describe the assumptions and beliefs, like mind-set, but the word "paradigm" is still used. Some say it is much over-used. Economics is often said to "suffer from" assumptions of the mechanistic paradigm. Sometimes those who believe in neoclassical economics and also in the mechanistic paradigm say they "seek to unify physics and economics," as if people and particles behaved as two examples of the same kind of thing. Technology is often easier to make if people accept a mechanistic paradigm - but it may be harder to say why it does not work, if one believes in these ideas. For instance, creating diagnostic trees might be easier if one works from experience, not from an idea of how a technology should or must work. A controversial idea is that mechanistic ideas are just an older idea called scholasticism, with more mathematics. Both tried to work from what should or must be, instead of what experiment seemed to show. Another controversial idea is that scientism, belief in science as if it were a religion or ethical tradition, comes from this paradigm. Most scientists who are mechanistic do not say they see science as a guide to ethics, but try to keep them separate. MediaWiki MediaWiki is the name of the software that runs all of the Wikimedia projects and . MediaWiki was released in 2003. It is a free server-based software which is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This means it is free content, or open source. MediaWiki is designed to be run on a large web server farm for a website that gets millions of hits per day. MediaWiki is a very powerful, scalable software and a feature-rich wiki implementation. It uses PHP to process and display data stored in its MySQL database. Pages use MediaWiki's Wikitext format, so that users without knowledge of XHTML or CSS can edit them easily. When a user submits an edit to a page, MediaWiki writes it to the database, but without deleting the previous versions of the page, thus allowing easy reverts in case of vandalism or spamming. MediaWiki can manage image and multimedia files, too, which are stored in the filesystem. For large wikis with lots of users, MediaWiki supports caching and can be easily coupled with Squid proxy server software. All Wikimedia projects run on MediaWiki version . Usage. Because MediaWiki is flexible, many websites that want people to contribute information use MediaWiki rather than other types of wiki software. Those operated by Fandom are among them. There are also some websites that use MediaWiki as a content management system. Extensions. In MediaWiki, a system administrator can choose to install extensions which are provided on the main MediaWiki website. Some are from the MediaWiki developers, while others are from programmers from all around the world. Most extensions can be download from Wikimedia's Subversion repository. However, there are some other extensions that other people host themselves. Some extensions had been added to the main software along the development of MediaWiki. For example, the extension is an extension to promote a user into an administrator or a bureaucrat. There were a total of 2124 extensions as of October 4, 2013. Namespaces. In the default installation of MediaWiki, the software has 17 namespaces(18 actually, but one does not have a namespace), namely: Additional namespaces can be added using the from the installation of MediaWiki. Bugs. As MediaWiki is a complex software, there would always be bugs in the software, especially for new extensions. Therefore, Wikimedia has created a Bugzilla website for people who see a bug to tell the developers of MediaWiki. Some extensions of MediaWiki use the , while some just use the talk pages of the extension page. Skins. Users can change MediaWiki's appearance. They may use one of the several "skins". At different times different skins have been default. For example, Wikipedia once used Monobook before adopting the new Vector skin in version 1.16. A survey done by Wikimedia showed that more people prefer the Vector skin. More information. "More information about the software:" First language A first language (also mother language, mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) often means the language that a person learns first. It helps one understand words and concepts in the style of that language. Sometimes, but not often, "first language" means the language that a person speaks best (the second language is then spoken less well than the first language, etc.). In that sense, a person could have more than one first or second language. Mustache The hair that grows on the upper lip of some men is called a mustache. The hair that grows on the sides of the face and the chin of some men is called a beard. Some men have a lot of hair and a big mustache, and some have very little. In the modern world, many men shave part or all of their mustaches, or cut their mustache so it does not get very long. A chin beard with no mustache is called a goatee, whilst a chin beard with a mustache is known as a Van Dyke. The earliest facial hair above the lip, as a style, is credited to the Iron Age Celts. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian,wrote this about the Celtic people: Mustache in United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations is spelled moustache. Some animals such as walruses also have hair like this, and people sometimes also call this hair a mustache. Mile A mile is a unit of length. There are many different kinds of mile but "mile" on its own usually means the statute mile. Statute mile. In the US and the UK the word "mile" usually means the statute mile. Nautical mile. The nautical mile is used for sea or air travel. The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a line of longitude of the Earth. There are 60 minutes of arc in one degree or arc (60' = 1°). So there were 10,800 nautical miles from the North Pole to the South Pole. Now the nautical mile is defined as 1,852 metres. The speed of a ship that travels one nautical mile in one hour is called one knot Roman mile. The mile was first used by the Romans. It comes from the Latin phrase "mille passus" (plural: "milia passuum"). This means "one thousand paces". A pace is the distance each foot moves when taking one step. Other miles. Different miles have been used throughout history in various parts of the world. In Norway and Sweden, for example, a mil is a unit of length which is equal to 10 kilometres. Idioms. Even in English-speaking countries that use the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), the mile is still used in many idioms. These include: Margarine Margarine is an artificial butter. It can be made from vegetable oil, or animal fat. It may also contain skimmed milk, salt and emulsifiers. Margarine is used in many baked products. It contains less fat than butter, so is often chosen instead of it. There are also "low fat" margarines, which contain even less fat. However, many types of margarine are made with hydrogenated oils. Products with hydrogenated oil have trans fats, which are unhealthy and can cause heart disease. Other fats, like olive oil, and butter, are a better choice for cooking. Milky Way The Milky Way is our home galaxy. It contains around 400 billion stars, including our Sun. The Milky Way has a diameter of about 170,000 or 200,000 light years, and is a barred spiral galaxy. The idea that the Milky Way is made of stars goes back to the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus. The Milky Way has three main parts: a "disk", where the Solar System is, a "bulge" at the core, and an outer "halo" all around it. Although the word "disk" suggests it is flat, the Milky Way is actually not quite flat. It is slightly warped and twisted. This galaxy belongs to the Local Group of three large galaxies and over 50 smaller galaxies. The Milky Way is one of the largest galaxies in the group, second to the Andromeda Galaxy. Its closest neighbour is the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, which is about 25,000 light years away from the Earth. The Andromeda Galaxy is moving towards the Milky Way Galaxy, and will collide with it in about 3.75 billion years. The Andromeda Galaxy moves with a speed of about 1,800 kilometres per minute. Size. The stellar disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is about 200,000 light-years (9×1017 km) in diameter, and is considered to be, on average, about 1000 light years thick. It is estimated to contain at least 100 billion stars, and possibly up to 400 billion stars. The figure depends on the number of very low-mass, or dwarf stars, which are hard to detect, especially more than 300 light years from our sun. Therefore, present estimates of the total number are uncertain. This can be compared to the one trillion (1012) stars of the neighbouring Andromeda Galaxy. The stellar disc of the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge, a radius beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the number of stars drops smoothly with distance from the centre of the Galaxy. Beyond a radius of about 40,000 light years, the number of stars drops much faster, for reasons that are not understood. Extending beyond the stellar disk is a much thicker disk of gas. Recent observations indicate that the gaseous disk of the Milky Way has a thickness of around 12000 light years–twice the previously accepted value. As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to the orbit of Pluto were reduced to the size of a US quarter (about an inch or 25 mm in diameter), the Milky Way would have a diameter of 2,000 kilometers. At 220 kilometers per second it takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Galaxy (a galactic year). The Galactic halo extends outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and the Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach is at about 180,000 light years. At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds, and the objects would likely be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. Galactic center. The galactic disc, which bulges outward at the galactic center, has a diameter of 170–200,000 light years. The exact distance from the Sun to the galactic center is debated. The latest estimates give distances to the Galactic center of 25–28,000 light years. Movement of material around the galactic center shows that it has a compact object of very large mass. The intense radio source named Sagittarius A*, thought to mark the center of the Milky Way, is now confirmed to be a supermassive black hole. Most galaxies are believed to have a supermassive black hole at their center. The nature of the galaxy's bar is also actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 3,300 to 16,000 light years (short or a long bar) and 10–50 degrees. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of our own galaxy. Myth. In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son (the baby Heracles) whose mother was a mortal woman on Hera's breast while she is sleeping so that the baby will drink her divine milk and become immortal. However, Hera wakes up while she is breastfeeding the baby and realizes she is nursing a baby she does not know. According to Greek mythology, she then pushes the baby away and a stream of her milk sprays the night sky, making a faint band of light known as the Milky Way. Movement Movement, or motion, is the state of changing something's position or changing where something is. A bird that is flying is moving. So is a person who is walking. This is, because they change where they are. They "move" from one place to another. There are many forms of science and mathematics that are related to movement. Because of the work of scientists including Galilei and Newton, we know that "position" is relative. This means that an object's position depends on where it exists in relation to other objects. For example, a ball can be away from a box, from a chair and away from a table. Here, the box, chair and the table helped to define the position of the ball. They acted as the reference points for the observation of the ball. By telling someone how far the ball was from other objects, they were told its relative position. The motion of an object is also relative. It depends on how its position changes in relation to other objects. For example: A person is sitting inside a train (Train A). The train has not started moving yet. When that person looks out the window, they see another train (Train B) . Both trains are facing the same direction. If Train B moves backwards, it appears to the person on TRain A that they are moving toward Train B. If a reference point it added this can be changed. If the person can also see a pole next to the trainsm they will see that train A did not move and train B moved backwards. From this, it is shown that what the movement is can not bo known without a frame of reference. In this example the pole is the frame of reference. The study of motion without considering its cause is called kinematics. Kinematics deals with terms like speed, velocity, and acceleration. Dynamics is the branch of physics that focuses on the causes and effects of motion. It deals with force, inertia, work, energy and momentum. Animal movement. The movement of animals is controlled by the nervous system, especially the brain and spinal cord. The muscles that control the eye are driven by the optic tectum in the midbrain. All the voluntary muscles in the body are controlled by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Spinal motor neurons are controlled by neural circuits of the spinal cord, and by inputs from the brain. The spinal circuits do many reflex responses, and also do rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming. The descending connections from the brain give more sophisticated control. The brain has several areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the highest level is the primary motor cortex. This is a strip of tissue at the back of the frontal lobe. This tissue sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord, through the pyramidal tract. This allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements. There are other brain areas which affect movement. Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. In addition, the brain and spinal cord controls the autonomic nervous system. this system works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, urination, sexual arousal and several other processes. Most of its functions are not under direct voluntary control. Several of them, such as respiration, can be controlled directly as well. Metaphor Metaphor is a term for a figure of speech. It does not use a word in its basic literal sense. Instead, it uses a word in a kind of comparison. We run, and we also say rivers run. We may run into trouble, especially if we run up a bill at the bar. So a metaphor uses words to make a picture in our mind. It takes a word from its original context, and uses it in another. Metaphors are an essential part of language: it is not possible to speak or write without them. A simple example is the word "run". This has a basic meaning of "moving quickly" or "go with quick steps on alternate feet, never having both feet on the ground at the same time". The "Concise Oxford Dictionary" then gives 34 other uses as a verb; 21 uses as a noun; about 50 uses in short phrases. All of these are metaphors, although we do not usually notice this. We use metaphors to make "indirect" comparisons, but without using 'like' or 'as' – because that would be a simile. A simile is a "direct" comparison: "Jane is like a child". A metaphor very often uses the verb 'to be': "love "is" war", for example, not "love "is like" war" (that is a simile). Poetry includes much metaphor, usually more than prose. Spam is an example that any email user knows about – this word was originally a metaphor, from 'Spam', a type of canned meat. Servers putting unwanted email into somebody's inbox was similar to waiters putting unwanted Spam into food. This was originally suggested by a Monty Python scene. When we use a metaphor very often and we forget the old meaning, or forget that the two meanings are connected, this is a 'dead metaphor'. Originally "metaphor" was a Greek word for 'transfer'. It came from "meta" ('beyond') and "pherein" ('carry'). So the word "metaphor" in English was a metaphor, too. Today in Greek, "metaphor" is a trolley (a thing that is pushed for carrying shopping or bags). Simple metaphors. Description. A simple metaphor has a single link between the subject and the metaphoric vehicle. The vehicle thus has a single meaning which is transferred directly to the subject. Examples. In the simple metaphor, the effort to understand what the author or speaker intends is relatively low, and hence it may easily be used with a wider and less sophisticated audience. Complex metaphors. Description. A complex metaphor happens where a simple metaphor is based on a secondary metaphoric element. For example, using a metaphor of 'light' for 'understanding' may be complexified by saying 'throwing light' rather than 'shining light'. 'Throwing' is an extra metaphor for how light arrives. Compound metaphors. Description. A compound metaphor is one where there are multiple parts in the metaphor that are used to snag the listener. These parts may be enhancement words such as adverbs, adjectives, etc. Each part in the compound metaphor may be used to signify an additional item of meaning. Examples. Compound metaphors are like a multiple punch, hitting the listener repeatedly with metaphoric elements. Where the complex metaphor uses stacked layers to enhance the metaphor, the compound metaphor uses sequential words. The compound metaphor is also known as a loose metaphor. Live and dead metaphors. A live metaphor is one which a reader notices. A dead metaphor is one no-one notices because it has become so common in the language. Examples. Two people walk off a tennis court. Someone asks the loser: "What happened?". Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical reactions which keep us alive. It happens in the cells of living organisms. The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolism allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word ‘metabolism’ can also refer to digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, or cycles, like the Krebs cycle. One chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical by a series of enzymes. The metabolic system of an organism decides which substances it finds nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, called the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will need, and how it is able to get that food. A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium "Escherichia coli" and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in the evolution of life, and kept because of their efficiency. Microscope A microscope is a scientific instrument. It makes small objects look larger. This lets people see the small things. People who use microscopes frequently in their jobs include doctors and scientists. Students in science classes such as biology also use microscopes to study small things. The earliest microscopes had only one lens and are called "simple microscopes". "Compound microscopes" have at least two lenses. In a compound microscope, the lens closer to the eye is called the "eyepiece". The lens at the other end is called the "objective". The lenses multiply up, so a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective together give 400x magnification. Microscopes make things seem larger than they are, to about 1000 times larger. This is much stronger than a magnifying glass which works as a simple microscope. Types of microscopes. There are many types of microscopes. The most common kind of microscope is the compound light microscope. In a compound light microscope, the object is illuminated: light is thrown on it. The user looks at the image formed by the object. Light passes through two lenses and makes the image bigger. The second most common kind are a few kinds of electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) fire cathode rays into the object being looked at. This carries information about how the object looks into a magnetic "lens". The image is then magnified onto a television screen. Scanning electron microscopes also fire electrons at the object, but in a single beam. These lose their power when they strike the object, and the loss of power results in something else being generated—usually an X-ray. This is sensed and magnified onto a screen. Scanning tunneling microscopes were invented in 1984. A fluorescence microscope is a special kind of light microscope. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner, and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy". The citation says it brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension". Mass The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in a body. A mountain has typically more mass than a rock, for instance. Mass should not be confused with the related but quite different concept of weight. We can measure the mass of an object if a force acts on the object. If the mass is greater, the object will have less acceleration (change in its motion). This measure of mass is called "inertial mass" because it measures inertia. A large mass like the Earth will attract a small mass like a human being with enough force to keep the human being from floating away. "Mass attraction" is another word for gravity, a force that exists between all matter. When we measure the force of gravity from an object, we can find its "gravitational mass". Tests of inertial and gravitational mass show that they are the same or almost the same. Units of mass. The unit of mass in the International System of Units is the kilogram, which is represented by the symbol 'kg'. Fractions and multiples of this basic unit include the gram (one thousandth of a kg, symbol 'g') and the tonne (one thousand kg), amongst many others. In some fields or applications, it is convenient to use different units to simplify the discussions or writings. For instance, Traditional units are still in encountered in some countries: imperial units such as the ounce or the pound were in widespread use within the British Empire. Some of them are still popular in the United States, which also uses units like the short ton (2,000 pounds, 907 kg) and the long ton (2,240 pounds, 1010 kg), not to be confused with the metric ton (1,000 kg). Conservation of mass and relativity. Mass is an intrinsic property of the object: it does not depend on its volume, or position in space, for instance. For a long time (at least since the works of Antoine Lavoisier in the second half of the eighteen century), it has been known that the sum of the masses of objects that interact or of the chemicals that react remain conserved throughout these processes. This remains an excellent approximation for everyday life and even most laboratory work. However, Einstein has shown through his special theory of relativity that the mass "m" of an object moving at speed "v" with respect to an observer must be higher than the mass of the same object observed at rest "m0" with respect to the observer. The applicable formula is formula_1 where "c" stands for the speed of light. This change in mass is only important when the speed of the object with respect to the observer becomes a large fraction of "c". Mercury (planet) Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System. It is the closest planet to the sun. It makes one trip around the Sun once every 87.969 days. Mercury is bright when we can see it from Earth. It has an apparent magnitude ranging from −2.0 to 5.5. It cannot be seen easily because it is usually too close to the Sun. Because of this, Mercury can only be seen in the morning or evening twilight or when there is a solar eclipse. Less is known about Mercury than about other planets of our Solar System. Even with telescopes only a small, bright crescent can be seen. It is also hard to put a satellite in orbit around it. Two spacecraft have visited Mercury. The first one was Mariner 10. It only made a map of about 45% of the Mercury's surface from 1974 to 1975. The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft, which finished mapping Mercury in March 2013. Mercury looks like Earth's Moon. It has many craters and smooth plains. It has no moons and little atmosphere as we know it. However, Mercury does have an extremely thin atmosphere, known as an exosphere. Mercury has a large iron core. Because of this Mercury has a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of the Earth. It is a very dense planet because its core is large. Temperature at the surface can be anywhere from about 90 to (−183 °C to 427 °C, −297 °F to 801 °F), with the subsolar point being the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the coldest. Known sightings of Mercury date back to at least the first millennium BC. Before the 4th century BC, Greek astronomers thought that Mercury was two different objects: The one that they were only able at sunrise, they called Apollo; the other one that they were only able to see at sunset, they called Hermes. The English name for the planet is from the Romans, who named it after the Roman god Mercury. The symbol for Mercury is based on Hermes' staff. Even though Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, it is not the hottest. This is because it has no greenhouse effect. The heat that the Sun gives it, quickly escapes into space. The hottest planet is Venus. Inside Mercury. Mercury is one of four inner planets in the Solar System. It is a terrestrial planet like Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System. It has a radius of . Mercury is even smaller than some of the largest moons in the solar system, such as Ganymede, the largest moon of Jupiter and Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. However, it has in 2.2 times greater mass than Ganymede and around 2 times heavier than Titan. Mercury is made of about 70% metallic and 30% silicate material. Mercury has the second highest density in the Solar System at 5.427 g/cm³, only a little bit less than Earth’s. Surface of Mercury. Mercury's surface looks like the surface of the Moon. It has plains that look like mares and has lots of craters. Mercury was hit by a lot of comets and asteroids 4.6 billion years ago. Mercury was also hit during a period called the Late Heavy Bombardment. Mercury has many craters because its atmosphere is too faint to slow objects down. Images from "MESSENGER" have shown that Mercury may have shield volcanoes. The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places. Even though the temperature at the surface of Mercury in the day is very high, observations suggest that there is frozen water on Mercury. Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to keep any thick atmosphere for a long time. It does have a thin exosphere that is made up of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium. This exosphere is blown away and replenished from lots of sources. Hydrogen and helium may come from the solar wind. Radioactive decay of elements inside the crust of Mercury is another source of helium, and also sodium and potassium. Orbit and rotation. Mercury has the most eccentric orbit of all the planets in the Solar System. It has an eccentricity of 0.21. It ranges from 46,000,000 to 70,000,000 km (29,000,000 to 43,000,000 mi) away from the Sun. Mercury takes 87.969 Earth days to go around the Sun. Mercury's axial tilt is 0.027 degrees. In the future, because Mercury's orbit's is very eccentric and Jupiter's huge gravity, its orbit may become unstable and the following things may happen: List of satellites sent to Mercury. Many man-made satellites have been sent to Mercury to study it. They are: "Mariner 10". The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA's Mariner 10. It stayed in Mercury's orbit from 1974 to 1975. Mariner 10 took the first close-up pictures of Mercury's surface. It showed many features, such as the craters. Unfortunately, the same side of Mercury was day each time Mariner 10 flew close to Mercury. This made observing of both sides of Mercury impossible. In the end, less than 45% of the Mercury's surface was mapped. Mariner 10 came close to Mercury three times. At the first time, it found a magnetic field, which surprised planetary geologists because Mercury's rotation was too slow to create a magnetic field. The second time was mainly used to take pictures of Mercury's surface. At the third time, it got more information about the magnetic field. It showed that the Mercury's magnetic field is like the Earth's magnetic field. On March 24, 1975, eight days after its last close fly by, Mariner 10 ran out of fuel. Because its orbit could no longer be controlled, mission controllers shut down the probe . Mariner 10 is thought to still be orbiting the Sun. "MESSENGER". The second satellite to visit Mercury is NASA's MESSENGER. It stands for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging. It was launched on August 3, 2004. It made a fly-by of Earth in August 2005. It made another fly-by of Venus in October 2006. It made its first fly-by of Mercury happened on January 14, 2008, a second on October 6, 2008, and a third on September 29, 2009. It made a map of most of Mercury that "Mariner 10" didn't map. The first image of Mercury orbiting the Sun was gotten on March 29, 2011. MESSENGER was made to study Mercury's high density, the history of Mercury's geology, its magnetic field, the structure of its core, if it has ice at its poles, and where its thin atmosphere comes from. "MESSENGER" crashed into Mercury's surface on April 30, 2015. "Bepicolombo". The European Space Agency and the Japanese Space Agency made and launched a spacecraft called "BepiColombo." It will orbit Mercury with two probes: one to map the planet and the other to study its magnetosphere. It was launched on October 20, 2018. "BepiColombo" is expected to reach Mercury in 2025. It will release the probe that will study the magnetosphere into an elliptical orbit. It will then release the probe the will make a map of Mercury into a circular orbit. Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System and the second-smallest planet. Mars is a terrestrial planet with polar ice caps of frozen water and carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano in the Solar System, and some very large impact craters. Mars is named after the mythological Roman god of war because it appears of red color. Space probes such as the Viking program landers are the main tools for the exploration of Mars. Appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet and made of rock. The ground there is red because of iron oxide (rust) in the rocks and dust. The planet's atmosphere is very thin. It is mostly carbon dioxide with some argon and nitrogen and tiny amounts of other gases including oxygen. The temperatures on Mars are colder than on Earth, because it is farther away from the Sun and has less air to keep heat in. There is water ice and frozen carbon dioxide at the north and south poles. Mars does not have any liquid water on the surface now, but signs of run-off on the surface were probably caused by water. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km (31 mi), with a maximum thickness of 125 km (78 mi). Moons. Mars has two small moons, called Phobos and Deimos. The origin of Mars' moons is unknown and controversial. One theory is that the moons are captured asteroids. However, the moons' near circular orbits and low inclination relative to the Martian equator are not in agreement with the capture hypothesis. Estimates of the mass ejected by a large Borealis-size impact vary. Simulations suggest that a body about 0.02 of Mars mass (~0.002 Earth mass) in size can produce a sizable debris disk in Martian orbit. Much of the material would stay close to Mars. There are several other large impact basins on Mars that could also have ejected enough debris to form the moons. Physical geography. Lack of magnetic field. Mars does not have a global magnetic field. Despite this, observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized. This suggests that polarity reversals have occurred in the past. This paleomagnetism is similar to the magnetic striping found on Earth's ocean floors. One theory is that these bands suggest plate tectonic activity on Mars four billion years ago, before the planetary dynamo stopped working and the planet's magnetic field faded. Rotation. A Martian day is called a "sol", and is a little longer than an Earth day. Mars rotates in 24 hours and 37 minutes. It rotates on a tilted axis, just like the Earth does, so it has four different seasons. Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to their similar axial tilt. The lengths of the Martian seasons are almost twice those of Earth's, as Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being almost two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about (at the winter polar caps) to highs of up to (in equatorial summer). The wide range in temperatures is due mostly to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat. The planet is also 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight. Water. A 2015 report says Martian dark streaks on the surface were affected by water. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to its low atmospheric pressure (there's not enough air to hold it in), except at the lowest elevations for short periods. The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of frozen water. The amount of ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be enough to cover the entire planet's surface 11 meters deep. A permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60°. Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that Mars once had much liquid water on its surface. In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Mars rover "Spirit" sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The "Phoenix" lander found water ice in shallow Martian soil in July 2008. Landforms seen on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water at some time existed on the planet's surface. Huge areas of ground have been scraped and eroded. Polar caps. Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25–30% of the atmosphere into slabs of CO2 ice (dry ice). When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO2 sublimes (turns to vapor), creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h. Each season this moves large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like frost and large cirrus clouds and dust storms. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the "Opportunity" rover in 2004. The polar caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice. Atmosphere. Mars has a very thin atmosphere with barely any oxygen (it is mostly carbon dioxide). Because there is an atmosphere, however thin it is, the sky does change colour when the sun rises and sets. The dust in the Martian atmosphere makes Martian sunsets somewhat blue. Mars's atmosphere is too thin to protect Mars from meteors, which is part of the reason why Mars has so many craters. Meteorite craters. After the formation of the planets, all experienced the "Late Heavy Bombardment". About 60% of the surface of Mars shows a record of impacts from that era. Much of the remaining surface is probably lying over the immense impact basins caused by those events. There is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars, spanning , or roughly four times larger than the largest impact basin previously known. This suggests that Mars was struck by a Pluto-sized body about four billion years ago. The event is thought to be the cause of the difference between the Martian hemispheres. It made the smooth Borealis Basin that covers 40% of the planet. Some meteorites hit Mars with so much force a few pieces of Mars went flying into space even to Earth! Rocks on Earth are sometimes found which have chemicals that are exactly like the ones in Martian rocks. These rocks also look like they fell really quickly through the atmosphere, so it is reasonable to think they came from Mars. Recent hits. Spacecraft "Insight" detected seismic waves made by the biggest meteorite impacts ever seen on Mars. Geography. Mars is home to the highest known mountain in the Solar System, Olympus Mons. Olympus Mons is about 17 miles (or 27 kilometers) high. This is more than three times the height of Earth's tallest mountain, Mount Everest. It is also home to Valles Marineris, the third largest rift system (canyon) in the Solar System, 4,000 km long. Observation of Mars. Our records of watching and recording Mars start with ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BC. Detailed observations of the location of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed methods using math to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and astronomers developed a model of the solar system with the Earth at the center ('geocentric'), instead of the sun. They used this model to explain the planet's motions. Vedic and Islamic astronomers estimated the size of Mars and its distance from Earth. Similar work was done by Chinese astronomers. In the 16th century, Nicholas Copernicus proposed a model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This 'heliocentric' model was the beginning of modern astronomy. It was revised by Johannes Kepler, who gave an elliptical orbit for Mars which better fit the data from our observations. The first observations of Mars by telescope was by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Within a century, astronomers discovered distinct albedo features (changes in brightness) on the planet, including the dark patch and polar ice caps. They were able to find the planet's day (rotation period) and axial tilt. Better telescopes developed early in the 19th century allowed permanent Martian albedo features to be mapped in detail. The first crude map of Mars was published in 1840, followed by better maps from 1877 onward. Astronomers mistakenly thought they had detected the spectroscopic mark of water in the Martian atmosphere, and the idea of life on Mars became popular among the public. Yellow clouds on Mars have been observed since the 1870s, which were windblown sand or dust. During the 1920s, the range of Martian surface temperature was measured; it ranged from 85 to 7 oC. The planetary atmosphere was found to be arid with only traces of oxygen and water. In 1947, Gerard Kuiper showed that the thin Martian atmosphere contained extensive carbon dioxide; roughly double the quantity found in Earth's atmosphere. The first standard naming of Mars surface features was set in 1960 by the International Astronomical Union. Since the 1960s, multiple robotic spacecraft and rovers have been sent to explore Mars from orbit and the surface. The planet has remained under observation by ground and space-based instruments across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light, infrared and others). The discovery of meteorites on Earth that came from Mars has allowed laboratory examination of the chemical conditions on the planet. Martian 'canals'. During the 1877 opposition, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli in Milan used a telescope to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. What caught people's attention was that the maps had features he called "canali". These were later shown to be an optical illusion (not real). These "canali" were supposedly long straight lines on the surface of Mars to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term "canali" was popularly mistranslated in English as "canals", and thought to be made by intelligent beings. Other astronomers thought they could see the canals too, especially the American astronomer Percival Lowell who drew maps of an artificial network of canals on Mars. Although these results were widely accepted, they were contested. Greek astronomer Eugène M. Antoniadi and English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace were against the idea; Wallace was extremely outspoken. As bigger and better telescopes were used, fewer long, straight "canali" were observed. During an observation in 1909 by Flammarion with a telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no "canali" were seen. Life on Mars. Because Mars is the one of the closest planets to Earth in the Solar System, many have wondered if there is any kind of life on Mars. Today we know that the kind of life, if any, would be some simple bacteria-type organism. Meteorites. NASA maintains a catalog of 34 Mars meteorites, that is, meteorites which originally came from Mars. These assets are highly valuable since they are the only physical samples available of Mars. Studies at NASA's Johnson Space Center show that at least three of the meteorites contain possible evidence of past life on Mars, in the form of microscopic structures resembling fossilized bacteria (so-called biomorphs). Although the scientific evidence collected is reliable, and the rocks are correctly described, what made the rocks look like they do is not clear. To date, scientists are still trying to agree if it really is evidence of simple life on Mars. Over the past few decades, scientists have agreed that when using meteorites from other planets found on Earth (or rocks brought back to Earth), various things are needed to be sure of life. Those things include: For people to agree on past life in a geologic sample, most or all of these things must be met. This has not happened yet, but investigations are still in progress. Reexaminations of the biomorphs found in the three Martian meteorites are underway. The significance of water. Liquid water is necessary for life and metabolism, so if water was present on Mars, the chances of life evolving is improved. The Viking orbiters found evidence of possible river valleys in many areas, erosion and, in the southern hemisphere, branched streams. Since then, rovers and orbiters have also looked closely and eventually proved water was on the surface at one time, and is still found as ice in the polar ice caps and underground. Today. So far, scientists have not found life on Mars, either living or extinct. Several space probes have gone to Mars to study it. Some have orbited (gone around) the planet, and some have landed on it. There are pictures of the surface of Mars that were sent back to Earth by the probes. Some people are interested in sending astronauts to visit Mars. They could do a better search, but getting astronauts there would be difficult and expensive. The astronauts would be in space for many years, and it could be very dangerous because of radiation from the sun. So far we have only sent unmanned probes. The most recent probe to the planet is the Mars Science Laboratory. It landed on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater on Mars on 6 August 2012. It brought with it a mobile explorer called 'Curiosity'. It is the most advanced space probe ever. Curiosity has dug up Martian soil and studied it in its laboratory. It has found sulfur, chlorine, and water molecules. Popular culture. Some famous stories were written about this idea. The writers used the name "Martians" for intelligent beings from Mars. In 1898, H. G. Wells wrote "The War of the Worlds", a famous novel about Martians attacking the Earth. In 1938, Orson Welles broadcast a radio version of this story in the United States, and many people thought it was really happening and were very afraid. Beginning in 1912, Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote several novels about adventures on Mars. References. Notes Mac OS "For the Apple computer family, see macOS" The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) is a program that allows a Macintosh computer to operate and be used. Mac OS was first made by Apple Inc. in 1984. In those days Mac OS was called Macintosh System Software – which was shortened to System or SSW (System Software). The term "Mac OS" first appeared in the splash screen for System 7.5.1, but was not adopted as the new name until the release of Mac OS 7.6. The latest version of Mac OS is macOS 12.6 Monterey. macOS Ventura is currently in beta testing, but will be the upcoming version for macOS. Apple Macintosh The Apple Macintosh or just Mac is a line of personal computers made by the American company Apple Inc. The Macintosh was one of the first computers in which the people could use a mouse for pointing on a screen which had icons. This new way of working with a computer (interface) was known as graphical user interface. It was this feature of the Macintosh that made it so popular. History. Processor history. The Apple–Intel transition was when Apple changed the CPU of Macintosh computers from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors. It was announced at the 2005 World Wide Developers Conference. Steve Jobs announced it. Macintoshes were different than other personal computers for many years based on their central processor unit (CPU). At the start, Macs used Motorola 68000 chips instead of Intel chips. Later, Macs used PowerPC chips. In 2006, Macs started to use Intel chips. In 2020, Macs started to use Apple Silicon chips. Today, Macs are sold with Apple M1 chips. Macintoshes. Software. The Mac does not have the Windows operating system installed on it. It has its own range of operating systems, known as macOS. The newest operating system is known as “Big Sur". Macs can run both Windows and macOS at the same time with help of a program called “Boot Camp”, which comes on every Mac. In general, Macintosh computers cost more than other computers of the same speed. Metre A metre (US spelling, "meter") is the basic unit of length in the SI measurement system. The symbol for the metre is m. The first meaning (in the French Revolution) was one ten-millionth of the distance between the Earth's equator and the North Pole along the Paris meridian. The metre is now defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. In the imperial system of measurement, one yard is 0.9144 metres (after international agreement in 1959), so a metre is very close to 39.37 inches: about 3.281 feet, or 1.0936 yards. References. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLjFezysfbVZFZ_jeLB0iHg Magnifying glass A magnifying glass is a lens through which can be used to make things appear bigger, so you can see them better. It is used in many applications and manual operations, e.g., for examining postage stamps in philately. The magnifying glass consists of a piece of convex-shaped glass or plastic. It has to be held at the right distance between the eye and the object for the object to be in focus. The magnifying glass usually comes with a handle. A telescope is a more advanced kind of magnifying glass and consists of at least two glass lenses. A pair of binoculars is like a telescope for each eye. "Spectacles" or eyeglasses also use lenses to correct a person's vision. Molecule A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance. Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form. Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others. Also, they have different valency. For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms. In the kinetic theory of gases, the term "molecule" is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules. In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate. In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules. With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms. Bonding. For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond. Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electrons are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together. Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down. There are also ionic bonds. Moral reasoning Moral reasoning is a topic studied in psychology and in moral philosophy. It studies how people think about moral issues, problems, and questions. Psychologists who have studied it include Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel. Kohlberg said that moral understanding develops in three main stages as a person gets older, but Turiel said that there are three domains of moral understanding that develop at the same time as a person gets older. Moral philosophy, or ethics, is a major branch of philosophy. It is the study of value or quality. It covers the analysis and use of concepts such as right, wrong, good, evil, and responsibility. Mosque A mosque is a place where Muslims worship. The word "mosque" comes from the Arabic word "masjid". A larger, 'collective', mosque is called a "masjid jāmi". Larger mosques offer more services to their community. For many Muslim people, a mosque is more than a place of worship. Muslims worship, study and discuss Islam, and do many other things in a mosque and its compounds. In the United Kingdom, many mosques are used as community centres. They are also used to teach about Islam. Religious festivals and gatherings are held in mosques. Weddings are one example. Mosques have rules to control what people do inside. One of these is that it is disrespectful to disturb another person who is worshipping. Many mosques are known for their Islamic architecture. The earliest mosques, opened in 7th century were open-air spaces. They are the "Quba Mosque" and "Masjid al-Nabawi". Later Mosques were buildings that were specially designed. Nowadays, mosques are in every continent, except Antarctica. Architecture. Many mosques are famous works of architecture. They are often built in a style that has stayed the same for many centuries. Many mosques have prayer halls, domes, and minarets. They may also have a courtyard. Mosques are often built with patterned walls. Mosques were first built on the Arabian Peninsula. The Muslims who built them used old architectural styles. They also combined these styles in new ways. A major influence was the palaces built during the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties of Persia. The "Sarvestan palace" from the Sassanid era is a good example of this. It has an arched entrance and a central dome. These features already existed in Persia before Islam. After the Arab invasion of Persia, the new style, with its Sassanid influence, was used for the new Islamic world. Many forms of mosques have developed in different regions of the Islamic world. Important mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. In the 20th century, many countries that grew rich from oil paid for the building of many new mosques. The rulers of these countries often hired leading architects to design these mosques. They included non-Muslims. Arab plan. Many early mosques have a square or rectangular plan. They also have a prayer hall and an enclosed courtyard. This is known as "Arab-plan". The first mosques of this type were built during the Umayyad Dynasty. The flat roof of the prayer hall was supported by columns. Many rows of columns were needed to support such roofs; this is called "hypostyle architecture". One of the most famous hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita de Córdoba in Spain. It is supported by over 850 columns. In the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to hold the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Often, hypostyle mosques have outer arcades. They allow the visitors to enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were built mostly during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The Arab plan was very simple, which did not allow for much further development. This caused that style of mosque to fall out of favour. Central dome. The Ottomans began building "central dome mosques" in the fifteenth century. These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. There may also be smaller domes, which are off-center over the prayer hall or the rest of the mosque. This style was heavily influenced by the Byzantine religious architecture with its use of central domes. Iwan. "Iwan mosques" are famous for their domed rooms and "iwans". Iwans are spaces with an arched roof. They have an opening at one end. One or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style borrows from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture. Most mosques with this style are in Iran. Parts of Mosques. Minarets. Most mosques have minarets. Minarets are tall towers. Usually they are at one of the corners of the mosque. The top of the minaret is the highest point in the mosque, and usually the highest point in the area around the mosque. The tallest minaret in the world is in the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. The first mosques had no minarets. The most conservative Islamic groups, like "Wahhabis", still avoid building minarets. They see them as simply a fancy decoration and unnecessary. The first minaret was built in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the building of minarets, as they were supposed to be the same as bell towers on Christian churches. Because of this, mosque architects used the shape of the bell tower for their minarets. Both the minaret and the bell tower serve the same purpose — to call the faithful to prayer. Before the five required daily prayers, a "muezzin" calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are stopped from loudly playing the call to prayer. The main problem is the use of electronic amplification of the call, which is now widely used by mosques. Domes. The domes were often placed directly above the main prayer hall. They represent the universe that Allah created. At first, these domes were small. They only took up a small part of the roof near the "mihrab". Later, they took the whole roof above the prayer hall. Domes normally have the shape of a hemisphere. The Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia. Some mosques have several domes, as well as the main large dome. The other domes are often smaller. Domes would help the "imam" be heard, as the sound waves would bounce in and then out of the dome making the voice louder. Prayer hall. All mosques have a prayer hall, which is also called "musalla". Normally, there is no furniture in it except for prayer mats or rugs. These are necessary, as Islamic prayer is usually done kneeling. Some mosques have Arabic calligraphy and "Qur'anic" verses on the walls to help worshipers focus on the beauty of Islam and its holiest book, the "Qur'an", as well as for decoration. The "qiblah wall" is usually at the other side of the entrance to the prayer hall. This wall is specially decorated. In a properly sited mosque, it will be set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca. People pray in rows parallel to the "qiblah" wall. They arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the "qiblah" wall, usually at its center, is the "mihrab", a niche or depression showing the direction of Mecca. The "mihrab" serves as the place where the imam leads the five daily prayers. Washing (wudhu). All people must wash themselves before they pray. Mosques often have fountains or other facilities for washing in their entrances or courtyards, so that people can perform the washing ritual before prayer. At very small mosques, worshippers may use restrooms for their ritual washing, or wu'du. In traditional mosques, there is often a building specially for washing. This is often in the center of the courtyard. In the prayer halls, people must not wear shoes for much the same reason. Modern features. Modern mosques should appeal to the community they serve. For this reason, other facilities may also be available at the mosque, like health clinics, libraries, and sports halls. The inside of mosques. There may be decorative tiles, plaster or coloured mosaics on the walls. There are no pictures or statues. Religious functions. Prayers. Adult Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. Most mosques have formal prayers for each of these times. If performing the prayer is difficult, for example for ill people, then exceptions are made. Mosques also hold a special prayer service, called "jumuah". This is done once a week. It is a form of Sabbath and replaces the Friday prayers at the mosque. Daily prayers can be done anywhere. However, Muslims are expected to do their Friday prayer at the mosque. When a Muslim dies, a funeral prayer is normally held. It is held outdoors in a courtyard or square close to the mosque. The prayers have all the worshippers present, including the imam, taking part. During eclipses, mosques will host special prayers called eclipse prayers. There are two large holidays ("Eids") in the Islamic calendar. During these days, there are special prayers at mosques in the morning. Larger mosques will normally hold them for their own communities as well as the people from smaller local mosques. Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host "Eid" prayers outside in courtyards or town squares. Ramadan events. There are many events in "Ramadan", Islam's holiest month. During "Ramadan", Muslims must fast during the day. Mosques organise "iftar" dinners after sunset. These are done after the fourth required prayer of the day. Part of the food is given by members of the community, which creates nightly potluck dinners. The community contribution to these dinners is required. For this reason, mosques with smaller communities may not be able to hold the "iftar" dinners daily. Some mosques will also hold meals in the morning before dawn. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the community to these meals. Islam sees giving charity during Ramadan as good acts. Larger mosques sometimes offer special, optional prayers. They are done after the last required prayer of the day. During each night of prayers, one member of the community who has memorized the entire Qur’an will recite a part of the book. It can last for up to two hours. Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe "Laylat al-Qadr". It is the night Muslims believe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad first received Qur'anic revelations. On that night, between sunset and sunrise, mosques employ speakers to teach the worshipers about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals at times through the night. Political functions. During the late twentieth century, more and more mosques have been used for political purposes. Modern-day mosques in the Western world want to educate good citizens. The details differ greatly from mosque to mosque and from country to country. Advocacy. Countries with small Muslim populations use mosques as a way to support civic participation. They are more likely to do this than Muslim-majority countries of the Greater Middle East. American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives. In the United States, Muslims are often immigrants, or the children of immigrants. Mosques want to interest these people for politics. They also want to keep them informed about issues that concern the Muslim community. People who attend the services at the mosque regularly are more likely to take part in protests, to sign petitions, and to involve themselves in political matters. A link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world. After the al-Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers to call for calm and peace during the widespread violence. Beginning in the late twentieth century and continuing into the early twenty-first century, a small number of mosques have also become a base for extremist imams to support terrorism and extreme Islamic ideals. Finsbury Park Mosque in London is a mosque that has been used in this manner. Social conflict. Like other places of worship, mosques can be at the center of social conflicts. Babri Mosque was the centre of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a solution could be found, the mosque was destroyed by about 200,000 Hindus. It took place on 6 December 1992. The mosque was built by Babur to mark the birthplace of Ram. It was believed to be on a site of an earlier Hindu temple. The conflict over the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people. In February 2006, a bombing seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque. This increased the existing tensions. The conflict between two Muslim groups in Iraq had already led to other bombings. However mosque bombings are not limited to Iraq. In June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan mosque. In April 2006, there were two explosions at India's Jama Masjid. After the September 11 attacks, several American mosques were targets of attacks. These ranged from simple vandalism to arson. The Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. There were similar attacks in the United Kingdom after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of attacks. The attacks involved hundreds of Israelis angry at Arabs for a previous attack. Saudi influence. Saudi involvement in building mosques around the world only goes back to the 1960s. In the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to pay for the building of mosques in countries around the world. An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government for mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. "Ain al-Yaqeen", a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi money may have helped to build as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers. Saudi citizens have also given a lot of money to mosques in the Islamic world, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in Afghanistan received money from Saudi citizens. The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in Rome are two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud gave US$8 million and US$50 million to the two mosques, respectively. Rules and behaviour in mosques. In a mosque, people should keep focused on worshiping "Allah". For this reason, there are a number of rules about the correct behaviour in a mosque. Some of these rules are the same all over the world, such as no shoes should be worn in the prayer hall. Other rules are different from mosque to mosque. Prayer leader. It is generally seen as good to have someone who leads the prayers, though this is not strictly necessary. The person who usually leads the prayers is called "imam". He must be a free and honest man. He should also be an authority when it comes to answering questions on religion. In mosques that were built or that are kept up by the government, the imam is selected by the ruler. In private mosques, the community selects the imam, through majority voting. Only men may lead prayers for men. Women are allowed to lead prayers for congregations where there are only women. Attending a mosque. In addition to washing, there are other rules that also apply to those who enter the mosque, even if they do not wish to pray there. It is forbidden to wear shoes in the carpeted area of the prayer hall. Some mosques also do not allow wearing shoes in other parts, even though these may not be devoted to praying. Islam requires that its believers wear clothes that show modesty. As a result, both men and women must follow this rule when they attend a mosque (though mosques may not always enforce the rules). Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not show the shape of the body. Similarly, women who come to the mosque are expected to wear loose clothing, shirts, pants that cover to the wrists and ankles and cover their heads such as with a hijab. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques. Mosques are places of worship. For this reason, those inside the mosque should be respectful to those who are praying. Loud talking or discussion of topics that could be disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. It is also considered as rude to walk in front of Muslims in prayer or otherwise disturb them. Men and women pray in different parts. Islamic law requires men and women to be separated in the prayer hall. Ideally, women should pray behind men. The second caliph Umar at one time stopped women from attending mosques, especially at night, because he feared they may be teased by males, so he made them to pray at home. Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women. Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in South and Southeast Asia put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all. Although there are sections only for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated. Non-Muslims in mosques. A few scholars of Islamic law believe that non-Muslims may be allowed into mosques, as long as they do not sleep or eat there. Followers of the "Maliki" school of Islamic jurisprudence disagree. They say that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques at all. Different countries have different opinions on the question. Nearly all the mosques in the Arabian Peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow non-Muslims. The Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims. In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. Likewise, the Masjid al-Nabawi and the city of Medina that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam. For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a proper reason. In modern Turkey non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque, but must obey the rules of decorum. Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors must wear long trousers and take off their shoes; women must cover their heads; no photos; no loud talk is allowed. No references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures etc.). However, there are also many other places in the west as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many Mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community and to encourage conversions to Islam. Dogs. Dogs are usually banned from entering mosques, but on 24 September 2008, the Muslim Law Council UK made special ruling, called a "fatwa", which granted a blind Muslim permission to take his guide dog into the mosque. Mosques as hostels. It is common for a smaller mosque to serve as a hostel for Muslims on "haj" (pilgrimage to Mecca). Sometimes mosques are used for refugees, or as temporary homes for homeless people. Obligations to neighbours in Islam are very strict, and specific. In the Qur'an Mohammed said that a person who helps others in the hour of need, and who helps the oppressed; that person God will help on the Day of Travail (agony). There are other commands, such as helping the poor and being nice to people. An important part of being Muslim, or just being part of the mosque, is taking care of people who need help. A mosque is a social, as well as a religious, group. A madrassa is a little different from a mosque. A madrassa focuses on teaching Islam, usually to children and young people. Mosques in Spain. When Spain was under Muslim control, some of the most beautiful buildings were mosques. After 1491, Spain was under Christian control. However, the Christians did not tear down the mosques. They simply put a crucifix in them to make them into churches. These mosques influenced the Renaissance architecture (way of building) in Europe. Mammal The class Mammalia (from Latin , 'breast') are a group of vertebrate animals. They have fur or hair and a very precise kind of temperature regulation. With the exception of the monotremes, all mammals bear live young. Unlike other vertebrates, they are the only animals that produce milk for the young through their mammary glands. Parental care of the young is universal among mammals, sometimes for extended periods. Mammals became the dominant land animals after non-bird dinosaurs were eliminated. Recent work helped to explain their success: epigenetics seems to have started in early mammals. Main characteristics. Reproductive cycle. Most marsupial and eutherian mammals have a reproductive cycle known as the oestrous cycle (U.S: estrous cycle). Females are sexually active only during the oestrous stage, when they are 'on heat' for a few days each month. If an ovum is not fertilized, the endometrium (uterus lining) is resorbed. Oestrus cycles may occur once or twice a year, or many times a year. Each group of mammals has its own frequency. Humans and primates, are quite different. They have a menstrual cycle. In this case, females are sexually receptive at any time, but only fertile when an ovum is released from an ovary. In this case, the endometrium (if not needed for an fertilised egg) is discarded. The endometrium is shed, and takes with it a certain amount of blood. In this system, eggs are released from the ovaries mostly in the middle of the cycle, away from the menstrual period. This ovulation is 'concealed', meaning, it is not obvious when it occurs. This process, so it is thought, tends to keep the male and female together, which is unusual in mammals with the oestrous cycle. Skeleton. One diagnostic feature of mammals is the lower jaw. Unlike earlier forms, it is a single bone, the dentary. This is one feature which can be seen in fossils, or at least those which are complete enough to have the lower jaw. Another diagnostic feature is the ear ossicles. Mammals have three little bones in their inner ear. These ear ossicles are bones which were, long ago, part of the lower jaw in early proto-mammals. There are quite a number of other features in the skull and limbs, so that it is usually possible to identify and describe a mammal from its skeleton alone, or even a partial skeleton. Neocortex and behavior. Another diagnostic feature is the neocortex of the brain, which no other vertebrate has. This is involved in the kind of flexible behavior and learning typical of mammals. Reptiles and birds have much of their behavior controlled by "inherited behavior chains", which roughly translates as "instincts". Almost all animals can do some learning, but mammals do far more than other vertebrates. Their behavior is much more flexible than lizards, for example, and that is made possible by their neocortex. Other things in the life of mammals seem to be connected with this flexibility and learning. Play is a kind of early learning period in which, according to one theory, mammals develop skills which they will need in life. All mammalian young play, and this is very obvious in the more intelligent mammals (primates, cats). The emotions of mammals are very noticeable, and rather similar to ours. It is possible, and quite common, for humans to have a friendly relationship with another mammal. It is quite impossible for a human to have any kind of relationship with a snake or a gecko (for example). This is because the reptile simply does not have the same basic emotions as a human. Other items. There are about 50 characters which are typical of mammals: some of the most important are discussed above. A few more examples will make it clear that mammals are very different from reptiles and birds: In the language of cladistics, the 50 unique characters are apomorphies which prove that mammals are a clade descended from a common ancestor. Main groups. All mammals feed milk to their young, and protect and look after them. The vast majority of mammal species give birth to live young, these are the placental mammals, most of which are classified as Eutheria and a small number are classified as marsupials. Marsupials are mammals with pouches to carry young in, like the kangaroo. There are only five species (the monotreme mammals) that lay eggs, the duck-billed platypus "Ornithorhynchus", and four species of spiny anteater "Echidna". The monotremes are confined to Australia and New Guinea, and are the sole survivors of an earlier group of mammals. Modes of life. By number of species, mammals (with 5488 species), are not the most successful vertebrates. Birds, with about 10,000 species have nearly twice as many, and reptiles have just as many as birds. Fish have even more species. There are 27,000 species of fish, of which nearly 26,000 are bony fish. Despite this, many zoologists do regard mammals as a successful group of animals. One reason is that they are successful in all habitats on Earth. In the air, in the water, in forests, in the colder regions of the world, and above all on grasslands, where they are outstandingly successful. In the air, the bats (Chiroptera) are the mammalian order with the most species. They 'own' the nighttime, since birds are largely diurnal (daytime) animals. Bats are hugely successful, mostly as nighttime predators of insects. Seagoing mammals, the Cetacea and the pinnipeds, are very successful and significant predators. This includes the whales, seals, walrus, dolphins and others. The terrestrial mammals are fewer in number of species than lizards, but they are huge in individual numbers, and far more important in the life of the terrestrial biomes. Their ability to move from place to place and adapt has made them a most effective group. Many mammals live in cold places. These mammals have thick hair or blubber to keep them warm. Others may live in rainforests. On land the rodents (rats, mice) are hugely successful, more common in numbers than any other mammals. Large mammals on land have been hunted to extinction in some parts of the world, but the ones which remain are now better protected. Last, but certainly not least, are the primates. Their natural habitat, with few exceptions, are the forests. Most live in the trees, with hands that grasp, good colour vision, and intelligence. In the Pliocene period some moved out onto the savannas as grassland replaced forests. Mankind is the result of this shift into the savannas. Taxonomy. The evolutionary relationships among land vertebrates is as follows: This sort of classification is not traditional, but it does reflect our knowledge of palaeontology and evolution. Standardized textbook classification. A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. It is based on living animals. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is from Vaughan et al. 2000. Class Mammalia List of living orders. Mammals can be divided in a number of orders: Debate on the meaning of "mammalia". Because two quite different dates are given in the taxobox, an explanation is needed. Rowe defines mammals as "the taxon originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant (living) Monotremata and Theria". That puts the emphasis heavily on living mammals, where, as Rowe points out, the database of characters is extensive. Kemp explains the problem with that approach: "If the definition of a mammal is based rigorously upon possession of all the characters of living mammals, then some fossil forms that are extremely mammalian in anatomy... are excluded". "An altogether different perspective on defining Mammalia is based on traditional palaeobiological practice. An arbitrary decision is made about which characters to select as defining characters... Characters deemed appropriate are those reflecting the... fundamental mammalian biology. The essence of mammalian life is to be found in their endothermic temperature physiology, greatly enlarged brain, dentition capable of chewing food, highly agile, energetic locomotion, and so on. The organisms that achieved this grade of overall organisation are deemed to be Mammalia... Around the end of the Triassic period, about 205 mya, a number of fossils are found of very small animals that have [most] of the skeletal characters of modern mammals". This difference in outlook explains the difference in the two dates given in the taxobox. Number A number is a concept from mathematics, used to count or measure. Depending on the field of mathematics, where numbers are used, there are different definitions: Numbers are also used for other things like counting. Numbers are used when things are measured. Numbers are used to study how the world works. Mathematics is a way to use numbers to learn about the world and make things. The study of the rules of the natural world is called science. The work that uses numbers to make things is called engineering. Numbering methods. Numbers for people. There are different ways of giving symbols to numbers. These methods are called number systems. The most common number system that people use is the "base ten" number system. The "base ten" number system is also called the decimal number system. The base ten number system is common because people have ten fingers and ten toes. There are 10 different symbols {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9} used in the base ten number system. These ten symbols are called digits. A symbol for a number is made up of these ten digits. The position of the digits shows how big the number is. For example, the number 23 in the decimal number system really means (2 times 10) plus 3. Similarly, 101 means 1 times a hundred (=100) plus 0 times 10 (=0) plus 1 times 1 (=1). Numbers for machines. Another number system is more common for machines. The machine number system is called the "binary" number system. The binary number system is also called the base two number system. There are two different symbols (0 and 1) used in the base two number system. These two symbols are called bits. A symbol for a binary number is made up of these two bit symbols. The position of the bit symbols shows how big the number is. For example, the number 10 in the binary number system really means 1 times 2 plus 0, and 101 means 1 times four (=4) plus 0 times two (=0) plus 1 times 1 (=1). The binary number 10 is the same as the decimal number 2. The binary number 101 is the same as the decimal number 5. Names of numbers. English has special names for some of the numbers in the decimal number system that are "powers of ten". All of these power of ten numbers in the decimal number system use just the symbol "1" and the symbol "0". For example, ten tens is the same as ten times ten, or one hundred. In symbols, this is "10 × 10 = 100". Also, ten hundreds is the same as ten times one hundred, or one thousand. In symbols, this is "10 × 100 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000". Some other powers of ten also have special names: When dealing with larger numbers than this, there are two different ways of naming the numbers in English. Under the "long scale", a new name is given every time the number is a million times larger than the last named number. It is also called the "British Standard". This scale used to be common in Britain, but is not often used in English-speaking countries today. It is still used in some other European nations. Another scale is the "short scale", under which a new name is given every time a number is a thousand times larger than the last named number. This scale is a lot more common in most English-speaking nations today. Types of numbers. Natural numbers. Natural numbers are the numbers which we normally use for counting: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. Some people say that 0 is a natural number, too. The set of all natural numbers is written as formula_1. Another name for these numbers is positive numbers. These numbers are sometimes written as +1 to show that they are different from the negative numbers. But not all positive numbers are natural (for example, formula_2 is positive, but not natural). If 0 is called a natural number, then the natural numbers are the same as the whole numbers. If 0 is not called a natural number, then the natural numbers are the same as the counting numbers. So if the words "natural numbers" are not used, then there will be less confusion about whether zero is included or not. But unfortunately, some say that zero is not a whole number, while others say that whole numbers can be negative. "Positive integers" and "non-negative integers" are another way to include zero or exclude zero, but only if people know those words. Negative numbers. Negative numbers are numbers less than zero. One way to think of negative numbers is to use a "number line". We call one point on this line zero. Then we will label (write the name of) every position on the line by how far to the right of the zero point is. For example, the point one is one centimeter to the right, and the point two is two centimeters to the right. However, the point one centimeter to the left of the zero point cannot be point one, since there is already a point called one. We therefore call this point minus one (−1, as it is one centimeter away but in the opposite direction). A drawing of a number line is below. All the normal operations of mathematics can be done with negative numbers: Since finding the square root of a negative number is impossible for real numbers (as negative times negative equals positive for real numbers), the square root of -1 is given a special name: "i". This is also called the imaginary unit. Integers. Integers are all the natural numbers, all their opposites, and the number zero. Decimal numbers and fractions are not integers. Rational numbers. Rational numbers are numbers which can be written as fractions. This means that they can be written as "a" divided by "b", where the numbers "a" and "b" are integers, and "b" is not zero. Some rational numbers, such as 1/10, need a finite number of digits after the decimal point to write them in decimal form. The number one tenth is written in decimal form as 0.1. Numbers written with a finite decimal form are rational. Some rational numbers, such as 1/11, need an infinite number of digits after the decimal point to write them in decimal form. There is a repeating pattern to the digits following the decimal point. The number one eleventh is written in decimal form as 0.0909090909 ... . A percentage could be called a rational number, because a percentage like 7% can be written as the fraction 7/100. It can also be written as the decimal 0.07. Sometimes, a ratio is considered as a rational number. Irrational numbers. Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be written as a fraction, but do not have imaginary parts (explained later). Irrational numbers often occur in geometry. For example, if we have a square which has sides of 1 meter, the distance between opposite corners is the square root of two, which equals 1.414213 ... . This is an irrational number. Mathematicians have proved that the square root of every natural number is either an integer or an irrational number. One well-known irrational number is pi. This is the circumference (distance around) of a circle divided by its diameter (distance across). This number is the same for every circle. The number pi is approximately 3.1415926535 ... . An irrational number cannot be fully written down in decimal form. It would have an infinite number of digits after the decimal point, and unlike 0.333333 ..., these digits would not repeat forever. Real numbers. Real numbers is a name for all the sets of numbers listed above: The real numbers form the real line. This is all the numbers that do not involve imaginary numbers. Imaginary numbers. Imaginary numbers are formed by real numbers multiplied by the number i. This number is the square root of minus one (−1). There is no number in the real numbers which when squared, makes the number −1. Therefore, mathematicians invented a number. They called this number i, or the imaginary unit. Imaginary numbers operate under the same rules as real numbers: Imaginary numbers were called "imaginary" because when they were first found, many mathematicians did not think they existed. The person who "discovered" imaginary numbers was Gerolamo Cardano in the 1500s. The first to use the words "imaginary number" was René Descartes. The first people to use these numbers were Leonard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss. Both lived in the 18th century. Complex numbers. Complex numbers are numbers which have two parts; a "real" part and an "imaginary" part. Every type of number written above is also a complex number. Complex numbers are a more general form of numbers. The complex numbers can be drawn on a number plane. This is composed of a real number line, and an imaginary number line. 3i|_ | 2i|_ . 2+2i | i|_ | |_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____|_____| −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −i|_ .3−i | .−2−2i −2i|_ | −3i|_ All of normal mathematics can be done with complex numbers: To multiply two complex numbers is more complicated. It is easiest to describe in general terms, with two complex numbers a + bi and c + di. formula_3 For example, (4 + 5i) × (3 + 2i) = (4 × 3 − 5 × 2) + (4 × 2 + 5 × 3)i = (12 − 10) + (8 + 15)i = 2 + 23i. Transcendental numbers. A real or complex number is called a "transcendental number" if it can not be obtained as a result of an algebraic equation with integer coefficients. formula_4 Proving that a certain number is transcendental can be extremely difficult. Each transcendental number is also an irrational number. The first people to see that there were transcendental numbers were Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Leonhard Euler. The first to actually prove there were transcendental numbers was Joseph Liouville. He did this in 1844. Some well-known transcendental numbers include: November November (Nov.) is the eleventh month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between October and December. It has 30 days. Its name is from the Latin word "novem", which means "nine". It was the ninth month of the year before January and February were added to the Roman Calendar. November always begins on the same day of the week as March, and additionally, February in common years. November always ends on the same day of the week as August. The Month. November is the eleventh month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, after October and before December, which is the last month. November has 30 days. It was the ninth month in the old Roman calendar, which is where its name comes from. It kept its name when January and February were added to the beginning of the year, despite becoming the eleventh month. The ninth month is now September. November begins on the same day of the week as February in common years and March every year, as each other's first days are exactly 39 weeks (273 days) and 35 weeks (245 days) apart respectively. November ends on the same day of the week as August every year, as each other's last days are exactly 13 weeks (91 days) apart. In common years, November starts on the same day of the week as June of the previous year, and in leap years, September and December of the previous year. In common years, November finishes on the same day of the week as March and June of the previous year, and in leap years, September of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, November starts on the same day of the week as August of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, May of the following year. In years immediately before common years, November finishes on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, February and October of the following year. In the Northern Hemisphere, November is an Autumn (Fall) month, and the further north in the hemisphere, the more likely it is to get colder as December approaches. In the Southern Hemisphere it is a Spring month. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of May in the other. Several observances around the beginning of the month are believed to be related, linked to the old Celtic celebration of Samhain on November 1. These events include Halloween (October 31), Day of the Dead in Mexico (October 31 to November 2), All Saints Day (November 1) and All Souls Day (November 2). In several mainly Christian countries, it is month in which people who died in war are commonly remembered, mainly related to the end of World War I on November 11, 1918. Near the end of the month Advent, the period leading up to Christmas, begins. National anthem A national song is a country's official national song that the people of a country use to remember and respect their country. Some countries, like Italy, have a national anthem which has lyrics (words of a song) Name A name is a NOOR (or a set of NOOR’S) given to things and people. For example, "pussycat" is the name of a kind of animal. "Ryan" is a name of a person, usually a male. "Julia" is a common female name. The NOOR'name' can also be used as a n. To name something is to give it a name. People's names. In many cultures, there are rules and customs about how to give a person a name. Some of the rules are defined by laws, and others are defined by traditions (doing things in the way they have been done for a long time). There are rules about different aspects of the names and naming, including the following: 1. Number of parts of a name In some cultures, a person has a one-part name, such as "ShiningWater." In other cultures, a person has a two-part name, such as "John Smith." In some cultures, a person can have any number of name parts. In the United States, for example, some people have three: first name, middle name, and last name. Other people have only two: a first and last name. In Chinese cultures, it is typical for a person to have three-part name, such as "Cheah Ching San," where "Cheah" is the surname. Written in English format a comma is introduced making it "Ching San, Cheah." In Muslim and Arabic culture, a name can have one to six parts. Such as "Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh". 2. Relations with names of parents and other relatives In some cultures, people have the same "KHANIDADA" (or SAT) as their parents. For example, the father of John Smith may be Mike Smith. And Mike Smith's father may be James Smith. The "Smith" part is the same for all the family. In other cultures, a person has the same name as his or her father, but the name is in a different place. For example, Shafiq Hanif's son may be Hanif Kamal. Hanif is in both the father's and son's name. 3. Name changes In some cultures, a name changes when people marry, divorce, go through some religious ceremony, etc. For example, in some Spanish-speaking countries, people use two last names: their mother's father's name and their father's name. If Elena Rodriguez Gomez and Jose Sanchez Soria marry, she may change her name to Elena Rodriguez de Sanchez, and their child could be named Pilar Sanchez Rodriguez, taking the names of both of her grandfathers. 4. Name origins In some cultures, personal names come from history. In most European countries, some first names are taken from the Bible. In some cultures, names are taken from a relative. In other cultures, a name shows what the parents hope their child will be like. A baby may be given a name Wisdom because parents hope the baby will be a wise girl or boy. Some cultures avoid giving people a name of an animal. For example, there is no name like dog, cat, snake, owl, or fish in Japanese people's first names. But in some cultures animal names may be good. 5. Lengths, pronunciations, spelling, etc. In some languages and cultures, you can tell if a word is a person's name or not by just looking at the spelling or listening to its pronunciation. There are some other linguistic patterns. For example, many Chinese names are made up of three syllables. 6. Use of names, titles, nicknames, etc. In some cultures, people use names when they call each other. In other cultures, people use their nicknames. In some other cultures, people use their titles ("father," "professor," etc.) when they call each other. 7. Spelling of names, titles, nicknames, etc. 8. Name awareness Taking note of names is taken a step farther by those who elect to celebrate a name (e.g., "Celebrate Your Name Week") whether their own name, someone else's name, or names in general, complete ownership of one's name might very well include celebrating it. 9. Middle names While some people might choose to "hide" a middle name for any number of reasons (i.e., they consider the middle name they were given to be an "embarrassment"), others have taken to celebrating their middle name (e.g., "Middle Name Pride Day"). In the English language, names exclusively are usually pronounced in correlation with the spelling, however can be pronounced as desired, e.g. John is (jon) but can also be (ned). However, not probable, is held true in the English rules of grammar. Examples of names Sarah, Lucy, Ellen, Claire, Ben. Names can be shortened e.g. Isabelle can become Izzy or Belle. Japanese names. Here are some things that are often found in Japanese names today. In the past, people went by different rules. 1. Number of parts of a name Japanese names have two parts. One is the family name and the other is the given name. "Suzuki Ichiro" is a name of a Japanese person. Suzuki is the family name, and Ichiro is the first name. In the Japanese language, the family name comes first, and the given name comes second. (It is like writing Smith John, instead of John Smith.) Only some members of the royal family do not have a family name. 2. Relations with names of parents and other relatives A newborn baby gets a family name from their parents. The parents have the same family name. So, a son of Ono Yoko (female) and Ono Ken (male) is Ono something. The family name Ono is mostly shared by the paternal (male) part of the family. So Ono Ken's parents have the family name Ono, but Ono Yoko's parents probably do not. 3. Name changes Names of people change when they marry and divorce. It is a custom in many parts of the world that women change their family name to that of their new husband when they marry. However, in Europe and North America especially, many women no longer do this even though their mothers and grandmothers may have. Sometimes, the man will take the woman's family name. 4. Name origins 5. Lengths, pronunciations, spelling, etc. 6. Use of names, titles, nicknames, etc. Niihau Niihau (or Niʻihau) is the smallest of the inhabited islands of Hawaii, in the United States. It has a land area of 70 sq. miles (184 km2). It is the oldest of the eight main islands. Ownership. The whole island is owned by the Robinson family. They bought it from the Kingdom of Hawaii for $10,000. It was said that the buyer, Elizabeth Sinclair (later Sinclair-Robinson), liked the island better than other places such as Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, and the island of Lanai. There is a small US Navy base where a few Navy people work. Inhabitants. The island has a few hundred permanent inhabitants. Almost all of them are native Hawaiians. They support themselves largely with small family farms. Many work for the ranch owned by the Robinsons. The native Hawaiians lead a rural, low-tech life. They speak the Hawaiian language and keep traditions alive. This is because Ms. Sinclair promised to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition when she bought the island. Niihau is the only one of the Hawaiian islands where the Hawaiian language is the main language. Tourism. Niihau is also known as the "Forbidden Island". This is due to the fact that until recently, the island was off-limits to all but family members, US Navy personnel, government officials and expressly invited guests. Now, tourists can go on one of a limited number of supervised tours or hunting safaris. Beaches. On the beaches of the island are found shells which are the only shells to be classified as gems. Niihau shells and the jewelry made from them are very popular. Many, especially those with darker and richer color, are collectors items. The sale of shells and shell jewelry brings extra money for the local people. Nēnē The Nēnē, or Hawaiian goose ("Branta sandvicensis") is a species of goose. It is found today on only three Hawaiian islands. It gets its name from its soft call. This is an unmistakable species, with its generally brown plumage (feathers) and darker head. Its strong toes have much reduced webbing (skin between the toes), an adjustment to the lava flows on which it breeds. The Nēnē goes about on land much more than other water birds. When moulting (dropping old feathers and growing new ones), the Nēnē cannot fly, as do other geese, a factor which made it vulnerable to hunting. The Nēnē was once among the most threatened waterfowl species around the world. Once common, hunting and predators brought to the islands such as mongooses, pigs and cats reduced the population to only 30 birds in the 1950s. However, this species breeds well in captivity (zoos and bird parks), and has been successfully re-introduced. There are also good numbers in wild bird collections. The Nēnē is the state bird of Hawaii. Network Network might refer to: Fishing net A fishing net is a woven trap usually used to catch fish. They are usually made out of rope. A net is a kind of tool. Internet slang Internet slang is slang words which are used on the internet. Most of these words are new, such as Wiki and blog, which were not used before the internet became popular. Some old words were given new meanings, such as mail (which now means email). This makes many metaphors on the Internet, such as boot (which otherwise mean a shoe) and link (which otherwise means a joint in a metal chain). Some existing acronyms, such as "AFK" (To mean "Away from keyboard") and "IRL" (To mean "In real life") were used on bulletin board systems before the internet became popular. These are now used on the internet, such as in chat rooms and on instant messenger software. People have also created some verbs and adjectives to describe things that only happen on the internet: Shorthand words. Shorthand is where a word is written in a shorter way because it is quicker and easier to type. It is also done to fit more text into a limited space. Internet slang uses many acronyms because they are quicker and easier to type. They are often shorthand for common phrases and idioms, but they can show somebody's emotions and their certainty. Leet speak. Leet speak (written as: L33T or 1337) is the most common language on MMORPGs because rude words are not stopped by filters. This language is changing all the time because new words are made and used. A lot of the words use numbers instead of letters but some were made because of typing errors which are now done on purpose. Also, some suffixes are used, such as "-age" and "-ness". Some of the numbers and symbols used instead of letters are in the table below. Nauru Nauru, ( ) officially the Republic of Nauru, is a sovereign island nation located in the Micronesian South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in the Republic of Kiribati, due east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just , the smallest independent republic, and the only republican state in the world without an official capital. With 10,670 residents, it is the third least-populated country after Vatican City and Tuvalu. Nauru is a phosphate rock island, and its main economic activity since 1907 has been the export of phosphate mined from the island. English and Nauruan are the official languages of Nauru. The current mainpresident of Nauru is Lionel Aingimea. Geography. Nauru is a oval-shaped island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, south of the Equator. The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which can be seen during low tide. Because of this coral reef, a harbor can't be built here, canals in the reef allow small boats access to the island. A fertile coastal strip wide lies inland from the beach. Coral cliffs surround Nauru's central plateau. The highest point of the plateau, called the Command Ridge, is above sea level. The only fertile areas on Nauru are on the narrow coastal belt, where coconut palms flourish. The land surrounding Buada Lagoon supports bananas, pineapples, vegetables, pandanus trees, and indigenous hardwoods such as the tomano tree. Nauru was one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean (the others were Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia). The phosphate reserves on Nauru are now almost entirely used up. Phosphate mining in the central plateau has left a barren terrain of jagged limestone pinnacles up to high. Mining has stripped and devastated about 80 per cent of Nauru's land area, and has also affected the surrounding Exclusive Economic Zone; 40 per cent of marine life is estimated to have been killed by silt and phosphate runoff. There are only about 60 native vascular plant species on the island. Coconut farming, mining, and introduced species have damaged the island's native vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but there are native insects, land crabs, and birds, including the endemic Nauru Reed Warbler. The Polynesian rat, cats, dogs, pigs, and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships. There are only a couple of fresh water sources on Nauru. Storage tanks collect rainwater, but the islanders usually have to rely on desalination plants housed at Nauru's Utilities Agency. The island's biggest problems are climate change and rising sea levels. Nauru is the seventh most global warming threatened nation due to flooding. At least 80 per cent of the land of Nauru is well elevated, but this area will be uninhabitable until the phosphate mining rehabilitation programme is implemented Climate. Nauru's climate is hot and very humid year-round because of its proximity to the equator and the ocean. Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February, but does not typically experience cyclones. Annual rainfall is highly variable and is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, with several significant recorded droughts. The temperature on Nauru ranges between and during the day and between and at night. Administrative divisions. Nauru is divided into fourteen administrative districts. Noun A noun is a kind of word (see part of speech) that is usually the name of something such as a person, place, thing, animal, or idea. In English, nouns can be singular or plural. Nouns often need a word called an article or (like "the" or "that"). These words usually do not go with other kinds of words like verbs or adverbs. (For example, people do not also describe nouns). In English, there are more nouns than any other kind of word. Every language in the world has nouns, but they are not always used in the same ways. They also can have different properties in different languages. In some other languages, nouns do not change for singular and plural, and sometimes there is no word for "the". Examples of nouns: "time, people, way, year, government, day, world, life, work, part, number, house, system, company, end, party, information". History. The word noun comes from the Latin "nomen" meaning "name." Words like nouns were described in early days by the Sanskrit grammarian and ancient Greeks like Dionysios Thrax. Uses of nouns. In English sentences, nouns can be used as a subject, object, or complement. They often come after prepositions, as the 'object of preposition'. Nouns can sometimes describe other nouns (such as a soccer ball). When they do this, they are called modifiers or adjuncts. There are also verb forms that can be used in the same way as nouns (such as 'I like "running".') These are called "verbals" or "verbal nouns", and include "participles" (which can also be adjectives) and "infinitives". Nouns are classified into common and proper. Pronouns have commonly been considered a different part of speech from nouns, but in the past some grammars have included them as nouns as do many modern linguists. Proper nouns. Proper nouns (also called proper name) are specific names. Examples of proper nouns are: "London, John, God, October, Mozart, Saturday, Coke, Mr. Brown, Atlantic Ocean." Proper nouns are individual things with names, not general nouns. Proper nouns begin with an (capital) letter in English and many other languages that use the Roman alphabet. (However, in German, all nouns begin with an upper case letter.) The word "I" is really a pronoun, although it is capitalized in English, like a proper noun. Some common nouns (see below) can also be used as proper nouns. For example, someone might be named "Tiger Smith" -- even though he is not a tiger or a smith. Common nouns. Common nouns are general names. Sometimes the same word can be either a common noun or a proper noun, depending on how it is used; for example: Countability. In English and many other languages, nouns have 'number'. But some nouns are only singular (such as "furniture, physics") and others are only plural (such as "clothes, police"). Also, some nouns are countable (for example, "one piece, two pieces") but others are uncountable (for example, we do not say "one furniture, two furnitures"). The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter(s) -(e)s. Despite plural forms being written using the letter(s) -(e)s, the pronunciation of the letter(s) will pronounced as /-s/, /-z/, or /-ız/ depending on which type of phoneme, or unique sound, comes before it. These variations of the plural morpheme are called allomorphs. Some dictionaries list "busses" as an acceptable plural for "bus". Presumably, this is because the plural "buses" looks like it ought to rhyme with the plural of "fuse," which is "fuses." "Buses" is still listed as the preferable plural form. "Busses" is the plural for "buss," a seldom used word for "kiss." There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are sometimes called mutated (or mutating) plurals. Many of the above irregular plural forms stem from Old English, which had more complex rules for making plural forms. And, finally, there are nouns that maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural. Possessives. Nouns are words for things, and since things can be possessed, nouns can also change to show possession in grammar. In English, we usually add an apostrophe and an "s" to nouns to make them "possessive", or sometimes just an apostrophe when there is already an "s" at the end, like this: How adjectives become nouns. Most adjectives become nouns by adding the suffix -ness. Example: Take the adjective 'natural', add 'ness' to get 'naturalness', a noun. To see a list of 100 adjectives used in Basic English, click here. Word order in noun phrases. A noun phrase is a phrase where the head word is a noun. In English, the word order of most noun phrases is that determiners, adjectives, and modifying nouns in respective order must appear before the head word, and relative clauses must appear after the head word. Nature The words nature and natural are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin "natura" meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts. There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing. From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness. From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious. Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes. A useful definition of "natural" is Natural resource A natural resource is what people can use which comes from the natural environment. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, natural gas, iron, and coal. The dividing line between natural resources and man-made resources is not clear-cut. Hydro-electric energy is not a natural resource because people use turbines to convert the energy from moving water. Petroleum and iron ores are natural, but need work to make them into usable refined oil and steel. Atomic energy comes from metallic nuclear fuel, like fissionable uranium and plutonium, but rocks need technical work to make them into these nuclear fuels. Supply. We often say there are two sorts of natural resources: renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Most natural resources are limited. This means they will eventually run out. A perpetual resource has a never-ending supply. Some examples of perpetual resources include solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy. There may be a limit to how much can be taken in a given day or year, but that amount can be taken again next day or next year. Non perpetual resources include Fossil fuels such as Petroleum, coal, etc. They have a limit of usage. Some of the things influencing the supply of resources include whether it is able to be recycled, and the availability of suitable substitutes for the material. Non-renewable resources cannot be recycled. For example, fossil fuels cannot be recycled. Demand. The demand for resources can change with new technology, new needs, and new economics (e.g. changes in cost of the resources). Some material can go completely out of use, if people do not want it any more. Demand of many natural resources is very high, but availability of some, such as precious metals, is very low. Availability. Different places have different natural resources. When people do not have a certain resource they need, they can either replace it with another resource, or trade with another country to get the resource. People have sometimes fought to have them (for example, spices, water, arable farmland, gold, or petroleum). When people do not have some resources, their quality of life can get lower. So, people protect resources. When they can not get clean water, people may become ill; if there is not enough wood, trees will be cut and the forest will disappear over time (deforestation); if there are not enough fish in a sea, people can die of starvation. Renewable resources include crops, wind, hydroelectric power, fish, and sunlight. Many people carefully save their natural resources so that others can use them in future. Negentropy Negentropy is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order. By 'order' is meant organisation, structure and function: the opposite of randomness or chaos. One example of negentropy is a star system such as the Solar System. Another example is life. As a general rule, everything in the universe tends towards entropy. Star systems eventually become dead. All energy has gone, and everything in the system is "at the temperature of the surrounding space". The opposite of entropy is negentropy. It is a temporary condition in which certain things are hotter and more highly organised than the surrounding space. This is the second law of thermodynamics: Life is considered to be negentropic because it converts things which have less order, such as food, into things with more order, such as cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat. Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful. North America North America is a large continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of Earth. It is to the east of the Pacific Ocean, the west of the Atlantic Ocean, the south of the Arctic Ocean, and it is the northern part of the Americas. The southernmost part is Central America. It is the third largest continent in the world, after Asia and Africa. North America has a population of around 371 million and is the 4th most populous continent in the world. North America has three subregions which are the Caribbean, Central America, and North America. Depending on how it is used, "North America" can be used to mean as the continent as a whole to include all 23 countries or as a subregion to mean Canada, Mexico, and the United States only. Hundreds of millions of years ago, North America was part of a larger ancient supercontinent named Laurasia. A few million years ago, a new land bridge arose and connected North America to South America. Beringia connected North America to Siberia a few times during ice ages in the past 20,000 years. North America has many warm tropical islands such as the Bahamas. North America is currently north of South America. Neptune Neptune is the eighth and last planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is an ice giant. It is the fourth-largest planet in the system. Neptune has five rings. These rings are hard to see from the Earth. Neptune has 17 times more mass than Earth and has a little bit more mass than Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus. Its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. It was named after the Roman god of the sea, Neptune. Neptune's astronomical symbol is ♆, the trident of the god Neptune. Neptune's atmosphere is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium. It also contains small amounts of methane which makes the planet appear blue. Neptune's blue color is much darker than the color of Uranus. Neptune also has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System, as high as 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph. Astronomers Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams discovered Neptune. It was the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations instead of a telescope. In 1821, it was found that Uranus' orbit had some differences from its expected orbit, which meant another planet was nearby. The reason for this was discovered to be Neptune. The planet has been visited by only one spacecraft, "Voyager 2" on 25 August 1989. Neptune once had a huge storm known as the "Great Dark Spot". The storm was discovered in 1989 by Voyager 2. The dark spot was not seen in 1994, and new spots were found since then. It is not known why the dark spot disappeared. Visits by other space probes have been planned. History. Discovery. Galileo Galilei was the first person who saw Neptune. He saw it on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613. His drawings showed points near Jupiter where Neptune is placed. But Galileo was not credited for the discovery. He thought Neptune was a "fixed star" instead of a planet. Because Neptune slowly moved across the sky, Galileo's small telescope was not strong enough to see that Neptune was a planet. In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published the astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus. Later observations showed that Uranus was moving in an irregular way in its orbit. Some astronomers thought this was caused by another large body. In 1843, John Couch Adams calculated the orbit of an eighth planet that could possibly affect the orbit of Uranus. He sent his calculations to Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal. George Airy asked Adams for an explanation. In 1846, Urbain Le Verrier made his own calculations but also failed to get much attention from French astronomers. In the same year, John Herschel began to support the mathematical method and encouraged James Challis to search for the planet. Challis began his search in July 1846. Meanwhile, Le Verrier had convinced Johann Gottfried Galle to search for the planet. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the Berlin Observatory, suggested that a newly drawn map of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted area could be compared with the current sky. This map was needed to look for the change of position of a planet, compared to a fixed star. Neptune was discovered the same night on 23 September 1846. It was found 1° from where Le Verrier had thought it would be. It was about 10° from Adams' prediction. Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August. He did not recognize it at the time because of his careless work approach. Neptune became the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations instead of a telescope. Crediting and naming. When Neptune was discovered, there was also a lot of arguing between the French and the British. They could not agree on who was going to receive credit for the discovery. Later, an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams together deserved credit. However, historians reviewed the topic after the rediscovery in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents from the Royal Greenwich Observatory). It had seemingly been stolen and kept by astronomer Olin Eggen for nearly three decades and was only rediscovered (in his ownership) shortly after his death. After reviewing the documents, some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier. Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was temporarily called "the planet exterior to Uranus" or "Le Verrier's planet". The first suggestion for a name came from Galle. He proposed the name "Janus". In England, Challis suggested the name "Oceanus". In France, Arago suggested that the new planet be called "Leverrier", a suggestion which was met with a lot of opposition outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name "Herschel" for "Uranus" and "Leverrier" for the new planet. Meanwhile, Adams suggested changing the name "Georgian" to "Uranus", while Leverrier (through the Board of Longitude) suggested "Neptune" for the new planet. Struve gave support of that name on 29 December 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Soon "Neptune" was internationally agreed among many people. It was the official name for the new planet. In Roman mythology, Neptune was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek god, Poseidon. Neptune's astrological symbol is Neptune's trident. Structure. Mass and composition. At 102.413kg, Neptune's mass puts the planet between Earth and the largest gas giants. Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the solar system and third heaviest. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, but just 1/18th the mass of Jupiter. Neptune is a little bit more massive than Uranus, though Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus. Neptune and Uranus are often considered to be part of a sub-class of a gas giant known as "ice giants". It is given their smaller size and big differences in composition compared to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a reference to compare the size and structure of the discovered planet. Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called "Neptunes". The atmosphere of Neptune is made up mostly of hydrogen, with a smaller amount of helium. A tiny amount of methane was also detected in the atmosphere. The methane gives Neptune its blue color. The color of Neptune is much darker than the color of Uranus. Because of Neptune's far distance from the Sun, it gets very little heat. The average surface temperature on Neptune is about -201°C (−331 °F; 72 K). Therefore, in its surface Neptune is the coldest planet in the Solar System. But in the depths of planet the temperature rises slowly. The source of this heating is unknown. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System, at . Several possible explanations have been suggested. Firstly, radiogenic heating from the planet's core. Among the explanations is the continued radiation into space of leftover heat made by infalling matter during the planet's birth. The last explanation is gravity waves breaking above the tropopause. It has also been suggested that the friction and ram pressure of the diamond hail heats up the planet. The structure inside Neptune is thought to be similar to the structure inside Uranus. There is likely to be a core, thought to be about 15 Earth masses. It is made up of molten rock and metal surrounded by rock, water, ammonia, and methane. This mixture is referred to as icy. It is called a water-ammonia ocean. More mixtures of methane, ammonia, and water are found in the lower areas of the atmosphere. At a depth of 7,000 km of Neptune, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals. These diamond crystals look like hailstones. Weather and magnetic field. One difference between Neptune and Uranus is the level of its meteorological activity. When the Voyager spacecraft flew by Uranus in 1986, the winds on that planet were observed to be mild. When Voyager flew by Neptune in 1989, powerful weather events were observed. The weather of Neptune has very active storms. Its atmosphere has the highest wind speeds in the Solar System. It may be powered by internal heat flow. Regular winds in the equatorial region have speeds of around 1,200 km/h (750 mph). Winds in storm systems can reach up to 2,100 km/h, near-supersonic speeds. In 1989, the Great Dark Spot, an anticyclonic storm system, was discovered by NASA's "Voyager 2" spacecraft. On 2 November 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet. Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in the planet's northern hemisphere. The reason why the Great Dark Spot has disappeared is unknown. The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. Its nickname was given when first noticed in the months leading up to the "Voyager" encounter in 1989. It moved faster than the Great Dark Spot. Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter. The Wizard's Eye/"Dark Spot 2" is another southern cyclonic storm, the second strongest storm seen during the 1989 encounter. It originally was completely dark, but as "Voyager" came closer to the planet, a bright core developed. Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere. However, Uranus' magnetosphere is weaker than Neptune's magnetosphere. The magnetic field is strongly tilted compared to its rotational axis at 47°. It is offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometres, bigger than the Earth's diameter, for scale) from the planet's physical center. The unusual course may be caused by flows in the interior of the planet. Neptune's rings. Five tiny blue-colored rings have been discovered around the planet. They are not as well known as the rings of Saturn. The rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan. At first, they thought that the rings might not be complete. This was proven wrong by "Voyager 2". The planetary rings of Neptune have a weird "clumpy" arrangement. Scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them. Information was found in the mid-1980s that suggested that the rings were not completely formed. Stellar occultations were found that rarely showed an extra "blink" just before or after the planet moved in front of the star. Pictures from "Voyager 2" in 1989 answered the problem. The pictures showed that the ring system had several faint rings. The farthest ring, Adams, has three arcs now named "Liberté", "Egalité", and "Fraternité" (Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity). The existence of arcs is hard to understand. This is because the laws of motion predict that arcs spread out into one ring in a very short time. These arcs may have been created by the gravity of Galatea. It is a moon just inside the ring. In 2005, observations of the planet from Earth appeared to show that Neptune's rings are more unstable than scientists had believed them to be. The "Liberté" ring may disappear in less than 100 years. Neptune's moons. Neptune has a total of 14 known moons. As Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, the planet's moons were named after lesser sea gods or goddesses. The largest moon of Neptune is Triton. Triton was discovered on October 10, 1846 by British astronomer William Lassell. Unlike all other large planetary moons, Triton orbits in the other direction to the other moons. This shows the moon was probably captured and maybe was once a Kuiper belt object. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit. It is also slowly moving into Neptune and may one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit. Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the Solar System, with temperatures of −235 °C (38 K, −392 °F). Neptune's second known moon (by order of distance), the odd moon Nereid, has one of the most unusual orbits of any satellite in the Solar System. Nereid is so far from Neptune that it requires 360 Earth days to make one orbit. It causes the largest elliptical orbit and the largest deviation from a circular path. It is also considered that Nereid may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper Belt object. From July to September 1989, "Voyager 2" discovered six new moons of Neptune. Of these, Proteus is the second most massive Neptunian moon. It has only one quarter of 1% of the mass of Triton. Neptune's closest four moons, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, and Galatea, orbit close enough to be inside Neptune's rings. The next farthest out, Larissa was originally discovered in 1981 when it had covered up a star. The moon was credited for causing Neptune's ring arcs when "Voyager 2" observed Neptune in 1989. Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. The latest moon, Hippocamp, was discovered from examining Hubble Telescope images on 16 July 2013. Observation. Neptune can not be seen by just looking at the sky with the naked eye. To see it, a telescope or binoculars is needed. This is because Neptune has a normal brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0. It can be out-shined by Jupiter's Galilean moons, the dwarf planet Ceres, and the asteroids 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 3 Juno and 6 Hebe. A telescope or strong binoculars will show Neptune as a small blue dot that looks similar to Uranus. The blue color comes from the methane in its atmosphere. Its small size in the night sky has made it difficult to study visually. Most telescopic data was quite limited until the arrival of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics. The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is about 4.5 billion km. Therefore, Neptune completes its orbit in every 164 years. On 12 July 2011, Neptune completed its first orbit since its discovery in 1846. Exploration. Currently, only one spacecraft has visited Neptune. NASA's "Voyager 2" probe made a quick flyby of the planet with its closest encounter on 25 August 1989. One of "Voyager 2"'s important discoveries was its very close fly-by of Triton, where it took pictures of several parts of the moon. The probe also discovered the Great Dark Spot. However, it had now disappeared after the Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of Neptune in 1994. Originally thought to be a large cloud or cyclonic storm system. It was later guessed to be a hole in the visible cloud deck. The pictures sent back to Earth from "Voyager 2" in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called "Neptune All Night". Negative Negative may mean: Now Now is the time span between the past and the future. It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made. It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay. "I want to know what you think, now." "What do you think now?" "Now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of their country." Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end. That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the process starts to the time it ends." In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until now) and become (for now into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason. Algebra is now often called snapshot algebra or algebra of seeing because of this dependence on time. If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all. For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book "Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics". A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and now, after some key conditions change. New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the largest city by population in the United States. It is at the southern end of the state of New York. New York's population is similar to Chicago in Illinois with over 8 million people currently living in it, and over 22 million people live in the bigger New York metropolitan area. It is the financial capital of the U.S. since it is home to the nation's stock market, Wall Street, and the One World Trade Center. Being on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City is made up of five boroughs, each of which is a county of the state of New York. The five boroughs—Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island—were combined into one city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area are an important place for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York has more than 3.2 million people born outside the United States, the biggest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016. New York City started as a trading post created by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. In 1664, the English controlled the city and the areas around it, and were renamed "New York" after King Charles II of England gave the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, and has been the biggest U.S. city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty welcomed millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it is a symbol of the U.S. and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has grew into a global hub of creativity and entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. In 2019, New York was voted the best city in the world in a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, because of its cultural diversity. Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist places in 2013. A record 62.8 million tourists came to New York City in 2017. Times Square is the colorful area of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a famous area for the world's entertainment industry. Many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattan's real estate market is one of the most expensive in the world. New York has more Chinese people outside of China than anywhere in the world, with many Chinatowns across the city. The New York City Subway is the biggest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide, with rail stations. The city has over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, Rockefeller University, and the City University of New York system, which is the biggest urban public university system in the United States. The world's two largest stock exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, and NASDAQ, headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, are both in Manhattan. History. Name. In 1664, the city was named after the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England. James's older brother, King Charles II, had chosen the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, which England had recently taken from the Dutch. Early history. The oldest part of the city, the island of Manhattan, still has its original Lenape name. Although Native people such as the Lenape and Canaries had lived there for many thousands of years, New York City was first explored by Europeans in the 1500s. Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano found the entrance to New York Harbor in the year 1524 he gived to this site the name of New Angoulême in the honor of Francois 1st. In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while looking for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. Hudson's first mate said it was "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river was "a mile broad" and "full of fish". Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as "Jan Rodrigues") was one of the first people associated with Europe to live there. He was a merchant from Santo Domingo. He was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, and he came to Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14. He trapped for pelts and traded with the local people as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. Dutch control. New York City was settled by Europeans from The Netherlands in 1624. The Dutch called the whole area of New York Netherland (New Netherland) and they named a fort and town on the south end of Brooklyn. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting for the Dutch West India Company, bought the island of Manhattan from the "Canarsie", a small Lenape band. He paid "the value of 60 guilders" (about $900 in 2018). A false story says that Manhattan was bought for $24 worth of glass beads. 1626 was also the year the Dutch began to bring black slaves there. After the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant started his job as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During this time, the number of people of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000. Island New Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), after the capital city of the Netherlands, which was to become present-day New York. The English took over the colony in 1664 during the second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name to New York, to honor the Duke of York, who later became King James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The Dutch surrendered Nieuw Amsterdam without fighting. English control. By the time the English took New York, there were many other Dutch towns in what would become New York City, including Breukelen (Brooklyn), Vlissingen (Flushing), and Nieuw Haarlem (Harlem). There were already some English towns in the area also, such as Gravesend in Brooklyn and Newtown in Queens. Dutch, English and other people had been living together in New York for a long time. New York became more important as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery as the British increased the slave trade and built a slave market in the city. 42% of households owned slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to create the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was created under charter by King George II; it was called King's College, and it was in Lower Manhattan. American Revolution. New York quickly grew to become a large and important port city. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty. It organized in the city, and they skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The important Battle of Long Island of the American Revolution was fought in Brooklyn in 1776; it was the biggest battle of the war. The Americans lost the battle. The British used the area as its headquarters for the war in North America. New York was the capital of the United States under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1788. When the US Constitution was made, it stayed as the capital from 1789 until 1790. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each met for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was written, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York grew bigger than Philadelphia, so it become the biggest city in the United States. By the end of 1790, because of the Residence Act, Philadelphia became the new capital. Nineteenth century. During the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from ~60,000 to ~3.43 million. The number of black people in New York City reached more than 16,000 in 1840. Even though slavery and the slave trade were abolished in New York, the slave trade continued illegally for many years. The Great Irish Famine brought a many Irish immigrants; more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, more than a quarter of the city's population. There was also many people from German provinces, and Germans made up another 25% of New York's population by 1860. During the American Civil War, many white people in the city supported the Confederate States of America, and July 1863 they killed many black New Yorkers in a riot. Modern history. In 1898, the cities of New York and Brooklyn came together with the Bronx, Staten Island, and the western towns in Queens County to make Greater New York. This is the total area of the City of New York today. Around this time, many new immigrants came into New York City. They came in at Ellis Island, an island in New York's harbor near the Statue of Liberty. Many of them then moved to the Lower East Side neighborhood in Manhattan, which had over a million people living in just a few square miles. Early in the twentieth century, with better transportation, more people moved to outer parts of the greater city, and many commuted to Manhattan. Many skyscrapers and other big buildings were put up to provide places to work. In the 1970s, many jobs were lost due to industrial restructuring. This caused New York City to have economic problems and high crime rates. Though the financial industry grew, which greatly helped the city's economy in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop a lot due to different police strategies, better economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both Americans and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, started in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census. New York had most of the economic damage and biggest loss of human life from the September 11, 2001 attacks. Two of the four planes taken over that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them and killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 police officers. The North Tower became the tallest building ever to be destroyed anywhere. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. Geography. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was at the edge of a big ice sheet over deep. Erosion and the ice moving lead to the creation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. It also left bedrock at a shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers. New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The city includes all of Manhattan Island and Staten Island, and the western end of Long Island. There are also many smaller islands. Water divides several parts of the city. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. Part of the Hudson River forms the border between Manhattan and the Bronx on one side, and the State of New Jersey on the other side. The East River forms the border between Manhattan on one side, and Brooklyn and Queens on the other side. The Harlem River forms the border between Manhattan and the Bronx (except for a small part of Manhattan that is on the mainland). Part of Long Island Sound separates the Bronx and Queens. Newtown Creek is part of the border between Brooklyn and Queens. Some parts of the city are very separate from the others because of water, such as Rockaway in Queens and City Island in the Bronx. A small piece of land in Manhattan is international territory and belongs to the United Nations Headquarters. The country of Somalia is the only country whose national flag copied the colors of the UN. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's total area is , including of land and of this is water. The tallest place in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island. It is at above sea level, and it is the tallest place on the Eastern Seaboard that is south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly woodland as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. The hallmark of New York city is its many skyscrapers, especially in Manhattan. In New York City there are about 5600 skyscrapers. 48 of them are over 200 metres tall, which is the highest number of skyscrapers in one area in the world. Boroughs. New York City has five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Manhattan. Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It has Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers. It is sometimes locally known as "The City". Brooklyn. Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western end of Long Island, has the most people living in it than any other borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, unique neighborhoods, and unique architecture. Queens. Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the biggest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States. It is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Bronx. The Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough. It is the only New York City borough with most of the land being on the mainland United States. The Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and the biggest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City, are in the Bronx. The Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo, is also in the Bronx. It is big and has more than 6,000 animals. Rap and hip hop culture were created in the Bronx. Pelham Bay Park is the biggest park in New York City, at . Staten Island. Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. It is connected to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry, a daily commuter ferry which has clear views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt is about big, including of walking trails and one of the last untouched forests in the city. Climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City experiences a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") that borders a humid continental climate ("Dfa"). The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is . However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as and as high as . Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of . New York City gets some snow in winter. People. New York City currently has over 9 million people. Over 20 million people live in the New York metropolitan area including the city. The majority of the people in New York City belong to ethnic groups that are minorities in the US. New York City has had large numbers of immigrants for centuries. In the early 19th Century, they came from Ireland and Germany. Later in the 19th century, they came from Italy, Russia and Eastern Europe. Today, many are from Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Colombia. Other ethnic groups living in New York City are Turks, Indians, Mexicans, Filipinos, Eastern Europeans, Jamaicans, Trinidadians, Caribbeans and Chinese. New York City has one of the largest Hispanic and Latino population in the United States. Economy. New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a big part of the economy. It received a record cargo volume in 2017, over 6.7 million TEUs. New York City's unemployment rate fell to its record low of 4.0% in September 2018. Many Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in New York City, as are many multinational corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities around the world in getting capital, business, and tourists. New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry can be seen with "Madison Avenue". The city's fashion industry has about 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Chocolate is New York City's biggest specialty-food export, with up to $234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were creating a "Chocolate District" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's biggest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. Wall Street. New York City's most biggest economic part is the U.S. financial industry, also known as "Wall Street". The city's securities industry, which has 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to be the biggest part of the city's financial sector and an important economic part. In 2012, Walls Street made 5.0 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent ($3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of $360,700. In Lower Manhattan, there is the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's biggest and second biggest stock exchanges, respectively. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled about $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 every year. In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry made 19% of New York State's tax revenue. Many of the world's biggest media conglomerates are also in the city. Manhattan had more than 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018, making it the biggest office market in the United States. Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018, is the biggest central business area in the world. Media and entertainment. WNBC NBC WCBS CBS WABC American Broadcasting Company USA Network Showtime (TV channel) HBO New York is an important place for the American entertainment industry, with many movies, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second biggest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, making about 200 feature films every year, making about 130,000 jobs. The filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, providing nearly $9 billion to the New York City economy as of 2015. By amount, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are created there. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. New York City is also an important place for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries, and it is the biggest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and companies include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. More than 200 newspapers and 350 magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry has about 25,000 jobs. Two of the three national daily newspapers with the biggest circulations in the United States are published in New York: "The Wall Street Journal" and "The New York Times", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Big tabloid newspapers in the city include "The New York Daily News", which was created in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson, and "The New York Post", created in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a many ethnic presses, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. "El Diario La Prensa" is New York's biggest Spanish-language daily newspaper, and it is the oldest in the United States. "The New York Amsterdam News", published in Harlem, is a big African American newspaper. "The Village Voice", historically the biggest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would end publication of its print version, and it will only publish online. New York is also an important place for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, created in 1971. Education. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the biggest public school system in the United States. It serves about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 different primary and secondary schools. The New York City Charter School Center helps the creation of new charter schools. There are about 900 additional private secular and religious schools in the city. College and university. More than 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 colleges and universities, which is the most of any city in the United States and more than other major global cities such as London, and Tokyo. More than half a million are just in the City University of New York (CUNY) system , including both degree and professional programs. New York City's colleges and universities had also higher average scores than those two cities in 2019, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities. New York City has many famous private universities such as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; many of these universities are ranked as some of the best universities in the world. Government. The mayor of New York is Eric Adams, a Democrat. The city also has a City Council that makes some local laws. Most laws in New York City are set by the state government in Albany. Transportation. Subway transportation is provided by the New York City Subway system, one of the biggest in the world. Pennsylvania Station, the busiest train station in the United States, is here. John F. Kennedy International Airport, which is in the Queens borough of New York, is one of the busiest airports in the United States. References. Notes October October (Oct.) is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between September and November. It has 31 days. The name comes from the Latin "octo" for "eight". It was the eighth month of the year before January and February were added to the beginning of the year. October begins on the same day of the week as January in common years, but does not begin on the same day of the week as any other month in leap years. October always ends on the same day of the week as February, and additionally, January in common years. The Month. October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming after September and before November. It has 31 days. Its name comes from Latin "octo", meaning eight, as it was the eighth month of the year in the Old Roman Calendar before January and February were added to the beginning of the year, though its name did not change. The tenth month at the time was December. October is an Autumn (Fall) month in the Northern Hemisphere and a Spring month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each Hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of April in the other. October begins on the same day of week as January in common years, but no other month in leap years begins on the same day of the week as October. October ends on the same day of the week as January in common years and February every year, as each other's last days are 39 weeks (273 days) and 35 weeks (245 days) apart respectively. In common years, October starts on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, and in leap years, August of the previous year. In common years, October finishes on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, and in leap years, August and November of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, October starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, September and December of the following year. In years immediately before common years, October finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, April and December of the following year. October is the month of the Rosary devotion. October 31/November 1 is Samhain in old Pagan tradition. Several current observances at this time are believed to be related to it. They are: Halloween (October 31) in many western traditions, All Saints Day (November 1), All Souls Day (November 2), and the Day of the Dead (October 31 to November 2), which is celebrated in Mexico. Of Of is a preposition used in the English language to show a possessive relationship. For example, the phrase "book of maps" means that the book has maps. The phrase "father of Mike" means the father that is being mentioned is Mike's father. 1 (number) One (1) is the first natural number, followed by two. It represents a single item. A human typically has one head, nose, mouth, and navel (belly-button). The Roman numeral for "one" is I. Mathematics. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity. It is sometimes called the "unity". It is also the only number for which these special facts are true: In mathematics, 0.999... is a repeating decimal that is equal to 1. Many proofs have been made to show this is correct. Computer science. The number "one" is important for computer science, because the binary numeral system uses only 1s and 0s to represent numbers. In machine code and many programming languages, one means "true" (or "yes") and zero means "false" (or "no"). O Canada "O Canada" (, ) is the national anthem of Canada. Calixa Lavallée wrote the music; Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the words in French. It was first sung in French in 1880. Robert Stanley Weir wrote English words for the song in 1908. It was sung as the national anthem for many years before the government made it official on 1 July (Canada Day) in 1980. Oahu Oahu (or Oʻahu) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.2 million of the state's 1.7 million in the mid-1990s). The total land area is . Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves). History. Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil. Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of "HMS Resolution" saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the "HMS Resolution" stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14. Economy. Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii. Oahu in TV. Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are "Magnum, P.I.", "Lost", "Hawaii Five-O" and "Jake and the Fatman". Open content Open content is content that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open content is licensed with an open license that authorizes use of the content as described above. When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can open it for the use of others. This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want. Something that is open content may be free of charge, but it does not have to be. The Simple English Wikipedia is open content. So are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it. License. The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult language (legal jargon), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand. The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license. Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license. This is called "share-alike" and means that anything based on work will always be open content. All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the , a very well-known open content license. Another well-known open content license is the . Orthography Orthography is an official or correct way to write a particular language. It includes rules of spelling. Orthography may also include rules about punctuation, capitalization, and diacritics (e.g. accents). In English, spelling is a problem for all learners, and is the main issue in orthography. Some languages have someone to decide the correct spelling, such as the Académie française. English does not. English orthography was the work of the early printers. They had to decide how particular words would be spelled in their books. Gradually the number of alternative spellings began to drop. The word which is "merry" today was spelled in about 30 ways in written sources from the 9th to the 16th century.p970 English orthography. English orthography, or English spelling, is the way the 26 letters of the alphabet are used to write down the 36 (IPA) sounds of English. The first manuscripts in Old English were written using the Latin alphabet. It had 24 letters.p16 Vowels. No alphabet fits its language exactly. One reason for this is that there are always more sounds than letters. In English there are far more vowel sounds than vowels. The ancient Greeks, who were the first to use letters for vowels, decided to use only a few letters for their vowel sounds. This choice influenced all later alphabets: English would need about 20 vowels to represent the vowel phonemes (~sounds) in common use,p237 and some languages do have more letters for vowels. The Georgian language has a total of 41 letters. A shorter alphabet works by using two or three letters for a single sound, or one letter for several sounds. Consonants. The English alphabet has only three consonants which have one sound, cannot be produced by other combinations and are never silent: n, r and v. The English language uses 22 to 26 consonant phonemes. Dialects. The other reason that alphabets never exactly fit languages is dialect. A spoken language varies from place to place and from time to time. This is very obvious with English, as the pronunciation is so different in different parts of the world. A written language will always be less flexible than its spoken parent. It has a different function, and is produced mechanically. It must serve everyone who speaks the language, and it does this by keeping the spelling similar from one time to another. Therefore, all alphabets have sounds which are difficult to represent with the letters in use. And English also has other problems: sounds that can be written in different ways, and spelling which can be pronounced in different ways. This all gives rise to problems of spelling. British and American English. Differences between American English and British English spelling came about mainly as the result of one man. Noah Webster (1758–1843) wrote a "Grammar", a "Spelling" book, and finally an "American dictionary of the English language". In the course of this, he proposed a number of simplifications in spelling. In his dictionary, he chose "s" over "c" in words like "defense", he changed the "re" to "er" in words like "center", he dropped one of the Ls in "traveler". At first he kept the u in words like colour or favour but dropped it in later editions. He also changed "tongue" to "tung": that did not stick. His main reason was to help children learn to read and write. Webster's dictionary contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. Webster did create a slightly different identity for American English. But, because his efforts did not address some of the most glaring problems, his variations make little difference to the way the language is used. An example of the real problems in English orthography is the word ending "-ough", which is pronounced several different ways: tough, bough, cough... The root causes of spelling variation are historical. Loan words come with their own (foreign) spelling. Some French loan words are still spelled in the French way; others have been changed. English spelling reform has been proposed by many people since Webster, such as George Bernard Shaw, who proposed a new phonetic alphabet for English. In some cases Webster's changes have been widely adopted in Britain: the spelling "programme" came from the French; US "program" is clearly simpler, and more consistent with word endings in English. In our modern world, English orthography is still a problem. In some countries (notably, France) a national committee can give advice and direction as to spelling. English has long escaped from national custody. Dictionaries and phonetics. Modern British spelling and use was greatly influenced by the two great English dictionaries, Samuel Johnson's "A dictionary of the English language" (1755), and James Murray's "Oxford English Dictionary". Johnson's dictionary was hugely influential, abroad as well as at home. The dictionary was exported to America. For American lexicographers, the dictionary was impossible to ignore: Some people argue which language is the easiest to spell. People who learn a second language tend to think that their first (native) language is the easiest. However, for the learner, programmatic languages, with well-defined rules, are easier to start with than English. The spelling of the English language is by far the most irregular of all alphabetic spellings and thus the most difficult to learn. English is, in its origin, a Germanic language. From its early roots as Anglo-Saxon, it has borrowed words from many other languages: French (a Romance language) and Latin are the most frequent donors to English. Languages that use phonetic spelling are easier to learn to spell than others. With phonetic spelling the words are spelled as they are pronounced. The Italian word "orologio" for instance is pronounced oh-ro-LO-jo ("gi" always making a "j" sound.) In English, one comes across the word "knife". In "knife", the "k" is not spoken, even though in English it's more common to pronounce "K"s when they are in words. History of English spelling. One of the problems we have is that similar sounding words may be spelt quite differently. Rough and ruff; meet and meat; great and grate. Words with complicated spelling may be pronounced simply: Leicester is pronounced 'Lester'. Even what rules we do have are frequently broken. ""i" before "e" except after "c"" has over 100 exceptions.p272 Almost all these problems have come about for historical reasons. English has been changing for the last thousand years, and as the language changes, so parts of it get stuck with different spellings. Here are some of the causes of English orthography: English has a huge number of words, but its spelling comes from many different sources. "The large and varied lexicon of English has been bought at the expense of an increasingly deversified graphology".p275 Differences between languages. Some languages have a high correspondence between phonemes and letters. That means they get close to one letter for each sound. If there was a perfect correspondence, that language would have "phonemic orthography". English is highly non-phonemic. It has almost every kind of deviation known: This field of study is called "orthographic depth". The orthographic depth of an alphabetic script is the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter–phoneme correspondence. It shows how easy it is to predict the pronunciation of a word from its spelling. Shallow orthographies are easy to pronounce based on the written word, and deep orthographies are difficult to pronounce based on how they are written. In shallow orthographies, the spelling-sound correspondence is direct: given the rules of pronunciation, one is able to "say" the word correctly. Most other international languages have similar problems: in French, Arabic or Hebrew, new readers have difficulty learning to decode words. As a result, children learn to read more slowly. In both Spanish and Italian there is a more direct connection between spelling and pronunciation. Those are languages with low orthographic depth. Oil The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water. Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize ("corn"), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower. Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil ("petroleum") which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline ("petrol"), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the Petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping. Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils. Oil is also made for various purposes including synthetic fuel and lubricant. OK OK (okay) is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct. It is the opposite of the word bad. It can often be used instead of the word Yes. It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct). It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America. You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means 'All Correct". For Example: I think it is 'ok' to present this project in our office. Background. The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name." In response, Whig opponents attributed "OK", in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in "okay"'s history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States. Oxymoron An oxymoron is a term for a figure of speech. It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite. For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word. You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open. The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'. Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round. Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted' Operating system An operating system (OS) is a group of computer programs, including device drivers, kernels, and other software that lets people interact with a computer. It manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides common services for computer programs. An OS can be small (like MenuetOS), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Different operating systems can be used for different purposes. Some are used for everyday things like on a personal computer. Others are mobile operating systems or are used for specialized work. An operating system has many jobs. It makes sure that all the programs can use the CPU, system memory, displays, input devices, and other hardware. Some also give the user an interface to use a computer. An OS is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network. Some examples of commonly used operating systems are macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. History. The first operating system was used with the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It was very hard to make ENIAC do work. How the operating system worked was based on how the switches and cables were put together and depending on this factor punch cards would make a result. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not what is thought of as one in modern times. The first operating system that looked and felt like operating systems in the modern age was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs. It had a small kernel and many tiny programs that could be put together to work with user input and data. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964. Types. Single- and multi-tasking. A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time. Multi-tasking is done by dividing processor time. The processor gives a little bit of its time to each program. Single- and multi-user. Single-user operating systems cannot distinguish between users, but may allow multiple programs to run simultaneously. A multi-user operating system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time. Distributed. A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. Templated. In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating a single virtual machine as a guest operating system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines. The technique is common in large server warehouses. Embedded. Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and are able to operate with a limited number of resources. Real-time. A real-time operating system guarantees processing of events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts. Library. A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments. Philosophy Philosophy is the study of underlying things. It tries to understand the reasons or basis for things. It also tries to understand how things should be. "" is the Ancient Greek word for the "love of wisdom". A person who works in the field of philosophy is called a philosopher. A philosopher is a kind of thinker and researcher. A "philosophy" can also mean a group of ideas or way of living suggested by philosophers. Philosophy is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. In the past, natural sciences were a part of philosophy. Ideas. The ideas in philosophy are often general and "abstract". However, this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. For example, Ethics talks about how to be good in our day-to-day lives. Metaphysics questions how the world works and what it is made of. Sometimes, people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is "not" about people's ’personal philosophies’. This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by philosophers (people who think and write about ways of thinking) for a long time. Questions. Questions related to philosophy are called philosophical questions. Most philosophical questions can never be answered with certainty. They focus on important topics, such as the meaning of life, death, and morality. An example of a philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?". Other questions asked by philosophers are: History. The word 'Philosophy' directly translates to 'love of wisdom'. It comes from the Greek word "'Philosophia'", with "'Philo'" meaning "'lover'" and "'Sophia"' meaning "'wisdom"'. There are different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophers came from Ancient Greece, such as Plato and Aristotle. Others came from Asia, such as Confucius, Buddha, Adi Shankara, and Laozi. Some philosophers were from the Middle Ages in Europe, such as William of Ockham or Saint Thomas Aquinas. Influential philosophers from the 1600s and 1700s include Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. Some major philosophers from the 1800s are Georg Hegel, Søren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche, whereas the 1900s gave us Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Areas of inquiry. Philosophy seeks to understand truths about the world and how we view it. It tries to answer important questions by making conclusions based on observations of human nature and the real world. Sometimes, philosophy tries to answer the same questions as religion and science. Philosophers give different answers to the same question. Many types of philosophy criticize or even attack the beliefs of religion. In his work "Critique of Pure Reason", Immanuel Kant asks the following questions: The answers to these questions give the different categories of philosophy. Categories in philosophy. Philosophy can be divided into different groups based on the types of questions asked. Below is a list of the questions split into groups. One possible list of answers to these questions can be called a 'philosophy'. There are many different philosophies, because all of these questions have different answers according to different people. Not all philosophies ask the same questions. These are the questions that are usually asked by philosophers from the Western world: Metaphysics: Metaphysics is sometimes split up into ontology (the philosophy of real life and living things), the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion; but these sub-branches are very close together. "Ontology": "The philosophy of mind": "The philosophy of religion": In epistemology: In ethics: In aesthetics: In logic: In : Other divisions include eschatology, teleology and theology. In past centuries, natural science were included in philosophy, and called "natural philosophy". Is philosophy good or bad? It is easy to argue that philosophy is a good thing because it helps people understand the world better. Philosophy helps people learn how to act and think. Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it helps people learn about themselves, the world, and others. It can be argued that "Is philosophy good or bad?" is a philosophical question itself. However, some people think philosophy is harmful because it encourages free-thinking and questions the beliefs that others hold. Some philosophies also clash with religion, and oppose religious beliefs. For example, philosophies such as some existentialist views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. Most religions disagree with this belief. Many major sciences, including physics, biology, psychology, and chemistry, were once considered a part of philosophy. As facts about nature became more understood, these subjects separated into their own fields. In modern times, subjects such as consciousness, decision theory, and applied ethics have found independence from philosophy. It can be argued that philosophy helped promote the development of these sciences, and that it has historically been an important field of study. Purpose. Philosophers ask questions about ideas, and tries to find answers to those questions. A philosopher also analyzes concepts, arguments, and problems in philosophy. Some are academics that work for universities or colleges. These philosophers may write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about the subject to university or college students. Some are also monks, artists, or scientists. They also think about philosophical ideas and questions. Philosophers often use both real and imaginary examples to make a point. For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like. Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer. This is a process called Occam's razor. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right. For an example of a philosophical problem, see the God paradox. Philosophers use logic to solve problems and answer questions. Logical consistency is a cornerstone of any acceptable theory. Philosophers who disagree with a theory will often try to find a logical contradiction in a theory. If they find a contradiction, this gives them a reason to reject that theory. If they do not find an inconsistency, the philosopher might show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous. This second approach is called reductio ad absurdum. Famous philosophers. People listed here should be genuine philosophers, rather than social or political campaigners. The lists are not meant to be complete. Red Bull Red Bull is an energy drink. It is based on the Thai soda Krating Daeng, which translates as "Red Bull". Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world, based on its share of sales. The company was founded by Thai national Chaleo Yoovidhya and Austrian national Dietrich Mateschitz. Chaleo Yoovidhya and his son own 51 percent interest in the company. Mateschitz is responsible for the company's operations through the Austrian company Red Bull GmbH. Originally, Red Bull was only available in one flavor that was called Red Bull Energy Drink. Other variants were added later. Red Bull's slogan is "it gives you wings". The product is strongly marketed through advertising, tournament sponsorship, sports team ownerships, celebrity endorsements, and with its record label. Red Bull sponsors Red Bull Air Race, "Red Bull Crashed Ice". It owns the sports team Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso, "EC Red Bull Salzburg", "FC Red Bull Salzburg", Red Bull New York, and "RB Leipzig". Red Bull started its own record label, "Red Bull Records". In 2009 it was discovered that Red Bull Cola exported from Austria contained trace amounts of cocaine. Red Bull has also been criticized about the possible health risks of the drink. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that the levels of taurine and glucuronolactone used in Red Bull and other popular energy drinks are safe. History. Red Bull took many marketing and ingredient ideas from an energy drink in Thailand called Krating Daeng. Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, developed the Red Bull Energy Drink brand. Mateschitz was the international marketing director for Blendax, a toothpaste company, when he visited Thailand in 1982 and discovered that Krating Daeng helped to cure his jet lag. Between 1984 and 1987, Mateschitz worked with TC Pharmaceutical (a Blendax licensee) to adapt Krating Daeng for the European market. At the same time Mateschitz and Chaleo Yoovidhya founded Red Bull GmbH; each investing $500,000 of savings and taking a stake in the new company. Chaleo and Dietrich each held a 49% share of the new company. They gave the remaining 2% to Chaleo's son Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company. The product was launched in 1987, in a carbonated format. Red Bull was launched first in Singapore in 1989 followed by Hungary, its second foreign market in 1992. It entered the United States market (via California) in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000. In 2008, "Forbes" magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as being the 260th richest persons in the world with an estimated net worth of $4.0 billion. Ingredients. Red Bull contains taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, B vitamins, sucrose and glucose. Red Bull sugar-free also contains phenylalanine in place of sucrose and glucose. Red Bull GmbH also manufactures Red Bull Cola, containing the coca leaf, which has sparked a controversy in Germany regarding minute traces of cocaine. Health effects. A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull, concluding that "The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks are far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events. However, caffeine and sugar are present in amounts known to cause a variety of adverse health effects." Commonly reported adverse effects due to caffeine used in the quantities present in Red Bull are insomnia, nervousness, headache, and tachycardia (see Caffeine intoxication). A 2008 position statement issued by the National Federation of State High School Associations made the following recommendations about energy drink consumption, in general, by young athletes: Cardiovascular effects. The results of a study conducted in 2008 showed that the ingestion of one, 250mL can of sugar-free Red Bull, in a sample of 30 healthy young adults, had an immediate detrimental effect on both endothelial function, and normal blood coagulation. This temporarily raised the cardiovascular risk in these individuals to a level comparable to that of an individual with established coronary artery disease. Based on their results, researchers involved with the study cautioned against the consumption of Red Bull in individuals under stress, in those with high blood pressure, or in anyone with established atherosclerotic disease. Red Bull representatives, however, stated that this observed increase in cardiovascular risk was not felt to be different from that associated with drinking a regular cup of coffee. They also stated that they believed that Red Bull must be safe, as it was felt the only way Red Bull could have such substantial global sales is if various health authorities had concluded the drink safe to consume. There has been at least one case report of Red Bull overdose causing postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a young athlete. A February 3, 2009 article in "The Daily Telegraph" called, "Red Bull 'may have triggered heart condition that killed student'" reported on the death of a 21 year-old woman who died after drinking four cans of Red Bull as well as alcohol at "social levels". It was believed, but had not been proven, that she suffered from a rare heart condition called long QT Syndrome. She was on medication for epilepsy. A medical examination found that there were no illegal drugs in her system. The article quoted a doctor as saying, "The QT levels may have grown over a few years, or it may have been artificially pushed over the limit by caffeine". Cocaine controversy. In April and June 2009, batches of "Red Bull Cola" drinks imported from Austria were found to contain between 0.1 - 0.3 micrograms of cocaine per litre, according to Hong Kong officials. In Taiwan it was found that the importer was due to launch a marketing campaign the next day. Importing cocaine to the island is an offense that is punishable by death or a life sentence in prison. In Germany, 11 out of 16 states had already banned the drinks by May 25, 2009. Testing of Red Bull Energy Drink and its variations has shown that a person with a low tolerance for cocaine would have to consume two million cans of the drink in a single sitting before becoming critically ill from the cocaine. However, this finding is legally irrelevant since distribution of cocaine is illegal in any quantity in Taiwan. At this point, no further action has been taken on the matter in Taiwan. Red Bull's claims. Red Bull claims to: Caffeine content. Red Bull's invigorating effects are attributed to its high caffeine content. A single can of Red Bull contains 80 mg/250 ml of caffeine. This is about the same as one cup of normal coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of caffeine. Legal status. Red Bull has been subject to bans in France, Denmark and Norway. The ban has been lifted in Norway and Denmark. The French ban was challenged by the European Commission and (partially) upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004. Red Bull brand of sport asia dominate for first pumptrack league national to gear apparel by dream team in company figures supports. Advertising. Red Bull has an aggressive international marketing campaign. The numerous sponsored activities range from extreme sports like windsurfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, kayaking, wakeboarding, cliff-diving, surfing, skating, freestyle motocross, rally, Formula 1 racing, and breakdancing to art shows, music, and video games. In keeping with their target market of young males, Red Bull has also enlisted help from celebrities, such as Eminem that would appeal to this group (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships"). It also hosts events like the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day") and other such contests. Red Bull also sponsors association football teams, with clubs in Austria, Germany, the United States and Brazil featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. In addition, the slender container is used to suggest a "sexier" image than some other cola counterparts. Hence, this one energy drink has helped create a market for over 150 related types of merchandise, like Red Rooster and Blue Lightning. Red Bull's slogan, "it gives you wings", is widely used in these marketing activities. Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints first recorded as early as 1997. Even with all of the concerns regarding Red Bull, in 2000 the corporation earned around $1 billion in worldwide sales and Red Bull held 65% of the market share. In the PlayStation 3's new social app, PlayStation Home, Red Bull has developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event. In late November 2009, Red Bull brought out two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day. In the video game "Worms 3D", Red Bull could be drunk by the worms, giving them the effect of faster movement. Red Bull is displayed on virtual track-side billboards during gameplay and in the opening cinematic in the video game "Wipeout XL". Endorsements. In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of sports endorsements. Reggie Bush was the first NFL athlete to endorse the product. The announcement was made at the Super Bowl. Safe mode Safe mode is a mode of startup in computers that allows the user to detect and fix errors. Many things do not run on safe mode. The reason is to see whether any of the recently added or updated device drivers were causing the problem. When safe mode is used, a computer will only start with the minimum number of system files needed for it to work properly. This is to make it easier to find a problem that may be causing a computer to work incorrectly. The screen resolution is also smaller and there is no sound or internet connection in safe mode. This is because these features are not necessary for the computer to work properly. Dryptosaurus Dryptosaurus ("tearing lizard") was a theropod dinosaur of the Tyrannosauroidea type. It was found in Upper Cretaceous strata of Eastern North America. It was formerly known as "Laelaps". It was given its name because it had 8-inch (21-cm) long finger claws. Fossils have been found in New Jersey. It is known only from a partial skeleton. Kagawa Prefecture is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu. History. Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province. Drought is common in Kagawa history. For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert". Geography. Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku. The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture. The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974. Towns. Towns and villages in each district: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Tamura jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Shizuoka Prefecture is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka. History. Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces. Geography. Shizuoka is on the east coast of Honshu facing the Pacific Ocean. The prefecture is bordered on the west by Aichi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture. The northern borders of Shuzuoka are shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture. Mount Fuji is on the northern border of Shizuoka. Suruga Bay is its main coastal feature. The Izu Peninsula forms the eastern side of the bay. Throughout history, every 100 to 150 years, an earthquake of disastrous proportions called the Tokai Earthquake has hit Shizuoka. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Oguni jinja", "Kotonomamahachimangū", "Sengen jinja" and "Mishima taisha" were the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") of Suruga. Gion Festival The Gion Festival or Gion Matsuri is a festival held every year in Kyoto in July. The festival is held at Yasaka shrine. Aomori Prefecture is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Aomori. History. Until the Meiji Restoration, the lands of Aomori prefecture were part of Mutsu Province. Geography. Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture on Honshū. The prefecture faces Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait. It shares its southern border with Akita Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture. Cities. There are ten cities in Aomori Prefecture: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture, including Shrines and Temples. "Tsutsukowake jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Ibaraki Prefecture is a prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is Mito. History. In 1871, Ibaraki Prefecture was created from Hitachi Province. Geography. Ibaraki Prefecture is the northeastern part of Kantō. It is between Tochigi Prefecture and the Pacific Ocean. Fukushima Prefecture is its neighbor to the north and Chiba Prefecture is to the south. Saitama Prefecture is to the southwest. There are many mountains in the northern part of the prefecture. The rest of the prefecture is a flat plain with many lakes. Cities. There are thirty-two cities in Ibaraki Prefecture: Towns and villages. Towns and villages in each district: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 15% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Kashima jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Red Bull (disambiguation) Red Bull can refer to: Sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH. In association football: In auto racing: In ice hockey: Tammar wallaby The tammar wallaby ("Macropus eugenii") is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby: The name tammar comes from the word "tamma", meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants. Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's. Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes. In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo. Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about . They are about in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks. The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February. The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic. Antonine Wall The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire. The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between and wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was away from the wall. The ditch was at least deep and was nearly wide in places. The Romans used the wall until after 158. The last Romans went away from the wall in around 163. After that, the wall fell into ruins slowly. The Antonine Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the "Limes Germanicus". The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south. Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive. Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property. Alliance Party of Northern Ireland The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 7 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Naomi Long The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats. Paddy Ashdown Jeremy John Durham "Paddy" Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon (27 February 1941 – 22 December 2018) was a British politician and international diplomat. He served as leader of the Liberal Democrats from July 1988 to August 1999. Biography. Paddy Ashdown was born in New Delhi, British India, but was brought up in Northern Ireland and his Irish accent brought him the nickname "Paddy". He served in the Royal Marines from 1959 to 1972 and saw fighting in Borneo, Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. At the 1983 general election, Ashdown became the Liberal Party's Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Yeovil. In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats, Ashdown was elected the leader of the new party and led the party through the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He resigned in 1999, and was given both a knighthood and a seat in the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, he was given the title Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon. From 2002 to 2006 he served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. His reputation was damaged slightly in 1992, when it was revealed that he had a five-month extra-marital affair with his secretary, and many British newspapers exposed this in great detail. "The Sun" newspaper ran a famous headline which played on Ashdown's name, calling him "Paddy Pants-Down". Ashdown was diagnosed with "serious" bladder cancer in October 2018. He died two months later on 22 December 2018 from the disease in Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, at the age of 77. Jim Murphy James Francis 'Jim' Murphy (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire. He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in theUK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Partyrepresented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale. After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader. Ermine Street Ermine Street is the name of one of the main Roman roads in Britain. It ran from London ("Londinium") to Lincoln ("Lindum Colonia") and York ("Eboracum"). The original Roman name for the road is not known. Ermine Street is also called the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 near Godmanchester. The alternative route (in blue) was built to allow transport in all weather. The direct route crosses the River Humber, a tidal estuary of the rivers Trent and Ouse. In bad weather crossing would have been impossible. The Humber is too wide for the Romans to have built a bridge, therefore some kind of ferry must have been used. Islamic Azad University Islamic Azad University (, "Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi") is a private university system based in Iran. The university was founded in 1982. It is the world's third largest university. 1.5 million students study there. The university has over 100 branches across Iran and also in other countries such as the emirate of Dubai and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the university has become richer. It is estimated to be worth between $20 and $25 billion. Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan (born 8 October 1970) is a British politician. He is the Mayor of London since 8 May 2016. He was the Shadow Justice Secretary in Ed Miliband's and Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tooting. Khan was born at St George’s Hospital in Tooting, London, to Pakistani immigrants. He grew up in Earlsfield, London. Khan worked as a human rights solicitor until the 2005 General Election when he was elected as an MP. He became the Minister of State for Transport from June 2009 to May 2010 and when Ed Miliband became leader of the Labour Party, he was made the Shadow Justice Secretary. Khan was chosen to be the Labour Party candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election. On 6 May 2016, Khan was elected to the office of mayor by winning 57% of the vote. He became the first Muslim to be elected mayor of a British capital city. He became mayor on 8 May. Vince Cable Sir John Vincent "Vince" Cable (born 9 May 1943 in York, England) is a British politician. He was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2017 to 2019. Cable was the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He is the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Twickenham. Early life. Vince Cable studied economics at university and became an economic advisor to the Kenyan government in 1966. Early career. He was an advisor to the British government and to the Commonwealth Secretary-General in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as Chief Economist for the oil company Shell from 1995 to 1997. In the 1970s, Cable was active in the Labour Party and became a Glasgow councillor. However, in 1982, he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which would go on to form the Liberal Democrats and he unsuccessfully contested seats in the elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992 until being elected as the MP for the London constituency of Twickenham in the 1997 general election. Before the leadership. He was the main economics spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats from 2003 to 2010 and became the Liberal Democrats' Deputy Leader in 2006. In May 2010, a coalition government was formed between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats and Vince Cable was made the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. He has promised a 'very radical overhaul' of the state pensions system. He resigned from his position as Deputy Leader in May 2010. Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017-2019). After Tim Farron resigned, Cable said he would stand for leader. No other MP decided to stand against him and Cable became leader on 20 July 2017. Cable announced in September 2018 that he would resign as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in May 2019. He later changed his retirement date to whenever "Brexit is resolved or stopped". On 24 May 2019, Cable said he would step down as party leader on 23 July. He was replaced by Deputy Jo Swinson on 22 July 2019. Personal life. Cable was a contestant in the BBC's Christmas 2010 "Strictly Come Dancing" contest. He did not win. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after Ann Widdecombe. Fosse Way Fosse Way was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter ("Isca Dumnoniorum") in South West England to Lincoln ("Lindum Colonia") in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester ("Lindinis"), Bath ("Aquae Sulis"), Cirencester ("Corinium") and Leicester ("Ratae Corieltauvorum"). It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at "Venonis" (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln. The word "Fosse" is derived from the Latin "fossa", meaning "ditch". For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length. It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line. Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin "castra", meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin "strata", meaning a paved road. Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part. The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible. Ann Widdecombe Ann Noreen Widdecombe (born 4 October 1947 in Bath, Somerset, England) is a British former politician. She was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Maidstone and The Weald from 1987 to 2010. Early life. Widdecombe is the daughter of a Ministry of Defence civil servant James Murray Widdecombe and Rita N Plummer. She attended the Royal Navy School in Singapore, and a convent school in Bath. She then read Latin at Birmingham University and later attended Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She worked for Unilever (1973–75). She was then an administrator at the University of London (1975–87) before entering Parliament. Career. She was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. From 1995 to 1997, she was the Minister of State for Prisons. Ann Widdecombe served in William Hague's shadow cabinet from 1997 to 2001. Widdecombe retired from politics at the 2010 general election. Throughout her political career, Widdecombe was socially conservative and converted from the Church of England to Catholic Church in 1992 after the Church of England voted to allow female priests. She is a committed animal lover. She is one of the few Conservative MPs to have consistently voted for the ban on fox hunting. Widdecombe was a contestant in the 2010 series of "Strictly Come Dancing". In 2002 she took part in a Louis Theroux television documentary. It showed her life, both in and out of politics. She was cast as herself in an episode of the science-fiction drama "Doctor Who". On 23 April 2012, Widdecombe presented an hour-long documentary for BBC Radio 5 Live. It was "Drunk Again: Ann Widdecombe Investigates", looking at how the British attitude to getting drunk has changed over the last few years. Ian Paisley Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008. He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government. He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley. Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy. Armageddon Armageddon ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, , ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start. Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the Messiah and the Lamb of God, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or the Beast) in the battle of "Armageddon". After that war Satan (or the "Antichrist") will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or "Abyss" for a 1,000 years, known as the "Millennium Age". After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called "Gog and Magog" (In the texts he is named "God and Magog" but also named "Gog kind of Magog", in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the "Holy Ones" (means Christians) in the "Beloved City", (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in "Gehenna" (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell). The word "Armageddon" appears only once in the "Greek New Testament". This word comes from the Hebrew "Har Megiddo" (), which means - "Mountain of Megiddo". In Israel there is a small city, that is in the Azrieli Vally, called Megiddo. The Mountain of Megiddo is a small mountain which had a big Roman fort. Bromine monochloride Bromine monochloride, also known as bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, or bromine chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions. Properties. It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic. Bromine dioxide Bromine dioxide, also known as bromine(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrO2. It contains bromine in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. Properties. It is a yellow or yellow-orange solid. It is very unstable. It turns into bromine and oxygen easily. It is similar to chlorine dioxide. It reacts with a base to make bromide and bromate. Preparation. It is made when an electric current is passed through a mixture of cold bromine and oxygen gases. It also can be made by reacting bromine in an organic solvent with ozone. Calcium bromate Calcium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(BrO3)2. It contains calcium and bromate ions. Properties. Calcium bromate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to calcium chloride. Preparation. It is made by oxidation (by electrolysis) of calcium bromide solution. It can also be made by dissolving bromine in hot calcium hydroxide solution. This also makes calcium bromide. Uses. It is added to flour to make it better in some areas. Sodium bromate Sodium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBrO3, which means that one molecule of it contains one atom of sodium and one ion of bromate. Properties. Sodium bromate is a colorless solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Preparation. Sodium bromate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with bromic acid. It can also be made by electrolysis of a sodium bromide solution. It may be made by dissolving bromine in hot sodium hydroxide solution. This also makes sodium bromide. Uses. It is used to dye hair. It is also used to dye other things. It can be used to dissolve gold. Potassium bromate Potassium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBrO3. It contains potassium and bromate ions. Properties. Potassium bromate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It might be a carcinogen. Preparation. It can be made by dissolving bromine in hot potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by electrolysis of potassium bromide solution. Uses. Potassium bromate is used to make wheat flour better. Some places have banned it from being added to flour because it might be a carcinogen. Normally when the bread is baked the potassium bromate is broken down. If there is too much, then some might be left over in the bread, which is bad. San Luigi dei Francesi San Luigi dei Francesi is a French church in Rome. It was build by Giacomo della Porta who completed it in 1859. The church is found near the Roman Pantheon, Piazza Navona and the French Cultural Center. The main attraction are some Caravaggio paintings; The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew, and the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew. The outside facade was also done by Giacomo della Porta as a decorative piece apart from the actual church. It shows French heroes and saints like Charlemagne and Saint Louis. The church is also a burial site for Pauline de Beaumont, Frédéric Bastiat, and Cardinal François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis. Amadeus (movie) Amadeus is a 1984 American biographical period drama movie directed by Miloš Forman. It won eight Oscars. This is a biography of two great music composers - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri. Salieri knows Mozart is a great composer but tries to stop him out of jealousy. The movie was shot on location in Prague, Kroměříž and Vienna. Notably, Forman was able to shoot scenes in the Count Nostitz Theatre in Prague, where "Don Giovanni" and "La Clemenza di Tito" were first shown two centuries before. Several other scenes were shot at the Barrandov Studios. Bromic acid Bromic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO3. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions. Properties. Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid. Preparation. Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate. Uses. Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used. Bromine pentafluoride Bromine pentafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF5. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Bromine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make bromic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Preparation. It can be made by reacting hot bromine with fluorine. This makes some bromine trifluoride. Potassium bromide can be reacted with fluorine. This makes bromine pentafluoride and potassium fluoride. Uses. It is used to look at the isotopes of oxygen. It can add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It can be used as an oxidizing agent in rockets. It can be used as poison as well. Safety. Bromine pentafluoride is very corrosive. Just a little kills most animals. It can ignite powdered metals. Bromine trifluoride Bromine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF3. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +3 oxidation state. Properties. It is a yellow liquid. It absorbs water. It reacts when it is placed in water. It can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. It conducts electricity. It can dissolve other fluorides. Preparation. It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride. Uses. It is used to make uranium hexafluoride for uranium making. This makes the uranium able to explode in an atomic bomb. Kingsmeadow Kingsmeadow is an association football stadium in Kingston upon Thames, London. It has been used since 1989. There are four parts to it. It could hold 4,720 people as of 2009. It has a grass surface. Leader of the Conservative Party (UK) The Leader of the Conservative Party is the most senior politician within the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. The post is currently held by Rishi Sunak since 24 October 2022. There was no proper leader of the Conservative Party until 1922: Leaders in the House of Lords 1834–present. "Those asterisked ( * ) were considered the overall leader of the party." Leaders of the Conservative Party 1922-Present. Date in brackets shows when each person became leader. White people White people are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin. The term "Caucasian" is often used as a synonym for "white people", but its proper meaning is "people of the Caucasus Mountains". Before the modern age, no Europeans thought of themselves as "white". Instead, they defined their race, ancestry, or ethnicity in terms of their nationality: Greek, Roman, etc. The concept of a unified white race came into use in the 17th century, or later. The strongest proponents of racism in 20th century Europe, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples such as Slavs as racially different from themselves even though they are white. The term is was invented to differ themselves from Black people and African Americans in the United States. Kazuyo Sejima is a Japanese architect and university professor at Tama Art University and Keio University in Tokyo. Sejima won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010. Career. Sejima worked in the design office of Toyo Ito. In 1987, she started her own company, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates in 1987. In 1995, she started a partnership with Ryūe Nishizawa in Tokyo. It was called SANAA. In 2005-2008, she was a visiting professor at the School of Architecture at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey. In 2010, Sejima became Director of the Architecture Sector for the Venice Biennale. She organized the 12th Annual International Architecture Exhibition. She is the first woman to be in that position. Sanaa (disambiguation) Sanaa may mean: SANAA SANAA is an architecture partnership in Tokyo. SANAA won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010. History. Kazuyo Sejima and Ryūe Nishizawa started the design office in 1995. Notoceratops Notoceratops (meaning "southern horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone. "Notoceratops" walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head. Discovery. Notoceratops was named by Augusto Tapia in 1918 from a partial lower jaw found in Chubut, Argentina. This original "Notoceratops bonarelli" is missing and there is some doubt as to whether or not this fossil was actually a ceratopsian. Kumamoto Prefecture is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kumamoto. History. The area of Higo Province was renamed Kumamoto during the Meiji Restoration. Geography. Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands. Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north. Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east. Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south. Mount Aso (1592 m) is an active volcano in the eastern part of the prefecture. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture, including Shrines and Temples. "Aso-jinja" is the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Christian Mortensen Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as Christian Mortensen, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 252 days. He is the oldest man ever who was born in Europe as well as the oldest white man ever. After Shigechiyo Izumi's age record was debunked and removed by the Guinness World Records in c. 2010, he considered as "the oldest validated man ever". Mortensen's male human longevity record stood for close to 15 years before being surpassed in age by Jiroemon Kimura of Japan in December 2012. Due to the fact that he moved from his native Denmark to the United States in his early 20s, he was the oldest known emigrant until Italian-American woman Dina Manfredini narrowly outlived him by just 5 days in December 2012, only 2 weeks before Jiroemon Kimura would break his male longevity record. Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882. Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896. He was the world's oldest validated living man between January 20, 1994 and April 25, 1998. Violante Beatrice of Bavaria Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731. Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as "Madame la Dauphine". She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy. Children. Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Geometric abstraction Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non-representational compositions. This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry. Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting. Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements. It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves. Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art. It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school. Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art. Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay "Concerning the Spiritual in Art". Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as Jackson Pollock, is the opposite of geometric abstraction. Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include Josef Albers, Theo van Doesburg, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Bridget Riley, Alexander Rodchenko, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, among others. Josef Albers Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century. Life. Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass. With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published "Interaction of color" which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art). Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series "Homage to the Square". In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color. List of political parties in France France has a multi-party system, which means that several political parties must form coalitions in order to form a government. This is because it would be very difficult for any one party to win a majority of seats in the French National Assembly. Since the 1980s, there have been two major coalitions; one is a collection of right-wing parties and the other is a collection of left-wing parties. Parties. Right-wing. National Rally ("Rassemblement National;" RN): nationalism, conservatism, euro-scepticism. The Republicans ("Les Républicains"; LR) - Promotes conservatism, liberal-conservatism and nationalism. Replaced the Union for a Popular Movement ("Union pour un mouvement populaire") in 2015. Centrist. La République En Marche! - Promotes neoliberalism, economic liberalism, centrism, and pro-Europeanism. Founded by current French President Emmanuel Macron in 2016. Left-wing. Socialist Party ("Parti Socialiste") - Promotes social democracy. La France Insoumise - Promotes democratic socialism, environmentalism and pacifism. French Communist Party ("Parti Communiste Français") - Promotes communism. Europe Ecology – The Greens - Promotes environmentalism Royalists. Royal Alliance ("Alliance Royale") Nouvelle Action Royaliste Democratic rally ("Rassemblement démocrate") Communists. Worker's Communist Party of France ("Parti Communiste des Ouvriers de France") Independent Worker's Party ("Parti ouvrier indépendant") - Trotskyist Pole of Communist Rebirth in France ("Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France") Others. Pirate Party ("Parti Pirate") Frexit. Popular Republican Union ("Union Populaire Républicaine") - Promotes movement of national liberation and Frexit. Dae Jung-sang Dae Jung-sang, also called "Qiqi Zhongxiang" or "Geolgeol Jungsang" (, ? – 698), was a Goguryeo soldier. He was the father of Dae Jo-yeong, founder of the Kingdom of Balhae. Philip V of Spain Philip V of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746) was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Marie Therese of Austria and was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746. He succeeded Charles II of Spain who was childless and mad. He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France. He lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II. He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid. Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. He died in Madrid, Spain. His reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history. He was also the father of three Kings of Spain. First marriage. He married Maria Luisa of Savoy in 1701 and had four children: Second marriage. He remarried in 1714 to Elisabeth Farnese and had seven children: Louis I of Spain Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a minor French princess. Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed "The beloved" and "The liberal" ("El Bien Amado" and "El Liberal" in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children. Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans Louise "Élisabeth" d'Orléans (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain. She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722. She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox. She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742. She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history. Maria Luisa of Savoy Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain. She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children. She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714. Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714. She was very popular in Spain. Life. Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua. This therefore put strain on her parents marriage. She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde. Family. She married Philip V in 1701 and had four children: Elisabeth Farnese Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain. Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714. Elisabetta married the king in December 1714. She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746. She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples. There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred. Political parties in Scotland Most political parties in Scotland can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists. Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom. Parties currently represented. The following parties are parties represented at either the British House of Commons and/or the Scottish Parliament. Minor parties in Scotland. These are parties who contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election but did not gain representation: Dino De Laurentiis Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (8 August 1919 – 10 November 2010), was an Italian Academy Award-winning movie producer. Early life. He was born at Torre Annunziata in the province of Naples. He grew up selling spaghetti produced by his father. He studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome. His studies were interrupted by the Second World War. Career. His first movie was "L'ultimo Combattimento" in 1940. He has produced nearly 150 movies. In 1946 his company, the Dino de Laurentiis Cinematografica, moved into movie production. In the early years, De Laurentiis produced neorealist films such as "Bitter Rice" (1946) and the Fellini classics "La Strada" (1954) and "Nights of Cabiria" (1956). Neorealist is a style about the poor and working class. In the 1960s, De Laurentiis built his own studio facilities. During this period, De Laurentiis produced such films as "Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die", "Navajo Joe" (1966), and "Barbarella" (1968). In the 1970s, De Laurentiis moved to the US. He created his own studio, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG), based in Wilmington, North Carolina. During this period De Laurentiis made a number of successful and acclaimed movies, including "Serpico" (1973), "Death Wish" (1974), "Mandingo" (1975), "Three Days of the Condor" (1975), "The Shootist" (1976), Ingmar Bergman's "The Serpent's Egg" (1977), "Ragtime" (1981), "Conan the Barbarian" (1982) and "Blue Velvet" (1986). It is for his more infamous productions that De Laurentiis's name has become known: The "King Kong" (1976) remake, which was a commercial hit, "Lipstick", the killer whale movie "Orca" (1977); "The White Buffalo" (1977); the disaster movie "Hurricane" (1979); the remake of "Flash Gordon" (1980); "Halloween II" (the 1981 sequel to John Carpenter's 1978 classic horror movie); David Lynch's "Dune" (1984); and "King Kong Lives" (1986). De Laurentiis also made several adaptations of Stephen King's works during this time, including "The Dead Zone" (1983), "Cat's Eye" (1985), "Silver Bullet" (1985) and "Maximum Overdrive" (1986); "Army of Darkness" (1992) was produced jointly by De Laurentiis, Robert Tapert and the movie's star Bruce Campbell. De Laurentiis also produced the first Hannibal Lecter movie "Manhunter" (1986), "Hannibal" (2001) and "Red Dragon" (2002), a remake of "Manhunter". He also produced "Hannibal Rising" (2007). Awards. In 2001 he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Death. Laurentiis died on 10 November 2010 at his residence in Beverly Hills, California. Personal life. He had four children with his first wife, actress Silvana Mangano, who died in 1989. He later married movie producer Martha Schumacher with whom he had two daughters. One of the children from his first marriage, Raffaella De Laurentiis, is also a producer; another, Federico De Laurentiis (28 February 1955 – 15 July 1981), died at 26 in an airplane crash. His granddaughter is Giada De Laurentiis, host of "Everyday Italian", "Behind the Bash", "Giada at Home" and "Giada's Weekend Getaways" on Food Network. His nephew is Aurelio De Laurentiis, a film producer and the chairman of SSC Napoli football club. Filmography. Selected filmography from 1965 to the present. Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (9 August 1663 – 31 October 1713) was the son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. Ferdinando was heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the title Grand Prince from his father's accession in 1670 until his death in 1713. He married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria in 1689 but the marriage remained childless. He died of syphilis aged 50. His older brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, then became Grand Prince and later was the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Supernatural (American TV series) Supernatural is an American horror, drama, fantasy, fiction TV series created by Eric Kripke. It first aired on September 13, 2005 on The WB and now it is part of The CW series. The show stars Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester. The show follows the two brothers (Sam and Dean) as they hunt demons and other figures of the paranormal, but not Bigfoot and aliens. The series is produced by the Warner Bros. Company with the help of Wonderland Sound and Vision. The current executive producers are Eric Kripke and McG, who also directs, and Robert Singer. The fourth producer, Kim Manners died of cancer in the production of the fourth season. Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723. He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737. Issue. Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France: Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany." Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Gian Gastone de' Medici (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697. The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual. Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723. In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions. His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir. Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine. Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence. Marguerite Louise d'Orléans Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici. Deprived of her lover, Charles V of Lorraine, Marguerite Louise despised her husband and his family, whom she often quarrelled with and falsely suspected of attempting to poison her. Marguerite Louise reconciled with the Medici on more than one occasion, however, only to promptly resume hostilities. Having become Grand Duke of Tuscany upon his father's death, in 1670, Cosimo III, under the sway of his mother, Vittoria della Rovere, refused to grant Marguerite Louise entry to the Privy Council. Thus without political influence, Marguerite Louise sorted the education of her eldest son, Grand Prince Ferdinando. Two more children followed: Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, and Gian Gastone, the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. In June 1675, Marguerite Louise was allowed to return to France to live in a convent in Paris. She was a daughter of Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans. Although the contract, banned her from leaving the convent, Marguerite Louise often went to her cousin Louis XIV's court at Versailles. She was at the centre of many scandals at the convent, including an attempt to burn it down, which greatly irritated her husband, who, despite the separation, took great interest in Marguerite Louise's life. While still technically married, Marguerite Louise had several affairs. Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was the last of the House of Medici. A patron of the arts, she gave the Medici's large art collection (including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and Medici villas) which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone’s death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that none of it be removed. Life. Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress Palatine, and, patronised a lot of musicians. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis, the union with Anna Maria Luisa produced no children. In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete. When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of regent of Tuscany but she declined. Her death, in 1743, brought the House of Medici to an end. Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He was the eldest child of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria. His 49-year rule saw the Medici Bank fail. He married Vittoria della Rovere, with whom he had two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, his eventual successor, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, a Prince of the Church. Political parties in the United States In the United States of America, there has usually only been two main political parties. But there are more than a 100 different varieties with varying viewpoints of the two main parties. Since the 1860s, the two main parties have been the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party has the most seats in the House of Representatives while the Republicans and Democrats split the Senate at 50 Senators each. The Vice President, a Democrat, holds a tie breaking vote, in the United States Senate. The United States has two major political parties: the Democrats and the Republicans. But there are other parties that aren't as represented by the United States government and are usually highly suppressed, underfunded or misrepresented. Usually these smaller parties aren’t as well known. These major parties have a duopoly, meaning that they share almost all the political power in the country. Most constitutional republic countries have more than two parties. The three largest parties aside from the two main political parties are the Libertarian Party, Green Party of the United States, and the Constitution party in respective order. Democratic Party. The Democratic Party was started in 1828 as a pro-slavery party and the first President was Andrew Jackson in 1829. However, through the economic resurgence after the Great Depression in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the Democratic party became a proponent of racial equality. Many 20th century United States Presidents such as Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and 21st century presidents such as Barack Obama and Joe Biden are Democrats. They have 48 out of 100 seats in the U.S. Senate (independents caucusing with the democratic party hold two seats in the U.S. senate) and 222 out of 435 seats in the House of Representatives. 24 out of 50 state governors are also Democrats. The party generally promotes liberalism and is often classed as a center-left to left-wing party. Currently, the party has 60 million registered voters across America. The party's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy. These interventions, such as the introduction of social programs, anti-gun laws, support for labor unions, affordable college tuitions, moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity, consumer protection and environmental protection form the core of the party's economic policy. Republican Party. The Republican Party was started in 1854 as an anti-slavery party and its first President was Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Others include Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Donald Trump. In the Nixon years, there was a shift to appeal to the implicit racial biases of white voters that did not like the civil rights movement of the 1960's in what is called the southern strategy. This strategy created the appearance of equity while ignoring minorities in the process. 26 out of 50 states have a Republican governor. It has around 55 million registered voters across America. Currently, the Republican Party is identified as conservative. The party philosophy centers around social and economic independence, and a capitalist economic system. It is also known for its anti-abortion efforts, pro-gun laws, anti-regulatory policy, and reduction of government intervention in the economy as well as being in support of privatized health care. The party believes in lower taxes, less social programs, and personal liberty. Independents. There are over 420 registered political parties in the United States of America, with many different blends of political viewpoints. However, there are only two nationally recognized political parties, the Republicans and Democrats. Most of the other parties fall under those two political parties with variations, or under other ideological umbrellas, like Progressive, Libertarian, Conservative, Socialist, Communist, etc. They are either underfunded or undersupported and highly suppressed. Nearly 44% of politically active citizens prefer to identify as Independent because of this suppression. It is less common to achieve political influence in modern government functions, but some lawmakers such as Joe Lieberman may retire their parties with their careers. Famous examples include: St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Ontario, Canada. It is known for it's sports teams and good marks. It serves students from grades nine to twelve. The motto of St. Anne's is "in alis aquilae" which is Latin for "on eagle's wings". This motto comes from the Bible (the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40). Beginnings. St. Anne's was built in the town of Clinton, Ontario. When the school opened only 139 students went there. The students came from Huron County. In 2009, 600 people went there. The school was built to provide a French and faith-based education. St. Anne's is the only French-Immersion Catholic school in the county. The school board is the Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board (HPCDSB). Uniforms. St. Anne's is a uniform school, the only in the region and school board. The uniform consists of what a teen would normally wear, however the clothes are either plaid, navy, burgundy, kaki or white. Faith-Based Education. St. Anne's is a Catholic school. Most students are Roman Catholics, however students of other religions are allowed and welcome in the school. All students must take a religion course each school year. To graduate, students need four religion credits. This course is offered in French Immersion. Extra Curricular. St. Anne's has many sports teams and clubs. The most popular team are the boy's rugby and hockey teams. Girls' teams consists of the popular field hockey and rugby teams. Sports Teams. St. Anne's sports teams include: Clubs. St. Anne's has numerous clubs and groups. They include: St. Anne's also has a Student Cabinet. Elections are held in the spring. Student Cabinet is in charge projects like dances and fundraisers. Each member of Student Cabinet has their own job relating to their elected position. List of political parties in Italy In Italy, there is a multi-party system. This means that it is unlikely for any one party to gain a majority in the Italian parliament and so coalitions between several parties must be formed. Major parties. Major parties are parties with representation in the Italian parliament. Five Star Movement ("Movimento 5 Stelle") - A party that promotes populism, environmentalism and direct democracy. It's leader Giuseppe Conte was a former Italian Prime Minister. The People of Freedom ("Il Popolo della Libertà") - A centre-right party that promotes liberal conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism. It's leader Silvio Berlusconi is the Italian Prime Minister. Democratic Party ("Partito Democratico") - A centre-left party that promotes social democracy. Northern League ("Lega Nord") - A right-wing federalist party which wants to make the region of Italy called Padania an independent country. Future and Freedom ("Futuro e Libertà") - A centre-right party which promotes liberal conservatism and national conservatism. Italy of Values ("Italia dei Valori") - A centrist party which promotes populism and anti-corruption. Union of Christian and Centre Democrats - A centrist party which promotes Christian democracy and social conservatism. Minor parties. Having a minor representation in elective bodies with less than 4% of the vote in the 2008 general election: Henriette Adelaide of Savoy Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 13 June 1676) was the wife of the Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria. She had much influence and with her husband did much to improve the Electorate of Bavaria, her adopted country. She was a daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy. She was the older of twins. Her twin sister was Catherine Beatrice of Savoy. Her mother was Christine of France, daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Christine was regent for her brother Charles Emmanuel II. On 8 December 1650 she married Ferdinand Maria, future Elector of Bavaria. The next year Ferdinand Maria became Elector, when his father Maximilian died. Henriette Adelaide had a lot of influence on Bavarian politics, in favor of France. This led to her eldest daughter marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680. She also had a great part in the building of Nymphenburg Palace and the Theatinerkirche. Mariana Victoria of Spain Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) sometimes Maria Anna Victoria was an "Infanta of Spain" by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven. Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain. In 1729 she was married to the son of John V of Portugal. Her husband became the King on 31 July 1750. The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign. Life in France. Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young King Louis XV of France at the age of seven when she moved to the Palace of Versailles and was placed in the care of the Dowager Princess of Conti. Eventually due to her age she was unable to have children and was sent back to Spain in 1729. This caused a rift between the royal courts of Spain and France. Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain "Maria Teresa" Rafaela of Spain ("María Teresa Antonia Rafaela"; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an "Infanta of Spain" by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She died during childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants. She used the names ""Marie Thérèse" ("see right") Life. She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as "María Teresa". She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745. The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister. On 19 July 1746, "Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle" (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles. The child died in 1748. Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris. Maria Antonia of Spain Maria Antonia of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was an Infanta of Spain and the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia whom she married in 1750. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia. In Italy she is known as Maria Antonietta but sometimes known "incorrectly" as Maria Ferdinanda. Her name was Maria Antonia Fernanda. She married the future Victor Amadeus III officially on 31 May 1750. The couple were very happy and had 12 children. Cleisthenes Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He reformed the constitution of Athens, and set it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy". He also increased the power of the Assembly, and he broke up power of the Athenian nobility. With help from the his clan, he overthrew Hippias the tyrant (dictatorial ruler). After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny, Isagoras and Cleisthenes were rivals for power. Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him expel Cleisthenes. So Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras held power in the city. Isagoras uprooted hundreds of people from their homes on the pretext that they were cursed, and attempted to dissolve the Council (βουλή, boulé). However, the Council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of it. Hence Isagoras and his supporters were forced to flee to the Acropolis, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third, they fled and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens. Death (personification) Death is a personificated creature that exists in a lot of societies all over history. In English Death is usually given the name Grim Reaper and from the 15th century to now, the Grim Reaper is shown as a human skeleton holding a scythe and clothed with a black cloak with a hood. It is also given the name of Angel of Death (, Mal'ach Ha'Mavett), that appeared in the Bible. In some beliefs, the Grim Reaper can cause the death of the victim, that created legends that he can be bribed, tricked and make deals to keep the life of someone. In other beliefs, the Grim Reaper guides the dead to the next world, without the knowing of the dead about his death? Indo-European Mythology. Ancient Greek. In Ancient Greek, the Greeks saw death as good. He is often shown as a bearded, winged man or a young, winged, boy. Death, or Thanatos, is the opposite of Life. Death is represented as a male, and life as a female. He is the twin brother of Hypnos, the god of Sleep.He is discripted as gentle, he escorts the dead to the Underworld, Hades.Then he hands the dead to Charon, who mans a boat that carries the dead to the underworld, through the river Styx. Thanatos' sisters, Keres, were the spirits of violent death, they were connected with deaths from battle, disease, accident, and murder. They were portrayed as evil, they were feeding on the body of the dead, after the soul was escorted to the Hades. They had fangs, talons, and would be dressed in bloody jewels. Roman. In Ancient Roman mythology, Death was known as "Mors", of which was the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Thanatos and the Hindu goddess Mara. Though the Latin noun for "death", "mors", is of feminine gender, the surviving ancient Roman art is not known to depict Death as a woman. Celtic. The Welsh portrayed death as Angeu, and for the Bretons it was Ankou, they were the same one. He appeared as a man with a black robe, sometimes carrying a scythe, riding a cart which he collected the dead on it. In Scottish folklore there was a belief that a mystic black, dark green or white dog known as "Cù Sìth" took dying souls to the afterlife. Comparable figures also exist in Irish and Welsh stories. Poland. In Poland, Death, or "Śmierć", has an appearance that is similar to the our modern Grim Reaper, but instead of a black robe, he wears a White robe. Baltic. Lithuanians call death "Giltinė", from the word "gelti" (to sting). Giltinė was shown as an old, ugly, woman with a long blue nose and a poisonous tongue. The legend tells that Giltinė was young, pretty and communicative until she was trapped in a coffin for seven years. The goddess of death was a sister of the goddess of life and destiny, "Laima", symbolizing the relationship between beginning and end. Latvians named Death "Veļu māte", from a word meaning "mother". After it, the Lituanians and Latvians adopted the classical Grim Reaper with the black cloak and the scythe. Hindu Texts. In Hindu texts, the lord of death is called Yama. Yama rides a black buffalo and carries a rope to take the dead to his prison. There are many form of Reapers, they are his agents. They are called "Yamaduts". There, all the man good and bad are stored in an kind of archive. Then Yama take the records out and decides where the soul will be set in the next life, according to the Reincarnation of Hinduism. Yama is also mentioned in the Mahabharata as a philosopher and a devotee of Brahman. Latin American folklore. Our Lady of the Holy Death ("Santa Muerte") is a female deity or folk saint of Mexican folk religion, whose popularity has been growing in Mexico and the United States in recent years. La Calavera Catrina, a character symbolizing death, is also an icon of the Mexican Day of the Dead. Meitei mythology. In Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology), death is personified with multiple deities, including Thongalel, the ruler of the underworld and the god of the death, along with his wives. In the underworld kingdom, he administers the souls of the death, either to resend them or to bring a new one to and from the human world. At these tasks, he is assisted by Thongak Lairembi and Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi. The underworld kingdom is called "Khamnung kingdom" and its capital city, "Khamnung Sawa" is in the middle of the river "Ashi Turel", which has only a single bridge made up of a thread. This should be crossed over by only those souls who do not commit suicide during their earthly life. Else, one has to struck over inside the underworld kingdom but outside the capital city "Khamnung Sawa", which is, of course, a painstaking life too for the souls. Japanese mythology. In the Kojiki, after giving birth to the fire god, "Kagu-tsuchi", Izanami dies from wounds of its fire and enters the perpetual night realm called Yomi-no-kuni (the underworld) that the gods retire to and where Izanagi, her husband, travels to in a failed attempt to reclaim her. He discovers his wife as not-so beautiful anymore, and, in a brief argument afterwards between them, she promises to take a thousand lives every day, signifying her position as the goddess of death. There are also death gods called "shinigami" (死神, "death gods", "death spirits"), which are closer to the Western tradition of the Grim Reaper; while common in modern Japanese arts and fiction, they were essentially absent in traditional mythology. In Abrahamic Religions. Memitim. Memitim is a type of angel from the Bible that is connected to the death of the humans. The words is from the Hebrew language ממיתים (English:Killers). They are mentioned to kill the people that their guardian angel no longer protects them. There is some debate about the nature of the Memitim among biblical scholars, but it is accepted that, as described in the Book of Job 33:22, they are killers of some kind. Judaism. Form and functions. According to the Midrash, the Angel of Death was created by God in the first day of the creation. His house is in Heaven.He has twelve wings."Over all people have I surrendered thee the power," said God to the Angel of Death, "only not over this one which has received freedom from death through the Law".It said that the angel of death is full of eyes. In the time of the death, he stands over the dying one, and waiting for the man to see him. When the dying finally sees him, he drops a gall to the dying's mouth and that is what kills him finally The expression "to taste of death" originated in the idea that death was caused by a drop of gall. Death and Satan. The Angel of Death, who is identified by some with Satan, right after the creation has a dispute with God about the light of the Messiah. When Eve touched the tree of knowledge, the Angel of Death talked to her, and she thought:"Now I shall die, and God will create another wife for Adam". Adam also talked to the Angel of Death. The Angel of Death sits before the face of the dead. While Abraham was mourning, for Sarah the angel appeared to him, which explains why "Abraham stood up from before his death". Samael told Sarah that Abraham had sacrificed Isaac in spite of his wailing, and Sarah died of horror and grief. It was Moses who most often had dealings with the angel. At the resistance of Korah, Moses saw him. Islam. In Islam there is the Archangel of Death, named Azrael. In the Qur'an, he is not mentioned by this name, but by "Mal'akkh al Mut" (Arabic: ملاك الموت, "Angel of Death"). He is also descripted in old Hebrew texts as Azrael, the Angel of Death. He is also called Azrael in early Christian texts. Menzies Campbell Walter Menzies "Ming" Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem (born 22 May 1941 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician and retired sprinter. He was the leader of the Liberal Democrats from March 2006 to October 2007. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North East Fife and the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews. Between 1967 and 1974, Menzies Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint as he was able to do it in 10.2 seconds. He was also the captain of the Great Britain athletics team between 1965 and 1966. In 1975, Campbell became the Chairman of the Scottish Liberals and was elected as an MP at the 1987 General Election. He became the Liberal Democrat's chief spokesperson on foreign affairs and defence in 1992 and became the Liberal Democrat's deputy leader in 2003. He was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats in March 2006 but had to resign in October 2007 and was replaced by Nick Clegg. Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children. Lady Campbell has a child from her previous marriage. Monocalcium phosphate Monocalcium phosphate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(H2PO4)2. It contains phosphate, calcium, and hydrogen ions. Properties. Monocalcium phosphate is a colorless solid. It dissolves a little in water to make an acidic solution. It is made by replacing one of the hydrogen ions in phosphoric acid with a calcium ion. Preparation. It is made by reacting calcium phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. This makes monocalcium phosphate. Uses. It is used in baking powder. When it is dissolved in water, it makes an acidic solution which reacts with the sodium bicarbonate to make carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes it rise. It is also used in fertilizers. Dicalcium phosphate Dicalcium phosphate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CaHPO4. It contains calcium, hydrogen, and phosphate ions. Properties. Dicalcium phosphate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It can be thought of as phosphoric acid where two of the hydrogen ions are replaced with calcium ions. Preparation. It can be made by reacting phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting sulfuric acid with a certain amount of tricalcium phosphate. Uses. It is used in fertilizers. It is also used in vitamin tablets. It is used to make sure chickens get calcium. Toonzai Toonzai was a group of cartoons broadcast on Saturday morning on The CW. It was first broadcast on August 14, 2010. It used to be named The CW4Kids. The programs were broadcast on weekday afternoons. The block is programmed by 4Kids Entertainment. They also programmed the 4Kids TV on Fox until December 2008. 4Kids also indicated that it will retain "Yu-Gi-Oh!" and "Sonic X" in its lineup, along with adding "Dragon Ball Z Kai", a redone version of "Dragon Ball Z" from Funimation Entertainment that is shared with Nicktoons. Programming. In most markets, most affiliates use the network's current Saturday morning schedule. Some, such as Atlanta's WUPA-TV broadcast the block on Sundays. This is usually done because the stations were at one time UPN affiliates and UPN did not have children's television programming on Saturday mornings. Former WB affiliate WCCT-TV in Hartford airs the first three hours of the block on Saturday mornings and the last two hours on Sunday mornings to make room for their own programing. KMYS in San Antonio, currently the newest CW affiliate has decided to air the block during early Sunday morning and early Monday morning (split into a two-hour and three-hour block) airing before 5am due to its previous commitment of airing Fox's "Weekend Marketplace" infomercial block on Saturday mornings (a holdover from its MyNetworkTV affiliation), along with already existing religious and paid programming on Sunday mornings; this by default will force most younger viewers of the block in that market to record it overnight for later viewing. Schedule. All times Pacific. Actual times may vary, depending on affiliate. John Smith (Labour Party leader) John Smith (13 September 1938 – 12 May 1994) was a British politician who was the leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his death from a heart attack. John Smith was born in the Scottish town of Dalmally in Argyll and Bute. He became a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 1970 General Election for the constituency of North Lanarkshire (Monklands East from 1983). In 1978, he was given a cabinet post however lost this after Labour's defeat at the 1979 General Election. He continued in the shadow cabinet until 1992, when Labour leader Neil Kinnock resigned and Smith was elected leader. During Smith's time as leader, opinion polls showed that Labour were becoming more likely to win an election than the Conservatives. On 12 May 1994 in London, Smith died of a heart attack and was buried on the Scottish isle of Iona. Tony Blair replaced Smith as Labour leader on 21 July 1994. Serie C Serie C is the third highest division of Football in Italy after the Serie A and Serie B. It has its headquarters in Florence. In the past, it also had a club from San Marino in it. The league in the past was divided as Lega Pro Prima Divisione and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. However, it was combined as only one division: Serie C, in 2017. It was originally founded as the Serie C in 1935, rebranded in 2014 to Lega Pro, and then rebranded again to Serie C in 2017. Stopping power Stopping power is a way to measure how powerful a firearm is. Stopping power is a measure of how quickly the gun kills an animal, for instance. Many large animals are not killed after being shot with an ordinary gun and can do damage before they die. Elephant guns, which have much more stopping power, are used to kill the large animal quickly. TERGV The TERGV (for "Regional Express Train on high-speed line") is a model to run trains in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The idea is to run regional trains on lines constructed for "express trains", instead of the "classic lines". This works only in the case that the high-speed line is used only rarely. Running regional trains on such lines slows down the express trains, and costs more than running them on the classic lines. Despite these problems, the concept is very promising for distances between 100 and 200 km. There are currently two lines that operate in this manner: To use these connections, an extra fee must be paid, which is three euros, per day. Another line, Lille to Arras has been opened. This line does not require the extra fee, and has proved very successful. Blake Clark Blake Clark (born February 2, 1946) is an American stand-up comedian and actor whose trademark is a raspy voice similar to Jim Varney. He is perhaps best known as Farmer Fran in "The Waterboy". His other known role is as the voice of Slinky Dog in "Toy Story 3", replacing Varney who died in 2000 (and, according to John Lasseter, Clark sounds an "awful lot like him"). It was revealed that Clark and Varney had known each other for a long time. Clark is also a prolific actor, frequently cast in Adam Sandler movies. Early life. Clark was born in Macon, Georgia. He graduated from LaGrange College in 1969 with a degree in the performing arts. A decorated Infantry Platoon Leader in the Vietnam War, Clark brought the plight of the Vietnam Veteran to the people of America in a humorous way in the 80's and was adopted by numerous Veteran Organizations throughout the United States. His personal quote is "I was born and raised in Georgia and fought in Vietnam. It was like being punished for the same thing twice. In fact, I used to have flashbacks "in" Vietnam." Having moved from his home state of Georgia to Hollywood, Clark soon landed his first "Tonight Show with Johnny Carson" and soon thereafter, was cast in his first of many recurring roles on Television as Fred the Chauffeur on "Remington Steele". Since then, he has been Harry, Tim Taylor's friend on "Home Improvement"; Jules, the next-door neighbor on "The Drew Carey Show"; Chet Hunter, Sean's father on "Boy Meets World", and Bob the womanizing boss on "The Jamie Foxx Show". And he recently received critical acclaim as Drew Barrymore's father in the hit movie, "50 First Dates". He also acted as an umpire in the 2006 movie "The Benchwarmers". He even came out in the 2008 movie "Get Smart", starring Steve Carell and Anne Hathaway. Clark has traveled the world doing comedy and recently went to Iraq for an extended USO Tour with Drew Carey. He is a warm, intelligent, funny, and innovative social commentator with a quiet patriotism that he lives as well as portrays. His comedy runs the gamut from observation on the current military conflict to his Southern root in Georgia. He is a man of all seasons. He has also made special appearances in "Politically Incorrect, Memorial Day, 2001", "Redneck Comedy Roundup", "Redneck Comedy Roundup 2", "Campus Movie Network", "Mancow's Morning Madhouse", "Waste Watch Journal", and others as well. Personal life. Clark is a single father with one adopted son; Travis Clark, who is also a comedian. References. Planet of the Apes (1968 movie) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction movie released in 1968 and directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It was based on the novel "La planète des singes" written by Pierre Boulle and released in 1963. The movie stars Charlton Heston and features Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, and Linda Harrison. It was released by 20th Century Fox. Plot. The film's story is about an astronaut crew who leave Earth on a deep space mission and crash land on a supposedly alien planet in the 40th century. Ony three out of the four crew members survive the crash and the survivors find the world to be home to a society of apes; including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. These apes have the intelligence of human beings as well as the ability to speak and walk upright like humans. Humans in this society are treated like slaves and live in the wilderness without the ability to speak. At the end of the movie, one of the crew members finds the Statue of Liberty and realizes they were on Earth all along. Reception and influence. Planet of the Apes was a box office success, meaning it earned a good amount of money and got highly favourable reviews from critics. The movie was given praise for exploring ideas such as class differences, religion, slavery, racism, and nuclear technology. It was followed by four sequels: "Beneath the Planet of the Apes" (1970), "Escape from the Planet of the Apes" (1971), "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" (1972), and "Battle for the Planet of the Apes" (1973). A live action television show was shown in 1974 and an animated television show called "Return to the Planet of the Apes" came out in 1975. The animated cartoon The Fairly Oddparents episode Abra-Catastrophe has a segment where humans are slave cavemen and the apes are their overlords. In 2001, a remake of the movie was made directed by Tim Burton and starred Mark Wahlberg, Helena Bonham Carter and Tim Roth. In August 2011, the series was rebooted with "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". This was followed in 2014 with "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" with a 2017 sequel released "War of the Planet of the Apes". Small business A small business, sometimes called a mom and pop store by some in the United States, is a business that is privately owned and operated. They have a small number of employees and do not sell many things. Whether or not the law says that a business is "small" is different in different countries and industries. Small businesses are common in many countries. Some examples include: convenience stores, other small shops (such as a bakery), hairdressers, tradesmen, lawyers, accountants, restaurants, guest houses, photographers, small-scale manufacturing, and online business, such as web design and programming. Good things about small business. A small business can be started at a very low cost. It also does not need to be open all the time. Independence is another good thing about owning a small business. Being able to operate by themselves is a good thing for small business owners. Small business owners can make their own decisions about what they want to do with their company. However, entrepreneurs often must work very long hours and understand that their customers are their bosses. Many organizations in the United States also give help to small businesses, such as the Internal Revenue Service's Small Business and Self-Employed One-Stop Resource. Problems for small businesses. Small businesses often face a lot of problems because of their size. In the United States, some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs, high energy costs and taxes. Another problem for several small businesses is the fact that much larger businesses can influence their chances for success. Hydration Hydration is the adding of water molecules to a chemical substance. The anhydrous (without water) form and the hydrated (with water) form can be quite different. The hydrated form is called a "hydrate". For example, anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a liquid, while the pentahydrate (with 5 water molecules) is a solid. Anhydrous copper sulfate is white or light green, while the hydrated form is blue. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hydrated form is red. Anhydrous copper(II) chloride is brown, while the dihydrate is green. The number of water molecules for each atom is given by a prefix. Mono- means 1, di- means 2, tri- means 3, tetra- means 4, penta- means 5, hexa- means 6, hepta- means 7, octo- means 8, nona- means 9, deca- means 10. Pocket Ref Pocket Ref is a small book that contains various information including tips, tables, maps, science facts, weather information, and so on. It is in a small shape that is made to fit in a pocket. It is written by Thomas J. Glover and published by Sequoia Publishing, Inc. Rival Lovers Rival Lovers is a dialogue that was thought to have been written by Plato. In Rival Lovers, Socrates is the main character who asks questions. Art movement An art movement, or "ism", is a style in art. It may have a common philosophy, followed by a group of artists. It may be a label given by a critic to describe a type of artwork. It is typical of the post-photography era that art explores new directions. Some art movements can be pinned down to a time and place, or to particular artists. Verbal explanation of movements may come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto (published statement). Quite often, a movement is labelled afterwards by some art historian or critic. Art movements may be connected to similar ideas in architecture, literature, philosophy or even politics. In rough date order: Stratford Stratford is an inner-city area of east London which hosted the 2012 London Olympics. Stratford is in the London Borough of Newham. Leah The name Leah has biblical roots, and means "wild cow" in Hebrew. In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, Leah is the older sister of Rachel. Leah marries Jacob and becomes the mother of six sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah (Biblical personage), Issachar, Zebulun, and a daughter, Dinah. Conceptual art Conceptual art is art in which the concepts or ideas involved in the work are more important than traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to one of the first to appear in print: Conceptual art even questions the nature of art. Joseph Kosuth elevated this into a definition of art itself in his early manifesto of conceptual art. The notion that art should examine its own nature was already part of art critic Clement Greenberg's vision of modern art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists began a far more radical analysis of art than was previously done. One of the first things they questioned was the assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects. Conceptual art has come to mean all contemporary art which does not use the traditional skills of painting and sculpture. Center of mass Center of mass or barycenter of a system is the average position of all the mass in a system. In a rigid body, the centre of mass is always in the same place. In a loose collection the center of mass may be in space, as it is in the Solar System. Also, as planets' orbits change slightly, so will the position of the barycenter. A simple way to understand the concept of barycenter is to push a supermarket trolley. If you hold only one corner and push, it will only go in a straight line when you push through the centre of mass. Otherwise a turning force is created. This shows that the mass acts as if it were only in one place. The center of gravity is a closely related term. It is the point where an object can be balanced perfectly by a sharp point holding it up under the object. It is the center of mass acting in a gravitational field. History. The concept of center of mass was first introduced by the ancient Greek physicist, mathematician, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse. Archimedes showed that the torque (turning force) exerted on a lever by weights resting at various points along the lever is the same as what it would be if all of the weights were moved to a single point — their center of mass. Archimedes was the first person to work out ways of finding the center of mass in various objects. Relation between the two terms. The center of mass is often called the "center of gravity" because any uniform gravitational field g acts on a system as if the mass "M" of the system were concentrated at the center of mass R. Implication Implication may be one of these: Marcel Duchamp Marcel Duchamp (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period. A playful man, Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it "Fountain". This approach would 50 years later be called conceptual art, though he himself used the term 'ready-mades' for this idea. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time. The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act. Duchamp and chess. Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist. Instead, he played chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities. Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film "Entr'acte" (1924) by René Clair. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928–1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian. The Gaslight Anthem The Gaslight Anthem is an American punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey. The members are Brian Fallon (lead vocals, guitar), Alex Rosamilia (guitar, backing vocals), Alex Levine (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Benny Horowitz (drums, percussion, tambourine). They released their first album, "Sink or Swim", on XOXO Records in May 2007, and their second album, "The '59 Sound", on SideOneDummy Records in August 2008. The band's third album, "American Slang", was released on June 15, 2010. Jean-Marie Le Pen Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928) is a French politician. He was born in La Trinitié-sur-Mer, Brittany, France. He was the leader of the French National Front (FN) from 1972 until 2011, which is a far-right political party in France. He stands for immigration restrictions, the death penalty, raising incentives for homemakers, and is against the EU. He is strongly against same-sex marriage, euthanasia and abortion. Le Pen served in the French Army from 1953 to 1957. Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the FN in 1972 and has been its leader ever since. He became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 1984 and has run for President of France five times; in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007. He came second in the 2002 election. Le Pen has often been considered to have xenophobic and antisemitic views and was accused of having practised torture when he fought in the Algerian War (1954-1962). He was suspended from the FN on 4 May 2015. The youngest of his three daughters is FN leader Marine Le Pen. His granddaughter is FN MP Marion Maréchal-Le Pen. Ascanio Sobrero Ascanio Sobrero (12 October 1812 - 26 December 1888) was an Italian chemist, who discovered nitroglycerin in 1847. He was born in Casale, Monferrato and worked in Paris. He was made a professor of chemistry at Turino. His face was badly hurt during an experiment with nitroglycerin. He thought it was too dangerous to be of any practical use. He said that he was ashamed to have discovered something that killed people. He died in Turin, Italy. COBRA (art movement) COBRA (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A). History. COBRA was formed by Karel Appel, Constant, Corneille, Christian Dotremont, Asger Jorn, and Joseph Noiret on the 8th November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame, Paris, with the signing of a manifesto, ""La Cause Était Entendue" ("The Case Was Settled"), drawn up by Dotremont. Formed with a unifying doctrine of complete freedom of colour and form, as well as antipathy towards surrealism, the artists also shared an interest in Marxism as well as modernism. Their working method was based on spontaneity and experiment, and they drew their inspiration in particular from children’s drawings, from primitive art forms and from the work of Paul Klee and Joan Miró. Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex, the Danish group Høst and the Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group, the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time; the periodical "Cobra", a series of collaborations between various members called "Peintures-Mot" and two large-scale exhibitions. The first of these was held at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, November (1949), the other at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liège (1951). In November 1949 the group officially changed its name to 'Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux' with membership having spread across Europe and the USA, although this name has never stuck. The movement was officially disbanded in 1951, but many of its members remained close, with Dotremont in particular continuing collaborations with many of the leading members of the group. The primary focus of the group consisted of semi-abstract paintings with brilliant color, violent brushwork, and distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art and similar to American action painting. Cobra was a milestone in the development of Tachisme and European abstract expressionism. Participants. Participants in COBRA included: March 0 March 0, although a nonexistent date, is often another name for the leap day February 29. People who were born on a leap day can celebrate their birthday on "March 0", but this date is technically either February 28 or March 1. It can also be used in software programs. List of rulers of Tuscany This is a list of rulers of Tuscany. The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region! Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197. Various House of Canossa Various After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801-1807. "Tuscany was given to France, 1807-1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of "Grand Duchess of Tuscany", but did not actually rule over the region." Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860. "Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognised in Tuscany, and was deposed by the government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia, on 22 March 1860" Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (, ) was a monarchy in Tuscany, an area in the north-west of the Italian Peninsula. It existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859. It replaced the Duchy of Florence. It was ruled by the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The capital of the grand duchy was Florence. Until the House of Lorraine took over from the Medici, Tuscany was a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Under the Medici the heir to the grand ducal throne was called the "Grand Prince of Tuscany" whereas the Lorrainers used various titles for the heir apparent. Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo II de' Medici (12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 until 1621. He was the elder son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christine of Lorraine. He married Maria Magdalena of Austria and had eight children. Galileo Galilei was his childhood tutor. For the most of his eleven-year reign, he delegated the administration of Tuscany to his ministers. He is best remembered as the patron of Galileo Galilei, his childhood tutor. He died of tuberculosis in 1621. Family and children. Maria Magdalena and Cosimo had the following children: Maria Magdalena of Austria Maria Magdalena of Austria or Maria Maddalena of Austria (7 October 1589 – 1 November 1631) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany from her husband's accession in 1609 until his death in 1621. With him, she had eight children, including a duchess of Parma, a grand duke of Tuscany, and an archduchess of Further Austria. She was the youngest daughter of Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria, and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. During the minority of her son, Grand Duke Ferdinando II, she and her mother-in-law Christina of Lorraine acted as regents. She died in Padua. 1230s The 1230s were a decade that lasted from January 1, 1230 to December 31, 1239. Margherita de' Medici Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Margherita was regent of Plaisance in 1635 and regent of the entire duchy in 1646 after the death of her husband. Family. She was the fourth of eight children and the second daughter born to Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Maria Magdalena of Austria. Margherita's siblings included Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cardinal Gian Carlo de' Medici, Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici and Anna, wife of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. Margherita's other siblings died in childhood or eary adulthood. Margherita married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma on 11 October 1628. On 11 September 1646 Odoardo died. Their eldest son, Ranuccio was not yet old enough to rule the Duchy alone so Margherita acted as regent until her son was old enough to govern alone. She died in Parma on February 6 1679. Vittoria della Rovere Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622–5 March 1694) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. She gave her husband four children, two of which would survive infancy the future Cosimo III and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. She was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro in her own right and these went to her youngest son when she died. She was later the guardian of her three grandchildren. Her marriage bought a lot of art treasures to the House of Medici which are today at the Palazzo Pitti Uffizi Gallery in Florence. She did not get on with her daughter in law Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. She was the daughter of Claudia de' Medici. She was distantly related to her husband. Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga Eleanora Luisa Gonzaga (13 November 1686 – 16 March 1741) was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro as the wife of Francesco Maria de' Medici. She was the only child of Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla and Sabbioneta and his second wife, Maria Vittoria Gonzaga. She did not bear any children and died mad. She married on 14 July 1709. Quebec Major Junior Hockey League The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (French: "la Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec", shortened as "QMJHL" in English, "LHJMQ" in French) is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which make up the Canadian Hockey League. Because the name of the league is so long, it is sometimes called the "Q". There are 18 teams in the QMJHL that are in Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in Canada. The winner of the QMJHL plays against the winners of the Western Hockey League and Ontario Hockey League for the Memorial Cup. Many good players go from the QMJHL to the National Hockey League, and nine players from the QMJHL are in the Hockey Hall of Fame. History. The QMJHL was created in 1969 from two different junior leagues in Quebec, the Quebec Junior Hockey League and the Metropolitan Montreal Junior Hockey League. These two teams wanted to make a better junior league for the province, so combined teams from their leagues. Eight teams were from the QJHL and two from the MMJHL and another team came from a town in Ontario on the Ontario-Quebec border. Nearly every team was within a close distance of Montreal, the largest city in Quebec, though no team played in Montreal. In 1972 the QMJHL finally wanted a team in Montreal, and tried to get the Montreal Junior Canadiens, who played in the Ontario Hockey Association, to join. The OHA made a deal with the QMJHL and gave them the Junior Canadiens while creating a new team in a different city to keep an OHA team with the same name. Tsūtenkaku is a tower in Osaka, Japan. It is a well-known landmark and shows advertisements for Hitachi, Ltd. The tower is 103 meters tall. The main observation deck is 91 meters above the ground. The three characters in the name mean "Reaching Heaven Tower". It is in Shinsekai, part of Naniwa Ward. Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co., Ltd. owns the tower. History. The current tower is the second tower on the site. The original tower was built in 1912. The design was based on the Eiffel Tower. The tower had an cable car that connected it to a nearby amusement park called Luna Park. The original was 64 meters tall. It was the second tallest building in Asia at that time. It quickly became one of the most popular locations in the city. Visitors came from all over. There was a fire in 1943 which severely damaged the tower. It was not repaired. The tower was taken apart and the steel was used to make things for World War II. After the war, citizens wanted to rebuild the popular tower. A private company called "Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co. Ltd." was set up for this purpose. They hired Tachu Naito to design it. He was nicknamed Japan's "Father of Towers". The new tower opened in 1956. Signs. In 1957, Hitachi started putting neon sign advertisements on the tower. The advertisements have usually been changed every 5 or 6 years. Hitachi last changed the signs in 2006. New signs are scheduled for autumn 2011. The new signs will use LED lights, not neon. Other lights on the tower also show weather information. Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was an Italian political leader, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Early life. Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1683 he was made governor of Siena. Cardinal. In 1686, Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal. In 1709, he was permitted to give up his role as cardinal on 14 July 1709 the same year. Duke. In March 1694, he inherited to the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro. In 1709, he married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga. Medici died at the Bagno a Ripoli in 1711. 2010 in the United Kingdom This articles list major events that occurred in the United Kingdom in the year 2010. Regurgitation Regurgitation is the process of a human or animal letting out the food it had been digesting. Sometimes, blood can come out as well. Regurgitation can be very important to some animals, such as birds for example. It is used by a number of species to feed their young. This is especially when the young is in its nest or home and the parent hunts for food. Or some birds can occasionally regurgitate pellets of food that is not digestable, such as bones and feathers. Owls are known to do this. Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (; 6 April 1875 – 20 April 1960) was a daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia and the eldest of Czar Nicholas II two sisters. She married her cousin Grand Duke Alexander Mikailovich of Russia and had seven children. During her brother's reign, she lived a private life. However, when monarchy fell, she escaped Russia and lived in England. Early life. Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna was born on 6 April 1875 at Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg. Her mother was Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia. After her grandfather died, her father became the Russian king. At this time, Xenia was six years old. It was difficult political time because of terrorist threats. Alexander III moved with his family from the Winter Palace to the Gatchina Palace to protect his family. Xenia, like her brothers, was educated by private tutors. She studied foreign languages very much. Apart from her native Russian, Xenia studied English, French, and German. Xenia also learnt how to cook and make puppets and clothes. She liked to ride, fish, draw, play gymnastics, dance, and perform the piano. Marriage. Xenia and her first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, who would also be her husband, used to play together as friends in the 1880s. Alexander was also a friend of her brother Nicholas. In 1886, twenty year old Alexander was in the navy. Eleven year old Xenia sent him a card when his ship was in Brazil, "Best wishes and speedy return! Your sailor Xenia". In 1889, Alexander wrote of Xenia, "She is fourteen. I think she likes me." At age 15, though Xenia and Alexander wanted to marry, her parents did not want to allow them because Xenia was too young. They were also unsure if Alexander was really very nice. The Tsarina Maria Feodorovna complained that Alexander was too proud and rude. It was not until January 1894 that Xenia's parents allowed them to engage. The couple finally wed on 6 August 1894 at Peterhof Palace. Xenia's younger sister, Olga, wrote about the joy of her the wedding, "The Emperor was so happy. It was the last time I ever saw him like that." Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (, '), also called the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ROCA, or ROCOR) is a small part of the Russian Orthodox Church. It has over 400 parishes worldwide, and an estimated membership of over 400,000 people. Alexei Kosygin Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (; – 18 December 1980) was a Russian man who was Premier of the Soviet Union. He was a friend of the previous Prime Minister, Nikita Khrushchev. He and Leonid Brezhnev led the country together until he died. House arrest House arrest is when someone has been arrested, but not put in prison. Instead, they are made to stay in their homes, hence the term. A notable example of house arrest is Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma. She was under house arrest for much of the time between 1990 and 2010. Subjects typically wear ankle bracelets which alert the authorities when they leave their house. The Stig The Stig is the 'tame racing driver' from the popular BBC motoring show Top Gear. He coaches the 'stars in the reasonably priced car' and is the driver for the Power laps. His identity is unknown though he has been played by many drivers, the most recent driver is Ben Collins. American League Central The American League Central Division is a group of baseball teams in the American League of Major League Baseball (MLB). The teams all play in the Midwestern United States. It was started in 1920. Tuner (car) When talking about cars, a tuner is a car with many parts changed so the car can go very fast. The word "tune" here means "to adjust" or "to change". Typically, people call any vehicle that has been modified for performance reasons a tuner car regardless of make or model. When people want to drive fast cars but don't want to buy a very expensive car, they change some parts for an ordinary car to make it go faster. Making a tuner. For basic tuning, the engine intake and exhaust are changed, which means the process that takes air into the engine and out of the engine happens faster. People can also make the frame of the car stronger, to help it go around corners better. A spoiler or wing helps air push the car down onto the ground, which means more grip. Rage Racer Rage Racer is a 1996 racing video game by Namco where the player controls different cars and wins races in order to become what the game calls "Rage Racer". Four different car manufacturers make cars to drive in the game. Each of the cars has its forte and is sometimes named after it. In the game, the player drives three (four later in the game) courses to try and win a trophy and move to the next class. Storyline. At the beginning of the game, the game shows a plot of how some elite few "Race Racers" started to race their "worldwide speedway". Gameplay. Grand Prix. In the Grand Prix mode, the player starts at Class 1. They choose a course and then a car. As the player wins races, they win prize money, or "credits", which are called e.g. in the game. E.g. can be used to buy new upgrades, cars, or courses. If the player loses a race, they lose 1 chance. A player starts with 5 chances per class. If a player loses when they do not have any chances, the game ends. Players can still save, and can still retrieve their credit and cars, but medals and trophies are lost. Time Trial. Time Trial is a mode where the player races the clock. They choose a car and course, and then are shown the record for the track. Tracks are also divided into "sections", parts of a track. A player can save or load data with a memory card. Watercress Watercress ("Nasturtium officinale") is a plant which grows in water. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, along with some other leaf vegetables. People grow them for eating, often in salad or sandwiches. They have a peppery flavour and are fast-growing. Watercress is related to the cabbage and mustard plants. Agrology of watercress is both a large scale and a garden scale. However the packaging used by super markets using sealed plastic bags under some pressure. Watercress is also known as tall nasturtium. This plant grows well in cold water. That's why you will find it near water like a ditch. Watercress packs have a lot of nutrients. Iron, potassium and vitamins C and E are a few. Watercress also helps with skin problems. It keeps the skin very clarified. Watercress is used in many recipes. You can use it to make a sandwich or in soup. If it is not harvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50–120 cm. It is a member of the brassicacea family, along with some other leaf vegetables. New market, Alabama, was once known as "Watercress Capital of the World". Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609. He succeeded his older brother Francesco I. Ferdinando was the fifth son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo. He was a Cardinal before he became Grand Duke, until he married Christine of Lorraine in 1589. He was succeeded by his eldest son, who reigned as Cosimo II. His wife and daughter-in-law Maria Maddalena of Austria acted as regents for Cosimo II. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and then the first Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. He was the son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Maria Salviati. Marriage and family. In 1539, he married Eleonora di Toledo (1522–1562). She died, with her sons Giovanni and Garzia, in 1562, aged forty. All three of them died from malaria while traveling to Pisa. Before his first marriage, Cosimo fathered an illegitimate daughter with an unknown woman: With Eleonora, Cosimo fathered eleven children: After Eleonora's death in 1562, Cosimo fathered two children with his mistress Eleonora degli Albrizzi: In 1570, Cosimo married Camilla Martelli: Point (ice hockey) A point is a unit of score that is given when a player knocks the puck into their rival's goal. Riau Islands The Riau Islands is a province in Indonesia. Tanjung Pinang is its capital city. Its official language is Riau. In 2007, the population was around 1,392,900. Singapore River The Singapore River is a river in Singapore. It flows from the Central Area of Singapore to the ocean. It is long. Its mouth was used as a port. In the past, it was a very busy place because of the spice trade. It became very polluted and was cleaned up from 1977 to 1987. East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an British joint-stock company with headquarters in London. It was started for trading with the East Indies, but most trade was with India and China. It was given a charter, permission to exist, in 1600 and traded many things in India. In the mid-18th century, the company built up its own presidency armies and won the Battle of Plassey, which brought it from only trading with India to actually ruling India. The company had armed forces and armed ships. It fought against various Indian rulers and struggled against the Dutch East India Company and other European nations. It was ruled by one governor and 24 directors. It became a monopoly in most parts of India. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British government ruled India directly and the company was dissolved in 1874. Its role was taken over by the Government of India (the British Raj). At its height, the Raj covered a huge area from Baluchistan in the west to Burma in the east, as well as Ceylon and a number of other islands. Battle of Marathon The Battle of Marathon took place in September 490 BC on the plain of Marathon. It was fought between the Athenians and the Persians. Athens was supported by a small force from the city of Plataea. The battle was the end of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to conquer Greece. It was part of the first Greco-Persian war. The Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt. Then, Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia, who were trying to overthrow Persian rule. The Athenians and Eretrians succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis, but were forced to retreat with heavy losses. In response to this raid, Darius swore to burn Athens and Eretria to the ground. Persian invasion. Once the Ionian revolt was crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade, Darius began planning to conquer Greece. In 490 BC, he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean, to subjugate the Cyclades, the group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. The next step was to attack Athens and Eretria. After a successful campaign in the Aegean, the Persians defeated, captured and burnt Eretria. "/ The Persian force then sailed for Attica. They landed on Schinias beach on the east end of Marathon bay. The broad field, called the plain of Marathon, was flat, level and ideal for battle. The Athenians, joined by a small force from Plataea, marched to Marathon, and blocked the two exits from the plain of Marathon. Stalemate ensued for five days. Then, for reasons that are not clear, the Athenians decided to attack the Persians. Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians, the Greek hoplites proved very effective against the more lightly armed Persian infantry. They routed the Persian wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian line. Consequences. The defeat at Marathon was a decisive victory that marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian force retreated to Asia. Darius then began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece. However, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, postponing any Greek expedition. After Darius died, his son Xerxes I restarted the preparations for a second invasion of Greece, which finally began in 480 BC. The Battle of Marathon was a watershed in the Greco-Persian wars, showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten. The eventual Greek triumph in these wars began at Marathon. The next two hundred years saw the rise of the Classical Greek civilization, which has been so influential in western society. This is why the Battle of Marathon is often seen as a key moment in European history. John Stuart Mill suggested that "the Battle of Marathon, even as an event in British history, is more important than the Battle of Hastings". The Battle of Marathon is perhaps now more famous as the inspiration for the Marathon race. Although historically inaccurate, the legend of a Greek messenger running to Athens with news of the victory became the inspiration for this athletic event, introduced at the 1896 Athens Olympics, and originally run between Marathon and Athens. Battle. When the Athenian line was ready, according to one source, the simple signal to advance was given by Miltiades: "At them".p191 Most likely, they marched until they reached the limit of the archers' effectiveness, the "beaten zone", (roughly 200 meters), and then broke into a run towards their enemy.p66 Herodotus suggests that this was the first time a Greek army ran into battle in this way; this was probably because it was the first time that a Greek army had faced an enemy composed mainly of missile troops (archers, spear-throwers). All this was evidently much to the surprise of the Persians. Passing through the hail of arrows, protected for the most part by their armour, the Greek line finally collided with the enemy army. Holland provides an evocative description: "The enemy directly in their path...realised to their horror that [the Athenians], far from providing the easy pickings for their bowmen, as they had first imagined, were not going to be halted...The impact was devastating. The Athenians had honed their style of fighting in combat with other phalanxes, wooden shields smashing against wooden shields, iron spear tips clattering against breastplates of bronze...in those first terrible seconds of collision, there was nothing but a pulverizing crash of metal into flesh and bone; then the rolling of the Athenian tide over men wearing, at most, quilted jerkins for protection, and armed, perhaps, with nothing more than bows or slings. The hoplites' ash spears, rather than shivering...could instead stab and stab again, and those of the enemy who avoided their fearful jabbing might easily be crushed to death beneath the sheer weight of the advancing men of bronze."194–197 The Athenian wings quickly routed the inferior Persian levies (conscripted troops) on the flanks, before turning inwards to surround the Persian centre, which had been more successful against the thin Greek centre. The battle ended when the Persian centre then broke in panic towards their ships, pursued by the Greeks. Some, unaware of the local terrain, ran towards the swamps where unknown numbers drowned.p71 The Athenians pursued the Persians back to their ships, and managed to capture seven ships, though most were able to launch. Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield. It is unknown how many more died in the swamps. The Athenians lost 192 men and the Plataeans 11. Strait of Singapore The Strait of Singapore or Singapore Strait is a strait in Singapore. It is long and wide. It is between the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Singapore is to the north and the Riau Islands are to the south. It is the way to get to the Singapore Harbor. Apache Subversion Apache Subversion (also called subversion repository and SVN) is an internet software mainly used by software programmers. Subversion allows other developers to view the code easily. To download files in a directory of a subversion repository, one can "checkout" using a subversion client. Variable-width encoding A variable-width encoding is a type of character encoding scheme in which codes of different lengths are used to encode a character set for representation in a computer. All of the common Unicode encodings are variable-width encodings, e.g. UTF-8 and UTF-16. It's a common mistake to think that UTF-16 isn't, so that's not a good reason to prefer UTF-16 (only its obsolete predecessor UCS-2 is fixed-width). ASCII is a fixed-width encoding. So are many other legacy encodings, but no modern text encoding. Note, ASCII is legal UTF-8 text, but it's only fixed-width in that sense only when that subset is used. As soon as text uses even one letter outside of the ASCII subset, or even if software expects UTF-8 text, and can't rely on only the ASCII subset used, then the (UTF-8) encoding used is variable-length. Cro-Magnon The earliest known Cro-Magnon remains are between 35,000 and 45,000 years old, based on radiometric dating. The oldest remains, from 43,000 45,000 years ago, were found in Italy and Britain. Other remains also show that Cro-Magnons reached the Russian Arctic about 40,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons had powerful bodies, which were usually heavy and solid with strong muscles. Unlike Neanderthals, which had slanted foreheads, the Cro-Magnons had straight foreheads, like modern humans. Their faces were short and wide with a large chin. Their brains were slightly larger than the average human's is today. Naming. The name "Cro-Magnon" was created by Louis Lartet, who discovered the first Cro-Magnon skull in southwestern France in 1868. He called the place where he found the skull "Abri de Cro-Magnon." "Abri" means "rock shelter" in French; "cro" means "hole" in the Occitan language; and "Magnon" was the name of the person who owned the land where Lartet found the skull. Basically, Cro-Magnon means "rock shelter in a hole on Magnon's land." This is why scientists now use the term "European early modern humans" instead of "Cro-Magnons." In taxonomy, the term "Cro-Magnon" means nothing. Cro-Magnon life. Like most early humans, the Cro-Magnons mostly hunted large animals. For example, they killed mammoths, cave bears, horses, and reindeer for food. They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers. They also ate fruits from plants. The Cro-Magnons were nomadic or semi-nomadic. This means that instead of living in just one place, they followed the migration of the animals they wanted to hunt. They may have built hunting camps from mammoth bones; some of these camps were found in a village in Ukraine. They also made shelters from rocks, clay, tree branches, and animal skin (leather). Cheating in video games Cheating in video games is when a player creates an advantage for themself beyond what normal gameplay would allow. In general, cheating is breaking the rules to get an unfair advantage. it actually works with a bit of code structure. In other world, it is included in an existing video game as if it is from that video game and continues to work in this way. If we look at it structuarry, it comes up with a very diffrent work. These kind of advantages can often be activated by entering codes. A set of cheat codes may have been written into the game's programming by the game's developers. When entered, a code activates a corresponding advantage. Cheat codes can also be created by added software, called a game trainer. Players can also cheat by taking advantage of software bugs in the game. Cheat codes makes the system do things that are not normal. For example, pressing a certain sequence of buttons may increase a character's hit points in an role-playing game, or make a car drive faster in a racing game. Another way of video hacks is using applications called "exploits." It usually involves injecting DLLs and its working kernel mode in the game application for access to advantages. The number of users using competitive video games cheat continues to decrease with the development of anti-cheat systems. We can examine this thesis based on the League of legends. The reason why the rate of banned players is higher than the rate of cheating is that past activities can be detected. Anaphalis Anaphalis (pronounced A-ná-pha-lis) is a genus within the Asteraceae family whose members are commonly known by the name Pearly everlasting. There are around 110 species within the genus with the vast majority being native to central and southern Asia. There is one species native to North America that is fairly well known and popular in cultivation, namely the Western Pearly Everlasting ("Anaphalis margaritacea"). Two of the species, "A. javanica" and A. longifolia can be found on the mountain af the Java island in Indonesia. "A. javanica", also known as the Javanese Edelweiss, is currently an endangered species. Weaning Weaning means changing the diet of a baby little by little, from its mother's milk to the food it will eat as an adult. Since only female mammals make milk, weaning is only a necessary process for mammals. When a baby does not drink any more breast milk (or milk substitute), the baby has been weaned. Human weaning. Human babies should start eating small amounts of solid food, along with breast milk or formula, when they are about six months old. Before this time, a child's digestive system and kidneys are still forming, so the child is not ready for solid food. Babies do not have teeth and cannot chew their food, so they are usually fed soft, runny food such as cooked mashed fruit or vegetables. Babies cannot digest some foods which adults can eat, including food with nuts or with large amounts of gluten, salt or sugar. Also, babies' digestive systems are very sensitive to bacteria, so they should not eat any foods with honey, eggs or shellfish in them because these foods sometimes contain bacteria. Weaning conflict. Weaning conflict happens when the mother wants to wean her baby, but the baby wants to keep breastfeeding. The mother tries to force the baby to stop breastfeeding, and the baby tries to force the mother to continue. Some evolutionary scientists think mammal mothers need to wean their babies as soon as possible, so they will have a greater chance of having more babies and spreading their genes. But mammal babies want to breastfeed as long as they can so they will have a chance to grow strong, and also to enjoy the full care of their mothers. Weaning conflict happens in several mammal species, including primates and canines. Nanoelectromechanical systems Nanoelectromechanical systems will be very tiny machines, with dimensions thousands of times thinner than the human hair, that could be used as motors or sensors. The technology is very new and still in the laboratory stage, but may replace microelectromechanical systems. Compared to human scale, things work very differently at nano dimensions. For example, attractive forces between materials of the same type may push together moving parts and block a motor. Photocathode A photocathode is a negatively charged electrode in a light detection device. They are the main type of photomultiplier. That means they take a little light, and make more of it. There are instruments which need to magnify the amount of light coming in. Examples are astronomical telescopes and military night-sight equipment: binoculars and telescopes on helmets and rifles etc. The lens of the telescope or binocular passes the light onto a layer of glass coated with a special light-sensitive metal. When this is struck by light, the absorbed energy causes electrons to jump off. This is called the 'photoelectric effect'. The freed electrons are then collected to produce the final image. Some photocathode materials. These devices are mostly based on alkali metals. Space Shuttle Enterprise The Space Shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) is a spacecraft used by NASA for testing of the space shuttles. Enterprise was built without engines and without the heat protection system needed for it to travel into space and return to the atmosphere. Enterprise began being built in June 4, 1974, and was completed on September 17, 1976. Enterprise was used for flight tests in 1977. Scientists wanted to test how the shuttle could be transported on top of a Boeing 747. They also did three test manned test flights with the shuttle still joined to the Boeing. When these test were finished they did another five tests with the shuttle flying without engines like a glider. The pilots practiced landing the shuttle at the Edwards Airforce Base. The pilots were astronaut Gordon Fullerton, Apollo 13 astronaut Fred Haise, Joe Engle and Dick Truly. After the test flights, the Enterprise was used for vibration tests at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. After all the tests were finished, some parts of the Enterprise were used in the building of the other shuttles. The Enterprise was going to be named the "Constitution", but many people wrote to the President and asked for it to be named after the space craft on the TV show Star Trek. Enterprise can be seen today by visitors to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington, D.C. Reggie Bush Reginald Alfred "Reggie" Bush II (born March 2, 1985) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the position of running back. Career history. Bush played football at Helix High School in La Mesa, California, then played football at the University of Southern California. Bush won the 2005 Heisman Trophy, which is for the best player in college football, but in 2010, he gave the award back because of claims that he took gifts while in college that would have made him a professional athlete while still in college. NFL history. The New Orleans Saints chose Bush with the second pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2010, Bush won a Super Bowl with the Saints over the Indianapolis Colts. Globular protein A globular protein is one of a common type of protein. They are one of three types of protein. The others are fibrous and membrane proteins. Their structure is a result of protein folding. They are made of polypeptide chains folded into a compact sphere shape. They are soluble in water because of the hydrophilic ('water-loving') side chains that project from the outside of the molecules. They play an important role in metabolic reactions. Unlike proteins which only have a structural function, globular proteins can act as: Globular proteins include myoglobin and hemoglobin. Globulins. Globulins are all globular proteins except albumins. They have higher molecular weights than albumins. They are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions. Some globulins have important function as antibodies, others are responsible for the transport of lipids, iron or copper in the blood. David Haye David Haye is a British boxer. He is the WBA heavyweight champion and is nicknamed "The Hayemaker". He is 1.91 metres (6 feet 3 inches) tall. Before he became a heavyweight, he boxed in the cruiserweight division, where he held all the major titles. His most famous cruiserweight fights were against Jean-Marc Mormeck and Enzo Maccarinell. He has lost only once in his career. Haye moved up to the heavyweight division and beat Monte Barrett in 2008. In October 2009, he beat Nikolai Valuev, who is 7 feet tall, to become the WBA champion. In 2010, he beat John Ruiz. He defended his title against fellow Briton Audley Harrison in November 2010. Career. Haye started his career as an amateur. He reached the finals of the 2001 world amateur championship in the heavyweight class, where he lost to Odlanier Solis. He turned professional in the cruiserweight division in December 2002. His first professional fight was meant to be against Valeri Semishkur, but Semishkur pulled out. Instead, Haye fought and beat Tony Booth on 8 December 2002. He had seven fights in 2003, and won all of them. He won his tenth fight in a row when he beat Arthur Williams on 12 May 2004. He won those ten fights with a total of only 20 rounds. In his match against IBO champion Carl Thompson on 10 September 2004, he lost for the first time in his career. In his next match, on 10 December 2004, he beat Semishkur in the first round. Haye won the European title on 16 December 2006 when he beat Alexander Gurov. He won the match after only 45 seconds. On 24 March 2007, in his first match as European champion, he beat Lasse Johansen. On 27 April 2007, he had his first heavyweight fight, against Tomasz Bonin. Haye won in the first round. Shortly after the fight, Haye said he had plans to move up to the heavyweight division. "I'm absolutely certain I can rule the heavyweight roost", he said. On 10 November 2007, he beat Jean-Marc Mormeck to win the WBA, WBC, and "Ring" magazine titles. Haye was knocked down in the fourth round, but hit Mormeck with a series of blows in the seventh to win by technical knockout. He became the UK's sixth boxing champion. On 8 March 2008, he beat Enzo Maccarinelli to win the WBO title. Haye hit Maccarinelli with two big punches before the referee stopped the match. Haye said he planned to move up to the heavyweight division. A few weeks after the fight, Wladimir Klitschko, the IBF, IBO, and WBO heavyweight champion, said he wanted to fight Haye. Haye gave away his titles at cruiserweight and moved up to the heavyweight division. He beat Monte Barrett on 15 November 2008, winning in the fifth round. Before the fight, he said fighting Barrett was a big risk and that he might have retired if he lost. He was meant to fight Wladimir on 20 June 2009, but pulled out. On 31 October 2009, he beat Nikolai Valuev, who is 7 feet tall, to become the WBA champion. Haye was 98 pounds lighter than Valuev; before this fight, no-one had won a heavyweight title match weighing this much less than their opponent. Haye said he has wanted to be the heavyweight champion since he was a toddler. He then beat John Ruiz on 3 April 2010 and Audley Harrison on 13 November 2010. He now says he wants to fight Wladimir or his brother Vitali, who holds the WBC belt. The two brothers are regarded as the best heavyweights in the world. Haye says he plans to retire before his 31st birthday. Haye was born on 13 October 1980 in Bermondsey, London. He went to Snowsfield primary school and Bacon's College. Jade Goody, winner of the television show "Big Brother", was in his class. Haye is married and has a son called Cassius, named after Cassius Clay, the birth name of Muhammad Ali. His training camp is based in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus. He started training there in 2007 and sometimes fights with the Northern Cyprus flag on his shorts. He supports the football team Millwall. In September 2010, a newspaper in Northern Cyprus said Haye had become a citizen of Northern Cyprus. Xanthan gum Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide (a complex form of sugar). It is added to certain foods, such as salad dressings, to make them thicker. It is also added to cosmetics to keep the ingredients from separating. To make xanthan gum, workers add a kind of bacterium, "Xanthomonas campestris", to glucose or sucrose. They let the mixture ferment for a while, and then add isopropyl alcohol to separate the polysaccharide from the mixture. They dry the polysaccharide, grind it into a powder, then add it to a liquid. The xanthan gum is then ready to use. History. Allene Rosalind Jeanes and her research team at the United States Department of Agriculture first discovered xanthan gum. The team was studying many biopolymers to see whether some of them were useful, and how they could be used. The Kelco Company was the first company to produce xanthan gum in the early 1960s. At that time, Kelco called xanthan gum by its brand name, Kelzan. Later, in 1968, xanthan gum was tested and declared safe to be used in food. The USA, Canada, Europe, and many other regions and countries now accept xanthan gum as a safe food additive. Uses. Xanthan gum is a very effective thickener. It is stable under a wide range of temperatures and pH. Only 0.5% of xanthan gum is added to most foods to thicken them. The thickening property of xanthan gum decreases when a food is mixed, shaken or chewed, but it thickens up again when the force is removed. This property is called pseudoplasticity. Sometimes this property can be very useful. For instance, the xanthan gum added to salad dressing makes the dressing thick enough to cling to a salad, but shaking the bottle of dressing makes it temporarily thin and easier to pour. Salad dressings and sauces contain xanthan gum. Even though xanthan gum is not an emulsifier, it helps to keep an emulsion stable so that the oil in it does not separate. Xanthan gum also helps to keep spices and other solid bits of food evenly distributed in a liquid. Xanthan gum, guar gum and locust bean gum help to give ice cream and other frozen foods a creamy texture. Gluten-free bakers use xanthan gum instead of gluten to make bread dough or batter "sticky." Packaged egg whites or egg substitutes contain xanthan gum to replace the fat and emulsifiers found in egg yolks. Toothpaste often contains xanthan gum to give the toothpaste a smooth texture. People who have trouble swallowing add xanthan gum to drinks and other liquids to make them thicker and easier to swallow. Oil drillers use a lot of xanthan gum to make drilling mud thicker. This thick fluid helps carry solids cut by the drill bit up to the surface of the earth. When people need to pour concrete underwater, they add xanthan gum to the concrete to make it thicker and keep it from washing away. Many cosmetics contain xanthan gum, which helps hold together oil and water emulsions. Xanthan gum can also help keep skin moist. Fake blood, toy slime and gunge all get their thickness from xanthan gum. Possible health effects. Workers who were exposed to xanthan gum dust developed allergy-like symptoms from breathing in the dust. Coeliac disease sufferers and other people who are sensitive to gluten and other allergens may need to be careful how much xanthan gum is in their food. Some types of xanthan gum are made with wheat, corn or soy and could cause allergic reactions. Xanthan gum is also a strong laxative and can cause diarrhoea in people who eat too much of it, or who are sensitive to it. There are many substitutes available for xanthan gum when used in baking such as guar gum or locust bean gum. Pickerel frog The pickerel frog ("Lithobates palustris", formerly "Rana palustris") is a small frog in North America. It has dark squares on its back. The squares are in lines instead of randomly scattered. Leopard frogs have circular spots. They have an orange or yellow coloration on the inside of their back legs. They are found in the east of North America. They have toxic glands in their skin that can kill other frogs. Northern green frog The Northern green frog is a subspecies of the North American green frog. Its name is either "Rana clamitans melanota", or "Lithobates clamitans melanota". It is moderately large. It is found in the northeast United States and some of eastern Canada. Its call sounds like a plucked banjo. It has a fold running from the top of its eyes down the side of its back. The bullfrog does not have these folds. It is normally found in swamps, marshes, and muddy streams. Wiki markup Wikitext language, or wiki markup, is a markup language used to write pages in wiki websites, such as Wikipedia. It is a simplified alternative to HTML. It is converted by wiki software (like MediaWiki) into regular HTML, which the user's web browser will render. Purpose. The main purpose of having Wikitext in wikis instead of HTML is because HTML is more complicated and not many people know how to use it. Therefore, it is easier to use Wikitext rather than HTML and thus makes editors contributing to a wiki easier to create content. Environmentally friendly Environmentally friendly (also eco-friendly, nature friendly, and green) are terms that refer to objects that people buy (called "goods"), services, laws, and rules that either do not harm the environment or do very little harm to it. To make people who buy the goods or services know that they are environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly goods and services often are marked with "eco-labels". But because there is no single type of eco-label, the International Organization for Standardization thinks that these labels do not mean much because they could mean different things. Etymology. Environmentally friendly is a term used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict minimal or no harm on the environment. Companies sometimes use these terms to promote goods and services by making environmental marketing claims and with eco-labels. Also ecofriendly, by 1993, from eco- + friendly. Intranet An intranet is a private network website that only a few selected computers can have access to. Usually, they are being used as internal company websites for employees to know more about what is happening in the company without letting other people see. An intranet works the same way as a normal website. The system administrator can add webpages to it and it can be accessed normally from a web browser. Russia has successfully tested Runet, a country-wide alternative to the internet. An expert said "Increasingly, authoritarian countries who want to control what citizens see are looking at what Iran and China have already done... It means people will not have access to dialogue about what is going on in their own country, they will be kept within their own bubble". Bold Bold can mean the following: Italic Italic script and type has a long history. It was based on handwriting. Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (1475–1527) was a papal scribe and type designer in Renaissance Italy. Present day cursive writing style known as "italic" is based upon the style he developed. It has been said that the style of cursive known as "italic" got its name from this "Italian" designer. Modern day scribes, also known as "calligraphers", study the work of Arrighi to learn the structure of the style of writing known as "italic" , a modernized version of the Chancery hand which was first perfected by Roman scribes in the early part of the sixteenth century. In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a kind of calligraphic handwriting. Such letters normally slant slightly to the right. In modern texts, Italics can emphasise key points in a printed text. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining". Calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents written in a handwriting style called chancery hand. As the illustration shows, there were flourishes copied from calligraphy. An alternative is oblique type: the type is slanted but the letterforms do not change shape: this less elaborate approach is used by many sans-serif typefaces. Usage on the web. Using italic is usually used as a place holder for a blank piece of information. There are different ways in making a text "italic". HTML. In HTML, the editor can add the codice_1 and the codice_1 tags to make text surrounded by these tags italic. Wikitext. In Wikitext, the editor can just add two apostrophes (codice_3) around the text to become italic. Bold (type) In formatting, bold type is a little bit darker and bigger than normal type. It is used to emphasize a few words as a bolded text can attract attention from the reader. Usage. Markup languages provide different ways to make a word bold. For example: Underline To make a text underlined means to add a straight line below the text. It is commonly used to emphasize the text. However, it is usually not used. Usage. Both HTML and Wikitext uses the same way in making underlined text. They both use the codice_1 and the codice_1 tags to produce an underlined text. Iodic acid Iodic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO3. It contains hydrogen and iodate ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Iodic acid is a white solid that can dissolve in water to make an acidic solution. Chloric acid and bromic acid only exist in solution and break down when crystallized. Iodic acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It can be converted to iodine pentoxide when it is heated gently. If it is heated strongly, it decomposes into iodine, oxygen, and other iodine oxides. It can form several things when it is reduced. If there is a lot of reducing agent, it is reduced to iodide. If there is a lot of iodic acid, it is reduced to iodine. If there is a lot of chloride, then it is reduced to iodine trichloride, a yellow liquid. Preparation. It can be made by electrolysis of an acidic iodide solution. Uses. Iodic acid is used to make other iodates by reacting bases with iodic acid. It is also used as a strong acid. Malays The Malays (Malay-; ; Rejang: ꤷꥁꤼ; Jawi: ) are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia. They mainly live in the Maritime Southeast Asia region (especially within the Malay Archipelago; consist of Indonesian Archipelago and Philippines archipelago), such as Sumatra, Riau Islands, Singapore, Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, and southern Philippines. Overview. Malay people were once a tribal group who inhabited the island of Sumatra. According to the Malay Annals, the origin of Malay people are from the area known as Palembang in modern-day South Sumatra. Sang Sapurba also mentioned in the Malay Annals as the King of Malays who originated from the hill of Siguntang Mahameru area as well. Malay people transformed from the tribal group into an ethnic group during the glorious era of Srivijaya—the empire that originated from Palembang— when the trading activities grew. Nowadays, Malay people are inhabiting areas that was under the Srivijayan empire rule, with the big population mainly in Sumatra and its surrounding regions such as Bangka Belitung Islands, Riau Islands, Malacca Peninsula ( Kra Peninsula), Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, southern Vietnam, and southern Philippines. Language. Most ethnic Malays speak one or more of the many dialects (versions) of the Malay language, a language of the Austronesian family of languages. In Indonesia, the standardized form of Malay is Indonesian (). In Malaysia, the standard form is called Malaysian (. About 80% of their words mean the same thing in either dialect. These naming policies were created to form national unities in the two countries instead of making the Malays a ruling influence or the ruling class, something that it is in Brunei. In Brunei, Thailand and Singapore it is known as "Bahasa Melayu". Today, the language is usually written a version of the Roman alphabet, called Rumi. Malay written using the Arabic alphabet is called Jawi, which is mostly used in official and religious contexts. Jawi is more common than Rumi in very conservative Muslim areas like Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani in Thailand. Religion. The vast majority of ethnic Malays today are Sunni Muslims and Islam has become a large part of the Malay identity. Tinie Tempah Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu (born 7 November 1988) is a British rapper, singer and songwriter. He was born in Plumstead, London and is of Nigerian origin. He is better known by his stage name Tinie Tempah. He also founded the record label Disturbing London in 2006. Some of his more famous songs are "Pass Out", "Written in the Stars" and "Earthquake". Tempah released his first album "Disc-Overy" in 2010. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. Seven singles were released from the album. On 4 August 2013, the first single from "Demonstration", "Trampoline", was released. 2 Chainz rapped in it. It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. His second album "Demonstration" was released 4 November 2013. Twelve of the album's fifteen songs feature other musicians. Tempah won Best UK Hip Hop/Grime Act at the 2013 Music of Black Origin Awards. Orang Laut The Orang Laut are a group of Malays living in the Riau Islands. Their name means "the sea people". They used to be pirates. Japanese occupation of Singapore The Japanese Occupation of Singapore is a time from 1942-1945 (during World War II) where the Japanese occupied Singapore. Japan attacked because Singapore was an important naval base for controlling other areas. The occupation started after the army of Japan defeated garrison troops from Australia, British Malaya, Britain, and India. This was at the Battle of Singapore. The British decided to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory. The city was renamed to Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule. It was officially returned to the British after the peace treaty ending World War II was signed. The Japanese did not treat the people very well during their occupation. There was a large amount of inflation because the Japanese printed paper money for Singapore to use, which did not have any identification numbers. Also called 'banana notes' as they had a picture of a banana tree on them, the paper notes could have been printed by people who had a modern-day printer and sufficient paper. Timeline. In 1941, due to the weak defenses, the Japanese attacked Singapore. They landed on Singaporean soil on the 9th of February 1942 and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942, soon renaming it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sio-nan-to or Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South Island, during the rule. Many people suffered during this time till the Japanese surrendered and the British returned to Singapore in September 1945. The Black Market. During the Japanese Occupation, the trade was disrupted, resulting in scarcity of food and other kinds of goods, causing the price to drastically increase in a process known as inflation. Even if one were to try to buy a jar of jam from a shop, the shopkeeper would say that he had none. However, if one was prepared to pay a very high price for it, the shopkeeper would know just where to get it: the black market. Ligand A ligand is a biochemical substance. Its function is to bind to a biological molecule, and make the molecule perform a function. Ligand binding alters the shape of the receptor protein. This changes the protein's behaviour. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein. The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation). Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity. Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. Biography. Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names "Polyxena Christina Johanna ". King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son. The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724. The happy marriage produced six children. Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the "Villa della Regina", the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She popularised "chinoiserie". She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter. Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin. Originally buried at the "Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista", she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine; 15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and a Queen of Sardinia as wife King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. She was a younger sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine. Life. Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine was born at the Château de Lunéville and was the ninth of eleven children of Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans. Her mother was a niece of Louis XIV. Her mother wanted her to marry her cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans but the Duke of Orléans refused. As a result Elisabeth Therese was created the "coadjutrice" of Remiremont Abbey in October 1734. In 1736 her brother the Duke of Lorraine married the Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The already twice widowed Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia asked for her hand in late 1736 and the marriage went ahead. The couple married in person on 1 April 1737. Charles Emmanuel III was her first cousin, his mother being Anne Marie d'Orléans – a half sister of her mother Élisabeth Charlotte. The marriage produced three children, only one of whom survived infancy. Élisabeth Thérèse died at the Palace of Venaria aged 29, having fallen ill with a fever after childbirth. She was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista in Turin. She was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her stepson Victor Amadeus III. Bronze (color) Bronze is the color of the alloy bronze. The first recorded use of "bronze" as a color name in English was in 1753. Bradley International Airport Bradley International Airport is an airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut serving Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts. It serves as a hub for UPS Airlines. Bradley International Airport hosts the following airlines: It hosts an "Admirals Club" in Terminal A (West Concourse) and an Escape Lounge in the East Concourse. Dr. Dolittle (movie) Dr. Dolittle is a comedy movie released in 1998 by Davis Entertainment/20th Century Fox. It stars Eddie Murphy who plays Dr. Dolittle. He is a doctor who lives in San Francisco. He discovers that he has the ability to talk to (and understand) animals. It was marketed as a family movie and earned $294,456,605. It had 1 sequel of the same format and 3 direct-to-video sequels. There was and is a video game based on the movie which was and is simulation game "Dr. Dolittle" by Blast! Entertainment Ltd/Aqua Pacific which was released in 2006. Dot product In mathematics, the dot product is an operation that takes two vectors as input, and that returns a scalar number as output. The number returned is dependent on the length of both vectors, and on the angle between them. The name is derived from the centered dot "·" that is often used to designate this operation; the alternative name scalar product emphasizes the scalar (rather than vector) nature of the result. In three-dimensional space, the dot product contrasts with the cross product, which produces a vector as result. Definition. The dot product of two vectors a = ["a"1, "a"2, ..., "a""n"] and b = ["b"1, "b"2, ..., "b""n"] is defined as: where Σ denotes summation notation (the sum of all the terms) and "n" is the dimension of the vector space. In dimension 2, the dot product of vectors [a,b] and [c,d] is ac + bd. The same way, in a dimension 3, the dot product of vectors [a,b,c] and [d,e,f] is ad + be + cf. For example, the dot product of two three-dimensional vectors [1, 3, −5] and [4, −2, −1] is Geometric interpretation. In Euclidean geometry, the dot product, length, and angle are related. For a vector a, the dot product a · a is the square of the length of a, or where ||a|| denotes the length (magnitude) of a. More generally, if b is another vector, then where ||a|| and ||b|| denote the length of a and b and "θ" is the angle between them. This formula can be rearranged to determine the size of the angle between two nonzero vectors: One can also first convert the vectors to unit vectors, by dividing by their magnitude: then the angle "θ" is given by As the cosine of 90° is zero, the dot product of two orthogonal (perpendicular in 2D and 3D) vectors is always zero. Moreover, two vectors can be considered orthogonal if and only if their dot product is zero, and they both have a nonzero length. This property provides a simple method to test the condition of orthogonality. Sometimes, these properties are also used for "defining" the dot product, especially in 2 and 3 dimensions; this definition is equivalent to the above one. For higher dimensions, the formula can be used to define the concept of angle. The geometric properties rely on the basis being orthonormal (composed of pairwise perpendicular vectors with unit length). Scalar projection. If both a and b are unit vectors (vectors of length one), then their dot product simply gives the cosine of the angle between them. If only b is a unit vector, then the dot product a · b gives |a| cos(θ). This corresponds to the magnitude of the projection of a in the direction of b, with a minus sign if the direction is opposite. This is called the scalar projection of a onto b, or scalar component of a in the direction of b (see figure). This property of the dot product has several useful applications (see § Rotation below). If neither a nor b is a unit vector, then the magnitude of the projection of a in the direction of b would be a · (b / |b|), as the unit vector in the direction of b is b / |b|. Rotation. A rotation of the orthonormal basis in terms of which vector a is represented is obtained with a multiplication of a by a rotation matrix R. This matrix multiplication is just a compact representation of a sequence of dot products. For instance, let Then the rotation from "B"1 to "B"2 is performed as follows: Notice that the rotation matrix R is assembled by using the rotated basis vectors u1, v1, w1 as its rows, and these vectors are unit vectors. By definition, Ra1 consists of a sequence of dot products between each of the three rows of R and vector a1. Each of these dot products determines a scalar component of a in the direction of a rotated basis vector (see previous section). If a1 is a row vector, rather than a column vector, then R must contain the rotated basis vectors in its columns, and must post-multiply a1: Physics. In physics, magnitude is a scalar in the physical sense, in that.it is a physical quantity independent of the coordinate system, expressed as the product of a numerical value and a physical unit, not just a number. The dot product is also a scalar in this sense, given by the formula, independent of the coordinate system. For example: Properties. The following properties hold if a, b, and c are real vectors and "r" is a scalar. The dot product is commutative: The dot product is distributive over vector addition: The dot product is bilinear: When multiplied by a scalar value, dot product satisfies: (these last two properties follow from the first two). Two non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular if and only if a • b = 0. Unlike multiplication of ordinary numbers, where if "ab" = "ac", then "b" always equals "c" unless "a" is zero, the dot product does not obey the cancellation law: Provided that the basis is orthonormal, the dot product is invariant under isometric changes of the basis: rotations, reflections, and combinations, keeping the origin fixed. The above mentioned geometric interpretation relies on this property. In other words, for an orthonormal space with any number of dimensions, the dot product is invariant under a coordinate transformation based on an orthogonal matrix. This corresponds to the following two conditions: If a and b are functions, then the derivative of a • b is a' • b + a • b'. Triple product expansion. This is a very useful identity (also known as Lagrange's formula) involving the dot- and cross-products. It is written as which is easier to remember as "BAC minus CAB", keeping in mind which vectors are dotted together. This formula is commonly used to simplify vector calculations in physics. Proof of the geometric interpretation. Consider the element of Rn Repeated application of the Pythagorean theorem yields for its length |v| But this is the same as so we conclude that taking the dot product of a vector v with itself yields the squared length of the vector. Now consider two vectors a and b extending from the origin, separated by an angle θ. A third vector c may be defined as creating a triangle with sides a, b, and c. According to the law of cosines, we have Substituting dot products for the squared lengths according to Lemma 1, we get But as c ≡ a − b, we also have which, according to the distributive law, expands to Merging the two c • c equations, "(1)" and "(2)", we obtain Subtracting a • a + b • b from both sides and dividing by −2 leaves Q.E.D. Generalization. The inner product generalizes the dot product to abstract vector spaces and is usually denoted by formula_26. Due to the geometric interpretation of the dot product, the norm ||a|| of a vector a in such an inner product space is defined as such that it generalizes length, and the angle θ between two vectors a and b by In particular, two vectors are considered orthogonal if their inner product is zero For vectors with complex entries, using the given definition of the dot product would lead to quite different geometric properties. For instance, the dot product of a vector with itself can be an arbitrary complex number, and can be zero without the vector being the zero vector; this in turn would have severe consequences for notions like length and angle. Many geometric properties can be salvaged, at the cost of giving up the symmetric and bilinear properties of the scalar product, by alternatively defining where "bi" is the complex conjugate of "bi". Then the scalar product of any vector with itself is a non-negative real number, and it is nonzero except for the zero vector. However, this scalar product is not linear in b (but rather conjugate linear), and the scalar product is not symmetric either, since This type of scalar product is nevertheless quite useful, and leads to the notions of Hermitian form and of general inner product spaces. The Frobenius inner product generalizes the dot product to matrices. It is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two matrices having the same size. Generalization to tensors. The dot product between a tensor of order n and a tensor of order m is a tensor of order n+m-2. The dot product is worked out by multiplying and summing across a single index in both tensors. If formula_32 and formula_33 are two tensors with element representation formula_34 and formula_35 the elements of the dot product formula_36 are given by This definition naturally reduces to the standard vector dot product when applied to vectors, and matrix multiplication when applied to matrices. Occasionally, a double dot product is used to represent multiplying and summing across two indices. The double dot product between two 2nd order tensors is a scalar. Sarcocystis Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa. Species in this genus can live in reptiles, birds, mammals, and sometimes pigs. The name came from the Greek language, "sarx", which meant flesh, and "kystis", which meant bladder. The organism was first found by Miescher in 1843, in a mouse. Zapatista Army of National Liberation The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN; ) is a political and militant group based in –Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Its members are called the Zapatistas. They advocate for libertarian socialism, environmental sustainability and indigenous rights. It is led by the indigenous people of the Chiapas Mountains. The name "Zapatista" refers to Emiliano Zapata who was a leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The group was formed in the 1980s and led a large rebellion in 1994. Where it captured a small region of Mexico and was granted control over it. Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos. Though the movement has many leaders, both women and men, Marcos has become the unofficial spokesperson for the movement. This is because he is very well educated, a good public speaker, and has written letters to and worked with writers and intellectuals from all over the world. He signs almost all of his letters with "Subcomandante Marcos, from the mountains of the southeast of Mexico." He is wearing a ski-mask in every picture and video of him and ski-masks have become a symbol of the EZLN in Mexico, as the majority of its supporters also wear them. Followers of the EZLN also paint murals of Marcos in his mask and Emiliano Zapata to show their support. Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities. Since 1994, the Zapatistas have been in control of a region in Southern Chiapas. The Zapatistas created a 'Council of Good Government' which is a direct democracy representing between 120,000 to 300,000 people. The economy is made up of a coordinated network of communal stores, worker cooperatives and family farms. Their autonomous government provides low-interest loans, free education and universal health care. The Zapatistas mainly produce corn, beans, coffee, bananas, sugar, cattle, chicken, pigs and clothing. The Mexican military has attacked communities several times with drones, infantry and helicopters. Lead glass Lead glass, also known as lead crystal, is a type of glass that has lead in it. Normal glass has calcium oxide in it, while lead glass changes the calcium oxide with lead(II) oxide. It looks nice because the lead is very large and heavy and changes how the glass looks. Lead glass rings when tapped while ordinary glass does not. This glass can absorb some X-rays. It is very insulating. It contains between 18 to 40% of lead (II) oxide by weight. Any glass that contains at least 24% PbO by weight is referred to as “lead crystal”. Any glass that contains less than 24% PbO by weight is referred to as "crystal glass". Lead glass has a chemical composition of silicon and lead oxides, with other elements added to get colours or properties. Lead glass is also known as X-ray glass or radiation shielding glass as one of its major applications is in the absorbance of high energy radiation while maintaining optical transparency. The presence and quantity of PbO are what determines some of lead glass’ most important optical and physical properties. Applications of lead glass. The properties of lead glass make it useful for many applications. Here are a few examples: Summoner The Summoner is one of the characters in the Canterbury Tales. He is always drunk. Children are afraid of him. When he drinks too much wine, he starts speaking in Latin. He has pimples on his face but is rather intelligent. Chaucer used to write about the medieval age. Anachronism can be found in his writings easily. Everything that he has described about the Summoner is set in that time. Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride, also known as plumbous chloride and lead dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbCl2. It contains lead and chloride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state. Its use may lead to lead poisoning. Properties. Lead(II) chloride is a colorless crystalline solid. It does not dissolve well in water. It can dissolve in solutions that have chloride ions in them. It reacts with molten sodium nitrite to make lead(II) oxide. Preparation. Lead(II) chloride is made by reacting sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid with lead nitrate. It can also be made by reacting lead(IV) oxide with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with lead. Uses. It is used to make ceramics. A basic chloride is used in pigments. Relic A relic is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious importance, that was carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a memorial that you can touch. Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems. The word relic comes from the Latin "reliquiae" ('remains'). A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more relics. Some well-known religious relics include the Tooth of Buddha, the Holy Grail, the Crown of Thorns, the True Cross of Jesus, the Staff of Moses, and the Sword of Mohammed. John F. Kennedy Jr. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as John-John, JFK Jr., or Jack Kennedy Jr., was an American attorney, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the son of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. He was also the younger brother of U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy. Early life and education. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born on November 25, 1960, at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital in Washington D.C. to then- president-elect John F. Kennedy and socialite Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. He had two other siblings named, Arabella Kennedy and Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, but they both died of premature birth and had an older sister named Caroline Kennedy, who was born in November 1957. John lived in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. for the first two months of his life until the Kennedy family became the new First Family of the United States and moved into the White House after his father inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States. He only lived in the White House from 1961 until his father's assassination in 1963. He attended schools and universities such as, Saint David's School, Collegiate School, Phillips Academy, Brown University, New York University, and the University of Delhi. Career. In 1989, he earned an J.D. degree from the New York University School of Law. He later was a prosecutor for the Manhattan District Attorney's Office where he worked during four consecutive years and in 1991, he won his first legal case. Kennedy worked for the "New York Times" from the summer of 1992 until he resigned his profession after his mother's death in May 1994, and formally left in 1995. In late 1995, he launched "George," a glossy, politics-as-lifestyle and fashion monthly magazine with Michael Berman until it decreased and lost mass number of sales in mid-1997. Marriage. Kennedy married magazine publicist, Carolyn Bessette on September 21, 1996 in Cumberland Island, Georgia. Death and Burial. On July 16, 1999, Kennedy was flying with his wife and her sister Lauren to his cousin, Rory Kennedy's wedding until the planed crashed off the Atlantic Ocean of Martha's Vineyard, and later died in a plane crash along with his wife and his sister in-law on board. On July 23, 1999, they were all cremated and their ashes were scattered across the sea. Legacy. Kennedy became strong symbol of strength after his father's assassination and on the day of his state funeral, he rendered a final salute to his casket, which at the time later gained national attention. Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679. Biography. He was born in Munich and was the eldest son of Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria and Maria Anna of Austria a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. On 8 December 1650 he married Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine Marie of France. The couple had seven children. Still a minor he succeeded his father in 1651, his mother and his uncle Albert VI of Bavaria served as regents of Bavaria for three years. Ferdinand Maria was crowned on 31 October 1654. He was an absolute monarch. He allied with France. Ferdinand Maria supported the wars of the Habsburgs against the Ottoman Empire with Bavarian forces (1662-1664). During the Franco-Dutch War since 1672 Bavaria became neutral. The marriage of his eldest daughter Maria Anna and her cousin "Louis, Grand Dauphin" in 1680 cemented the alliance with France. Ferdinand Maria modernised the army and introduced the first Bavarian local government code. He made Bavaria a rich nation. He died in Schleissheim Palace and was succeeded by his son Maximilian II Emanuel. He is buried at the Theatiner Church. Christian apologetics Christian apologetics is a field of Christian theology that tries to find a rational basis for the Christian faith. There have been many people who tried to do this, including Paul of Tarsus, Origen, Augustine of Hippo and C. S. Lewis. Apologists base their arguments on historical evidence and philosophy, amongst others. Denny Hamlin James Dennis Alan "Denny" Hamlin (born November 18, 1980 in Chesterfield, Virginia) is an American race car driver. Currently, he drives the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Career. Racing before NASCAR. Hamlin started his racing career in 1988, at the age of 7 years old, racing Go-Karts. At the age of 16, he was racing Ministocks. In his first stock car race, at Langley Speedway, Hamlin won the pole position, and won the race. In 2004, while racing full-time in Late Model Stock Cars, Hamlin was signed to a development program with Joe Gibbs Racing. NASCAR career. 2004-2006. In 2004, Hamlin raced in five NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series (NCTS) races with the team EJP Racing. He finished tenth in his first race, at Indianopolis Raceway Park. He ran his first ARCA RE/MAX Series race at Talladega Superspeedway, finishing third in the #10 Pontiac owned by Andy Hillenburg. His last start of the year came at Darlington Raceway, when he started his first Busch Series race. He started twenty-seventh but finished eighth in the #18 Joe Gibbs Driven Performance Oil Chevrolet. Hamlin raced the full season in the #20 Rockwell Automation Chevrolet in the Busch Series. He finished 5th in the final championship points standings as a rookie in that series. Hamlin also raced in his first Nextel Cup Series races in 2005, making his Cup first start at Kansas Speedway as driver of the #11 FedEx Chevrolet. He made seven starts in the Sprint Cup series in 2005. He finished the Sprint Cup season with three top 10 finishes in seven starts and one pole at Phoenix International Raceway. In 2006, Hamlin raced his first full season in the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series. He also drove in the Busch Series full-time. In Hamlin's first race as a Nextel Cup driver, he won the 70-lap 2006 Budweiser Shootout. Hamlin became the first Rookie to win the Budweiser Shootout. Hamlin got his first career Busch Series win at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez on March 5th 2006. On June 11 2006, Hamlin won his first career Nextel Cup Series race at the Pocono 500. He got his second career win on July 23, in the Pennsylvania 500, also at Pocono Raceway. In the Nextel Cup Series, Hamlin won the Raybestos Rookie of the Year award and finished third in the final standings. 2007-2008. In 2007 Denny Hamlin finished 12th overall in the final standings in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. In the Nationwide Series, Hamlin won three races, Darlington, Michigan, and Dover in the #20 Rockwell Automation Chevy. In 2008, Hamlin finished 8th in the Sprint Cup Series and won early in the season at Martinsville Speedway. He won three races in the Nationwide Series, driving both the #18 and #20 cars for Joe Gibbs Racing, as well as the #32 Dollar General/Haas Avocados car for Braun Racing. 2009. In 2009 Hamlin won his fifth career race at Pocono Raceway on August 3, 2009. The win was Hamlin's third at Pocono. It was an emotional win for Hamlin as his grandmother, Thelma Clark, died the Friday before the race. Hamlin also won races at Martinsville Speedway, his home track Richmond International Raceway, and the last race of the year at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Hamlin ended the season 5th in the Sprint Cup Series points. 2010. On January 22, 2010, Denny Hamlin tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee while playing basketball. On March 27, 2010 Hamlin said he was going to have surgery on his left knee the next Monday. If he did not have the surgery, his knee would have been injured worse. Three weeks after his surgery on April 19, 2010, Hamlin won the race at Texas Motor Speedway. It was the 10th win of his career. Later in the season Hamlin finished 43rd in a race at Atlanta Motor Speedway. This was the first time that Denny Hamlin finished last in a race. This race moved Hamlin into 10th place in the Sprint Cup Series points, and made sure he would have a place in the championship race. Denny Hamlin won 8 races in the 2010 Sprint Cup Series but finished the season 2nd in Sprint Cup Series points behind Jimmie Johnson. 2011. After a strong second place finish in 2010, 2011 was not a very good year for Denny Hamlin. Hamlin had mechanical problems many times in 2011, and this hurt his chances at finishing well in the points. Hamlin only won one race in 2011, and finished the season 9th in the points standing. Anterior cruciate ligament The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four major ligaments of the human knee. The injury of this ligament is the most common one of the knee. Many athletes suffer from this condition. Moving the knee sideways or rotating it can cause this ligament to strain or tear. Tears will almost always require surgery to repair. Post-transition metal The post-transition metals, also known as the poor metals, is a group of metals on the periodic table. They are to the right of the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are sometimes included. Sometimes germanium and antimony are included, although they are normally considered metalloids. They normally have higher electronegativities than the transition metals. Their melting points are lower, too. They are generally softer than other metals. They include lead, tin and other softer metals. Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide, also known as plumbuus sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbS. It contains lead and sulfide ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Lead(II) sulfide is a black solid. It does not react with acids. It reacts with air at a high temperature to make lead(II) oxide. It is one of the least toxic forms of lead. This does not mean that it is not toxic, though. It is the result of a test for hydrogen sulfide. Paper soaked in lead(II) acetate is passed through hydrogen sulfide. The colorless lead(II) acetate turns black. Preparation. It can be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate. This makes a black solid. Occurrence. It is found as the mineral galena. Galena is a little shinier. Uses. It was once used as a black pigment. Now it is mainly used in infrared detectors. Lead(IV) acetate Lead(IV) acetate, also known as plumbic acetate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Pb(C2H3O2)4. It contains lead and acetate ions. The lead is in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Lead(IV) acetate is a colorless or pink solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water. Preparation. It can be made by reacting lead(II,IV) oxide with acetic acid. Uses. Lead(IV) acetate is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used to add lead to other organic compounds. Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide, also known as plumbous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbBr2. It contains lead and bromide ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Lead(II) bromide is a white solid. It only dissolves a little in water. It melts to make a liquid that conducts a little electricity. It is toxic because it has lead in it. Preparation. It can be made by reacting lead(II) nitrate or lead(II) acetate with hydrobromic acid or any other bromide. Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfate, also known as plumbous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbSO4. It contains lead and sulfate ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Lead(II) sulfate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is toxic because it has lead in it. It does not dissolve in sulfuric acid. Preparation. Lead(II) sulfate is made in a lead acid battery by normal usage. It can be made by reacting lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate with any sulfate. It is found as a mineral named anglesite. This mineral is made when galena is oxidized. Anderson Cooper Anderson Hays Vanderbilt Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist. He is an anchor on CNN. He hosts "Anderson Cooper 360°" and the syndicated daytime talk show, "Anderson Live". Cooper was born in New York City. His mother is Gloria Vanderbilt; his father was Wyatt Emory Cooper. Cooper's great-great-great-grandfather was Cornelius Vanderbilt, a 19th-century American businessman and slave owner. On July 2, 2012, Cooper came out as gay. Contra Contra (known as Probotector in Europe) is a 1987 arcade shooting video game. The player plays as Bill Rizer (player 1) or Lance Bean (player 2), as they try to stop and evil extraterrestrial terrorist organization Red Falcon from taking over the planet Earth and making the human species extinct. Gameplay. Either Bill or Lance is chosen. The player has a rifle with no limit to the number of times it can shoot. However, the player dies after being hit by an enemy once. The game has ten stages. For each stage, the player must shoot out the sensors before moving on. A player has 3 lives, and when all of them are lost, the game ends. In the arcade version, the player can continue a few times. There are three types of stages: Most stages are side-scroller stages, though Contra stages follow a basic pattern. Small arms A small arm is a gun that is small enough to be held by one person. This includes pistols, shotguns, and rifles. Artillery are larger guns that cannot be carried by one person. Ryan Caldwell Ryan Caldwell (born June 15, 1981 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the New York Islanders and Phoenix Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL), the DEG Metro Stars, Eisbären Berlin, and Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the DEL, and Ässät and Lukko of the SM-liiga. As an amateur he was an All-American defenceman and captained the University of Denver Pioneers to the 2004 NCAA Championship. Aaron MacKenzie Aaron G. MacKenzie (born March 7, 1981, in Terrace Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played briefly in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Colorado Avalanche. Connie Madigan Cornelius Dennis "Mad Dog" Madigan (born October 4, 1934, in Port Arthur, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman notable for being the oldest rookie in National Hockey League history. After playing several years in senior leagues in Ontario and British Columbia in the late 1950s, Madigan had a long career as a minor league star, most notably with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League for three seasons in the early 1960s, and then for the Portland Buckaroos of the Western Hockey League for nine seasons. He won accolades as First Team league All-Star in 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969, Second Team All-Star in 1965, 1971 and 1972, as well as winning best defenceman honors in 1966. In the 1972–73 NHL season, the St. Louis Blues of the NHL bought Madigan's rights from the Buckaroos, and he joined the Blues in January 1973 at the age of 38, becoming the oldest rookie ever. He played for the Blues in twenty regular-season games and five playoff games, before finishing his career with Portland in parts of the two successive seasons. At the time of his retirement, Madigan was second in minor league history in career penalty minutes, and is still 62nd in that category. In addition to Madigan's hockey career, he had a minor role in the 1977 cult classic movie "Slap Shot" as legendary hockey goon Ross "Mad Dog" Madison. JaVale McGee JaVale McGee (born January 19, 1988 in Flint, Michigan) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He went to University of Nevada, Reno for college where he played for the Nevada Wolf Pack. McGee was drafted by the Washington Wizards with the 18th overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft. McGee also participated in the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest where he finished in second place, losing to Blake Griffin. He was the first player to dunk three basketballs at one time in a dunk contest. On March 15, 2012, He was traded by the Wizards to the Denver Nuggets for Nenê. McGee's father was George Montgomery who was also a NBA player and his mother is Pamela McGee who was a WNBA player which made McGee the first son of an WNBA player to play in the NBA. Kevin Love Kevin Wesley Love (born September 7, 1988 in Santa Monica, California) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He used to play for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He went to UCLA for college where he played for the UCLA Bruins basketball team. He is the son of former NBA player Stan Love and the nephew of founding Beach Boys member Mike Love. Western grey kangaroo The western grey kangaroo ("Macropus fuliginosus") is a large and very common kangaroo or macropod. It lives right across the southern part of Australia. They live from just south of Shark Bay in Western Australia to western Victoria. In South Australia they live along the coast. They also live in the Murray-Darling Basin in New South Wales and Queensland. The subspecies on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is called the Kangaroo Island kangaroo. Description. The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest kangaroos. It weighs 28–54 kg and its length is 0.84-1.1m with a 80–100 cm tail, and is about 1.3m tall. It has sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown. It has a paler color on its throat, chest and belly. It feeds at night, mainly on grasses but also on leafy shrubs and low trees. It has a nickname "Stinker" because mature males have a curry-like odour. The kangaroo lives in groups of up to 15. The males compete for females during the breeding season. During these "boxing" contests, they would lock arms and try to push each other over. Usually, only the strongest male in the group mates. The gestation period is 30–31 days. After the birth, the tiny baby Joey attaches to the teat in the females pouch for nine months. After it comes out of the pouch, it will continue to drink milk from the mother's pouch for about another nine months. Classification. Long known to the Aboriginal people of Australia, for Europeans, the western grey was the centre of a great deal of sometimes comical taxonomic confusion for almost 200 years. It was first noted by European settlers when the great explorer Matthew Flinders landed on Kangaroo Island in 1802. Flinders shot several for food but assumed that they were eastern grey kangaroos. In 1803 French explorers captured several Kangaroo Island Western Greys and shipped them home to Paris, where they lived in the zoological gardens for some years. Eventually, researchers at the Paris Museum of Natural History recognised that these animals were indeed different and formally described the species as "Macropus fuliginosus" in 1817. Unfortunately, for reasons that remain unclear, it was described as native to Tasmania. There the matter rested for over 100 years, and it was not until 1917 that researchers realised that the "forester kangaroo" of Tasmania was in fact "Macropus giganteus", the same western grey kangaroo that was, and still is, widespread in the more fertile south-eastern part of the mainland. By 1971, it was understood that the Kangaroo Island species was the same as the kangaroos of southern Western Australia, and that this population extended through much of the eastern part of the continent as well. For a time, three subspecies were described, two on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. Finally, by the early 1990s, the current understanding emerged. Subspecies. There are two subspecies of the western grey: "Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus" which lives on Kangaroo Island, and "Macropus fuliginosus melanops", which has a range of different types that change gradually from west to east. The western grey does not live in the tropical north or the fertile south-east of Australia. The eastern grey does not live over the NSW-South Australia border, but the two species are both common in the Murray-Darling Basin area. They never interbreed in the wild, although hybrids between eastern grey females and western grey males have been produced in captivity. The western grey kangaroo is also called the black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, sooty kangaroo and carno kangaroo. Traditional animation Traditional animation is much harder than today's style of animation. It often uses a stop-motion camera to "liven", or animate, the photos made by the producer. When movie-makers use stop-motion, they need to draw one picture for every scene. However, there are tools to help save time with movie-making. Other types of animation, such as limited or digital animation, can also be used now. FPS is the number of times a movie is shot in one second. Process. Filming. The photographer first shoots out or edits many photos. These photos are combined to make the storyline. And as with all movies, not all scenes make it into the final movie. Editing. Many people help out in the editing of a movie. But in old times, people had to draw the scenes on their own. Then the stop-motion camera took a photo of a scene once a second. Involvement. Most movies or cartoons in the 1950's required very hard work of the editors. To make things cheaper, though, people made limited animation that used two to three copies of the same image (so the stop-motion process would be two to three times faster.) Current. Right now movie-makers use digital animation to "liven the movie even more". Movies from the 2000 to 2010 years are usually 1–2 hours long. Common units. FPS. FPS, or "frames per second", is the number of scenes being shot in one second. The higher this is, the more "smooth" the film looks. Most movies have an FPS of 24 to 60. Tools. Cels. Cels, or celluloids, are tools used to "preserve" scenes. An editor uses a cell to draw a scene then make changes to it on the next drawing. It is useful when a cartoon or movie involves moving figures or objects. Sketcher. Sometimes a sketch pad is used to draft the scenes the editors think would be good in the movie. A sketchpad at first may contain a comic book that looks like an animation when the editors flip it back and forth. Live video shower. Often editors preview the animation with a video shower. On the stream of scenes, movie-makers test their animation and fix bugs or problems. Milarepa Milarepa (c. 1052—1135) is the most famous yogi, poet and Buddhist saint of Tibet. A collection of his teachings in the form of poetic songs called "The Hundred Thousand songs of Milarepa", and his biography "The Life of Milarepa" are two of the most popular books in Tibet. Milarepa was a student of Marpa and the teacher of Gampopa. Together these three (Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa) are considered to be the founders of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Life. Milarepa was born in the village of Kya Ngatsa in the Gungthang province of western Tibet to a family of farmers. He was named Mila Thöpaga, which means "Mila, a joy to hear." When his father died, Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all of the family's wealth and property and mistreated Milarepa, his mother and sister. At his mother's urging, Milarepa left home and studied magic so that he could take revenge on his uncle and aunt. While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the marriage of their son, Mila took his revenge by summoning a great hail storm to demolish their house, which killed 35 people. The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him and he sent anther hailstorm to destroy their crops. Mila later came to regret his evil actions and so became determined to practice the Buddha's teachings. Setting out to find a teacher, he was eventually led to Marpa the translator. Marpa proved a harsh task master. Before Marpa would teach Mila, he had him build and then demolish three towers in turn and go through many other trials. Eventually Mila was granted the teachings of the Six Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra. After practicing these teacings very diligently for twelve years in remote Himalayan caves of Tibet and Nepal, Mila attained the complete enlightenment. He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime. During his meditation practice he ate mostly nettle soup which made his skin turn green, and wore only a single cotton robe. He became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one". Later Milarepa become a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples, of whom the most well known were Rechungpa and Gampopa. Rechungpa followed the yogic lifestyle of his teacher while Gampopa, a Kadampa monk, eventually established a monastery a Daglha Gampo which became the first Kagyu institution. Later Gampopa's immediate disciples and their successors established the various branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Pillars of the Earth The Pillars of the Earth is a history novel set in the 12th century written in 1989 by Ken Follett. The book is currently being made into a film of four parts. 2007 Ken Follett published a sequel to the book entitled "World Without End. Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant is one of four sectors of the Milky Way galaxy. A galactic quadrant is also a fictional area in the television show "Star Trek". In the television show the Milky Way Galaxy is split into four sections. These sections are the Alpha Quadrant, Beta Quadrant, Gamma Quadrant, and Delta Quadrant. Quinn Sullivan Quinn Sullivan (born March 26, 1999) is an American child prodigy from New Bedford MA. He plays the guitar. Sullivan began taking guitar lessons at age three. He has studied with Brian Cass of The Overclock Orchestra and the Toe Jam Puppet Band as well as Stan Belmarce. The first original song he wrote with Chris Waters was titled "Sing, Dance, Clap Your Hands". Sullivan first gained national media attention at age six when he appeared on "The Ellen Degeneres Show". Sullivan gained more notoriety when Buddy Guy asked him to come on stage and play during a performance at the Zeiterion Theater in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in 2007. Quinn has since performed on stage with Guy as well as with B.B. King and has played in venues such as the Beacon Theatre in New York City, the Orpheum Theatre in Boston, and Buddy Guy’s Legends in Chicago. In 2008, Sullivan appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and was featured on NBC's "The Today Show" in July 2009. In 2009, Sullivan opened for Buddy Guy on his East Coast tour during the summer, played his own set at the popular summer music festival Lollapalooza, as well as the Austin City Limits Festival in October. Sullivan makes a guest appearance on Buddy Guy’s Grammy-nominated album "Skin Deep", released in 2008. Sullivan's solo can be heard on the track “Who’s Gonna Fill Those Shoes”. Sullivan's single, "Summer of Love", was released in 2009. Yellowfin tuna The yellowfin tuna ("Thunnus albacares") is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Yellowfin is often marketed as ahi, from its name ʻahi although the name ʻahi in Hawaiian also refers to the closely related bigeye tuna. Although the species name "albacares" might suggest otherwise, the fish usually known as albacore is a different species of tuna. The yellowfin tuna is sometimes referred to as albacore by French and Portuguese fishermen. It is the National fish of the Maldives. Chowder Chowder is the name of a soup usually made with fish or mussels. It is especially popular in the United States. There is also many types of chowder: corn chowder, Bermuda fish chowder, clam chowder. Malcolm Rifkind Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician. He hold cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. He was the Chairman for the Intelligence and Security Committee and the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Kensington. Malcolm Rifkind was born in Edinburgh into a Jewish family from Lithuania. He first became a Conservative MP at the February 1974 General Election for the constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands. He was first made a cabinet minister in 1979 and served constantly through 18 years of Conservative government. His cabinet posts included: At the 1997 General Election, Malcolm Rifkind lost his seat to the Labour Party. He tried but failed to regain the seat at the 2001 General Election and re-entered parliament in 2005 as the MP for Kensington. Rifkind left parliament in 2015. Brandon Jennings Brandon Jennings (born September 23, 1989 in Compton, California) is an American basketball player. He plays point guard for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played basketball in Italy for Lottomatica Roma of the Italian Lega A. Red wolf The red wolf ("Canis rufus") is a subspecies of wolf. It is an endangered species of wolf from Eastern North America. Red wolves were declared extinct in the wild in 1980 after the few remaining wild wolves were placed in a captive breeding program. Reintroduced to the wild in 1987 in northeastern North Carolina, red wolves began to recover, but the population is rapidly diminishing as of late 2016. The red wolf is smaller than a gray wolf and larger than a coyote. It is slender and long-legged, and it lives in the wild only on the Albemarle Peninsula in North Carolina. It hunts small mammals, rodents, and white-tailed deer. There is a lot of controversy about its taxonomy, which is not settled yet. Ocelot The ocelot ("Leopardus pardalis") is a small mammal, one of nine species in the genus "Leopardus". It lives in South and Central America, as far up as Mexico. It has been reported as far north as Texas and in Trinidad, in the Caribbean. These fast cats eat small mammals, birds, fish, and snakes. They are very good swimmers. Once hunted for its beautiful fur, the cat is now protected and listed as 'least concern' by the IUCN Red List. The cat is nocturnal and likes forests and dense vegetation. It is very territorial, and will fight to keep its territory. Like many cats, male ocelots mark their territory by spraying urine. Their kittens grow slowly, staying with their mother for up to two years. They have to learn how to catch prey before they can be independent. Although a "small cat", it is a good deal bigger than the others. The ocelot ranges from in length, plus in tail length, and typically weighs . Larger ones have been reported. It is the largest of the generally dainty "Leopardus" wild cat genus. Iteration An iteration is a step where some action is repeated again and again. In everyday life, an iteration is simply a repeated action, for example when someone says, "Do I have to re"iterate" myself?". In this case, the re"iteration" is what the person said and might say again. In computer science, an iteration is one run through a block of code that is repeated multiple times. In fractal geometry, an iteration is one application of the set of rules of the fractal to create another stage of the fractal. it is also used in computer programming. Solar plexus The solar plexus is a nerve plexus in the abdomen at the center of the body. The plexus is a complex of nerves which serves various organs in the central part of the body. It is also known as the celiac plexus Celiac plexus. Dennis Brain Dennis Brain (born 17 May 1921; died London, 1 September 1957) was a British horn player. During his short life he became world-famous. Many people thought of him as the greatest horn player ever. He made the horn very popular among classical music lovers in Britain. His recordings include the four horn concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart which he recorded with the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Life. Early years. Dennis Brain was born in London on 17 May 1921. Several of his family were horn players, including his father Aubrey, his grandfather Alfred Edwin Brain Sr and his uncle Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. His mother Marion was a singer who had sung at Covent Garden. He had a brother Leonard who was 6 years older and who was to become an excellent oboe player. Dennis started to learn the piano. He also played bugle in the school cadet band at Richmond Hill Preparatory School. From there he was sent to St Paul’s School in Kensington where he sang in the choir and played piano solos at concerts. In 1936 he left school and got a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music where he learned the horn with his father as well as the piano and, from 1938, the organ. He learned a lot from his organ teacher G.D.Cunningham who had taught his uncle Alfred the piano some 40 years before. Dennis’s first professional concert was at the Queen’s Hall in 1938 when he played Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto no 1 together with his father (there are important solo parts for two horns in this music). Soon he was playing in other concerts and making gramophone recordings. The war years. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 interrupted his last year of studies. All theatre halls and concert-halls were closed. He managed to get a job as principal horn with the RAF Central Band which were in Uxbridge in north-west London. Dennis was always a very friendly person who got on well with everybody. The older players in the band might not have liked a 17-year-old boy to have a principal’s job, but everybody realized he had exceptional skills. He played in concerts whenever possible. There were lunch-hour concerts in the National Gallery during the war, and he often played in these. He started to become famous. He met Benjamin Britten and he persuaded him to compose his "Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings". He performed it in 1943 with the tenor Peter Pears and they recorded it for Decca in 1944. He toured the USA with the RAF Orchestra. Several conductors heard him and wanted Brain to join their orchestra. After the war. By 1945, Brain was the most famous horn player in England. He was still only 24. His father hurt himself in a fall and could not play much. Dennis took over some of his work. After the war two new orchestras were formed in London: the Philharmonia and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Brain was made principal horn player in both. Later, he left the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra because he did not have time. Brain played a lot of chamber music, forming a wind quintet with his brother in 1946. This group got bigger and toured to Germany, Italy and Austria. Brain also started a trio with the pianist Wilfrid Parry and violinist Jean Pougnet. The trio toured Scotland twice and there were plans to tour Australia in the winter of 1957. In November 1953 Brain recorded the Mozart Horn Concertos Nos. 1–4 for EMI with the Philharmonia Orchestra with Karajan conducting. He kept up his organ playing (his teacher had hoped he would become an organist) and in July 1954, again conducted by Karajan, Brain performed the organ part in a recording of the Easter hymn from Pietro Mascagni's "Cavalleria rusticana". In 1955 Brain became known to millions of people when he presented a radio program called "The Early Horn". Brain had a good sense of humour. Among the many concerts he played in was a music festival in 1956 which celebrated the life of Gerard Hoffnung, the artist who had drawn many cartoons about music. Dennis played a Leopold Mozart horn concerto by blowing through rubber hose pipes. He cut the hose to the length he needed with garden shears so that it was perfectly in tune. Brain was known for being careless. The horn he played for many years had lots of dents in it because he kept knocking it or dropping it. Benjamin Britten gave him a second copy of music for a new work he had written. Inside he wrote: "For Dennis - in case he loses the other one". His Alexander horn was badly damaged in his fatal crash. Normally it would have been thrown away, but it was saved and was restored by Paxmans of London and can be seen in the Royal Academy of Music's free museum. New works. Brain often asked composers to write new works for him to perform. Many composers wrote for him without even being asked. Among them were Benjamin Britten "Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings", "Canticle III", Malcolm Arnold "Horn Concerto No. 2", Paul Hindemith "Concerto for Horn and Orchestra", York Bowen "Concerto for Horn, Strings and Timpani", Peter Racine Fricker "Horn Sonata" (Dennis was at school with Peter), Gordon Jacob "Concerto for Horn and String Orchestra", Mátyás Seiber "Notturno" for Horn and Strings", Humphrey Searle "Aubade" for Horn and Strings, Ernest Tomlinson "Rhapsody and Rondo" for Horn and Orchestra, "Romance and Rondo" for Horn and Orchestra, Lennox Berkeley "Trio for Horn, Violin and Piano" and Elisabeth Lutyens. Brain also made the two horn concertos by Richard Strauss very popular. He was the second to perform the "Horn Concerto No. 2" in public in 1948. His hobby: motoring. Apart from horns Dennis had one big passion: he loved cars. At orchestral rehearsals he often had a car magazine on the music stand instead of his music (he knew the music from memory anyway). His first car was an open Morris 8 with two seats. He shared it during the war with his brother to motor from Uxbridge into London. Later he had several cars. Whenever a car did not work he bought another instead of repairing it. He loved to drive and would often drive all the way home after a concert even if it was 100s of miles. Elisabeth Schwarzkopf let him drive her huge Hudson saloon car over the Gotthard Pass in Switzerland when it was officially closed because of heavy snow. On another occasion Herbert von Karajan let him drive his Mercedes 300SL. Once he bought a very rare 1939 12-cylinder Lagonda, but he soon crashed it and it could not be repaired. Other cars included a Citroen and a green TR2 sports car. His death. On 31 August 1957 Dennis was at the Edinburgh Festival playing a concert in the Usher Hall. The Philharmonia Orchestra were playing Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 6, "Pathétique" with the conductor Eugene Ormandy. Unusually that day he seemed tired and Ormandy told him he should get more rest. But Dennis had a recording session the next morning in London, so after the concert he got into his car (his TR2), put his horn on the back seat and set off on the 380-mile journey back home. It was about 6.00am the next morning when he was near London. It was raining heavily and he was on the A1 at the Barnet by-pass. According to witnesses he was travelling very fast when he came to a bend, the car left the road, turned over and crashed into a tree. The car was a complete wreck. Dennis was dead. He was 36 years old. He was buried at Hampstead Cemetery in London. His fame and playing. Whenever Dennis played his horn is sounded easy and effortless. It had an extraordinary lyrical beauty and was always incredibly musical. He was a very sensitive player who listened very carefully to the other players and blended in with them. At first he played a French instrument, a Raoux piston-valve horn, similar to that used by his father. This type of instrument has a lovely smooth tone, but was less powerful than the German-made instruments which had become popular since the 1920s. In 1951 he changed to single B instrument made by Alexander, which was not quite as wide as the usual German instruments, still keeping the lighter sound of French horns. Dennis had made the horn very popular as an instrument, not just through his concerts and recordings but also through the radio. He played difficult music that other horn players could not play. His Mozart recordings inspired Flanders and Swann's "Ill Wind" and his classical playing. His sudden death added to the musical legend. Aubrey Brain Aubrey Brain (born London 12 July 1893; died London 21 September 1955) was a British French horn player. There were a lot of French horn players in his family. His father, Alfred Edwin Brain senior, played in Henry Wood’s orchestra at the very first prom in 1895. Later he played for the London Symphony Orchestra. His brother, also called Alfred Edwin Brain, was principal horn player in Henry Wood’s Queen’s Hall Orchetra, but then he emigrated to the USA where he eventually played for the Los Angeles Philharmonic. His son Dennis Brain was to become the most famous French horn player of all. Life. Early career. Aubrey Brain was born in London in 1893. He started to learn the horn from his father. In 1911 he won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. He soon became one of Britain’s best horn players. The other great players of the French horn were his father, his elder brother and Adolf Borsdorf. He became principal horn player of the Beecham Opera Company. There he met Marion Beeley, a mezzo-soprano. They married in the summer of 1914 just before the World War I. When war broke out he joined the Welsh Guards and played horn in the band. After the war it was difficult for him at first to find a really good job as horn player . The best horn jobs were already taken by his brother Alfred. Aubrey and Marion had two sons: Leonard (born 1915) and Dennis (born 1921). However, in 1922 Alfred emigrated to the United States. Aubrey soon became first horn of the Royal Philharmonic Society (his father played second horn), and first horn of the Queen’s Hall Orchestra. He was also first horn in the New Symphony and soon he joined the orchestra of Covent Garden as principal horn. In 1923 he joined the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1923 Borsdorf retired as professor of horn at the Royal Academy of Music, and Aubrey took his place. One of his first pupils was his younger brother Arthur. Although very talented Arthur decided not to take up horn playing professionally and joined the police. Later, Aubrey’s son Dennis was one of his students. Mid career. Aubrey had a very successful career, not only as principal horn player in several orchestras, but also as a soloist. He played Mozart’s Second Horn Concerto in 1923 at The Proms. His playing can be heard on several of the very early recordings when the LSO recorded for HMV. Several works were written for him, including the Concerto for French horn, Violin and orchestra by Dame Ethel Smythe. He played it very well, including the chords in the last movement (it is possible to play chords on the horn by humming one note and playing another note of the harmonic series). He played it at the Proms. The conductor Bruno Walter invited him to play it in Berlin. This made Aubrey the first British horn player to play a solo concerto abroad. When the BBC Symphony Orchestra was started in 1930 Aubrey was their principal horn player. He was still principal horn player with the other big London orchestras (this would be impossible nowadays), but gradually his gave up these positions as the BBC Symphony Orchestra got more and more work and needed their players to be full time. Aubrey played a French-type horn (a “Raoux horn”) which had a narrow-bore (the tube was very narrow). The German-type horn had a wider bode and made a slightly different sound. Playing on a Raoux horn there was more risk of a note cracking (not speaking properly). The German-type horn was becoming very popular in England, but Aubrey insisted that all the horn players in the BBC Symphony Orchestra continued to play on Raoux horns. Aubrey was a very skilled musician in chamber music and made a recording with the violinist Adolf Busch and the pianist Rudolf Serkin of the Brahms Horn Trio. It sold many copies and continued to sell for many years until the 78rpm records were replaced by long-playing records. Later life and retirement. During the war Aubrey started to have health problems. He had a bad fall on Christmas Day 1940. Towards the end of the war he started to get blurred vision, his speech became slurred and he had strange feelings in his fingers and toes. He retired in 1945 after the first rehearsal for the Prom season. He still performed occasionally, usually together with his son Dennis. He died on 20 September 1955, three days after a bad fall which gave him a heart attack. Reputation. Aubrey Brain may be remembered less today because of the exceptional fame of his son Dennis. However, he was a very great horn player who helped to improve the standard of horn playing in Britain, both by his teaching and by the example of his performances. The recordings on which he can be heard were all made before the days of the LP. His older son Leonard became a well-known oboist. Tweed New Haven Airport Tweed New Haven Regional Airport , formerly known as Tweed-New Haven Airport, is a public airport southeast of the central business district of New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Tweed New Haven Regional Airport is currently owned by the City of New Haven. The airport property is in New Haven and the town of East Haven. American Eagle provides daily non-stop service to Philadelphia, PA and weekly non-stop service to Charlotte, NC. Bangor International Airport Bangor International Airport is a public use passenger airport. It is 3 miles (5 km) west of the city of Bangor, Maine, United States. It is owned and operated by the City of Bangor. It used to be a military base called Dow Air Force Base. The airport has a single runway that is 11,439 ft (3486 m) long and 200 ft (60 m) wide. The airport is used a lot because it's near the Great Circle Route, a major air route between Europe and the East Coast of the United States. The 'international' in the airport's name doesn't refer to it being close to Canada (to which it has no regular flights), but its role in travel across the Atlantic Ocean. Bangor International Airport has passenger service on three airlines, Delta Airlines, Allegiant Air, and US Airways. Vertebrate brain The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. In vertebrates (and most other animals) the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main senses of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. As an animal moves forward, its senses collect data about the surroundings, and that data goes directly to the brain. Brains are extremely complex. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters. Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment; hormones and the autonomic nervous system make slower changes in the body. It is also a part of human and animal body. The brain of an adult human weights about 13001400 grams In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain. The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same. At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective. In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive. In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex. Vertebrate brain regions. Several brain areas have kept their identities across the whole range of vertebrates, from hagfishes to humans. Here is a list of some of the most important areas, with a brief description of their functions as currently understood. These functions may still be disputed to some degree. Starting from the back (or, in humans, the underneath part) the regions are: Brain size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied in a wide range of vertebrate species. Brain size increases with body size but not proportionally. Mammals. Averaging across all mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula applies to the average brain of mammals but each family departs from it, reflecting their sophistication of behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times as large as the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains. When the mammalian brain increases in size, not all parts increase at the same rate. The larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the neocortex. Cassiterite Cassiterite is a mineral. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It contains tin dioxide. It is black because of impurities. It is the main ore of tin. Its Mohs hardness is 6-7. Group 14 element The Group 14 elements, also known as the carbon group and the Group IV elements, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Each element has 4 valence electrons. Only carbon makes anions. Silicon and germanium are semimetals. Tin and lead are poor metals. Ununquadium, a radioactive element, is not stable enough to see its properties. All of them can form +4 oxidation state compounds. Tin and lead can form +2 compounds, too. Burst kinetics Burst kinetics is a form of enzyme kinetics. Upon adding enzyme to substrate, a large initial velocity is exhibited that levels off once all enzymes have been saturated. At this point enzyme velocity linearly increases. The initial high velocity is called the burst phase. U.S. Route 2 U.S. Route 2 is a highway that has two parts. The western part begins in Everett, Washington and ends in St. Ignace, Michigan. The eastern part begins in Rouses Point, New York and ends in Houlton, Maine. For much of its route, Route 2 runs near the U.S.-Canadian border. Part of it follows the Theodore Roosevelt Highway. It goes through Glacier National Park. U.S. Route 3 U.S. Route 3 is a highway that travels from Cambridge, Massachusetts to the Canadian border. Tunak Tunak Tun Tunak Tunak Tun is an Indian pop song released in 1998. It has become an internet meme. It was made because most of Daler Mehndi's other videos have women dancing. Some people said that was the only reason his music was popular. This one has just him but became a success anyway. It has used bluescreen technology. Todd Bodine Todd Bodine (February 27, 1964 in Chemung, New York) is an American racecar driver. Bodine was given the nickname The Onion because of his bald head. Bodine drives the #30 Toyota Tundra for Germain Racing in the Camping World Truck Series. Todd Bodine has two Camping World Truck Series championships. Early career. Bodine drove in his first NASCAR Busch Series race in 1986, for Pistone Racing at Martinsville. He started and finished the race in 27th after his car had an engine problem. Bodine did not race in the Busch Series again until 1990, when he drove in eight races for Diamond Ridge Motorsports in the #42 and #81 Ames Pontiac. His first race of the year was again at Martinsville. In 1991, Bodine decided to drive his first full season for Frank Cicci. He won one race and had 15 top ten finishes. At the end of the year, Bodine was 7th in points. 1990s. Bodine drove in his first Winston Cup Series race at Watkins Glen International Raceway on August 9, 1992. He drove the #34 Ford Thunderbird for Cicci-Welliver Racing, finishing 37th. He drove his first full season in the Winston Cup Series series in 1994 when he raced for Butch Mock Motorsports. He raced the #75 Ford Thunderbird sponsored by Factory Stores. He missed one race that season and had two Top 5 and 7 Top 10 finished. He finished 20th place in the point standings. In 1995 as he finished 33rd in the points with only one Top 5 and 3 Top 10 finished. He was released from Butch Mock in 2005 and drove for Bill Elliott while he was away in 2006 for four races. He also drove three races for David Blair Motorsports and Andy Petree Racing. In 1997, he drove for Ricky Craven while he was away for Hendrick Motorsports at Texas. He also drove for his brother Geoff Bodine at Charlotte Motor Speedway. For the 1998 season, Bodine started racing with a new team called ISM Racing. The team was closed and Bodine went back to Cicci-Welliver in the Busch Series. He drove the #30 Slim Jim car. Bodine finished 33rd in points. During the 1999 season Bodine drove the #66 car for the Cicci-Welliver team. Bodine got ten top-five finishes and finished fourth in the points standings. Craftsman Truck Series. Bodine made his first start in the Craftsman Truck Series 1995 driving for Roush Racing's #61 Ford. He ran 5 races that year. Bodine did not race in the Craftsman Truck Series again until 2004, when he raced for Fiddleback Racing at Charlotte, and also raced for HT Motorsports's #59 Dodge at Kansas. Later in the year, he signed with the new race team Germain-Arnold Racing. He finishing 4th in their first race at Richmond International Raceway. Bodine left Germain-Arnold Racing and went back to Fiddleback Racing for the 2005 season. After a race at Michigan Speedway the team had no money left, and was shut down. After Fiddleback Racing shut down, Bodine went back to Germain-Arnold Racing. He won with the team at Kansas Speedway, and finished the season with five victories. In 2006, Bodine was driving the #30 Lumber Liquidators Toyota for Germain Racing. Bodine won at Atlanta Motor Speedway, Gateway International Raceway, and Texas Motor Speedway. Todd Bodine won the 2006 Craftsman Truck Championship on Nov 17, 2006 by 122 points over Johnny Benson. The win was Bodine's first championship in any NASCAR division. Bodine continued to drive for Germain Racing in the 2007–2010 seasons. During the 2010 season Bodine won four races, and finished first in points winning his 2nd NASCAR Camping World Truck Series championship. Aric Almirola finished in second place, 207 points behind Bodine. Intercourse Intercourse can mean: Jimmie Johnson Jimmie Kenneth Johnson (born September 17, 1975) is an American stock car driver from El Cajon, California. Until 2021, Johnson drove the No. 48 Chevrolet Camaro for Hendrick Motorsports in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. In 2019, Johnson said that the 2020 NASCASR season would be his final year competing in the entire schedule. In 2010 Johnson became the only driver to win five Sprint Cup Series Championships in a row. Johnson is married to Chandra Janway, and they had their first child, which was a girl named Genevieve Marie Johnson on July 7th, 2010. Early racing career. Johnson started racing on motorcycles when he was five years old. Johnson left motorcycle racing and went on to drive in some off-road races. While he was off road racing, he met Herb Fischel. Fischel was the head of Motorsports at General Motors, who owns the Chevrolet brand Johnson drives for today. In 1998, Johnson started racing in the American Speed Association (ASA) series. He had only raced in six stock car races in his life before the season. Johnson ended the season fourth in points, and he won the Rookie of the Year award. Johnson also started to race in the NASCAR Nationwide Series. He drove in three races during 1998. In 1999, Johnson raced in both the ASA Series and the Nationwide Series. He won twice and finished 3rd in the ASA series. In 2000, Johnson raced the full season in the Nationwide Series. He drove for Herzog Motorsports, and finished 10th in the points standings. He won his first and only Nationwide Series race in 2001 at the Hills Brothers Coffee 300 at Chicagoland Speedway in his 81st start in the series. It was at this time that Johnson was teamed up with crew chief Chad Knaus who he still works with today. At a driver's meeting before the Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway, Johnson asked NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon for advice. Gordon liked Johnson, and after the talk Gordon suggested Johnson to team owner Rick Hendrick. Hendrick gave Johnson an offer to drive for him. Gordon became part owner and Johnson's car, the #48. NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career. 2002–2005. In 2002, Johnson started racing full time in the Winston Cup Series. Johnson finished the season 5th in the points standings, and had won 3 races. In 2003 Johnson once again won 3 races, had 14 top-five finishes and 20 top-ten finishes. He finished the season second in the Winston Cup Series points standings to Matt Kenseth. In 2004 Johnson had 8 wins, 20 top-fives, 23 top-tens and he finished the year 2nd in the point standings. In 2005 Johnson stayed in the top five in the points standings all year, winning 4 races. He finished the 2005 season 5th in the Nextel Cup Series points. 2006–2010. In 2006 Johnson won five races and his first Nextel Cup Series championship. Johnson had 13 top-fives, 24 top-tens, 1 pole, and he led 854 laps during the 2006 season. In 2007 Johnson had 10 wins, 4 poles, 20 top-fives, and 24 top-tens. At the end of the season, he had won his second championship. In his 2008 season Johnson got 7 wins, 6 poles, 15 top-fives, 22 top-tens, and his third Sprint Cup Series Championship. Johnson only failed to finish one race in the 2008 season. During the 2009 season Johnson had 7 wins, 4 poles, 16 top-fives, 24 top-tens, and he led a total of 2,238 laps. He finished the season 1st in points, becoming the only driver to win four championships in a row. In 2010, Johnson won his 5th Sprint Cup Series championship. He finished the season withd 2 pole positions, 17 top-fives, 23 top-tens, 6 wins, 1326 laps led. He failed to finish four of the races in the 2010 season. With this championship, Johnson became the only driver to have won 5 championships in a row. Dwight Howard Dwight David Howard (born December 8, 1985 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Magic chose Howard with the first pick overall in the 2004 NBA Draft. Howard did not play college basketball. He entered the draft right out of high school. Howard is one of the greatest rebounders and defensive players in the history of basketball. He is the NBA's active leader in offensive rebounds, total rebounds and blocked shots. Career highlights. Howard has been chosen as the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year three times, and won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2008. Howard was also named to the All-NBA First Team three times, was an All-Star five times, and won a gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. From roughly 2008 to 2012, Howard was widely considered both the best rebounder, best defensive and center basketball player in the world, as highlighted by leading the league in rebounding almost every season and winning a league record three consecutive NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011. He showed frustration at the end of 2011-12 NBA season and demanded a trade to either the New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers or Dallas Mavericks. On August 10, 2012, he was traded from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in a trade that also involved the Philadelphia 76ers and Denver Nuggets. Medical ultrasonography Diagnostic ultrasonography is the use of ultrasound to visualize hidden body structures. This medical imaging technique is used to display muscles, tendons, and other internal organs. It makes it easier to assess damage done to these structures. Obstetric sonography is the name for a number of tests done during the pregnancy of a woman. Diagnostic sonography has a wide field of use, including emergency medicine, where it is regularly performed on patients which are in a state of shock or trauma. This test is known as Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. It can detect any fluid in the body cavities. Doctors can then decide whether life-saving surgery must be performed. Casting Casting may mean: Tin(IV) iodide Tin(IV) iodide, also known as stannic iodide and tin tetraiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI4. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(IV) iodide is a red-orange solid. It reacts with water to make hydriodic acid and tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in organic solvents. It reacts with hydriodic acid to make the SnI62- ion. Preparation. It is normally made by reacting iodine with tin. It can also be made by reacting tin(IV) oxide with hydriodic acid. Tin(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide, also known as stannous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI2. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(II) iodide is a red-orange solid. It is a reducing agent. Preparation. It is made by dissolving tin or its oxide in hydriodic acid. Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is the lower half of the brainstem. It is just on top of the spinal cord. It connects the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord (see the picture at the right of this page). The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control centers are in the medulla. This means that the medulla controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and the size of the body's blood vessels. If the medulla did not work, the person would die. Functions. The medulla does many important things. It relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. Signals from the brain tell the rest of the body what to do. Signals from the spinal cord tell the brain what is going on in the body. Without the medulla, none of these signals would get through. The medulla also controls autonomic functions (things the body does automatically, without a person having to think about them). The breathing control center. The medulla controls breathing. Groups of neurons in the medulla tell the body when to breathe in, when to breathe faster, and when to breathe slower. The medulla measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood. When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over. The body has to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because it is poisonous. The only way the body can get rid of carbon dioxide is by breathing it out. If there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood, the medulla sends signals to the breathing muscles and tells them to work harder. This makes the person breathe faster, so they can breathe out the extra carbon dioxide. Once the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is normal again, the medulla tells the body to breathe slower again. The cardiac control center. The medulla helps control the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The main part of the nerves that control these two systems are in the medulla. These nerves get signals from other parts of the brain and the body. These signals help tell the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems what to do. Together, these two systems control many important things, like how fast the heart beats and how hard it squeezes. In the cardiac center, there are special nerves that will make the heart beat harder and faster, called "excitatory nerves". There are also "inhibitory nerves", which will make the heart beat slower and not as hard. If a person's blood pressure gets too low, the cardiac center will send a message to the excitatory nerves, telling them to make the heart beat faster and harder. This raises the blood pressure. If the blood pressure gets too high, the cardiac center sends a message to the inhibitory nerves, which slow the heart down and make it not beat so hard. This lowers the blood pressure. In a healthy person, the cardiac center balances out the signals it sends to these sets of nerves, to keep the blood pressure normal. The vasomotor control center. The vasomotor center controls the size of the body's blood vessels. When a person is stressed or in danger, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get smaller. This is part of the body's "fight or flight" reaction. It causes more blood to go to the body's most important organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs. This can help a person survive if they are in danger. It also makes the blood pressure go up. At other times, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get wider. This makes the blood pressure go down, and makes it easier for blood to get to some parts of the body. Reflex control centers. The medulla also controls some important reflexes, like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing. Other functions. Sets of neurons in the medulla help control other important things, like movement, digestion, and sleep. Injuries to the medulla. Because the medulla controls so many important things, injuries to the medulla can cause some serious problems. For example, an injury to the middle of the medulla can cause these symptoms: An injury to one side of the medulla can cause these symptoms: If a person's medulla is completely destroyed (for example, from a very bad injury, or because it did not get enough oxygen to survive), that person will die. Tin(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide, also known as stannous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr2. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(II) bromide is a yellowish solid. Its color is between the bright orange tin(II) iodide and the colorless tin(II) chloride. It is a reducing agent. Preparation. It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrobromic acid. Uses. Tin(II) bromide is used to make organic compounds with tin atoms attached. Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide, also known as stannic bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr4. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(IV) bromide is a colorless solid. It melts easily. It is soluble in water. Preparation. Tin(IV) bromide is made by reacting tin with bromine. Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) fluoride, also known as stannic fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF4. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(IV) fluoride is a colorless solid. Its melting point is very high. It reacts with alkali metal fluorides like potassium fluoride to make hexafluorostannates, compounds that have the SnF62- ion in them. Preparation. Tin(IV) fluoride is made by reacting tin and fluorine. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen fluoride with tin(IV) chloride. Uses. It is sometimes used in toothpaste, although tin(II) fluoride is more common. Tin(II) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide, also known as stannous sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS. It contains tin and sulfide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(II) sulfide is a dark brown solid. It is rarely found as a mineral. It does not dissolve in water but dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Preparation. Tin(II) sulfide is made by reacting tin with sulfur. It can also be made by reacting tin(II) chloride with hydrogen sulfide. Tin(IV) sulfide Tin(IV) sulfide, also known as stannic sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS2. It has tin and sulfide ions in it. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(IV) sulfide is a gold-colored or brown solid. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen sulfide. Preparation. Tin(IV) sulfide is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with tin(IV) compounds such as tin(IV) chloride. Uses. It is used as a decorative coating because of its color. This coating is known as mosaic gold. Tin(II) fluoride Tin(II) fluoride, also known as stannous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF2. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tin(II) fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a reducing agent. It can be oxidized to solid tin(IV) fluoride, which does not work for dentistry. Preparation. It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrofluoric acid. Uses. It is commonly used in toothpastes as a source of fluoride ions. The fluoride ions react with the enamel of the tooth, making it harder to attack by bacteria. It also stops gingivitis. Some mouthwashes have tin(II) fluoride in them. Foreign reserve A foreign reserve is the currency from another nation that is held by a nation's treasury. They are another set of assets in a country. Formerly, only gold and silver were used as reserves, but now the currency of other countries is used. There is a benefit to having a foreign reserve. When a nation has one, it can change the exchange rate to make it best for the country. But sometimes the exchange rate drops and the foreign reserve becomes worthless. Cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain. Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves. Neocortex. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'. The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex. Allocortex. Other parts of the cerebral cortex are: The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above. A Matter of Life and Death A Matter of Life and Death is an album by Iron Maiden. It is their fourteenth album and went on sale on 5 September 2006. The album talks a lot about war and death, as well as other parts of life. It was produced by Kevin Shirley. It is a popular album, and sold within the top ten most popular album in several countries when it was released. It was the first Iron Maiden album to do this in the United States. Playful Kiss Mischievous Kiss (also known as Playful Kiss / It Started with a Kiss) is a Korean television series based on the popular anime/manga called "Itazurana Kiss". It has 14 episodes with more than 8 subtitles. It is about a clumsy student named Oh Ha Ni. She is a senior student from Section F who has a very low IQ. Oh Ha Ni fell in love with the perfectionist Baek Seuk Jo. Baek has an IQ of 200 and is from section A. When Oh Ha Ni decided to Baek Seung Jo she loved him, he rejected her in front of the entire school. This embarrassed her. When Oh Ha Ni’s house is destroyed, they moved to her father’s long-time friend who turns out to be Baek Seung Jo’s dad. Now that they lived in the same house. One World Film Festival One World is a movie festival that takes place each year in Prague, Czech Republic. The theme of the festival is human rights documentary movies. The Czech organization People in Need organizes the festival. People can watch about 130 documentary movies from almost 40 countries during one week. Every year "One World" focuses on a different human rights issue or problem. The festival also offers other events, such as debates with filmmakers and photography exhibitions. The festival is at the end of April each year. People In Need People in Need (PIN, "Člověk v tísni" in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization. PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others. PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries. PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries. The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars. Structure. Relief and Development Department. The Relief and Development Department of PIN helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia ) and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time. Human Rights Department. People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence. Other Departments. PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration. Criticism. People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007. Ha Jin Jīn Xuěfēi (simplified Chinese: 金雪飞; traditional Chinese: 金雪飛; born February 15, 1956) is a living Chinese-American writer. He uses the pen name Ha Jin (哈金). "Ha" comes from his favorite city, Harbin. In 1984, he went to America and began to write about China only in English. His work increased international attention to Chinese culture and history. Early life. Ha Jin was born in Liaoning, China. His father was a military officer. Jin joined the People's Liberation Army during the Cultural Revolution when he was 13 years old. He began to teach himself about Chinese literature and to learn the high school curriculum at sixteen. He left the army when he was nineteen, as he entered Heilongjiang University. He got his B. A. degree in English studies there. Next, he earned a M.A. degree in Anglo-American literature at Shandong University. Jin grew up in the chaos of early communist China. He was at Brandeis University when the 1989 Tiananmen incident happened. The way the Chinese government stopped the protest by force was important to Jin. It helped him decide to emigrate to the United States. It also made him choose to write in English "to preserve the integrity of his work." He eventually earned a Ph.D.. Career. Jin sets many of his stories and novels in China in an imaginary place called Muji City. He has won the National Book Award and the PEN/Faulkner Award for his novel, "Waiting" (1999). He has received three Pushcart Prizes for fiction and a Kenyon Review Prize. Many of his short stories have appeared in "The Best American Short Stories" anthologies. His collection "Under The Red Flag" (1997) won the Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction. "Ocean of Words" (1996) has been awarded the PEN/Hemingway Award. The novel "War Trash" (2004), set during the Korean War, won the PEN/Faulkner Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Jin teaches at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. He used to teach at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Jin was at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in the fall of 2008. He was a Mary Ellen von der Heyden Fellow for Fiction. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction This prize is given in the United States. There are several other Pulitzer Prizes. The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is for writing by an American author. Usually this writing is about American life. It started as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, which was awarded between 1918 and 1947. 1980s. Entries from this point on include the finalists listed after the winner for each year. Raymond Carver Raymond Clevie Carver, Jr. (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet. Carver is considered a major American writer of the late 20th century. He also helped improve short story writing in the 1980s. Life. Early life and first marriage. Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington. His father was a skilled sawmill worker from Arkansas. He was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother sometimes worked as a waitress and as a clerk in a shop. He had one brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943. Carver studied at local schools in Amery, Wisconsin. In his spare time he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life and hunted and fished with friends and family. After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, aged 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk. She had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957. When their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born the next year, Carver was 20. Carver supported his family by working as a janitor, sawmill laborer, delivery man, and library assistant. During their marriage, Maryann worked as a waitress, salesperson, administrative assistant, and high school English teacher. California and beginning to write. Carver became interested in writing in California. He had moved there with his family because his mother-in-law had a home in Paradise. Carver attended a creative-writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner. Gardner became his mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career. Carver continued his studies first at Chico State University and then at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California, where he studied with Richard Cortez Day. Carver received his B.A. in 1963. During this period he was first published and served as editor for the university literary magazine called Toyon. Carver included some of his own writing under pen names. He later attended the Iowa Writers' Workshop, at the University of Iowa, for one year. Maryann graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977. In the mid-1960s Carver and his family lived in Sacramento. He worked as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital. He sat in on classes at what was then Sacramento State College including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz. Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver's first book of poems, "Near Klamath", was later written and published with helpful advice from Schmitz. With his appearance in the respected "Foley collection," the impending publication of "Near Klamath" by the English Club of Sacramento State College, and the death of his father, 1967 was a landmark year for Carver. That was also the year that he moved his family to Palo Alto, California, so that he could take a job as a textbook editor for Science Research Associates. He worked there until he was fired in 1970 for his inappropriate writing style. In the 1970s and 1980s as his writing career began to take off, Carver taught for several years at universities throughout the United States. Alcoholism. During his years of working different jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started to drink heavily. He said that he eventually more or less gave up writing and started drinking all of the time. In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a teacher in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver said that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing. The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Cheever went to a treatment center to try to overcome his alcoholism, but Carver continued drinking for three years. After going in the hospital three times (between June 1976 and February or March 1977), Carver began his 'second life' and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous. Later life and second marriage. Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas in November, 1977. Beginning in January, 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, in western Washington state, and in Tucson, Arizona. In 1980, they moved to Syracuse. Gallagher was the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University. Carver was a professor in the English department. He and Gallagher bought a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue. Later, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" so that people would leave them alone. In 1982, Carver and first wife, Maryann, were divorced. He married Gallagher in 1988 in Reno, Nevada. Six weeks later, on August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50. In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Raymond Carver is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, WA. The words on his grave are: "LATE FRAGMENT" "And did you get what you wanted from this life, even so?" "I did." "And what did you want?" "To call myself beloved, to feel myself beloved on the earth." Writing. Carver's career was dedicated to short stories and poetry. He often wrote about blue-collar experiences. These were similar to his own life. In the same way, he often included themes of alcoholism and recovery from his life. His first published story appeared in 1960, titled "The Furious Seasons." His first collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?", was published in 1976. The story with the same name had already appeared in the collection, "Best American Short Stories 1967". Tess Gallagher published five Carver stories after he died in a book called "Call If You Need Me". One of the stories, "Kindling", won an O. Henry Award in 1999. Throughout his lifetime Carver won six O. Henry Awards: the winning stories were: "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What is it?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988). Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 if he had not found a way to stop drinking. When he knew the cancer would kill him, he wrote a poem about that bonus of 10 years, called "Gravy." Works. Fiction. Compilations. Ayale Dahir (2009) - Skidz My Friend Oscar Hijuelos Oscar Jerome Hijuelos (August 24, 1951 – October 12, 2013) was an American novelist. He is the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Early life and education. Hijuelos was born in New York City, in Morningside Heights, Manhattan. His parents were Cuban immigrants. He studied at the Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights. Later, he attended Bronx Community College, Lehman College, and Manhattan Community College. He studied writing at the City College of New York and earned two degrees in Creative Writing there: his B.A. in1975 and M.A. in 1976. He had several jobs before becoming a full-time writer. Writing career. His first novel, "Our House in the Last World", was published in 1983 and received the 1985 Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome. His second novel, "The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love", received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It was adapted for the film "The Mambo Kings" in 1992 and as a Broadway musical in 2005. Teaching career. Hijuelos has taught at Hofstra University. He is a faculty member in the Department of English at Duke University. Death. Hijuelos collapsed due to a heart attack while playing tennis in Manhattan and never regained consciousness. He was 62 and is survived by his wife Lori Marie Carlson. Roman consul A Roman consul was the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic. Each year, two consuls were elected together, to serve for a one-year term. Each consul was given veto power over his colleague and the officials would alternate each month. The consuls were usually patricians, though after 367 BC plebs (common people; plebeians) could stand for election as consul. Consuls had extensive power in peacetime (administrative, legislative and judicial), and in wartime often held the highest military command. They conducted some religious rites which could only be done by the highest state officials. Consuls also read auguries, an essential step before leading armies into the field. Civil administration. The consuls could convene the Senate, and presided over its meetings. Each consul served as president of the Senate for a month. They could also summon any of the Roman assemblies and preside over them. Thus, the consuls conducted the elections and put legislative measures to the vote. When neither consul was within the city, their civic duties were assumed by the "praetor urbanus" (city prefect). Each consul was accompanied in public by twelve "lictors", who displayed the magnificence of the office and served as his bodyguards. Each lictor held a "fasces", a bundle of rods that contained an axe. The rods symbolized the power of scourging, and the axe the power of capital punishment. When inside the city, the lictors removed the axes from the fasces to show that a citizen could not be executed without a trial. Upon entering the democratic assembly, the lictors would lower the fasces to show that the powers of the consuls derive from the senate and people of Rome (senatus populusque romanus). Military powers. Outside the walls of Rome, the powers of the consuls were far greater in their role as commanders-in-chief of all Roman legions. It was in this function that the consuls were vested with full imperium (power). When legions were ordered by a decree of the Senate, the consuls conducted the conscription. Upon entering the army, all soldiers had to take their oath of allegiance to the consuls. The consuls also oversaw the gathering of troops provided by Rome’s allies. Within the city a consul could punish and arrest a citizen, but had no power to inflict capital punishment. When on campaign, however, a consul could inflict any punishment he saw fit on any soldier, officer, citizen or ally. Each consul commanded an army, usually two legions strong, with the help of military tribunes and a quaestor who had financial duties. In the rare case that both consuls marched together, each one held the command for a day in turn. A typical consular army was about 20,000 men strong and consisted of two citizen and two allied legions. In the early years of the republic, Rome's enemies were in central Italy, so campaigns lasted a few months. As Rome's frontiers expanded, in the 2nd century BC, the campaigns became lengthier. Rome was a warlike society, and very seldom did not wage war. So the consul upon entering office was expected by the Senate and the people to march his army against Rome's enemies, and expand the Roman frontiers. His soldiers expected to return to their homes after the campaign with spoils. If the consul won an overwhelming victory, he was hailed as imperator by his troops, and could request to be granted a triumph. The consul could conduct the campaign as he saw fit, and had unlimited powers. However, after the campaign, he could be prosecuted for his misdeeds. Status in the Empire period. In the Roman Empire, the consuls were merely a figurative representative of Rome’s republican heritage. The consulate then held much less power and authority, since the emperor was the supreme leader. However, consuls were often high-ranking and important in their own right. Some were designated successors of their emperor. Also, emperors frequently appointed themselves as consuls. The office survived (much altered) until the early 9th century AD. TESOL TESOL has more than one meaning: TESOL International Association TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.) is a global education association for English language teachers who teach speakers of others languages. Interest Sections. TESOL has some special interest groups called "Interest Sections". They promote research and continuing education in areas that are important to TESOL members. Current Interest Sections include the following: History. TESOL was founded in 1966 and has corporate headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. TESOL has more than 13,000 members in more than 120 different countries. TESOL is an NGO under the United Nations. Affiliates. TESOL has relationships with 98 independent organizations worldwide: 41 in the United States and 57 in Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. Annual conference. TESOL convenes an annual conference with papers, symposia, key note speakers, workshops, and annual meetings for the Interest Sections. Presenters speak on topics ranging from practical advice for the classroom to new theories for explaining language learning. The event also has a large book fair where most major publishers have displays. Usually around 10,000 people attend the conference. It was first held in 1966. Awards. Each year, TESOL gives four awards, each to one of its members. O. Henry Award The O. Henry Award is given for especially good short stories. The prize is given each year. The award is named after the American short story author, O. Henry. The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories is a book that is published each year with that year's twenty best stories from magazines in U.S. and Canadian, written in English. The award itself is called The O. Henry "Award", not the O. Henry "Prize", though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners. History and format. The award was first given in 1919. Money to support the award comes from the Society of Arts and Sciences. As of 2003, the series editor chooses twenty short stories and each one is called an O. Henry Prize Story. All stories originally written in English and published in an American or Canadian magazine can possibly win. Three people become jurors each year. The jurors get the twenty prize stories in text form. The author or publication name are not listed. Each juror works alone and chooses one special short story and comments on it. The goal of The O. Henry Prize Stories is to improve the art of the short story. Starting in 2003, "The O. Henry Prize Stories" is dedicated to a writer who has made a major contribution to the art of the short story. The O. Henry Prize Stories 2007 was dedicated to Sherwood Anderson, a U.S. short-story writer. Jurors for 2007 were Charles D'Ambrosio, Lily Tuck, and Ursula K. Le Guin. Laura Furman is now the series editor for "The O. Henry Prize Stories". Partnership with PEN American Center. In 2009 Anchor books announced a change in the series tittle. Anchor is the publisher of The O. Henry Prize Stories. They worked with the PEN American Center and renamed the series the PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories collection. Profits from selling The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2009 books went to PEN's Readers & Writers Program. This program sends well-known authors to under served inner-city schools. In an interview for the Vintage Books and Anchor Books blog, editor Laura Furman called working with PEN a "natural partnership." Juror favorites, first-prize winners. For more information or complete lists of yearly winners, visit The O. Henry Prize Stories website. SimCity DS SimCity DS, or SimCity Creator, is a simulation video game made in 2007 by Electronic Arts. The player can build a city, while trying to keep it healthy. Gameplay. The player will be known as the "Mayor" throughout the game. They will have to look at five sheets to run their city. Zoning. Zones are the places where buildings can develop. They are different, and the "heavier" the zone, the more buildings grow. However, land value has a greater effect. Needs. Certain facilities are called "needs". Power and water are considered "needs" in the game, although one is not completely mandatory. Adviser. "Advisers" are people you choose to help you build a city. Power line Power lines are wires that conduct electricity through to another place. Many have transformers. The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world), but is much higher while going through the electric power transmission lines. The power at the end is then safe enough to be used when "stepped-down" by a transformer. The original power is made at a power plant. As the power is sent through the power lines, sometimes it encounters spots that it cannot go through. Then it will need to raise its voltage with a step-up transformer. The act is called "stepping up". Where the electric power distribution reaches buildings, this voltage is too dangerous to be used, so it goes through a step-down transformer. This is called "stepping down". Then the electricity can be distributed to buildings. Dean of Invention Dean of Invention is a TV show on Planet Green. The presenters, Dean Kamen and Joanne Colan investigate new inventions. Greco–Persian wars The Greco–Persian Wars were a series of wars fought between Classical Greece and Persia's Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC. The struggle lasted 50 years, from 499–449. Herodotus wrote a history of the war. Fifty years before the war started, Cyrus the Great had conquered the Greek colonies on the western coast of Asia Minor, an area the Greeks called Ionia. The Persians put a tyrant in charge of each city or polis. About 530 BC Cyrus died in battle. Aristagoras, the Tyrant of Miletus was on an expedition to conquer the island of Naxos with Persian support, but that was a failure. Before he could be dismissed, Arisagoras encouraged Ionia to rebel against the Persians. This led to the Ionian Revolt. Aristagoras got support from Athens and Eretria, and together they burnt the Persian regional capital city, Sardis. The Persian king, now Darius the Great, vowed revenge. First invasion of Greek kingdoms. The first Persian invasion of Greek majority kingdoms began in 492 BC, led by the Persian general Mardonius. They successfully beat Thrace and Macedon, but several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign.p135-138. The Battle of Marathon. In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the Aegean Sea. This expedition captured the Cyclades, then destroyed Eretria. On the way to Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, ending Persian efforts at that time. Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece, but died in 486 BC. Command passed to his son Xerxes. In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled. Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous Battle of Thermopylae allowed the Persians to burn Athens (which had been evacuated) and overrun most of Greece. However, against the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis. The following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive, decisively defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire. List of main events. Much of what is known of these wars comes from Herodotus. Later wars. Although 449 BC saw the end of the wars started by the Ionian revolt, the two civilisations continued for more than a hundred years. The wars between Athens and Sparta allowed Persia to take back all she had lost in the Greco–Persian wars, until finally Alexander the Great put an end to the Achaemenid Empire. This is a brief summary of these later conflicts: Windows Live Windows Live is an internet product of Microsoft. Until 2005 its many services were under MSN. They moved them to Windows Live to show people that these services are made to work with Windows operating system. They used the term less after 2012. The Windows Live family features many different services. The most famous service being Windows Live Hotmail. However, there are also many more free services provided by Windows Live which only requires one account to access. Google and Yahoo! compete against Windows Live with similarly diverse services. Battle of Corinth The Battle of Corinth was a battle fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Greek state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League in 146 BC. This was a few months after the Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War. It resulted in total destruction of Corinth, which was previously famous for its wealth. The Romans burnt it to the ground and went on to conquer the rest of Greece. Perm Krai Perm Krai is a "krai" (federal territory) of Russia that came into existence on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast (province) and Komi–Permyak self-governing district. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject. Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains. The length from north to south is ; length from west to east is . Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of the Volga River. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. Together they are more than long, but only two rivers have lengths exceeding ; the Kama () and the Chusovaya (). The landscape is mostly low rolling hills covered by forests and fields. The Ural Mountains are in the eastern part of Perm Krai. The highest mountain Tulysmsky Kamen () is in the north east of the territory. Caro–Kann Defence The Caro–Kann Defence is a chess opening. It begins: Black's idea for playing c6 is to support 2...d5. Usually, the next moves are: Common next moves are 3. (the Modern Variation), 3. (the Classical Variation), 3. (the Exchange Variation), or 3. (the Advance Variation). 3.Nc3 is the most popular. The Caro–Kann is an asymmetrical defence to 1.e4. These are sometimes called 'semi-open games'. The Caro–Kann is thought to be more solid and less dynamic than the Sicilian Defence and the French Defence. Games in the Caro–Kann are often quiet and positional. It may lead to good endgames for Black, who has the better pawn structure. The opening is named after the English player Horatio Caro and the Austrian Marcus Kann, who studied the opening in 1886. Classical or Capablanca variation. The most common way of handling the Caro–Kann, the Classical variation (often called the Capablanca variation) happens after the moves: For a long time, this was thought to be the best play for both sides in the Caro–Kann. White usually continues: Although White's pawn on h5 looks ready to attack, it can prove to be a weakness in an endgame. This variation is why people think the Caro-Kann is a solid defence. Black has a very good pawn structure, and can play c5 at the right time to fight for the d4 square. Black can castle queenside or kingside, or even leave his king in the centre. Black often has good chances in the because of his solid pawn structure and kingside pawn majority. Smyslov or Modern Variation. Another line is the Modern Variation. It happens after the moves: It was played by the first World Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz. Today, the variation is called the Smyslov Variation, or more commonly, the Modern variation. The move 4...Nd7 prepares Ngf6. If 4...Nf6 is played immediately, then White can trade knights and double Black's pawns. The plans are similar to the Classical variation, except Black's bishop is not on the g6 square. However, this freedom comes at a cost because White is able to take up space in the center. White often plays the aggressive 5.Ng5!?, which puts pressure on the f7-square. This variation can also lead to a quick mating trap with 5.Qe2 Ngf6?? 6.Nd6#. 4...Nf6 variations. The variations begins: The Bronstein–Larsen Variation is after: Black has a worse pawn structure, and often castles queenside. However, Black does have compensation with the open g-file for the rook and active play. It is considered double-edged. The Korchnoi Variation arises after: Viktor Korchnoi has played 5...exf6 many times (including his first world championship match with Anatoly Karpov). This line has also been employed by Ulf Andersson. Black's 5...exf6 is thought to be sounder than 5...gxf6!?. It offers Black fast development, bu it gives White better pawn structure Advance variation. The Advance variation is 3.e5: The main replies are: 3...Bf5 is most often played. Moves against it are aggressive lines such as the Bayonet Attack (4.Nc3 e6 5.g4), a popular line in the 1980s and later favoured by Latvian Grandmaster Alexei Shirov. A more natural development 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2 c5 6.Be3, known as the Short Variation, was popularised by English Grandmaster Nigel Short and was often played in the 1990s. 3...c5 is an alternative which avoids the opening theory of 3...Bf5. It was used by Botvinnik in his 1961 match with Tal. In comparison to the French defense, Black gains the tempo normally spent on ...e6. However, White can counter this by opening the centre with 4. dxc5. This exposes the black pawn on d5. 3...e6 is playable, but when Black plays c5, he will be is a tempo behind the advance line of the French Defence (1.e4 e6 2.d5 d5 3.e5 c5). Exchange Variation and Panov-Botvinnik Attack. The Exchange Variation is 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5. The Panov-Botvinnik Attack begins with the move 4.c4. This system often leads to isolated queen's pawn (IQP) positions. White gains rapid development, a grip on e5, and kingside attacking chances to make up for the long-term weakness of the isolated d4 pawn. The common continuation in this line is 4...Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Nf3. Black's main alternatives are 6...Bb4 (a position which often transposes into lines of the Nimzo-Indian defence) and 6...Be7. 6...Nc6?! is not as good because of 7.c5!, and White plans on controlling the e5-square through the advance of his b-pawn to b5, or by exchanging Black's Knight on c6 after Bb5. The "true" Exchange Variation begins with 4.Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6.Bf4 Bg4 7.Qb3. It was was tried by Bobby Fischer. The position is equal. Some of the strategic ideas are silimar to the Queen's Gambit Declined, Exchange Variation, (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5) with colours reversed. Two Knights Variation. This line is 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3. It was played by Bobby Fischer in his youth. White gets rapid development and has options with the d-pawn. Black's logical and probably best reply is 3...Bg4. After 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Qxf3, Black has the option of 5...Nf6 or 5...e6. 4...Bh5 is a complicated line, in which White can trap the bishop, although Black has much compensation. The variation sets a trap: if Black plays along the lines of the Classical Variation, he gets in trouble after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 (4...Nd7 is playable) 5.Ng3 Bg6?! (5...Bg4) 6.h4 h6 7.Ne5 Bh7 (7...Qd6 may be best) 8.Qh5! g6 (forced) 9.Bc4! e6 (9...gxh5?? 10.Bxf7#) 10.Qe2 with a huge advantage for White. Now 10...Qe7! is best. Instead, Lasker–Radsheer, 1908 and Alekhine-Bruce, 1938 ended quickly after, respectively, 10...Bg7?? 11.Nxf7! and 10...Nf6?? 11.Nxf7! Other lines. White can play 2.c4. Then Black may play 2...d5 (see ). This can transpose to the Panov–Botvinnik line given above, with 3.exd5 cxd5 4.d4 or White can capture twice on d5. Alternatively, Black may play 2...e5. Also, White can play 2.Nc3. Then Black may play 2...d5. If White replies 3.d4 then we get the main Capablanca line or the Two knights variation. Or Black may play 2...g6. The Caro–Kann can also be reached through the English Opening: 1.c4 c6 2.e4 d5. ECO codes. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings has ten codes for the Caro–Kann Defence, B10 to B19. More reading. Also, more advanced: Bronze Age collapse The Bronze Age collapse is so called by historians who study the end of the Bronze Age. The palace economies of the Aegean and Anatolia of the late Bronze Age were replaced, eventually, by the village cultures of the 'Greek Dark Ages'. Between 1200 and 1150 BC, the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the Egyptian Empire in Syria and Canaan, interrupted trade routes and extinguished literacy. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied: examples include Hattusa, Mycenae, Ugarit. The gradual end of the Dark Age saw the rise of settled Neo-Hittite Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Regional evidence. Anatolia. Every important Anatolian site during the preceding late Bronze Age shows a destruction layer. It appears that civilization did not recover to the same level as that of the Hittites for another thousand years. Hattusa, the Hittite capital, was burned and abandoned, and never reoccupied. Troy was destroyed at least twice, before being abandoned until Roman times. Cyprus. The sacking and burning of the sites of Enkomi, Kition, and Sinda may have happened twice, before they were abandoned. Originally, two waves of destruction, ca. 1230 BC by the Sea Peoples and ca. 1190 BC by Aegean refugees have been proposed. Syria. Syrian sites previously showed evidence of trade links with Egypt and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age. Evidence at Ugarit shows that the destruction there occurred after the reign of Merenptah. The last Bronze Age king of Ugarit, Ammurapi, was a contemporary of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma II. The exact dates of his reign are unknown. A letter by the king is preserved on one of the clay tablets found baked in the extensive fires that brought about the destruction of the city. Ammurapi stresses the seriousness of the crisis faced by many Near Eastern states from invasion by the advancing Sea Peoples in a dramatic response to a plea for assistance from the king of Alasiya (Cyprus): My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of Lukka?...Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us. Unfortunately for Ugarit, no help arrived and Ugarit was burned to the ground at the end of the Bronze Age. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed after the death of Merneptah, about 1178 BC. Levant. All centres along a coastal route from Gaza northward were destroyed, and not reoccupied for up to thirty years. Greece. None of the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age survived. Destruction was heaviest at palaces and fortified sites. Thebes was one of the earliest examples of this. Its palace was sacked repeatedly between 1300 and 1200 BC. Eventually it was destroyed by fire. At many other sites it is entirely unclear what happened. It is clear that Athens saw a significant decline during the Bronze Age Collapse. There is no evidence of any significant destruction at this site. Fortification at this site suggests fear of the decline in Athens. It is possible that the abandonment of Athens was not a violent affair and other causes have been suggested. The Peloponnese was the worst affected in Greece by far. Up to 90% of small sites in the region were abandoned, which suggests a major depopulation in the region. Again, as with many of the sites of destruction in Greece, it is unclear how this destruction came about. The city of Mycenae for example was initially destroyed in an earthquake in 1250 BC as evidenced by the presence of crushed bodies buried in collapsed buildings. However, the site was rebuilt only to face destruction in 1190 BC as the result of a series of major fires. There is a suggestion by Robert Drews that the fires could have been the result of an attack on the site and its palace. This is denied by Eric Cline who points out the lack of archaeological evidence for an attack. We see a similar situation in Tiryns in 1200 BC when an earthquake destroyed much of the city including its palace. It is likely however that the city continued to be inhabited for some time following the earthquake. As a result there is a general agreement that earthquakes did not permanently destroy Mycenae or Tiryns because physical destruction cannot fully explain the collapse. The cause of the continued decline of these sites could be environmental. In particular There was a lack of homegrown food. Palaces were important in managing and storing food imports. Their destruction made worse the more crucial factor of food shortage. The importance of trade is further supported by the lack of any evidence for violent or sudden decline in Mycenae. The destruction on Pylos by fire around 1180 suggests a violent destruction to the city. There is some evidence of Pylos expecting a seaborne attack with tablets at Pylos discussing "Watchers guarding the coast". The tablets do not give any context as to what is being watched for and why. Regardless of what the threat from the sea was, it likely played a role in the decline. It would have hindered trade and perhaps vital food imports. The end Bronze Age collapse marked the start of a period that has been called the Greek Dark Ages, which lasted for more than 400 years. The occupation of some cities, like Athens, did continue however their existence was of a much different nature. They had a more local sphere of influence, limited trade and an impoverished culture. It took centuries for Greece to recover. Mesopotamia. Several cities were destroyed, Assyria lost northwestern cities which were reconquered by Tiglath-Pileser I after his ascension to kingship. Control of the Babylonian and Assyrian regions extended barely beyond the city limits. Babylon was sacked by the Elamites. Egypt. After apparently surviving for a while, the Egyptian Empire collapsed in the mid twelfth century BC (during the reign of Ramesses VI). This led to the Third Intermediate Period, that is, non-dynasty. Conclusion. Robert Drews describes the collapse as "the worst disaster in ancient history, even more calamitous than the collapse of the Western Roman Empire". A number of people have spoken of the cultural memories of the disaster as stories of a "lost golden age". Hesiod for example spoke of Ages of Gold, Silver and Bronze, separated from the modern harsh cruel world of the Age of Iron by the Age of Heroes. Possible causes of collapse. It was a period associated with the collapse of central authority, a depopulation, particularly of urban areas, the loss of literacy in Anatolia and the Aegean, and its restriction elsewhere, the disappearance of established patterns of long-distance international trade, and increasingly vicious struggles for power. There are various theories put forward to explain the situation of collapse, many of them compatible with each other. Volcanos. The Hekla 3 eruption was about this time, and is dated at 1159 BC by Egyptologists and British archeologists. Earthquakes. Earthquakes tend to occur in sequences or 'storms', where a major earthquake above 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale can set off later earthquakes along the weakened fault line. When a map of earthquake occurrence is superimposed on a map of the sites destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, there is a very close correspondence. Migrations and raids. Evidence includes the widespread findings of "Naue II-type swords" (coming from South-Eastern Europe) throughout the region, and Egyptian records of invading "northerners from all the lands". The Ugarit correspondence at the time mentions invasions by tribes of such as the mysterious Sea Peoples. Equally, the last Linear B documents in the Aegean (dating to just before the collapse) reported a large rise in piracy, slave raiding and other attacks, particularly around Anatolia. Later fortresses along the Libyan coast, constructed and maintained by the Egyptians after the reign of Ramesses II, were built to reduce raiding. This theory is strengthened by the fact that the collapse coincides with the appearance in the region of many new ethnic groups. Indo-European tribes such as the Phrygians, Thracians, Macedonians and Dorian Greeks seem to have arrived at this time – possibly from the north. There also seems to have been widespread migration of the Aramaeans – possibly from the South-East. Ultimate reasons for these migrations could include drought, developments in warfare/weaponry, earthquakes or other natural disasters. This means that the migrations theory is not incompatible with the other theories mentioned here. Ironworking. The Bronze Age collapse may be seen in the context of a technological history that saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region, beginning with precocious iron-working in what is now Bulgaria and Romania in the 13th and 12th centuries BC. Leonard R. Palmer suggested that iron, whilst inferior to bronze weapons, was in more plentiful supply and so allowed larger armies of iron users to overwhelm the smaller armies of bronze-using chariotry. It now seems that the disruption of long distance trade cut easy supplies of tin, making bronze impossible to make. Older implements were recycled and then iron substitutes were used. Drought. Drought could have easily precipitated or hastened socio-economic problems and led to wars. More recently Brian Fagan has shown how the diversion of mid-winter storms, from the Atlantic to north of the Pyrenees and the Alps, bringing wetter conditions to Central Europe but drought to the Eastern Mediterranean, was associated with the Late Bronze Age collapse. Changes in warfare. Robert Drews argues that massed infantry used newly developed weapons and armor.192ff Cast rather than forged spearheads and long swords, a revolutionizing cut-and-thrust weapon, and javelins were used. The appearance of bronze foundries suggests "that mass production of bronze artifacts was suddenly important in the Aegean". For example, Homer uses "spears" as a virtual synonym for "warrior", suggesting the continued importance of the spear in combat. Such new weaponry, used by a proto-hoplite model of infantry able to withstand attacks of massed chariotry, would destabilize states that were based upon the use of chariots by the ruling class. This precipitated an abrupt social collapse as raiders and/or infantry mercenaries began to conquer, loot, and burn the cities. General systems collapse. A general systems collapse has been put forward as an explanation for the reversals in culture. This theory raises the question of whether this collapse was the cause of, or the effect of, the Bronze Age collapse being discussed. In the Middle East, a variety of factors — including population growth, soil degradation, drought, cast bronze weapon and iron production technologies — could have combined to push the relative price of weaponry (compared to arable land) to a level unsustainable for traditional warrior aristocracies. In complex societies which were increasingly fragile, this combination of factors may have contributed to the collapse. The critical flaws of the late Bronze Age are its centralization, specialization, complexity and top-heavy political structure. These flaws then revealed themselves through revolts, defections, demographic crises (overpopulation), and wars between states. Other factors which could have placed increasing pressure on the fragile kingdoms include the aggression of the ‘Sea Peoples’, the effect of pirates on maritime trade, drought, crop failures, and famine. Washington University in St. Louis Washington University of St. Louis is a research university in St. Louis. Lions Gate Bridge The Lions Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites. Andray Blatche Andray Blatche (born August 22, 1986 in Syracuse, New York) is an Filipino-American basketball player that currently plays for the Washington Wizards of the NBA. On September 25, 2005, Blatche was shot in a carjacking in Alexandria, Virginia and recovered successfully. Blatche has played for the Washington Wizards for 5 seasons. Blatche became a naturalized Filipino in 2014. He plays for the Philippine national basketball team. Evgeni Malkin Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain. He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He plays on Team Russia in the Olympics. Malkin won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009. Drew Doughty Drew Doughty (born December 8, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 2nd overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He plays on Team Canada in the Olympics where he won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Doughty was named to the all-rookie team in the 2008-09 NHL season. He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012. Adolf Borsdorf Adolph Borsdorf (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn. Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854. He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band. In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England. The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden. In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra. The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”. Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany. These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube). However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux. These instruments had a narrower bore. They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound. Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882. He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music. He soon became the best horn player in London. He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain). He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s "Till Eulenspiegel" was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting. In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed. There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England. After the war he rarely played in public. Borsdorf died in 1923. He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England. He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players. Mute (music) A mute is an object used to make a musical instrument quieter. Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. Alfred Edwin Brain (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn. He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing. His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time. He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name. A.E. Brain was born in 1860. His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated. When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band. He married in 1880 and had seven children. Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey. He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden. He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms. In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”. In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra. The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf, Thomas Busby, Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well. He died in 1929 after a short retirement. Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn. He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time. Life. A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885. His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player. Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later. His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra. He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place. After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery. When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham. His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him. By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs. In 1923 he emigrated to the United States. He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox. Skimboarding Skimboarding is a form of shallow water surfing. When the waves at shallow water were poor, surfers would often attempt to surf in shallow breaking water. This led to the making of smaller, lighter boards, named skimboards for the way they allow the user to skim across the surface of the water. Lifeguards were quick to adopt these new boards and used skimboarding as a way to quickly move up and down the beach in shallow water. Skimboarding has progressed and is now a recognized sport. Competitions are held each year around the world and produce large amounts of revenue for the market interested in this sport. These competitions also allow skimboarders to exhibit maneuvers that technology, evolution and skill have made possible. Arminius Arminius, also known as Armin or Hermann (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered. After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders. Rome's response. Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius. After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine. In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River. Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee. With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command. Death of Arminius. Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman military effort east of the Rhine. Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Medicine (MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools. It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree. In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic "research" degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate. In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system. In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register. James D. Watson James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist and zoologist. Watson is of British ancestry. He is best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953. Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends. Watson has received 19 honorary doctorates. Criticism of Watson. Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States. The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A. Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics. Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism An excerpt from Watson's memoir, "Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science" page=102 goes as follows: An editorial in "Nature" said that his remarks were "beyond the pale". Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired. Books. Watson has published a number of books. 1707 Hōei earthquake The 1707 Hōei earthquake happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707. It was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history. Background. The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough. This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes; some of them are megathrust earthquakes. The Nankai megathrust has five parts (A-E) that can break one by one. The different parts have broken either one at a time or all together many times over the last 1,300 years. This kind of quake often happens in pairs with a relatively short time between them. In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. Each time, the north-eastern part broke before the southwestern part. In 1707, the earthquakes were either at the same time, or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately. Damage. 29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed. The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka. This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide. It covered an area of 1.8 km2 with an estimated volume of 120 million m3. In the Nara Basin, the earthquake made the soil behave like a liquid. Characteristics. Earthquake. There were two other very large earthquakes: the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes. The 1707 was stronger than both. Several observations show that the Hōei earthquake was bigger. At Cape Muroto, Kōchi, a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707, but just 1.5 m in 1854. In the Kawachi Plain area, the earthquake was around 6 - 7 on the JMA scale. Also, the amount of damage and height of the water from tsunami showed the strength of the earthquake. There are also records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea. Tsunami. The tsunami that followed the earthquake raised water along the coast. Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10.2 m Connection to Mount Fuji eruption. Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions, when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state. The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji and might have caused the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later. Henri La Fontaine Henri Marie La Fontaine (22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer. He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913. He devoted himself to international peace. He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs. Life. La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854. In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection. He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913. He died before Belgium was liberated. Publius Quinctilius Varus Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC in Cremona, Roman Republic - AD 9 in Germania) was a Roman politician and general under Emperor Augustus. He is mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Dumbledore's Army Dumbledore's Army (often referred to as the D.A.) is an association in the "Harry Potter" series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" and continued in the last book, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" by member Neville Longbottom. This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort. The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Delores Umbridge. Members: Hannah Abbott, Katie Bell, Susan Bones, Terry Boot, Lavender Brown, Cho Chang, Michael Corner, Colin and Dennis Creevey, Marietta Edgecombe, Justin Finch-Fletchley, Seamus Finnigan, Anthony Goldstein, Angelina Johnson, Lee Jordan, Neville Longbottom, Luna Lovegood, Ernie Macmillan, Padma Patil, Parvati Patil, Zacharias Smith, Alicia Spinnet, Dean Thomas, Fred Weasley (later killed) and George Weasley, Ginny Weasley.. Charles de Tornaco Charles de Tornaco (June 7, 1927 - September 18, 1953) was a race car driver from Belgium. He drove in Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. He died of a car accident in 1953. The accident happened in Modena, Italy while he was practicing for the race. De Tornaco rolled his car over the barrier. There was no medical help available for him there, and he died on the way to a hospital in a private Mercedes-Benz C-Class. He was 28. Photo editing Photo editing or image editing is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint. Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better". This is usually called "retouching", "airbrushing" or "Photoshopping", even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used. Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative. History. The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts. In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made. The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987. In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer. Piñata A piñata is a type of decoration with bright colors. It is made from either clay or cardboard and is covered with papier-mâché. In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties. They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti. Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration. The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children. Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag. All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold. Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time. This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats. Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji The started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period. There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100 km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake 49 days earlier. The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones. Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano. Hokusai's "One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji" includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope. This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4. Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail or Gotemba Trail of Mount Fuji. Related disasters. In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain. Forest of Secrets (Warriors) Forest of Secrets is the third book in the first "Warriors" series: "Warriors: The Prophecies Begin". It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 14 October 2003. "Forest of Secrets" takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors. Plot. Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, looks for a way to expose Tigerclaw, deputy (second-in-command) of ThunderClan, for being a traitor. Graystripe, Fireheart's best friend, is in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, despite relationships between cats of different Clans being against the rules the Clan cats live by. Silverstream and Graystripe have kits, Featherkit and Stormkit, but Silverstream dies giving birth to them. Graystripe takes the kits to ThunderClan, where he is exposed for having a forbidden relationship. RiverClan is angry about this, and wants to take the kits back. Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, Tigerclaw's former apprentice, and get the true story of what happened in the battle where Redtail, the former deputy of ThunderClan, died. They find out that Tigerclaw's story of what happened that day was a lie, and that Tigerclaw killed Redtail. Fireheart tries to tell Bluestar about this, but she doesn't believe him. Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a group of former ShadowClam cats into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar during the confusion of the battle. Fireheart rescues Bluestar, and Tigerclaw is banished from ThunderClan. Fireheart is made deputy in his place, and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan. Bluestar's mental state begins to fail because of Tigerclaw's betrayal. Rising Storm (Warriors) Rising Storm is the fourth book in the first "Warriors" series: "Warriors: The Prophecies Begin", written by Erin Hunter. It takes place in a fictional forest populated by four groups of feral cats that call themselves Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors. Plot. Fireheart, now second in command to Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan, must deal with Bluestar's failing mental state, as well as the rest of the Clan's needs. He also has to train his troublesome apprentice, Cloudpaw. Cloudpaw, having been born outside of the Clans, fails to follow the rules that the Clans live by, which gets him into trouble. He eventually tries to beg for food from humans, which results in him being captured and taken away. A cat named Ravenpaw finds Cloudpaw in a human house far away from the Clans. Ravenpaw comes to tell Fireheart where Cloudpaw is, and so he, Fireheart, and another cat called Sandstorm go to rescue Cloudpaw. Later on, Fireheart realizes ThunderClan territory is on fire, and he warns the Clan. His early warning meant that most of the Clan could escape in time. However, Yellowfang, an old friend of Fireheart's, and several old cats die in the fire. ThunderClan takes shelter in RiverClan territory for a while, before returning to their own territory, to find it burnt and ruined. A few days later, Fireheart takes ThunderClan to a Gathering (a night when all four Clans meet to share news) and discovers that his old enemy, Tigerclaw is now the leader of ShadowClan. Titanosaur Titanosaurs were a group of large sauropod dinosaurs. Together with the brachiosaurs and relatives they make up the larger clade Titanosauriformes. They were some of the heaviest creatures ever to walk the earth. Titanosaurs included "Saltasaurus", "Isisaurus", "Argentinosaurus" and "Paralititan". The group includes the largest land animals known to have existed, such as "Patagotitan" estimated at long with a weight of and the comparably sized "Argentinosaurus" and "Puertasaurus" from the same region. They were named after the mythological Titans of Ancient Greece, "Abdarainurus" and "Aegyptosaurus". The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. They were the dominant herbivores of their time. The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods, like the diplodocids and the brachiosaurids, which died out between the Upper Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous. Skeleton. Broadly, their skeleton was similar to earlier sauropods, but with a few key differences. The pelvis (hip area) was slimmer than some sauropods, but the pectoral (chest area) was much wider. This them a uniquely 'wide-gauged' stance: their front legs were wider apart, and usually longer than their hind legs. This can be seen very clearly in the "Argentinosaurus". As a result, the fossilised trackways of titanosaurs are broader than other sauropods. Their vertebrae (back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out). Their spinal column was more flexible, so they were probably more agile than their cousins and better at rearing up. Variety. The group was quite varied. Some of the smaller types did not have longer forelimbs ("Epachthosaurus"), and one Chinese find ("Xinghesaurus") had an extremely long neck. These differences must reflect adaptations to differences in their habitats and life-style, but at present there is little known about this. Many of these discoveries are quite recent. Global distribution. Titanosaurs were widespread. Their fossils have been found in all continents, even Antarctica. Four well preserved skeletons of a titanosaur species were found in Italy. They were especially numerous in the southern continents (then part of the supercontinent of Gondwana). Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in Queensland of a creature around 25 meters long (82 feet). Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand. World record size. Titanosaurs hold the world record for the size of a land animal. One place in the Argentine had 150 bones from seven titanosaurs. The largest were from an animal 40 metres (~130 feet) long and 20 metres (35 feet) tall. It would have weighed about 77 tonnes. A local farm worker stumbled on the remains in the desert near La Flecha, about 250km (135 miles) west of Trelew, Patagonia. The BBC flew a team out to record the event. Paleobiology. As a group, titanosaurs were high browsers, eating leaves and branches from tall trees. This is in contrast to other herbivores like the Ceratopsia and Ankylosauria, which were low browsers, eating lower vegetation like shrubs. As a general rule, high browsers can eat lower-growing plants, but low browsers cannot eat from tall trees. Like the earlier sauropods (e.g. "Diplodocus") titanosaurs had peg-like teeth and no grinders. This means they used gastroliths to grind their food, and had a huge vat-like stomach where bacteria decomposed it. Diet. Fossilized dung found with late Cretaceous titanosaurids suggests a broad, unselective plant diet. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as cycads and conifers, there were an unexpectedly wide range of monocotyledons, including palms and grasses (Poaceae), including ancestors of rice and bamboo. This has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses co-evolved. Nesting. A large titanosaurid nesting ground was discovered in Auca Mahuevo, in Patagonia, Argentina and another colony has reportedly been discovered in Spain. Several hundred female saltasaurs dug holes with their back feet, laid eggs in clutches averaging around 25 eggs each, and buried the nests under dirt and vegetation. The small eggs, about 11–12 cm (4–5 in) in diameter, contained fossilised embryos, complete with skin impressions. The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales. The huge number of individuals suggests herd behavior which, with their armour, could have helped give protection against large contemporary predators such as "Abelisaurus". Crosshair A crosshair is a circular range most commonly associated with telescopic sights for aiming firearms; often used in first-person shooter video games. It lets the player know what and where they are going to shoot. Chemical similarity Chemical similarity or molecular similarity is a similarity between two different molecules. Two molecules with chemical similarity may do the same or a very similar thing in an organism. They might also have very similar chemical structures. It can be used to predict the properties of certain chemicals. Battle of Thermopylae The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 , was a battle in the second Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I. It took place at the pass of Thermopylae. The battle was fought for over three days, at the same time as the naval Battle of Artemisium. Context. The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece. In 500 BC the lonians settled in the western coast of Asia minor and rose up against Persian’s King Darius. After six years, the rebellion was ended. In 490 BC the Persians sailed to punish the Athens. Darius fought against Athens and promised to punish them because they went to Persian land to help The Ionians. This First Persian War was ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon. The preparation. Xerxes had a huge army and navy, and in this Second Persian War set out to conquer all of Greece. The Athenian general Themistocles suggested the Greek allies should block the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae, and block the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium. A Greek force of about 7,000 men marched north to block the pass in the summer of 480 BC. The huge Persian army arrived at the pass in late August or early September. The battle. Heavily outnumbered, the Greeks held off the Persians for seven days in total (including three of battle), before the rearguard was annihilated in one of history's most famous last stands. During two full days of battle, the small force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could pass. After the second day of battle, a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by revealing a small path that led behind the Greek lines. Aware that his force was being outflanked, Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Greek army, and remained to guard the rear with 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians (who refused to leave), 400 Thebans and perhaps a few hundred others. Most of them were killed. The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities. The Greek rearguard meanwhile, was annihilated, with a probable loss of 2,000 men, including those killed on the first two days of battle. The Greek navy. After this engagement, the Greek navy at Artemisium received news of the defeat at Thermopylae. Since their strategy required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held, and given their losses, the Greek navy decided to withdraw to Salamis. The Persians then captured the evacuated Athens. During the battle the Greek navy lured the Persians into a narrow pass and obliterated at least 200 Persian war ships, thanks to Themistocles. Seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persian fleet attacked, but were defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC. Fearing to be trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. The following year, however, saw a Greek army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, thereby ending the Persian invasion. Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army of freemen defending native soil. The performance of the defenders at the battle of Thermopylae is also used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as force multipliers and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds. Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect is a force that is found in a rotating object. Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis first described the Coriolis effect in 1835 using mathematics. The Coriolis effect can best be seen in hurricanes. In the northern hemisphere, they spin counter-clockwise (because the earth spins counter-clockwise), and in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise. One example of the Coriolis effect that is often described is that water flows down a drain in the opposite direction in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, in reality, the force of the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to see in such a small amount of water. Battle of Artemisium The naval Battle of Artemesium took place at the same time as the Battle of Thermopylae, in 480 BC. Club career statistics. 118||8||8||1||4||0||130||9 118||8||8||1||4||0||130||9 International career statistics. !Total||20||0 Rio Mavuba Rio Mavuba (born 8 March 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Lille. Club career statistics. 180||2 5||0 185||2 International career statistics. !Total||6||0 Didier Agathe Didier Agathe (born 16 August 1975) is a French football manager and former player. He is currently manager of Durham City. Yuki Hamano Yuki Hamano (born 23 June 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama. Club career statistics. 261||36||6||0||267||36 261||36||6||0||267||36 Oscar Ruggeri Oscar Ruggeri (born 26 January 1962 Rosario) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentina national team. Club career statistics. 415||33 65||3 7||1 27||4 514||41 International career statistics. !Total||97||7 South Park Mexican Carlos Coy (Born in October 5, 1970 in Houston, Texas) is an American rapper better known under the stage name, South Park Mexican. Before starting a musical career, Coy worked at a chemical plant for minimum wage, as a door-to-door perfume salesman and eventually a crack cocaine dealer. South Park Mexican started out as a Christian rapper but quit feeling he would not be recognized. In 1995, he co-founded his own record label, Dope House Records along with his brother Arthur Jr. and his friend Jose Antonio Garza. On May 18, 2002, he was convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child by a Houston jury, was sentenced to 45 years in prison and was ordered to pay a $10,000 fine. He is serving his sentence at Allred Unit in Wichita Falls, Texas. He is eligible for parole in 2024. Discography. South Park Mexican has released 10 albums: 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations The second Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament (known as the Gillette Tri-Nations due to sponsorship) was played between 16 October and 27 November of 2004. The format of the competition was different from the previous event. In that event the teams played each other twice instead of once before the final. The tournament final of the tournament was predicted by some to be a close affair. The British team was considered a small favourite after finishing at the top of the league table. Instead, it was a one-sided match as Australia produced their best performance of the tournament. The game was basically over by half-time when Australia led by 38-0. Results. Non-series Tests. During the series, Australia and New Zealand played additional Tests against France. Additional Matches. A one off match was also played between an ANZAC side made up of touring Australian and New Zealand players and a Cumbira side. Delray, Detroit Delray is a neighborhood in the city of Detroit in the United States. Notable Residents. The horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse originate from Delray. Gneiss Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock. The minerals in gneiss may come from rocks which were originally either igneous or sedimentary. They were heated and squeezed, and the minerals recrystallized. Orthogneiss is gneiss got from igneous rock (such as granite). Paragneiss is gneiss got from sedimentary rock (such as sandstone). In gneisses, minerals tend to be foliated: layered and segregated into bands. Thus there are seams of quartz and of mica in a mica schist, very thin, but consisting essentially of one mineral. Lewisian gneiss. The Lewisian complex or Lewisian Gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean Terrane. These rocks are of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0–1.7 Ga. Hiroki Kishida Hiroki Kishida (born 7 June 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fagiano Okayama. Club career statistics. 80||33||6||2||8||0||94||35 80||33||6||2||8||0||94||35 Yoshiyuki Shinoda Yoshiyuki Shinoda (born 18 June 1971) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 204||10||16||3||16||0||236||13 204||10||16||3||16||0||236||13 David Sommeil David Sommeil (born 10 August 1974) is a former Guadeloupean football player. He has played for Guadeloupe national team. Club career statistics. 317||6 54||4 371||10 International career statistics. !Total||8||0 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Yakubu Aiyegbeni (born 22 November 1982) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Everton and Nigeria national team. Club career statistics. 72||30||||||||||||||72||30 197||80||22||11||11||7||21||6||251||104 269||110||22||11||11||7||21||6||323||134 International career statistics. !Total||42||15 Colin Bell Colin Bell (26 February 1946 – 5 January 2021) was an English footballer. He played for England national team. Bell was diagnosed with bowel cancer in 2005. He died on 5 January 2021, aged 74. Club career statistics. 476||142||36||9||42||18||24||8||578||177 5||0||||||||||||||5||0 481||142||36||9||42||18||24||8||583||177 International career statistics. !Total||48||9 Malir District Malir District () is in the western part of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Area wise it is the largest district of Karachi Division. The District is mostly consisting of rural area. Many agriculture farms are also there. Hub Dam and Kirthar National Park are also located within the boundary of this District. Carl Levin Carl Milton Levin (June 28, 1934 – July 29, 2021) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator of Michigan from 1979 to 2015. On March 7, 2013, Levin announced his retirement. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Early life and career. Levin was born and grew up in Detroit, Michigan. He went to college at Swarthmore College, and he got his law degree from Harvard University. He then moved back to Michigan and was a lawyer and a teacher. In 1964 he became an assistant attorney general for Michigan. In 1969 he became a member of the Detroit city council. In 1979 he became a United States Senator. He was chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. Personal life. In 1961 Levin married Barbara Halpern. They had three daughters and five grandchildren. Carl's brother Sandy was a member of the United States House of Representatives. In March 2021, Levin was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on July 29, 2021 at a Detroit hospital from the disease, aged 87. Lights Out "Lights Out" is a pop song by English singer Rick Astley. It was his first mainstream single in England for almost 17 years. The song was performed for the first time on Peter Kay's 2010 Tour, that took place at the MEN Arena, Manchester on 27 April 2010. Astley was a special guest and performed a medley of his old hits before his new song. "Lights Out" was released on 7 June 2010 and was first broadcast on the Ken Bruce show on BBC Radio 2. John Engler John Mathias Engler (born October 12, 1948) once was governor of Michigan. Engler was born in Mount Pleasant and grew up in Beal City. He went to college at Michigan State University. He became a member of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1970. He became governor of Michigan in 1991. His term ended in 2003. Mount Pleasant, Michigan Mount Pleasant is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is where Central Michigan University is. Román Fresnedo Siri Román Fresnedo Siri (February 4, 1903 – June 26, 1975) was a Uruguayan architect. He was born in Salto and died in Montevideo. Siri, Winner of the PAHO Headquarters Project. An international competition to choose the most original design had been won in 1961 by a Uruguayan architect, Mr. Roman Fresnedo Siri. Siri had won acclaim for designing major civic buildings hroughout South America, including offices and hospitals. He also had a passion for the ocean, and even used his talents to design racing yachts. Siri’s spirit and originality did not disappoint. From its earliest days, architects and passersby alike were intrigued by surprises in the buildings' construction. Rising dramatically from the shore of the historic Potomac River, two distinct structures dominated the triangular block of land: a circular council chamber and an 11-story crescent-shaped secretariat. By December 1964, texture and pattern had begun to emerge, giving each building a distinct character. Geometric diamond shapes decorated the outside of the council chamber, visually played off against the elegant vertical lines of the larger secretariat building. Gradually, other elements were added: reflecting pools, white columns, and slim concrete fins that gave the buildings a soaring quality. Just over two years after work began, the completed secretariat was ready to house hundreds of staff members in approximately 170,000 square feet of space, furnished with marble, paintings, sculptures, and other gifts from PAHO member nations. The council chamber alone could accommodate 400 delegates within its circular walls. The new PAHO headquarters was officially opened on September 27, 1965. Photomask In electronics manufacturing, a photomask is a special stencil which is used in photolithography to create a printed circuit board or integrated circuit. When light is shone through the photomask, certain parts where the light hits the unused circuit board are strengthened, much like what toothpaste does to the hard surfaces your teeth. When a circuit board is put through an acid bath, the parts where the light shone through the photomask stay in place, while the parts that were covered by the shadow of the photomask are eaten away by the acid. There are two prominent types of masks. "Contact" masks, which touch the surface of the silicon wafer directly. These masks are cheaper, at the price of being less precise. "Proximity" masks are placed near to, but not touching the wafer. These masks are much more expensive, but also a lot more precise. Another type is "Projection" masks, also known as "reticles", which only contain the pattern of one chip, instead of the pattern of the whole wafer. Gastrotrich The Gastrotricha, often called "hairy backs", are a phylum of microscopic (0.06-3.0 mm) animals abundant in fresh water and marine environments. Marine species are found mostly in between sediment particles, while terrestrial species live in the water films around grains of soil. Adults have a fixed cell number. About 700 species have been described. Anatomy. Gastrotrichs are bilaterally symmetric, with a transparent body and a flat underside. Many species have a pair of short projections at the rear end. The body is covered with cilia, especially about the mouth and on the lower surface. Its two end projections have cement glands. This is a double-gland system where one gland secretes the glue and another secretes a de-adhesive. Like many microscopic animals, their movement is mainly powered by hydrostatics. Gastrotrichs develop to a particular number of cells; further growth comes only from an increase in cell size. As is typical for such small animals, there are no respiratory or circulatory organs. Nitrogenous waste is probably excreted through the body wall, as part of respiration. The nervous system is relatively simple. The brain consists of two ganglia, one on either side of the pharynx. Each ganglion gives rise to a single nerve cord, which runs the length of the body and includes further, smaller ganglia. The main sense organs are the bristles and ciliated tufts of the body surface. Some gastrotrichs also possess light sensitive cells in the brain that work as primitive ocelli (eye spots). Reproduction. Gastrotrichs are simultaneous hermaphrodites: they have both male and female sex organs. Once the sperm are produced, they are picked up by an organ on the tail that functions as a penis, and transferred to the partner. Fertilisation is internal, and the eggs are released by rupture of the body wall. Many species reproduce entirely by parthenogenesis. In these species the male portions of the reproductive system are non-functional or entirely absent. Some species can lay eggs that can remain dormant during times of desiccation (drought) or cold. These species produce regular eggs during good environmental conditions, which hatch in one to four days. The eggs hatch into miniature versions of the adult. The young typically reach sexual maturity in about three days, and gastrotrichs can live up to ten days under laboratory conditions. Eutely. Gastrotrichs are eutelic: each species has a genetically fixed number of cells as adults. Cell division stops at the end of embryonic development and further growth is only by cell enlargement. Liam Ridgewell Liam Ridgewell (born 21 July 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Birmingham City. Club career statistics. 155||8||7||0||12||0||174||8 155||8||7||0||12||0||174||8 Fábio Rochemback Fábio Rochemback (born 10 December 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 29||3 45||3 66||11 68||5 208||22 International career statistics. !Total||7||0 Yasuomi Kugisaki Yasuomi Kugisaki (釘崎康臣,くぎさき やすおみ,born 3 May 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Honda Lock. Club career statistics. 27||0||3||0||0||0||30||0 27||0||3||0||0||0||30||0 Shingo Honda Shingo Honda (born 23 November 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga. Club career statistics. 17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1 17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1 Kengo Takushima is a Japanese football player. In the off-season, he has been also active as a futsal player in Fukuoka. Club career statistics. 25||2||0||0||0||0||25||2 25||2||0||0||0||0||25||2 Tadaomi Yasuda is a Japanese football player. In 2012, he became a coach in the Avispa Fukuoka organization. Club career statistics. 32||14||2||0||0||0||34||14 32||14||2||0||0||0||34||14 Mitsunori Izutani Mitsunori Izutani (born 27 June 1983) is a Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 16||0||1||0||17||0 16||0||1||0||17||0 Shingo Hoshino Shingo Hoshino (born 2 May 1978) is a Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 184||11||13||2||197||13 184||11||13||2||197||13 Koichi Kawai Koichi Kawai (born 29 March 1979) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 89||3||7||2||96||5 89||3||7||2||96||5 Kazuhisa Hamaoka Kazuhisa Hamaoka (born 28 February 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi UVA. Club career statistics. 209||41||14||3||0||0||223||44 209||41||14||3||0||0||223||44 Kenta Kawai Kenta Kawai (born 7 June 1981) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 24||6 24||6 François Clerc François Clerc (born 18 April 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais. Club career statistics. 78||1 78||1 International career statistics. !Total||13||0 Shigeru Sakurai Shigeru Sakurai (born 29 June 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai. Club career statistics. 163||0||9||0||0||0||172||0 163||0||9||0||0||0||172||0 Masayuki Ota Masayuki Ota (born 17 June 1973) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 274||7||17||2||4||0||295||9 274||7||17||2||4||0||295||9 Ralf Edström Ralf Edström (born 7 October 1952) is a former Swedish football player. He played for the Sweden national football team. Club career statistics. 145||58 161||71 51||27 49||16 406||172 || International career statistics. !Total||40||15 Yuta Suzuki Yuta Suzuki (born 28 May 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata. Club career statistics. 0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 Hand axe A hand axe is a stone tool of the Lower (early) and Middle Paleolithic Stone Age. It was a bifacial, similar on both sides, and held in the hand, not with a handle like a modern axe. It was held directly in the hand, perhaps wrapped in a piece of leather. This kind of axe is typical of the Acheulean and the Mousterian cultures, and is the longest-used tool of human history. Hand axes were certainly used for at least a million and a half years. They were made by earlier species of man, such as "Homo erectus" and "Homo neanderthalensis" (Neanderthal Man); it was one of their most important tools. The hand axe cultures were preceded by an even older Oldowan culture of primitive stone tools (2.6 to 1.7 million years ago) in Africa. Now it is known that the first stone tools were probably made by Australopithecines. They are found in the Great Rift Valley of Africa from about 3.3 million years ago. New archaeological evidence from Baise, Guangxi, China shows that there were occasional hand axes in eastern Asia. However, as the reference shows, the artifacts were overwhelmingly choppers and flakes. The authors say "The stone tool assemblage shows close associations with the pebble tool industry... in South China". A line known as the Movius Line divides the Old World into two parts: to the west are the hand axe areas, and to the east are the chopper or flak-and-chip areas. It is supposed that there were at least two different cultural traditions. Production. Older hand axes were produced by direct percussion with a stone hammer and can be distinguished by their thickness and a sinuous border. Later Mousterian handaxes were produced with a soft billet of antler or wood and are much thinner, more symmetrical and have a straight border. An experienced flintknapper needs less than 15 minutes to produce a good quality hand axe. A simple hand axe can be made from a beach pebble in less than 3 minutes. Raw materials. Hand axes are mainly made of flint, but rhyolites, phonolites, quartzites and other rather coarse rocks were used as well. It depends what rocks were available in the vicinity. Obsidian was rarely used, because it is not widely found. It produces a brilliant blade, but shatters more easily than flint. Shapes. Several basic shapes, like cordate, oval, or triangular have been distinguished, but their significance is not agreed upon. Function. Hand axes were no doubt a multi-purpose tool. Research on their cutting edges has shown that, in many cases, they were used for butchering meat. This would include extracting bone marrow (which would explain the pointed end) and general hacking through bone, muscle and tendons. Experiments at Boxgrove quarry would appear to back this up. We know for sure that Neanderthals, at least, were hunters of large mammals such as mammoths, and that may be true of other hand axe cultures. The need for such a heavy tool is thus easily understood. Wielding a hand axe requires considerable strength, but Neanderthals were stronger than us in their upper bodies. Studies in the 1990s at Boxgrove, in which a butcher attempted to cut up a carcass with a hand axe, showed that the hand axe was perfect for getting at the bone marrow, which is high in protein and vitamins and thus was highly prized as a food source. Key 103 Key 103 is an independent local radio station that broadcasts to the city of Manchester and the north west of England. It mostly plays current pop and dance music. It used to be owned by Trans World Communications and EMAP. Now it is owned by Bauer Radio. It is part of the company's Big City Network of stations. The station is based in Castlefield, Manchester. It was first named Piccadilly Radio, from its set up in 1974. It was renamed in August 1988 when it was decided to re-brand Piccadilly Radio's FM frequency to the new name, with a younger target audience in mind. The original Piccadilly Radio continued to broadcast on the AM frequency of 1152 kHz. The station broadcasts on the analogue frequency 103 FM, from a 4 kW transmitter on Saddleworth Moor. It broadcasts on DAB Digital Radio from City Tower (formerly Sunley Tower) on the CE Manchester multiplex. Key 103's live broadcast can also be listened to from their website, but only from inside the UK. The station won three awards at the 2008 Sony radio awards. These consisted of Bronze in the entertainment category for the breakfast show 'Toolan in the Morning', Gold in the competition award for 'Sell Me The Answer' and Gold in the Station of the Year category. As of 2008/9, Key 103 and its sister station Piccadilly Magic 1152 are the official commercial radio partners of Manchester United and Manchester City, broadcasting all of both clubs' games live. Brian McBride Brian McBride (born June 19, 1972) is an American soccer player. He has played for United States national team. Club career statistics. 212||89 12||1 157||37 381||127 International career statistics. !Total||95||30 Ognjen Koroman Ognjen Koroman (born 19 September 1978) is a Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team. Club career statistics. 187||22 94||16 4||1 10||3 295||42 International career statistics. !Total||36||1 2002–03 UEFA Cup The 2002–03 UEFA Cup was won by Porto. Porto defeated Celtic 3-2 in a final decided by a goal in extra time. First round. 1This match was played in front of an empty stadium. This was to punish to Partizan for earlier crowd trouble. Yaya Touré Yaya Touré (born 13 May 1983) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He plays for Manchester City and Côte d'Ivoire national team. Club career statistics. 70||3||||||||||70||3 33||3||2||1||4||1||39||5 20||3||||||6||0||26||3 27||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||5 51||3||9||1||21||1||81||5 201||17||13||2||31||2||245||21 International career statistics. !Total||42||5 Roger Lemerre Roger Lemerre (born 18 June 1941) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team. Club career statistics. 414||25 414||25 International career statistics. !Total||6||0 Rochdale Rochdale is a market town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. It is part of Greater Manchester. Rochdale was part of Lancashire until 1 April 1974. Ashton-under-Lyne Ashton-Under-Lyne is a town and the headquarters in the Tameside metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. Universal Robina Universal Robina Corporation is one of the largest food companies in the Phillipines. URC is a listed as a subsidiary of JG Summit Holdings. This is founded in 1950's by John Gokongwei and it now ventured into packaging, animal food, snacks and beverages sold in more than 50 countries. The company is famous for its Nips candy, which looks and tastes like M&Ms. Nips are remembered by children from the Philippines. Tameside Tameside is a town in the North West of England. It is to the east of Manchester, Ashton-Under-Lyne is the headquarters. It is part of Greater Manchester. Oldham was part of Cheshire until the 1970s. Sun Cellular Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc., is a mobile telecommunication service provider in the Philippines doing business as Sun Cellular. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Digital Telecommunications Philippines, or Digitel. Digitel is in turn owned by the JG Summit Group with a minority stake held by the TeliaSonera Group. It is assigned to access codes of 922, 923, 932 and 933. It began its operations in 2003, positioned as a latecomer in the market allowed it to put up infrastructure at lower cost. Sun Cellular gained popularity because of its "24/7" offer of unlimited text messaging and calls for a fixed price for Sun-to-Sun transactions. This led competing networks Smart Communications and Globe Telecom to offer similar but higher-cost plans. As of March 2010, Sun Cellular has 12 million subscribers. XPRESSLOAD. Sun Cellular's electronic prepaid reload service allows to load "Over-the-Air" via an accredited Sun Xpress Load Retailer. It also reload Unlimited Services, Special Loads, and Value-Added-Service Subscriptions. Network information. CDMA2000: Mango GSM: 515 05/PH 05/PH Sun/SUN EDGE: 515 05/PH 05/PH Sun/SUN UMTS: 515 05/PH 05/PH Sun/SUN SMS Center: +639220001501 Joey Scarbury Joey Scarbury (born June 7, 1955) is an adult contemporary singer best known for his hit song, "Theme from "The Greatest American Hero" (Believe It or Not)", in 1981. Growing up in Thousand Oaks, California, Scarbury was continually encouraged in his ambition to sing by his mother. At the age of 14, after being spotted by songwriter Jimmy Webb's father, he was signed to a recording contract, and seemed to be destined for stardom. Scarbury's first single, "She Never Smiles Anymore," flopped, and he was soon without a record label. Scarbury, undaunted by what happened, stayed in music up through the 1970s singing backup for artists like Loretta Lynn, and occasionally recording his own material. Although he had a minor chart single with "Mixed Up Guy" in 1971, real chart success eluded him for the rest of the decade. This was to change when he started working for record producer and composer Mike Post. Post was hired along with Stephen Geyer to write the theme tune for a new TV series dubbed "The Greatest American Hero", about a high school teacher who comes into possession of a superhero outfit, and Scarbury was chosen to record it. An extended version of the song (3:15 compared to the television theme's minute-long length), released by Elektra Records, shot up to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Scarbury could not follow it up however, and after charting at #49 with the single "When She Dances", Scarbury disappeared again from the charts. Scarbury went on to work with Post again in the mid 1980s to record the song "Back to Back", for the television series "Hardcastle and McCormick" and teamed up with Desiree Goyette to record "Flashbeagle" for the Peanuts special "It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown". He also performed the opening theme for the television series "Jennifer Slept Here". In 1990, Scarbury found success again as a songwriter. This time, his co-written song "No Matter How High" was recorded by The Oak Ridge Boys and was a number one country music hit. His co-writer on this song was Even Stevens who previously had found success with co-writing songs for country star Eddie Rabbitt, as well as the Kenny Rogers hit "Love Will Turn You Around" from the motion picture "Six Pack". His hit song from "The Greatest American Hero" appeared in Michael Moore's film "Fahrenheit 9/11" on the scene when President George W. Bush declares the Iraq Mission Accomplished. In 2008, Joey was back on the radio after a long absence. His single "How Do You Sleep At Night" broke the top 40. Discography. Scarbury has released several singles starting in 1969 on Dunhill, followed by releases on Reena, Playboy, Bell, Columbia, RCA, Big Tree, Lionel, and Elektra labels.<br> 1 ALBUM: (1981) "America's Greatest Hero" Kenny Rankin Kenny Rankin (February 10, 1940 - June 7, 2009) was an American pop and jazz singer and songwriter. He was originally from the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City, New York. Biography. Rankin was raised in New York and was introduced to music by his mother, who sang at home and for friends. The area of Washington Heights, Manhattan was becoming heavily Latino during his youth, and exposure to street music may have played a part. He began recording at age 17 (1957), eventually working as a songwriter contracted to Columbia Records. Rankin's earliest composition, "My Carousel" was written for Carmen McRae, followed by "A Happy Guy" for teen idol Rick Nelson. He had already developed a serious amphetamine problem by that time. He taught himself classical guitar, at age 24, inspired by the playing of Don Costa, who had started on that instrument before becoming one of the most important arrangers in popular music. He played rhythm guitar on some tracks on Bob Dylan's album Bringing it All Back Home (1965). Rankin developed a considerable following during the 70s with a steady flow of albums, three of which broke into the Top 100 of the Billboard Album Chart. His liking for jazz was evident from an early age, but the times were such that in order to survive his career had to take a more pop-oriented course, and he cited singer-songwriter Laura Nyro consistently as a major influence. Rankin appeared on "The Tonight Show" with Johnny Carson more than twenty times. Carson was so impressed by him that he wrote the liner notes to Rankin's 1967 debut album "Mind Dusters," which featured the single "Peaceful." Rankin's friend Helen Reddy would reach #2 Adult Contemporary and #12 Pop in 1973 with a cover of it, released as her follow-up single to "I Am Woman". Georgie Fame also had a hit with this song in 1969, his only songwriting credit to hit the British charts reaching number sixteen and spending 9 weeks on the chart. Rankin's original song "In the Name of Love" frequently featured wordless improvisational singing and showed his range and command of articulating lyrics at a blistering waltz tempo, but performed more slowly it had a distinctly Brazilian flavor. Similar to later singer Mandy Patinkin, Rankin's speaking voice was a rich baritone, but his tessitura was an octave higher, with an occasional start at near his speaking timbre, as in "What Matters Most." The timbre of his singing voice most frequently resembled that of a clarinet. His remarkably quick mastery of the guitar allowed him to appear, along with Randy Newman and Joni Mitchell, as one of the few self-sufficient solo acts conveying original material with harmonic richness beyond that of folk and early rock music. He was extremely private in his early televised interviews, once stating that personal information distracted from musical performance, and thus even his date of birth was considered anecdotal information. Later, he became more open and stated in interviews that in the 60s and 70s he had suffered from serious addictions which affected his career, and he credited his family, and a period of spiritual study while undergoing rehabilitation sessions, for helping him to overcome his drug and alcohol problems by the early 80s. Some recorded songs on the Little David record label (a subsidiary of Atlantic Records) featured his wife Yvonne and his daughters singing background, as the Rankin Family Band. His album "Family" featured cover art of Rankin holding his two young daughters. The Rankins also had a son. Occasionally criticised for poor choice of material, considering his talents, by the 90s, he was able to angle his repertoire to accommodate his own musical preferences and to please a new audience while still keeping faith with the faithful. Rankin's warm singing style and his soft, nylon-stringed guitar sound might suggest an artist more attuned to the supper-club circuit than the jazz arena, but his work contains many touches that appeal to the jazz audience, especially as he introduced more "standards" from the 30s and 40s into his performances. Reviews in the periodical Down Beat and later print media increasingly reinforced his jazz credentials. Rankin's song "Haven't We Met" was performed by Mel Tormé and Carmen McRae, while Stan Getz said of him that he was "a horn with a heartbeat". Rankin's accompanists have from time to time included pianists Alan Broadbent, Mike Wofford and trombonist Bill Watrous, and on such occasions the mood slips easily into a jazz groove. But Don Costa's full orchestral arrangements were used to back his voice to critical acclaim, following a trend in the wake of Harry Nilsson with Gordon Jenkins and Linda Ronstadt with Nelson Riddle, to emulate the lush soundscape that some say reached its apogee with Frank Sinatra's Capitol recordings. Rankin was also deeply interested in Brazilian music and his "Here In My Heart," on which he used jazz guests including Michael Brecker and Ernie Watts, was recorded mostly in Rio de Janeiro. More contemporary songs were given an airing following his move to Verve Records, including the Beatles' "I've Just Seen A Face" and Leon Russell's "A Song For You." Rankin's own unique gift for reworking classic songs such as The Beatles' "Blackbird," which he recorded for his "Silver Morning" album, so impressed Paul McCartney that he asked Rankin to perform his interpretation of the song when McCartney and John Lennon were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Rankin was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in May 2009. He died in Los Angeles, California - where he had resided for many years - from the disease on June 7, 2009. He was 69 years old. References. Yanow, Scott, The Jazz Singers: The Ultimate Guide, Backbeat Books, 2008. Kort, Michael, Soul Picnic: The Music and Passion of Laura Nyro, Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sarah Geronimo Sarah Asher Tua Geronimo (born July 25, 1988) is a Filipina actress and singer. She started her career at a young age, and became famous after she won the "Star for a Night" singing contest. Her first album was "Popstar: A Dream Come True". Bolton Bolton (called Bolton le moors in the past) is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-west of Manchester. It is part of Greater Manchester. Bolton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s. It was famous for its cotton industry. Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant may mean: Jonathan Edwards (athlete) Jonathan David Edwards, CBE, (born 10 May 1966 in London) is a former British triple jumper. He is a former Olympic, Commonwealth, European and World champion. He has held the world record in the event since 1995. After his retirement as an athlete, Edwards has worked as an athletics commentator and presenter for BBC television. He was a devout Christian. He presented episodes of the BBC Christian worship programme "Songs of Praise". He lost faith in 2007. He was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games in 2012. He is President of the Wenlock Olympian Society. Education. Edwards attended West Buckland School where his ability in the triple jump was seen at an early age. He was a strong all-rounder and on leaving received the school's top award for sporting and academic excellence, the Fortescue Medal. Other students with Edwards at West Buckland School included Victor Ubogu and Steve Ojomoh. Both are former Bath and England Rugby international players. Edwards now has a Sports Hall at West Buckland named after him; "The Jonathan Edwards Sports Centre". Edwards then read Physics at Durham University, attending Van Mildert College. Athletics career. Because of his strong Christian beliefs, he refused to compete on Sundays at first. Eventually he decided to do so in 1993. This decision proved important, since the qualifying round at that year's World Championships took place on a Sunday. He went on to win the bronze medal. In his breakthrough year of 1995, he produced a jump of 18.43 m (60 feet 5½ inches) at the European Cup. The leap was wind assisted and did not count for record purposes. But it was a sign of things to come as he capped an unbeaten year. He had a historic gold medal performance at the World Championships. There he broke the world record twice in the same meet. On his first jump, he became the first man to legally pass the 18-metre barrier (18.16 m/59 feet 7 inches). That record lasted for about 20 minutes. His second jump of 18.29 m made him the first to jump 60 feet. During his commentary for the 2008 Summer Olympics, Edwards said that during the 1995 World Championships, he felt as if "he could jump as far as he needed to". Later the same year Edwards became the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. During 1996 Edwards went into the Olympic games as favourite and world record holder. But it was American Kenny Harrison who took the gold with a jump of 18.09 m. Edwards walked away with the silver after a leap of 17.88 m (the longest ever jump not to win gold). Edwards won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. He was awarded the CBE shortly afterwards. He also won golds at the 2001 World Championships and 2002 Commonwealth Games. At one point in 2002, Edwards held all the gold medals for the "four majors" (Olympic Games, World Championships, Commonwealth Games & European Championships). He retired after the 2003 World Championships as Great Britain's most successful medal winning athlete. Post-athletics career. Following his retirement, Edwards pursued a media career as a television presenter. He worked mainly for the BBC as a sports commentator and on programmes such as "Songs of Praise". He gave up this programme, due to his loss of faith, in February 2007. In 2004 Edwards joined with Paula Radcliffe on an "Olympic Special Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?". The pair raised £64,000 for charity with half of that sum going to the British Olympic Association and a quarter of the sum going to Asthma UK. He was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. He represented athletes in the organisation of the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is President of the Wenlock Olympian Soceity. Awards. An honorary doctorate was conferred upon him at a ceremony at the University of Exeter on 21 January 2006. Later in the same year, an honorary doctorate of the university (DUniv) was conferred upon him at the winter graduation ceremony of the University of Ulster (19 December 2006). Personal life. Edwards lives with his wife Alison in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne. He has two sons, Nathan and Sam. Religious beliefs. He initially refused to compete on Sundays due to his devout Christian beliefs. This decision cost him a chance to compete in the 1991 World Championships. However, in 1993, after much thinking and discussion with his father (a vicar), he changed his mind. He decided that God gave him his talent in order for him to compete in athletics. On 2 February 2007 it was widely reported that Edwards had lost his faith in God despite him once saying "My relationship with Jesus and God is fundamental to everything I do. I have made a commitment and dedication in that relationship to serve God in every area of my life." The "Daily Mail" described Edwards as a "man deeply troubled by the collapse of his Christian faith". It also revealed that a friend said "[Edwards] has a deep, theological comprehension of the Bible, making his spiritual meltdown even more unlikely ... They still go to church as a family" The "Daily Mail" article also quoted Edwards as saying that he is going through a difficult period in his life. A period that is deeply personal to him and his family such that he does not wish to comment on. Edwards presented episodes of the Christian praise show Songs of Praise until 2007. In an interview in "The Times" on 27 June 2007, Edwards said: "If there is no God, does that mean that life has no purpose? Does it mean that personal existence ends at death? They are thoughts that do my head in. One thing that I can say, however, is that even if I am unable to discover some fundamental purpose to life, this will not give me a reason to return to Christianity. Just because something is unpalatable does not mean that it is not true." Furthermore, in the interview with "The Times" he also stated "When you think about it rationally, it does seem incredibly improbable that there is a God." In the same interview he also said "I feel internally happier than at any time of my life." Edwards confirmed his rejection of Christianity in an interview on BBC Five Live Sportsweek on 29 July 2007. Other websites. <br> Explosion protection Explosion protection is meant to protect buildings and other civil engineering objects against internal and external explosions. It was widely believed until recently that a building subject to an explosive attack had a chance to remain standing only if it possessed some extraordinary resistive capacity. This belief rested on the assumption that the blast load was fully beyond our control. 2007–08 UEFA Cup The 2007–08 UEFA Cup was the 37th UEFA Cup. It is UEFA's second-level club football tournament. The final was played at the City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester, England on 14 May 2008. The final was played between Rangers of Scotland and Zenit St. Petersburg of Russia. Zenit won the match 2–0, with goals from Igor Denisov and Konstantin Zyryanov. It was their first UEFA Cup title. The first qualifying games were played on 19 July 2007. The main tournament began on 20 September 2007. A total of 123 football clubs took part in the tournament (including its qualifying rounds). Each European football nation is represented by a different number of its clubs. This number depends on the UEFA coefficients. One new nation has entered their Cup winner and second-placed football team: Montenegro. The tournament's top scorers were Pavel Pogrebnyak of Zenit St. Petersburg and Luca Toni of Bayern Munich, each with 10 goals. Round and draw dates. The calendar from UEFA.com. Qualifying stage. First qualifying round. The draw was held on Friday, 29 June 2007 at 13:30 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. It was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor and Michele Centenaro, UEFA's head of club competitions. The matches were played on 19 July and 2 August 2007. !colspan="5"|Southern-Mediterranean region !colspan="5"|Central-East region !colspan="5"|Northern region 1 This match was played at Partizan Stadium in Belgrade. 2 UEFA removed Partizan from the 2007–08 UEFA Cup due to crowd trouble at their away tie in Mostar. The trouble forced the match to be interrupted for 10 minutes. UEFA judged travelling Partizan fans to have been responsible for the trouble., Partizan were allowed to play the return leg while the appeal was being processed. However, Partizan's appeal was rejected so Zrinjski Mostar qualified. 3 This match was played at Szusza Ferenc Stadium in Budapest because MTK Budapest's ground in Budapest does not meet UEFA standards. 4 This match was played at Zimbru Stadium in Chişinău because FC Nistru Otaci's ground in Otaci does not meet UEFA standards. Second qualifying round. The draw was held on Friday, 3 August 2007 at 13:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. It was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor and Giorgio Marchetti, UEFA's director of professional football. The matches were played on 16 August and 30 August 2007. !colspan="5"|Southern-Mediterranean region !colspan="5"|Central-East region !colspan="5"|Northern region First round. The draw was held on Friday, 31 August 2007 at 13:00 CET in Monaco. It was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor and Gérard Houllier, the winning coach in the 2000–01 tournament. The matches were played on 20 September and 4 October 2007. !colspan="5"|Group 1 !colspan="5"|Group 2 !colspan="5"|Group 3 !colspan="5"|Group 4 !colspan="5"|Group 5 !colspan="5"|Group 6 !colspan="5"|Group 7 !colspan="5"|Group 8 1 This match was played at Panthessaliko Stadium in Volos because AE Larissa's ground (Alkazar Stadium in Larissa) would not meet UEFA standards. Group stage. The draw was held on Tuesday, 9 October 2007 at 12:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. It was conducted by UEFA's director of professional football Giorgio Marchetti and Michele Centenaro, UEFA's head of club competitions. Tie-breaking criteria. Based on paragraph 6.06 in the UEFA regulations for the current season, if two or more teams were equal on points on completion of all the group matches, the following criteria were used to determine the rankings: Key: Final Phase. All of the rounds in the final phase are two-legged, except for the final. In the event of aggregate scores being equal after normal time in the second leg, the winning team will be that which scored more goals on their away leg: if the scores in the two matches were identical, extra time is played. The away goals rule also applies if scores are equal at the end of extra time. If there are no goals scored in extra time, the tie is decided on a penalty shoot out. The team first out of the hat in each tie plays the first leg of their tie at home, and the second leg away. Round of 32. The draw for the round of 32, which was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor and Michele Centenaro, UEFA's head of club competitions, was held on Friday, 21 December 2007 at 13:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. The eight group winners were drawn against the eight third-placed teams, while the eight second-placed teams were drawn against the eight teams who finished third in the Champions League groups. Teams from the same group or the same country cannot be drawn together. The first legs were played on 13 February and 14 February 2008. The second legs were played on 21 February 2008. Round of 16. The draw for the Round of 16, which was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor, was also held on Friday, 21 December 2007 at 13:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. The first legs were played on 6 March 2008. The second legs were played on 12 and 13 March 2008. Unlike the previous rounds, teams from the same group or country may be drawn together from the round of 16 onwards. Quarter-finals. The draw for the quarter-finals, semi-finals and final, which was conducted by UEFA General Secretary David Taylor and Denis Law, the ambassador for the final in Manchester, was held on Friday, 14 March 2008 at 14:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland. The first legs of the quarter-finals were played on 3 April and the second legs were played on 10 April 2008. Semi-finals. The semi-final matches were played on 24 April and 1 May 2008. Final. The final was contested by Russian side Zenit St. Petersburg and Scottish side Rangers on 14 May 2008 at the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester, England. Zenit won the match 2–0, with goals from Igor Denisov and Konstantin Zyryanov coming in the last 20 minutes of the game to give Zenit their first UEFA Cup title. The night was marred by rioting by a minority of Rangers supporters in Manchester city centre. Top scorers. The top scorers in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup are the following: Žydrūnas Ilgauskas Žydrūnas Ilgauskas (born June 5, 1975 in Kaunas, Lithuania) is a retired Lithuanian basketball player who played 13 seasons in the NBA. He played 12 seasons with the for the Cleveland Cavaliers and 1 season with the Miami Heat. He retired from basketball in September 2011 to spend more time with his family. David L. Paterson David Lord Paterson (born 1966) is an American screenwriter, actor and producer. He is the son of Katherine Paterson, the author of "Bridge to Terabithia". When Paterson was a boy, his best friend, an eight-year-old girl named Lisa Hill, was struck by lightning and killed. His mother, Katherine Paterson, used this real-life experience to write her children's novel Bridge to Terabithia. David Paterson produced and co-wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of the novel released in 2007. He graduated from The Catholic University of America in 1989 with a BA. Paterson held a special advance screening of "Bridge to Terabithia" on February 1, 2007, for members of the CUA community at the AFI Silver Theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland. Horst Köppel Horst Köppel (born 17 May 1948) is a German football manager and former player who last worked as manager for FC Ingolstadt 04 in 2009. Playing career. Köppel scored 83 goals in the West German top-flight. For the West German national team he collected 11 caps. Managerial career. Arminia Bielefeld. Köppel was manager of Arminia Bielefeld between 1 July 1982 and 30 June 1983. Bayer 05 Uerdingen. Köppel was manager of Bayer 05 Uerdingen from 1 July 1987 to 1 December 1987. Köppel was replaced by Rolf Schafstall. Borussia Dortmund. Köppel managed Borussia Dortmund from 1 July 1988 to 30 June 1991. Fortuna Düsseldorf. Köppel managed Fortuna Düsseldorf from 26 March 1992 to 10 August 1992. Tirol Innsbruck. Köppel managed Tirol Innsbruck from 1 July 1993 to 15 May 1994. Urawa Red Diamonds. Köppel managed Urawa Red Diamonds from 1 February 1997 to 31 December 1997. Borussia Dortmund II. Köppel officially took over as manager of Borussia Dortmund II on 1 July 2001. Köppel was manager until 30 June 2004 when he decided to join Borussia Mönchengladbach's reserve side. Borussia Mönchengladbach. Köppel became manager of Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 1 July 2004. He became caretaker manager of Borussia Mönchengladbach on 27 October 2004. Dick Advocaat was hired as the new manager, ending Köppel's interim managerial term, on 1 November 2004. Köppel returned to the reserve team on 2 November 2004. Köppel became manager of the senior squad after Advocaat resigned as manager of the club on 18 April 2005. Köppel was sacked on 16 May 2006. Al-Wahda FC. Köppel became manager of Al-Wahda FC on 5 August 2006. Köppel was sacked on 11 October 2006. Ingolstadt 04. Köppel became manager of Ingolstadt 04 on 27 April 2009. Köppel was sacked on 10 November 2009. Henrique Hilário Henrique Hilário (born 21 October 1975) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Chelsea and Portugal national team. Club career statistics. 220||0 15||0 235||0 International career statistics. !Total||0||0 Gavin McCann Gavin McCann (born 10 January 1978) is an English football player. He plays for Bolton Wanderers. Club career statistics. 292||12||19||3||22||4||8||2||341||21 292||12||19||3||22||4||8||2||341||21 International career statistics. !Total||1||0 Evander Sno Evander Sno (born 9 April 1987) is a Dutch football player. During the 2009/2010 season he was loaned out to Bristol City by Ajax. Club career statistics. 25||1||||||||||4||0||29||1 30||1||4||0||4||0||10||0||48||1 0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 55||2||4||0||4||0||14||0||77||2 Andreas Ivanschitz Andreas Ivanschitz (born 15 October 1983) is an Austrian football player. He plays for Mainz and Austria national team as midfielder. Career. He began his career in his local club ASK baumgarten where he played till 1989. He was discovered by SK Rapids scouts and changed to SK Rapid Wien. He was only 16 years old when he played his first match for Rapid in an Austrian Cuup match against WSK Ranshofen. His debut in the first league he made in 2000 versus Wüstenrot Salzburg. He played 147 matches and scored 25 goals for Rapid. In 2006 he went on to FC Red Bull Salzburg but in summer he went to Greece playing with Panathinaikos. 2009 he went on loan to 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga. 2011 he signed a permanent contract with Mainz. International. He played the first time in the team in February 2003 in a friendly match against France. He came in for Markus Weissenberger. He also played in the EURO 2008 team. But 2009 the new coach Didi Constantini told the public, that he will never call him up again. Club career statistics. 159||26 67||10 0||0 226||36 International career statistics. !Total||48||7 Andrew Johnson (footballer) Andrew Johnson (born 10 February 1981) is an English footballer. He plays for Fulham. Club career statistics. 318||106||15||6||28||12||7||4||368||128 318||106||15||6||28||12||7||4||368||128 International career statistics. !Total||8||0 Alessandro Pistone Alessandro Pistone (born 27 July 1975) is a former Italian football player. Club career statistics. 110||6 149||2 4||0 263||8 Dedê Dedê (born 18 April 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Borussia Dortmund. Club career statistics. 36||3 302||12 338||15 International career statistics. !Total||1||0 Élber Giovane Élber Giovane (born 23 July 1972) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team. Club career statistics. 69||41 260||133 30||11 21||6 380||191 International career statistics. !Total||15||7 Tsukasa Hosaka was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Hosaka was born in Kofu on March 3, 1937. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1959. He won 1960, 1961 and 1964 Emperor's Cup. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1968. He played 47 games in the league. In November 1960, he was selected by the Japan national team for the 1962 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on November 6, he debuted against South Korea. In 1962, he also played at the Asian Games. He was a regular goalkeeper in the early 1960s. In 1964, he was selected by Japan for the Summer Olympics in Tokyo. However, he did not play in the match, because he fractured his hand just before the Olympics. Instead, he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Kenzo Yokoyama. He played 19 games for Japan until 1964. After retirement, Hosaka became a manager for his local club Kofu SC in 1973. He managed until 1977. On January 21, 2018, Hosaka died of pneumonia in Kofu at the age of 80. Statistics. !Total||19||0 Chung Yong-dae Chung Yong-dae (; Hanja 鄭容臺; born 4 February 1978), also known as Chong Yong-De, is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. Club career statistics. 143||3||3||0||9||1||155||4 143||3||3||0||9||1||155||4 Kerlon Kerlon (born 27 January 1988) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Ajax. Club career statistics. 27||0 4||0 0||0 31||0 Reto Ziegler Reto Ziegler (born 16 January 1986) is a Swiss football player. He plays for FC Lugano. Club career statistics. 41||0 34||1 8||0 57||1 140||2 International career statistics. !Total||9||1 Yukinori Shigeta Yukinori Shigeta (born 15 July 1976) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 137||2||9||0||3||0||149||2 137||2||9||0||3||0||149||2 Josh Hutcherson Joshua Ryan "Josh" Hutcherson (born October 12, 1992) is an American movie and television actor. He began acting early in 2000. He performed in several minor movie and television roles. He became famous in his major roles in the 2005 movies "Little Manhattan" and "Zathura", the 2006 comedy "RV", the 2007 family adventure movie "Firehouse Dog", the movie adaptations of "Bridge to Terabithia", "Journey to the Center of the Earth" and "". 2010 He also plays the role of Himself\Self-Josh Hutcherson & Peeta Mellark in Easy A 2010 & the "Hunger Games" trilogy. Walden Media Walden Media, LLC or Walden Media is a movie production and publishing company for children's movies. It is best known for making "The Chronicles of Narnia" movie series. Its movies are usually based on famous children's books. For example, "Bridge to Terabithia". It also makes movies about biographies or historical events. It was started in 2000 by Michael Flaherty and Cary Granat. This was when Granat was the leader of Dimension Films. Flaherty was interested in good education for children. They had lived together at Tufts University when they were younger. They said the purpose of Walden Media was to make kids have fun. The company is owned by a Christian named Philip Anschutz. Anschutz is known for his strong political opinions. He also said he wanted the movies "to be entertaining, but also to be life affirming and to carry a moral message." Buxaceae Buxaceae is a family of plants. There are five genera, with about 70 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many family members are grown as ornamental plants. The plants are herbaceous and evergreen. Some are shrubs or small trees. The Washington Post The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is Washington, D.C.'s largest newspaper. It is also its oldest and was founded in 1877. It focuses on national politics. D.C., Maryland, and Virginia editions are printed to be sold daily. Amazon's creator Jeff Bezos bought the newspaper company in 2013. Chicago Sun-Times The Chicago Sun-Times is a newspaper that is published in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Sun-Times Media Group. Movie critic Roger Ebert worked for the "Sun-Times" throughout his entire career. B of the Bang B of the Bang was a sculpture in Manchester, England. It was next to the City of Manchester Stadium at Sportcity. The work was designed by Thomas Heatherwick. It was taken apart in 2009 due to structural problems. Commissioned to mark the 2002 Commonwealth Games, it was one of the tallest structures in the City of Manchester. It was the tallest sculpture in the UK until the completion of "Aspire" in 2008. It was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The sculpture took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie. In the quotation he said that he started his races not at the "bang" of the starting pistol, but at 'The B of the Bang'. The sculpture was commissioned in 2003. Construction went longer than planned and the official unveiling was delayed until 12 January 2005. Six days before the launch, the sculpture suffered the first of three visible structural problems. The tip of one of the spikes came off and fell to the ground. Legal action started a year later, resulting in an out-of-court settlement totalling £1.7m. In February 2009 Manchester City Council announced that the sculpture would be taken apart and placed in storage, as the "only practical alternative". The council said it was committed to working closely with the design team in order to "determine whether there is a robust and affordable strategy for the re-construction of the structure on the site". Despite the promise of storage and potential reassembly, the core and legs of the sculpture were cut apart during removal. Design and statistics. "B of the Bang" originally stood tall. It had 180 hollow tapered steel columns or spikes coming out of a central core. It was angled at 30 degrees and supported by five long, tapered steel legs. These connected to the spikes above the ground. The sculpture weighed 165 tonnes. The concrete in the foundations weighed over 1,000 tonnes, including a reinforced concrete slab. The foundations are deep. The sculpture was made from the same weathering steel (also known as Cor-Ten) as the Angel of the North sculpture. This slowly develops a tightly adhering oxide layer as it is exposed to the elements. This layer prevents further corrosion by reducing its permeability to water. As part of the design, the spikes moved slightly in the wind in order to withstand gusts over . At the time of construction a time capsule was placed in one of the spikes of the sculpture. It contained children's poems and paintings, due to be opened around 2300. The location of the time capsule after being taken apart is currently unknown. "B of the Bang" was next to the City of Manchester Stadium at Sportcity, in Beswick, at the corner of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road; coordinates . It took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie in which he said that he started his races not merely at the 'bang' of the starting pistol, but at 'The B of the Bang'. The artwork had been nicknamed "KerPlunk" by the locals after the popular children's game from the 1970s. Prior to the construction of Aspire at the University of Nottingham, "B of the Bang" was Britain's tallest sculpture. It stood at twice the height of the Angel of the North. Angel of the North is tall. It was designed to look like an exploding firework. It was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It was commissioned by New East Manchester Limited to commemorate the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The design was selected by a panel consisting of both local residents and art experts via a competition in 2002. The sculpture was designed by Thomas Heatherwick. Construction and funding. The sculpture was constructed in Sheffield by Thomas Heatherwick Studio, Packman Lucas, Flint and Neill and Westbury Structures. It was approved at the start of 2003, with the central core arriving in Manchester on the 13 June 2004. This was the largest load that could be transferred via road from the factory, and required a police escort. This central core was lifted into place in August 2004, after which the 180 spikes could begin being attached. Early estimates had given an optimistic completion date of July 2003, which contributed to the sculpture gaining the nickname "G of the Bang". The official unveiling by Linford Christie took place on 12 January 2005. In total the sculpture cost £1.42 million to design and construct — twice the original estimate, as the initial costing had neglected to include installation costs. Funding was sourced from a European Regional Development Fund contribution of £700,000, the North West Development Agency, contributing £500,000, and Manchester City Council providing £120,000. Structural problems and legal action. The tip of one of the spikes detached and fell from the sculpture on the 6 January 2005, only six days before the official unveiling. After inspection, the event went ahead as planned. Four months later, in May 2005, a second spike had to be cut off by firefighters after it was discovered hanging loose. At that time the sculpture was closed off to the public, and the junction and pathway near the sculpture were temporarily closed. As a result, some of the joints were re-welded, with equipment put in place to prevent excessive movement. This consisted of retrofitting tip weights to 170 of the spikes. Despite these modifications, "B of the Bang" remained fenced off, prompting a local newspaper campaign to 'Get It Sorted'. In May 2006 a total of nine spikes were removed from the sculpture and taken away for metallurgical analysis, to discover the stresses being placed on the steel. It was announced in October 2007 that Manchester City Council were taking legal action against the makers of the sculpture, with the aim of completing the necessary repairs to the sculpture. In November 2008 this culminated in an out-of-court settlement being reached between Manchester City Council, the project's designers Thomas Heatherwick Studio Ltd, and the engineering and construction subcontractors Packman Lucas Ltd, Flint and Neill Partnership and Westbury Structures Ltd. The agreement was to pay the council £1.7m in damages for breach of contract and negligence. Dismantling. Acting on a report in January 2009, the city council recommended that "B of the Bang" should be dismantled and placed in storage until funds could be raised for its safe reinstatement. The report recognised the sculpture's aesthetic value for Manchester and Manchester City Council committed itself to working with the artist to reach a long-term solution. One possibility involved the replacement of the steel spikes with alternatives made from carbon fibre, although the report underlined the necessity for extensive testing. In January 2009, Antony Gormley, creator of the Angel of the North — to which "B of the Bang" is often compared — spoke out in support of the sculpture, stating that, "It is a great tribute to Manchester that this ground-breaking work was commissioned. To allow it to disappear would be a loss not just of an inspirational artwork but also of the council's nerve." Despite Gormley's plea, removal of "B of the Bang" began in April 2009. More substantial hoarding was erected around the site and demolition firm Connell Bros Ltd. began removing the spikes with oxyacetylene cutting equipment. Although the council had earlier promised to store the complex central core and legs, these too were cut apart during removal, casting doubt on future prospects for the landmark sculpture's return. Ron Brand Ron Brand (born January 13, 1940) is a former baseball player. He mostly played as a catcher. He started his career for the Clinton Pirates. After six years he joined the Pittsburgh Pirates. He hit his first home run off Denny Lemaster. He was then selected in the Rule 5 Draft by the Houston Astros. With the Astros he competed to be starting catcher with John Bateman. After four years in Houston, he was picked in the expansion draft, which is when new teams pick players that other teams do not want, by the Montreal Expos. He played for the Expos as a catcher in 1969, but then made some appearances at shortstop over the next two years. He played his last game on September 25, 1971. He then went back to the minor leagues. He managed for a few years as well. Ewing's sarcoma Ewing's sarcoma is a type of bone cancer. It is a rare type of bone cancer which is found mainly in children. It found in boys more often than girls. It is not usually found in people over 30 years old. It is named after James Ewing, the doctor who first described it in 1921. People with Ewing's sarcoma usually feel pain, and may have a lump. They can get fevers and lose weight. In some cases the tumor can eat into the bone and cause it to fracture easily. Bone tumor A bone tumor is any tumor in bones. Examples of bone tumors include osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Sticky keys Sticky keys are activated when a computer user presses the "Shift" key five times. This lets the user capitalize a letter without having to press down the "Shift" key. Sticky Keys is a Microsoft Windows accessibility feature that causes modifier keys to remain active, even after they have been pressed and released, making it easier to do keyboard shortcuts. Unincorporated area An unincorporated area is land that is not part of a town, city, or anything like a town. Often, there are not many people there. By country. The United States. Often, unincorporated areas are governed by a bigger administration, such as a county. It is usually a place that some people live, but they are not any official city. Sometimes, they are called an unincorporated community. Some states have different rules for a place to become an official city. Chapters and verses of the Bible The books of the Bible that are considered canonical number 24 for Jews, 66 for Protestants, 73 for Catholics, and 78 for most Orthodox Christians. In addition to these, many versions of the Bible contain books which have not been considered canonical by their publishers, called apocrypha. All these books have different lengths from a single page of modern type to dozens of pages. All but the shortest are divided into chapters, generally a page or two in length. Glioma A glioma is a type of brain tumor that starts in the glial cells. Treatment. Thalidomide and carmustine have been used. Surgical removal of the tumor and radiotherapy are also used. Subset sum problem The subset sum problem is an important problem of computer science. It can be stated as follows: Given a set of integers, does any subset of them sum to zero? For example, given the set { -7, -3, -2, 5, 8}, the answer is "yes" because the subset { -3, -2, 5} sums to zero. The problem is NP-Complete. It can be reformulated to the 3SAT. An alternative statement of this problem is, given a set of numbers and an integer x determine whether or not there exist a subset that sums up to x. Eg. given a set {1, 4, 6, 7} and x = 10 the answer is "yes" because {4, 6} sums to 10. Remember that the subsequence need not to be contiguous. For instance if x = 8 in above example the answer is still yes because {1, 7} sums to 8. Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Technical University is a public college in Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul Technical University was started in 1773. According to Times Higher Education, ITU is ranked 108th in the world and 1st in Turkey in the technology and engineering. ITU's main campus is located on the Maslak. Istanbul's subway system has a stop at ITU's Maslak campus. ITU has 12 faculties and 5 institutes. Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of flowering plant with about 460 known species in 36 genera. In Europe there are 12 genera. Most members of the Saxifrage family are herbs, and usually have a flower cluster held well above the basal whorl of leaves. Lolol Lolol () is a Chilean commune in the Province of Colchagua, O'Higgins. The town was founded in 1830. It has 2,118 inhabitants, as of 2002. Sergio Pérez Sergio Pérez (born January 26, 1990 in Guadalajara, Jalisco), also known as "Checo" Pérez, is a Mexican racing driver. He currently lives in Berlin, Germany. Pérez will race for Sahara Force India in the Formula One season. Career. Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004. Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series for two years. Pérez took part one round of the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season. Pérez moved to the British Formula Three Championship for 2007. He won the championship in the National Class. For the 2008 season, he compeated in the International Class and finished fourth in the drivers' standings. GP2 Series. Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov. He is the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990. He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir, having started from the pole position. He added a second win at Losail, during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar. He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series season, driving alongside Edoardo Mortara. Pérez finished twelfth in the standings. His best finish was a second at Valencia. In the off-season, he raced in two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season for Barwa Addax. He also raced in the 2010 GP2 season with Barwa Addax. He has won four races, and lies second in the standings with two races to go. Formula One. On October 4, 2010, Sauber announced that Pérez will race for the team next season. He will partner with current driver Kamui Kobayashi and replace Nick Heidfeld. Sauber also announced a partnership with the Mexican telecom company Telmex. During qualifying for the Monaco Grand Prix, Pérez had a bad crash. He received a concussion and spent the night in the hospital. Before the Canadian Grand Prix, he was medically checked and found to be okay. He was allowed to enter the Canadian GP. After Friday morning's practice, Pérez said he felt sick. It was decided that he would not drive the race car anymore that weekend. The team announced that Pedro de la Rosa would replace Pérez for the remainder of the weekend. On September 28th 2012, Lewis Hamilton's decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced, and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamilton's replacement, a massive step-up in his career. Racing record. Career summary. Season in progress. Team standings. Complete Formula One results. Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.<br> Nimatullah Kassab Al-Hardini Nimatullah Kassab Al-Hardini (1808-1858) is a Catholic saint. He was a Lebanese Maronite father who living in Kfifane, Lebanon. He died in Kfifane on December 14, 1858. Nimatullah was canonized on May 16, 2004 by Pope John Paul II. He is remembered on December 14, the date of his death. Dos Equis Dos Equis ("Two X's") is a Mexican beer made by the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery. It was originally called "Twentieth Century" (Siglo XX). There are several types of Dos Equis beer. The original is an amber lager packaged in brown bottles. Then came a Special Pale lager in green bottles. In 2014 came "Azul". It has a more robust taste, made from blue agave nectar and some new spices. Dos Equis is well known in Mexico and the United States. This is partly because of advertisements called "The Most Interesting Man in the World". These ads have actor Jonathan Goldsmith and a narrator telling of his amazing exploits. Berriew Berriew () is a village in Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the river Rhiw near the merge with the River Severn. The village has won several 'Best Kept Village' awards - although the scheme has now been stopped. Main facilities in Berriew. The village bowling green is outside the village on the way to Brooks/Bettws. The bowling green is used regularly. The village primary school is by the road leading to Castle Caereinion. The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant. There are two pubs in the village centre - the Talbot and the Lion hotel. There is also the Horseshoes, a little way out of the village. Glansevern Hall and Gardens are also near to the village. The village post office at the corner shop, closed on Monday 20th October, 2008, and a new outreach service opened in the SPAR Stores shop also in the village a day later on 21 October 2008. Berriew is the home of Berriew Football Club. Mirror-artist and sculptor, Andrew Logan, bought the village squash courts and converted the building into The Andrew Logan Museum of Sculpture. The church is dedicated to St. Beuno, supposidly born in the village. Best kept village in Wales. Berriew has won this competition many times. It was first won in 1970. Roy Halladay Harry Leroy Halladay III (usually called Roy Halladay, May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017), was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He joined the Phillies in 2010 after pitching for the Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 to 2009. He was born in Denver, Colorado. Career highlights. Halladay has been chosen to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game seven times, and won the American League Cy Young Award in 2003. On May 29, 2010, Halladay threw a perfect game against the Florida Marlins. On October 6, 2010, in his first career MLB playoff game, he threw a no hitter against the Cincinnati Reds, allowing only one walk. Halladay won the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, and became one of five pitchers who have won Cy Young awards in both leagues. Death. Halladay was killed when his plane crashed in the Gulf of Mexico near Holiday, Florida on November 7, 2017. He was the only passenger on the plane, which belonged to his father. He was 40 years old. Pacifism Pacifism is when someone does not think war or violence is a good way to stop a fight or to get ahead of someone and move toward peace. Pacifism was encouraged in the first days of people as a whole. Conscientious objector also oppose of pacifism and conscience for peace. Buddhists believe that war is a bad thing. War can't be solved just by fighting. India. Compassion (or care) for all life, human and nonhuman is central to Hinduism, Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhattha Gotama (or Buddha), and also Jainism, founded by Mahavira. Both the Buddha and Mahavira were by birth kshatriya, the varna (social order) of soldiers and officials. Microvenator Microvenator (meaning "small hunter") was a small, fast-moving, long-legged, meat-eating, bipedal dinosaur about 4 ft. (1.2 m) long, weighing perhaps 6.5-14 pounds (3-6.4 kg). This turkey-sized predator was an advanced theropod that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 119 million to 113 million years ago, in what is now Montana (USA). A1 Grand Prix A1 Grand Prix (A1GP) was a 'single make' open wheel car auto racing series. It was different from most racing series. The drivers represented their nation as opposed to themselves or a team. The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, winter the northern hemisphere. The seeries was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai in 2003. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, leading it to liquidation by 2009. History. The concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai in 2003. Brian Menell and Tony Teixeira were appointed to run the sale of franchises. Thirty franchises were made available. Twenty-five of the franchises were purchased for the 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season. It began on 25 September 2005. The first race was the A1 Grand Prix of Nations Great Britain at the Brands Hatch circuit in the United Kingdom. The first season was planned for 12 rounds. Eash round was two races in a weekend. The Curitiba, Brazil in January 2006 was cancelled. Nelson Piquet, Jr. won the inaugural race of the series for A1 Team Brazil. A1 Team France were crowned the first-ever A1 Grand Prix world champions with 172 points. Switzerland were second with 121 points and A1 Team Great Britain third with 97 points. The 2006–07 season started on 1 October 2006 at Circuit Park Zandvoort, and the last race at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007. Team Germany won it with 128 points, 35 points lead ahead of Team New Zealand. The 2008–09 season saw the new "Powered by Ferrari" A1GP car. The opening of the 2009-10 season was canceled five days before practice was due to begin. Due to the series' financial problems, none of the scheduled races take place. The cars and series infrastructure were tied up in London. No comment was coming from A1GP. More races were cancelled. An announcement made on 5 November 2009 stating that the races in China and Malaysia would not be taking place. The last race that was to be held in the season was the Dutch round. That race was change to a Superleague Formula race. This ended the hopes the season would start and also put the future of the series in doubt. Teams. Each A1 Grand Prix team represented a nation. Drivers must have the same nationality as the team they drove for. The team car should also represent the country. The team owner, principal and crew, however, did not need to have the same nationality as the team. Twenty-nine nations started one race in A1GP Race weekend. A1 Grands Prix of Nations took place over a three-day period, from Friday to Sunday. A two-hour qualifying session took place on Saturday afternoon, and two races took place on Sunday. The driver selected for qualifying or for one of the races was required to have taken part in at least one practice session. A1 Grand Prix qualifying determined the grid lineup for Sunday's races, the Sprint Race and the Main Race. The grid for the Sprint Race was set based on the cars' fastest time from either the first or the second session. The grid for the Feature Race was based on sessions three and four. The Sprint Race was held in the early afternoon. The race began from a rolling start, and it was a maximum of 24 minutes plus one additional lap.<ref name="New 08/09 Rules"></ref> Each team had to make one mandatory pit stop. The Feature Race was held mid-afternoon. The race began from a standing start, and was approximately 180 kilometres. The maximum time limit of 69 minutes plus one lap. Teams had to make two mandatory pit stops during the Feature Race. During the pit stop, all four tires on the car had to be changed. Fuel was not allowed to be added to the car. Drivers did not score points for themselves. The points earned went their national team. Teams could change drivers between rounds and still accumulate points to their score. Points and cash prizes were awarded for the first ten places. In addition, one point was awarded to the team that set the fastest single lap time in either the Sprint or Main Race. Chassis and engines. The A1GP formula provided a single "spec" car for each team. Each car was mechanically identical. It was designed to limit performance, reduce running costs, and prevent any one or number of teams gaining an advantage through better equipment. This provided field in which driver skill and team effort should become the primary factor for success. The cars were based on the Formula One Ferrari F2004 chassis. They used slick tyres from Michelin. The 4.5-litre Ferrari/Maserati V8 engine produced up to in "PowerBoost" mode. Prince of Persia Prince of Persia is the title of a series of video games and a movie that follow the adventures of a Persian Prince. They were created by Jordan Menchner. Prince of Persia has been developed and published by several different companies. Prince of Persia and Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame, were developed by Brøderbund. Later Ubisoft took over creating the development starting with the series Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. The game platform has developed over the years from 2D animations to 3D worlds. The movie "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time" was released by Disney in 2010. Adelaide Football Club The Adelaide Football Club, the Crows, is an Australian rules football team in the Australian Football League (AFL) based in Adelaide, South Australia. The club was formed by the South Australian National Football League as a joint team to represent South Australia in the AFL. The Crows played their first game on March 22 1991, against the Hawthorn Football Club which they won 155 to 69, in front of a crowd of 44,902 people. Since 2014, its home ground is the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, which it shares with the Port Adelaide Football Club. Before that, they played at AAMI Stadium. The Crows have won two AFL Premierships, in 1997 against St Kilda Football Club, and in 1998 against the North Melbourne Football Club. Club song. <poem> "We're the pride of South Australia" "We're the mighty Adelaide Crows" "We're courageous, stronger, faster" "And respected by our foes" "Admiration of the nation" "Our determination shows" "We're the pride of South Australia" "We're the mighty Adelaide Crows." "We give our best from coast to coast" "Where the story will be told" "As we fight the rugged battle" "The flag will be our own" "Our skill and nerve will see us through" "Our commitment ever grows" "We're the pride of South Australia "We're the mighty Adelaide Crows." </poem> Carlton Football Club The Carlton Football Club, the Blues, is an Australian rules football team that plays in the Australian Football League. It is based in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton. The club began in 1864, and its first home ground was a clearing in Melbourne's Royal Park. In its first season the Blues won only one game out of ten. In 1877, the club joined the Victorian Football Association, and then in 1897 it joined the Victorian Football League as one of its original teams. After using grounds in East Melbourne and Melbourne University, the club moved to its new football ground at Princess Park, Carlton in 1897. In 1908, the club added the letters CFC to its navy blue jumpers. Carlton has won 16 Premierships in the VFL/AFL, the last one was in 1995. Club song. <poem> "We are the Navy Blues," "We are the old dark Navy Blues," "We're the team that never lets you down," "We're the only team old Carlton knows," "With all the champions they like to send us," "We'll keep our end up." "And they will know that they've been playing" "Against the famous old dark Blues." </poem> Essendon Football Club The Essendon Football Club, the Bombers, is an Australian rules football team which plays in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club began in 1872, and played its first game in 1873 against Carlton. In 1877, the team joined the Victorian Football Association. Essendon was one of the original teams in the Victorian Football League (VFL) which began in 1897. The other teams were Collingwood, Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, South Melbourne and Geelong). Its first home ground was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, and at the end of the 1921 season the club moved to the Essendon Recreation Reserve, known as Windy Hill. In 2000, the club moved its home ground to Etihad Stadium. Club song. <poem> "See the Bombers fly up, up!" "To win the premiership flag." "Our boys who play this grand old game," "Are always striving for glory and fame!" "See the bombers fly up, up," "The other teams they don't fear;" "They all try their best," "But they can't get near," "As the bombers fly up!" </poem> James Naismith James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian and naturalized American sports coach and innovator. Naismith invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He is also said to have introduced the first football helmet. Naismith wrote the original basketball rulebook and started the University of Kansas basketball program. He lived to see basketball become an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. He taught at the University of Kansas (KU) and was a part-time basketball coach from 1898 to 1907. He was also the Athletic Director for the Kansas Jayhawks, the sports teams at KU. Naismith has been made a member of the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame was named after him. Early years. Dr. Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay Township (now Almonte, Ontario). His parents were both from Scotland. They met and married in Lanark County, Canada. Naismith was not good at school, but enjoyed farm work. He usually spent his days outside playing catch, hide and seek, or duck on a rock. This is old game in which a person guards a large stone from other players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. Naismith soon found that a soft lobbing throw was often much better than a straight hard throw in this game. This thought was later very important when he invented basketball. When he was nine, his parents died from typhoid fever. Naismith lived with his grandmother and his uncle for many years. He went to grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte, then Almonte High School, and graduated in 1883. McGill University. In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal. He was described as quite thin, 5 foot 10 ½ inches tall and weighing 168 pounds. He was a talented and quick-moving athlete who played for McGill in Canadian football, soccer and gymnastics. He also played center on the football team, where he wore the first football helmet. Naismith won many Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances. Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890). From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics. He left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith is also a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity. Springfield College: Invention of "Basket Ball". At Springfield YMCA, Naismith found teaching difficult. His class was restless and irritable because they had to stay inside in the winter. Dr. Luther Gulick, leader of the Springfield YMCA Physical Education, told Naismith to make up a game that could be played inside which would be a good "athletic distraction" in 14 days. Gulick said that it should not need too much room, help the athletes keep healthy, and was "fair for all players and not too rough." Naismith was guided by three main thoughts. Firstly, he studied the most popular games of those times (rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey and baseball). He saw the danger of a small fast ball and decided that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact happened while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it. He decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, by putting it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he made players throw a soft lobbing shot that he had used in his old favorite game "duck on a rock". Naismith called this new game "Basket Ball" and put wrote down the 13 basic rules. The first game of "Basket Ball" was played in December 1891. The teams had nine players, and used a soccer ball. The goals were a pair of peach baskets: "When Mr. Stubbins brot [sic] up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at each end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin board just behind the instructor's platform, secured a soccer ball and awaited the arrival of the class... The class did not show much enthusiasm but followed my lead... I then explained what they had to do to make goals, tossed the ball up between the two center men & tried to keep them somewhat near the rules. Most of the fouls were called for running with the ball, though tackling the man with the ball was not uncommon." The first rules did not include what is now called dribbling. Since the ball could only be moved up the court with a pass, early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also, following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are no longer used in the rules of modern basketball. By 1892, basketball had grown so popular on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of "The Triangle", the Springfield college newspaper) featured it in an article called "A New Game". There were calls to name the new game "Naismith Ball", but Naismith refused. By 1893, basketball was introduced in other countries by the YMCA movement. From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he studied for a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence, Kansas. University of Kansas. The University of Kansas started a men's basketball program in 1898, following Naismith's arrival. This was only six years after Naismith had invented the game. Naismith was employed as chapel director and physical education instructor. In these early days, most basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams. The YMCA's across the nation played a very important part in the birth of basketball. Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College. With Naismith as coach, the team played only three current Big 12 schools: Nebraska (six times), Missouri (twice), and Kansas State (once). Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the program's history to have a losing record (55–60). However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen, who took over as coach at Kansas. Allen was also added to the Basketball Hall of Fame. When Allen became a coach himself and told him that he was going to coach basketball at Baker University in 1904, Naismith said to him: "You can't coach basketball; you just play it." Allen began a coaching career that would lead him to be known as "the Father of Basketball Coaching." During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team). When Dean Smith retired as head Basketball coach at North Carolina he had the most wins in college basketball history, second was Adolph Rupp (Kentucky) and third was Allen. The three coaches have joined Naismith as members of the Basketball Hall of Fame. By the turn of the century, there were enough college teams in the east of the U.S. that the first games between different colleges could be played. Although his sport continuously grew, Naismith long regarded his game as a curiosity and preferred gymnastics and wrestling as better forms of physical education. However, basketball became a demonstration sport at the 1904 Games in St. Louis, USA. As the Basketball Hall of Fame reports, Naismith was not interested in self-promotion nor in the glory of competitive sports. Instead, he was more interested in his physical education career, receiving an honorary PE Masters degree in 1910, patrolled the Mexican border for four months in 1916 during World War I, travelled to France, published two books ("A Modern College" in 1911 and "Essence of a Healthy Life" in 1918) and became an American citizen in 1925. In 1935, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (created by Naismith's pupil Phog Allen) collected money so that the 74-year old Naismith could witness the introduction of basketball into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games. There, Naismith handed out the medals to three North American teams; United States, for the Gold Medal, Canada, for the Silver Medal, and Mexico, for their Bronze medal win. During the Olympics, he was named the Honorary President of the International Basketball Federation. When Naismith returned he commented that seeing the game played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention. In 1937, Naismith played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). In his later years, Naismith became Professor Emeritus in Kansas and retired in 1937 at the age of 76. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as athletic director and faculty at the school for a total of almost 40 years. Naismith died in 1939 after he suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage and was buried in Lawrence, Kansas. Posthumously, his masterwork "Basketball — its Origins and Development" was published in 1941. In Lawrence, Kansas, James Naismith has a road named in his honor, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse (the official address of Allen Fieldhouse is 1700 Naismith Drive), Kansas University's basketball arena. It is a separated, four-lane road that runs north and south from University Drive south to its end at 24th street, just south of the KU campus. The university also named the court in Allen Fieldhouse, "James Naismith Court" in his honor. Naismith Hall, a college residential dormitory, is located on the northeastern edge of 19th Street and Naismith Drive. Coaching record. In 1898, Naismith became the first college basketball coach of the University of Kansas basketball team. His record of 55 wins and 60 losses, means he became the only Kansas coach to have a losing record. Nevertheless, Naismith has one of the greatest coaching legacies in basketball history, as he coached Basketball Hall of Fame coach Phog Allen, who himself coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, and Ralph Miller at the University of Kansas. Legacy. The Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in Naismith's honor. He was the first member in 1959. The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards, among them the Naismith College Player of the Year, the Naismith College Coach of the Year and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year. Women's basketball became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics. Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame. Basketball is today played by more than 300 million people worldwide, making it one of the most popular team sports. In North America, basketball has produced some of the most-admired athletes of the 20th century. Polls conducted by ESPN and the Associated Press named basketball player Michael Jordan respectively first and second greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, and both polls featured fellow basketballers Wilt Chamberlain (of KU, like Naismith) and Bill Russell in the Top 20. Personal life. On June 20, 1894, Naismith married Maude E. Sherman from Springfield. The couple had five children: Margaret Mason (1895), Helen Carolyn (1897), John Edwin (1900), Maude Ann (1904) and James Sherman (1913). He was a member of the Pi Gamma Mu and Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternities, and regarding his spiritual beliefs, Naismith is remembered as a Freemason. Maude Naismith died in 1937, and on June 11, 1939, he married his second wife Florence Kincaid. Naismith suffered a major brain hemorrhage on November 19 the same year and died nine days later in his home in Lawrence, Kansas. Naismith was 78 years old. Naismith is buried in Memorial Park Cemetery in Lawrence, KS. During his lifetime, Naismith's education and academic positions held were as follows: Etihad Stadium Etihad Stadium can refer to either of two stadiums named after Etihad Airways of Abu Dhabi: First Indochina War The First Indochina War was fought in French Indochina from December 19, 1946 to August 1, 1954. Other names for the war are the French Indochina War, Anti-French War, Franco-Vietnamese War, Franco-Vietminh War, Indochina War, Dirty War in France, and Anti-French Resistance War in contemporary Vietnam. The war was fought between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army on one side, and the Việt Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp on the other. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, but the conflict spread over the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. Since WWII. The French reoccupied Indochina after the Second World War after the territory had been part of the Empire of Japan. The Việt Minh launched a rebellion against the French authority. The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against French authority. However, after the Chinese communists had reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949, the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies, which had modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union. French Union forces included colonial troops from the whole former empire (Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Laotian, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Vietnamese ethnic minorities), French professional troops and units of the French Foreign Legion. The use of metropolitan recruits was forbidden by the governments to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" ("la sale guerre") by supporters of the Left in France and intellectuals (including Sartre) during the Henri Martin Affair in 1950. The French had the strategy of pushing Việt Minh into attacking a well defended base in a remote part of the country at the end of the logistical trail. This strategy was validated at the Battle of Na San. The big problem of the war was the lack of construction materials (especially concrete). Because of difficult terrain without roads, tanks could not be used, and providing air cover was difficult. That made it almost impossible to defend the area effictively. Dien Bien Phu. The battle started when the French army tried to attack the Viet Minh after cutting of the supply line to get a easy defeat. The Viet Minh surrounded the French army with trenches and attacked using artillery. With the trenches the battle looked like a battle from World War 1. The French wanted to resupply the troops from the air but there were anti-aircraft guns that shot down the planes. The Viet Minh with all these advangtages won the battle, which caused the war to end shortly afterwards. End of war. After the war, the Geneva Conference on July 21, 1954 made a provisional division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The Việt Minh received control over the north in a territory called Democratic Republic of Vietnam, under Hồ Chí Minh. The area south of the 17th parallel was turned into State of Vietnam, under Emperor Bảo Đại, to prevent Hồ Chí Minh from gaining control of the entire country. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam. Diem's refusal to enter into negotiations with North Vietnam on holding nationwide elections in 1956, as had been suggested by the Geneva Conference, would lead to the war breaking out again in South Vietnam in 1959, the Second Indochina War. Nelson Piquet Jr. Nelson Ângelo Tamsma Piquet Souto Maior (born 25 July 1985 in Heidelberg, West Germany), also known as Nelson Piquet Junior or Nelsinho Piquet, is a racing driver. He is the son of three-time Formula One world champion Nelson Piquet, one of Brazil's most successful F1 drivers. Piquet Junior currently drives part-time in the Camping World Truck Series for Red Horse Racing. Piquet Jr. raced in the GP2 Series in 2005 and 2006. He drove for the Renault Formula One team for the , before being dropped midway through the season. After losing his ride, it was revealed that he had crashed on purpose at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. The crash helped his team-mate, Fernando Alonso, win the race. Personal Details. Piquet's parents separated soon after he was born. He lived in Monaco with his Dutch mother, Sylvia Tamsma, until he was eight years old. He then moved to Brazil with his father. "They kind of swapped me. My mother wanted me to get to know my father, she wanted me to know Brazil and the language, and she realised life in Brazil would be better for a child." Piquet has two sisters, Kelly and Julia, and four brothers, Geraldo, Laszlo, Pedro and Marco. He lived in Brasília and attended the American School of Brasília. When he was 16 years old, he decided to pursue his racing career full-time. Before F1. Piquet's racing career started in 1993 in Brazilian karting. In 2001 when he moved to Formula Three Sudamericana. He raced in part of the 2001 season, and won the 2002 championship. In 2002 he also entered one race of the Brazilian Formula Renault series. In 2003, Piquet moved to the UK and joined the British Formula Three Championship. He went on to finish the championship in third place with six wins, five podiums and eight pole positions. A test with the Williams Formula One team followed. In 2004, Piquet won the British Formula Three Championship. He became the youngest driver to win the championship, at 19 years and 2 months. In 2005, Piquet took part in the A1 Grand Prix for A1 Team Brazil. He won both the Sprint and Main races at the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain, the first ever A1 race. He also set the fastest lap. He drove in the GP2 Series, winning his first race at Spa Francorchamps in Belgium, and tested for the BAR-Honda Formula 1 team. In 2006, Piquet was second in the GP2 championship to Lewis Hamilton. Throughout hes eary careet, Piquet was able to race for his own team. His father purchased the teams he raced for. Formula One. During the 2007 season he was the official test and reserve driver for the Renault Formula One team. For 2008 season Piquet was promoted to the Renault race team. He drove alongside returning double World Champion Fernando Alonso. The first race of the 2008 season in Australia saw Piquet start 21st and damage his car in a collision on the opening lap. He finally retired on lap 31. This was exactly the same result as his father achieved in his first race at the German Grand Prix. Piquet qualified in 10th for the Spanish Grand Prix his first top 10 qualifying position of his career. Piquet scored his first points in F1 with a 7th-place finish at the French Grand Prix. He passed his team mate Alonso in the last few laps. At the German Grand Prix, finished in second place and his first podium finish. Renault singed Piquet to a one-year contract for the season. His first race, in 2009 at Australia ended on lap 24 with brake failure. China was another disappointment. He spun several times, requiring two new nose cones for his car. He finished 16th and last, two laps down, in what team manager Flavio Briatore described as a "very, very bad race". His best race of the year was a tenth-place finish at Bahrain. On 3 August 2009 Piquet confirmed that he had been dropped by Renault. He hit out hard at his former manager and team boss Briatore. He called him his 'executioner' and questioned Briatore's Formula One knowledge. Piquet also said the Renault boss favored teammate Fernando Alonso. Renault's test and reserve driver Romain Grosjean replaced Piquet for the rest of the season. 2009 FIA investigation. After Piquet left the Renault F1 team, the media started making claims about Piquet. They said that had crashed his car on purpose at the Singapore Grand Prix. They said he did this to benefit team-mate Fernando Alonso. Alonso had made an early pit stop, and was far behind the leaders. Alonso went on to win the race. At the time, Piquet had said the crash as a simple mistake. Piquet told the FIA that it had been on purpose. He said had been asked by Renault team principal Flavio Briatore and engineer Pat Symonds to stage the crash. In return for his statement, Piquet was given immunity by the FIA. On 4 September 2009 Renault F1 was charged with conspiracy and race fixing. On 16 September, Renault announced they would not contest the charges, and that Briatore and team engineer Symonds had left the team. Piquet has received criticism from many in the F1 community. BBC F1 commentator Martin Brundle suggested that Piquet Jr. was now unemployable in Formula One, saying that no team or sponsor would want to be associated with the Piquet family. Piquet decided to move to NASCAR for 2010. NASCAR. Piquet made his stock car debut in the ARCA RE/MAX Series at Daytona International Speedway. He has made several races in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. He drove one race for Red Horse Racing. In his first truck race, Piquet was managed to score a sixth-place effort, the first Brazilian driver to finish in the top ten in the series history. Piquet announced that he would be competing in three races for Billy Ballew Motorsports. In August, he competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series race at the Watkins Glen International road course. He finished seventh in his first start in the series. Racing record. Career summary. Includes points scored by other Team Brazil drivers. Complete Formula One results. () (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in "italics" indicate fastest lap) Hoy Hoy is one of the Orkney Islands. Battle of Pharsalus The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, and his army significantly outnumbered the experienced Caesarean legions. The build-up. Although Pompey had a larger army, he knew that Caesar's troops were more experienced, and might win in a pitched battle. Instead, Pompey waited Caesar's troops out, attempting to starve them by cutting off Caesar's supply lines. Caesar made a near disastrous attack on Pompey's camp, and was forced to pull away to regroup. Pompey did not immediately follow up on his success. An indecisive winter (49–48 BC) of blockade and siege followed. Pompey eventually pushed Caesar into Thessaly and, urged on by his senatorial allies, he confronted Caesar near Pharsalus. Pompey's allies disagreed with Pompey over whether to fight at Pharsalus. Pompey, who wanted to starve Caesar's soldiers, had his hand forced by his allies. Conflict. There was significant distance between the two armies, according to Caesar. Pompey ordered his men not to charge, but to wait until Caesar's legions came into close quarters. The idea was to tire Caesar's men before the battle started. Seeing that Pompey's army was not advancing, Caesar's men, without orders, stopped to rest and regroup before continuing the charge. Caesar, in his history of the war, would praise his own men's discipline and experience, and questioned Pompey's decision not to charge. When the lines joined, Labienus (Pompey's cavalry leader) ordered the cavalry to attack. At first they did well, then Caesar ordered his cavalry to withdraw. Light troops fiercely attacked Pompey's cavalry. The first line of the Pompeiian horse were panicked by the cohort's javelins and caused the entire cavalry to fall into disorder. When the cavalry retreated, Caesar's men slaughtered the light troops who supported them. They attacked Pompey's left flank and, rejoined by their cavalry, were able to get behind and attack Pompey's army from the rear. Caesar raised the pressure further by ordering his as yet uninvolved third line to relieve the front ranks. The remaining Pompeiian soldiers fled and soon the main battle was done. Pompey retreated to his camp and ordered the garrison to defend it. Caesar urged his men to capture the enemy camp. They furiously attacked the walls. The Thracians and the other auxiliaries who were left in the camp defended bravely, but they were not able to fend off the enemy assault. Pompey fled with a group, claiming that he had been betrayed. Caesar had won his greatest victory, having lost only about 200 soldiers and 30 centurions. Aftermath. Pompey fled from Pharsalus to Egypt, where he was assassinated on the order of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII. Ptolemy XIII sent Pompey's head to Caesar in an effort to win his favor, but Caesar was not pleased with the gift. Pompey was the widower of Caesar's only daughter. Nor did Ptolemy take into account that Caesar was granting amnesty to many of the senators and their men, men who once considered him an enemy. The Battle of Pharsalus ended the wars of the First Triumvirate. The Roman Civil War, however, was not ended. Pompey's two sons and the Pompeian faction led now by Labienus, survived and fought their cause in the name of Pompey the Great. Caesar spent the next few years 'mopping up' remnants of the senatorial faction. After finally completing this task, he was assassinated in a conspiracy arranged by Brutus and Cassius. Battle of Philippi The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at Philippi in the Roman province of Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder. The battle consisted of two engagements in the plain west of the ancient city of Philippi. The first occurred on the first week of October; Brutus faced Octavian, while Antony's forces were up against those of Cassius. At first, Brutus pushed back Octavian and entered his army's camp. But to the south, Cassius was defeated by Antony, and committed suicide after hearing a false report that Brutus had also failed. Brutus rallied Cassius' remaining troops and both sides ordered their army to retreat to their camps with their spoils. The battle was essentially a draw, but for Cassius' suicide. This deprived the Liberatores of their best commander. A second encounter, on 23 October, finished off Brutus's forces, and he committed suicide in turn, leaving the triumvirate in control of the Roman Republic. The Battle of Philippi marked the highest point of Antony's career: at that time he was the most famous Roman general and the senior partner of the Second Triumvirate. Antony's life was defined in this moment. Healthy lifestyle A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and improve people's health and well-being and overcome lots of stress. Many governments and non-governmental organizations work in promoting healthy lifestyles. Healthy living is a lifelong effect. Being healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress management. A healthy lifestyle includes a balanced diet. This does not mean cutting out important food groups of your diet or limiting yourself on the amount of calories per day. A well-rounded diet involves eating most food groups in every meal. Meats, dairy, fruits and vegetables are all important components of a meal that will ensure your body is healthy. Components of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle is mostly associated with: Galileo thermometer A Galileo thermometer or Galilean thermometer is a thermometer that uses the density of liquids to measure temperature. The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei, who had noticed that the density of a liquid changes with temperature. The thermometer is made of a glass container, filled with a liquid. Inside, there are other containers, usually with other liquids. When the temperature changes, so does the density of the "container" liquid. As a consequence, the smaller containers may fall to the floor, or rise to the surface. Usually, such thermometers are calibrated, to either 2° or 1°. The temperature is then that of the bulb with the lowest temperature, floating above. Now, Galileo thermometers are used mainly for decoration rather than for measuring temperature, although you can still read the temperature off them. Aristotle Onassis Aristotle Socrates Onassis (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways. Life and career. Onassis was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire, into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in several languages. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman. He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called "Christina", which he used to entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.). He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy. He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69. Private equity Private equity is investment in shares outside a stock exchange. Investors, often from institutions like funds, give a company money, and in turn buy part of that company. The most common types of private equity are: leveraged buyouts, venture capital, growth capital, distressed investments and mezzanine capital. In leveraged buyouts, investors buy the majority control of a mature company. In venture capital or growth capital investment, investors give money to start-up companies. The Heartbreakers Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, also known as The Heartbreakers, were an American rock band. They formed in New York in May 1975. They were one of the first punk rock bands. One of their most popular songs was called Chinese Rocks. Dee Dee Ramone and Richard Hell wrote this song about heroin in 1976. Early History and the UK. Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) had quit the New York Dolls. That same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) was kicked out of Television. The three musicians joined to make the new band. After a few shows, Walter Lure (vocals/guitar) from a group called The Demons joined the band also. In 1976, Hell left group. He was replaced by Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, The Voidoids. The Heartbreakers came to Europe to tour just as the UK punk scene was growing. The Heartbreakers got many fans by playing in and around London. The Sex Pistols invited them to play first on the Anarchy Tour. Many things went wrong on this tour. Recording. They soon signed a contract with Track Records. Their debut—and only—studio album, " L.A.M.F.", had all the Heartbreakers' popular live songs. Making and selling this album caused problems for the band. Some band members were angry about the poor quality of the sound. Several members of the band left at this point. The Heartbreakers reformed in 1979 for a few goodbye shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Stix replacing Nolan. These shows were recorded and became the album "Live at Max's Kansas City '79". The Heartbreakers' song, "London Boys", insulted the Sex Pistols. This was to answer the Sex Pistols' song "New York", that insulted the New York Dolls. After breaking up and reunions. The band got back together sometimes to play at New York clubs until Johnny Thunders died in 1991. Jerry Nolan died in 1992. These live shows often had songs from the New York Dolls or from Thunders' solo career. Hell rarely plays music live, concentrating instead on writing and spoken-word performances. Lure became a stockbroker on Wall St. but still performs once in a while when he is not working at his regular job. In 2007 Lure went on a short European tour. Battle of Actium The Battle of Actium decided the final war of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the ships of his lover, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen"). As a result of the victory he was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate. As Augustus, he would keep the trappings of a restored Republican leader. However, historians view this as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. Rebecca St. James Rebecca St. James (born Rebecca Jean Smallbone; 26 July 1977) is a Christian rock singer. She is signed to Forefront Records. St. James has sold a total of two million albums. Personal life. St. James is originally from Australia. She now lives in Nashville, Tennessee. Her brothers are Joel and Luke Smallbone from the band for King & Country. On 3 January 2011 she announced her engagement to Jacob Fink. He is the bassist of the band Foster the People. The couple were married on 23 April 2011 at the Junípero Serra Museum in San Diego, California. Metalloid A metalloid or semimetal is a chemical element. Metalloids are elements that have the properties of both metal and non-metal elements. It might be shiny, but brittle. It might be dull, but conduct electricity. The most common semimetal is silicon. Silicon has electrical conductivity between metals and nonmetals. It is a semiconductor. An approximate way to classify metalloids is to look at the Periodic Table of elements. See the double diagonal line: top left Boron and Aluminium, bottom right Polonium and Astatine. Those diagonals are the metalloids. Some metalloids are not semimetals, and some semimetals are not metalloids. Photodetector A photocell, also known as a photoresistor, is an electronic component, device that changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it. In the picture, the electricity flows through the reddish part. Normally, when light shines on it, then more electricity flows through. When it is dark, almost no electricity flows through. Selenium can be used to make photocells, although some other chemicals can be used. Semiconductors are used to make photocells. When the light shines into the photocell, it "loosen"s the electrons, allowing them to flow and make an electrical current. Selenium dioxide Selenium dioxide, also known as selenious oxide, selenous oxide, or selenium(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. It is toxic. Properties. Selenium dioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make selenous acid. It easily evaporates. The vapor smells like horseradish sauce. It can burn the nose. It reacts with bases to make selenites. Preparation. Selenium dioxide can be made by burning selenium in air. It can also be made by reacting selenium with nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Another way to make it is to heat selenous acid. Occurrence. Selenium dioxide is very rare as a mineral. It only is in places where coal caught on fire and the selenides were oxidized to selenium dioxide. Uses. Selenium dioxide is used in making organic compounds. Selenium dioxide is used as a coloring in glass. Cobalt in glass makes a blue color. When a little selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes colorless. When more selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes ruby red. Safety. Selenium dioxide can dissolve in water to make toxic selenium compounds. Swallowing any more than a very tiny amount can cause selenium poisoning. Selenium dioxide is a weak oxidizing agent and does not catch things on fire. Selenium oxide Selenium oxide may refer to either of these chemical compounds: Selenium trioxide Selenium trioxide, also known as selenium(VI) oxide and selenic oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO3. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. Properties. Selenium trioxide is a white solid. It evaporates easily. It dissolves easily in water. It is not stable and breaks down to make selenium dioxide and oxygen when it is heated. It is a powerful oxidizing agent like all selenates. It dissolves in water to make selenic acid. Preparation. It can be made by reacting potassium selenate with sulfur dioxide. It can also be made by dehydrating (removing the water from) selenic acid with a strong dessicant, like phosphorus(V) oxide. Selenide Selenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is Se2–. Selenides are similar to sulfides. Selenides are reducing agents when pure. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Selenide ores are the source of selenium. Selenides are normally mixed with sulfides. The selenide ion is unstable except in very basic conditions. Normally hydroselenide is made, which is HSe-. In acidic conditions, hydrogen selenide gas is made. Hydroselenide Hydroselenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is HSe-. Hydroselenides are normally made in neutral or slightly basic conditions. If it is very basic, selenides are made. If it is acidic, hydrogen selenide is made. Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen selenide, also known as hydroselenic acid, selenium hydride, or selane, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2Se. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenide ions. Properties. Hydrogen selenide is a colorless gas that dissolves in water to make an acidic solution. It smells like rotten horseradish. It is very toxic. It burns easily, making selenium dioxide. It is similar to hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. It is a strong reducing agent. Preparation. Hydrogen selenide can be made by hydrolysis of aluminium selenide. This reaction also makes aluminium hydroxide. It can be made by reacting hydrogen with powdered selenium at a high temperature. Uses. It can be used to add selenide ion to organic compounds. It can also be used to make selenium by reacting it with sulfur dioxide. This makes selenium, sulfur, and water. Aluminium selenide Aluminium selenide, also known as aluminum selenide or aluminium(III) selenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2Se3. It contains aluminium in its +3 oxidation state. It contains aluminium and selenide ions. Properties. It reacts with water to make hydrogen selenide. It is a reducing agent and can burn to make aluminium oxide and selenium dioxide. Preparation. It is made by reacting selenium with aluminium powder at a high temperature. Uses. It is used to make hydrogen selenide. Sodium selenide Sodium selenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Se. It contains sodium and selenide ions. Properties. Sodium selenide is a solid. It reacts with water to make a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroselenide. It is a reducing agent. It is oxidized to a mixture of selenide and selenium, making an offwhite color. It is eventually oxidized to selenium dioxide. it reacts with acids to make hydrogen selenide gas. Preparation. It is made by reacting selenium with a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia. Uses. Sodium selenide is used to react with some organic compounds. Selenium monochloride Selenium monochloride, also known as selenium(I) chloride or diselenium dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Se2Cl2. It contains selenium in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. Properties. It is a reddish brown oily liquid. Preparation. It can be made by reacting selenium, selenium dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. It can be made though by just reacting chlorine with selenium. Another way to make it is reacting oleum and hydrochloric acid with selenium. Uses. It can be used to add selenium to other chemical compounds. Selenite Selenite is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO32-. It makes the hydrogen selenite ion, HSeO3- in neutral conditions. When in acidic conditions it makes selenous acid. They are normally made by heating metal oxides with selenium dioxide. An example would be sodium selenite. Selenites are weak oxidizing agents. Selenate Selenate is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO42-. They dissolve easily in water. They are strong oxidizing agents. In very acidic conditions, it makes selenic acid. Sodium selenate is an example. Selenic acid Selenic acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formul is H2SeO4. Properties. It is normally a colorless solution in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can turn into selenium trioxide when dehydrated carefully. It is a very strong acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and selenous acid. It can dissolve gold to make gold selenate. When heated above 200°C, it releases oxygen and turns into selenous acid. It reacts with bases to make selenates. Preparation. Selenic acid is made by oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. It is hard to evaporate it, but when it is evaporated, it makes colorless crystals. It can be made by oxidation of selenous acid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, chlorine, or bromine. The HCl and HBr made as a byproduct can reduce the selenic acic to selenous acid again, though, so it has to be taken out. It can also be made by reacting selenium with chlorine in water. Selenous acid Selenous acid, also known as selenious acid, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SeO3. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenite ions. Properties. Selenous acid is a weak acid. It can be heated to make selenium dioxide. It is more stable than sulfurous acid. It can be crystallized as a white solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make selenites. Preparation. It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water. Uses. It is used to dye steel a blue-grey color. It is used in the making of organic compounds. Safety. Selenous acid is very toxic. Just ingesting a small amount can kill you. Sodium selenate Sodium selenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO4. It contains sodium and selenate ions. Properties. Sodium selenate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water easily. Preparation. Sodium selenate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenic acid. Uses. Sodium selenate is used as a mineral supplement. Safety. Sodium selenate is very toxic in amounts any more than a very tiny amount. Sodium selenite Sodium selenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO3. It contains sodium and selenite ions. Properties. Sodium selenite is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make selenous acid. It can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents to make sodium selenate. Preparation. It is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide Uses. Sodium selenite is used to add a pink color to glass. It is also used in some vitamin supplements. Safety. Eating of any more than a very tiny amount would give selenium poisoning. Selenium acid Selenium acid can refer to three selenium acids: Selenium chloride Selenium chloride can refer to either of these chemical compounds: Selenium fluoride Selenium fluoride can refer to either of these chemical compounds: Selenium hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride, also known as selenium(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF6. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. Properties. Selenium hexafluoride is a colorless gas. It is much more reactive and toxic than sulfur hexafluoride. It has a bad odor. Preparation. Selenium hexafluoride is made by heating selenium and fluorine together. Uses. This chemical compound has no uses. Selenium tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride, also known as selenous fluoride and selenium(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. Properties. It is a colorless liquid. It hydrolyses in water giving hydrofluoric acid and selenous acid. It is used to add fluoride to other chemical compounds. Preparation. It is made by reacting selenium with a little fluorine. A lot of fluorine makes selenium hexafluoride. It can also be made by reacting sulfur tetrafluoride with selenium dioxide. Uses. It is used to make adducts and some other chemical reactions like that. Art Deco Art Deco is a style of decorative art, design and architecture of the 1920s and 1930s in Europe, the United States and other countries. It was named after an international exhibition held in Paris in 1925, but there are some examples dating back to before the First World War. Art Deco followed another design style, Art Nouveau, which was influenced by organic plant-like forms. Art Deco was one of the first styles of modern architecture. It was influenced by different styles and movements of the early 20th century, Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, and Futurism. Later Art Deco of the mid to late 1930s is also sometimes called Streamline Moderne. One idea behind art deco architecture was to apparently streamline buildings the same way you would streamline a car for aerodynamics. The style was much more common in commercial buildings than in houses; many banks, schools, and libraries were built in this style. Most of the public buildings built by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression are in the Art Deco style. Examples. Famous Art Deco buildings include the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Chicago Board of Trade Building in Chicago. Another is Bullock's Wilshire in Los Angeles. Many art deco buildings have elaborate terra cotta or murals inside them. The towers of the Golden Gate Bridge have an art deco design. Eydie Gormé Eydie Gormé, (Edith Gormezano, August 16, 1928 – August 10, 2013) was an American singer. Her husband, Steve Lawrence, sang with her. They were known as the duo "Steve and Eydie". Gormé herself has had some hit songs. One was "Blame it on the Bossa Nova". Gormé was born on August 16, 1928 in The Bronx, New York City to Sephardi Jewish parents. Her father was from Sicily; her mother was from Turkey. She studied at William Howard Taft High School in New York. Gormé was married to Steve Lawrence from 1957 until her death in 2013. They had two sons. Gormé died on August 10, 2013, six days before her 85th birthday, following a brief illness, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Andrews Sisters The Andrews Sisters were an American singing group in the 1930s, the 1940s and the 1950s. They were from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Their names were LaVerne (July 6, 1911 – May 8, 1967), Maxene (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995) and Patty Andrews (February 16, 1918 – January 30, 2013). They broke up in 1967 after the death of LaVerne, but their music is still played over certain radio stations in the United States. The Andrews Sisters were notable for their song "The Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy". That song was covered and recorded by multiple singers over the years. Personal lives. The Andrews sisters were born in Minnesota, to a Greek father and Norwegian mother. They grew up in Minneapolis. Maxene. Maxene was married to Jack Kapp from 1941 until his death in 1949. They had two adopted children. Andrews died on October 21, 1995 in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, from a heart attack, aged 79. LaVerne. LaVerne was married to Louis A. Roger from 1948 until her death in 1967. Andrews died on May 8, 1967 in Brentwood, California from cancer, aged 56. Patty. Patty was married to Martin Melcher from 1947 until they divorced in 1950. Then she was married to Melvin W. Weschler from 1951 until his death in 2010. Patty was the last survivor of the group. She died on January 30, 2013 in her home in Northridge, California from natural causes, aged 94. Other websites. Intellectual disability Intellectual disability is also called intellectual developmental disability, or general learning disability. It is a condition of the brain. Intellectual disability becomes visible in early childhood. What is an intellectual disability? To have an intellectual disability, a person must: Types of intellectual disabilities. There are two major types of intellectual disability. The first is "syndromic intellectual disability". This means that the person has a syndrome that causes intellectual disability, as well as medical issues and other problems. Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome are two examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities. The second is "non-syndromic intellectual disability". This means that the intellectual disability is not a part of a syndrome. Levels of intellectual disability. There are three levels of intellectual disability, based on how severe a person's disability is: Mild intellectual disability may not be noticed until a child starts school. Moderate and severe intellectual disability can be seen before a child starts school. What does intellectual disability look like? People with syndromic intellectual disabilities may have a "typical look." For example, the picture on the right shows facial features that many people with fetal alcohol syndrome have. People with non-syndromic intellectual disability do not look any different than a person without a disability. The symptoms of intellectual disability are all behavioral. People with intellectual disability may have some or all of these: Most children with intellectual disabilities can learn. However, they usually will not learn things as fast as other children. They may need to be taught things in a certain way in order to learn them and remember them. Intellectual disability is different from dementia. In dementia, people forget things, and they lose skills they once had. People with an intellectual disability never learn those skills. Causes. Often, no-one knows what caused a child's intellectual disability. This happens in between one-third and one-half of all cases of intellectual disability. The top three most common causes of intellectual disability are Down syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, and Fetal alcohol syndrome. Genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by problems with a child's genes. Children are born with these disorders. Problems during pregnancy. Substances called teratogens can prevent a fetus from developing normally. If a teratogen enters a woman's body while she is pregnant, it can cause developmental problems, like intellectual disabilities. Examples of teratogens that can cause intellectual disabilities include: Problems during birth. For example, if a child does not get enough oxygen during birth, it can hurt the brain and lead to intellectual disability later. Diseases and trauma. Some childhood illnesses, like measles and whooping cough, can cause intellectual disability if not treated properly. So can infections that affect the brain, like meningitis and viral encephalitis. Brain injuries can cause intellectual disability at any age. Malnutrition. Lack of proper nutrition can lead to intellectual disability over time. Not having enough iodine in the body. Iodine deficiency (not having enough iodine in the body) can lead to several medical issues, including intellectual disability. The most common way to prevent this is by adding iodine to salt. This is a much more common problem in developing countries. Diagnosis. In the DSM, there are three requirements a person has to meet in order to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Low intelligence quotient (IQ). First, the person must have a low intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ is measured with an IQ test. If the person has an IQ of below 70, they "may" have an intellectual disability. However, they must still meet the other two requirements to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Trouble with daily activities. Second, to qualify for an intellectual disability, a person must have trouble in more than one area of normal daily activities. These activities are often called "adaptive behaviors" or "activities of daily living (ADLs)." Some examples of adaptive behavior are: To see if a child is having trouble with these, a doctor will talk to people who know the child, and will watch the child's behavior. Beginning in childhood. The final requirement is that the symptoms of intellectual disability have to begin in childhood or adolescence. If the issues do not start at a young age, they are probably caused by a different illness of the brain. Management. There is currently no cure for intellectual disability. Those affected can learn to cope and do many things, if they get enough support and are taught well. There are many places around the world for someone with intellectual disability to get help. These places, such as group homes, can take care of people with intellectual disabilities, as well as help them find jobs, find a house of their own, or help them take care of their children. There are some different ways for people with intellectual disability and those around them to learn how to help the person with the disability. One kind is psychosocial treatment. This is meant for very young children. Psychosocial treatment helps them learn basic skills and increase learning over their lifetime. Another kind is behavioral treatment. This is meant to help young people, but can be used for adults as well. Behavior treatment helps teach language skills as well as social skills like sharing or following instructions. A third kind of help is cognitive-behavioral treatment. This is a combination of the previous two treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps children with intellectual disability both learn skills and learn how to plan ahead. Another type of help a person with intellectual disability can get is family-oriented help. Family-oriented help focuses on teaching family members how to help the person in their family with intellectual disability. Many people with an intellectual disability have other health problems, for which they will be given specific drugs. As an example, autistic children with developmental delay may use anti-psychotics or mood stabilizers to help with behavior. Giving drugs to intellectually disabled people needs to be monitored; side-effects often occur, and are wrongly diagnosed as problems with behavior or as psychiatric problems. History. People have had intellectual disability throughout history. People with intellectual disability have had a lot of trouble in the past. The oldest idea of where intellectual disability came from was in ancient Greece. Hippocrates thought that intellectual disability was caused by an issue with the four humors. For several hundred years in Europe, churches took care of people with intellectual disabilities. In the 17th century, Thomas Willis suggested that intellectual disability was a disease caused by issues with the structure of the brain. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people with intellectual disabilities were put in asylums. The asylums would give them basics like food and shelter, but were not always good to the people in them. In the early 20th century, people with intellectual disability were made to not be able to have children and could not marry. It was thought that this would reduce the amount of intellectual disabilities in the future. This is not done anymore because it does not follow the idea of human rights. In the 1950s, a group called the Civitans started to help people with intellectual disability. In the '70s, many people wanted to remove the stigma around people with intellectual disability. Now, people with intellectual disability are treated as people with something to be fixed instead of less than “normal” people. There are also fewer people with intellectual disability being sent to asylums. Words that were used to describe people with an intellectual disability have changed a lot. The most common words used today are “special”, “challenged”, "learning disabled" and “developmentally delayed”. Some previous words to describe people with intellectual disability are “cretin”, “idiot”, “imbecile”, “moron”, and “retarded”, all of which are now regarded as insulting. Society. People with intellectual disability are often treated badly by people without disabilities. They are often not allowed to make choices about their own lives and are not considered a full part of society. Their abusers are often people who are supposed to care for them. 39-83% of women with intellectual disability will be sexually abused before they are 18 years old. The dignity and human rights of people with intellectual disability are protected by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as well as other disabilities and equally like other persons without disabilities. Selenium tetrachloride Selenium tetrachloride, also selenious chloride, selenous chloride, or selenium(IV) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeCl4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. Properties. Selenium tetrachloride is a yellow or white solid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and selenous acid. It reacts with selenium dioxide to make selenium oxychloride, a mixture of selenium dioxide and selenium tetrachloride bonded together. Preparation. It is made by heating a mixture of selenium and chlorine. The selenium tetrachloride escapes as a gas. This can be used to purify selenium. Impure selenium can be placed in the flask, reacted with chlorine. Only selenium tetrachloride escapes. This is reduced to selenium again, making pure selenium. Uses. It is used to purify selenium. It is used to make other selenium compounds. Selenium disulfide Selenium disulfide, also known as selenious disulfide, selenous disulfide, or selenium(IV) disulfide is a chemical compound. Its formula should be SeS2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions. Properties. Selenium sulfide is a poorly known chemical compound. Sometimes it has more selenium, sometimes it has more sulfur. It is an orange solid. Preparation. Selenium sulfide can be made by heating selenium and sulfur. Uses. It is used to kill fungi that make dandruff in hair. It can also be used to treat fungal (from fungi) skin infections. Gaius Cassius Longinus Gaius Cassius Longinus (before 85 BC – October 42 BC) was a Roman Senator, a leader of the plot to kill Julius Caesar, and the brother in-law of Brutus. Biography. Early life. Little is known of Gaius Cassius's early life. He studied philosophy at Rhodes and became fluent in Greek. He was married to Tertulla, who was a half-sister of his co-conspirator, Brutus. They had one son. Quaestorship and Parthia. Cassius's first office was as quaestor under Marcus Licinius Crassus in 53 BC, and he proved a good military leader. He travelled with Crassus to the province of Syria, and attempted to dissuade him from attacking Parthia, suggesting that they secure a base at the Euphrates. Crassus ignored Cassius and led the army into the Battle of Carrhae, during which he also ignored Cassius' plans for strengthening the Roman line. The result was the most famous Roman rout since the Second Punic War. Cassius managed to save the remnants of the army with the help of Crassus' legate Gaius Octavius. Crassus was killed, but Cassius managed to escape with 500 cavalry and meet up with the surviving legionaries. For two years afterwards, Cassius governed the province of Syria as Proquaestor, defending the border against Parthian incursions until the new proconsul arrived. The last incursion resulted in the death of the Parthian commander Osaces, and split the Parthian troops. Cicero, then governor of Cilicia, sent Cassius a note of congratulations for the victory. Civil war. Cassius returned to Rome two years later. The outbreak of the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great saved Cassius from being brought to trial by his enemies for extortion in Syria. Cassius was elected Tribune of the Plebs in 49 BC, and threw in his lot with Pompey, fleeing Italy as Caesar crossed the Rubicon. He met Pompey in Greece, and was made commander of his fleet. In 48 BC, Cassius sailed his ships to Sicilia where he attacked and burned a large part of Caesar's navy. He then proceeded to harass ships off the Italian coast. News of Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus caused Cassius to head for the Hellespont. Cassius was overtaken by Caesar en route, and was forced to surrender unconditionally. Caesar made Cassius a legate, employing him in the North Africa, but Cassius refused to join in the fight against Cato and Scipio in Africa, choosing instead to retire to Rome. Conspiracy. Cassius spent the next two years without office, and apparently tightened his friendship with Cicero. In 44 BC he became "praetor peregrinus" with the promise of the Syrian province for the ensuing year. The appointment of his junior, Brutus, as "praetor urbanus" deeply offended him. Although Cassius was "the moving spirit" in the plot against Caesar, winning over the chief assassins, Brutus became their leader. On the Ides of March, 44 BC, Cassius urged on his fellow liberators and struck Caesar in the face. He and his fellow conspirators referred to themselves as the "Liberators" "(Liberatores)". Although they succeeded in assassinating Caesar, the celebration was short-lived. Mark Antony seized power and turned the public against them. In letters written during 44 BC, Cicero frequently complains that Rome was still subjected to tyranny, because the "Liberators" had failed to kill Antony. According to some accounts, Cassius had wanted to kill Antony at the same time as Caesar, but was dissuaded by Brutus. Post-assassination. Cassius's reputation in the East made it easy to amass an army from other governors in the area. By this point the Senate had split with Antony and cast its lot with Cassius, making him as governor of Syria. Cassius was now secure enough to march on Egypt, but on the formation of the triumvirate, Brutus requested his assistance. Cassius quickly joined Brutus in Smyrna with most of his army, leaving his nephew behind to govern Syria. The conspirators decided to attack the triumviri’s allies in Asia. Cassius set upon and sacked Rhodes, while Brutus did the same to Lycia. They regrouped the following year in Sardis, where their armies proclaimed them 'emperor'. They crossed the Hellespont, marched through Thrace, and encamped near Philippi in Macedon. Octavian (later known as Augustus) and Mark Antony soon arrived. Cassius planned to starve them out, by using his superior position in the country. However, they were forced into a pair of battles by Antony, in the Battle of Philippi. Brutus was successful against Octavian, and took his camp. Cassius, however, was defeated and overrun by Antony. Cassius, unaware of Brutus' victory, committed suicide. He was mourned by Brutus as "the Last of the Romans". Brutus, like Octavian, was not an experienced military commander and, ten days later, Antony completed the victory. Brutus also committed suicide. Epicureanism. "Among that select band of philosophers who have managed to change the world," writes David Sedley, "it would be hard to find a pair with a higher public profile than Brutus and Cassius — brothers-in-law, fellow-assassins, and Shakespearian heroes," adding that "it may not even be widely known that they "were" philosophers". Cassius converted to the school of thought founded by Epicurus. Arnaldo Momigliano called Cassius' conversion a "conspicuous date in the history of Roman Epicureanism," a choice made not to enjoy the pleasures of the Garden, but to provide a philosophical justification for assassinating a tyrant. The inconsistencies between traditional Epicureanism and an active approach to securing freedom could not be resolved, and during the Empire, the philosophy of political opposition tended to be Stoic. This circumstance, Momigliano argues, helps explain why historians of the Imperial era found Cassius more difficult to understand than Brutus, and less admirable. In literature. In Dante's "Inferno", Cassius is one of three people deemed sinful enough to be chewed in one of the three mouths of Satan, in the very center of Hell, for all eternity, as a punishment for killing Julius Caesar. The other two are Brutus, his fellow conspirator, and Judas Iscariot, the Biblical betrayer of Jesus Christ. (Canto XXXIV) In Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar" he is depicted as a ruthless manipulator. Caesar says of him, "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much: such men are dangerous". (I. ii. 190-195) Braided river A braided river is a network of small channels separated by islands that are often not fixed. In other words, the river channels wander across a flat area. Braided rivers are found in places where the river carries a lot of sediment, and when it slows down and spreads out. The river delta of the Amazon River is a good example on a huge scale, and the Waimakariri River is a good example on a smaller scale. Large systems. Large braided river systems are found around the world: All these regions contain young mountains that have quick erosion. Europe has two notably braided rivers: the Narew, in Poland and Belarus, and the Tagliamento in northeastern Italy. Marcus Junius Brutus Marcus Junius Brutus (early June 85 BC – late October 42 BC), usually referred to as Brutus, was a politician of the late Roman Republic. He is best known for his leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Early life. Brutus' father was killed by Pompey the Great after he had taken part in the rebellion of Lepidus. His mother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later became Julius Caesar's mistress. Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real father. His uncle adopted him in about 59 BC. Brutus held his uncle in high regard. His political career began when he became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus. During this time, Brutus enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. He returned to Rome a rich man, where he married Claudia Pulchra. From his first appearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates. This was the conservative faction against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Senate career. When civil war broke out in 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus followed his old enemy and present leader of the Optimates, Pompey. When the Battle of Pharsalus began, Caesar ordered his officers to take him prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let him alone and do him no violence. After the disaster of the Battle of Pharsalus, Brutus wrote to Caesar with apologies and Caesar immediately forgave him. Caesar then accepted him into his inner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Scipio. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as urban praetor for the following year. Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin, Porcia Catonis, Cato's daughter. According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia, except that he wished to marry Porcia. The marriage also caused a rift between Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for Porcia. Conspiracy to kill Caesar. Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power after his appointment as Dictator for life. Brutus was persuaded into joining the conspiracy against Caesar. Eventually, Brutus decided to take action against Caesar. His wife was the only woman who knew about the plot. The conspirators planned to kill Caesar on the Ides of March (March 15) that same year. On that day, Caesar was delayed going to the Senate because his wife tried to convince him not to go. The conspirators feared the plot had been found out. Brutus persisted, however, waiting for Caesar at the Senate, and allegedly still chose to remain even when a messenger brought him news that would otherwise have caused him to leave. When Caesar finally did come to the Senate, they attacked him. The conspirators attacked in such numbers that they even wounded one another. Brutus is said to have been wounded in the hand. After Caesar's assassination. After the assassination, the Senate passed an amnesty on the assassins. This amnesty was proposed by Caesar's friend and co-consul Mark Antony. Nonetheless, uproar among the people caused Brutus and the conspirators to leave Rome. Brutus settled in Crete from 44 to 42 BC. In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state. Cicero, angry at Octavian, wrote a letter to Brutus explaining that the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony were divided. Antony had laid siege to the province of Gaul, where he wanted the governorship. In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his troops and fought a series of battles in which Antony was defeated. Upon hearing that neither Antonius nor Octavian had an army big enough to defend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totalled about 17 legions. When Octavian heard that Brutus was on his way to Rome, he made peace with Antony. Their armies, which together totaled about 19 legions, marched to meet Brutus and Cassius. The two sides met in two engagements known as the Battle of Philippi. The first was fought on 3 October 42 BC, in which Brutus defeated Octavian's forces. Cassius was defeated by Antony, and committed suicide, because he thought Brutus had also failed. The second engagement was fought on 23 October 42 BC and ended in Brutus' defeat. After the defeat, he fled into the nearby hills with only about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide. Antony, as a show of respect, ordered Brutus' body to be wrapped in his most expensive purple mantle, which was later stolen. Antony had the thief executed. Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his mother. Literature. The well-known phrase "Et tu, Brute?" ("And you, Brutus?") is famous as Caesar's last utterance in Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar". The reason for the remark was that Caesar had thought him a friend. Khaled Hosseini Khaled Hosseini is an writer who was born in Afghanistan but came to the United States when he was fifteen years old. He is best known for his first novel, "The Kite Runner", which was first published in 2003. His second novel was published in 2007. In 2013 "And the Mountains Echoed" was published. Mohsin Hamid Mohsin Hamid is a writer from Pakistan. He wrote some famous novels like "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" and "Moth Smoke". Police Camera Action! Police Camera Action! is a documentary television show presented by Gethin Jones and previously presented by Adrian Simpson and Alastair Stewart. Its format is imposing sanctions on criminals who commit offences while filming them on camera in a documentary/reality TV fashion. It aired from 1994 to 2010. It is based and mainly aired in the United Kingdom. Panchayati raj The pachayati raj is a political system of decentralisation. It is mostly used in South Asia, in the countries India, Pakistan and Nepal. The idea behind it is to give power to local people. Indian rupee The Indian rupee () (sign: ; code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India. The currency is issued and controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. During the past 15 years, the value has ranged from $1 USD = 35–65 INR or 1 euro = 44–69 INR (see below: "Convertibility"). The modern rupee is sub-divided into 100 "paise" (singular "paisa"). The coins have values and of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 paise, as well as 1, 2, 5 and 10 rupees. The bank notes are available in values of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 2000 rupees. The Indian rupee symbol () is an amalgam of both the Devanagari consonant "र" (Ra) and the Latin letter "R" without the vertical bar. The design was presented to the public by the government of India on 15 July 2010. The current abbreviation "INR" started in July 2010. Until then, the abbreviation "Rs" (or "Re") was used. Origin of name. The word "rupee" originates from the Sanskrit word रौप्य(raupya) meaning "silver" or "made of silver". Many Indian languages use this root word, for example, రూపాయి (rūpāyi) in Telugu, ரூபாய் (rūbāi) in Tamil, रुपया (rupayā) in Hindi, રૂપિયો (rupiyo) in Gujarati, ರೂಪಾಯಿ (rūpāyi) in Kannada and Tulu, രൂപ (rūpā) in Malayalam and रुपये (rupaye) in Marathi. However, in West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram, Odisha, and Assam, the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the Sanskrit word टङ्क (Tanka) which means money. The rupee is called টাকা (Taka) in Bengali, টকা (tôka) in Assamese and ଟଙ୍କା (Tanka) in Odia and is written as such on Indian banknotes. Symbol. On March 5, 2009, the Government of India announced a contest to create a symbol for the rupee. During the 2010 Union budget of India, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee mentioned that the proposed symbol would reflect and capture the Indian ethos and culture. Five symbols were shortlisted, and the Cabinet selected the definitive symbol created by D. Udaya Kumar on July 15, 2010. The symbol is derived from a combination of the Devanagari letter ‘र’ and English letter ‘R’. The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) make an allusion to the tricolor and also depict an equality sign which symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity. The Indian government has plans to adopt the symbol within six months in the country and globally within 18 to 24 months. Before the adoption of the symbol, the most commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or if the text was in an Indian language, then an appropriate abbreviation in that language. Numeral system. In Indian English, values at or above a hundred thousand Indian rupees are counted in terms of lakhs (one lakh = hundred thousand) and crores (one crore = ten million). For example, the amount 3,25,84,729.25 is read as three crores, twenty-five lakhs, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred and twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise. The use of million or billion, as is standard in American or British English, is not very common. History. Use in India. India was one of the earliest issuers of coins (circa 6th century BC). The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the "Bank of Hindustan" (1770–1832), the "General Bank of Bengal and Bihar" (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings) and the "Bengal Bank" (1784–91), amongst others. Until 1815, the Madras Presidency also issued a currency based on the fanam, with 12 fanams equal to the rupee. Historically, the rupee, derived from the Sanskrit word raupya, which means "silver", was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the relative value of silver to gold. Suddenly the standard currency of India could not buy as much from the outside world. This event was known as "the fall of the rupee". India was not affected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825 that attempted to introduce the British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India at that time was controlled by the British East India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India throughout the entire period of the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India set itself firmly upon a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee. His decision was influenced by a letter, written in the year 1805, by Lord Liverpool that extolled the virtues of mono-metallism. Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British government took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were being produced in large numbers at the Royal Mint branch in Sydney, New South Wales. In the year 1864 in an attempt to make the British gold sovereign become the 'imperial coin', the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns. These gold sovereigns however never left the vaults. As was realized in the previous decade in Canada and the next year in Hong Kong, existing habits are not easy to replace. And just as the British government had finally given up any hopes of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, they simultaneously realized, and for the same reasons, that they could not easily replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee, as had been the desire of the British East India Company. Since the great silver crisis of 1873, a growing number of nations had been adopting the gold standard. In 1898, following the recommendations of the Indian Currency Committee, British India officially adopted the gold exchange standard by pegging the rupee to the British pound sterling at a fixed value of 1 shilling 4 pence (i.e., 15 rupees = 1 pound). In 1920, the actual silver value of the rupee was increased in value to 2 shillings (10 rupees = 1 pound). In British East Africa at this time, the decision was made to replace the rupee with a florin. No such opportunity was, however, taken in British India. In 1927, the peg was once more reduced, this time to 18 pence (13⅓ rupees = 1 pound). This peg was maintained until 1966, when the rupee was devalued and pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 7.5 rupees = 1 dollar (at the time, the rupee became equal to 11.4 British pence). This peg lasted until the U.S. dollar devalued in 1971. The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following independence in 1947, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states. Some of these states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies included the Hyderabad rupee and the Kutch kori. The nominal values during British rule (and the first decade of independence) were: In 1957, decimalisation occurred, and the rupee was divided into 100 "naye paise" (Hindi for "new paise"). In 1964, the initial "naye" was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas, respectively, not unlike the usage of "bit" in American English for ⅛ dollar. The rupee on the East African coast and South Arabia. In East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia, the Rupee and its related coins were current at various times. The usage of the Rupee in East Africa extended from Somalia in the north, to as far south as Natal. In Mozambique, the British India rupees were overstamped. In Kenya, the British East Africa Company minted the rupee and its fractions as well as pice. The rise in the price of silver, immediately after the First World War, caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling. In 1920 in British East Africa, the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new florin coin, hence bringing the currency into line with sterling. Shortly after that, the Florin was split into two East African shillings. This assimilation to sterling did not however happen in British India itself. In Somalia the Italian colonial authority minted 'rupia' to exactly the same standard, and called the pice 'besa'. The rupee in the Straits Settlements. The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the nineteenth century, however, the East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned. International use. With Partition, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with "Pakistan". In previous times, the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles, and Mauritius. The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India [Amendment] Act, 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively. The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee, and both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Indian rupee is also accepted in towns in Nepal which lie near the border with India. However, the Indian Rupee denominations of 500 and 1000 are banned in Nepal. Convertibility. Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-set exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a "de facto" controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a "managed" float. Other rates such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY have volatilities that are typical of floating exchange rates. It should be noted, however, that unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of "pegging" the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to deliver low "volatility" in the exchange rates, and not to take a "view" on the rate or direction of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies. Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees, while Indian nationals can import and export only up to 5000 rupees at a time, and the possession of 500 and 1000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited. RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to the intervention (through active trading) in the currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (though trade barriers do exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money in and out of the country and buy securities (subject to certain quantitative restrictions). Local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. But local households are restricted in their ability to do global diversification. However, owing to an enormous expansion of the current account and the capital account, India is increasingly moving towards "de facto" full convertibility. There is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold, in any circumstances or any situation. Money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. This is because it will become difficult to handle it. India follows the same gold-interchange principle as Great Britain and America. ISO 4217 ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies, as established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The ISO 4217 code list is the common way in banking and business, all over the world, for defining different currencies. In many countries, the codes for the more common currencies are so well-known, by the general public, that exchange rates written in newspapers or posted in banks use only those codes to define the different currencies, instead of translated currency names or currency symbols. ISO 4217 codes are used on airline tickets and international train tickets to remove any uncertainty about the price. Code formation. The first two letters of the code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes (which are also used as the basis for national top-level domains on the Internet). The third letter is usually the initial of the currency itself. So Japan's currency code is JPY, "JP" for Japan and "Y" for yen. This eliminates the problem caused by the names "dollar, franc" and "pound" being used in dozens of different countries, each having significantly differing values. Also, if a currency is revalued, the currency code's last letter is changed to distinguish it from the old currency. In some cases, the third letter is the initial for "new" in that country's language, to distinguish it from an older currency that was revalued; the code sometimes outlasts the usage of the term "new" itself (for example, the code for the Mexican peso is MXN). Other changes can be seen, however; the Russian ruble, for example, changed from RUR to RUB, where the B comes from the third letter in the word "ruble". There is also a three-digit code number assigned to each currency, in the same manner as there is also a three-digit code number assigned to each country as part of ISO 3166. This numeric code is usually the same as the ISO 3166-1 numeric code. For example, USD (United States dollar) has code 840 which is also the numeric code for the US (United States). The standard also defines the relationship between the major currency unit and any minor currency unit. Often, the minor currency unit has a value that is 1/100 of the major unit, but 1/1000 is also common. Some currencies do not have any minor currency unit at all. In others, the major currency unit has so little value that the minor unit is no longer generally used (e.g. the Japanese "sen", 1/100th of a yen). This is indicated in the standard by the currency exponent. For example, USD has exponent 2, while JPY has exponent 0. Mauritania does not use a decimal division of units, setting 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums, and Madagascar has 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja. ISO 4217 includes codes not only for currencies, but also for precious metals (gold, silver, palladium and platinum; by definition expressed per one troy ounce, as compared to "1 USD") and certain other entities used in international finance, e.g. Special Drawing Rights. There are also special codes allocated for testing purposes (XTS), and to indicate no currency transactions (XXX). These codes all begin with the letter "X". The precious metals use "X" plus the metal's chemical symbol; silver, for example, is XAG. ISO 3166 never assigns country codes beginning with "X", these codes being assigned for privately customized use only (reserved, never for official codes)—for instance, the ISO 3166-based NATO country codes (STANAG 1059, 9th edition) use "X" codes for imaginary exercise countries ranging from XXB for "Brownland" to XXR for "Redland", as well as for major commands such as XXE for SHAPE or XXS for SACLANT. Consequently, ISO 4217 can use "X" codes for non-country-specific currencies without risk of clashing with future country codes. Supranational currencies, such as the East Caribbean dollar, the CFP franc, the CFA franc BEAC and the CFA franc BCEAO are normally also represented by codes beginning with an "X". The euro is represented by the code EUR (EU is included in the ISO 3166-1 reserved codes list to represent the European Union). The predecessor to the euro, the European Currency Unit (ECU), had the code XEU. History. In 1973, the ISO Technical Committee 68 decided to develop codes for the representation of currencies and funds for use in any application of trade, commerce or banking. At the 17th session (February 1978) of the related UN/ECE Group of Experts agreed that the three-letter alphabetic codes for International Standard ISO 4217, "Codes for the representation of currencies and funds", would be suitable for use in international trade. Over time, new currencies are created and old currencies are discontinued. Frequently, these changes are due to new governments (through war or a new constitution), treaties between countries standardizing on a currency, or revaluation of the currency due to excessive inflation. As a result, the list of codes must be updated from time to time. The ISO 4217 maintenance agency (MA), SIX Interbank Clearing, is responsible for maintaining the list of codes. Active codes. Official codes. The following is a list of active codes of official ISO 4217 currency names. Unofficial codes. The following is a list of active, unofficial codes that emulate the ISO 4217 format. Explanation of USD/USS/USN. The US dollar actually has three codes assigned: USD, USS (same day) and USN (next day). According to UN/CEFACT recommendation 9, paragraphs 8-9 ECE/TRADE/203, 1996, available online : Without currency code. A number of territories are not included in ISO 4217, because their currencies are: (a) not "per se" an independent currency but a variant of another currency, (b) a legal tender only issued as commemorative banknotes and/or coinage, or (c) a currency of an unrecognized or partially recognized state. These currencies are: The following non-ISO codes are, however, sometimes used commercially: Obsolete currency codes. A number of currencies were official ISO 4217 currency codes and currency names until their replacement by the euro or other currencies. Note that the currency names used below may not match the currency names used in the ISO standard itself, but the codes do match. Calcium nitride Calcium nitride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca3N2. It contains calcium and nitride ions. Properties. It is a red-brown solid. It reacts with water to make calcium hydroxide and ammonia. It reacts with hydrogen to make calcium hydride and calcium amide. Preparation. It is made by burning calcium in nitrogen. It is also made when calcium burns in air. Uses. It can be used as a source of the reactive nitride ion. Uthman ibn Affan Uthman ibn Affan () was the third ruler of the Muslim Empire and one of the four righteous caliphs of Sunni Islam. Uthman belonged to a noble family of Ummayyah, branch of the Quraish in Makkah. Uthman was one of the very few who was literate. When he became older, he started a business in cloth, which made him very rich. Biography. He was born in about the year 583 and was ruler for 12 years. During his time as ruler he conquered Khurasan and the regions of the west of the Arabian Peninsula. He also united the Muslim upon one uniform version of the Quran. He was well known for marrying two of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum, both at different times. For this, he became known as "Dhu al-Nurayn", the "Possessor of Two Lights". He participated in both immigrations, first to Ethiopia and then to Medina. Death. He was attacked while in his house, although he did not defend himself out of fear of further trouble. He was killed while reading the Qur'an by Sudaan ibn Hamran on Friday, June 17, 656. He died aged 72-73 years. Calcium permanganate Calcium permanganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(MnO4)2. It contains calcium and permanganate ions. Properties. Calcium permanganate is a dark purple solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium permanganate. It can catch some organic chemicals like alcohol on fire. It can cause an explosion when mixed with sulfuric acid. This is because manganese(VII) oxide. Preparation. It can be made by calcium oxide with manganese(IV) oxide and calcium nitrate. Uses. It might whiten teeth. It can be used as an oxidizing agent, although potassium permanganate is more common. Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate, also known as Norwegian saltpeter, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(NO3)2. It contains calcium and nitrate ions. Properties. Calcium nitrate is a colorless solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It absorbs water from the air. It decomposes to make nitrogen dioxide and calcium oxide when heated. Preparation. Calcium nitrate is made by reacting calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate with nitric acid. It is made when nitric acid reacts with calcium phosphate. It can be made by reacting ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide. Uses. Calcium nitrate is used in fertilizers to add nitrogen to the soil. It can be complexed with urea to make a different nitrogen fertilizer. Bray Wyatt Windham Rotunda (born May 23, 1987) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently wrestling a free agent. He was known as the leader of a stable with Luke Harper and Erick Rowan known as The Wyatt Family. Daniel Bryan was also a member for a short time before turning against the stable. He first wrestled in WWE from 2009 to 2011 where he competed under the name Husky Harris and was a part of the stable, The Nexus. He competed on the 2nd season of WWE NXT but was eliminated 5th. Rotunda stayed in WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and made his debut as Bray Wyatt in FCW in April 2012. He stayed in FCW through its name change to NXT Wrestling (now WWE NXT), and returned to the main WWE roster in July 2013. The Wyatt Family quickly became some of the company's biggest heels ("bad guys"). Championships. WWE Smackdown Live! Tag Team Champion WWE Champion Terrestrial locomotion Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial places. Movement on land makes different problems than that on water, with less friction instead being the effects of gravity. There are three basic forms of movement found among land animals: Legged locomotion. Movement on legs is the most common form of land movement. It is the simple form of movement of two big groups with many members, the vertebrates and the arthropods. Limbless locomotion. There are a number of land and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of legs, use their bodies to move. These movements are sometimes called to as "slithering" or "crawling". Rolling. Although animals have never have wheels for locomotion, some animals can move by rolling their whole body. Limits and extremes. The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can get speeds of about 104 km/h (64 mph). Strong acid In chemistry, a strong acid is an acid which ionizes (splits) completely in a solution of water. It always loses a proton (A H+) when put in water. A weak acid does not always lose a proton, though; It can lose its proton, but not all the time. They also have a very low pH, usually between 1 and 3. Many strong acids have a negative pKa value, which means they are very strong. The six common strong acids are: (Acronym:CBSPIN) Almost strong acids include: Hamilton, New Zealand Hamilton is New Zealand's fourth largest city. It has a population of 140,700 people. It is the largest inland city in New Zealand. It has an area of . The mayor is Andrew King. Incubator (disambiguation) Incubator may refer to: Liu Xiaobo Liu Xiaobo (28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese intellectual, writer, human rights activist and a political prisoner in China. He has been President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center since 2003. On 8 December 2008, police stopped Liu and held him because of his work with Charter 08. He was not actually arrested until 23 June 2009. The government accused him of encouraging people to turn against the state. He had a trial on 23 December 2009. On 25 December 2009, the court decided he must go to prison for eleven years. The court also took away his political rights for two years. He won the Nobel Peace Prize on 8 October 2010, for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China." This was during the fourth time Liu was in prison. He is the first Chinese person to win a Nobel Prize while living in China. He is also the third person to win the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention. The others were Germany's Carl von Ossietzky in 1935 and Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi in 1991. On 26 June 2017, he was granted medical parole after being diagnosed with terminal liver cancer. He died a few weeks later on 13 July 2017. Early life and education. Liu was born in 1955 in Changchun, Jilin to an intellectual family. His father took him to the Inner Mongolia from 1969 to 1973 during the Down to the Countryside Movement. He worked in a village in Jilin province when he was 19 years old. He worked at a construction company after that. In 1976, he studied at Jilin University and got a B.A. degree in literature in 1982. He earned an M.A. degree in 1984 from Beijing Normal University. Liu joined the faculty at Beijing Normal University after he graduated. He also received a Ph.D. degree there in 1988. In the 1980s, his most important essays, "Critique on Choices - Dialogue with Le Zehou" and "Aesthetics and Human Freedom"' earned him fame in the academic field. The essay criticised a prominent Chinese thinker Li Zehou's philosophy. Between 1988 and 1989, he was a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo and the University of Hawaii. During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests he was in the United States but decided to go back to China to join the movement. He was later named as one of the "Four Junzis of Tiananman Square" by many Hong Kong- and Taiwan-based Chinese media. Human rights activities. Liu Xiaobo works to increase human rights. He has asked the Chinese government to be more open and honest about its actions. The Chinese government has brought him to police stations, arrested him, and sent him to prison many times for his peaceful political activities. The first time was for his actions in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Organizations outside China have noticed Liu's human rights work and given him awards. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom. Time in prison. In January 1991, Liu Xiaobo was convicted of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement." However, the government did not give him any punishment as a criminal. In October 1996, he was ordered to serve three years of labour for "disturbing public order" by criticizing the Communist Party of China. In 2007, police took Liu for a short time and asked him about articles he had written. The articles were posted on websites hosted outside China. "Charter 08". Writing the Charter and making it well-known. Liu Xiaobo actively participated in the writing of Charter 08. Then, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, he signed "Charter 08". This was a manifesto, or statement of beliefs and principles. It was released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 December 2008). They wrote it in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and free elections. As of May 2009, the Charter has collected over 8,600 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life. Arrest. Police took Liu Xiaobo away from his home late in the evening of 8 December 2008. This was two days before the official release of the Charter. Police also took away Zhang Zuhua at that time. He is another scholar who signed Charter 08. According to Zhang, the two men were taken by police because they thought Liu and Zhang were trying to get more people to sign the Charter. While Liu was kept alone in solitary confinement, he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family. He was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009. On 23 June 2009, an officer of the government in Beijing (the procuratorate) approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power." This is a crime under Article 105 of the Law of the People's Republic of China. The Beijing Public Security Bureau (PSB) said in a press release that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, using almost the exact words of Article 105. The Beijing PSB also said that Liu had "fully confessed." Trial. On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing; on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document. He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. His wife was not permitted to watch the trial, but his brother-in-law was there. Diplomats from more than 12 countries – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were not allowed in the court. They could not watch the trial. Some diplomats stood outside the court during the whole trial. Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy were among the diplomats who waited outside. Sentence and imprisonment. On 25 December, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to fight this and ask for a new trial. The court said that Charter 08 was part of the evidence supporting his conviction. International response. Many individuals, states, and organizations around the world asked the Chinese government to release Liu. The Chinese government said no and told people outside China not to become involved. On 11 December 2008, the United States Department of State called for Liu's release. On 22 December 2008, an organization of scholars, writers, lawyers, and human rights workers wrote an open letter to ask the government to let Liu out of prison. On 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN. In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with the Homo Homini Award by the One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights. In December 2009, the European Union and United States both officially asked the Chinese government to release of Liu Xiaobo without any special rules or conditions. Before the court decision, China said that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs." Responding to the result in court, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern political rights in China becoming worse. German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom." Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict. Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent". On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release. On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release. Nobel Peace Prize. Events leading up to the prize. On 18 January 2010, Liu was named by many people as a nominee (possible winner) of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize. These included Václav Havel, the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, and Desmond Tutu. China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu said that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong". Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition. On 25 September 2010, "The New York Times" reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China. In September 2010 Václav Havel, Dana Němcová, and Václav Malý published an open letter in "The International Herald Tribune" calling for the award to be given to Liu. All three had been leaders of Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution. Soon after, people began signing a petition. Freedom Now is a non-governmental organization and works as a lawyer for Liu Xiaobo outside China. On 6 October 2010, they publicly released a letter from 30 U.S. Members of Congress to President Barack Obama (the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner). This letter strongly asked President Obama to talk directly to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010. They wanted Obama to talk about Liu Xiaobo and another political prisoner named Gao Zhisheng . Prize announcement. On 8 October 2010 the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjørn Jagland said the choice of Liu as the recipient of the prize had become clear early on in the process. The Chinese foreign ministry had already warned the Nobel committee not to give Liu the prize. They said that it would be against Nobel principles. All news about the announcement of the award was immediately censored in China. Foreign news broadcasters including CNN and the BBC were immediately blocked after mentioning the award in China. Web searches for Liu Xiabo were immediately deleted and no information can be searched about him in China. The Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a statement that said, "The Nobel Peace Prize is meant to award individuals who promote international harmony and friendship, peace and disarmament. Liu Xiaobo is a criminal who has been sentenced by Chinese judicial departments for violating Chinese law. Awarding the peace to Liu runs completely counter to the principle of the award and is also a desecration of the Peace Prize." The state-run Xinhua News Agency later carried a report saying that awarding Liu Xiaobo the prize “defiles” (亵渎) Alfred Nobel's purpose of creating this prize and "may harm China-Norway relations". The spokesperson added that Liu had broken Chinese law and his "actions run contrary to the purpose of the Nobel Peace Prize." Responses from world leaders. Many world leaders congratulated Liu for the award. These included Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, The British Foreign Secretary William Hague, US President Barack Obama, and The Dalai Lama. Official Chinese government response. The Chinese Foreign Ministry called the Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China to the ministry on 8 October 2010. The Chinese gave the ambassador an official complaint against awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu Xiaobo. The Norwegian foreign minister replied that the Chinese government complaint was not needed because the group of people who decide the Nobel Prize is independent from the Norwegian government. However, the Norwegian Nobel Committee that gives the peace prize is appointed by the Norwegian parliament. Personal life. He is married to Liu Xia, who lives in the couple's apartment in Beijing. Health and death. In May 2017, Liu was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer. On 10 July 2017, Liu was listed in critical condition in hospital in Shenyang. Liu died at a hospital in Shenyang, Liaoning, China on 13 July 2017 of multiple organ failure as a set of complications of the disease at the age of 61. Beijing Normal University Beijing Normal University is a public university in China, located in Beijing. It is one of the most highly ranked universities in China, and focuses on teaching humanities and sciences. It was first opened in 1902, which makes it one of the oldest universities in China. Its nickname is Beishida. Originally, it was called a "normal school" because it was only a school for teachers, and all teacher schools were named the same way. It was attached to the Imperial University of Peking. Later, it became a university on its own, teaching subjects other than education, but kept its name the same. University of Oslo The University of Oslo (, ) is the oldest and largest university in Norway. It is in the Norwegian capital, Oslo. The university began in 1811 as The Royal Frederick University (in Norwegian "Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet" and in Latin "Universitas Regia Fredericiana"). The university was modelled after the recently established University of Berlin, and originally named after King Frederick of Denmark and Norway. In 1939 it changed to the name it has now. The university has faculties of (Lutheran) Theology, Law, Medicine, Humanities, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Dentistry, Social Sciences, and Education. The Faculty of Law is still located at the old campus on Karl Johans gate, near the National Theatre, the Royal Palace, and the Parliament. Most of the other faculties are at a modern campus area called Blindern. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area. In 2019, the university had 30,505 students and employed 6,595 people. Central Region, Singapore The Central Region of Singapore is also known as the south of Singapore. It is a place where most commercial buildings are in. The Istana is also found in this area. History. When Sir Stamford Raffles first arrived in Singapore in 1819, he signed a treaty with Tengku Abdul Rahman (the local Sultan) and Tengku Hussein (the Temmengong which became Sultan since he was the elder brother). The Sultan and Temmengong were paid money for allowing the British to set up a port in Singapore. The British were given the southern part of Singapore to develop. Therefore, it was also recognised as the Central Region of Singapore, or also called Central Business District. Size. The Central Region of Singapore starts from the harbour all the way to Bishan as the north, Queenstown as the west and Marine Parade as the east. In total, it takes up 13,150 hectares of land area. The Southern Islands are also part of the Central Region of Singapore. Tuas Tuas is a region in the far west of the island of Singapore. It is reachable by the Mass rapid transit (MRT) of Singapore. Tuas is mainly an industrial estate like Jurong and the Tuas checkpoint (called the Tuas Second Link) is found there. Elland Road Elland Road is a football stadium in Leeds, Beeston, West Yorkshire, England. It has been home to Premier League club Leeds United since the club's inception in 1919. The stadium is the 14th largest football stadium in England. Sports history. The venue has served as a neutral venue for the FA Cup semi-finals and England international fixtures. It has been selected as one of eight venues for the UEFA Euro 96 European Cups. It was used by Rugby Union club Hunslet in the mid-1980s. It hosted two matches of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Capacity. It has four stands - Don Revie (North), Jack Charlton (East), Norman Hunter (South) and John Charles (West) - with a capacity of 37,792. The FA Cup fifth-round replay against Sunderland on 15 March 1967 set a record attendance of 57,892. This was before the stadium became an all-seater venue under the Taylor Report. This is the modern record for a Premier League game against Newcastle United on 22 December 2001 was 40,287. There are plans to increase its capacity to 50,000 by demolishing the West Stand and rebuilding the area. Concerts. The stadium has hosted concerts by Queen, U2, Happy Mondays and the Kaiser Chiefs. Orchard Road Orchard Road is a street in Singapore that has many shopping centres. It is in the south of Singapore. History. Orchard Road got its name from the nutmeg, pepper and fruit orchards that used to grow on both sides of the street. It only started to develop in the twentieth century. Flash floods occurred at the road junction with Scotts Road on 16 June 2010 after 100mm of rain fell from 8 am to 11 am that morning, it is the worst flood at the junction since 1984. Shopping malls along Orchard Road like Lucky Plaza and Liat Towers were affected by the flood. The flood had caused some shopping mall and underground car parks to be under the water. Rescuers had to pull out about 70 passengers from cars and buses, as flooding closed down Orchard Road, which is lined with high-end shopping malls and tourist attractions. No one was hurt. Landmarks. Orchard Road has the Istana at the southern end of the road, which is the official house for the President of Singapore. Shopping centres. The first shop was Tangs which was founded in 1932 and got its shop at Orchard Road in the 1950s. Orchard Road also has many well-known restaurants, coffee chains, cafés, nightclubs and hotels. Transport. Public transport. Mass Rapid Transit. There are three major MRT stations around Orchard Road. They are Orchard, Somerset and Dhoby Ghaut stations. These three stations are important placces for commuters, locals, students and tourists who travel to the Orchard Road shopping and business district. However, due to the construction of ION Orchard, the entrance of the Orchard entrance has been moved underground below the upcoming mall. Buses. There are many bus services provided by SBS Transit and SMRT that go to Orchard Road. The major bus stops along Orchard Road are at: Taxi. Visitors can also travel to Orchard Road via taxi. There are taxi stands at Forum The Shopping Mall, all hotels, Lucky Plaza, Wisma Atria, Ngee Ann City, The Paragon, The Heeren Shops, Centrepoint Shopping Centre, next to Specialists' Shopping Centre and Plaza Singapura. Cars. Visitors accessing Orchard Road by road usually enter from the west via Napier Road, before exiting Orchard Road at Bras Basah Road. Coming from the north, vehicles can enter via Bukit Timah Road and Scotts Road which leads into Orchard Road. From the south, vehicles can enter through Orchard Boulevard and Paterson Road. NewsBank NewsBank, Inc. is a worldwide information provider worldwide. It is a database of published documents. These documents include such items as newspapers, magazines, business journals, obituaries, and government documents. The documents are available online by the Internet. The service is available through many public libraries, colleges and universities, and government and military libraries. NewsBank has content from more than 2,000 newspaper titles. NewsBank's Readex division offers digital editions of American historical collections to colleges and universities. Collections of historical and modern documents, publications and records to are available to Genealogists to research family histories. Bonnie Wright Bonnie Francesca Wright (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress. She is most known for playing "Ginny Weasley" in Harry Potter movies. In 2012, Wright will start shooting her first leading role. It is a British nineteenth century period movie "In Want of a Wife". She will star opposite Emily Watson. Wright graduated from London's University of the Arts: London College of Communication. She is the owner of her own production company called Bon Bon Lumiere. Filmography. William Calley William Laws Calley (William Laws Calley, Jr.) (born June 8, 1943) is a convicted American war criminal. He was held responsible and found guilty for the killings of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War. Of the 26 officers and soldiers first charged for their part in the My Lai Massacre or the cover-up, only Calley was convicted. He was sentenced to a life term, but was put on house arrest instead. William Calley only spent three years on house arrest then was released. Weak acid A weak acid is an acid chemical which does not dissociate (split into ions) completely in water solution. This means it does not give all its hydrogen ions into the water. Weak acids typically have a pH between 3 and 6. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) are examples of weak acids. If an acid is represented by HA, then there is a balance between molecules which are split (ionised), and molecules which are not: The relative strength of an acid can be expressed using Ka, the acid ionization constant. In general, the larger a Ka, the stronger the acid, while a smaller Ka indicates a relatively weaker acid. Weak acids will have a Ka value of less than 1, while strong acids will have a Ka value greater than 1. Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Created on December 15, 1791, the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that establishes the right of citizens to possess firearms for lawful purposes. It says, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Background. When America was being colonized by European countries, firearms were very important to colonists. When Europeans came to America, they brought with them the idea of land ownership by an individual. They received this right from their king through land grants. This was completely foreign to Native Americans who considered a particular territory belonged to the tribe. Colonists defended their claims against Native Americans and other Europeans whose kings may have granted them the same lands. They also needed firearms for hunting. In many towns and villages, men were required to own firearms for the defense of the community. Most colonists coming to America in the 17th century had no experience as soldiers. The British kept few soldiers in the colonies, and colonists soon found they needed to establish militias. Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied white man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms. In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists. This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors appointed by the British government. The Minutemen who fought the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord were an independent militia. After the American Revolutionary War, the framers of the Constitution, like most Americans of the time, distrusted standing (permanent) armies and trusted militias. After the Revolutionary War, Americans trusted state militias to defend the country. The Articles of Confederation, the new nation's first constitution, called for each state to maintain a well-armed militia. Congress could call up the militias to defend the country against any foreign power. However, Congress could only form a standing army if nine of the thirteen states approved. This was one of the weaknesses that led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and a new constitution. In the 18th century, the word "army" meant mercenaries. Americans distrusted standing armies and were afraid they could be used to take over the country. People still remembered Oliver Cromwell and his military dictatorship in England. State constitutions. Virginia was one of the first colonies to adopt a state constitution. They included the words: "a well regulated Militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free State." Other states followed with similar wording in their own constitutions. Pennsylvania declared: "the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." In 1781 the Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation. This recognized that the thirteen original states had the power to govern themselves. They acted collectively to have a congress, but did not provide any money to run it. There was no president and no court system. This confederation of states proved to be a very poor form of central government. Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 25 to September 17, 1787. The purpose of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation. But it became clear that many of its members, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. They eventually agreed on agreed on Madison's Virginia Plan and began to make changes. The result was the Constitution of the United States and the present form of government. Bill of Rights. The constitution debate at Philadelphia caused two groups to form: the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The federalists wanted a strong central government. The anti-federalists wanted the state governments to have more power. The vote on the new Constitution was passed on a promise by federalists to support a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution. Originally, Congress suggested 12 amendments to the states. However, the states only ratified ten. The Bill of Rights, as the first 10 amendments came to be called, originally applied to the national government rather than to states. Many states already had their own Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was ratified and went into effect in 1791. Different interpretations. The Second Amendment was a result of several proposals being combined and simplified into just 27 words. This simplification has caused many debates over gun ownership and individual rights. Historians, judges and others have repeatedly looked for the intended meaning by the 18th century writers of this amendment. Different interpretations of the Second Amendment still cause public debates about firearm regulations and gun control. Capitalization and punctuation. In 2007, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard a case called "Heller v. District of Columbia". At the time, it was illegal for regular Americans to have a gun in Washington, D.C. To decide whether this was against the Second Amendment, the court looked very closely at capitalization and punctuation in the Amendment to try to figure out exactly what the framers meant. Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote the Court's decision. It made the ban on guns by the District of Columbia invalid. The decision was based on the second comma (after the word "state") as proof that the Second Amendment allows individuals the right to carry a gun. This is in addition to state's rights to maintain militias. The Second Amendment ratified by the States and approved by the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, said: The version passed by Congress and signed by President George Washington (but never ratified by the States) said: On June 25, 2008, the Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeals' decision. (In the Supreme Court, the case was called "District of Columbia v. Heller".) Cuscus A Cuscus is a marsupial from Papua New Guinea. It has a pouch on its front where its baby begins to grow and develop in. The cuscus has thick white fur and a long tail, with a slightly pink tip. It uses its tail to help it climb through the trees. Couscous Couscous is a kind of food, originally from the Berbers of North Africa. It has two related meanings: Couscous is not cooked, but rather steamed over hot water. Couscous is served as a side-dish, or as a main dish. The stew must have plenty of liquid, or else a separate bowl of sauce must be provided. This is because the couscous grain is rather dry, and absorbs plenty of liquid. It is a definite fault to serve a couscous dish with too little liquid. Spices such as ras el hanout and harissa are used for seasoning. Couscous can also be served cold. In this case, may be the base of a salad, with seafood, or it is used to make taboulé. Couscous can also be used for sweets, by adding milk, raisins or almonds. Couscous originated in North Africa also known as the Maghreb. It is now popular in Armenia and the Middle East. The dish is extremely popular in other areas like southern France, Sicilia and Brazil. In Brazil, couscous is a typical dish from the Northeast of the country, which is part of the three meals of the day. Being commonly prepared with starch, wheat flour, corn, rice or cassava. In Southeast, it is consumed with butter, eggs or meat. In North, it is more common for couscous to be eaten for breakfast, made with coconut milk and accompanied by tapioca. In general, all types of side dishes are accepted in the country. Other examples of foods eaten with couscous are fish, shrimp, and chicken. Couscous is sold in most supermarkets across Europe and the United States and has been pre-steamed and dried; the package directions are usually to add 1.5 measures of "boiling" water or stock and butter to each measure of couscous and to cover tightly for five minutes. The couscous swells and within a few minutes it is ready to fluff with a fork and serve. Pre-steamed couscous takes less time to prepare than regular couscous. 2010 Copiapó mining accident The 2010 Copiapó mining accident was a mining accident that happened on August 5, 2010, when the copper-gold mine of San José, near Copiapó, Chile, collapsed. It left 33 miners trapped around 700 meters under the ground. The Mine of San José (Mina San José) is about north of Copiapó, in the Region of Atacama. The miners were trapped at about deep and about from the entrance of the mine. The mine has had accidents in the past, including one death. A report from the Chilean Government from July 2010, said that the owners of the mine did not "reinforce the roof." The lack of reinforcement "led to an earlier collapse of the roof". There has been controversy over why the mine was not closed down earlier. Some people, including lawyers representing the mining company, think that the owners of the mine will declare bankruptcy after the miners are rescued. On October 13, 2010, Florencio Ávalos reached the surface. He was the first miner to be rescued. Qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis is a field of analytical chemistry. It uses chemical reactions to find out what an unknown chemical substance is. Qualitative chemistry is used in many jobs. It is very useful for testing for drugs and poisons. Many reactions are used in qualitative chemistry. For example, fire can be used to learn what metals are in the compound. The scientist would know what metal was in an unknown compound by the color of the flame. Qualitative chemistry is in contrast with Quantitative chemistry. "Qualitative" refers to what is present, while "quantitative" refers to how much is present. Fracture Fracture might mean: Cherkasy Cherkasy (, transliterated: "Čerkasy") is a city in central Ukraine. It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy is famous since 13th century and played a great role in history of Ukraine. Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions). The city is on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about south of the nation's capital, Kyiv. The city is divided into 2 parts (raions) - Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy. The current population of Cherkasy is 285,526 (as of 2010). Dnieper The Dnieper River is one of the major rivers in Europe. It flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea. It is fourth largest by length in Europe. Its total length is . is in Russia, is in Belarus, and is in Ukraine. Its basin covers . is in Ukraine. In antiquity, it was known to the Greeks as the Borysthenes. The river is part of the Quagga mussel's native range. Synod of Hippo The Synod of Hippo was the synod of 393 that was held in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church. Other synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by St. Augustine. The synod of 393 is best known for two things. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and agreed a canon of Sacred Scripture that is the same as the modern Orthodox and Roman Catholic canon. The canon was later agreed at the Council of Carthage. State Electoral District State Electoral District means an electorate in the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The size of a state electoral district depends on the Electoral Acts in the state and vary in size between them. At present, there are 407 state electoral districts in Australia. State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in the states which have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together. By State/Territory. Australian Capital Territory. There are three electorates for the Legislative Assembly, two with five members each, and one with seven members, making up seventeen members in total. New South Wales. There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales. Northern Territory. There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 13 former divisions. Queensland. There are 89 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. South Australia. There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly. Tasmania. There are 5 electoral divisions in Tasmania. Victoria. There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. Western Australia. There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state. First Amendment (disambiguation) The First Amendment may mean any of the following: Elephant gun An elephant gun is a large caliber gun, which could be (but does not have to be) a rifle. Elephant guns were first made to be used by big-game hunters who were hunting elephants and other large animals. Early use. As people from Europe began exploring Africa in the early 1800s, guns were made to handle the very large animals that people saw. This was for people to protect themselves, to shoot animals for food, and later, and most commonly, sport. The first guns were the simple shotgun designs already used for birds. They were loaded with solid balls of lead that could shoot large animals. Because they did not kill large animals very easily (some writers said that it could take up to 35 shots to kill one elephant), elephant guns were soon made into larger caliber black powder smoothbores. The caliber was still measured in bore or gauge - or the guns were named by how much the projectiles (what was shot out of the guns) weighed in ounces. The projectiles were lead round balls or short slugs shaped like cones. Sometimes, antimony was put in them to make them harder. These very large and heavy firearms were the first to be known as the elephant guns of the black powder era (1850–1890). They were not only used to kill elephants. They were also used to kill dangerous animals such as the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus and the cape buffalo. Because black powder and lead cannot go faster than about - the only way to make the projectiles go deeper into the animals' skins was to make a larger gun. Although they were very powerful, the short slugs (a type of projectile), which did not go very fast, still had problems going fully into their targets. This was especially hard for the toughest shot of all - going through the bone when an elephant's head was shot around the brain area. Nitro Express rifles. Nitro Express elephant guns were first made around 1895. They used smokeless powder, which was new at the time. With smaller metal-cased bullets with sizes from .400 to .620 and speeds around , they had a much better trajectory and penetration over the black powder guns. In a few years the big bore guns disappeared from the gamefields. Early 20th century rifles came out in single shot, bolt action, and double rifle ways and were used until ivory hunting died off in the mid 20th century. Then the guns switched roles to tools for game wardens and as backup firearms for professional hunters guiding international hunters. The American gun market made several famous dangerous gun cartridges around this time, such as the .458 Winchester Magnum, .378 Weatherby Magnum and .460 Weatherby Magnum. Many of these were 'wildcatted' (to modify an existing case and rifle to fire a different caliber bullet). The rest of the old Nitro express calibers faded to obscurity until people starting safari hunting in the 1970s and 1980s. Then elephant guns like the .416 Weatherby Magnum and the .416 Remington Magnum were made again. The .700 Nitro Express (made in the 1980's and 1990's) and the new brass manufacturers made even more powerful elephant guns such as the .585 Nyati by Ross Seyfried, .577 Tyrannosaur by Colonel Art Alphin and .585 Gehringer by Karl Gehringer to be made by wildcatters. The .600 Overkill made by Rob Garnick shows the biggest power that could come from a standard hunting action. Other wildcats based on the heavy machine gun .50 BMG and similar anti-materiel rounds have been devised which are much more powerful, though they are not generally useful hunting arms because they are heavier than . Features. All elephant guns have one idea in common: to have enough stopping power to prevent harm to the hunter in the case of charging game. The necessities for the gun are not only very high power (any big gun could do that), but that it can be carried for long periods, shot from any position, and be well balanced enough to track on rapidly moving animals. It is really no more than a very big hunting rifle with the same use as any hunting rifle. Use in war. During World War I, both the British and Germans used elephant guns taken from their African colonies when they tried to break the stalemate in the trenches. The British used elephant guns against the German tactic of having their snipers advance towards Allied lines under the cover of a large, 6-10 millimeter (0.24-0.4 inch) thick steel plate. Ordinary infantry rifles didn't do anything to the plate, but elephant guns were able to punch through it. Likewise, the Germans used a mass-produced anti-tank rifle, the Mauser 1918 TuF Gewehr, to knock out lightly armored British tanks. During the North African Campaign in 1941, the Italians in East Africa fought against the British. The Commander - The Duke of Aosta - gave his personal collection of elephant guns to his Italian soldiers to shoot armored cars because they didn't have enough anti-tank guns. The Finnish 20 mm antitank gun Lahti L-39 had the nickname "Norsupyssy" (Elephant Gun) during the Winter War because of its stopping power. It is not a true elephant gun, though, since it was not made for elephant hunting but as a military weapon. Charter 08 Charter 08 is a manifesto (a public declaration of your beliefs) initially signed by over 350 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists to promote political reform and democratization in the People's Republic of China. It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, using a similar name and style from the anti-Soviet Charter 77 issued by dissidents in Czechoslovakia. Since its release, more than 8,100 people inside and outside of China have signed the charter. One of the authors of Charter '08, Liu Xiaobo, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. He died of liver cancer in July 2017 while under medical leave during his prison sentence. Sedan, Ardennes Sedan () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name. Geography. The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River. It is about 10 km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200 km (120 miles) from Paris. History. Sedan was built in 1424. In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion. Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family. It was independent. The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611. With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfée. Immediately after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France. Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France. During the Franco-Prussian War, on 2 September 1870 the French emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 100,000 of his soldiers at the Battle of Sedan. Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" ("Sedantag") and a national German holiday in 1871. It remained a holiday until 1919. In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan. This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line. Sedan Castle. Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels. Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years. It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan. Economy. Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin. It supported the town until the late nineteenth century. Born here. These people were born in Sedan: KNVB Cup The KNVB Cup () is a competition in the Netherlands organized by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1899. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside of the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top two leagues of Dutch football (the Eredivisie and Eerste Divisie), as well as the top four teams from each of the six third tier of Dutch football (Hoofdklasse), while the remaining teams are drawn from the fourth tier (Eerste Klasse). The finals of the tournament usually takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since 1988. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruijff Shield, which is the first game of the following season. History. The competition was created during a board meeting of the Dutch National Football Association, in the Hague, on 19 January 1898. The tournament began the following season, 1898–1899. The first final was played on 9 May 1899 between RAP Amsterdam and HVV Den Haag. In 1946, the trophy was changed to one made out of silver, which was very rare in after World War II. Name changes. Like many national cup competitions, the name of the tournament has changed with sponsorship. From 1995, the competition went from being the KNVB Cup Tournament to being known as the Amstel Cup after the then sponsor Amstel. On 16 August 2005, the name was changed to the Gatorade Cup after the drinks company Gatorade. In 2006, the name returned to being the KNVB Cup Tournament with Gatorade remaining as the principal sponsor. European competition. Up until 1998, the winner of the cup entered into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but with the abandonment of that tournament, the winner now goes into the UEFA Europa League. If the winning team has won the Eredivisie and thus entry into the UEFA Champions League, then the beaten KNVB Cup finalist will take the place in the UEFA Europa League. In 1998, both teams in the KNVB final, Ajax and PSV, had won places into the Champions League. So a game was played between the beaten semi-finalists, SC Heerenveen and FC Twente, to determine who would take the Cup Winners' Cup place. Tadeus Reichstein Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897 1 August 1996) was a Polish-born Swiss chemist, botanist and Nobel laureate. Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer. He began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany. In 1933, working in Zürich, Switzerland, Reichstein made vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in what is now called the Reichstein process. Reichstein, E.C. Kendall and P.S. Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for their discovery of cortisone. He died in Basel, Switzerland. The main industrial process for the artificial creation of Vitamin C still bears his name. Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was beaten in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini. Everglades National Park Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River. An average of one million people visit the park each year. Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone. UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979. Manú National Park Manú National Park is a biosphere reserve in Peru. Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it. The park is fairly inaccessible by road to this day. In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site. It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328 km². The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570 km², and a further 914 km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811 km². The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres. Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world. Overall, more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, and up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare. The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds. This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America. The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests. Plane Stupid Plane Stupid is a non-violent environmentalist group in the United Kingdom. It is against making airports bigger. Plane Stupid was started in 2005 by Joss Garman, Richard George and Graham Thompson. Nissan Pathfinder The Nissan Pathfinder is a midsize crossover SUV made by Nissan Motor Company. Its competitor was originally the Toyota 4Runner. It has been around since 1985 and has had five generations since then. It featured hidden rear door handles, a design feature that was later used by Alfa Romeo. The first generation was made from 1985 to 1995. The second generation was made from 1995 to 2004 and spawned an upscale version with the Infiniti QX4. The third generation was made from 2004 to 2012. The fourth generation is a midsize crossover SUV that allows seating for seven and was made from 2012 to 2020. The fifth generation launched in 2021 for the 2022 Model Year. Controlled drugs in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, certain drugs are classified as controlled drugs. Controlled drugs are illegal to possess, use, or supply to others without a license. These drugs are governed under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971. This act defines three categories of controlled drugs: A, B, and C. The penalties for illegaly possessing, using or supplying a controlled drug are different depending on which category the drug belongs to. Many of these drugs are also governed by other laws, such as the Medicines Act. Also, there are many other drugs that are not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act but that are controlled by other laws. Class A drugs are drugs that are considered the most dangerous. They carry the harshest punishments. Class C drugs are those that are thought to be much less dangerous. They therefore carry much less serious punishments. More serious punishments are dealt if the person is considered to have had the intention to supply the drug to others. Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life in prison. The laws governing the use and supply of drugs for medical purposes are not part of the Misuse of Drugs Act. A different set of categories apply, which are defined in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations. This sets out five schedules, each with their own restrictions. These restrictions say that a person can possess and use certain drugs if they have the proper prescriptions for them. A prescriptions must be given by somebody who is licensed to provide it (e.g., a medical doctor). The drug itself must be supplied by somebody who is licensed to supply it (e.g., a pharmacy). Lose Yourself "Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem. Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself". It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone. It is from and about his movie "8 Mile." It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. More broadly, it studies the evolution of the topography of a planet. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes. They use a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is part of geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology and archaeology. This range of interests leads to a wide variety of research styles and interests in the field. George Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader. He was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during World War II. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan. For this plan, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. John Isner John Robert Isner (born April 26, 1985) is an American professional tennis player from Greensboro, North Carolina. He is best known for his first round marathon match at Wimbledon in 2010 against Nicolas Mahut, where they played the longest ever tennis match, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes and was played over three days. Steve Keirn Steve Keirn is a professional wrestler. He was born on September 10, 1951. Since the early 1990s, he has had a wrestling school called the "School of Hard Knocks". Jubilees The book of Jubilees is an ancient book written in Hebrew. It is sometimes called the Lesser Genesis. It was known to early Christians and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church believes it to be a book of the Bible . Fuji Speedway is a race track standing in the foothills of Mount Fuji, in Oyama, Suntō District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was built in the early 1960s and hosted the first Formula One race in Japan in 1976. In the 1980s, Fuji Speedway was used for the FIA World Sportscar Championship and national racing. When it first opened, it was managed by Mitsubishi. Fuji Speedway was purchased by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2000. Fuji Speedway is known for having one of the longest straights in motorsport tracks, at in length. History. F1 launches in Japan. Fuji Speedway Corporation was established in 1963, as Japan NASCAR Corporation. At first, the circuit was planned to hold NASCAR-style races in Japan. The track was designed to be a high-banked superspeedway. There was not enough money to complete the project and only one of the banked turns was ever designed. Mitsubishi Estate Co. (a part of Mitsubishi) invested in the circuit. They took over the management rights in October 1965. The track was converted to a road course. Fuji speedway opened in December 1965. The banked turn was somewhat dangerous, and caused several major accidents. According to Vic Elford "The reason that banking was so horrific, was that at the end of the straight we went over a blind crest at around 190/200 mph and "dropped into" the banking. At other tracks (Daytona, Monthlery, etc.) you climb up the banking." A new part of track was built to fix the problem. The new course was more successful. In 1966, the track hosted a USAC Indy Car non-championship race, won by Jackie Stewart. The speedway brought the first Formula One race to Japan at the end of the season. Mario Andretti won the race, and James Hunt earned enough points to win the world championship title. In Gilles Villeneuve was involved in a crash that killed two spectators on the side of the track. Formula One stopped racing at the speedway and Japan. When Japan was added back to the F1 schedule ten years later, it went to Suzuka instead. F1 didn't return to Fuji until . National racing venue. Fuji remained a popular sports car racing venue. FIA World Sportscar Championship visited the track between 1982 and 1988. Fuji was often used for national races. Two chicanes were added to the track to slow down the speeds. Even with these changes, the main feature of the track remained its long straight, one of the longest in all of motorsports. The long pit straight has also been used for drag racing. NHRA exhibitions were run in 1989. Local drag races are common on the circuit. The track is still used for Japanese national races. In 2000 the majority of the shares of stock were bought by Toyota. Toyota was making plans for future motor racing. Renovations. In 2003 the circuit was closed to for a major reprofiling of the track. A new design from Hermann Tilke was used. The circuit reopened on 10 April 2005. It hosted its first Formula One championship event in 29 years on 30 September 2007. The race won by Lewis Hamilton. The circuit hosts the NISMO Festival for historic Nissan racers. Toyota also hosts its own historic event a week before the NISMO called Toyota Motorsports Festival. Nearby is a drifting course, which was built as part of the refurbishment. The only time the circuit is run on a reverse direction is during the D1 Grand Prix drifting round. The series has hosted its rounds since 2003, with the exception of the 2004 closure. The circuit became the first to take place on an international level racetrack and the first of the three to take place on an F1 circuit. As part of the 2003 renovations, most of the old banked section of track was removed. Only a small section remains. Following both poor ticket sales and bad weather it was decided by FOM that the Japanese Grand Prix would be shared between Fuji Speedway and Suzuka on alternate years. Suzuka would hold the next race on 4 October 2009. After the global recession and its own financial problems, Toyota decided to stop hosting of Japanese Grand Prix. Fuji Speedway in video games. The Fuji circuit is known to fans of the arcade racing game Pole Position, as cars raced on the circuit. Fuji is also featured in a number of video games including "Top Gear", several "Gran Turismo" games and "TOCA Race Driver". Fuji Speedway in television. The Fuji circuit is featured prominently in the Japanese television drama "Engine" as the main setting for the racing scenes. It is also the home of the (fictional) "Regulus Cup". 2010 US Open (tennis) The 2010 US Open was a tennis event played on an outdoor hard courts, held between August 30 and September 13, 2010 at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, New York City, United States. The men's singles final was initially going to be played on September 12. Rain postponed the final till the following day. In the past two years the final was also pushed forward because of rain. Seniors finals. Men's Singles. Rafael Nadal beat Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 Women's Singles. Kim Clijsters beat Vera Zvonareva, 6–2, 6–1 Men's Doubles. Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan beat Rohan Bopanna / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 7–6(5), 7–6(4). Women's Doubles. Vania King / Yaroslava Shvedova beat Liezel Huber / Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4) Mixed Doubles. Liezel Huber / Bob Bryan beat Květa Peschke / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 6–4, 6–4. Juniors finals. Boys' Singles. Jack Sock beat Denis Kudla, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2 Girls' Singles. Daria Gavrilova beat Yulia Putintseva, 6–3, 6–2 Boys' Doubles. Duilio Beretta / Roberto Quiroz beat Oliver Golding / Jiří Veselý, 6–1, 7–5 Girls' Doubles. Tímea Babos / Sloane Stephens beat An-Sophie Mestach / Silvia Njirić, walkover Wheelchair finals. Wheelchair Men's Singles. Shingo Kunieda beat Nicolas Peifer, walkover Wheelchair Women's Singles. Esther Vergeer beat Daniela Di Toro, 6–0, 6–0 Wheelchair Men's Doubles. Maikel Scheffers / Ronald Vink beat Nicolas Peifer / Jon Rydberg, 6–0, 6–0 Wheelchair Women's Doubles. Esther Vergeer / Sharon Walraven beat Daniela Di Toro / Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–3 Wheelchair Quad Singles. David Wagner beat Peter Norfolk, 6–0, 2–6, 6–3 Wheelchair Quad Doubles. Nick Taylor / David Wagner beat Johan Andersson / Peter Norfolk, 7–5, 7–6(4) Qualifying stages. Before the 2010 US Open began a series of qualifying matches were held for players who were not able to automatically enter the main draws. Boys' Singles. The following player received the lucky loser spot: Girls' Singles. The following player received the lucky loser spot: 2010 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying The 2010 US Open Men's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw. Christianity and alcohol Christianity and its beliefs about alcohol have changed since Christianity was started about 2,000 years ago. Wine and Christianity. Wine has always been important in Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus turned water into wine at a wedding where there was not enough to drink (see the picture at the right). The Bible says that wine was also important at the Last Supper - the last time Jesus ate with his disciples before he was arrested. The Bible's Gospel of Matthew 26:27 says that Jesus held up a cup of wine and told all of his disciples: "Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it. This is the cup of my blood ... My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven." Since that time, Roman Catholic church services have always included something called the Eucharist (also called "Holy Communion"). A priest holds up a cup of wine and says a prayer. At that point, Catholics believe the wine is turned into Jesus's blood. They believe drinking the wine is a way of remembering that Jesus was willing to die so their sins would be forgiven. Early Christian Beliefs. In the first 1,800 years of church history, Christians often enjoyed alcoholic drinks as a part of their everyday life. At church, during the Eucharist, they almost always used wine. Early Christians believed the Bible and Christian tradition both said alcohol is a gift from God. They taught that this gift made life happier, but that drinking too much alcohol and becoming drunk was a sin. Protestant Beliefs. In the early 1500s, the Protestant Church split off from the Roman Catholic Church. Over time, these two Christian churches started to believe some different things. By the mid-1800s, some Protestant Christians moved away from the traditional belief that drinking a moderate (small) amount of wine was not bad. (This belief was sometimes called "moderationism"). Some Protestants decided that not drinking wine at all was wisest (this was called "abstentionism"). Others decided that drinking any alcohol was sinful (this was called "prohibitionism"). Beliefs About Alcohol Today. Today, there are many different types of Christianity, with many different beliefs. Most people still believe in the traditional position: that drinking some wine is all right, just not too much. Most Christians' opinions about alcohol depend on how they understand what the Bible says about it. Alcohol in the Bible. The Bible often mentions alcoholic drinks. Sometimes it talks about real wine. Other times, it uses the word "wine" to mean something else. The Bible says that alcohol is a blessing from God that makes people happy, but it can also be dangerously and sinfully used. The Bible uses a few different words for alcoholic drinks. Though prohibitionists and some abstentionists disagree, most people agree that the words were usually meant to be about intoxicating drinks (drinks that can make a person drunk). Wine was an important and common drink in Biblical times. Because of this, the Bible sometimes uses wine as a symbol to teach about good and bad. Some parts of the Bible use wine as a symbol for good things, like abundance and health. However, the Bible also calls wine a mocker and beer a brawler (a person who fights too much). Other parts of the Bible use drinking a cup of strong wine and getting drunk as a symbol of God's anger. City of Dunedin Choir The City of Dunedin Choir a community choir in a city called Dunedin which is in the South Island of New Zealand. It has people from all age groups: some are old, some are young. They are all from the Dunedin area. The choir sings large classical choral pieces of music. The choir has about 140 members at the moment. The choir sings many types of music, including music from these periods: Baroque, Classical and Romantic orchestral works, and also modern New Zealand choral music. The Choir usually sings in about four or five concerts a year, often performing with an orchestra called Southern Sinfonia. Choir practice is held every week in the Crypt of St Paul's Cathedral on the Octagon in the middle of Dunedin. Recent Performances. The music in the City of Dunedin Choir's recent concerts include: Schubert: Mass in A Flat; Orff: Carmina Burmana; Elgar: Dream of Gerontius; Bach: A Christmas Oratorio; Ralph Vaughan Williams: Serenade to Music; Handel: The King Shall Rejoice; Purcell: Come ye Sons of Art; Mendelssohn: As the Hart Pants; Handel: My Heart is Inditing; Haydn: Nelson Mass; Handel: Messiah; Bach: St. John Passion; Faure: Cantique de Jean Racine; Faure: Requiem and Alexander Estrange: Zimbe! Upcoming Concerts. Upcoming City of Dunedin Choir Concerts include a performance of 'Saint Nicolas' by Benjamin Britten. History. The City of Dunedin Choir has been making audiences enjoy themselves around the region for nearly 150 years. The choir used to be two choirs, the Musical Union and the Choral Society, which were both made in 1863 and they joined together the following year with George West as conductor. The name of the choir became Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated a few years later. The society stopped existing in 1888 but started existing with the same name as before in 1897 with James Coombs as conductor. It changed its name to Schola Cantorum in 1967, after joining together with the University Union Choir, and then it changed its name to City of Dunedin Choir in 1993, the year it had existed for 130 years. However, through all these "trading name" changes, the official name remains Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated. Vice-Regal Patronage The Choir's immediate past Patron was the Hon. Dame Silvia Cartwright. The choir's archives, which are at the Hocken Library, say that, Mr H.S. Chapman, Supreme Court Judge, was Patron in 1878 and Governor, the Earl of Ranfurly, was Patron in 1898. They also say that Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor from 1879 to 1880, attended several concerts during his time as Governor, but he was not a patron. References. The archives of the City of Dunedin Choir are in the Hocken Library, Anzac Avenue, Dunedin, New Zealand. The Choir has recently been listed on SOUNZ (http://sounz.org.nz), a submission process which includes details of the Choir's performances of works by New Zealand composers. Only 13 other choirs are listed on SOunz Gisborne, New Zealand Gisborne is a city on the East Coast of New Zealand's North Island. Gisborne is known as "the first city in the world to see the sun". This is because it is the first major city on the side of the International Date Line that sees the new day first. Changi Changi is a place in the east of Singapore. It has Changi Airport, Singapore Expo, Changi Air Base and Changi Naval Base. History. Singapore had its international airport at Kallang and Paya Lebar. But it expanded so rapidly that the Singapore government worried about having not enough space for airport to grow bigger. There were many proposals for a new location and the Singapore government chose Changi in the end. Other places in Changi. There are also other places in Changi, for example the Changi Prison, which had the Japanese Prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. These camps had the Allied powers prisoners staying there. There is also the Changi Air Base, Changi Naval Base, Changi Point Ferry Terminal and Changi Ferry Terminal. Southern Islands The Southern Islands of Singapore is a group of islands at the south of Singapore. It features famous islands like Sentosa"(pictured)", the Sisters Islands and Kusu Island. Development. The Singapore Tourism Board has spent close to S$300 million and took about 15 years to develop the southern islands of Singapore. This whole project is to bring gas, water, electricity and telecommunication supplies to the southern islands. Coupe de la Ligue The Coupe de la Ligue is a French football competition. It is organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. It was established in 1994. Its current champion is Olympique de Marseille. Wrought iron Wrought iron is a type of iron. It has very little carbon in it. Most steels have much more carbon. It also has some slag in it. This gives it a fibrous look similar to how wood looks. It is tough, malleable, ductile, and can be welded easily. It was most common in the old days when cast iron was the only other type of iron. Now mild steel is used instead. If it contains too much sulfur, it becomes very brittle when heated. Wrought iron has a rough surface that can hold paint and zinc for galvanization much more easily. Wrought iron was one of the most common types of iron in the medieval times. Its popularity has declined. It is needed to make historical items look historical. Slag Slag is a liquid residue from making iron. It consists of calcium silicate. The silicon dioxide in iron has to be taken away. The calcium oxide reacts with the silicon dioxide solid to make liquid calcium silicate, which is lighter than iron. It is drained out of the blast furnace. Slag can be used to make concrete. Air can be blown through molten slag to make a fluffy insulation made mineral wool. Concrete made with blast furnace slag is almost pure white compared to ordinary concrete which is greyish. 2010 US Open – Women's Singles Qualifying The 2010 US Open Women's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw. 2010 US Open – Boys' Singles Qualifying The 2010 US Open Boys' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw. 2010 US Open – Girls' Singles Qualifying The 2010 US Open Girls' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw. 2010 US Open – Men's Singles Juan Martín del Potro was the defending champion, but chose not to compete this year, after a wrist operation in May and only starting to practice again in August. Rafael Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 to win his first US Open title. It was his ninth career major and Nadal completed the Career Golden Slam with the win. Nadal became the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open all in the same calendar year. 2010 US Open – Women's Singles Kim Clijsters was the defending champion, and successfully defended her 2009 title, after she won 6–2, 6–1, against Vera Zvonareva in the final. 2010 US Open – Men's Doubles Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Martin Damm and Filip Polášek 6–7(7), 6–3, 6–4. Bob and Mike Bryan won in the final 7–6(5), 7–6(4), against Rohan Bopanna and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi. 2010 US Open – Women's Doubles Serena Williams and her sister Venus Williams were the defending champions, but as a result of a foot injury Serena withdrew from the competition. Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova defeated Liezel Huber and Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4) in the final. 2010 US Open – Mixed Doubles Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Gisela Dulko and Pablo Cuevas 2–6, 4–6. Liezel Huber and Bob Bryan won in the final 6–4, 6–4, against Květa Peschke and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi. Brigadier general Brigadier general is a rank in the army. He is normally in command of a brigade, about 3,000 men. It is between the rank of major general and colonel. In the United States, brigadier general is also a rank in the Air Force and Marines and is also called O-7. Brigadier in the British Army is OF-6, and also in NATO. The difference is that NATO classes both first and second lieutenants as OF-1. Harry Belafonte Harold George "Harry" Belafonte, Jr. (originally Belafonete; born March 1, 1927) is an American musician, singer, actor, and social activist. His father was from Martinique; his mother was of Jamaican descent. He is a very successful pop singer. Some call him the "King of Calypso," because he popularized this Caribbean musical style in the 1950s. Belafonte is well known for singing the "Banana Boat Song", with the words ""Day-O"." He has worked for civil rights and humanitarian causes. He criticized the policies of George W. Bush. He endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and Bernie Sanders for president in 2016. Hamilton Smith Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and a Nobel prize winner. He was jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is a leader in the field of genomics. Hamilton Smith was, with Craig Venter, a leader in the Celera corporation's bid to analyse and sell information about the human genome. The basic idea was to find ways to make DNA sequencing cheaper so that everyone could have their DNA analysed. Then the information could be used for medical purposes. Smith's award was for the discovery of restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific places. Such enzymes, found in bacteria and archaea, probably evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up "foreign" DNA. Host DNA is modified so it does not get cut up. Together, these two processes are called the restriction modification system. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two cuts, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix. Macaroni and cheese Macaroni and cheese, also known as mac and cheese, macaroni cheese, or macaroni pie, is a dish of macaroni that is covered in a cheese sauce. It can be bought packaged. It is a common food for children in the U.S. It was introduced in America by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. It originated in Italy and originally was a high-class food. Cordell Hull Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee. He was the Secretary of State for 11 years. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for helping make the United Nations. He was a lawyer in his younger years, and an Army officer in the Spanish–American War. He was a US Representative for over 20 years. He later was appointed to the Democratic National Committee. He then became a US Senator, but resigned because he was appointed Secretary of State. As Secretary he promoted a "good neighbor" policy towards Latin America and help for China in its war against Japan. He resigned from the secretary position when his health failed. He died in 1955 from heart attacks and strokes. Penalty (ice hockey) A penalty in ice hockey is a punishment when a player breaks rules during a game. A referee or a game official will decide the penalty. Normally it is done by placing the person in a penalty box for a certain amount of time. After that the player can go back into the game. There are several types of penalties. Some are more serious and some are less. 2010 US Open – Boys' Singles The Boys' Singles tournament of the 2010 US Open started on Sunday September 5th, the seventh day of the main tournament. Bernard Tomic was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior this year. Jack Sock, who received wildcard into the singles main draw, won this tournament, after defeating Denis Kudla in the final. Qualifying draw. The following player received the lucky loser spot: Peter Scott Sir Peter Markham Scott (London, 14 September 1909 – Bristol, 29 August 1989) was a British ornithologist, conservationist, painter, Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve officer and sportsman. Scott was knighted in 1973 for his contribution to the conservation of wild animals. He had been a founder of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a founder of several wetlands bird sactuaries in Britain, and an influence on international conservation. He received the WWF Gold Medal, and the J. Paul Getty Prize for his work. Early life. Scott was born in London, the only child of Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott ("Scott of the Antarctic") and sculptor Kathleen Bruce. He was two years old when his father died. Robert Scott, in a last letter to his wife, advised her to "make the boy interested in natural history if you can; it is better than games". He was educated at Oundle School and Trinity College, Cambridge, at first taking Natural Sciences but graduating in the History of Art in 1931. After graduating, he studied art in Germany and London. He had his first exhibition in London in 1933, and sold his first paintings. In 1935 he published "Morning Flight", illustrated by himself. As a young man, Scott was not wealthy, and the income from his paintings was the basis of his life. The paintings themselves sold well, but most of the income came from books and reproductions. The reproductions, which were printed by Ankermann of Bond Street, are still selling well. From this 'income stream' Scott was able to keep a family, and buy some of the land he wanted for wildfowl refuges. In the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, he represented Great Britain at sailing, winning a bronze medal in the smallest class of boat, the O-Jolle or dinghy. World War II. As war approached, in 1939, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In 1940 he was a in a Destroyer as a Lieutenant. After joining Coastal Forces he rose to Lieutenant-Commander and commanded a flotilla of Motor Gun Boats in the Channel. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with bar and an MBE (Military Division). In 1944 he was a Staff Officer and in March 1945 he was appointed Captain of the brand new Frigate HMS 'Cardigan Bay'. After the war. In 1948, he founded the organisation with which he was ever afterwards closely associated, the Severn Wildfowl Trust (now the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust) with its headquarters at Slimbridge in Gloucestershire. In the years that followed, he became a television personality, popularising the study of wildfowl and wetlands. His BBC natural history series, "Look", ran from 1955 to 1981 and made him a household name. From 1973 to 1983, Scott was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham. He was the founder President of the Society of Wildlife Artists and President of the Nature in Art Trust, (a role in which Philippa succeeded him). 2010 US Open – Girls' Singles Heather Watson was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior that year. Daria Gavrilova won this event, after beating her compatriot Yulia Putintseva 6–3, 6–2 in the final. Qualifying draw. The following player received the lucky loser spot: 2010 US Open – Boys' Doubles Márton Fucsovics and Hsieh Cheng-peng were the defending champions, but Hsieh did not enter the junior competition this year. Fucsovics played alongside Máté Zsiga, but the team lost to Guilherme Clézar and Tiago Fernandes in the second round. Duilio Beretta and Roberto Quiroz defeated Oliver Golding and Jiří Veselý 6–1, 7–5 in the final. 2010 US Open – Girls' Doubles Valeria Solovieva and Maryna Zanevska were the defending champions but did not enter the junior competition this year. Tímea Babos and Sloane Stephens won the title, after their opponents - An-Sophie Mestach and Silvia Njirić withdrew before the final match. 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Men's Singles Shingo Kunieda, defended his 2009 title after Nicolas Peifer withdrew from the final. 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Women's Singles Esther Vergeer, defended her 2009 title, after a win against Daniela Di Toro 6–0, 6–0 in the final. 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Men's Doubles Stéphane Houdet and Stefan Olsson were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to eventual champions Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink. Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink won this event, after won 6–0, 6–0, against Nicolas Peifer and Jon Rydberg in the final. 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Women's Doubles Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer were the defending champions, only Vergeer competed in the event. Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven won this tournament, after they won in the final 6–3, 6–3, against Daniela Di Toro and Aniek van Koot. 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Quad Singles Peter Norfolk is the defending champion, but he lost in the final 6–0, 2–6, 6–3, against David Wagner. Draw. Round Robin. "Standings are determined by:" 2010 US Open – Wheelchair Quad Doubles Nick Taylor and David Wagner defended their 2009 title, after they won 7–5, 7–6(4), against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk in the final. 2009 US Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated by Juan Martín del Potro in the final, 6–3, 6–7(5), 6–4, 6–7(4), 2–6. 2009 US Open – Women's Singles Kim Clijsters defeated Caroline Wozniacki in the final 7–5, 6–3. Serena Williams, the defending champion, lost to Clijsters in the semifinals. 2009 US Open – Men's Doubles Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals against Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes. Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes won in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 against Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles. 2009 US Open – Women's Doubles Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but Serena Williams and Venus Williams defeated them in the final 6–2, 6–2. 2009 US Open – Mixed Doubles Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott won in the final, 6–2, 6–4, against defending champions, Cara Black and Leander Paes. 2009 US Open – Boys' Singles Bernard Tomic won in the final 6-1, 6-3 against Chase Buchanan. 2009 US Open – Girls' Singles Heather Watson won in the final 6–4, 6–1 against Yana Buchina. 2009 US Open – Boys' Doubles Marton Fucsovics and Cheng Peng Hsieh won in the finals 7-6(5), 5-7, [10-1] against Julien Obry and Adrien Puget. 2009 US Open – Girls' Doubles Lertcheewakarn partnered with Elena Bogdan, but Valeria Solovieva and Maryna Zanevska defeated them in the final 1-6, 6-3 [10-7]. 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Men's Singles Shingo Kunieda won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Maikel Scheffers 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Women's Singles Esther Vergeer won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Korie Homan. 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Men's Doubles Stephane Houdet and Stefan Olsson won in the final 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 against Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink. 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Women's Doubles Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer won in the final 6–2, 6–2 against Daniela DiToro and Florence Gravellier. 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Quad Singles Peter Norfolk won in the final 6–6, 3–6, 6–3, against David Wagner. 2009 US Open – Wheelchair Quad Doubles Nicholas Taylor and David Wagner won in the final 6-1, 6-7(5), 6-3 against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk. 2010 ATP World Tour The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour is the number one tier tennis tour for men's tennis competition. The 2010 ATP World Tour calendar cosists of Grand Slam tournaments (organised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2010 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which does not distribute ranking points, and is organised by the ITF. Rectus abdominis muscle The rectus abdominis muscle is a muscle in the human body. It is commonly referred to as "Abs". It is a paired muscle that runs vertically from the lower chest to the pubic region people usually try to put stress to make it look as if they have huge abs and they help us run. Commander Commander is a rank of naval officer. It may also be used as a general term for a leader. Commander as a naval rank. Commander is a rank used in many navies and some air forces. It is rarely used as a rank in armies, except in special forces for a team leader. The title (originally "Master and Commander") originated in the 18th century Royal Navy for naval officers who commanded ships of war too large to be commanded by a Lieutenant but too small to warrant the assignment of a Post-captain. In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns. The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to "Commander" in 1794; however, the term "Master and Commander" remained in common use for many years. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4. Royal Navy. A Commander in the Royal Navy is above the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, below the rank of Captain. It is equivalent in rank to a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army and Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force. A Commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff. Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers were a series of essays about the United States Constitution. In total, there were 85 articles, 77 of them appeared in newspapers between October of 1787 and August 1788. Many talked about how the Constitution would solve America's political problems. Most of them were published in newspapers in New York and Virginia, states where it was not clear whether or not the Constitution would pass (it did). Most were written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison, though a few were written by John Jay. One of the most famous of the Papers is Federalist No. 10. It was written by Madison and says that the Constitution would keep the United States from being run by small groups called "factions". The collection of all papers was also published as a book. The papers were published using a false name, "Publius". This name was used in reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a Roman Consul and one of the aristocrats who overthrew the Roman Kingdom in the 5th century BC. The papers are often thought of as one of the most important works of American political thought. Sometimes they are used by Supreme Court justices to try to say what the founders were thinking. Akita Prefecture is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Akita. Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake. History. The area of Akita was created from Dewa Province and Mutsu Province. Historic places. The site of castle of the Kubota Castle built by Satake, a daimyo from Hitachi. Landscape gardener, Abira Nagaoka, designed the park in 1896. The name "Akita" became established in Tenpyou era. Geography. Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan. It is bordered by Aomori Prefecture in the north, Iwate Prefecture in the east, Miyagi Prefecture in the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture in the south. Mt. Chokai is the second hightest mountain in the Tohoku Region. Shirakami-Sanchi is a large mountain range along the border between Akita and Aomori prefectures. Cities. There are 13 cities in Akita Prefecture: National Parks. National Parks cover about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. including Shrines and Temples. "Ōmonoimi jinja" and "Tsutsukowake jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Korean Demilitarized Zone The Korean Demilitarized Zone () is a piece of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula almost in half, crossing the 38th parallel. The west end of the DMZ is south of the parallel and the east end is to the north of it. It is long, and about wide and is the most highly militarized border in the world. The border between both Koreas in the Yellow Sea and its coastline is known as the Northern Limit Line. Both sides of the Northern Limit Line are also heavily guarded. History. The 38th parallel north cuts the Korean peninsula roughly in half. The parallel was the original boundary between the US-occupied and Soviet-occupied areas of Korea at the end of World War II. When the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, informally South Korea) were created in 1948, this line became a de facto international border between the two countries. It was also one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War. Both the North and the South remained heavily dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War. The conflict claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines. On June 25, 1950, a Soviet-sponsored DPRK invasion crossed the 38th parallel. The conflict ended three years later. International troops had been deployed and pushed the frontline back to near the 38th parallel. In the ceasefire of July 27, 1953, the DMZ was created. Each side agreed in the armistice to move their troops back from the front line, creating a buffer zone wide. The Military Demarcation Line (MDL) goes down the center of the DMZ and indicates exactly where the front was when the agreement was signed. In theory, this is a stalemate. Neither side won or lost. Because of this, both sides of the conflict are still enemies, and a large number of troops is still stationed along both sides of the line. The armistice agreement explains exactly how many military personnel and what kind of weapons are allowed in the DMZ. Soldiers from both sides may patrol inside the DMZ, but they may not cross the MDL. Sporadic outbreaks of violence due to North Korean hostilities killed over 500 South Korean soldiers and 50 U.S. soldiers along the DMZ between 1953 and 1999. Tae Sung Dong and Kijong-dong were the only villages allowed by the armistice committee to remain within the boundaries of the DMZ. Residents of Tae Sung Dong are governed and protected by the United Nations Command and are generally required to spend at least 240 nights per year in the village to maintain their residency. In 2008, the village had a population of 218 people. The villagers of Tae Sung Dong are direct descendants of people who owned the land before the 1950-53 Korean War. Joint Security Area. Inside the DMZ, near the western coast of the peninsula, is a place called Panmunjeom. The Joint Security Area (JSA) is located there. Originally, it was the only connection between North and South Korea. In 2007 a Korail train crossed the DMZ to the North on the new Donghae Bukbu Line built on the east coast of Korea. There are several buildings on both sides of the Military Demarcation Line. A few are built right on top of the MDL. The Joint Security Area is the location where all negotiations since 1953 have been held, including statements of Korean solidarity, which have generally amounted to little except a slight decline of tensions. The MDL goes through the conference rooms and down the middle of the conference tables where the North Koreans and the United Nations Command (primarily South Koreans and Americans) meet face to face. Though generally calm, the DMZ has been the scene of much saber-rattling between the two Koreas over the years. Several small skirmishes have occurred within the Joint Security Area since 1953. The Axe Murder Incident in August 1976 involved the attempted trimming of a poplar tree which resulted in two deaths (CPT Arthur Bonifas and 1LT Mark Barrett) and Operation Paul Bunyan. Beforehand, the soldiers of both sides were permitted to go back and forth across the MDL inside of the JSA, a privilege since revoked as a result of this incident. Another incident occurred on November 23, 1984, when a Soviet tourist, who was part of an official trip to the JSA (hosted by the North), ran across the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) shouting that he wanted to defect. North Korean troops immediately chased after him opening fire. Border guards on the South Korean side returned fire eventually surrounding the North Koreans as they pursued the Russian national. One South Korean and three North Korean soldiers were killed in the action. The defector was not captured. In late 2009, South Korean forces and the United Nations Command began renovation of its three guard posts and two checkpoint buildings within the JSA compound. Construction was designed to enlarge and modernise the structures. Work was undertaken a year after North Korea finished replacing four JSA guard posts on its side of the MDL. Secret tunnels. South Korea has discovered tunnels that cross the DMZ. To build these tunnels, explosives were used. This left certain traces, called "blasting lines". The orientation of these blasting lines shows that the tunnels were built from north to south, North Korea built them. In total, four tunnels have been discovered, the first on November 15, 1974. North Korea claimed that the tunnels were used for coal mining. No coal has been found in the tunnels. All tunnels were dug in a rock called granite. Some of the tunnel walls have been painted black to give the appearance of anthracite. It is believed the tunnels were built to allow a North Korean military invasion. Each tunnel is big enough, so an entire infantry division can pass in one hour, but the tunnels are too small for tanks or other vehicles. All the tunnels run in a north-south direction and do not have branches. Engineering within the tunnels, following each discovery, has become progressively more advanced. For example, the third tunnel sloped slightly upwards as it progressed southward, to prevent water stagnation. Today, visitors may visit the second, third and fourth tunnels through guided tours. First tunnel. The first of the tunnels was discovered by a South Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground. The initial discovery was met with machine gun fire from North Korean soldiers. Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel, U.S. Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and ROK Marine Corps Major Kim Hah Chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Korean explosive device. The blast also wounded five Americans and one South Korean from the United Nations Command. The tunnel, which was about high by wide, extended more than beyond the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) into South Korea. The tunnel was reinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting. There were weapons storage and sleeping areas. A narrow gauge railway with carts had also been installed. Estimates based on the tunnel's size, suggest it would have allowed approximately 2,000 KPA soldiers (one regiment) to pass through it per hour. Second tunnel. The second tunnel was discovered on March 19, 1975. It is of similar length to the first tunnel. It is located between below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately . Third tunnel. The third tunnel was discovered on October 17, 1978. Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discovered following a tip from a North Korean defector. This tunnel is about long and about below ground. Foreign visitors touring the South Korean DMZ may view inside this tunnel using a sloped access shaft. Fourth tunnel. A fourth tunnel was discovered on March 3, 1990 north of Haen town in the former Punchbowl battlefield. The tunnel's dimensions are 2m x 2m and it is 145m underground, the method of construction is almost identical in structure to the second and the third tunnels. Propaganda. Buildings. Both North and South Korea maintain "peace villages" in sight of each other's side of the DMZ. In the South, Daeseong-dong is administered under the terms of the DMZ. Villagers are classed as Republic of Korea citizens, however they are exempt from paying tax and other civic requirements such as military service. In the North, Kijong-dong features a number of brightly painted, poured-concrete multi-story buildings and apartments with electric lighting. These features represented an unheard of level of luxury for rural Koreans, north or south, in the 1950s. The town was oriented so that the bright blue roofs and white sides of the buildings would be the most distinguishing features when viewed from the border. However scrutiny with modern telescopic lenses reveals that the buildings are mere concrete shells lacking window glass or even interior rooms, with the building lights turned on and off at set times and the empty sidewalks swept by a skeleton crew of caretakers in an effort to preserve the illusion of activity. Until 2004, massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings continuously delivered DPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda radio broadcasts across the border. Within the JSA are a number of U.N. buildings called Conference Row these are used for direct talks between the two Koreas. Facing the UN buildings is DPRK's Panmungak () and ROK's Freedom House. In 1994, North Korea enlarged Panmungak by adding a third floor. In 1998, South Korea built a new Freedom House for its Red Cross staff and to possibly host reunions of families separated by the Korean War. The new building incorporated the old Freedom House Pagoda within its design. In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a flagpole in the village of Daeseong-dong. The North Korean government responded by building a taller one — the tallest in the world at in Kijong-dong. Korean wall. The "Korean wall" is a concrete barrier that was allegedly built along the length of the DMZ in South Korea between 1977 and 1979. Dutch journalist and filmmaker Peter Tetteroo shows footage of what he believes (at the prompting of his North Korean guides) to be the Korean Wall. North Korea contends: In the area south of the Military Demarcation Line, which cuts across our country at its waist, there is a concrete wall which [...] stretches more than from east to west, is high, thick at the bottom, and wide in the upper part. It is set with wire entanglements and dotted with gun embrasures, look-outs and varieties of military establishments [...] the South Korean rulers built this wall over a period of many years from 1977. In December 1999, Chu Chang Jun, North Korea's longtime ambassador to China, repeated claims that a "wall" divided Korea. He said the south side of the wall is packed with soil, which permits access to the top of the wall and makes it effectively invisible from the south side. He also claimed that it served as a bridgehead for any northward invasion. One clarification in 2007, from an assistant of Mr. Cho at the Korean embassy in WDC, that this is mostly, or at least partly, an artificial cliff cut into the north side of the terrain, and explains this combination semantic and 'blind-men & elephant' issue. At the security passage between the North & South, it is easy to manage the contours and make the cliff invisible from the limited points of view allowed within the security compound. None of the plausible descriptions from the North, South, or USA, contradicts this explanation of the appearance or function of this at least partly one-sided wall. According to the United States, the wall does not exist, although there are anti-tank barriers along some sections of the DMZ. Transportation. Panmunjeom is the site where the negotiations that ended the Korean War took place. It is the main centre of human activity in the DMZ today. The village is located on the main highway and near a railroad connecting the two Koreas. The railway, which connects Seoul and Pyongyang, was called the Gyeongui Line before Korea was divided in the 1940s. Currently the South uses the original name, but the North refers to the route as the P'yŏngbu Line. Today, the railway is mainly used to carry materials to the industrial complexes at Kaesong. South Korea workers also use it to commute there. When it was reopened in the early 2000s, this was seen as a sign that the relations between both countries were improving. However in November 2008 North Korean authorities closed the railway because of growing tensions with the South. When former South-Korean president Kim Dae-jung had died, a delegation from North Korea also attended his funeral. On that occasion, talks were held with South Korean officials. In September 2009, the Kaesong rail and road crossings were reopened. The road at Panmunjeom, which was known historically as "Highway One" in the South, was originally the only access point between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula. Passage is comparable to the strict movements that occurred at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin at the height of the Cold War. Both North and South Korea's roads end in the Joint Security Area; neither highway meets because there is a concrete line that divides the entire site. People given the permission to cross this border must do so on foot before continuing their journey by road. In 2007, on the east coast of Korea, the first train crossed the DMZ on the new Donghae Bukbu (Tonghae Pukpu) Line. The new rail crossing was built next to the road which took South Koreans to Kŭmgangsan, a region that has significant cultural importance for all Koreans. More than one million civilian visitors crossed the DMZ until the route was closed after a 53-year-old South Korean tourist was shot in July 2008. The North Korean government did not want that both police forces investigate the shooting together, so the South Korean government stopped offering tours to the resort. Since then the resort, and the Donghae Bukbu Line have effectively been closed by the North. Nature reserve. In the past half century, the Korean DMZ has been a deadly place for humans, making habitation impossible. Only around the village of Panmunjeom and more recently the Dong Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast have there been regular incursions by people. This natural isolation along the length of the DMZ has created an involuntary park which is now recognised as one of the most well-preserved areas of temperate habitat in the world. Several endangered animal and plant species now exist among the heavily fortified fences, landmines and listening posts. These include the extremely rare Red-crowned Crane (a staple of Asian art), and the White-naped crane as well as, potentially, the extremely rare Korean Tiger, Amur leopard and Asiatic black bear. Ecologists have identified some 2,900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds within the narrow buffer zone. Additional surveys are now being conducted throughout the region. The DMZ owes its varied biodiversity to its geography which crosses mountains, prairies, swamps, lakes and tidal marshes. Environmentalists hope that by the time reunification occurs, the former DMZ will be conserved as a wildlife refuge, with a well-developed set of objective and management plans vetted and in place. In 2005, CNN founder and media mogul, Ted Turner, on a visit to North Korea, said that he would financially support any plans to turn the DMZ into a peace park and a UN-protected World Heritage Site. Escapees from North Korea. Since trying to cross the DMZ is extremely dangerous, most North Korean defectors, or people who leave their home country to join an new country in a way the first country claims to be illegal, begin their escape through the border with China. This is because the Chinese-North Korean border is much less heavily guarded, although crossing the Chinese border is not without risks. However, there have been some escapees who have escaped by crossing the DMZ. Most of these people who successfully crossed the DMZ were North Korean soldiers who already had some knowledge of the area. Of the 33,000 North Korean defectors, only 21 North Korean soldiers crossed the DMZ and lived since the North Korean famine in 1996. Robert Falcon Scott Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who died on an expedition to the South Pole. He is widely known as "Scott of the Antarctic", the title of a 1948 movie. Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were keenly sought after by ambitious officers. It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for command of the "Discovery". His name became associated with the Antarctic, his field of work for the final twelve years of his life. Terra Nova Expedition 1910–1913. During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition had got there first. On the return journey, Scott and his four comrades died from exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold. The tragic fate of his expedition is still remembered throughout the world. Scott's leadership. After his death, Scott became a British hero. His reputation suffered from several books written later in the 20th century. Still later, Scott's record was reviewed more favourably. The main cause of the failure of the expedition is now said to be the exceptionally adverse weather at the end of the return from the pole. Scott took ponies, motorised sleds and ordinary sleds, which he and his men pulled. He thought that the number of animals overworked and killed should be held as low as possible and considered his rival Roald Amundsen's approach as cruel. Amundsen, on the other hand, killed dog after dog to feed himself, the men and the rest of the dogs. He did not feel bad about it. The ponies helped travelling part of the way to the pole, but some of them were so stubborn that the expedition members, especially Lawrence Oates, lost much energy that was needed to get back from the pole. The motorised sleds (which worked well at the start) eventually froze up. The dogs, of which there 36, were left behind on the final attempt on the Pole. One factor which has been re-discovered is that Scott gave the dog driver Meares written orders before leaving for the final attempt on the pole. The order was for dogs to be brought up towards the returning party. This order was supplemented by Scott asking Atkinson to make a similar attempt (Atkinson was one of those not chosen for the final attempt group). In the event, neither of these actions took place. Standard state The standard state is a common way for measuring properties of chemicals. Standard state normally is room temperature (25°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi). Normally when no temperature or pressure is given, standard state is implied. If an article says "bromine is a liquid" it means bromine is a liquid in the standard state. Tellurium trioxide Tellurium trioxide, also known as tellurium(VI) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO3. It contains tellurium and oxide ions. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state. Properties. Tellurium trioxide can come in two forms. There is a yellow-red form and a gray form. The yellow red form is more reactive. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It releases oxygen to turn into tellurium dioxide when heated. Preparation. It is made by taking the water from telluric acid. The gray form can be made from this by reacting the yellow-red form with sulfuric acid and air. Sons of Liberty The Sons of Liberty were a group of people in Boston at the time of the American Revolution. They were led by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere. Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry. They were in favor of rights of colonial Americans, which meant they often did not like the British. Some people thought the Sons of Liberty were a mob. The Sons of Liberty were the main group involved in the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. They also participated in the Stamp Act. Agnes Grey Agnes Grey, A Novel is the first novel written by the English author Anne Brontë and first published in 1847. The novel is about a governess of that name and is said to be based on Anne Brontë's own experiences. Like her sister Charlotte's novel "Jane Eyre", it addresses how uncertain position of a governess. Plot. Agnes Grey is the daughter of Mr. Grey, a minister who is not very rich, and Mrs. Grey, a woman who left her wealthy family and married out of love. Mr. Grey tries to make more money, but he end up losing money in an investment. That plunges the family into debt. Agnes, her sister Mary, and their mother all try to keep expenses low and bring in extra money, but Agnes is frustrated that everyone treats her like a child. To prove herself and to earn money for the family, she wants to be a governess. Eventually, she is offered a position, and gets her parents' permission. With some doubt about how it would be to be governess, she travels to to work for the Bloomfield family. The Bloomfields are rich and much crueller than Agnes had expected. Mrs. Bloomfield pampers her children while Mr. Bloomfield constantly finds fault with Agnes's work. The children misbehave a lot and Agnes is responsible for their behaviour even though she does not have power over them. Tom, the oldest Bloomfield child, even tortures small animals. In less than a year, Mrs. Bloomfield fires Agnes, thinks that her children are not learning quickly enough. Agnes then returns home. She then begs her mother to help her find a new position. Agnes advertises and is given a position in an even wealthier family – the Murrays. The two boys, John and Charles, are both sent to school soon after her arrival, but the girls Rosalie and Matilda remain in her care. Matilda is a tomboy and Rosalie is a flirt. Both girls are selfish and sometimes annoying, and although Agnes's position is slightly better than it was at the Bloomfield's, she is often ignored. Agnes then begins to visit Nancy Brown, an old woman with poor eyesight who needs help reading the Bible; there Agnes meets the new curate, Mr. Edward Weston. The next day while on a walk Agnes is surprised by Mr. Weston, who picks some wild primroses for her. Agnes later saves one of the flowers in her Bible. This new friendship is noticed by Rosalie Murray, who has now entered into society and is admired by nearly all suitors in the county. Rosalie becomes engaged to Sir Thomas Ashby, a wealthy baronet from Ashby Park. She tells Agnes, but makes her promise to keep silent, as she is still going to flirt with other men before she is married. One day, she and Agnes go on a walk and meet Mr. Weston. Rosalie begins to flirt with him, much to Agnes's irritation. Agnes receives a note from her sister Mary, who is now married to Mr. Richardson, a parson who lives near their home. Mary warns that their father is dying and begs Agnes to come. Agnes arrives too late to see her father alive. After his funeral, Agnes opens a small school with her mother, leaving behind the Murrays and Mr. Weston. She receives a letter from Rosalie who is very unhappy in her marriage and asks Agnes to come for a visit. Agnes is shocked by the change in Rosalie from a happy girl to an unhappy young woman. Rosalie tells Agnes that she hates Sir Thomas Ashby (and her mother-in-law), and claims he only left London because he was jealous of all the gentlemen she was attracting. Agnes also hears that Mr. Weston has left the area, and she is sad, believing she will not be able to see him again. Agnes leaves Ashby Park and returns home. Several months after she arrives, she goes for a walk on the sea shore and encounters Mr. Weston, who had been looking for her since he moved to the nearby parsonage. He is introduced to Agnes's mother, and they become friends. Agnes finds her attraction to him growing, and she accepts when he proposes marriage. In the end, Agnes is very happy having married Edward Weston, and they have three children together. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848 under the pseudonym Acton Bell. Story framed as a letter from Gilbert Markham to his friend and brother-in-law. He writes about events leading to his meeting his wife. It is a classic of English literature. Plot. Part One (Chapters 1 to 15) Gilbert Markham writes about a young widow, Mrs Graham, who arrives at the old mansion, named Wildfell Hall with her small son and a servant. Gilbert is at first interested in Eliza Millward, the vicar's younger daughter. He casually courts her, even though his mother does not like her. Mrs Graham does not want to talk about her life with her new neighbours, so they decided that she did something wrong in her past. Gilbert then becomes close to her, and falls in love with her. Eliza then spreads rumours about when she realises Gilbert is interested in Mrs Graham. The rumor is that she is having an affair with her landlord, Frederick Lawrence (who is actually her brother). At a chance meeting on a road, Gilbert strikes Lawrence, who was on a horse, with a whip handle, causing him to fall from his horse. Though she is unaware of this attack, Helen Graham still refuses to marry Gilbert, but when he accuses her of loving Lawrence she gives him her diaries. Part Two (Chapters 16 to 44) In her diary, Helen writes about a man, Arthur Huntingdon, courting her. Huntingdon is witty and handsome. She falls in love with him. Despite her aunt warning her of his bad character, she still marries him and plans to reform him. After Helen is married, she realises Huntingdon is an alcoholic and he spends some of his time away in London. He and his friends drink a lot of alcohol and behave themmselves badly. Before marrying Helen, Huntingdon flirts with Annabella Wilmot. After her marriage, Helen once encounters Huntingdon flirting with Annabella, who is married to Lord Lowborough. After the birth of their son, also named Arthur, he is jealous of their son's claims on Helen's attentions and affections. Walter Hargrave, the brother of Helen's friend Milicent Hargrave, courts Helen. He is an unwelcome admirer. He informs Helen of Arthur's affair with Lady Lowborough. When his friends depart, Arthur is sad openly for his lover's departure and hates his wife, but will not give her a divorce. When he begins to make their son drink alcohol, and teaches him to say bad words, Helen decides to run away from him. She plans to flee to save her son, but her husband learns of her plans from by reading her diary and burns the artist's tools with which she had hoped to support herself. After support from her brother, Frederick Lawrence, she leaves Grassdale and secretly comes to live at Wildfell Hall. Part Three (Chapters 45 to 53) After Gilbert reading the diaries, Helen bids Gilbert to leave her because she is cannot marry. He complies. He learns that Helen had left Wildfell Hall, when she learns that her husband is very sick. She takes care of him, but he still died. After a year passes, Gilbert hears a rumour of Helen's impending wedding. When he arrived at the wedding, he only found that Mr Lawrence, with whom he has reconciled, is marrying Helen's friend Esther Hargrave. Gilbert goes to Grassdale, and discovers that Helen is now wealthy. He travels there, but is anxious that she is now far above his social position. By chance he sees Helen, her aunt and young Arthur. The two lovers marry. They lead a happy life and have at least two children together. Characters. Helen Huntingdon (maiden nameː Helen Lawrence, aliasː Helen Graham) She is the protagonist of the novel and the tenant of the title. Wildfell Hall is the place where she and her brother were born. After their mother's death she goes to live with their aunt and uncle at Staningley Manor, while her brother, Frederick, remains with their father. Helen has maintained an close relationship with her brother and later he helps her to escape from her abusive husband. The character of Helen Graham was probably inspired by Anna Isabella Milbanke, the wife of Lord Byron. Like Anna, Helen firstly believed that reforming her husband's behaviour was her religious duty. Despite disapointment, both women retained their faith. Master Arthur Huntingdon Five years old at the beginning of the book, the son of Arthur Huntingdon and Helen. He looks like his uncle, Frederick, which gives rise to gossip. He is grown up by the time of Gilbert's letter to Jack Halford, and is lives at Grassdale Manor with his wife, Helen Hattersley (the daughter of Milicent Hargrave and Ralph Hattersley). Margaret "Peggy" Maxwell Helen's aunt, tries to warn her against marrying Huntingdon. She dies several years after Helen's and Gilbert's marriage. Frederick Lawrence, Helen's brother, helps her to escape from Huntingdon and lends her money. As he and Helen grew up apart and only met in Staningley or Grassdale, no one guessed that the secretive Mrs Graham is actually Frederick's sister. Eventually he marries Esther Hargrave. Being in mourning for her husband, Helen is forced to miss her brother's wedding. Arthur Huntingdon Helen's abusive and alcoholic husband, is a Byronic figure. His abusive behaviour makes Helen to run away from him, but when he becomes ill (after the injury from falling from a horse when drunk), Helen returns to Grassdale to take care of him. When he does not want to stop drinking alcohol, Huntingdon eventually dies. Annabella Wilmot (later Lady Lowborough) Arthur Huntingdon's lover, is flirtatious, and beautiful. She has an affair with Arthur Huntingdon for a few years. Helen is forced to cope with the affair, but when Annabella's husband finds out about it, he gets a divorce. Gilbert says he hears that after Annabella moves to Europe, she falls into poverty and dies destitute and alone, but says he cannot be sure if this is true or a rumour. Lord Lowborough A friend of Huntingdon's. He is also Annabella's devoted husband. Sad and gloomy, he is in contrast to Huntingdon. He used to gamble and drink too much alcohol and developed an addiction to opium, but gradually improves himself. Lowborough truly loves Annabella, and her infidelity brings him such suffering that only his Christian faith and strong will keep him from suicide. Later he divorces her and after some time marries a plain middle-aged woman, who makes a good wife to him and a stepmother to his children. Ralph Hattersley A friend of Huntingdon's, marries Milicent because he wants a quiet wife who will let him do what he likes with no word complaint. He mistreats his wife. "I sometimes think she has no feeling at all; and then I go on until she cries – and that satisfies me," he tells Helen. But after he reforms himself he becomes a loving husband and father. Gilbert Markham A twenty-four-year-old farmer, is the main narrator in the novel. He shows jealousy and anger, but during the course of the novel he grows morally and proves to be worthy of Helen. Fergus Markham Gilbert's seventeen-year-old brother, often tries but fails to be witty. Rose Markham A clever and pretty girl of ninteen, is Gilbert's younger sister and a friend of the Millward sisters. She becomes the wife of Jack Halford, to whom Gilbert is writing in letters what happened 20 years ago in his youth. Jane Wilson A friend of Eliza Millward and a scandalmonger, tries to marry Frederick Lawrence, but when Gilbert reveals to him her hatred of Frederick's sister Helen, Frederick breaks off their relationship. As no man she meets fits her high standards, she moves to a nearby country town, friendless and, according to Helen, becomes a spinster. Eliza Millward The younger daughter of the vicar and friend of Jane Wilson, loves gossip. Gilbert carries on a half-serious flirtation with her before he first meets Helen. Walter Hargrave A friend of Arthur Huntingdon's, is a admirer of Helen while she is still living with her husband. He is a cousin of Annabella Wilmot. Milicent Hargrave A quiet woman married to Ralph Hattersley against her will. She is Walter's sister and Helen's close friend. Helen leaves Arthur with her beloved son in tow, while Milicent says that she is "really contented" with her husband and "would not exchange [him] for any man on earth". At length, Ralph finally reforms himself and Milicent finds happiness in marriage. Esther Hargrave The younger sister of Milicent and Walter, and Helen's friend, is cheerful and independent. She resists an arranged marriage her family tries to force her into and eventually marries Helen's brother, Frederick Lawrence Rachel A servant and friend of Helen and her son, has taken care of Helen since her birth. Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell was a book of poetry published together by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne in 1846 (see 1846 in poetry). It is their first printed work. Minimum efficient scale The minimum efficient scale (MES) is the smallest output that an industrial plant (or firm) can produce such that its long run average costs are minimised. The size of MES relative to market demand curve has a strong influence on market structure. It can also be defined as the minimum point in U-shaped long run average cost curve. Alex Riley Alex Riley (born 29 March 1968 in Sheffield, Yorkshire) is an English DJ, television personality and comedian. His DJ career began when he became a DJ on BBC Radio 7. Some of the shows he hosted are "The Comedy Club", "Sony Gold Award" and "Station Sound". He began his TV career performing with the city's Crucible Youth Theatre during which time he originated, and appeared in, dozens of sketches and devised pieces, as well as appearing in a number of plays and farces at the Library Theatre. Riley then had a succession of jobs including managing an alternative shopping centre, selling aerial photographs and answering an on-air appeal for researchers on BBC TV's Top Gear programme. He is best known for "Britain's Really Disgusting Food" first aired in 2008, with a second series in 2009 and an alternative but same universe series "Britain's Really Disgusting Drink". He also acted in "Chelsea Flower Show", "Britain in Bloom", "Bigamy", "Short Circuits", "Discovery Home and Leisure", "Boys Toys", the Caravan Show, "You Know You Want To" and "Classic Car Club" among other TV shows. He also has a career as a stand-up comedian. Tellurite Tellurite is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO32-. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes hydrogen tellurite, HTeO3-. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. Tellurite is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there. Chiba (city) is a Japanese city in Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It is the capital city of the prefecture. It is about southeast of the center of Tokyo near the Tokyo Bay. It has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992. Weather. Chiba has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"). It is very hot i summer, and cool until mild winter. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year, but there is less precipitation in winter. People. As of February 2016, Chiba had an estimated 972,861 people living there. It had a population density of 3,580 persons per km². The total area of Chiba is . There were 19,135 registered foreign residents in Chiba as of March 31, 2007. Foreigners are about 2% of the total number of people. It has the 14th most amount of people in Japan. Transportation. Airports. There is no commercial airport in Chiba. Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) are the closest major airports. Education. High schools. Chiba has 20 public high schools. They are controlled by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Two public high schools are controlled by the Chiba City Board of Education. This includes Inage Senior High School. There are also nine private high schools. They include the Makuhari Junior and Senior High School. Elementary and middle schools. Chiba has 114 public elementary schools. It also has one private elementary school. There are 59 public middle schools. It also has one private middle school. Sister cities. Chiba is twinned with: Chiba Prefecture is a Japanese prefecture in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Chiba City. Chiba is the sixth most populous prefecture, and 27th largest by land area. History. Chiba Prefecture is made from the old province of Awa, Kazusa and Shimōsa. Geography. Chiba borders Ibaraki Prefecture to the north at the Tone River, Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture to the west at the Edo River, the Pacific Ocean to the east and Tokyo Bay around its southern boundary. Most of Chiba lies on the hilly Bōsō Peninsula, a rice farming region: the east coast, known as the Ninety-Nine League Plain, is an especially productive area. The most populous zone, in the northwest of the prefecture, is part of the Kantō region that extends into the urban agglomeration of Tokyo and Saitama. The Kuroshio Current flows near Chiba, which keeps it relatively warm in winter and cooler in summer than neighbouring Tokyo. Cities. There are thirty-six cities in Chiba Prefecture: ‡ Scheduled to be dissolved after mergers. Towns and villages. These are the towns and villages in each district: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture. Economy. Chiba is one of Japan's biggest industrial areas. This is because it has a long coastline on Tokyo Bay. Chiba was chosen as the place for a major Kawasaki Steel factory in 1950. The prefectural government started a very big land reclamation program. They filled in the water areas to make big, new waterfront properties for factories, warehouses, and docks. Chemical production, petrochemical refining, and machine production are the three main industries in Chiba. They are 45% of Chiba's exports. In recent years, the government has given more than eighty industrial parks money. This is to bring development further inland. Chiba also has the second-highest farming output in Japan. Only Hokkaidō makes more farm products. Chiba makes more vegetables than Hokkaidō. Seaweed is harvested in big amounts from Tokyo Bay. Sports. Two major Japanese sport events happen in Chiba each year: the International Chiba Ekiden and the Chiba International Cross Country. These sports teams are based in Chiba. Transportation. Most Tokyo-bound visitors going to Tokyo arriving on international flights land in Narita International Airport, which is in Narita in the north of the prefecture, and connected to Tokyo by the East Japan Railway's "Narita Express" and the Keisei Electric Railway's "Skyliner". Tourism. The Tokyo Disney Resort is in Urayasu near the western border of the prefecture. The Kamogawa Sea World is a large scale comprehensive marine leisure center/museum equivalent facility located between the Tojo coast and the national highway No. 128 in Kamogawa city. There are several tourist sites on the Bōsō Peninsula, such as Mount Nokogiri; Kujūkuri Beach; and Onjuku Beach. Chiba is linked to Tokyo by several railway lines; the main ones are the Keiyo Line and Sobu Line. The Musashino Line connects Chiba to Saitama and northern Tokyo. Southern Chiba is connected to Kanagawa Prefecture by the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line bridge-tunnel. Prefectural symbols. Chiba is famous for peanuts. Most of Japan's peanuts are harvested in this prefecture and are also processed into peanut oil. Shrines and Temples. "Awa jinja" and "Tamasaki jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Chiba Chiba means more than one thing. Chiba is also a common family name in Japan. Narita, Chiba Narita (成田市; -shi) is a city in Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport. Jerzy Popiełuszko Jerzy Popiełuszko (pron. jɛʐɨ popʲɛwuʂko) (Okopy, 14 September 1947 - Włocławek, 19 October 1984) was a Polish presbyter, killed by officers of the ministry of the interior of the People's Republic of Poland. He is treated with great respect and honored as blessed by the Catholic Church. Life. Born in Okopy, a lone village near Suchowola, his parents were farmers, in this simple environment became grown to his vocation. He was ordained priest on 28 May 1972 in Warsaw by cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. Until the 1980 he was priest in his home village, occupying himself mainly of the education of children and boys, since that moment began to near the movement of Polish workers and to subjects of social justice. In his pastoral activity he took his work near the workers of steelworks, celebrating a solemn mass in the factory during a strike of the metallurgiacal workers. Next he joined the workers of the independent trade union Solidarność (Solidarity), adverse to the communist system of government. He was an anticommunist sure of his faith, and in his preachings launched criticisms to the system and invited the people to contest the system of government. The challenge to the system of government. During the period of the martial law (1981 - 1983) the Catholic Church was the only force that could have a certain possibility of criticism, through the preachings during the celebration of the masses. The homilies and the preachings of father Popiełuszko were regularly transmitted by Radio Free Europe, that gave him a certain popularity also in another countries. He was initially threatened and invited to the silence by the Polish ministry of the interior. On 13 October 1984 he was involved in a traffic accident from which however he went out whole. Murder. On 19 October 1984, of return from a pastoral service, was took away illegally and killed by three officers of the Ministry of the Interior, and his body was found on 30 October in the waters of the Vistula River close to Włocławek. The notice of the murder caused disorders in Poland, and the authors of the murder - the captains Grzegorz Piotrowski, Leszek Pękala, Waldemar Chmielewski and the colonel Adam Petruszka - were judged guilty and stated punishment to 25 years of prison, but were freed as consequence of amnesty some year later. To the funeral, taking place the 3rd of November, took part more than 400.000 persons, including the leader of Solidarność Lech Wałęsa. Beatification. His grave is aim of regular pilgrimages, from the Poland and from another countries; on 14 July 1987, Pope John Paul II prayed on his grave also. The Catholic Church began the process of beatification in 1997. On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI gave formal permission for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to issue the decree regarding "the martyrdom of Servant of God, George Popiełuszko, diocesan priest; born on 14 September 1947 in Okopy Suchowola (Poland) and killed in hate to the faith on 20 October 1984 near Włocławek (Poland)". The solemn mass of beatification of don Jerzy Popiełuszko has been celebrated in Warsaw on Sunday, 6 June 2010, in the square that has a title of the marshal Piłsudski. Nordjyllands Trafikselskab Nordjyllands Trafikselskab (English: North Jutland's Transport Company) is a Danish company who makes the routes of regional buses in Northern Jutland. Al Capone Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American criminal mastermind. He grew up in Brooklyn and moved to Chicago where he led a crime syndicate in the Prohibition-era that was known as the "Capones". The Capones were known for smuggling, bootlegging liquor and prostitution in Chicago, Illinois from around the 1920s until 1931. Capone's organized crime reign ended in 1931, when he was put on trial for federal income tax evasion. Found guilty, Capone was sentenced to 11 years in prison. Capone was released from his sentence in 1939, suffering from an advanced case of syphilis. Capone died in 1947 after he suffered a stroke. He regained consciousness and caught pneumonia and later had a fatal cardiac arrest. On January 25, 1947 Al Capone died in his home, surrounded by his family. Michael Jackson made a song called "Al Capone" for his 1987 album "Bad". It was not put on the album. The song was released on the second disc of the 25th Anniversary re-release of "Bad". Tama-Plaza Station Tama-Plaza Station (たまプラーザ駅,たまぷらーざえき) is a railway station of Tokyu Corporation in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Gloria Estefan Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan, known mostly as Gloria Estefan (born September 1, 1957) is a Cuban-born American singer, songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. She is known as the "Queen Of Latin Pop". Estefan has won multiple Grammy Awards. The singer was a member of Miami Sound Machine in the 1980s. She is in the top 100 best selling music artists with over 100 million albums sold worldwide. Currently, she is the most successful crossover performer in Latin music. Early life. She was born Gloria Fajardo on September 1, 1957, in Havana, Cuba. As a toddler, Estefan fled Cuba with her family when Communist dictator Fidel Castro rose to power. Her father, Jose Manuel Fajardo, had been a Cuban soldier and bodyguard of former President Fulgencio Batista. Her maternal grandfather, Leonardo García, immigrated to Cuba from Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. He married Gloria's maternal grandmother in Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. Her maternal grandmother is originally from Logroño, Spain. After coming to the United States, Fajardo was recruited into the 2506 Brigade, a Central Intelligence Agency-funded band of Cuban refugees that was involved in the unsuccessful 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. After President John F. Kennedy negotiated the release of the captured soldiers, Fajardo rejoined his family. He eventually joined the U.S. Army and served for two years in Vietnam. As a child Estefan liked to write poetry, and though she took classical guitar lessons, she found them tedious. She had no idea that she would some day become a popular music star, but music played a very important role for her as a teenager. After her father's return from Vietnam, he was diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, possibly as a result of having been exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange while serving in the army. Estefan's mother, who had been a teacher in Cuba, worked to support the family during the day and attended school at night. Young Gloria was left to take care of her father and younger sister. She had little social life, and because she felt the weight of such responsibilities she turned to music as a release. "When my father was ill, music was my escape," Estefan told Washington Post reporter Richard Harrington. "I would lock myself up in my room for hours and just sing. I wouldn't cry—I refused to cry...Music was the only way I had to just let go, so I sang for fun and for emotional catharsis." Estefan said in an interview, that she is not affiliated with any political party. Discography. Albums discography. Studio albums Lorrie Morgan Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan (born June 27, 1959) is an American singer. Her first single was put out in 1978. But it was not until 1989 that she began going up in the United States country charts. Morgan was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Her albums include "Something in Red" and "Watch Me". Morgan has made over forty chart entries on the United States "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts. Those include three #1 singles: "What Part of No", "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" and "Five Minutes." She has eleven other top ten hits. At age 13, Morgan made her first performance on the Grand Ole Opry. In that performance, she sang the song "Paper Roses." Lee Ann Womack Lee Ann Womack (born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing. Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit. It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart. It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100. Sheena Easton Sheena Easton (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls." Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland. Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body). CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies. CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860. There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy. Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy. Symptoms. People with CP often have trouble standing or walking. They may also be partly paralysed. While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy. Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children dribble, 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf. Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP. 5-10% of children with CP die before growing up. Treatment. Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm. Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up. Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily. Nathanael Greene Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742-June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns. Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke. Belgian United Nations Command Belgian United Nations Contingent (BUNC) was the name for the Belgian and Luxembourger soldiers who volunteered to fight in the Korean War (1950–1953). Sleigh Ride "Sleigh Ride" is an extremely popular song which is played in the holiday season of each year. The song was composed by Leroy Anderson. Sleigh Ride never mentions any holiday, except in certain versions. It has been performed by many musicians, including though not limited to The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant, Air Supply, Unavailable, The Ronettes and Ray Conniff Singers throughout the years. Mark Rutte Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician. He has been Prime Minister of The Netherlands since 14 October 2010. He is leader of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He is also a part time teacher at a high school in The Hague In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands in 92 years. The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017. The Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, lasted from 2017 to 2022. On 15 January 2021, Rutte announced his resignation and that of his government because of a child welfare scandal. Rutte has been leading the Fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, since 10 January 2022. Mark Rutte is single and lives in The Hague. He frequently uses his bike for government duties at the Binnenhof and the Catshuis. Pete Carroll Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach and of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team. In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships. Early life. Carroll went to Redwood High School in Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969. College. After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years. After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League, but did not make the team because of shoulder problems. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job. Religious belief A religious belief is a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny. Religious beliefs often are about the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe and involve devotion, ritual practices and rules which must be followed. Polychlorinated biphenyl Polychlorinated biphenyls (often shortened to PCBs) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin. Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer. Teratogen A teratogen is a material that can cause birth defects. Teratogens include some chemicals, medications, and infectious diseases. The name goes back to Ancient Greek "theras", which can be translated as "monster". About 75% of all birth defects are caused by teratogens.p. 23-3 Types of teratogens. Alcohol and illegal drugs. Alcohol is the most common cause of congenital disorders that can be prevented. Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage. Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause the fetus to get fetal alcohol syndrome. Illegal drugs, like heroin and cocaine, are also poisonous to the fetus and can cause many different congenital problems. For example, cocaine use during pregnancy can cause microcephaly (a smaller head size than usual) and problems with the way the fetus's urinary system and genitals grow. Medications. Some medications can also hurt the fetus if its mother takes them while she is pregnant. For example:p. 23-6 Before the 1960s, many countries did not have rules about testing medications for their effects on fetuses. This changed partly because of thalidomide. This medication was given to pregnant women for nausea in the 1950s and 1960s. Between 1956 and 1962, more than 10,000 children in 46 different countries were born with birth defects, like arms and legs that had not grown. Thalidomide had not been tested well enough before it started being prescribed. Now, many countries require more testing before a medication can be said to be safe during pregnancy. Infections. If a woman gets an infection while she is pregnant, sometimes the infection can affect her fetus. The placenta protects the fetus from many different viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that cause infections. However, some pathogens can get through the placenta and infect the fetus. This is called vertical transmission. Some of these infections can cause birth defects. Examples of infections that can cause birth defects include: Chemicals. Some chemicals can cause birth defects, if a pregnant woman is exposed to enough of them. For example: Other things. High levels of ionizing radiation can cause birth defects.p. 23-8 Things that are not teratogens. Examples of things that do not cause birth defects include: Mountain pass In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers. Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster. The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Some of the best known passes are Great St. Bernard Pass at in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Albrecht Böttcher Albrecht Böttcher (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis. Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was "The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator". After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for "harmonic analysis and Operator theory" at the Chemnitz University of Technology. As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers. ATI Technologies ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD. Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically. Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor. Ways of using aromatherapy. The ways of using aromatherapy oils include: Sodium tellurite Sodium tellurite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2TeO3. It contains sodium and tellurite ions. Properties. Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO3. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium. Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate. Uses. Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to isolate certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to. Telluride Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made. Tellurate Tellurate is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO42- or TeO66-. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called tellurates. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid. An example is sodium tellurate (Na2TeO4). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate. Hydrogen telluride Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions. Properties. Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides. Preparation. It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride. Uses. Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable. Sodium telluride Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions. Properties. It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe. Preparation. Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia. Uses. Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent. Tellurium(II) bromide Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air. Preparation. It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide. Tellurium(IV) bromide Tellurium(IV) bromide, also known as tellurium tetrabromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr4. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly. Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine. Uses. Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules. Cadmium telluride Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions. Properties. Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water. Uses. Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors. Lead telluride Lead telluride, also known as lead(II) telluride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state. Properties. Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts. Preparation. It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together. Uses. It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector. Tellurium bromide Tellurium bromide can refer to either of these chemical compounds: Sphalerite Sphalerite is a mineral. Its is a mixed zinc and iron sulfide. The chemical formula is (Zn,Fe)S. It can be brown, yellow, red, green, and black. It is normally found with galena, a lead ore. It is also known as zinc blende. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. It is the main ore of zinc. It has a non-metalic sheen. Vale Park Vale Park is a football stadium in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is the home ground of Port Vale F.C., who have played at the ground since 1950. Model rocket A model rocket is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are indicated by a code on the motor. There are also many ways for the rocket to fall back down after it is ignited. Some of them use parachutes. Guide Guides are people who lead people. This includes people of the real world (such as a person who helps travelers and tourists through a place). In figurative language it may mean person who leads someone to some goal such as to knowledge or wisdom. Blast furnace A blast furnace is a special type of furnace for smelting iron from ore. Blast furnaces are very large. They can be up to tall and in diameter. The blast furnace is the biggest chemical reactor. Blast furnaces are also called high ovens. A blast furnace is usually built with a steel case and bricks made of magnesium oxide or other refractory material inside the case. The hot furnace cannot melt these bricks. The furnace is cooled with water running inside part of the case and bricks. The process of making iron is simple. Iron ore is basically iron oxide. Iron is made by removing the oxygen. This leaves crude iron called "pig iron". This process of removing oxygen is called smelting. Carbon is used in the reduction process, with the ore heated to a high temperature. Carbon easily takes the oxygen off the ore in high temperatures. Process. Ore, limestone and carbon in the form of coke are put into the top of the blast furnace in layers. At the same time, hot air called "wind" is blown inside the furnace. Special nozzles called "tuyeres" are used to put the air in the furnace. The nozzles are at the bottom of the furnace. This process is called "blasting". It is why it is called a "blast furnace". The coke ignites (lights on fire) and burns. This creates carbon monoxide because there is not enough oxygen to make carbon dioxide. The carbon monoxide then reduces the metal oxide to the metal and makes carbon dioxide. This process is used to make iron. The limestone forms a substance called slag with the rock of the iron ore. The bottom part of the furnace is called the "hearth". When it has filled with liquid pig iron and slag, the slag is removed. This is called "skimming". Slag is lighter than iron and does not mix with iron. It floats on top of the iron. A hole is made in the hearth at the level of the slag with a special drill. The liquid slag moves out through the hole into a container called "slag pot". The iron is then drained from the hearth. This is called "tapping". A hole is made at the bottom and the liquid pig iron comes out. It is either used directly for steelmaking, put into a special railway wagon called "torpedo car" or made into molds. When all the pig iron has been removed, fire-resistant clay is used to close the two holes. The clay becomes solid very quickly because of the high heat. The pig iron contains some 4% of carbon and it would be too hard and too brittle to use. The extra carbon must first be burned away. The pig iron is refined into steel by decarburizing (burning the extra carbon off of) it. A modern method for decarburizing the pig iron and refining it into steel is basic oxygen furnace. Historically there has been other methods as well, such as Bessemer converter, open hearth furnace and puddling furnace. The gases rise up and are collected on the top of the furnace. As the gas contains a lot of carbon monoxide, it is a valuable fuel. The gas collected on the top of the blast furnace is called "blast furnace gas". It is then washed and dried and all solid particles such as soot or ore dust are collected. The gas is then burned in special ovens called "Cowper stoves" or "hot blast stoves" into carbon dioxide. The heat from burning the blast furnace gas is then used to pre-heat the blasting air, "wind", which in turn is blasted into the blast furnace itself. The slag is not waste. It can be used in various ways. It can be made into bricks and used for construction, or it can be mixed with concrete. Concrete which contains blast furnace slag is stronger than ordinary concrete and is almost pure white, where normal concrete is dirty grey. A blast furnace can usually work for 10 to 20 years without stopping. This is called a "campaign." Chemical example. At the temperature of 900-1600°C, a reduction with carbon occurs: Now iron has been made. Włocławek Włocławek is a town in northern Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship with a population of 117,785 (June 2009). It has a large Jewish community. In 1939, when the Nazis invaded, the Jewish people of this town were the first to have to wear yellow Stars of David. Twin Areas. This town is twinned with the following places: Hurricane Carla Hurricane Carla was one of two Category 5 tropical cyclones. It hit the Texas shore in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season as a Category 4 hurricane, becoming one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the United States. Hurricane Carla was the second strongest storm to ever hit the Texas shore. The storm caused over $2 billion (2005 US dollars) in damages, but because over 500,000 people who lived there moved out only 43 were killed. Meteorological history. A tropical depression started in the western Caribbean Sea on September 3 from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It moved northwestward, to become Tropical Storm Carla on the 5th and "Hurricane" Carla on the 6th. After touching the Yucatán Peninsula as a weak hurricane, Carla moved into the Gulf of Mexico and headed for the U.S. Gulf Coast. As it moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico, Carla got stronger to its peak of 175 mph (280 km/h) winds (Category 5 intensity) on September 11. Just before landfall, it weakened, but Carla was still a very strong and unusually large Category 4 hurricane when it touched the shore between Port O'Connor and Port Lavaca, Texas, on the 11th. At the time, Carla became the largest hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Along the whole Texas shore, hurricane warnings were given, and people were moved out of their homes in low-lying areas. Impact. Storm surge was measured at 22 feet (6.6 m) near the heads of bays, in some places reaching 10 miles inland. Because of its large size, the whole Texas shore was hit, and damage was seen as far away as Dallas. Winds were reported to be 115 mph in Matagorda, 110 mph in Victoria and 88 mph in Galveston. Wind gusts as high as 170 mph were recorded at Port Lavaca. Pressure at landfall was measured at 931 mb (hPa), making it the eighth most intense hurricane to strike the United States in the 20th century. Then little-known newsman Dan Rather reported live from the Galveston Seawall during the storm, an act that would be imitated by later reporters. This marked the first live television broadcast of a hurricane. Much of the damage was done well away from the landfall site, as Carla caused one of the largest hurricane-related tornado outbreaks on record at the time, when 26 tornadoes touched down within its circulation. One F4 tornado ripped through downtown Galveston, killing several (sources differ on the exact number, varying from 6 to 12). Outside the protection of the Galveston Seawall, structures on the island were severely damaged by storm surge. Damage was reported as far east as the Mississippi River delta. As Carla weakened, it dropped heavy rain in the Midwest, causing some flooding. Carla killed 43 people, 31 of them in Texas. The low number of deaths was due to what was then the largest movement of people out of their homes in US history except during a war. One half million people moved inland from exposed coastal areas. Carla caused a total of $325 million (1961 USD, $2.36 billion 2010 USD) in damage, not much considering Carla's strength at landfall. Retirement. Owing to the intensity of and destruction by the storm, the name Carla was retired, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced by Carol in the 1965 season. Shimane Prefecture is a Japanese prefecture in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Matsue. It has the second smallest population of any prefecture in Japan. Shimane Prefecture is part of the San'in area. San'in means "the shady side of the mountains". There is a mountain range separating Shimane and neighboring Tottori from Hiroshima and Okayama. That means that the weather here is much wetter than further to the south. History. The area of Shimane Prefecture includes the old provinces of Iwami Province, Izumo Province, and Oki Province. Early history. The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. In these myths, the Shinto god Ōkuninushi lived in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine honors this god. Later on in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura Shogunate forced Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Godaigo into exile on Oki Island. Emperor Godaigo got away from Oki and successfully fought back against the shogunate. Middle Ages. During the Muromachi period, many clans fought over this area because there was a lot of silver. The Kyogoku clan controlled Izumo and Oki. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan in Gassan-Toda castle increased in power, and the Masuda clan controlled Iwami. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was in between Amago clan territory and Masuda clan territory, so there were many battles between these lords for the large amount of silver. However, in 1566 Mouri Motonari (毛利元就) conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki. After over 30 years of Mori control, in 1600 Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki after the Battle of Sekigahara which Mouri lost. Horio Yoshiharu decided to move and build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda. The castle was completed soon after Yoshiharu's death. Later in 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Matsudaira Naomasa entered the castle because the Horio clan had no heir. Matsudaira's family ruled until the end of the han system. The Iwami area was split into 3 clans. The mining district was under direct control of the Shogunate. The Hamada clan and the Tsuwano clan each controlled their own areas. Iwami Ginzan produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mine by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite the Matsudaira (relative of the shogun) rule was on the emperor's side in the restoration. Geography. Shimane faces the Sea of Japan on its north. Its southeastern border meets Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture and Yamaguchi Prefecture. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Izumo taisha", "Mononobe jinja", "Mizuwakasu jinja" and "Yurahime jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Matsue Matsue (松江) is a city in Japan on the Japan Sea coast. It is the capital of Shimane Prefecture. It is known for its historic castle and as the home of Lafcadio Hearn. Ōnin War The was a civil war in Japan. It lasted 10 years, starting in 1467 and ending in 1477. Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen had a conflict that grew into a war throughout the country. The Ashikaga shogunate and some daimyo in many regions of Japan fought in this war. The conflict was the beginning of a very long struggle to dominate all of Japan. Jonny Wilkinson Jonathan Peter Wilkinson OBE (born 25 May 1979) is an English rugby union player who now plays in France for Toulon. He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He was grew up in Farnham He played for England when the team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was awarded the MBE in 2003 and then the OBE in 2004. Poul Anderson Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards. Early life and career. Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972. He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel "The Cat Who Walks Through Walls" to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy. Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death. Roblox Roblox is an online video game and game creation system made by the Roblox Corporation. It was created by David Baszucki and Erik Cassel in 2004 and released in 2006. The old name for "Roblox" was Dynablocks. Roblox allows players to create games and play games created by others, with many different types of games available. Roblox can be used on most devices such as iOS, and XBOX, but it can't be played on a browser (Example: Google). "Roblox" itself is free to play, however, virtual accessories can be purchased in the store using "Robux", a currency which costs real money to obtain but can also be earned by selling virtual items to other players. "Roblox" has over 205 million monthly active players and began to grow fast in 2021, but slowed down and a small Increase In 2022. It has 55.1 million daily active users worldwide. This is an increase from 19.1 million daily active users by the end of 2019. History. 1989. In 1989, Roblox was an interactive physics, a STEM physics software that was released by Knowledge Revolution, which was founded by David Baszucki and co-owned by his brother Greg Baszucki. Its purpose was to teach students about physics in a 2D space. 2004. In 2004, Roblox published its beta version to public, at that time Roblox was called Dynablocks. It was known as Dynablocks until 2006, and finally having the original Roblox name. 2006-2009. Roblox had a big change in 2006. In January 2006, Roblox removed their special points and made multiplayer, but the API was never used until March 2006. In February 2006, Roblox left beta and was made free for all players. In September 2006, Roblox made changes to the multiplayer API so that players could make their own multiplayer games for free instead of the Roblox developers making them. In May 2007, the Roblox developers began making virtual items, and its first virtual item was a top hat. Roblox also started the Builders Club which is a paid membership. Guest mode, which is for players that want to play Roblox without making an account, was introduced in 2008. Later, higher forms of the Builders Club (known as the Turbo Builders Club and the Outrageous Builders Club) were started in 2009. 2010. In 2010, Roblox Studio was changed so that game developers could understand its features easily, and new Roblox hats got released. 2011. In 2011, Roblox released its first commercial. The commercial had the well-known quote, "IT'S FREE!" 2012. On 1 April 2012, Roblox was hacked, It caused the Roblox website to be shut down that day. On 2 April 2012, the website was recovered. The hacking incident is mostly known as the 'April Fools Hacking Incident'. 2013. In 2013, Roblox added dynamic lighting. Its purpose was to make more realistic lighting. This update would eventually receive more updates in the coming years. 2015-2016. In June 2015, Roblox released Smooth Terrain which made the terrain (such as sand, grass, water, etc.) more cooler looking. On 14 April 2016, another currency on Roblox, Tix was removed. In September 2016, Roblox released R15 to the public.[5] 2017. In January 2017, Roblox changed their logo. The game's YouTube channel also released a music video to showcase it. In October 2017, Roblox removed Guest Mode. 2019. In 2019, Builders Club was replaced with Roblox Premium. 2020. In December 2020, Roblox announced that players would soon no longer need Premium to upload clothing, but instead, pay a fee for 10 Robux per upload. The change was added in March 2021. 2021. In May 2021, an unknown user filed a class action lawsuit against the Roblox Corporation for supposedly scamming players for not giving out refunds when banned items get deleted. In June 2021, a group of music publishers sued the Roblox company for mass copyright infringement (using many copyrighted songs without being allowed to), with the publishers seeking 200 million US dollars from them. In August 2021, Roblox bought the development team of a communication app known as Guilded for 90 million USD. In the same month, they chose some developers to test out voice chatting features. 2022. In May 2022, Roblox was once again sued. The users of Roblox added copyrighted content which led to Roblox removing all user made audio longer than 6 seconds. Along with the update, they added more FX made by official developers as the community works towards getting audio and background music back. They also limited audio to 180 audio files a game. Game creation. Roblox lets its players create their own games using its own separate app, Roblox Studio. Players can build anything they want by using the Studio, and then publish their game to the Roblox website for anyone to play. Virtual items and currency. Players on Roblox can buy virtual items from the Catalog using virtual currency named 'Robux'. This currency is obtained initially by buying a Roblox Premium membership or from a gift card but can also be made by selling items like gamepasses, or accessories, which other players can buy with their own Robux. It can be used by players to buy accessories and items for their character, or in game benefits. Another form of currency that was discontinued was the Tix, also known as Tickets. All players could get a few Tix each day they log into Roblox, and trade those Tix in to get Robux. Tix were removed from the game in March 2016. Membership. Builders Club was Roblox's first membership club which could only be used through a purchase. Builders Club gave its members more features in Roblox, such as earning its virtual currency called Robux, and the ability to trade items. Another thing players could do was sell Limited items (buy-able and sell-able items on the Avatar Shop). There were three types of Builders Club: Classic, Turbo, and Outrageous. Classic was the original Builders Club type and Outrageous was the newest. Players would either buy it monthly or annually. In 2019, Builder's Club was removed and replaced with Premium. Premium is very much like the original Builders Club except it gives players Robux every month instead of daily. Premium players also get access to perks in select games and get discounts from User-generated content. Coco (2017 movie) Coco is an Mexican-American computer-animated musical fantasy movie. Production. It was made by Pixar. The director Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina. The movie stars the voices of Anthony Gonzalez and Benjamin Bratt. Main character. The movie centers on a boy named Miguel who dreams of being a musician and is later taken to the afterlife on Día de los Muertos. Release. "Coco" was released on November 22, 2017. It was released with "Olaf's Frozen Adventure", a short movie that runs for about 14 minutes in theaters before "Coco" is shown. Blimp A blimp is a kind of airship. Some airships have a structure in them. They have no structure in them. They were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. They are now used mostly for advertising. Balloon (aircraft) A balloon is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun. A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind. The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand. The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope". Kinds of balloon aircraft. There are three kinds of balloon aircraft: Benoît Mandelbrot Benoît B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-French-American mathematician. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw into a Jewish-Lithuanian family. He is best known for his works with fractal geometry. He lived and worked until his death in the United States. He was a professor at the University of Yale. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland. His family lived in France under German occupation. He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His most known development is the Mandelbrot set, which he discovered and described in 1979. Echolocation Echolocation is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar. Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way. Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air. Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves. Greg Bear Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American science fiction author. He has written about war across the galaxy, artificial universes, consciousness, and evolution. Biography. Bear was born in San Diego, California. From 1968 to 1973 he attended San Diego State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1975, he married Christina M. Nielson, but they divorced in 1981. He remarried in 1983, to Astrid Anderson, the daughter of science fiction author Poul Anderson. They have two children, Erik and Alexandra. They live outside of Seattle, Washington. Career. Bear is often called a hard science fiction author because he uses many scientific details in his work. Bear often answers major questions in contemporary science and culture with fictional solutions. For example, "The Forge of God" tries to explain the Fermi paradox. If the galaxy is filled with intelligences that could be very dangerous, young civilizations could only survive by staying quiet so nobody would notice them and attack. In "Queen of Angels" Bear examines crime, guilt and punishment in society. He does this by examining consciousness and awareness. Part of the novel is about highly advanced computers that begging to become intelligent and aware of themselves as they communicate with humans. In the two books "Darwin's Radio" and "Darwin's Children" he writes about the problem of overpopulation with a mutation the human genome making, basically a new series of humans. The books bring up the question of cultural acceptance of something brand new that cannot be stopped. One of Bear's favorite themes is how observers effect or create reality. In "Blood Music" reality becomes unstable as the number of observers–trillions of intelligent single-cell organisms–gets higher and higher. Both "Anvil of Stars"–a sequel to "The Forge of God"–and "Moving Mars" propose a physics based on information exchange between particles, capable of being altered at the "bit level." (Bear has credited the inspiration for this idea to Frederick Kantor's 1967 treatise, "Information Mechanics.") In "Moving Mars" this knowledge is used to remove Mars from the solar system and transfer it to an orbit around a distant star. "Blood Music" (first published as a short story in 1983, and expanded to a novel in 1985) has also been credited as being the first account of nanotechnology in science fiction. The short story described microscopic medical machines. He described DNA as a computer system that could be changed. In "Queen of Angels" and "Slant", Bear gives a detailed description of a near-future nanotechnological society. This historical sequence continues with "Heads"–which may contain the first description of a "quantum logic computer"–and with "Moving Mars". These books also show the historical development of self-awareness in AIs. One AI character called Jill is in all of these books. Bear was influenced by Robert A. Heinlein's self-aware computer Mycroft Holmes ("High-Optional, Logical, Multi-Evaluating Supervisor") in "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress" when creating Jill. More recent works, such as the two novels Darwin's Radio and Darwin's Children stick closely to the known facts of molecular biology of viruses and evolution. These books are about the impact of a strange disease that appears to make evolutionary transitions happen. Bear includes some very speculative ideas, but he wrote about them so carefully that "Darwin's Radio" gained praise in the science journal "Nature". Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin wrote a series of three novels that take place before Isaac Asimov's famous "Foundation" series. Bear is named as the author of the second of the three books. While most of Bear's writing is science fiction, he also wrote in other genres. Two of his early works, "The Infinity Concerto" and "The Serpent Mage"are clearly fantasies. These are now published together as one novel called "Songs of Earth and Power". "Psychlone" is horror. Bear called his story "Dead Lines" a "high-tech ghost story." He has received many accolades, including five Nebula awards and two Hugo awards for science fiction. Keigo Higashi is a Japanese football player. Biography. Higashi was born in Kitakyushu on July 20, 1990. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita from their youth team in 2009. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from first season. However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of the 2009 season. In 2011, he moved to Omiya Ardija and played in 2 seasons. In 2013, he moved to FC Tokyo. In July 2012, Higashi was selected to the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 6 matches. The team finished 4th place. Statistics. 318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41 318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41 Serval The serval ("Leptailurus serval") is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus. Description. The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start. Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about four pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it. It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens. Habitat. The serval needs access to water, and dense grassland. Reed beds, scrub or high grass are typical habitats. It is territorial. Hunting and diet. The serval is nocturnal, and hunts mostly at night. The serval is an opportunistic predator whose diet includes rodents, hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs. As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it. Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of , depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of , and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes. 0.999... 0.999... (also written as 0., and read as "0 point 9 repeating") is one of the ways the number 1 (one) can be written. Even though it is written like this, no matter how many nines there are before the ellipsis, it is still equal in value to 1. About. 0.999... is a repeating decimal, which means the digit "9" is repeated forever. It is different from 0.999, which only has three 9s. 0.999... can also be written as formula_1, formula_2 or formula_3. It is hard for many people to understand why 0.999... is the same as 1. There are many proofs that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex. Examples. One simple way of showing that 0.999... and 1 are the same thing is to divide them both by the number 3. When 0.999... is divided by 3, the answer is 0.333..., which is the same as (the fraction one third). When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is . Since the answers are the same, that means that 0.999... and 1 are the same. Another way of thinking about it is if = 0.333... and = 0.666..., then = 0.999... therefore, as = 1, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this. Another way of proving that 0.999... = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 2 is 1.5, and a number between 0.9 and 1 is 0.95. Since 0.999... has an infinite number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, meaning there is no number between 0.999... and 1. Therefore, they are equal. One more common proof is such: formula_5 formula_6 formula_7 formula_8 formula_9 formula_10 In popular culture. As the Internet developed, arguments about 0.999... are often on newsgroups and message boards. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.999... is a "popular sport". It is also one of the questions in its FAQ. Ophthalmosauridae Ophthalmosauridae were a family of Ichthyosaurs which lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous period. Within Ophthalmosauridae there are two lineages, one including "Aegirosaurus" and "Ophthalmosaurus", and the other including "Brachypterygius", "Caypullisaurus" and "Platypterygius". Only three genera survived the end-Jurassic extinction event: "Caypullisaurus", "Maiaspondylus", and "Platypterygius". They did, however, have a worldwide distribution. The last to survive was "Platypterygius". This genus became extinct about 30 million years before the end of the Upper Cretaceous period. It happened when there was a deep ocean anoxic event, which wiped out all the animals below pelagic waters. Ichthyosaurs, being reptiles, came to the surface to breath, but the extinction event removed their prey species. Anoxic event An anoxic event (AE) is an event in which parts of the ocean have become low in oxygen (O2) below the surface levels, or when all the oxygen has gone. They may be called oceanic anoxic events or deep ocean anoxic events. Major anoxic events have happened, though not for millions of years. The geological record of organic-rich sediment (black shales) shows that they happened in the past. However, only "in rare, extreme cases, [did] euxinia lead to biotic crises. [The] hypothesis [is] best supported by evidence from the end-Permian mass extinction". Anoxic events may have caused mass extinctions. These mass extinctions were so characteristic that they have been used by geologists as markers in biostratigraphic dating. Typically, oceanic anoxic events last for under half a million years, before a full recovery. There are several places on earth today that show the features of anoxic events on a localized level. 'Dead zones' exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea, in the northern Adriatic and off the coast of Louisiana. Events which may have caused anoxic events. It is not known why anoxic events may have happened. Some ideas include: All of these events may have caused mass extinction in the seas, changing ways in which all animals which feed on sea creatures. Metriacanthosaurus Metriacanthosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in Europe during the Middle Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. Its name means "Moderate-spined lizard", because its back vertebrae are taller than other meat-eating dinosaurs such as "Allosaurus", but shorter than those of other meat-eating dinosaurs, such as "Acrocanthosaurus". Like most theropods, "Metriacanthosaurus" was a meat-eater. It had three fingers on each hand. Each finger ended in a sharp, hook-like claw that was used to grab prey before giving the killing bite with its jaws. It probably preyed on the large, long-necked sauropods, such as "Pelorosaurus", that lived in the same time and place as it. It was originally classified as a megalosaurid, but recent studies show that it belongs to its own family, the Metriacanthosauridae In popular culture. In "Jurassic Park", one of the vials of dinosaur DNA that Dennis Nedry steals is labeled "Metriacanthosaurus". Acrocanthosaurus Acrocanthosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Lower Cretaceous period. Its name means "high-spined lizard." This refers to the spines on its vertebrae, which formed a sail or hump when the animal was alive. Its classification is uncertain. It was originally classified as a spinosaur because the spines on its back looked like those of "Spinosaurus". However, "Acrocanthosaurus" is now classified as a carnosaur. Most paleontologists believe that it was a carcharodontosaurid. "Acrocanthosaurus" was 36 feet long, almost as large as "Tyrannosaurus rex", and weighed about 6 or 7 short tons. It was the largest theropod in North America before the evolution of the tyrannosaurs. Long, low ridges start at the nasal bones. They run along each side of the snout from the nostril back to the eye, and they continue onto the lacrimal bones. This is a characteristic feature of all allosaurids. A famous trackway in Paluxy, Texas shows tracks of what might be an "Acrocanthosaurus" and its prey. While interesting and plausible, this hypothesis is difficult to prove, and other explanations exist. In popular culture. "Acrocanthosaurus" was featured in an episode of the television documentary "Monsters Resurrected". It was depicted as the top predator in early Cretaceous North America. A juvenile was scared away from its kill by a pack of "Deinonychus", and was forced to hunt more difficult prey, such as a "Sauropelta". Flood basalt A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava. Flood basalts have covered areas as large as a continent in prehistory, creating great plateaus and mountain ranges. Flood basalts have erupted at various times throughout Earth history. They are clear evidence that the Earth has periods of higher activity rather than being in a uniform steady state. One explanation for flood basalts is that they are caused by the combination of continental rifting and its associated melting. Then a mantle plume produces vast quantities of a basaltic magma. These have a low viscosity, which is why they 'flood' rather than form taller volcanoes. Flood basalts start at between 100 and 400 km depth, in the asthenosphere. To get a partial melting as large as that of the traps, expelling huge quantities of lava, it is necessary to have a large heat input. Such melting can take place near a hotspot, resulting in a mixture of magma from the depths of the hotspot with superficial magma produced by a mantle plume. Lava plateaux. A lava plateau is a flat, wide surface (plateau) that is formed when lava comes out of the ground and spreads out very quickly. The layers of lava can build up over time to form a lava plateau. Here are the general properties of lava plateaux: Examples. The Emeishan Traps in southwestern China, around Sichuan province, the Deccan Traps of central India, the Siberian Traps, and the Columbia River Plateau of western North America are four large regions covered by prehistoric flood basalts. The two largest flood basalt events in historic time have been at Eldgjá and Lakagigar, both in Iceland. The largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain on Earth is part of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province in Canada. The maria on the Moon are additional, even more extensive, flood basalts. Flood basalts on the ocean floor produce oceanic plateaus. The surface covered by one eruption can vary from around 200,000 km² (Karoo) to 1,500,000 km² (Siberian Traps). The thickness can vary from 2000 metres (Deccan Traps) to 12,000 m (Lake Superior). These are smaller than the original volumes due to erosion. Another example of a lava plateau is the Giant's Causeway, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. This is was originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau. Monterrey Monterrey is a city in northern Mexico. It is the capital of the state Nuevo León. It is the third largest city in Mexico. It has 2,056,538 people. Siberian Traps The Siberian Traps form a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in the Russian region of Siberia. The large eruptions which formed the traps were one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth history. They continued for a million years and spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250 million years ago. It was the same time as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The eruption of the Siberian Traps is a possible cause of this "Great Dying". The term "traps" is derived from the Swedish word for stairs ("trappa", or sometimes "trapp"), referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region, which is typical of flood basalts. Geographical extent. Vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large expanse of primaeval Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today the area covered is about 2 million km² – roughly equal to western Europe in land area – and estimates of the original coverage are as high as 7 million km². The original volume of lava is estimated to range from 1 to 4 million km³. Origin. The source of the Siberian Traps basalt was, probably, a mantle plume at the base of the crust which erupted through the Siberian craton (the oldest part of the Siberian continental plate). Helium isotope analysis from the basalts indicates a plume origin. The scientific debate continues. There is a minority controversial theory which argues that the traps were caused by a large asteroid impact. The Great Dying. This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is widely cited as a cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed 90% of species living at the time. Life on land took 30 million years to recover from the environmental disruptions caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps. Siberian Traps and nickel. The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted through numerous vents over a period of a million years or more, probably east and south of Norilsk in Siberia. The giant Norilsk nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma flows in the main Siberian Traps. The presence of extensive tuff and pyroclastic deposits suggests that a number of large explosive eruptions occurred during or before the eruptions of basaltic lavas. The presence of silicic volcanic rocks such as rhyolite is also indicative of explosive eruptions. College of Marin The College of Marin is a community college in Marin County, California, U.S.. It has one campus in Kentfield and another in Novato. Tellurium(II) chloride Tellurium(II) chloride, also known as tellurium dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl2. It contains tellurium in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. Properties. Tellurium(II) chloride is a black solid. It absorbs water. It can be oxidized to tellurium(IV) chloride. It reacts with water. Tellurous acid Tellurous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2TeO3. It contains hydrogen and tellurite ions. It can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with water. It is not made as easily as telluric acid. It is a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent. It easily turns back into tellurium dioxide and water. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make tellurites. Tellurium(IV) chloride Tellurium(IV) chloride, also known as tellurium tetrachloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. Properties. Tellurium(IV) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It melts easily to a red liquid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrochloric acid. It is toxic and corrosive. Preparation. Tellurium(IV) chloride is made by reacting tellurium powder and chlorine. Uses. It is used in making organic compounds. Tellurium chloride Tellurium chloride may refer to either of these chemical compounds: U.S. Route 78 U.S. Route 78 is an east–west highway. It goes from Memphis, Tennessee to Charleston, South Carolina. Kim Clijsters Kim Clijsters (; born 8 June 1983)is a Belgian retired tennis player. She used to be ranked as the World No. 1. On 22 August 2011 she was ranked third in the world. U.S. Route 25 U.S. Route 25 is a US highway in the east part of the United States of America. It goes from north to south. The road begins in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Ohio River and ends in Brunswick, Georgia, close to the Atlantic Ocean. Asheville, North Carolina Asheville is the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is located where the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River meet. The population of Asheville was counted in 2000 as 74,543 and 83,393 in 2010. Asheville is the largest city in the North Carolina mountains. June Cleaver June Cleaver is a literary reference meaning "the perfect stay-at-home mom" referring to the mother in the U.S. television show "Leave it to Beaver" which was released from 1957 to 1963. Women writers viewing the show sometimes had difficulty living up to or agreeing with such a feminine mystique. June Cleaver is often referred to in remarks justifying a messy home such as “June Cleaver made having a spotless house look so effortless . . .” The character was played by actress Barbara Billingsley, a lifelong resident of Los Angeles county, California, U.S.A. Jack Tweed Jack’ Tweed (born 9 June 1987) is a British television personality. Tweed started his career as Jade Goody's partner. He became widely known in 2007 after being on "Celebrity Big Brother UK". He caused controversy when he called housemate Shilpa Shetty a "cunt" and "Paki" and said that she should remove objects from the toilet with her teeth. After "Celebrity Big Brother", Goody miscarried his child in 2007. He married her on 22 February 2009 and she died of cervical cancer a month later. He appeared in 2010 ITV2 programme "The Only Way Is Essex". In 2010, he had a relationship with Chanelle Hayes. Tweed has had several legal issues. These include an 18-month prison sentence in September 2008 for assault occasioning actual bodily harm for attacking a 16-year-old boy with a golf club in December 2006. In March 2009, he was found guilty of common assault for attacking a taxi driver in May 2008. He was tried for the rape of a 19-year-old woman in April 2010, but found not guilty. In January 2011 he punched a man, for which he was convicted of common assault in August 2011. Quadrilateral In Euclidean plane geometry, a quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices (or corners). Sometimes, the term quadrangle is used (similar to the term "triangle"), while other times, the term tetragon is used (similar to pentagon, 5-sided polygon, and hexagon, 6-sided polygon). A quadrilateral with vertices formula_1, formula_2, formula_3, formula_4 is sometimes written as formula_5. The origin of the word quadrilateral is the two Latin words "quadri", a variant of four, and "latus", meaning "side". Quadrilaterals can be either complex, also called crossed (self-intersecting), or simple (not self-intersecting). Simple quadrilaterals are either convex or concave. All the sides of a quadrilateral are straight, and the interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°. This is a special case of the "n"-gon interior angle sum formula: ("n" − 2) × 180°. All non-self-crossing quadrilaterals tile the plane, by repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges. There are 6 special kinds of quadrilaterals; square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, kite, and trapezoid. Technically, squares, rectangles, and rhombuses are types of parallelograms. Yangchuanosaurus Yangchuanosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. It was a fairly typical carnosaur, with a large head, sharp, serrated teeth, and relatively short arms (though not as short as those of "Tyrannosaurus"). It was the largest predator in its part of the world. "Yangchuanosaurus" probably preyed on sauropods, such as "Mamenchisaurus", or stegosaurs, such as "Tuojiangosaurus". There are two species. "Y. zigongensis" is from the Middle Jurassic, and "Y. shangyouensis" is from the Upper Jurassic. Specimens were collected from the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan. The Middle Jurassic "Y. zigongensis" is known from four incomplete specimens. There are two specimens of the Upper Jurassic "Y. shangyouensis", which were at first put into separate species. Later analysis showed they were probably different ages or variations of the same species. The first skull is 82 cm (2.7 ft) long, and its total body length about 8 m (26 ft). The other specimen was even larger. It had a skull length of 1.11 m (3.6 ft). It may have been up to 10.8 m (35.4 ft) long, and weighed as much as 3.4 metric tons (3.7 short tons). There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to "Ceratosaurus". It had a massive tail that was about half its length. Pelorosaurus Pelorosaurus conybeari is the name given to a few sauropod dinosaur bones from the Lower Cretaceous period, about 138–112 million years ago. Bones of "Pelorosaurus" have been found in England and Portugal. It was a Brachiosaur, with front legs that were longer than its hind legs. The name has been challenged, and has been the subject of long-lasting dispute. Some palaeontologists prefer the name Cetiosaurus brevis. The taxonomic status of "Pelorosaurus" is as a result very problematic. Technically, "Cetiosaurus brevis" is its type species. The position of "Pelorosaurus" is further undermined by the fact that several researchers hold that the genus is a "nomen dubium" ('doubtful name'). "Pelorosaurus" was one of the first dinosaurs described, and the naming procedures were not so well-developed at the time. Its life-style is assumed to be similar to other brachiosaurs, eating from the higher branches of tall conifer trees. Pope Leo X Pope Leo X (; 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 218th Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. Early life. Giovanni de Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. He studied theology and canon law at Pisa from 1489 to 1491. Priest. Six days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was ordained as a priest. Bishop. Two days after his ordination and eight days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was made a bishop. Cardinal. At the age of 13, Pope Innocent VIII named Medici cardinal in 1489. Pope. Cardinal Medici was elected pope on 9 March 1513. On the 15 March he was ordained priest, and he was consecrated as bishop on March 17. He was crowned Pope on 19 March at the age of 37. Pope Leo was involved in Italian and European political disputes. Leo was a patron of Michelangelo and Raphael. Crumpet A crumpet is a kind of flat, small round bread that is raised by yeast. They are about the same size as an English muffin. They are made in crumpet rings that are four inches wide and usually one inch deep. Crumpets are usually baked on a griddle and served toasted. A well-baked crumpet has a brown bottom and a spongey top that has many tiny holes. Crumpets are toasted whole, while English muffins are split and then toasted. After the baking, crumpets are spread with butter or cream and jam. Definition. The word of crumpet may come from the Middle English word "crompid" (cake), or "curled" (cake). Or it may come from the past participle of the Middle English verb "crumpen", which means to curl up. It could also have come from "crumb", "crump", or "crooked", all Old English. Crumpet is also used as British slang for a particularly sexually attractive woman. It Australian slang, it is part of the expression: "not worth a crumpet", meaning that somebody or something is useless. History. The first recipe for crumpets was long ago, referred to frequently as the "crompid cake" by many. The Oxford English Dictionary traced the history back to 1382. The Oxford Companion to Food also says that the earliest published recipe for crumpets was by Elizabeth Raffald, in 1769. There, the "crompid cake" is mentioned as well with buckwheat griddle cakes so it is believed that there is a connection between crumpets and the buckwheat pancake. Elizabeth Raffald mentions it in her book of "The Experienced English Housekeeper". Her recipe is very similar to the modern crumpet recipe, especially in the baking, buttering, and serving. Edam cheese Edam is a type of Dutch cheese. It is named after the town that it comes from, Edam in the Netherlands. Edam cheese is pale yellow. It is often sold in round pieces, covered in red paraffin wax. Edam that is sold in the Netherlands (and not exported) does not usually have wax on it. The Night Angel Trilogy The Night Angel Trilogy is a series of fantasy novels written by Brent Weeks. The first book in the series, "The Way of Shadows", was published in October 2008, and the third book, "Beyond the Shadows", was published in December 2008. Taylor Chorney Taylor Chorney (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Edmonton Oilers and St. Louis Blues. He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 36th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played at the University of North Dakota. He also was on Team USA at the 2006 World Junior Championships. Chorney represented the USA again in the 2007 World Juniors, where he was team captain. He made his NHL debut on April 10, 2009 against the Calgary Flames. He recorded his first NHL point in his first game of the 2009-10 season, by assisting one of Zack Stortini's two goals on October 12, 2009 on the road against the Nashville Predators. His father, Marc, played 210 games in the NHL for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings. On July 1, 2014, Chorney signed one-year, two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins. Homology A homologous trait is any characteristic which is derived by evolution from a common ancestor. This is contrasted to analogous traits: similarities between organisms that were evolved separately. The term existed before 1859, but got its modern meaning after Darwin established the idea of common descent.p45 The pre-Darwinian naturalists Cuvier, Geoffroy and Richard Owen, also used the idea. A homologous trait is often called a homologue (also spelled homolog). In genetics, the term "homologue" is used both to refer to a homologous protein, and to the gene (DNA sequence) encoding it. Homology vs analogy. According to Russell, we owe to Richard Owen the first clear distinction between homologous and analogous organs. Owen's definitions were: The distinction is made clear by examples such as the ear ossicles of mammals. These little bones have, in the course of several hundred million years of evolution, made their way from the gill covers of fish to the rear jaw bones of Synapsids to their present position in the ear of mammals. In the fossil record is evidence of this, and also in embryology. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, tiny bone structures break loose from the jaw and migrate to the inner ear area. The ear ossicles are homologous with the jaw bones and the gill covers, but not analogous. This rather extraordinary story was first proposed in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, who looked at fish and tried to discover the homologies of their bones with that of land vertebrates. Level of analysis. "A trait may be both homologous and analogous", depending on the level at which the trait is examined. For example, the wings of birds and bats are homologous as "forearms" in tetrapods. However, they are not homologous as "wings", because the organ served as a forearm (not a wing) in the last common ancestor of tetrapods. By definition, any homologous trait defines a clade–a monophyletic taxon in which all the members have the trait (or have lost it secondarily); and all non-members lack it. Related terms. Gene sequences. Conserved sequences of DNA, RNA and proteins can be used to decide homologies between organisms. Deep homology. In evolutionary developmental biology, the concept of deep homology is used to describe cases where growth and differentiation are controlled by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species. Textbook examples common to metazoa include the homeotic genes that control differentiation along the body, and pax genes (especially PAX6) involved in the development of the eye and other sensory organs. An algorithm identifies deeply homologous genetic modules in unicellular organisms, plants, and non-human animals based on phenotypes (such as traits and developmental defects). The technique aligns phenotypes across organisms based on the homology of genes involved in the phenotypes. Discovery Channel Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is a cable television channel about science, history, and nature. It has programs such as "Man vs. Wild", "A Haunting", "The Last Day of the Dinosaurs", "MythBusters", and "Dirty Jobs". The Last Day of the Dinosaurs The Last Day of the Dinosaurs is a 2010 Discovery Channel television documentary about the extinction of the dinosaurs. It portrays the asteroid as the cause of the extinction. Plot. In the Pacific Northwest of North America, a "Quetzalcoatlus" is flying above the landscape, looking for food. It finds a nest of "Tyrannosaurus" babies that have just hatched. It picks them up in its beak and starts eating them. Suddenly, the father appears and starts fighting the "Quetzalcoatlus". He grabs it by the wing, but it manages to escape. Meanwhile, the asteroid is getting closer to Earth. The narrator says that it was caused by the collision of two asteroids 150 million years ago. One of the fragments is heading towards Earth. In the Pacific Northwest, two male "Triceratops" fight for mating rights. One of them wins. The loser walks away. Suddenly, two "T. rexes" attack and kill the "Triceratops". They start feeding on its carcass. In what is today central Mexico, a herd of "Alamosaurus" is roaming the plains in search of food. They are giants, even by dinosaur standards. They are 60 feet long and 40 feet tall, and they weigh 30 tons. Their huge size demands that they eat a lot of vegetation to maintain their bulk. Meanwhile, the asteroid enters the Earth's atmosphere. It is burning brighter than a million suns. The scorching light sears the "Alamosaurus"' eyeballs, blinding them. Then the asteroid hits the Earth in the Gulf of Mexico, near the Yucatan Peninsula. In a fraction of a second, it disentegrates into the planet. The air temperature near the crash site now reaches 600 degrees Fahrenheit. The "Alamosaurus" are burned alive. In the Pacific Northwest, the "Quetzalcoatlus" can see the impact. Meanwhile, Mongolia is 8,000 miles away from the point of impact. A herd of "Charonosaurus" is drinking at a watering hole. They are protecting their eggs. Suddenly, a "Troodon" appears. Its brain-to-body weight ratio is among the highest of any dinosaur. It steals an egg, but is seen by the mother. It runs into a cave. A second "Saurornithoides" is in the cave. The two predators start chasing the "Charonosaurus". They jump on its neck and slash with their retractable toe claws, killing their prey. Then they start feasting on the carcass. Millions of tons of dust and rock were thrown up into the air by the asteroid's impact. This is the ejecta cloud. In Mongolia, the ejecta cloud causes the temperature to become hotter. As the air temperature reaches 120 degrees, the "Troodons" run inside the cave. The temperature ticks upward every second. The "Charonosaurus" go into the cave. Inside the cave, it is cooler. However, the "Charonosaurus" and "Troodon" are forced to share the cave with each other, even though they are enemies. Back in the Pacific Northwest, fires burn across the forest floor at 9 miles per hour. The "Tyrannosaurus" and the "Triceratops" are running to get away from the fire. The panicked animals race up the valley slopes. In Mongolia, the temperatures are finally starting to decrease. The "Troodon" run outside and start feeding on a "Charonosaurus" corpse. Soon, the "Charonosaurus" follow. However, one stays near the protection of the cave. However, the dinosaurs are not safe yet. The ejecta cloud has caused a huge sandstorm. As it hits, the "Troodons" are small enough to crouch for cover. But the "Charonosaurus" are out in the open. The harder they struggle and the deeper they gasp for oxygen, the more sand fills their lungs, until finally, they can't breathe. It's hours before the winds die down. The last "Charonosaurus", protected once again by the cave, finds that it's the last of the herd. But it's not the last remaining dinosaur in the neighborhood. The "Troodons" were sheltered from the worst of the storm. They have survived. Instinct drives the "Troodon" back to their prime hunting spot, the watering hole, where the last remaining "Charonosaurus" is drinking. The "Troodon" are desperate for food. One of them has the confidence to attack. The "Troodon" runs to the"Charonosaurus" and leaps on it. It starts slashing at its neck. The "Charonosaurus" is still too exhausted to run. Suddenly, the "Charonosaurus" crashes to the ground, crushing the "Troodon" to death under its weight. The remaining "Troodon" starts eating the dead body of its companion. A week after impact, food is in very short supply across the entire planet. In the Pacific Northwest, two "Triceratops" are searching for food. Their hunger drives them to the Pacific coast. They see an island. Protected from the fires by the surrounding ocean, the island is lush and green. It has all the food that the "Triceratops" need. But when the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused an earthquake under the ocean. This causes a huge tsunami. The ocean is dragged back hundreds of feet. The path to the island is suddenly dry land. The "Triceratops" walk across the land bridge to the island. However, the tsunami crashes down on them, flooding the land. The "Triceratops" drown. In the days and weeks that follow, few dinosaurs remain. In Mongolia, the starving "Charonosaurus" stays close to the cave that has saved it twice in the past. Suddenly, it collapses, but not from starvation. Bubbling to the surface from hot springs is one of nature's most toxic gases; Hydrogen Sulfide. The "Troodon" runs up to the dead "Charonosaurus". Then it too dies from inhaling the poisonous gas. In the Pacific Northwest, only a handful of dinosaurs patrol the gray wasteland. An "Ankylosaurus", severely weakened by hunger, is searching for food. All it can find is a small bush. But even that won't come without a fight. A "Triceratops" roars at the "Ankylosaurus". Suddenly, a "T. rex" appears. It roars at the herbivores. Then it kills the "Triceratops". The "Ankylosaurus" tries to defend itself with its heavy tail club, but it's too weak to fight. The "Tyrannosaurus" flips the "Ankylosaurus" over and bites its soft underbelly, killing it. Then the "Tyrannosaurus" collapses from hunger. It falls on the "Triceratops"' horn and is impaled by it after tripping over the Ankylosaurus. In Mexico, the first region to be hit by the asteroid, life still remains. Buried in the cool ground inside its egg, an "Alamosaurus" baby has survived. And so has an adult "Alamosaurus". All around the world, small handfuls of dinosaurs try to start over. But their species are already considered extinct. In order to survive, any species needs to maintain a critical mass of population. If it falls below that threshold, then there's no way to climb back from certain extinction. But life on Earth is not completely destroyed. Out of the ruins, nature starts over. A group of animals that have long been limited in success by the dinosaurs now become the new rulers of the Earth: mammals. Eventually, they multiply and diversify. 10,000 species explode across the planet. And one species, humans, branches off from its relatives and comes down from the trees. They walk on two legs, evolve bigger brains, and eventually, they rule the planet. They build cities that touch the sky, vehicles that can leave the planet, and weapons that can destroy it. In the end, the narrator says that humans would never have existed if a chance collision in space 150 million years ago had not occurred, sending an asteroid hurtling towards Earth and dooming the dinosaurs to extinction. Charonosaurus Charonosaurus was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Its remains were found in China. The partial skull resembles that of "Parasaurolophus" from North America. This does "not" suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia. Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest. It may have been used for trumpeting their calls. In other words, their skull shape was a basal feature. "Charonosaurus" was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13 m (42.5 ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains were found in the same area. They give information on the rest of the skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 m. (4.5 ft). In popular culture. "Charonosaurus" was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of "Troodon". Dinosaur brains and intelligence Dinosaur brains and intelligence are interesting topics. Dinosaurs were once regarded as stupid animals, but it is now realised that some of the smaller carnivores had above average intelligence for reptiles. This idea led to exaggerated portrayals in films like Jurassic Park. "Stegosaurus". The idea that "Stegosaurus" had a "brain the size of a walnut" (an oft-repeated phrase), was not quite accurate. It had a brain the size of a dog's, but in proportion to its body, the brain was very small. In the 1880s a well-preserved "Stegosaurus" braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to get a cast of the brain cavity, which gave an idea of the brain size. The endocast showed that the brain was indeed small: relative to body size, maybe the smallest among the dinosaurs. The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5 metric tonnes (5 short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80 grams (2.8 oz) led to the idea that dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected. Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord. It could have had 20 times the neurons of the famously small brain. This may have been used to coordinate the hind region in defence against theropod attack. This function for the "second brain" is not proved by any direct evidence. Brain-body size relationship. Brain size usually increases with body size in animals (is positively correlated). That means large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals. The relationship is not linear however. Generally, small mammals have relatively larger brains than big ones. Mice have a direct brain/body size ratio similar to humans (1/40). Elephants have a comparatively small brain/body size (1/560), although elephants are obviously quite intelligent animals. Encephalization quotient (EQ). The formula for the curve varies, but is usually given as Ew(brain) = 0.12w(body)2/3. As this formula is based on data from mammals, it should be applied to other animals with caution. For some of the other vertebrate classes the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many groups of invertebrates the formula may give no meaningful results at all. Intelligence. Intelligence in animals is hard to establish, but the larger the brain is relative to the body, the more brain weight might be available for complex cognitive tasks. Rather than simply measuring raw brain weight, the EQ formula makes for a ranking of animals. The ranking coincides better with the observed complexity of behaviour. Mean EQ for mammals is around 1, with carnivora, cetacea and primates above 1, and insectivores and herbivores below. It also puts humans at the top of the list. The relationship between brain-to-body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect, because other factors also influence intelligence. These factors include the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding. This increase the surface of the cortex is positively correlated to intelligence in humans. Dinosaur brains. Problems with EQ. Traditional comparisons of brain volume to body mass in dinosaurs have estimated brain size as the volume of the endocast. However, the brain of the modern reptile genus "Sphenodon" fills only about half of its endocranial volume. Some paleontologists used this fifty percent estimate in their estimates of dinosaur brain volume. Other workers have observed that details on the endocranial surface indicates that some fossil reptiles had brains that occupied a much larger portion of the endocranium. Larsson notes that the transition from reptiles to birds prevents using a set ratio from being a valid approach to estimating the volume of the endocranium occupied by a dinosaur's brain. Adding difficulty is the wide range of estimates for live mass. One study estimated that the live masses for many dinosaur genera had a four-fold range. Larsson laments that "the broad ranges of body mass estimates, combined with the ambiguous ratio of endocranial volume occupied by the brain, present a high degree of uncertainty for [creating an] index of brain size". Consequently, he attempted to minimize errors by making a different kind of comparison. While it is difficult to estimate the absolute volume of the brain, the proportions of its various regions of the brain should be the same in the endocast as it was in the live brain. Larsson's study compared the ratio of the cerebrum, which is clearly marked on the inside of skulls, to the rest of the endocast's volume. According to Larsson, his technique is superior to traditional comparisons of brain volume to estimated live body mass. Theropod brains. Most dinosaurs, and most theropods, had brains no better than present-day reptiles, so far as can be estimated. In a 2001 study of a "Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" endocast, Hans Larsson found that both "C. saharicus" and "Allosaurus" had a ratio of cerebrum to brain volume that was very similar to non-avian reptiles. By contrast, the "Tyrannosaurus" ratio was slightly in the direction of a more bird-like proportion. Since tyrannosaurs are relatively basal coelurosaurs, this is evidence that the Coelurosauria mark the beginning of a trend in theropod brain enlargement. Troodon. "Troodon"'s cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio was 31.5% to 63% of the way from a nonavian reptile proportion to a truly avian one. Archaeopteryx. "Archaeopteryx" had a cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio 78% of the way to modern birds. Summary. The method used for Larsson's comparison was not the EQ, but a ratio of the size of the cerebrum to the whole brain. The cerebrum is chiefly responsible for what might be called 'intelligent behaviour'. The brains of dinosaurs were generally much like other reptiles in their proportions. The exception is the coelurosaurs, which had cerebra proportionately larger than most reptiles, but proportionately smaller than modern birds. Tellurium(IV) iodide Tellurium(IV) iodide, also known as tellurium tetraiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeI4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions. Properties. Tellurium(IV) iodide is a black solid. It breaks down when heated to tellurium(II) iodide and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent. It conducts electricity when melted. Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium with iodine or by reacting tellurium with iodomethane, CH3I. Tellurium(IV) fluoride Tellurium(IV) fluoride, also known as tellurium tetrafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. Properties. Tellurium(IV) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with many metals when heated. Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sulfur tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting cold fluorine with tellurium. Another way is reacting selenium tetrafluoride with warm tellurium dioxide. Fluorine can also react with tellurium(II) chloride or tellurium(II) bromide to make tellurium(IV) fluoride. Tellurium(IV) oxide Tellurium(IV) oxide, also known as tellurium dioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO2. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. Properties. Tellurium(IV) oxide can be yellow or white. The white form is the manmade form. The yellow form is natural, also known as tellurite. The manmade form is most common in chemical reactions. At high pressure, the manmade white form turns into the yellow form. It melts at a high temperature to make a red liquid. Tellurium(IV) oxide does not dissolve in water. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid. It can react with many strong acids and powerful oxidizing agents. It can also react with strong bases. It makes one's breath smell like garlic when it is eaten. Preparation. Tellurium(IV) oxide is made by burning tellurium in air. Uses. It is used in devices that can convert light into sound. It can make glass with special properties. Safety. It can cause birth defects. It also makes bad breath. Tellurium oxide Tellurium oxide can refer to either of these chemical compounds. Tellurium(VI) fluoride Tellurium(VI) fluoride, also known as tellurium hexafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF6. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. It is the oldest known tellurium fluoride. Properties. Tellurium(VI) fluoride is a colorless gas. It condenses to a white solid when made cold. It has a very bad smell. It is very toxic. It is similar to selenium hexafluoride, even though it is less volatile (not as easily evaporated). It reacts with water to make telluric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with tellurium under to make tellurium tetrafluoride. Preparation. It is made by reacting hot fluorine with tellurium. Cold fluorine gas makes tellurium tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting fluorine with tellurium trioxide. Another way to make it is reacting selenium tetrafluoride and tellurium dioxide to make tellurium tetrafluoride, which is heated above to make tellurium hexafluoride and tellurium. Tellurium fluoride Tellurium fluoride can refer to either of these chemical compounds: Avram Glazer Avram Glazer (born October 19, 1960 in Rochester, New York) is the joint-chairman of Manchester United Football Club with his brother Joel. Glazer lives in New Orleans with his wife and their two children. He is a son of Malcolm Glazer. Telluric acid Telluric acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is H6TeO6. It contains hydrogen and tellurate ions. It contains the TeO66- form of the tellurate ion. Telluric acid is a weak acid. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It is a powerful oxidizing agents. It can be dehydrated to make tellurium trioxide. The metatelluric acid, H2TeO4, does not exist. Telluric acid can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with chromium trioxide or hydrogen peroxide. It is used to make other tellurates such as sodium tellurate. Electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity is a concept in electrical engineering. It is a measure of how much a material stops the flow of electric current through it. Most metals have very low electrical resistivity. More precisely, "the resistivity of a material of conductor is the resistance of its unit area of cross section and per unit of its length" The International System of Units uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is. Electrical resistivity is the inverse of electrical conductivity. This term is more used for semiconductors and insulators. The resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is 1 metre long and 1 square metre in cross-section. This can be a 1 cubic Metre cube. So we can also say that the resistivity of a substance is equal to he resistance between the opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the substance. The resistivity of a substance does not depend on its length or thickness. It depends on the nature of the substance and temperature. Manzanar Manzanar was the name of a Japanese American internment camp in California. It was near Lone Pine, California, in the desert near Death Valley. Thousands of people were kept there; most of them were Japanese people from Los Angeles. The camp opened in 1942 and was closed in 1945. Today, the camp is a National Historic Site. Philip Gunawardena Don Philip Rupasinghe Gunawardena (11 January 1901 – 26 March 1972) was a Sri Lankan politician. He introduced Trotskyism to Sri Lanka. He studied in the United States and picked up liberal ideas there. Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" is an extremely popular Christmas song that is played every holiday season. The words were written by Ralph Blane and the music by Hugh Martin in 1943. The song was first introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 movie, "Meet Me In St. Louis". A modified version was introduced by Frank Sinatra who felt the original was too sad for his 1957 album, "A Jolly Christmas". It has also been recorded by many other performers including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Sam Smith and the Pretenders. In 2007 ASCAP listed the song at number three in the 25 most played holiday songs. Hurricane Diane Hurricane Diane was really devastating to the East Coast of the US during 1955. The storm caused severe destruction and an unusually severe death toll. Diane was among several hurricanes which bashed the East Coast during 1955, the others being Connie and Ione. The name Diane was later retired. Martha Stewart Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the "Martha Stewart Living" TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents. In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges. Paul Edwards (composer) Paul Christison Edwards (born ) is an English organist and composer of music for the Anglican Church. Biography. Paul Edwards spent his childhood in the village of Turvey in Bedfordshire. He liked church music, especially the sound of the big organ in the church at Turvey. He became a chorister at St Paul’s Cathedral for four and a half years and then spent the same amount of time as lay clerk at Peterborough Cathedral. He has been organist and choir master at several churches in Bedfordshire, including All Saints, Turvey and St. Paul's Church, Bedford. He works as a teacher, piano accompanist and choral singer. Edwards has made a series of recordings of interesting old organs of North Bedfordshire. He has transcribed and edited ten volumes of 18th century "English Organ Music". The list of all his compositions has 450 opus numbers. They include about 150 hymn tunes and a large number of anthems. Many of these works have been published in collections including "Hymns for Today’s Church", "Psalms for Today" and "Carols for Today". His carol "No Small Wonder", written in 1983 was published in "Carols for Today" in 1986 and was recorded on LP by Canterbury Cathedral Choir. It was sung at the famous Nine Lessons and Carols service broadcast on the BBC Television by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 2000. His music has been recorded on several CDs. Edwards finds inspiration for his compositions in the English countryside, especially that of Norfolk He also enjoys driving and photographing busses and coaches. Lay clerk A lay clerk, also known as a lay vicar, is a term used in the United Kingdom to describe a male singer who sings in a cathedral choir or a choir belonging to a college of one of the large traditional universities. A lay clerk is usually paid for the job. When he is called "lay vicar" the term "vicar" comes from the Latin word "vice" (meaning "deputy"). A lay vicar is not in holy orders (he is not a priest). Today there are a few female lay clerks, e.g. in Dublin. The term "layman" was used in the Middle Ages for a chorister who sings some of the music that was too difficult for the priests to sing. Today many of the lay clerks in places such as Oxford or Cambridge combine their work as layclerk with studying at University. It is similar to a scholarship for studying. Richard Owen Sir Richard Owen KCB (Lancaster, 20 July 1804–18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. Owen is probably best remembered today for coining the word "Dinosauria" (meaning 'Terrible Reptile'), and for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Owen was the driving force behind the establishment, in 1881, of the British Museum (Natural History) in London. Owen's technical descriptions of vertebrates were important. His "Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates" (3 vols. London 1866–1868) was a standard reference work for many years. His career was tainted by accusations that he failed to give credit to the work of others and even tried to appropriate it under his own name. Controversies with his peers. Owen credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the "Iguanodon", completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or last time Owen would deliberately claim a discovery as his own, when in fact it was not. Owen was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council for plagiarism. Owen was highly critical of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species", in part because Darwin did not refer much to the previous scientific theories of evolution. Instead, Darwin compared the theory of evolution by natural selection with the unscientific theory in the Bible. Owen, in Darwin's opinion, was "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about". "It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which Owen hates me". Owen was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Joseph Dalton Hooker): In the first part of his career Owen was regarded rightly as one of the great scientific figures of the age. In the second part of his career his reputation slipped. This was not solely due to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was also due to the serious errors of scientific judgement which were discovered and publicized. A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate sub-class of the Mammalia (see Thomas Henry Huxley). In this Owen had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on. Owen continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had got in his younger days. Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd is a 2011 case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. It was a civil lawsuit filed in federal court. It argued that holding Muslim-Americans after the September 11 attacks was unconstitutional. Background. A young man named Lavoni T. Kidd was a prominent football player at the University of Idaho. He is an American citizen. While at college, Kidd converted to Islam and took the name Abudulla al-Kidd. In 2003, the police arrested Al-Kidd as he was boarding a flight to Saudi Arabia, where he planned to study. He was held for 15 nights under the federal material witness statute (a law that allows police to hold people who are going to testify in court) because he was going to testify in the trial of Sami Omar Al-Hussayen. FBI Director Robert S. Mueller told Congress that al-Kidd's capture was one of the FBI's "success" stories. Al-Kidd was never charged with a crime or called as a witness. He was later released. Al-Kidd went to court, suing John Ashcroft, who was United States Attorney General from 2001 to 2005. Al-Kidd said he was strip-searched, shackled, interrogated without having a lawyer with him, and treated as a terrorist. The American Civil Liberties Union lawyers who represented al-Kidd claimed he was one of 70 Muslim men who were treated this way. Aschroft claimed that he had "absolute immunity" from civil lawsuits like al-Kidd's. In other words, because his actions were part of his duties as Attorney General, nobody can sue him about those actions. Ashcroft also claimed that he had "qualified immunity" that prevents such lawsuits unless the official violated someone's constitutional rights. In 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful holding of al-Kidd. On October 18, 2010, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear Ashcroft's appeal. Supreme Court decision. On May 31, 2011, the Supreme Court ruled against al-Kidd by a vote of 8-0. (Usually there are nine Supreme Court Justices, but Justice Elena Kagan did not participate in the al-Kidd case.) To show that Ashcroft could be sued, al-Kidd's lawyers had to meet a very high burden of proof. They needed to prove that Ashcroft was directly involved in holding al-Kidd, or that he knew what was happening to al-Kidd. The Court ruled that al-Kidd's lawyers had not proved these things. They suggested that al-Kidd's detention was handled mostly by people who were much less powerful than Ashcroft. All eight Supreme Court Justices agreed that the Ninth Circuit's ruling should be reversed. However, the Justices reached this decision for different reasons. Majority opinion. Justice Antonin Scalia wrote a majority opinion. He was joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito. Scalia wrote that a Magistrate Judge had issued a valid arrest warrant for al-Kidd based on specific information about him. Al-Kidd was not arrested in a general effort to sweep a large group of Muslims into jail he was specifically arrested because he was suspected. In a footnote in his opinion, Scalia argues with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg about what type of "individualized suspicion" is needed to justify arresting a person. Scalia wrote that a person does not need to be suspected of "wrongdoing" he just needs to be suspected. Scalia found that Ashcroft was protected from any possible lawsuits for ordering this group of arrests: The objectively reasonable arrest and detention of a material witness pursuant to a validly obtained warrant cannot be challenged as unconstitutional on the basis of allegations that the arresting authority had an improper motive. Concurring opinions. Justice Kennedy wrote a concurring opinion. He was joined by Justices Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor for Part I of his opinion. He also wrote that al-Kidd's lawsuit should be dismissed. Kennedy wrote the second part of his opinion alone. In this part, he described his concern that the Attorney General of the United States cannot be personally sued just because lower courts in some parts of the United States have made legal decisions opposing his policies. Justice Ginsburg, joined by Justices Breyer and Sotomayor, wrote that it was "uncertain" just how powerful the Material Witness Statute was. For example, she/ questioned whether a "law-abiding citizen" who was not suspected of wrongdoing could be sent to jail if he saw "a crime during the days or weeks before a scheduled flight abroad." Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor were also concerned about how al-Kidd was treated in jail. The Court did leave al-Kidd with the right to sue his jailers for mistreating him. Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Breyer, wrote that the Court did not have to think about Constitional questions to decide this case. Brit milah Brit milah is the Jewish ritual circumcision ceremony performed on eight-day-old male babies. The foreskin is cut off from the end of the penis. The operation is carried out by a person called a "mohel", a ritual circumciser, who has been trained and qualified for this task.This ceremony is important for many Jewish people as it is a symbol of the covenant that God made with Abraham. A special role on a Bris have the Sandek (Godfather), he hold the baby at the ceremony Lithium nitrate Lithium nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiNO3. It contains lithium and nitrate ions. Properties. Lithium nitrate is a colorless solid. It makes a red flame when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. It breaks down when heated into lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. Preparation. This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid. Uses. Lithium nitrate is used in fireworks to make a red color. It is also used in flares. Lithium peroxide Lithium peroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2O2. It contains lithium and peroxide ions. Properties. Lithium peroxide is a white solid. It gives off oxygen when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. Preparation. Lithium peroxide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and removing the water. Uses. It is used to absorb carbon dioxide on spaceships. It also releases oxygen when it absorbs carbon dioxide. Safety. Lithium peroxide reacts violently with water to make oxygen. It also is an oxidizing agent and can catch things on fire. It is corrosive because it is basic. Adam McKay Adam McKay (born April 17, 1968) is an American actor, director, writer and comedian. Born in Pennsylvania, he directed and wrote several movies and won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in "The Big Short". Earth Hour Earth Hour is an event organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It is held on the last Saturday of March every year. The WWF asks people to shut off their lights and appliances for one hour. They want to raise awareness for climate change. It was started in 2007. Police action Police action is a term for the use of military forces without declaring war. Many military actions are called police actions. People do not declare war commonly any more. Martin Evans Sir Martin John Evans (born 1 January 1941, Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British geneticist. His first success was with Matthew Kaufman. In 1981 they were the first to grow embryonic mice stem cells in a laboratory. Evans, Oliver Smithies and Mario Capecchi discovered a technique in genetic engineering. It is known as homologous recombination of transgenic DNA. This is important because it is the most reliable method of changing animal genomes. The three put this to use in two more inventions: gene targeting and knockout mice, and were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007. Ahmed Al Safi Ahmed Al Safi (, born 1971) is an Iraqi sculptor and painter. Maria Stuarda Maria Stuarda is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari, after Friedrich Schiller's play "Maria Stuarda". It was first performed in Naples, on October 19,1835, under the name of "Buondelmont" due to censorship problems, and in its original version in Milan, on December 30, 1835. One of Donizetti's finest work, it is notable for the confrontation scene between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I of England, which in real life never took place. it was heartbreaking. the sopranolater became famous and well loved. Roberto Devereux Roberto Devereux is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, after François Ancelot's "Elisabeth d'Angleterre", it was first performed in Naples, on October 29, 1837. It is a powerful and sweeping work and is sometimes considered one of the most "verdian" of Donizetti's operas. After almost a century of neglect, it was revived in Naples by soprano Leyla Gencer in 1964, and has since then been regularly performed, notably by sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills. The plot is about the love between Queen Elizabeth I of England and her favorite Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. Roman Wales Roman Wales is the area of modern Wales that was under Roman Empire control. Roman Wales was an area of south western Britannia under Roman Empire control from the first to the fifth century AD. Romans called it Cambria but later considered it to be part of "Roman Britain" along with England. South east Wales was fully made Roman at the beginning of the fifth century. Pre-Roman Wales. Up to and during the Roman occupation of Britain, the native inhabitants of Iron Age Britain spoke "Brythonic" languages (a sub-family of the Celtic languages) and were regarded as Britons (or Brythons). The area of modern Wales was divided among a number of tribes, of which the Silures in modern south-east Wales and the Ordovices in central and northwest Wales were the largest and most powerful. These two tribes were the ones who put up the strongest force to the Roman invasion: Mona (the island of Anglesey) was only conquered by Gnaeus Julius Agricola in 78 AD. Roman invasion of Wales. The first attack on the Celtic tribes of what is now Wales was made under the legatus Publius Ostorius Scapula about 48 AD. Ostorius first attacked the Deceangli in the north-east, who appear to have surrendered with little resistance. He then spent several years campaigning against the Silures and the Ordovices. Their resistance was led by Caratacus, who had fled what is now southeast England when it was conquered by the Romans. He first led the Silures, then moved to the territory of the Ordovices, where he was defeated by Ostorius in 51 AD. Caratacus fled to the Brigantes, whose queen handed him over to the Romans. Resistance. The Silures waged effective warfare against the Roman forces. Ostorius died with this tribe still unconquered; after his death they won a victory over the Roman Second Augusta Legion, Legio II Augusta. There were no more attempts to extend Roman control in Wales until the governorship of Caius Suetonius Paulinus, who attacked further north and captured the island of Anglesey in 60 or 61 AD. However he was forced to stop the offensive to meet the threat from the rebellion of Boudica. The Silures eventually came under Roman rule by Sextus Julius Frontinus in a series of campaigns ending about 78 AD. His successor Gnaeus Julius Agricola subdued the Ordovices and recaptured Anglesey by the beginning of 78 AD. Occupation and romanisation. The Romans occupied the whole of the area now known as Wales, where they built Roman roads and Roman forts, mined gold at Luentinum and conducted commerce, but their interest in the area was limited because of the difficult geography and shortage of flat agricultural land. Most of the Roman remains in Wales are military in nature. The area was controlled by Roman legionary bases at Deva Victrix (modern Chester) and Isca Augusta (Caerleon), two of the three such bases in Roman Britain, with roads linking these bases to Roman auxiliary forts such as Segontium (actual Caernarfon) and Moridunum (actual Carmarthen). Romans are only known to have founded one town in Wales, Venta Silurum (Caerwent) in Monmouthshire, although the fort at Moridunum (Carmarthen) was later superseded by a civilian settlement. The modern-day Wales is thought to have been part of the Roman province of "Britannia Superior", and later of the province of "Britannia Secunda", which also included part of what is now the West Country of England. The later part of the third century witnessed a new concern: defending the coast from seaborne marauders from Hibernia (actual Ireland). The response was a Saxon Shore-style fort at Cardiff and refurbishment elsewhere. It is not clear when the legionary garrison at Caerleon was finally withdrawn, possibly by the end of the third century, although it may have left a skeleton force there as late as the mid-fourth century. The military dispositions in late fourth-century Wales at Cardiff, Caernarfon, Holyhead and Caerhun seem to have been concerned with continuing incursions by Irish bands. The remaining recognisably military posts seem to have been abandoned c.AD 393 when soldiers were needed to counteract a rebellion in Gaul. There is some evidence that troops may have been left to guard the towns of Carmarthen and Caerwent into the fifth century. End of Roman Wales. Wales was occupied by the Romans from the first century AD to the Roman withdrawal from Britain nearly four centuries later, leaving their province to develop into Sub-Roman Britain and the emergence of Wales in the Early Middle Ages. The only city founded by the Romans in Wales is Caerwent, called Venta Silurum in 75 AD when was created, and the last place to be left by the Romans. The town lacked substantial defences until the mid 4th century, when stone town walls were built. A small garrison may have been based in the town during that period. Large sections of the defensive walls are still in place, rising up to 5 metres (17 feet) in height in places. The walls have been described as "easily the most impressive town defence to survive from Roman Britain, and in its freedom from later rebuilding one of the most perfectly preserved in Northern Europe." Indeed, the Roman town remained occupied after the Roman troops left, until at least the end of the fifth century. Caerwent has been even called the possible Camelot of King Arthur, because it is located only ten miles from the Roman fort Isca Silurum (actually Caerleon), that Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote was the place of the Round Table. Furthermore, it appears that Christian worship was already established in the town in the fifth century, and it may have had a bishop. A monastery was founded by Saint Tatheus in the 6th century, and a Christian cemetery was also established around the site of the present church. The name "Venta" gave its name to the emerging Kingdom of Gwent, and the town itself became known as "Caer-went" or "Castra/Fort of Venta/Gwent". Tradition holds that Caradog Freichfras of Gwent moved his court from Caerwent to Portskewett during the second half of the 6th century, finishing in this way the last romanised presence in Wales. Finally, Gwyn A. Williams argues that even at the time of the erection of Offa's Dyke (that divided Wales from medieval England) the people to its west saw themselves as "Roman", citing the number of Latin inscriptions still being made into the 8th century. Georgia Dome The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium in Atlanta that opened in 1992 and was torn down in 2017. It was the largest domed building in the world until 1999. The Dome took up 9.19 acres of land and cost $214 million to build. It was supported by the State of Georgia, after which the stadium was named. It was not far from the CNN Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Philips Arena. Many different sporting events took place in the dome, mostly football and basketball. It was home to the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League until it was replaced by the nearby Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the 2017 season. Memphis Memphis most commonly refers to: Memphis may also refer to: New Coke New Coke was a type of Coca-Cola that was sold from 1985 to 2002. Its flavor was sweeter than normal Coke. It was later sold as Coke II. It is a product of the Coca-Cola Company. Rock of Ages Corporation Rock of Ages Corporation is a company in Vermont. It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products. It was started in 1885, and has its headquarters in Graniteville, Vermont, which is close to Barre. There are around 230 people who work for the company. Rock of Ages had a profit of about $800,000 in 2008. In October 2010, another mining company, Swenson Granite Company, said it would buy Rock of Ages for $39 million. Rock of Ages runs the largest granite quarry in the world. It is about deep, and covers about 50 acres. International PEN International PEN is a worldwide association of writers. It was founded in London in 1921 to increase friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. At first, he letters "P", "E", and "N" stood for "Poets, Essayists and Novelists". Now the group includes any other kinds of writers, such as journalists and historians. Other goals included: to make the role of literature stronger in developing international understanding and world culture; to fight for freedom of expression; and to act as a powerful voice to help writers who are harassed, imprisoned, and sometimes killed for their views. It is the world’s oldest human rights organization. Role of PEN. PEN is a non-governmental organization that has a formal consultative relations with UNESCO and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. The first PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by Catherine Amy Dawson Scott. John Galsworthy was its first President. The first members included Joseph Conrad, Elizabeth Craig, George Bernard Shaw, and H.G. Wells. The club established these goals: Past Presidents of International PEN have included Malcolm Afford, Alberto Moravia, Heinrich Böll, Arthur Miller, Mario Vargas Llosa, Homero Aridjis and Jiří Gruša. The current President is John Ralston Saul and the current Executive Director is Caroline McCormick. International PEN has its headquarters in London. There are also 145 independent PEN Centers in 104 countries around the world. Each of these centers are open to qualified writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature. Nationality, race, color or religion cannot effect membership. PEN Affiliated Awards. PEN awards dozens of literary awards each year. Some examples include: PEN Charter. Literature, national though it be in origin, knows no frontiers, and should remain common currency among nations in spite of political or international upheavals. In all circumstances, and particularly in time of war, works of art and libraries, the heritage of humanity at large, should be left untouched by national or political passion. Members of PEN should at all times use what influence they have in favor of good understanding and mutual respect among nations; they pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel race, class, and national hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace in the world. PEN stands for the principle of unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and among all nations, and members pledge themselves to oppose any form of suppression of freedom of expression in their country or their community. PEN declares for a free press and opposes arbitrary censorship in time of peace. It believes that the necessary advance of the world toward a more highly organized political and economic order renders free criticism of governments, administrations, and institutions imperative. And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood, and distortion of facts for political and personal ends. Writers in Prison Committee. International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee works to help persecuted writers worldwide. The Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of over 900 writers who have been imprisoned, tortured, threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual Case List documenting free expression violations against writers around the world. This committee was started in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of dissent by imprisoning writers, Liu Xia (poet) Liu Xia (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China. She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo. Biography. Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau. She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999. Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. However, she has been forced to act for her husband in public because of he is often in prison for his activism. She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world." She also personally experiences pressures from the Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates. Since his arrest, the government watches her constantly. She speaks out on issues of human rights both for herself and for her husband. Although she may not want always want to, she has continued to speak publicly all during their marriage and while her husband has been in prison Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal. Liu Xiaobo's was sent to prison for 11 years after he helped write the political manifesto 2008 called Charter 08. Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in writing the document. At first, he did as she asked. But later, he spent much of his time writing and re-writing the document which took three years. He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter. 10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet. After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xia said that “For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom." She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug". After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile phone number was canceled. Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications. Jilin University Jilin University (; often abbreviated JLU or 吉大) is a national university. China's Ministry of Education controls the university directly. Down to the Countryside Movement The Down to the Countryside Movement was a government plan in China in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the Cultural Revolution, anti-bourgeois thinking was very common. Mao Zedong said that richer youth from the cities would be sent to mountains or farming villages so they could learn from the workers and farmers there. Many fresh high school graduates were forced out of the cities. They had to stay in far away areas of China. They became known as the Rusticated Youth of China Many of them lost the chance to go university. Some call them China's "lost generation." Famous authors who have written about their experiences during the movement include Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo, Jiang Rong and Zhang Chengzhi, both of whom went to Inner Mongolia. Hu Jintao Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 2002 to 2012. Hu Jintao also served as the President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2013 and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2004 to 2012. Hu was born in Taizhou, Jiangsu. Hu left office of General Secretary on 15 November 2012 and the office was taken by Xi Jinping. Hu Jintao was educated as a hydraulic engineer from Tsinghua University in 1965. According to official biographies, he has a photographic memory. Politically, he is moderate and careful. He spent most of his previous career in Tibet and the poorer provinces, and was therefore unknown to Western analysts until he unexpectedly became the General Secretary (paramount leader). Even as a general secretary, he was quite private - and so has never given an interview. Václav Havel Václav Havel (), 5 October 1936–18 December 2011, was a Czech playwright, essayist, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92). He then became the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). He wrote more than twenty plays and many non-fiction works. Many of them were translated into multiple languages. Beginning in the 1960s, Havel mostly wrote about the politics of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague Spring, he became more and more active against the government. In 1977, he became famous internationally for his work on the human rights manifesto, "Charter 77". He became known as a leader of the opposition in Czechoslovakia. He was also sent to prison for these activities. The 1989, Havel became president during the "Velvet Revolution". As president, he led Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic to an open democracy with several political parties. His country changed greatly during the thirteen years he was president. The Czech Republic separated from Slovakia, even though Havel was against separation. The Czech Republic also joined NATO and started negotiating membership in the European Union. The country became a member of the EU in 2004. He was one of the first people to sign the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism. Early life. Václav Havel was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia on 5 October 1936. He grew up in a well-known and wealthy entrepreneurial and intellectual family. His family was active in culture and politics in Czechoslovakia from the 1920s to the 1940s. His father owned part of the suburb of Barrandov. This is the highest part of Prague. Havel's mother came from a well-known family. Her father was an ambassador and journalist. Havel completed his required education in 1951. However, the Communist government did not allow him to continue to study formally because of his bourgeois family background. In the early 1950s, the young Havel entered a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant. He took evening classes at the same time and completed secondary education in 1954. None of the colleges or universities with humanities programs would accept Havel for political reasons. So, he chose to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague. He dropped out after two years. In 1964, Havel married Olga Šplíchalová. His mother was against the marriage. Presidency. Havel was already leader of the Civic Forum, and on 29 December 1989, he became president. He left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003. Every member of the Federal Assembly voted to make him president. This was a surprising change because Havel had always said that he was not interested in politics. He and other dissidents had said that change should come from groups of people directly, not from the government. Czechoslovakia had free elections in 1990. Havel won and continued to be president. Havel wanted to keep the federation of the Czechs and the Slovaks together during the breakup of Czechoslovakia. He supported keeping the country together even though this was difficult and there was a lot of pressure. On 3 July 1992 the federal parliament did not elect Havel — the only candidate — because Slovak MPs did not support him. Havel resigned as president on 20 July after the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence. He stood for election as president of the new Czech Republic in 1993. He won and became president of this new, separate country. Havel was quite popular throughout his career. However, some of his actions caused controversy and criticism. One of his first acts as a president was to pardon many people. He wanted to reduce the number of people in overcrowded prisons and release people who had been put in prison during the Communist era even though they were innocent. He did not trust the decisions of a corrupt court of the previous government. He thought the courts had been unfair to most people in prison. Critics said that this amnesty caused more crime. In his memoir, "To the Castle and Back", Havel wrote that most of the people he released had less than a year left to stay in prison. Statistics about this are not clear. Havel said that the most important thing he did as president was breaking up the Warsaw Pact. Ending this group of countries was very complicated because the association was a deep part of how the countries worked. It took two years before the Soviet troops finally left Czechoslovakia completely. Havel was very important to changing NATO. He helped change it from an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to a group that includes former-Warsaw Pact members. Havel spoke very strongly for expanding of the military alliance into Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic. Awards. He has received many awards, including: Qincheng Prison Qincheng Prison () is a maximum-security prison in the Changping District northwest of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union and it is the only prison belonging to the Ministry of Public Security. The majority of people in prison here are political prisoners. Some of them were participants in the Chinese democracy movement and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Famous inmates include Jiang Qing, Bao Tong, Dai Qing, as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, and Phuntsok Wangyal. Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution, such as Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Israel Epstein, Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook. 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo was also imprisoned here. The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan, facing the North China Plain in the east, north and south. The plain is where Qincheng Farm (秦城农场) is, which is part of the prison. Suicide pact A suicide pact is a plan of two or more people to kill themselves. People who agree on such a plan may kill themselves together, or they may just plan to do it on a certain schedule together. When studying suicide, suicide pacts are an important concept. Suicide pacts have occurred through history. Note that a suicide pact is different from mass suicide. In a mass suicide, many people commit suicide for the same reason. In a suicide pact, it might be that one person is suicidal because of romance, and the other is suicidal because of a disease, but they both wish to die. Mass suicide In a mass suicide a group of people kill themselves for the same reason. Very often, all the people involved kill themselves together, at more or less the same time. The reason for the mass suicide often inolves religious views. Suicide bombings and Kamikaze missions are military or paramliitary forms of mass suicide. Goldie Goldthorpe Bill "Goldie" Goldthorpe (born June 20, 1953 in Hornepayne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played for 16 minor league teams between 1973 to 1984, playing exhibition games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins. Goldthorpe grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, is widely regarded as one of the most infamous hockey enforcers to have ever played the game, a man once dubbed the "wildest, meanest, most unpredictable player in hockey", earning an amazing 1,132 penalty minutes in 194 professional games. He was the inspiration for the character Ogie Ogilthorpe in the 1977 movie Slap Shot. On January 1, 2008 during the 1st intermission of the NHL's Winter Classic outdoor game in Buffalo, NBC showed a 1 minute and 15 second piece on the movie Slapshot and the Ogilthorpe, Bill Goldthorpe connection to Bob Costas. Costas once did radio play-by-play for the Syracuse Blazers (NAHL) in 1973-74, a team that Bill Goldthorpe played on. Goldthorpe is currently a foreman at a construction company in Canada, having held that position in San Diego for several years. Alex Gray Alexander Haim Gray (June 21, 1899 – April 10, 1986) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger for the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1933. Early life. Although born in Glasgow, Scotland, Alex Gray grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He played for five years with the Port Arthur Ports of the TBSHL. According to Legends of Hockey, "he was at the top of the league in goal scoring three times and was its most penalized player twice." Playing career. In 1928 Gray signed with the New York Rangers of the NHL. Wearing jersey number 2, he played on a line with Paul Thompson and Murray Murdoch. He helped the Rangers win the Stanley Cup that spring. After his rookie season in New York he was involved in a big trade with the Toronto Maple Leafs, He was traded along with Lorne Chabot for Melville "Butch" Keeling and John Ross Roach. He played a total of 13 games for the Maple Leafs in the 1928–29 season (7 regular season games and 4 playoff games). After 1 season in Toronto he was sent to the minors where he spent the remainder of his career. Gordie Clark Gordon Corson Clark (born May 31, 1952 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a retired ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and in the WHA for the Cincinnati Stingers. Round Maple Round Maple is a hamlet in the civil parish of Edwardstone, in the Babergh district of Suffolk, East of England. Round Maple is 1.2 miles northeast of Edwardstone village, 6 miles east-northeast of Sudbury and 54.9 miles northeast of London. Its postcode district is CO10. Round Maple Mild. Round Maple gives its name to Round Maple Mild ale. The ale is made at Mill Green. It has 3.3% alcohol. It also has a little bit of maple syrup. Round Maple Mild is a dark ale. Listed buildings. Round Maple has 4 Grade II Listed buildings (important buildings). All are timber-framed and plastered. The buildings include Little Thatch and Hathaway Cottage, Quicks Farmhouse, Seasons, and The Flushing. Maps. Round Maple is on the Great Britain A-Z Road Atlas (1C, 54). It is on the Philip's Navigator Britain (D4, 164). Round Maple's OS grid reference is TL953436, its latitude is 52.056308 and its longitude is 0.847251. Sandy Fitzpatrick Alexander Stewart "Sandy" Fitzpatrick (born December 22, 1944 in Paisley, Scotland) is a retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Minnesota North Stars. Red hair People with red hair are referred to as redheads. Natural redheads often have very light colored skin. They often also have freckles. Adasaurus Adasaurus is a Dromaeosaur theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Central Asia. It was a small carnivore, with a large, sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot. An adult was probably about 6.2 feet (2 meters) long. Two specimens of "Adasaurus" have been found, both from the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. One is an incomplete skeleton with partial skull, including the vertebral column except the back of the tail, all three bones of the pelvis, the shoulder girdle and the hindlimbs. The second specimen includes the back end of another skeleton, including the hindlimbs. Both specimens are in the collection of the Mongolian Geological Institute in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The age of the strata, like most of Mongolia's later Cretaceous sediments, is not known for certain. It is thought to be somewhere between 74 and 65 million years ago. Other dinosaurs found in this formation include "Tarbosaurus", "Anserimimus", and "Saurolophus". Dromaeosaurus Dromaeosaurus was a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur which lived during the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Its remains were found in the western United States and Alberta, Canada. Description. "Dromaeosaurus albertensis" was a small carnivore, the size of a wolf, about 2 m (7 ft) in length and 15 kg (40 lb) in weight. Its mouth was full of sharp teeth, and it had a large "sickle claw" on each foot. It lived during the Upper Cretaceous: some teeth which may belong to it have been found from the latest Cretaceous, 65.5 million years ago. Although only a few bones are known from the hind limb, they indicate that "Dromaeosaurus" was a powerfully built animal. The presence of feathers in closely related animals makes it extremely likely that it was feathered as well. "Dromaeosaurus" had large eyes and excellent vision. It also probably had a good sense of smell and hearing. Its neck was curved and flexible and its jaws were solidly built. The tail was flexible at the base but sheathed in a lattice of bony rods; this allowed it to be carried in an upturned position. Discovery and later findings. Despite widespread attention in popular books about dinosaurs, and complete mounted skeleton casts in many museums, "Dromaeosaurus" is surprisingly poorly known from actual fossils. The popular cast by the Tyrrell Museum was only made possible by knowledge gained from other dromaeosaurs discovered more recently. The first known "Dromaeosaurus" remains were discovered by paleontologist Barnum Brown during a 1914 expedition to Red Deer River on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History. Several species of "Dromaeosaurus" have been described, but "Dromaeosaurus albertensis" is the most complete specimen. The genus is even rarer than other small theropods, although it was one of the first small theropods described. Matthew and Brown originally placed "Dromaeosaurus" within "Deinodontidae" (now known as Tyrannosauridae), based on some similarities in the general proportions of the skull. In 1969, John Ostrom recognized that "Dromaeosaurus" shared many features with "Velociraptor" and the newly-discovered "Deinonychus", and assigned these forms to a new family: Dromaeosauridae. Palaeobiology and diet. "Dromaeosaurus" differs from most of its relatives in having a short, massive skull, a deep mandible, and robust teeth. The teeth tend to be more heavily-worn than those of its relative "Saurornitholestes", suggesting that its jaws were used for crushing and tearing rather than simply slicing through flesh. "Dromaeosaurus" had a bite nearly three times as powerful as that of a "Velociraptor". It is possible that, unlike most other dromaeosaurs, "Dromaeosaurus" relied more on its jaws than its claws to dispatch its prey. It was probably better suited to tackling large prey than the more lightly-built "Saurornitholestes". Relationships. The relationships of "Dromaeosaurus" are unclear. Although its rugged build gives it a primitive appearance, it was actually a very specialized animal. It is usually given its own subfamily, the Dromaeosaurinae; this group is thought to include "Utahraptor", "Achillobator", "Adasaurus", and possibly "Deinonychus". However, the relationships of dromaeosaurs are still in a state of flux. In popular culture. "Dromaeosaurus" are featured in "Walking with Dinosaurs", stalking juvenile "Torosaurus" and attempting to steal eggs from "Tyrannosaurus", despite never coexisting with the latter in real life. "Dromaeosaurus" makes an appearance in "Jurassic Fight Club", where a pack is shown being capable of taking down "Edmontosaurus" in spite of the carnivores' small size, but the carcass is later taken by a "Tyrannosaurus" (despite the tyrannosaur not being contemporaneous with "Dromaeosaurus"). French ban on face covering On 14 September 2010, the Senate of France () passed a law that forbids the wearing of clothing that covers the face of a person in public, so that the person cannot be identified. The law talks about clothing that covers the face, so it includes burqas and niqabs, but does not include the chador. The main arguments for the ban are that people wearing such types of clothing cannot be identified by police forces, and that such veils are not compatible with the values of France as a state. In addition, there was a discussion about women's rights. President Nicolas Sarkozy said that a reason for the ban is to protect women from being forced to cover their faces. The bill which was introduced, was protested by some women as a violation of women's rights. But many people in France supported the bill, and it was passed in the Senate and the National Assembly of the French Parliament, and it became law. John Flamsteed John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer. He was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1675. Flamsteed calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668. He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer. Star catalogue and atlas. Flamsteed is also remembered for his conflicts with Isaac Newton, the President of the Royal Society at the time. Flamsteed was refusing to publish work commissioned by the king, so in 1712 Newton and Edmond Halley published a preliminary version of Flamsteed's "Historia Coelestis Britannica". They did so "without crediting the author". Some years later, Flamsteed managed to buy many copies of the book, and publicly burnt them in front of the Royal Observatory. However, the numerical star designations in this book are still used and are known as Flamsteed designations. In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of "Historia Coelestis Britannica" was published posthumously, edited by his wife Margaret. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any previous work. This was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory. In 1729 his wife published his "Atlas Coelestis", assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side. Sugar cookie A sugar cookie is a cookie made from sugar, flour, butter, eggs, vanilla, and baking powder or baking soda. Sugar cookies can be iced with a variety of icings and are normally decorated. Edmond Halley Edmond Halley FRS (8 November 1656 – 25 January 1743) was an English astronomer, the second Astronomer Royal. He was also a mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. Halley is best known for computing the orbit of the comet named after him: Halley's Comet. Career. On leaving Oxford, in 1676, Halley visited the south Atlantic island of St. Helena and set up an observatory with a telescope which had no tube. He used the telescope to study stars from the Southern Hemisphere. He later published "Catalogus Stellarum Australium" which was about the 341 southern stars. In 1686, Halley published the second part of the results from his St. Helena expedition. This was a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons. He thought solar heating caused atmospheric motions. He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level. His charts were an advance in how to display information visually. Halley also persuaded Sir Isaac Newton to publish a book about his discovery of gravity. In 1690, Halley built a diving bell, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface. In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet in the River Thames, and remained there for over an hour and a half. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he made improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours. That same year, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Halley introduced a rudimentary working model of a magnetic compass using a liquid-filled housing to damp the swing and wobble of the magnetized needle. In 1691 Halley sought the post of Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford University. As he was well known as an atheist, he was opposed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Tillotson. The post went instead to a mathematician who had the support of Isaac Newton. Demography. In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities (a kind of pension), which featured an analysis of age-at-death on the basis of the Breslau statistics Caspar Neumann had been able to provide. This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science. The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of demography. Named after Halley. These are generally either , rhyming with "valley", or ""Hailey"," though some people will use Halley's supposed pronunciation of his own name, ""Hawley"." The "Hailey" pronunciation inspired the rock and roll singer Bill Haley to call the rest of his band his "Comets" after Halley's Comet. Names for sets of chemical elements There are areas on the periodic table where elements have similar properties. Such areas include Groups, especially columns. For example, all of the first column elements (alkali metals) are light, very soft, react with water rapidly, make hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds. The second column elements (alkaline earth metals) are a little heavier, a little harder, react with water a little less rapidly, made hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds. The other categories are: transition metals, pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases. There are also inner transition metals that are divided into lanthanides and actinides. Flamsteed designation Flamsteed designations are for stars that are similar to Bayer designations. However, they use numbers instead of Greek letters. Flamsteed designation contained 2554 stars. The numbers are usually assigned in the order of increasing right ascension within each constellation. However, because of the effects of precession, they are now slightly out of order in some parts. This method first appeared in John Flamsteed's "Historia Coelestis Britannica", a book that was published by Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton together in 1712. Inner transition metal Inner transition metals (ITM) are chemical elements on the periodic table. They are normally shown in two rows below all the other elements. They include elements 57-71, or lanthanides, and 89-103, or actinides. The lanthanides are very similar, and the actinides are all radioactive. ITMs have three incomplete outermost nucelus shells and are all metals. In some cases they are quite malleable and ductile. Many lanthanides such as Lutetium are used in the lighting industry. Actinides don't occur in nature (except for thorium and uranium), and are highly unstable. These elements belong to f-block and are known as the anti-penultimate shell. Its general configuration is (n-2)f^0-14(n-1)d^0-2np^6ns^2 where n= 6-7. Molar mass Molar mass is the mass of a substance that has 6.022 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number). The mass number of an element is equal to the molar mass of the element . The molar mass of a chemical compound is the mass when the compound has 6.022 × 1023 molecules. Molar mass of Chlorine is 35.45 due to consideration of avg molar mass by including mass of its all isotopes. It can be found by adding the molar masses of all of its elements. Sodium hydroxide's (NaOH) molar mass can be found by adding the molar mass of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen, which would be 39.997 g/mo D-block The D-block is a group of elements on the periodic table. They include the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are normally called post-transition metals because they are different from the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are still in the d-block though. The d-block can hold up to ten (10) electrons at most. Group 12 element A group 12 element is a group in the periodic table of chemical elements. It includes zinc, cadmium, mercury, and copernicium. Copernicium is not stable so its properties are not clear. They all have low melting and boiling points. Mercury is even a liquid. Zinc is the least electronegative and most reactive of the Group 12 elements. Period 4 element A period 4 element is an element in the fourth period (row) of the periodic table. It begins at potassium and ends at krypton. Period 4 has 18 elements. Period 4 elements have electrons in the first four electron shells. All period 4 elements have one or more electrons in the fourth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 4s orbital, ten electrons join the 3d orbital, and six electrons join the 4p orbitals. Kilogram per cubic metre A kilogram per cubic meter is a measurement of density. It is defined as the amount of kilograms that one cubic meter of a substance has in it. Smokey Harris Thomas Wilfred "Smokey, Fred" Harris (born October 11, 1890 in Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada – June 4, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. Harris began playing professional ice hockey with the Vancouver Millionaires in 1911. After spending some time with the Millionaires he moved on to play for the Seattle Metropolitans and Portland Rosebuds. Eventually he would find his way to the other side of the country to play for the Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League where he scored the first goal in the teams history. Kilojoule per mole A kilojoule per mole is a way of measuring the amount of heat needed for something. It is the number of kilojoules needed to make the reaction in one mole of substance. Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of fusion is the measure of the energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid. Extra energy is needed, more than what is obvious by the temperature scale. For example, ice at 0°C needs to absorb heat before it converts (changes) to water at 0°C. The temperature does not change, but energy is absorbed to change from solid to liquid. Ionization energy Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the most loosely attached electron from an atom. The atom is not connected to any other atoms. The chemical elements to the left of the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy. The ones to the right have a much higher ionization energy. The chemical elements down the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy (due to electrons being farther away from the atom with increasing atomic radius). The ionization energy increases as each electron is removed. Ionization energies are dependent upon the" atomic radius". Since going from right to left on the periodic table, the atomic radius increases, and the ionization energy increases from left to right in the periods and up the groups. Exceptions to this trend is observed for alkaline earth metals (group 2) and nitrogen group elements (group 15). Typically, group 2 elements have ionization energy greater than group 13 elements and group 15 elements have greater ionization energy than group 16 elements. Groups 2 and 15 have completely and half-filled electronic configuration respectively, thus, it requires more energy to remove an electron from completely filled orbitals than incompletely filled orbitals. Alkali metals (IA group) have small ionization energies, especially when compared to halogens or VII A group. In addition to the radius (distance between nucleus and the electrons in outermost orbital), the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron(s) you're looking at in the outermost shell have an effect on the ionization energy as well. This effect, where the full positive charge of the nucleus is not felt by outer electrons due to the negative charges of inner electrons partially canceling out the positive charge, is called shielding. The more electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, the less energy required to expel an electron from said atom. The higher the "shielding effect" the lower the ionization energy. It is because of the shielding effect that the ionization energy decreases from top to bottom within a group. From this trend, Cesium is said to have the lowest ionization energy and Fluorine is said to have the highest ionization energy (with the exception of Helium and Neon). 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ionization Energies. The "first ionization energy is the" energy required to take away an electron from a neutral atom and the "second ionization energy" is the energy required to take away an electron from an atom with a +1 charge and so on. Each succeeding ionization energy is larger than the preceding energy. The Effects of Electron Shells on Ionization Energy. Electron orbitals are separated into various shells which have strong impacts on the ionization energies of the various electrons. For instance, let us look at aluminum. Aluminum is the first element of its period with electrons in the 3p shell. This makes the first ionization energy comparably low to the other elements in the same period, because it only has to get rid of one electron to make a stable 3s shell, the new valence electron shell. However, once you've moved past the first ionization energy into the second ionization energy, there is a large jump in the amount of energy required to expel another electron. This is because you now are trying to take an electron from a fairly stable and full 3s electron shell. Picometre A picometre is a measurement. It is one millionth of a billionth of a metre. It is also one trillionth of a millimetre. This is very small. Many atoms are larger than this. A picometer is 1×10−12 m (1 / 1,000,000,000,000 m). 1 picometer equals 0.001 nanometre or 1000 femtometres. 1 E-10 m To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm). Covalent radius The covalent radius is the radius of an atom that is measured when that atom is in a covalent bond. It is normally measured in picometers. It is normally found by X-ray diffraction. Also it is half the distance between two similar atoms joined by covalent bond Van der Waals radius The Van der Waals radius is the radius of an atom that is seen as a hard sphere. It is named after someone who realized that atoms were not points, but actual objects. It can be found by the critical point and the physical properties of a gas. It also can be found by a molecular crystal. Diamagnetism Diamagnetism is a type of magnetism. They very weakly repel magnets. Most substances are diamagnetic. It was discovered in 1778 when someone saw that bismuth and antimony repelled a magnet. Diamagnetic things can be levitated. A frog was levitated in a very strong magnet. Water can be repelled by a magnet because it is diamagnetic. It is too weak to be noticed normally, though. Young's modulus Young's modulus is the measure of how much force is needed to stretch or compress a substance. Its most basic form is stress/strain. Stress is the measure of the force applied to a certain area. Strain is the amount by which the substance is deformed. Shear modulus Shear modulus is a measure of the amount of force that will shear or twist an object. It is normally the letter "G". It is the measure of the force needed to shear an object that is attached to a solid object. It can also measure the amount of force needed to twist an object. Bulk modulus The bulk modulus (letter "K") is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides. Gases are easily compressed, while solids and liquid are only compressed with difficulty. It is measured by a measuring instrument when another object is placed under pressure. Its unit is psi. Poisson's ratio Poisson's ratio (letter "v") is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force. It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction. For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be: Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1. A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow. A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched. Brinell scale The Brinell scale is a measure of hardness in materials. It is measured by making a dent in the material and seeing how deep the dent goes with a known amount of force. It is similar to the Mohs' hardness scale, which scratches the material. It is used to test the hardness of metals. Normally, a steel ball is pressed into an object and the dent made is measured. CAS registry number A CAS registry number is a unique number given to every chemical substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). It is also called CASRN or CAS number. CAS registry number is also given to organic, inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys. They are numbers ending with a check digit. They do not contain any structure information of the chemical. It now identifies more than 164 million organic and inorganic substances. 68 million protein and DNA sequences are identified also. It is updated with around 15,000 new substances everyday. Jeff Heerema Jeff Heerema (; born January 17, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. Danny Gruen Daniel Patrick Gruen (born June 26, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. His career included 49 games in the National Hockey League and 181 games in the World Hockey Association, during which he played with the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Red Wings, Michigan Stags, Winnipeg Jets, Cleveland Crusaders, Calgary Cowboys, and Minnesota Fighting Saints. Mike Hordy Michael Hordy (born October 10, 1956 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. During his career he played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders. Steve Hrymnak Stefan "Steve" Hrymnak (March 3, 1926 – November 23, 2015) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included playing 18 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings. Board of directors A board of directors is a group of people. They normally oversee the actions of a corporation or other business. There are laws called bylaws that the board follows. They organize the business, appoint the CEO, organize budgets and take care of financial matters. Within a board, directors commonly organize themselves into several committees, such as: audit committee, compensation committee, and human resource committee. Usually once a year, the board of directors invite shareholders to a meeting to talk about the company. Clinical thermometer A clinical thermometer is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature. Most made in the 20th century are mercury-in-glass thermometers. They are accurate and sensitive, having a narrow place where the mercury level rises very fast. A kink in the tube stops the mercury level from falling on its own. These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors, it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers. Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius. Medical thermometers are cleaned before and after each use, with alcohol. For centuries medical thermometers were large, and took many minutes to register a temperature. Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale. In the 1860s smaller, better ones were made, and thus thermometers were more often used. An ear thermometer was invented in the 1960s, which works quickly and easily. Digital thermometers became widespread in the late 20th century. Roar Roar may refer to : My Name Is "My Name is" is a song by Eminem, released in 1999. It is the debut and second single overall from his major-label debut album, "The Slim Shady LP". Producer Dr. Dre wanted to use a sample of Labi Siffre's "I Got The ..." for the rhythm track; as revealed in the sleeve notes of the re-mastered CD of the source album, "Remember My Song", Siffre, who is openly gay, stated, "attacking two of the usual scapegoats, women and gays, is lazy writing. If you want to do battle, attack the aggressors not the victims." Eminem made lyric changes and Siffre cleared the sample. Sugar Act The Sugar Act (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America. It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies. This restricted smuggling. It was also a use of mercantilism. It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766. The Sugar Act was a terrible for the colonial economy. Some people even went as far as to make attempts on the king’s life because they hated the act so much. Most people in 1764, said the British government was borderline insane to enforce this law. Townshend Acts The Townshend Duties, formally known as the Townshend Acts, was a tax passed by the British. It was named for Charles Townshend, who was the British Prime Minister at the time. He spearheaded the acts, but he died before the detrimental effects were clear. In 1776, he was hanged in effigy, which means a doll was made to represent him and it was hanged in the town square in Boston. It taxed all imported goods. E.g tea, food, anything that was imported. Townshend wanted the duties to make sure the colonists knew that they were under British rule. The acts were resisted in the Thirteen Colonies. Tea Act Tea Act of 1773 was a law made by the Parliament of Great Britain. The law was made to help the East India Company which had massive amounts of tea stored in London which they could not sell. The law would make the company's tea cheaper than other tea which was being smuggled into Britain's North American colonies. This was supposed to make people buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation. The law gave the Company the right to directly ship its tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain. The tax imposed by the Townshend Acts and collected in the colonies remained in force. It became law on May 10, 1773. Jay Treaty The Jay Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Britain in the years following the American Revolution. The main American involved in the treaty was John Jay, who was also Chief Justice of the United States. It was passed by the United States Congress in 1795. It allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes. The Democratic-Republican Party thought that the Jay Treaty was good for the British and bad for the Americans, which led to them burning effigies of Jay. Aegyptosaurus Aegyptosaurus, meaning "Egypt's Lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in Africa around 95 million years ago during the Upper Cretaceous period. Like most sauropods, it had a long neck and a small skull. The animal's long tail probably acted as a counterweight to its body mass. Its tail also ended in a whip-like structure that it used to defend itself against predatory dinosaurs such as "Carcharodontosaurus" and "Spinosaurus". "Aegyptosaurus" was a close relative of "Argentinosaurus", a much larger dinosaur that lived in South America at about the same time. This suggests a possible land bridge between Africa and South America during the Cretaceous period. "Aegyptosaurus" was discovered and named by a German paleontologist named Ernst Stromer in 1932. Its fossils were found in Egypt, Niger, and in several different locations in the Sahara Desert. All known specimens were discovered before 1939. The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were destroyed when an Allied bombing raid hit the museum in 1944, during World War II. The type species is "Aegyptosaurus baharijensis", named after the Bahariya Formation in Egypt, where the first fossils were found. "Aegyptosaurus" was much smaller and more common than its contemporary, "Paralititan". Public security bureau (China) In the People's Republic of China, a public security bureau (PSB) is a kind of government office. These offices acting as a Police stations. Smaller offices are called "Police posts". These are similar Japanese Kōban. PSBs in each province and large city take care of policing law enforcement, public security, and social order. Other duties of such offices include residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners. Solitary confinement Solitary confinement is a punishment or special form of imprisonment. A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff. It may be a kind of psychological torture. It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison. Solitary confinement has many other names. In American English it is also called the 'hole', 'lockdown', the 'SHU' (pronounced 'shoe') or the 'pound'. In British English people say 'block' or 'the cooler'. Use and criticism. People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons. Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison. Other prisoners might be able to lead crime groups even from inside jail. Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security. Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves. This form of solitary confinement is sometimes called protective custody. In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), . California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units. In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced . Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture. Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind. This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals. Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an 18th-century English portrait and landscape painter. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, England. He was the youngest son of John Gainsborough. When he was 13, he surprised his father by how well he drew with the pencil. Impressed, his father let him go to London to study art in 1740. In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr and began painting portraits more than landscapes. He had two daughters. In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1780, he painted portraits of King George III. He died of cancer in London on 2 August 1788 at age 61 years. In painting portraits he sometimes painted with brushes on sticks six feet long. This put him at the same distance from subject and canvas, set at right angles to each other. Leaellynasaura Leaellynasaura (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") was a fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur that lived in Australia during the middle Cretaceous Period, roughly 115-110 million years ago. Australia was within the Antarctic Circle during the Cretaceous period, and it had a very long winter. Description. "Leaellynasaura" is known from two nearly complete skeletons and two skulls. It is described as an ornithopod. Unlike some other ornithischians, the "Leaellynasaura" did not have any tendons in its tail. The tail is known for being among the longest of its relatives: it was three times longer than the rest of the whole body. It also has more vertebrae in its tail than any other ornithischians except for some hadrosaurs. It also had large eyes to help it look in the dark winter. Muttaburrasaurus Muttaburrasaurus was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 113-97.5 million years ago. This dinosaur means "Muttaburra (in Queensland, Australia) lizard". "Muttaburrasaurus" are about 24 feet (7 m) long. They may have lived in herds. Gulf of Salerno The Gulf of Salerno is a gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the coast of the province of Salerno in south-western Italy. The northern part of this coast is the Costiera Amalfitana. This includes towns like Amalfi, Maiori, Positano and the city of Salerno itself. The Gulf of Salerno is separated from the Gulf of Naples (on the north) by the Sorrentine Peninsula, while from the south it is bounded by the Cilento coast. Gigi D'Agostino Luigino Celestino Di Agostino (born December 17, 1967) is an Italian disk jockey. He was born in Turin, Italy. Di Agostino is better known under his stage name Gigi D'Agostino. He is also known as the "Violento Man". San Bruno, California San Bruno is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. The population was 41,114 at the 2010 census. The city is next to San Francisco International Airport and Golden Gate National Cemetery. King's College, Cambridge King's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is a very famous college because it is very old and it has a world-famous choir. The college was founded in 1441. Its full name is "The King's College of Our Lady and St. Nicholas in Cambridge". The students at the university usually just call it "King's". History. King's was founded in 1441 by King Henry VI. At first the college was going to be quite small, but by 1445 the college was going to be a magnificent building to show how important the king was. The king gave the college a lot of money for several feudal privileges. King Henry VI had admired what William of Wykeham had done when founding the twin colleges of New College, Oxford and Winchester College in 1379. He copied a lot of Wykeham's ideas when building King's and Eton College. These colleges still have the same tie as part of their uniform. Originally, the college was just for boys from Eton College. It was not until 1865 that other people could study there. King's does not have any strong connection now with Eton, although there is still a scholarship for a student from Eton to study at King's. Although building began in 1441, the project was interrupted by wars and it was not until 1544 that the inside was finished. By this time King Henry VIII was King of England. Henry VI is still remembered at the College: each year, on the Saturday after the end of Autumn Term (which in Cambridge is called the "Michaelmas term"), is Founder's Day. It begins with a service in the chapel: the "Founder's Eucharist". This is followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and finally a big dinner called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of College in their last year of studies are invited. King's College Chapel. The College Chapel is built in the style of late Gothic architecture. It was built over a period of a hundred years (1446–1531) in three stages. The Chapel has the world's largest fan vault, stained glass windows, and the painting "The Adoration of the Magi" by Rubens. Many concerts and college events take place here. The world-famous Chapel choir consists of choral scholars (male students from the college) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School). The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts. Every Christmas it sings the service called Nine Lessons and Carols which is shown on BBC television as well as heard on the radio. The Chapel is so famous that it is seen as a symbol of Cambridge, and appears on the logo of the city council. Education at King's. Nearly all subjects that can be studied at Cambridge can be studied at King's. There is a big library which includes some rare books and manuscripts. Student intake and life. Traditionally students have come from independent schools (so-called "public schools"), but today the college has gradually started to include many students from state schools. As with all Cambridge colleges King's has its own student unions both for undergraduates and for graduates. The student union has a long record of activism. In the 1980s a long strike against the college's investment in apartheid South Africa was organised. The Cellar Bar is a small room in the basement of the college, which is used for music. The main bar at King's is far older. The bar has been traditionally painted a socialist red, including a picture of a hammer and sickle. In 2004 it was redecorated, with the walls painted yellow and the overall décor lightened. A hammer and sickle survives in a frame on the wall. There is a lot of argument about this. King's also has a Coffee Shop next to the bar. A Vacation Bar, or "vac bar", also is sometimes open during the summer vacation, run by (and mainly for) the graduate students who stay in College throughout the year. Most Cambridge colleges celebrate May Week with a May Ball (which actually falls in June), but since the early 1980s King's has instead held a June Event (a more informal version of a May Ball) which they call King's Affair. The reason they have a different event from other colleges is because many students who were not invited used to forced their way into the party (so-called "gatecrashing"). A ticket usually costs around £60 which is cheap compared to the May Ball tickets for other colleges which can cost up to £200. Once someone has been admitted to the College, they become a member for life. For this reason, King's alumni (people who used to go there) are referred to as 'Non Resident Members'. Leavening agent A leavening agent is a substance used to make a baked good rise. Most people like baked goods that are risen, so leavening agents are popular. Yeast. Yeast is a common leavening agent. It is a fungus that converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes the bread rise. This is slower and makes the bread more soft. Most of the ethanol evaporates when the bread is baked. The yeast is also killed when the bread is baked. Yeast takes longer time to rise than chemical leavening agents. It can also be killed by heat or salt. Yeast is normally sold in small packages. These have yeast fungi. Chemical leavening agents. "Main articles: Baking powder and baking soda" There are several chemical leavening agents. For acidic foods, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can be used. It reacts with the acid to make carbon dioxide gas, which makes the bread rise. For non-acidic foods, baking powder is used. Baking powder is a mix of a powdered acid and sodium bicarbonate. They react when dissolved in water to make carbon dioxide gas. Baking powder is more common. Baking powder and baking soda leavening is better for certain baked goods like muffins or cakes. The bread rises much faster with baking powder or baking soda. It is not affected by many other ingredients. But it does not have the same texture or taste that yeast has. Sweet potato pie Sweet potato pie is a type of pie. It is common in the southern United States. It is similar to pumpkin pie. It is common at Thanksgiving. It is a side dish or dessert. "The most delicate root that may be eaten," as the sixteenth-century English mariner and slave trader John Hawkins called it, suited European taste. Henry VIII ate his sweet potatoes in heavily spiced and sugared pies, a fashion that survived at least until the 1680s." It is normally made as a large tart. It doesn't have a top crust. The filling has mashed sweet potatoes, milk, sugar, eggs, and flavoring. The filling can be made light or dense. Occasionally marshmallows are added as a topping. History. Creamy vegetable pie recipes date back to Medieval Europe. It was a favorite of Henry VIII of England. He was known to eat a great number of sweet potato pies at a time believing they were an aphrodisiac. Sweet potato pie appears in the southern United States from the early colonial days. Like many sweet potato recipes, sweet potato pie was likely developed by the black slaves from traditional African cuisine. It is a staple of Soul food today. Recipes for sweet potato pie first appeared in printed cookbooks in the 18th century. It was included with savory vegetable dishes. By the 19th century, sweet potato pie was considered a dessert. Modern art Modern art refers to artistic works produced from the 1860s to about the 1970s. It refers to the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.p102 The period coincides with the invention of mechanical means of recording images: photography and film. The term "modern art" is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.p419 Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art, including minimalism . More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art. History. Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with 'wild', multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of "The Dance" marked a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting. It reflected Matisse's fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism. Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by "Violin and Candlestick, Paris," from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter. The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism. Modern art was introduced to the United States in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I. It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements. The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, one of the most important of the later modernist art movements. Auction prices. Modern art and Impressionism dominate the world art markets. Of the 20 top art prices, only one is a work of classical art. The world's highest price for a work of art is Jackson Pollock's "No. 5, 1948" privately sold by Sotheby's for (price adjusted) $151.2 million dollars. The modern paintings overtook the old masters in 1987. Colonial Clash The Colonial Clash is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire. These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England. The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium. Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies." The game is scheduled to be held at the professional venue in both 2010 and 2011. The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage. UNH captured the 2008 game 52-21 while UMass won on homecoming in 2009, 23-17. In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17). After each regular season meeting, the Billy Knight Trophy is awarded to the MVP of the game. Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999. While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs. Classical physics Classical physics are the physics that were made before the 20th century. This part of physics studies things like movement, light, gravity, and electricity. Most of physics today uses ideas that are more complicated than the ideas of classical physics, because in the 20th century, physicists discovered two better ways to describe nature: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Classical physics turned out not to work when the things being studied were very, very small (around the size of atoms or smaller), or were moving very, very fast (around the speed of light). So, around the beginning of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein worked out his Theory of Relativity and people like Neils Bohr, Werner Heisenberg. and Erwin Schrödinger created quantum mechanics. History. Sir Isaac Newton, and many scientists before him, helped create classical physics. They observed that some things in nature such as the falling of an apple occur the same way each time. Newton made equations that let him such events. He called these equations laws of physics. Newton's laws of physics have been tested by s and by using them in doing jobs. Sometimes things (like powerful winds) mess up the results of the experiment a bit, and the results come out a little wrong. But when people make efforts to get rid of these extra factors, the results of the experiments almost always get closer to what Newton's laws predict. Huayangosaurus Huayangosaurus is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name comes from "Huayang", a name for Sichuan province. It lived about 165 million years ago. That is some 20 million years before its famous relative, "Stegosaurus" appeared in North America. At only 4.5 metres long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, "Huayangosaurus" shared the local landscape with the sauropods "Shunosaurus", "Datousaurus", "Omeisaurus" and "Protognathosaurus", the ornithopod "Xiaosaurus" and the carnivorous "Gasosaurus". Description. Like other stegosaurians, "Huayangosaurus" was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail. "Huayangosaurus" had the distinctive double row of plates of all stegosaurians. These plates rose vertically along its arched back. In "Huayangosaurus", the plates were more spike-like than in "Stegosaurus". Like "Stegosaurus" it had two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail. "Huayangosaurus" was one of the smallest known stegosaurians, at just 4.5 meters in length. Discovery and species. "Huayangosaurus" remains from twelve animals were got from the Dashanpu Quarry near Zigong in Sichuan. The type species is "H. taibaii". Classification. As the most basal stegosaurian, it is put in its own family "Huayangosauridae". It is also morphologically distinct from later (stegosaurid) forms. Its skull was broader and had premaxillary teeth in the front of its mouth. All later stegosaurians lost these teeth. Palaeobiology. It had plates all down its back and spikes on its tail. Two large spikes were above its hips, and may have been used for deterring an attack from above (it was fairly short in height compared to later stegosaurians). Its plates were smaller than those of "Stegosaurus", with much less surface area. Thus they would have been much less effective heat regulators, one of the supposed functions of plates. Popular culture. Mounted skeletons of "Huayangosaurus" are on display at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum in Zigong and the Municipal Museum of Chongqing in Sichuan Province in China. Gas balloon A gas balloon is a kind of balloon that uses a gas of low density to fly using buoyancy. Gas balloons sometimes fly very high, very far, and for a very long time. A gas balloon is different from a hot air balloon. A hot air balloon uses a fire to lower the density of air. A gas balloon does not use fire. The most common use for gas balloons are to measure the atmosphere. These are called weather balloons. Some gas balloons carry people. Evanna Lynch Evanna Patricia Lynch (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress. She became famous by playing "Luna Lovegood", a supporting character in the "Harry Potter" movie series. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having acted only in school plays before. From 2007 to 2009, she starred in two Harry Potter movies and their video games. She later returned for the final movies ("Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows") and the first of the movie's two video games. Lynch's work on the series has earned her two award nominations. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life. The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play "Gismonda" by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the "Style Mucha", this soon became known as "Art Nouveau". Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.p37 Magazines like "Jugend" helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34 Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism. Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society". E.S. Posthumus E.S. Posthumus is a two-person band. They mainly made music for movies (and their trailers). Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony. Franz died tragically in 2010. Helmut released the last song "Christmas Eve" in November 2010. The group ceased its activity. In November 2011, Helmut Vonlichten has formed a new band called Les Friction. Miloš Forman Miloš Forman (18 February 1932 – 13 April 2018) was a Czech-American movie director and screenwriter. He was an emigrant to the US from Czechoslovakia. He was born in Caslav. Two of his movies, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", and "Amadeus" won the Academy Award for Best Picture and are very famous. He also directed "Hair" and "People vs. Larry Flynt". He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice. Personal life. He became an American citizen in 1977. His full name was Jan Tomáš Forman. Forman died at a hospital in Danbury, Connecticut from a short-illness on 13 April 2018 at the age of 86. Awards, nominations and honours. Academy Awards Golden Globe Cannes Berlinale BAFTA César Award David di Donatello European Film Academy Czech Lion List of Greatest Czechs Wheat flour Wheat flour is a type of flour made from wheat kernels. There are two main types of wheat flour: whole wheat flour and white flour. Whole wheat flour has the whole grain of wheat, making it more nutritious. White flour only has the endosperm of the wheat grain, making it less nutritious. White flour is preferred by many people. White flours are normally enriched. Wheat flour can be sifted to make it finer and smoother. Dysgraphia Dysgraphia or agraphia is the learning disability to write texts, even though the person has the necessary motoric skills. People with dysgraphia can move their hand enough, and are also capable of understanding how to write. Dysgraphias occur because of damage done to the brain. They often occur with other illnesses, such as speech problems. Many people who suffered a stroke may have lost the ability to move parts of their body. There are different forms of dysgraphia: List of African dinosaurs This is a list of dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Africa. Africa has a rich fossil record, but it is patchy and incomplete. Prosauropods dating from the late Triassic period, about 230 million years ago, have been discovered in Madagascar. Africa is rich in Triassic and Lower Jurassic dinosaurs. African dinosaurs from these time periods include "Syntarsus", "Dracovenator", "Melanorosaurus", "Massospondylus", "Euskelosaurus", "Heterodontosaurus", "Abrictosaurus", and "Lesothosaurus". The Middle Jurassic is poorly represented in Africa. Only the three sauropods "Cetiosaurus", "Lapparentosaurus", and "Archaeodontosaurus" have been discovered dating from this time period. The Upper Jurassic, however, is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation, a Lagerstätte in southeastern Tanzania. "Allosaurus", "Ceratosaurus", "Elaphrosaurus", "Giraffatitan", "Dicraeosaurus", "Janenschia", "Tornieria", "Tendaguria", "Kentrosaurus", and "Dryosaurus" are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru. This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal. For example, "Allosaurus", "Ceratosaurus", and "Dryosaurus" have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison. This has important biogeographical implications. This means the animals could travel between most continents at that time (Pangaea). The Lower Cretaceous in Africa is known primarily from the northern part of the continent, particularly Niger. "Suchomimus", "Elrhazosaurus", "Spinostropheus", "Rebbachisaurus", "Nigersaurus", "Kryptops", "Nqwebasaurus", and "Paranthodon" are some of the early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa. The early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean. This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation. The Upper Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa. During the early part of the Upper Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna. It includes "Spinosaurus", "Carcharodontosaurus", "Rugops", "Bahariasaurus", "Deltadromeus", "Paralititan", "Aegyptosaurus", and "Ouranosaurus". During the latest Cretaceous, at the end of the Age of Dinosaurs, "Majungasaurus", "Masiakasaurus", "Rapetosaurus", and the flying dromaeosaurid "Rahonavis" lived in Africa. Timeline. This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above. Time is measured in mya along the x-axis. Boeing 747-400 The Boeing 747-400 is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747. Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets. The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989. It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF. Xiaosaurus Xiaosaurus (means "dawn lizard)" was a small, plant-eating dinosaur. It walked on two long legs, had four-toed feet, five-fingered hands, short arms, a long, stiff, pointed tail, a flexible neck, and a small head with large eyes. This early dinosaur ornithischian lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 169–163 million years ago. It was small and lizard-like, about four feet (1.2 m) long – smaller than an adult human. Fossils of this dinosaur were found in China. Vulcanodon Vulcanodon was a long-necked dinosaur that lived during the early Jurassic period, about 208 to 201 million years ago. It was an early sauropod. A partial fossil has been found in Mashonaland North, Zimbabwe, Africa. "Vulcanodon" was about 20 feet (6.5 m) long. It was a long-necked, long-tailed plant-eater with a small head, thick legs, and a bulky body. It had nail-like claws on its feet and an enlarged claw on each big toe. Its front legs were relatively long. Olympiacos F.C. P.A.E. Olympiacos C.F.P. is a football club which plays in Greece. The club based in Piraeus, Greece. The colours of Olympiacos is red and white and its emblem is an adolescent with a crown made of laurel, representing an ancient Olympic Games winner. It is the most successful Greek team. Up to 2021-22 season they have won forty-seven League titles, twenty-eight Greek Cups and four Greek Super Cups, more titles than any other Greek team and it is one of the three teams that have never been relegated from the first division. Olympiacos is the most popular Greek club with around two and a half million fans in Greece and was placed ninth on the list with the most paid up members in the world in 2006, having 83,000 registered members as of April 2006. They share a great and long-standing rivalry with Panathinaikos. Stadium. The Karaiskakis Stadium is the current (since 2004) and traditional home of Olympiacos. With a capacity of 32,115, it is the largest football-only stadium and the second largest football stadium in Greece. It was built in 1895 as Neo Phaliron Velodrome, to host the cycling events for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. Olympiacos started using it since its foundation in 1925. In 1964 it was renovated and was given its current name after Georgios Karaiskakis a military commander of the Greek War of Independence, with an athletics track around the pitch. Olympiacos left the Karaiskakis Stadium temporarily and played at the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium in 1984. 1989 the team returned to their traditional home, where they played until 1997. Olympiacos went back to the Athens Olympic Stadium till 2002. In 2002 they movedto the Georgios Kamaras Stadium in Rizoupoli, home of Apollon Smyrnis till 2004 In 2003 the stadium was given to Olympiacos in order to build a football-only ground to be used for the football tournament of the 2004 Olympics. Olympiacos got exclusive use of the stadium until 2052. The old stadium was demolished in the spring of 2003 and the new one was completed on 30 June 2004 . The stadium als has a museum of Olympiacos. Current squad. Lancia Dedra The Lancia Dedra is an automobile produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Prisma in 1989, and was replaced by the Lancia Lybra in 2000. Treasure Planet Treasure Planet is a 2002 American-Scottish animated science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures on November 27, 2002. The 42nd animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, the movie is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's adventure novel "Treasure Island" and was the first movie to be released in both normal and IMAX theaters at the same time. The movie uses hand-drawn 2D traditional animation over 3D computer animation. And it was theatrical released with a 2002 Pixar short, "Mike's New Car". The movie was co-written, co-produced, and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, who had pitched the concept for the movie at the same time that they pitched "The Little Mermaid". "Treasure Planet" features the voices of Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Brian Murray, David Hyde Pierce, Martin Short, Emma Thompson, Michael Wincott, Laurie Metcalf, and Roscoe Lee Browne. The musical score was composed by James Newton Howard, while the songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik. Although it got mostly positive reviews, the movie did not perform well at the box office in the United States. The movie cost $140 million to make but only earned $38 million in the United States and Canada and just under $110 million in the rest of the world. It was nominated for the 2002 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Plot. As a young boy, Jim Hawkins (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) grows up enjoying stories of the legendary pirate Captain Flint. Twelve years later, he has grown into a wayward, rebellious teenager; his father is out of the picture and his mother Sarah (Laurie Metclafe) is at her wit's end. Jim reluctantly helps his mother out at the Benbow Inn, and finds entertainment through "Solar Surfing" (similar to windsurfing and sky surfing), a hobby which gets him into frequent trouble. One day, a spaceship crashlands near the inn, and Billy Bones (Patrick McGoohan), the ship's pilot, is critically injured. Before succumbing to his wounds, he gives Jim a sphere and warns him to "beware the cyborg". After this, a gang of pirates raid the inn and raze it to the ground, as Jim, Sarah and their dog-like friend Dr. Delbert Doppler (David Hyde Pierce), escape. Taking refuge in Delbert's study, Jim discovers the sphere is a map to the legendary Treasure Planet. Doppler commissions a ship called the RLS Legacy, on a mission to search for Treasure Planet. The ship is captained by the cat-like, free-spirited Captain Amelia (Emma Thompson), and the stone-skinned Mr. Arrow (Roscoe Lee Browne); the crew is secretly led by the half-robot cook Long John Silver (Brian Murray), who Jim suspects is the cyborg that Bones warned him about. Jim is sent to work in the galley, where Silver and his shapeshifting pet alien Morph supervise him. Although Jim does not trust Silver, they form a tenuous father-son relationship. On the voyage, the ship encounters a supernova. While Jim secures the lifelines, he saves Silver just in time. The supernova then devolves into a black hole, and Mr. Arrow falls to his death into the abyss. As Amelia mourns Arrow, she suspects Jim failed to secure his lifeline, when it was really severed by the treacherous crablike pirate Scroop (Michael Wincott). As the ship approaches Treasure Planet, Jim eavesdrops on the crew and discovers that they are following Silver, which leads to a mutiny. Jim, Doppler, Amelia and Morph escape, but the map is left behind. Silver, thinking that Jim has the map, targets to kill him, but hesitates; Amelia ends up being wounded when the fugitives are shot down in the escape. While Jim explores Treasure Planet's jungles, the group come across the eccentric robot B.E.N. (Martin Short), who has lost his primary memory and invites them to his home for shelter, where the group are cornered by the pirates; Using a back door, Jim, B.E.N. and Morph return to the ship in an effort to recover the map. Scroop attacks them, but ends up falling into the abyss. The group obtain the map, but end up being caught by Silver (who has captured Doppler and Amelia) when they return. Silver coerces Jim into using the map, which can open a portal to any location in the universe, which leads Jim to realize this was how Flint conducted his raids. The portal to Treasure Planet is opened, and the group discover the planet is a giant space station which Flint commandeered in order to store his loot. As the pirates prepare to collect the loot, Jim finds Flint's skeleton, holding the missing piece of B.E.N.'s cognitive computer. After reinserting it, B.E.N. immediately remembers that Flint rigged the planet to explode upon the treasure's discovery. As the planet falls apart, Silver, in a desperate attempt not to leave emptyhanded, tries to escape on a boat loaded with treasure, but sacrifices the treasure to save Jim. The survivors escape to the ship, but it is damaged and becomes unable to leave the planet in time. Jim rigs a rocket-powered sailboard, and rides ahead of the ship to the portal. At the last moment, Jim sets the portal to the Montressor Spaceport, and he and the crew clear the destruction. Jim discovers Silver has escaped below decks. Jim allows Silver to leave, and Silver gives Jim Morph, as well as providing him some of the treasure he rescued before the planet's destruction to help him rebuild the Benbow Inn; as he leaves, Silver tells Jim he will "rattle the stars". Amelia offers Jim a recommendation to the Interstellar Academy, before he returns to the spaceport to reunite with his mother. Sometime later, a celebration is held at the rebuilt Inn; Doppler and Amelia marry and have children, and Jim becomes a military cadet. During the party, Jim sees an image of Silver in the clouds, smiling proudly. Video games. Several "Treasure Planet" video games were released. In October 2002, Disney Interactive released the naval strategy game "" for the PC, while in November, Sony Computer Entertainment released two separate "Treasure Planet" action video games for the PlayStation (developed by Magenta Software) and PlayStation 2 (developed by Bizarre Creations). Bizarre Creations used Softimage's XSI engine for modeling, texturing and animation, and released a Making-of video on their Facebook page in 2008. A Game Boy Advance game based on the film was also released. A series of games collectively called "Disney's Treasure Planet: Training Academy" (or "Disney's Treasure Planet Collection") was also released in 2002. It was composed of three games ("Broadside Blast", "Treasure Racer", and "Etherium Rescue"), and players with all three games could unlock a fourth game ("Ship Shape"). Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth is a hamlet in the United Kingdom. It is in Lincolnshire, England. It is 100 miles north of London. It is the town where scientist Sir Isaac Newton was born. Newton was born and lived at Woolsthorpe Manor, which is a small farm house. The apple tree which made him think about gravity can still be seen in the garden. Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States.(important) The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. It started in upstate New York in the 1790s, but spread to New England and the Midwest. During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals. The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion. The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow. The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better. One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was not good for society. The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery. People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers about how slavery should stop. They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States). Black Hawk War The Black Hawk War was a war between the Indians under command of Chief Black Hawk and American settlers on the frontier in 1832. It took place mostly in Illinois and Wisconsin. Several small battles were fought, including the Battle of Stillman's Run and the Battle of Bad Axe. During the War, dozens of Americans and hundreds of Indians were killed. Many more Americans died of cholera and other diseases than died in battle. After the War, the Sac, Fox and Kickapoo Indians lost most of their land in Illinois and Wisconsin. Both future Union President Abraham Lincoln and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis fought in the Black Hawk War, both on the side of the Union. Populist Movement The Populist Movement, also known as the People's Party was a movement in late-19th century America. It grew out of groups such as the Grange Movement. It was largely a movement of farmers, who were poor and felt big businesses, such as railroads, were to blame. Its leaders included Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan. The populists had a series of demands known as the Omaha Platform. Here are some of the things the Omaha Platform wanted: Though the Populists never and only controlled a few state governments for a few years, many of the demands of the Omaha Platform, such as the income tax and direct election of Senators, were later done as part of the Progressive Movement Fauvism Fauvism (French for "The Wild Beasts") was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain. The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907. In that time they had three exhibitions together. Their influence has continued until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists. Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example. American crocodile The American crocodile is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, "Crocodylus acutus", means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout. Characteristics. The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin. The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph). The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb). Biology and behavior. American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators. Feeding. American crocodiles feed mostly on fish, but big ones may prey on bigger animals, such as deer. American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico. Distribution. The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida. This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea. Bagaceratops Bagaceratops (meaning "small horned face") was a plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony ridge along the back of its skull. This ceratopsian dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous period, roughly 84 to 71 million years ago. "Bagaceratops" fossils have been found in Mongolia. Description. "Bagaceratops" had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, triangular cheek protuberances, a short snout horn, and a small frill on its head. This ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur was about 3 feet (1 m) long. "Bagaceratops" walked on four short legs (it was a quadruped). "Bagaceratops" could eat tough plants; it had powerful jaws and cheek teeth that could chew the food. Nodosaurus Nodosaurus (meaning "knobbed lizard") was a large, armored, quadrupedal (it walked on four legs), tank-like dinosaur. It lived in the first part of the Upper Cretaceous about 113–98 million years ago. Three very incomplete "Nodosaurus" fossils have been found in Wyoming and Kansas; no skulls have been found yet. It was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1889. "Nodosaurus" was about 13 to 20 ft (4-6 m) long. It was an ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur with bony dermal plates covering the top of its body. It had four short legs, five-toed feet, a short neck, and a long, clubless tail. The nodosaurids had no tail club; it is not known how they defended themselves. Patriot Act The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, also known as the USA Patriot Act is an anti-terrorism law. It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks. At that time, President Bush had very high approval ratings and it was clear that most Americans wanted him to do something to stop more terrorism. The bill passed quickly in Congress, mostly before it had even been fully read. The act made it much easier to control money terrorists had in bank accounts. It also made it easier for the government to access people's library and phone records. The act was criticized by many organizations, particularly the American Civil Liberties Union, for being a threat to Americans' civil liberties and rights. Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire was a large empire in Central America. It existed between about 1345 AD and 1521 AD. When the Empire was largest, it spread across most of Mesoamerica. During that time, the Aztecs built one of the world's most advanced societies. The Aztec Empire was also very powerful. Its warriors took over many nearby states and helped spread Aztec culture and religion across Mesoamerica. However, in 1519, Spanish conquistadors came to the Aztec Empire. With help from the Aztecs' enemies, the Spanish fought the Aztecs for control of their empire. On August 13, 1521, the Aztec Empire fell apart and the Spanish took over. They made the area a Spanish colony and renamed it New Spain. History. Before the Aztec Empire existed, the indigenous (native) people in central Mesoamerica lived in many separate city-states. These were small cities with farmland around them. Each state had its own ruler. Around 1100 AD, these city-states started to fight each other for power and control of the area's land. By about 1400, two city-states had grown into small empires. In 1428, these two empires fought the Tepanec War for control of the area. The Texcoco empire made an alliance with some other powerful city-states, including Tenochtitlan, and won the war. These allies were supposed to share power equally as they started to gain control of more land. However, by 1430, Tenochtitlan became the most powerful member of the alliance. It became the capital city of the Aztec Empire, and its ruler became the 'high king' of the entire Empire. Growth. From 1430 onward, the Aztec Empire grew. Its military took over most of what is now northern Mexico. At this point, the Aztec Empire controlled 135,000 square kilometres (almost 84,000 square miles) of Mesoamerica.p.453 When the Aztecs took over a state, they would take prisoners for ritual human sacrifice in Tenochtitlan. The state would also have to pay the Aztec Empire "tributes" (almost like taxes). As the Aztecs took over more and more states, these tributes made them very rich. Sometimes, when the Aztecs took over a state, they would bring that state and its people into the Aztec Empire. However, if a state was on the edge of the Empire, the Aztecs might let it stay its own state. They did this so they would have other states around the Empire, protecting them from an invasion by other powerful states. Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs had built their capital city right on a lake called Lake Texcoco. As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan. By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city. This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived. Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion. It was also a very big trading center. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day. People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over). The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple). The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures. The Aztecs had created canals all across the city. By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have. The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.<br> Society. At its most powerful, the Aztec Empire controlled about 11,000,000 people. Among these people, there were different social classes with different social statuses. The most important people were the rulers. Next were nobles. These were the Empire's powerful members of the government; great warriors; judges; and priests. These people enjoyed a high social status. The next social class was the commoners (common people). These were the Empire's everyday workers. Most of them farmed, ran stores, or traded. Commoners were allowed to own land as a group or a family. However, a single person was not allowed to own land. The lowest social classes in Aztec society were serfs and then slaves. Slaves had no rights at all. However, if they had the money, they could buy their own freedom and become commoners. For most of the Aztec Empire's existence, it was very difficult to move between social classes. Usually, if a person was born in a social class, they would stay in that class for the rest of their life. Education. By age 15, all children in the Aztec Empire had to go to school, no matter what social class they were in. This was very unusual for the time. In other places, like Europe, only boys were allowed to go to school, and only rich people could pay to send their children to school. Until they were 15, children were taught by their parents. Once they turned 15, all children had to go to school. For most boys, the most important part of going to school was to make them the best possible warriors for the Empire. Children of commoners went to schools called "telpochcalli" ('youth houses'). Boys got military training, while girls were taught how to do religious ceremonies. Both boys and girls were also taught about Aztec religion, morals, and history. They also learned singing, dancing, and public speaking. The nobles' children went to a school called a "calmecac". Its goal was to get the children ready for jobs as the Empire's leaders. These included jobs as military or government leaders; priests; scholars; teachers; and healers. These schools taught about things like astronomy, geometry, mathematics, debate, law, music, poetry, architecture, agriculture, and war. Boys had to eat and sleep at their schools. They usually started at age 15 and left around age 20 to get married. Girls could become priestesses or work in medicine, helping other women give birth. Marriage. When a young person was ready to get married, their education would end. This usually happened in their late teenage years or early twenties. Especially with nobles, marriages were arranged. This meant children's parents, or possibly other older people in the community, would choose who a person married. Many marriages among noble youth were arranged as a power strategy (for example, to unite an Aztec with a family from a state that was recently taken over). Marriage ceremonies lasted four days. Aztec men were allowed to have other wives as well as concubines. However, they were also expected to raise their sons, which was unusual for ancient societies (where women usually did all of the child-raising). Aztec society also gave women rights that few other societies gave at the time. Even after marrying, an Aztec woman's property and money were still her own; they did not go to her husband. Women were also allowed to work in medicine, education, religion, and trade. Morals. The Aztecs had strict rules and punishments for people who broke Aztec morals. For example, things like disorderly conduct (causing trouble in public), drunkenness, could be punished by execution. <br> <br> Military. All adult men in the Empire had to be in the Aztec military. Men from states that had alliances with the Aztecs also fought in the Aztec military. So did some men from states that the Aztecs had taken over. Because of this, the Aztec military was large and powerful. At this time, most battles were fought in big cities. If an army took over one of a state's biggest cities, it was then allowed to take control over all the land around those cities. Aztec warriors protected themselves with thick cotton armour. They also had shields made of wood or reeds, and covered in dried animal skins. For weapons, warriors had a few choices: <br> <br> Religion. The Aztecs were pantheistic, meaning they believed in many different gods. Two of the most important gods they worshipped were "Huitzilopochtli", the god of war and the sun, and "Tlaloc", the rain god. The Aztecs set up temples specifically to honor these gods at the top of the pyramid in Technochtitlan. However, they also worshipped hundreds of other gods. Each one controlled some part of human life (like "Quetzalcoatl", the god of learning and civilization), or some part of nature (like "Zipe Totec", the god of springtime and regrowth). In the Aztecs' religion, the sun was very important. The Aztecs believed that the world went through five stages, and each had its own sun. At the end of each stage, the gods would destroy the world and create a new one but only four times. They thought they were living in the fifth and last stage, and that the gods could decide to destroy the world at any minute. Keeping the gods happy. The Aztecs did many things to try to honor the gods and keep them happy. For example, they threw festivals, had banquets, made statues, and buried valuable items, all as offerings to the gods. They did penance, like cutting themselves and letting blood run out, to try to get the gods to forgive them for whatever they might have done wrong. They did ritual sacrifice of animals (killing the animals as part of a religious ritual). Like many other ancient civilizations, the Aztecs also sacrificed human beings to the gods. As Mesoamerican scholar Mark Cartwright explains: The Aztecs sacrificed people in three different ways: <br> <br> Culture. Some historians say the Aztecs had a "culture of war." This means that everything focuses on making people into good warriors and people who support war. One textbook says: However, there were many parts to the Aztec culture. They studied astrology and used the movements of the planets and the stars to create different calendars. They understood and taught things like mathematics and poetry. They had a complex view of religion, the universe, and many other things. Art and architecture. Aztec culture respected and appreciated art. They collected pieces of art from all over their Empire to decorate Tenochtitlan. They also formed guilds of artisans people who specialized in making certain kinds of art. They made paintings, pottery, carvings, and many other things. They used all sorts of materials, including gold, silver, amethyst, wood, and stone. Huge stone sculptures were a popular type of art. Aztec artists made their pyramid and other stone buildings into art too, by carving into them. The Aztecs used symbolism in their art. They even used art as propaganda. For example, when they took over a state, they would build temples and statues with Aztec symbols on them. They also used paintings that showed Aztec rulers as being close to the gods, doing what the gods wanted them to do. This art spread Aztec religion and culture, and also reminded states that had been taken over just how powerful the Aztec Empire was. <br> <br> End of the Empire. From 1519-1521, Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, defeated the Aztec Empire. They made the Empire into a Spanish colony which they called New Spain. Originally, things between the Spanish and the Aztecs were friendly. However, soon, while Cortés was away, Spanish soldiers attacked and killed many Aztecs during a festival. The Aztecs fought back, and they killed two out of every three Spanish soldiers. The conquistadors left Tenochtitlan. Ten months later, Cortés came back to Tenochtitlan with more soldiers. They started a siege of Tenochtitlan, so that no food or supplies could get in. After 91 days, without any food, and with disease throughout the city, the new emperor Cuauhtemoc finally surrendered to the Spanish on August 13, 1521. The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire had ended. <br> Elf (band) Elf was an American rock band that was active between 1967 and 1975. The band was previously called the Electric Elves. They released their first album, "Elf", in 1972. The album was co-produced by Ian Paice and Roger Glover, who would later work with Elf's lead singer Ronnie James Dio in the band Rainbow. Jason Jaspers Jason Matthew Jaspers (born April 8, 1981 in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for Kölner Haie (the Cologne Sharks) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. Playin career. Jaspers was drafted 71st overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League. Jaspers made his professional start in the 2001–02 season with the Coyotes affiliate the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Jaspers made his National Hockey League (NHL) start in the same season, after he received his first NHL assignment on January 20, 2002. Jaspers then spent the next four years primarily with the Falcons of the American Hockey League. Unable to make the NHL regularly he was traded by the Coyotes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Jarrod Skalde on July 25, 2005. Jason however, never played a game with the Lightning, playing for their affiliate coincidentally still the Springfield Falcons. Jaspers finally left the Falcons, ranking second in all-time appearances, in the 2006–07 season when he signed with German team Adler Mannheim, on July 6, 2006. After three years with Adler Mannheim signed on 6 April 2009 with Kölner Haie. Personal life. In July 2008 Jason married his highschool sweetheart, Morgan McKee. Morgan is from Sudbury, Ontario where Jason played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves. Currently they have no children and live in Germany. Jacob Epstein Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor, a pioneer of modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter. His portrait heads were traditional, but much of his other work was modernist. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work. The sculptures "Ecce Homo" (Old Coventry Cathedral) and "Rock Drill" (1913–1914, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), are famous and important, but we have no images of them. On view in the Strand, London near Trafalgar Square, are his sculptures for Zimbabwe House. There are a number of his busts (sculptures of heads) in the National Portrait Gallery, also near Trafalgar Square. Galvanizing Galvanizing is the coating of a metal with a more reactive metal to stop corrosion. Normally zinc is used to coat iron. The zinc coating corrodes instead of the iron, stopping the iron from corroding. Even if the zinc is scratched, it does not corrode. Metal corrodes after the paint is scratched. The zinc eventually corrodes all the way and then the iron starts corroding. Galvanizing can happen in two ways. There is hot dip galvanising, where the object is dipped in a pool of liquid zinc. This makes a thicker coating that lasts a long time. It does not have a shiny clean surface, though, so some people would not like it as much. There is also electro-galvanizing. This is the electroplating of zinc onto an object. It is shiny but thinner, so it does not last as long. Brookhaven National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory is a laboratory in the United States at Long Island, New York. It is on the former location of Camp Upton, a US army camp. It was opened in 1947. It is in the greater area of the town of Brookhaven. Its motto is "Passion for discovery". The Laboratory was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission. It is now owned by the US Department of Energy. There are about 3000 people working there. Several people there have won Nobel Prize awards. National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is their agency for research. There are 27 separate institutes and offices. Each of them are for separate areas of health which they research. Most of them are in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIH made vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) and human papillomavirus. The current Director of the NIH is Francis Collins since 2009. history. In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory, was established within the Marine Hospital Service, which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island.[7][8][9] In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory, which grew to include five major buildings.[10] In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service.[11] In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS).[9] In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School. This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities.[9] In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act, and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus.[9] In 1937, NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part.[11][12] In 1938, NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland.[9] Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH, and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs.[9] In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved, and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health. Later historyEdit In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital.[13]: 130  When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.[13]: 133  The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation.[13]: 135  Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards.[13]: 135  In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act, initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers.[14] Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.[15] While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then.[16] By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project.[17] Los Angeles Times The Los Angeles Times is a newspaper. It is the second largest newspaper in the United States. It is published in Los Angeles, California. It is the fourth most popular newspaper in the United States. It was created in 1881. Bugle The bugle is a very simple brass instrument. It has no valves or other mechanisms, the only way the player has to control the pitch is changing the shape of his lips. This means that only notes from the harmonic series can be played. History. The bugle comes from instruments made from animal horns. The earliest bugles were shaped in a loop – usually a double loop, but sometimes triple or single – similar to the modern French horn, and were usually used to send messages during hunts. Predecessors and relatives of the developing bugle included the post horn, the Pless horn, and the bugle horn. The first use of a brass horn as a military signal was the Halbmondblaser, meaning "half-moon blower", used in Hanover in 1758. It was U-shaped (this is where its name comes from) and easily carried with a shoulder strap. It first arrived in England in 1764 where it was slowly it became used often by foot soldiers. Cavalry did not normally use a proper bugle, but instead used an early trumpet that made a sound which was easier to hear from nearby, but travelled less far. Uses. The bugle is used mainly in the military where the bugle call is used to make announcements. A long time ago, the bugle was used in the cavalry to pass instructions from officers to soldiers during battle. In the Bible, bugles are found in the time of Moses, when God commanded Moses to 'make two bugles of hammered silver' in Numbers 10:1-3. They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps. In the drum and bugle corps the bugle has changed from its military origins, and now has valves. In American drum and bugle corps, G is considered the traditional key for bugles to be pitched in. However, current rules in both Drum Corps International and Drum Corps Associates define a bugle as a brass instrument in any key, with 0 to 4 valves, and bell front. Civilian drum corps were made using instruments sold off by the military in the early 1900s, and the last official change made to the military bugle (before it stopped being used because of the invention of the radio) was to make them all use the key of G. Bugles in other parts of the world used to be in B flat or E flat. The bugle is also used in the Boy Scouts. They use some of the same calls as the military, but not all. Variations. The cornet is sometimes wrongly considered to be the "valved version" of the bugle, although it comes from the French "cornet de poste" (post horn). 19th century versions based on the original bugle included keys and valves. Keyed bugles were invented in England in the early 19th century, with a patent for one design, the Royal Kent bugle, taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811. This bugle was highly popular and widely in use until around 1850 – for example, in works by Richard Willis, later bandmaster of the United States Military Academy Band at West Point. This version of the bugle stopped being used when the valved cornet was invented. Modern instruments considered bugles often have valves. Trevor Johansen Trevor Daniel Johansen (born March 30, 1957 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the National Hockey League. Johanssen was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. In addition the Maple Leafs he also spent time with the Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Kings. James Jarvis James "Jim, Bud" Jarvis (December 7, 1907 – May 7, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). His time in the NHL included playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Quakers and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Fort William, Ontario. Henry Moore Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist in the modern art genre. He was best known for his abstract monumental sculptures, which are public works of art in many places around the world. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moore's works usually suggest the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he did family groups. His forms are generally pierced or have hollow spaces. Some think the undulating form of his reclining figures reflect the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a mining engineer. He became known for his larger-scale abstract cast bronze and carved marble sculptures. His large-scale commissions made him exceptionally rich. Yet he lived carefully and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation. This supports education and promotion of the arts. He did some work in architecture. in 1955 Moore did his only work in carved brick, "Wall Relief" at the Bouwcentrum in Rotterdam. The brick relief was sculpted with 16,000 bricks by two Dutch bricklayers under Moore's supervision. Schloss Esterhazy Schloss Esterhazy is a palace in Eisenstadt, Austria. It was built in the end of 13th century and belonged to Esterházy family. Flotation Flotation is a process where gas bubbles are injected at the bottom of a tank containing a mixture of a liquid and solid particles to separate the solid particles from the liquid. When the gas bubbles move along the liquid mixture, the solids particles stick to the surface of the bubbles. The bubbles form a foam at the surface of the liquid: this foam contains the solid particles, so after the flotation process the solids can be removed just cleaning the liquid from this foam. Uses. Flotation is used to separate sulfide ores from the impurities in the ore (gangue). A detergent is added to the mixture and it is stirred. The sulfide minerals float, while the gangue sinks to the bottom and is removed. This is used in making zinc, where zinc sulfide (sphalerite) is a major zinc ore. Gangue Gangue is the worthless substance that is left behind when minerals are processed. When minerals are collected, the ore that is wanted is found only in small amounts. Flotation is used to concentrate the ore. The ore floats while the gangue sinks to the bottom. Sometimes minerals thought of as gangue are later recovered and used. Arctic willow The arctic willow (salix arctica) is a kind of willow plant. It grows to less than 6 inches tall. The leaves are pale green with white hairs on top. Hesperornithoides Hesperornithoides is a troodontid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western North America. Discovery. The fossil was found in Wyoming, as the site was carefully documented by the collectors. Classification. A phylogenetic analysis was presented in an abstract in the "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" in 2005. The analysis decided the specimen was a close relative of "Sinornithoides". Significance. This dinosaur is very significant because it is the oldest known troodontid from North America. Until the discovery of Lori, troodontids were believed to have first originated and evolved in Asia and then migrated to North America. Most troodontids were discovered in Asia, and the previously oldest known troodontids, from the Lower Cretaceous, lived there. Niigata Prefecture is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital city is Niigata. History. Until after the Meiji Restoration, the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province. Geography. Niigata is next to Yamagata Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Gumma Prefecture and Fukushima prefecture. Niigata is the fifth largest prefecture in Japan by area. In winter, it snows a lot in Niigata, and winter sports are popular. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture. including Shrines and Temples. "Yahiko-jinja", "Kota-jinja", "Amatsu-jinja" and "Watatsu-jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Panoplosaurus Panoplosaurus was an armored tank-like dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, living about 76–73 million years ago. "Panoplosaurus" was a herbivore (a plant-eater). It ate low-lying plants, like ferns and cycads. This nodosaurid ankylosaur (with no tail club) was about 23 ft (7 m) long and weighed about 3.5 tons. It had a bulky body, four short legs, a short neck, and a stiff tail. Polacanthus Polacanthus was an armoured, spiked, plant-eating dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, about 132 to 100 million years ago. "Polacanthus" means "many spines." Some paleontologists think that "Polacanthus" is the same genus as "Hylaeosaurus". Fossils of this ankylosaurid have been found in England. Description. "Polacanthus" was about 12 feet (4 m) long and about 4.8 feet (1.5 m) tall. It was a bulky quadruped that relied on its many rows of bony spikes for protection. No head is known for this genus. Earl Warren Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Governor of California from 1943 to 1953. Warren ran for Vice-President in 1948 as a Republican, but lost to Alben W. Barkley in a close election. Warren was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Bakersfield before moving to Oakland. He served in World War I. In 1925, he became District Attorney of Alameda County, and later Attorney General of California. In 1953, he became Chief Justice of the United States. He was Chief Justice when the Supreme Court issued "Brown v. Board of Education" and "Miranda vs. Arizona". These two cases were very important civil rights cases in the United States. Warren was also in control of the Warren Commission. It looked into a possible conspiracy in the killing of President Kennedy. Warren retired from the Court in 1969, and died in Washington, D.C., in 1974. Abstract art Abstract art is modern art which does not represent images of our everyday world. It has colour, lines and shapes (form), but they are not intended to represent objects or living things. Often the artists were influenced by ideas and philosophies of abstraction. Abstract art is found in painting and in sculpture. There are also many works of art which are partly abstract, and partly representational. Many artists worked in abstract and other types of modern art. Purely abstract art is a 20th-century invention. It grew out of the earlier forms of modern art, but it is perhaps the one movement which is absolutely modern. It has no roots in earlier art (as we use the term today). Early years. One of the first to achieve complete abstract paintings was Kazimir Malevich, who presented a completely black square in 1913. He was a Suprematist, an art movement based on simple geometrical shapes. Art based on geometry is a kind of geometric abstraction. Wassily Kandinsky painted a famous work "Composition VII" in 1913, which was completely abstract and very complex. The case of Manierre Dawson, an American from Chicago, is very interesting. During a tour of Europe in 1910, he started painting true abstract works. Back in the United States, he became convinced that he could not earn a living at art, and became a farmer. He was forgotten until a rediscovery in 1963. He may have been the first person to paint a completely abstract work. There are many hundreds of other artists who painted abstracts. Piet Mondrian and the sculptor Henry Moore deserve mention for their wide influence on other artists. Abstract expressionism. After World War II, abstract art became a dominant form of art in the United States, with some outstanding exponents. Immigrants such as Mondrian, Max Ernst and Mark Rothko, and native-born Americans such as Barnett Newman and Jackson Pollock became almost household names. Abstract expressionism is the name given to the American post-World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. The term was used in 1919, but is more widely used for American work of the 1940s to 1960s. Of the previous generation of painters, Kandinsky is most clearly an abstract expressionist. Technically, an important predecessor was surrealism, with its Freudian emphasis on dreams, and on spontaneous, automatic or unconscious creation. Jackson Pollock's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a method of using spontaneity. It was novel, and brought into play several factors. Action: movements, how the artist worked. Automatism and the unconscious: the work was planned, but details were not. Abstract expressionist paintings share certain characteristics. The artists use large canvases, sometimes very large. There is an "all-over" approach: the whole canvas is treated with equal importance, as opposed to the center being of more interest than the edges. The canvas as the arena became a credo of Action painting, while the integrity of the picture plane became a credo of the Color field painters. Five things to know. According to the Royal Academy, there are five things we should know about abstract expressionism: Action painting. Paintings such as those of Jackson Pollock which express the actions and movements of the painter. Colour field painting. Paintings mainly of coloured shapes of a geometric or bulbous kind. Examples: Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Josef Albers. Bill Johansen William Odd "Red" Johansen (July 27, 1928 – March 21, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. The high point of his career was one game played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Oslo, Norway, and he grew up in Port Arthur, Ontario. J. Bob Kelly John Robert "Battleship" Kelly (born June 6, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 425 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Chicago Black Hawks. Although official NHL records call him "Bob Kelly" he was commonly known during his NHL playing career as J. Bob Kelly, in an effort to differentiate himself from the Bob Kelly who played primarily with the Philadelphia Flyers at that time. Myelin Myelin is a substance that forms the coating of axons in the brain and the rest of the central nervous system. This coating is also known as the myelin sheath. It is a substance made of about 80% lipid and 20% protein. Its main function is to speed the relay of electricity messages in the nervous system. It is milky white and slippery in appearance and texture, giving rise to the term "white matter" in the brain. Myelin is an important part of proper neural function. In later life, a process called demyelination can occur, causing poor neural function. Demyelination may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Multiple sclerosis happens when myelin is damaged. Dick Kotanen Dick Kotanen (born Eino Richard Erwin Kotanen; November 18, 1925 – September 11, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1950–51 NHL season. Kotanen died on November 9th 2011. Scott King Scott Glenndale Martin King (born June 25, 1967 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in only two National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings. He was drafted 10th (190th overall) in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Chemical composition Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals. Chemical formulas show this information. The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance. This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing. Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc. A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry). An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom. This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond. London Zoo London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. It was eventually opened to the public in 1847. Today it has a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom. It is managed by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), established in 1826. It is at the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between City of Westminster and Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it). The Society also has a larger site at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been moved. As well as being the first scientific zoo, ZSL London Zoo also opened the first Reptile house (1849), first public Aquarium (1853), first insect house (1881) and the first children's zoo (1938). ZSL receives no state funding and relies on 'Fellows', 'Friends', 'Members', entrance fees and sponsorship to get income. However, the ZSL's nearby "Institute of Zoology" may get public grants as a scientific institution. It has an international reputation in bioconservation. Ramon Sessions Ramon Sessions (born April 11, 1986) is a professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Nevada for three years before entering the 2007 NBA Draft. The Milwaukee Bucks chose him with the 56the pick of the draft. On April 14, 2008, Sessions scored 20 points and had 24 assists in a game against the Chicago Bulls. Although the Bucks lost this game to the Bucks, Sessions set a Bucks record for the most assists by one player in a game. In September 2009, Sessions signed a contract to join the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Timberwolves traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2010. Sessions was then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in March 2012. Volkswagen Polo Mk4 The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It replaced the Mk3 in early 2002 and featured twin round headlights which remained until its facelift in mid-2005 and in late 2009 was replaced by the Mk5. The platform of the Mk4 Polo was also used for the SEAT Ibiza, the SEAT Córdoba and the Škoda Fabia. Volkswagen Polo Mk5 The 'Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It succeeded the Mk4 in 2009. The platform of the Mk5 Polo was also used for the Audi A1 and the SEAT Ibiza. It was facelifted in 2014. Len Brown Len Brown (born ) was the 1st mayor of Auckland in New Zealand and a lawyer. He was elected mayor of Manukau in October 2007, the second time he ran for that office. He won the 2010 Auckland mayoral election on 9 October 2010 and was sworn in as mayor of Auckland on 1 November 2010. His term ended in 2016. Early years. He was born in Taumarunui, and his family moved to Otara in Auckland when he was seven years old. He attended Mayfield Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and De La Salle College. He has fond memories of his early life, saying "they were generous, generous days". His life growing up has been described as centred on family, church, school and community, while parents Tom and Ngaire were described as strong believers in social equity and social justice as well as active in the community life. While he did not grow up in Auckland, his family often travelled to see relatives there, because his parents had moved to Taumarunui from South Auckland. Brown worked as a lawyer. He was a partner at law firm Wynyard Wood, and co-founded the Howick Free Legal Service. Political career. He was first elected to the Manukau City council in 1992, and continued as councillor until 2004 when he did not run for re-election. He was also the chairperson of the Counties Manukau Health Council from 1998. Brown first ran for mayor of Manukau in 2004, and narrowly lost to long serving mayor Sir Barry Curtis; he lost by fewer than 600 votes. Brown had considered requesting a re-count due to the closeness of the vote, but decided that he had not been close enough to warrant it. Despite his affiliation with the New Zealand Labour Party since age 17, Brown did not run for election in the 2005 General Election, and instead returned to working for Wynyard Wood. Mayor of Manukau. Brown announced that he was running to be the Mayor of Manukau in 2006. Barry Curtis announced that he would not be running for re-election, and Brown's main opposition were former Olympic runner Dick Quax and radio host Willie Jackson. Brown resigned from Wynard Wood in 2007 to focus on his candidacy full time. In August 2007, both Quax and Brown were polling "neck and neck". Brown's campaign was based on several policies, including; capping rates at the cost of inflation, increasing public transport, and working with youth in the region. Brown won the election in October 2007 with more than 32,000 votes; his next closest rival Dick Quax had less than 18,000, and the election was jokingly called a 'Lenslide' by some. He was officially sworn in on 26 October 2007 at the Manukau City Council hall. On 31 May 2008 he suffered a heart attack while at a music awards ceremony, and was admitted to Auckland Hospital. He had a congenital heart problem that had not been diagnosed before. Brown had successful heart bypass surgery two days later and made a full recovery, returning to his duties after a few months. His wife acknowledged that the attack was not stress-related, but rather a family issue, with Len's mother having died from a heart attack at 47. Mayor of Auckland campaign. In August 2009, Brown stated he would run for the mayoralty of the combined Auckland "super-city" in the Auckland mayoral election, 2010. Brown announced his candidacy in front of more than 300 supporters at Sorrento in the Park, One Tree Hill, Maungakiekie. His campaign speech focused on delivering public transport, public ownership of the region's public assets, environmental protection, economic and social development. He won the position by 60,000 votes over main rival candidate, Auckland City mayor John Banks, on 9 October 2010. Credit card and expense issues. In June 2010, Brown came under media attention for matters relating to his spending on his council credit card and other council expense claims, which included items of a personal nature like toys, groceries and insect repellent. His later explanations for these purchases were also examined at a council meeting, where Brown repeatedly slapped his face and got emotional. An advisor later explained that Brown's emotional behaviour was caused by his use of a Maori tradition, which Brown said was not true. Another council expense claim included an $810 dinner at a restaurant, but Brown refused to say who was there. He said that the event was a fundraiser for a local singer for which the Council bought a table, an explanation later supported by the artist. Private life. Brown is married to Shirley Anne Inglis, and has three children. They live in the Totara Park suburb of Manukau. Progressivism The idea of progress is the belief that human society gets better and better over time. Progressivism is a kind of politics based on social progress. It is also a . Progress started being supported by many philosophers in the Age of Enlightenment. They believed that new inventions and scientific discoveries would make people's lives better. Progressivism often supports reforms and change. It is related to liberalism and egalitarianism. Politics. Progressive politics generally wants to change government in a new way. Unlike conservatism which wants to keep government similar. It most often refers to a political movement in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called the Progressive Era. In the United States, these people wanted to change politics, which was at that time run by big business and corrupt political machines. Most of the people who believed in the Progressive Movement were part of the middle class. Some of the leaders of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson , William Howard Taft, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Howard Dean. Edgar Laprade Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL). He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League. Born in Mine Centre, Ontario, Edgar was one of Canada's top senior hockey players before joining the NHL. He helped the Bearcats win the 1940 Allan Cup, before joining the Rangers in 1945. While with the Rangers, he would win the 1946 Calder Memorial Trophy and the 1950 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993. Laprade died at the age of 94 in Thunder Bay, Ontario from natural causes. National Recovery Administration The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was an agency in the Federal government of the United States in the 1930s, during the New Deal. It was formed by the National Recovery Act during the first "Hundred Days" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It regulated the economy. It was the first agencies that could control minimum wages. It was headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a former general. The NRA lasted until 1935, when the United States Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional. Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (or WPA) was an agency in the United States during the New Deal. It was formed in 1935, during the "Second New Deal". It employed more workers than any government agency had before. It built thousands of roads, schools, and government buildings. Part of it was the Federal Art Project, which created, such as murals by Diego Rivera and the play "The Cradle Will Rock". The agency was led by Harry Hopkins. It lasted until World War II. This program gave millions of people jobs during the great depression. William H. Prescott William Hickling Prescott (May 4, 1796 – January 29, 1859) was an American historian who was interested in Spain and the Spanish Empire. He is known as one of the first great American historians. Prescott was made almost blind after a boy threw a piece of bread at his eye when he was sixteen. This meant that he could not work in a normal job. Prescott's grandfather was William Prescott, a soldier who fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War. Prescott grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, which is a city on the east coast of the United States. When Prescott was 15, he went to Harvard University. After he got his degree, he studied many different topics, before deciding that he was interested in the history of Spain. He wrote many books about Spanish history, which were very popular. His work had a significant impact on the study of the history of Spain. Early life. William H. Prescott was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1796. He was the oldest of seven children, but four of his brothers and sisters died at a young age. His parents were William Prescott, Jr., a lawyer, and his wife, Catherine Greene Hickling. His grandfather William Prescott served as a colonel during the American Revolutionary War. Prescott first went to school when he was seven. The family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1808. Prescott went to Harvard University in 1811, at the age of 15. He was good at Latin and Greek, but found mathematics difficult. He graduated from Harvard in 1814. After he had graduated, Prescott traveled to the island of São Miguel in the Azores, where his grandfather and Portuguese grandmother lived. After staying there two weeks, he went to London, where he stayed with the famous surgeon Astley Cooper and the eye-expert William Adams. Prescott found it difficult to write because his eyesight was so poor, so Adams gave him a device called a noctograph to help him. He visited Hampton Court Palace with John Quincy Adams, who was a diplomat in London. Adams later became President of the United States. In 1816, Prescott travelled in France and Italy. He met an American academic, George Ticknor in Paris. Ticknor became a very good friend of Prescott. Prescott returned to America in December 1816. He spent the next four years studying Italian and Spanish literature. He also married Susan Amory, the daughter of Thomas Coffin Amory and Hannah Rowe Linzee, on May 4, 1820. Career. In the 1820s, Prescott wrote two essays for the "North American Review", an American academic journal. Both were about Italian poetry. However, Prescott became interested in the history of Spain due to his friend George Ticknor, who had become professor of Spanish studies at Harvard University. Prescott decided that he wanted to write a book about Ferdinand and Isabella, who were King and Queen of Spain in the early 1500s, in January 1826. After gathering source material, Prescott started writing the "History of Ferdinand and Isabella" in October 1829. He had finished it by July 1836. It was published on Christmas Day, 1837 by the "American Stationary Company", which was based in Boston, with a print run of 500 copies. Prescott dedicated the book to his father. The book sold very well, and was published in London in 1838. Prescott later made a shortened version of the work. In recognition of this work, he was awarded three honorary doctorates, by Columbia University, College of William and Mary and South Carolina College. Prescott wrote three other books on the Spanish Empire. The first, "The History of the Conquest of Mexico", was written between 1838 and 1842 and published in 1843. It is thought to be one of the most important books written on ancient Mesoamerica. It was so popular at the time that John Y. Mason, the United States Secretary of the Navy had a copy placed in the library of every fighting ship. Today, it is still the best known and most popular work by Prescott. The "Conquest of Mexico" was followed by the "Conquest of Peru", which was written between 1843 and 1847, and published in March 1847. It was similarly successful. Prescott's last book, the "History of the Reign of Phillip II" was never finished and is not thought to be of the same quality as his other works. Prescott started work on it in 1842, but stopped in 1858 after suffering a stroke. Gloria Steinem Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American radical feminist and writer. She founded "Ms." magazine, and also wrote for several other magazines. Steinem is Jewish and is from Toledo, Ohio. Steinem started the Women's Media Centre with Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan in 2005. In 2013 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for her support of abortion rights. Personal life. Steinem was married to David Bale (1941-2003) from September 3, 2000 until his death. Betty Friedan Betty Friedan ( February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist. She wrote the book "The Feminine Mystique" in 1963. She argued in the book that there was more to life for women than the achievements of their husbands and children. In an interview for Life magazine in 1963 she said "Women of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your vacuum cleaner!" She helped set up the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 and was its first president. In 1981 "The Second Stage" was published. In the book Friedan said that the women's movement had reached its second stage. Personal life. Friedan married Carl Friedan in 1947. Friedan died on her 85th birthday. Icelandic name Icelandic names are different from most other naming systems used in the West, in that the names follow a patronymic (sometimes matronymic) surname pattern. This means that when a person is named, their last name is the name of their father, plus -son. So if a man called Eric had a son called Leif, Leif's name would be Leif Ericsson. The same is true for females, although sometimes women take the name of their father for their last name, or the name of their mother. Also, the suffix -dottír is added to the end of the parent's name. So, if a girl called Astrid's parents were Leif and Inga, then their daughter could be called either Astrid Leifsdóttir, or Astrid Ingasdóttir. Changes were announced to the laws about names in 2019. Given names are not limited by gender anymore. People that are registered officially with a non-binary gender will be able to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir. This naming system is the same naming system that was used by the Vikings. Iceland has kept this naming system because Iceland is an island, and had little contact with the outside world for quite some time, so there was not much change in things like customs, language and naming systems. Crystal Castles Crystal Castles is an experimental electronic music duo from Toronto, Canada. It is made up of producer Ethan Kath and vocalist Alice Glass. The band has released three albums, all named "Crystal Castles", in 2008, 2010, and 2012. Their first album made the "NME" list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, placing at #39. Members. Current members. Additional live members: Former live members. Past spare live members: Crystal Castles (album) Crystal Castles is the first studio album by Toronto-based duo Crystal Castles. The album was selected for the "NME" magazine's list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, and gained #39. Reactivity Reactivity has several meanings: Chalcophile A chalcophile is a chemical substance that would rather react with sulfur instead of oxygen. Some things like to react with oxygen to make oxides. Other things react with sulfur to make sulfides. Chalcophiles are normally found as sulfides. Zinc is a chalcophile. Zinc sulfide is a common ore, while zinc oxide is rare. Chalcophiles are ore loving and combine readily with sulfur. Dethklok (band) Dethklok is a band created by Brendon Small and Tommy Blacha. There are two bands called Dethklok: a fictional one in the television series Metalocalypse, and one formed to play the fictional one's songs. To date, the real band has released three albums, "The Dethalbum", "The Dethalbum II", and "Dethalbum III". Brendon Small Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975 in Springfield, Illinois) is an American sitcom writer/producer, actor, voice actor, composer, and musician. He is best known as the maker of the cartoon series "Home Movies" and "Metalocalypse". Tianyuraptor Tianyuraptor is a genus of short-armed dromaeosaurid dinosaur ('running lizard'; a type of small dinosaur considered to be closely related to birds) that lived during the Early Cretaceous, about 122 million years ago. Its remains have been found in western Liaoning, China. It was similar to other dromaeosaurids found in Liaoning, with the exception of being somewhat more primitive. The type specimen, formally described in 2009, shows features not seen in previously known Northern Hemisphere (Laurasian) dromaeosaurids, but present in Southern Hemisphere (Gondwanan) species and early birds. The generic name of "Tianyuraptor" combines "Tianyu", referring to the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype specimen is stored, with raptor, the Latin word for 'robber'. Fruitadens Fruitadens is a genus of heterodontosaur dinosaur. The name means "Fruita tooth", in reference to Fruita, Colorado, where its fossils were first found. It is known from partial skulls and skeletons from at least four individuals from rocks of the Morrison Formation in Colorado. "Fruitadens" is a small ornithischian dinosaur, with young adults estimated at 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in) in length and 0.5 to 0.75 kg (1.1 to 1.7 lb) in weight. The lower jaws had an enlarged canine-like tooth, opposite a gap in the upper jaw (a 'diastema'). Unlike "Echinodon", there wasn't an enlarged tooth in the upper jaw. A small peg-like tooth was present in front of the canine-like tooth. Replacement teeth were present in the jaws, unlike most other heterodontosaurids. "Fruitadens" was an omnivore. Geelong Football Club The Geelong Football Club, the Cats, is an Australian Rules Football team that plays in the Australian Football League. The club is based in the city of Geelong, Victoria. The club started in July 1859, and had played continuously since then, which makes it the second oldest club in any code, in the world. The club was an original member of the Victorian Football Association which formed in 1877. It left the association with a number of other clubs to form the Victorian Football League in 1897. It is now a member of the Australian Football League. Club song. <poem> "We are Geelong, the greatest team of all" "We are Geelong, we're always on the ball" "We play the game as it should be played" "At home or far away" "Our banners fly high, from dawn to dark" "Down at Kardinia Park" "So! Stand up and fight, remember our tradition" "Stand up and fight, it's always our ambition" "Throughout the game to fight with all our might" "Because we're the mighty blue and white "And when the ball is bounced, to the final bell" "Stand up and fight like hell." </poem> Volvo B10BLE Volvo B10BLE is a bus produced by Volvo from 1992 until 2002. The Diary of a Young Girl The Diary of a Young Girl is a diary written in Dutch by Anne Frank. She began it in 1942, writing secretly to an imaginary friend. She wrote it while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was caught in 1944 and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. After the war, the diary was found by Anne's father, Otto Frank. He was the only known survivor of the family. The diary has now been published in more than 60 different languages. It is now considered a classic of war literature. The diary was rescued from a reject pile by cookbook publisher Judith Jones. It was first published as "Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944" ("The Annex: Diary Notes from 12 June 1942 – 1 August 1944") by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947. After it was translated into English as "Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl" by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Valentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952, it became very famous critically. It became very popular, and the 1955 play "The Diary of Anne Frank" and movie version were both based on the diary. The play was first acted in New York City. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1956. The book is in several lists of the top books of the twentieth century. It discusses the themes of sharing and selfishness in the war, about how someone can be different on the inside and the outside, and about the loneliness of growing up. Crystal Castles II Crystal Castles, also known as Crystal Castles II, is the second album by electronic music group Crystal Castles. The album was released by Fiction Records on 24 May 2010. Critical reception. "Crystal Castles" has had mostly good reviews from people. Odds In mathematics, odds are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2"). Uses for odds. Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing. In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as formula_1 for short. Battle of Sunomatagawa The Battle of Sunomatagawa was a Japanese battle. It took place in Nanaimo, a place in Japan, in 1181 AD. Minamoto no Yukiie and his army found Taira no Tomomori's army across the river. They swam the river and attacked them. But Tomomori's people could tell the difference between the wet enemies and their dry people and forced them back across the river. Alton, Hampshire Alton is a market town in the English county of Hampshire, England. The town is famous for the home of Jane Austin, a famous English poet. It is the highest town in Hampshire. New Alresford New Alresford is a market town in the county of Hampshire, England. The town is notable for growing much watercress. Farnham Farnham is a large market town in the county of Surrey, England. There are 37,000 people living in the town. It is famous for its castle and its historic buildings. The town is south of the River Wey. River Wey River Wey is a long river which runs through the counties of Hampshire, Surrey and West Sussex in England. The source is in the town of Alton, Hampshire. Battle of Leipzig The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations was a battle between Napoleon I and his army and an allied force of several nations. It happened on October 16-19 in 1813. Napoeon’s army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere. Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. It was the one of the largest battles before World War I. It involved about 600,000 soldiers, and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition. After this battle, and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the island of Elba. Invisible Children Invisible Children is an organization that aims to help child soldiers in Africa. It was founded in 2004. It specifically focuses on the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and its leader, Joseph Kony. It wants to stop the LRA from kidnapping children and forcing them to serve as soldiers. It was established after a movie was made about forcing children to fight in wars. MU* MU* refers to a family of text-based online game servers: These are also called the Tiny family. These are kinds of MUD. Terracotta Terracotta, sometimes spelled terra cortta, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed. Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably. Production and properties. Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware. Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog"). The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink. Yo-yo effect The Yo-yo effect means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are yo-yo dieting or weight cycling. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting. The Steps. The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again. Causes. The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits. Avoiding It. People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat. David Latta (ice hockey) David Latta (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques. Pentti Lund Pentti Alexander Lund (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers in the National Hockey League. During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy. Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six. Mechanical wave A mechanical wave requires a medium. Sound waves, waves in a Slinky, and pressure waves are all examples of this phenomenon. Sound waves need a physical medium in order to exist; the Slinky waves need the Slinky, and the waves in the ocean need the water. Like all waves, they have a frequency, period, wavelength and amplitude. Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material. Only the energy propagates; the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; the wave travels by jumping from one particle of the transmission medium to another. Therefore, mechanical waves transport energy and not material. Mother Angelica Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation (Rita Antoinette Rizzo; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics. Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92. Flame test A flame test is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to analyze it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy. Futurism Futurism was a modern art and social movement which originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre, movies, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Futurism in Italy 1909–1916. The founder of Futurism and its most influential personality was the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Marinetti launched the movement in his "Futurist Manifesto", which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in "La gazzetta dell'Emilia". This article was reprinted in the French daily newspaper "Le Figaro" on 20 February 1909. Marinetti was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and the composer Luigi Russolo. Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strong "Futurists!"" The Futurists admired speed, technology, youth and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature, and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science. Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking. The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme. The Futurists attempted to create it in their subsequent "Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting". This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to be directly represented in painting. In practice, much of their work was influenced by Cubism, and indeed their images "were" more dynamic than those of Picasso and Braque. The phrase 'plastic dynamism' has been used to describe their early work. One of the greatest patrons and financier of Futurism in Milan was the business magnante Antonio Bernocchi, he was also the creator and producer of the first example of Italian industrial design, inspired by futurism, that became known as "Luminator Bernocchi". Later. Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in the hope of modernizing the country. Italy was divided between the industrial north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, radicals, admirers of violence, and were opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti was one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. He soon found the Fascists were not radical enough for him, but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944. The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry out important work, especially in architecture. After the Second World War, many Futurist artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime. The Futurists renewed themselves again and again until Marinetti's death. The legacy of Futurism. Futurism influenced many other twentieth century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism, Surrealism and Dadaism. Futurism was, like science fiction, in part overtaken by 'the future'. Nonetheless, the ideals of futurism remain as part of modern Western culture: the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology is expressed in much of modern cinema and culture. Ridley Scott used design ideas of Sant'Elia in "Blade Runner". Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the "Tetsuo" (lit. "Ironman") films. Futurism influenced the literary genre of cyberpunk. Artists who came to prominence in the first flush of the internet, such as Stelarc and Mariko Mori, produced work influenced by Futurist ideas. A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement began in 1988 with the creation of the Neo-Futurist style of theatre in Chicago, which uses Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. There are active Neo-Futurist troupes in Chicago, New York, and Montreal. Nine Lessons and Carols The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church. There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation. The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus. The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880. The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services. The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas. The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century. Service at King's College, Cambridge. The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918. The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college. Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts. The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible. Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols. The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City". Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir. The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins. Since 1982 the Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury. Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir. The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful". This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television). Bearing The word bearing can mean: The word may be used in less frequent contexts than these examples. If in doubt, check in a good dictionary. Babbitt metal Babbitt metal is a metal that has very little friction. It is used for bearings. It can be made from tin, copper, antimony, or lead. Normally it is a certain mixture of these metals. It is very soft. There are harder and softer parts in it, though. This creates small holes where grease can go in when the soft parts rub away. An item with bearings could be a fidget spinner or a bicycle wheel. Zinc aluminium Zinc aluminium, also called ZA, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium. Nickel silver Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century. Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216. Early life. Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family. During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy. Cardinal. In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal. Pope. Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III. Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes. Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state. Crusades. Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade. Lateran Council. In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council. Debby Boone Debby Boone (born Deborah Ann Boone on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984. FLOPS FLOPS is an acronym for "Floating point Operations per Second". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second. Satyr A satyr is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry. Sigur Rós discography This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós. White-tailed deer The white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus"), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand. The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight. Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long. It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish or reddish in winter and summer. Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter. The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long. Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years. This type of deer is quite shy. When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails. They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year. During the autumn, the deer engage in mating. They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants. The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening. Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans. Great northern bean Great Northern beans are beans that are white colored. They are also light in flavor. They have a shape like a Lima bean except it is a little bit shorter than a Lima bean. Frederick de Houtman Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia. Jigsaw puzzle A jigsaw puzzle is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy. Variations. Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side. There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam. There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them. There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model. Googie Googie is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century. It is also called Doo Wop, Atomic age, or populuxe. It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole. Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like. It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s. Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels. Here are a few famous Googie buildings: Sharecropping Sharecropping is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced. Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people. Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African-Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves. Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens. Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare there. List of presidents of South Korea This is a list of the presidents of South Korea. Since the creation of the Government of the Republic of Korea which is commonly known as South Korea in 1948, twelve people have served nineteen terms as President of South Korea. The president is the country's head of state as well as its head of government. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. President of South Korea The President of the Republic of Korea () is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander-in-chief of the South Korean Armed Forces The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House"). If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. Powers and duties of the president. The president is required to: Living former presidents. As of , three former presidents are alive: The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ). The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021. Pierre Auguste Cot Pierre Auguste Cot (17 February 1837 – 2 August 1883) was a French painter. Today he is counted as being part of the Academic art movement. He is also known for his portraits. He studied painting in Toulouse and Paris. His teachers were Léon Cogniet, Alexandre Cabanel and William Bouguereau, amongst others. He won various prizes for his paintings, and in 1874, he is made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at the age of 46. Normal force Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; If there was no normal force, you would slowly seep into the ground. The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on. On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is formula_1 (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the force of gravity). On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is formula_2. Note that on a flat surface, formula_3 (angle)would be 0, and so formula_4 would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal. Zeebo The Zeebo is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It has wireless capabilities. Players cannot online with the console anymore. Grade (education) Grades are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems. Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass. Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance. A "Grade Point Average", or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA. Simple grades can be found with this formula: The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent. This is the type of grading the United States commonly uses.: Elaphrosaurus Elaphrosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds. "Elaphrosaurus" was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as "Dryosaurus". The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, "Elaphrosaurus bambergi". Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to "Elaphrosaurus", indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought. United States Numbered Highways The United States Numbered Highways is a national system of roads in the United States. These roads connect to places across the country. Some of the roads are freeways, which means cars must use ramps in order to get on or off the road, but others are surface roads. Many U.S. Highways, such as U.S. Route 66, have had their numbers removed because of the creation of the Interstate Highway System. Numbering. U.S. highways have a special way to figure out their numbers. The main U.S. Highways usually have numbers with 1 or 2 digits. An exception is U.S. Route 101, which is a 3-digit route that is treated like a 2-digit route with a first digit of "10". U.S. Highways that run east/west are even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0), and north/south U.S. Highways are odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9). For east/west U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the north and the big numbers are in the south. For north/south U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the east and the big numbers are in the west. The important east/west U.S. Highways usually have numbers ending in "0" and the important north/south U.S. Highways have numbers ending in "1". Many of the routes ending in "0" or "1" used to go across the country, but no longer do because of the Interstate Highway System. Three-digit U.S. Highways. U.S. Highways that have 3-digit numbers are spurs of a 1 or 2 digit highway. For example, U.S. Route 201 is a spur of U.S. Route 1. Exceptions. U.S. Route 2 is considered a major U.S. Highway even though it does not end in "0". U.S. Route 163, U.S. Route 400, U.S. Route 412, and U.S. Route 425 have 3-digit numbers that do not act as a spur of a 1 or 2 digit route. Route 20 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the north part of the United States from Newport, Oregon to Boston, Massachusetts U.S. Route 90 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the south part of the United States from Van Horn, Texas to Jacksonville Beach, Florida The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Highway System in the United States. The system extends throughout the contiguous United States and has routes in Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. Indentured servant An indentured servant was a worker in a contract with an employer for a certain length of time. Usually a laborer or craftsman would have to work three to seven years in exchange for the cost of transportation across the ocean, food, clothing, land, a place to live and other things they needed to live or work during their contract. This kind of contract was called "indenture." Indentures were quite common in Colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries. Indentured servants were different from slaves in that their captivity was temporary. Colonial America. Many immigrants arrived in Colonial America as indentured servants. Their new master paid a ship's captain for the worker's trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Most were young men and women from England, Scotland and Germany under the age of 21. Their parents often made the arrangements. In the 17th and the early 18th centuries, most people who came to America were indentured servants. Indentured servants often had to do very hard labor on a farm or in a household. Often, they were no more than slaves for their indentures. During the 17th century, over half of indentured servants died before their indentures had ended. In the 17th century, when people had served an indenture, they usually received a piece of land, usually 40 acres. However, by the 1690s, indentured servants were not getting land as often. That to led an attack on the Virginia government by Nathaniel Bacon and other indentured servants. After Bacon's Rebellion, the number of indentured servants decreased, and the South turned to slaves for its labor. This type of contract has been common throughout world history in different forms. Usually, the worker became an indentured servant by choice. Indenture today. Examples. Some people claim that practices in the United Arab Emirates are examples of modern-day indentured servitude. Many workers from India and Pakistan must pay agents in their own countries for jobs in the Emirates. The recruiting agents take the workers passports after they enter the country. The workers do not know when they will get their passports back. The indentured servants get basic food and housing and transportation to the work place. Laws about indenture. The United Nations passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Article 4 of the Declaration says that indenture, or servitude, is illegal. However, only laws in each country can stop it. In America, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 expanded the definition of servitude. National Organization for Women The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men. Presidents. The following women have led the National Organization for Women; Opposition to equal rights. The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting. Cnemidophorus Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. Over 30% of the "Cnemidophorus" genus are parthenogenic. Toxicofera Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species. The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once. Cladistics. The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification: Balaur Balaur is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago. The specimen is unique: unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had "two" sickle claws on each foot, not just one. It had a reduced and presumably nonfunctional third finger, consisting of only one rudimentary phalanx. The specimen was discovered in 2010. "Balaur" lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands. Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, "Balaur" developed unique features. It was a small . This is an example of island dwarfism. There is one known species, "Balaur bondoc". "Balaur" was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid "Velociraptor". Book of Optics The Book of Optics is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. the book of optics is also written en part by Ibn al-Haythams nephew at four years old Letter (paper) A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example: Letter is more personal and official than phone conversation or an email. Tobolsk Tobolsk () is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2002, 92,880 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk. Princess Helen of Serbia Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as "Princess Jelena of Serbia". Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as "Elena Petrovna", "Jelena Petrovna", "Hélène Petrovna" or "Ellen Petrovna". Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away. Lithography Lithography (from Greek "λίθος" - "lithos", 'stone' + "γράφω" - "graphο", 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface. Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material. Introduction. Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate. The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article. This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images. In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Chromolithography. Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development. By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones. Eve's Plum Eve's Plum was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998. Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a "praetor" (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome. Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered "enemies of the state" and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his "Life of Sulla" (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit". This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator. Doric dialect (Scotland) Doric is a dialect of Scots spoken in northeastern Scotland. Norm Maciver Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise. Career. MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation. He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006. Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks. Shortening Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer. Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats. Semisolid A semisolid is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid. Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. A substance like gel or cream is another example of a semi-solid. Normally semi-solids are covalent things. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer. Butter can be a semisolid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous. Hydrogenation Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes. Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread. Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas. Quiche A quiche (Pronounced: "keesh") is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling. The name is French. Brigid Brigid is the Irish goddess of fire. She is also called Bride, Bridey, Brighid, Brigit, Briggidda, Brigantia, and Breo-saighead. According to legend she was born at dawn, rising into the sky with fire streaming from her head. The daughter of an Irish god, Dagda, she later married an Irish king, Bres. Bradyon Bradyons, also known as tardyons or ittyons, are very small particles that travel below the speed of light, as opposed to hypothetical tachyons (which travel above the speed of light). All known subatomic particles which have mass are bradyons. Higgs field The Higgs field is a field of energy that is thought to exist in every region of the universe. The field is accompanied by a fundamental particle known as the Higgs boson, which is used by the field to continuously interact with other particles, such as the electron. Particles that interact with the field are "given" mass and, in a similar fashion to an object passing through a treacle (or molasses), will become slower as they pass through it. The result of a particle "gaining" mass from the field is the prevention of its ability to travel at the speed of light. Mass itself is not generated by the Higgs field; the act of creating matter or energy from nothing would violate the laws of conservation. Mass is, however, gained by particles via their Higgs field interactions with the Higgs Boson. Higgs bosons contain the relative mass in the form of energy and once the field has endowed a formerly massless particle, the particle in question will slow down as it has now become "heavy". If the Higgs field did not exist, particles would not have the mass required to attract one another, and would float around freely at light speed. Giving mass to an object is referred to as the Higgs effect. This effect will transfer mass or energy to any particle that passes through it. Light that passes through it gains energy, not mass, because its wave form doesn't have mass, while its particle form constantly travels at light speed. The Higgs effect. The Higgs effect was first theorized in 1964 by writers of the PRL symmetry breaking papers. In 1964, three teams wrote scientific papers which proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. In 2013 the Higgs boson, and implicitly the Higgs effect, were tentatively proven at the Large Hadron Collider (and the Higgs boson was discovered on July 4, 2012). The effect was seen as finding a missing piece of the Standard Model. According to gauge theory (the theory underlying the Standard Model), all force-carrying particles should be massless. However, the force-particles that mediate the weak force have mass. This is due to the Higgs effect, which breaks the SU(2) symmetry; (SU stands for special unitary, a type of matrix, and 2 refers to the size of the matrices involved). A symmetry of a system is an operation done to a system, such as rotation or displacement, that leaves the system fundamentally unchanged. A symmetry also provides a rule for how something should always act unless acted on by an outside force. An example is a Rubik's Cube. If we take a Rubik's cube and scrambled it by making whatever moves we want, it is still possible to solve it. Since each move we make still leaves the Rubik's cube solvable, we can say that these moves are 'symmetries' of the Rubik's cube. Together, they form what we call the symmetry group of the Rubik's cube. Making any of these moves doesn't change the puzzle, always leaving it solvable. But, we can break this symmetry by doing something like taking the cube apart, and putting it back together in a completely wrong way. No matter what moves we try now, it is not possible to solve the cube. Breaking the cube apart and putting it back together in the wrong way is the 'outside force': Without this outside force, nothing we do to the cube makes it unsolvable. The symmetry of the Rubik's cube is that it stays solvable whatever moves we make, as long as we do not take apart the cube. Creation of Higgs boson. The way that the SU(2) symmetry is broken is known as "spontaneous symmetry breaking". Spontaneous means random or unexpected, Symmetries are the rules that are being changed, and Breaking refers to the fact that the symmetries are no longer the same. The result of spontaneously breaking the SU(2) symmetry can be a Higgs boson. Reason for Higgs effect. The Higgs effect occurs because nature "tends" towards the lowest energy state. The Higgs effect will happen because gauge bosons near a Higgs field will want to be in their lowest energy states, and this would break at least one symmetry. To justify giving mass to a would-be massless particle, scientists were forced to do something out of the ordinary. They assumed that vacuums (empty space) actually "had" energy, and that way, if a particle that we think of as massless were to enter it, the energy from the vacuum would be transferred into that particle, giving it mass. A mathematician named Jeffrey Goldstone proved that if you violate a symmetry (for example, a symmetry with a Rubik's cube would be if you state that the corners must always be rotated 0 or 3 times to be solvable (it works)), a reaction will occur. In the case of the Rubik's cube, the cube will become unsolvable if violated. In the case of the Higgs field, something named after Jeffrey Goldstone (and another scientist who worked with him named Yoichiro Nambu) is produced, a Nambu-Goldstone boson. This is an excited or energetic form of the vacuum, which can be graphed revealing that shown above. This was first explained by Peter Higgs. Lance Hoyt Lance Hoyt (born February 28, 1977 in Gause, Texas) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to New Japan Pro Wrestling where he wrestles under the ring name, Lance Archer. Career. Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004-2009 under the ring name Dallas. In 2010, he was part or Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Vance Archer. He also competed on theie ECW brand. In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling. Equal Rights Amendment The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s. It would give men and women full equality under the law. Alice Paul first wrote the ERA. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after the National Organization for Women protested outside the United States Senate. Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas, and women did not want to be drafted into the Vietnam War. Though 35 states ratified it, the amendment did not pass (38 were needed). Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the Southern United States, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country. Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA. Five did not. The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972. It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by 159 House cosponsors and several senators. Text. The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment: Tianhe-I Tianhe-I is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. Right now, it is the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now. Upgrade. It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest. Austrian State Treaty The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria a country. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars. Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard ("Brassicaceae") family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the "Arabidopsis thaliana" genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do. "Arabidopsis" is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing. Dracovenator Dracovenator was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Africa during the Lower Jurassic period. That was about 185 million years ago. It is closely related to "Dilophosaurus". It might have had a pair of crests like "Dilophosaurus". Its name means "Dragon hunter". It was given this name because dinosaurs are similar to the dragons of mythology, and it was a carnivore, so it was probably a hunter. "Dracovenator" was a large carnivore, about 23 feet long. It is the first large meat-eating dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Africa to be discovered. "Dracovenator" was described and named in 2006, based on a hand claw, an upper jaw with teeth, back bones, hip bones, ribs, and foot bones. There is one named species, "Dracovenator regenti". "Dracovenator" was discovered in the upper Elliot Formation in South Africa. Noise (music) Noise music is a special type of music that uses noise as the main part of the song. Sometimes musicians make it so that they can find out what makes music what it is. They are exploring whether a sound can be music if it does not have melody or rhythm. Noise music was first made at the start of the 1910s. It is often called Sound Art, because it is a mixture of art and sound. Amanita The genus Amanita contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known. Fly agaric. Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the "fly agaric", is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated. Death cap. Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the "death cap", is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus "Amanita". Widely distributed across Europe, "A. phalloides" forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap). One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.p211 Toxins. Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies. The liver is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.p217 The RNA polymerase of "Amanita phalloides" is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself. Gurjar Gurjar or Gujjar (also translitterated as Gujar , Gurjara and Gujjer ) are an ethnic nomadic, agricultural and pastoral group of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern India, northern and central Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and northeastern Afghanistan. The Gujari language is closely related to Rajasthani and Marwari. As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as "Gurjar-bhumi" or "Gurjaratra" prior to Mughal period in India. The Gurjar-Pratihara dynasty acted as a barrier to invasions from Muslim Arabs for around 300 centuries. However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, they were reduced to small principalities due to successful invasions and conquests by Islamic powers in northern and western India. During the 15th-16th century, there were Gujjar kings in the areas of Meerut and Dadri. The Gurjar in Pakistan and Afghanistan are Muslims. After this time, with struggles against the rising Mughal power and later British India the Gujjars gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests. With Islamic rule in North India, the Hindu Gujjars of the area surrounding Delhi had to live in jungles in order to save their Hindu faith and to survive. Today, Hindu Gujjars are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and to a smaller extent Punjab. Muslim Gujjars are found in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Afghanistan province of Nuristan. Eugene Botkin Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as Dr. Eugene Botkin, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia. Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher. Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son." Jack Dorsey Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. He worked as a model. Early life. Dorsey was born Jack Patrick Dorsey in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker. He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended the Catholic Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model. By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla for two-plus years (1995–97) before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that he developed as Twitter while studying at NYU. Career. While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service. When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger. Biz Stone Biz Stone (born March 10, 1974) is an American software developer. He is also the author of two books. He is an advisor to many companies. He is Creative Director at Twitter. Evan Williams (entrepreneur) Evan Williams (born March 31, 1972) is an American business person. He is responsible for product strategy at Twitter. Amy Irving Amy Davis Irving (born September 10, 1953) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films "Crossing Delancey", "The Fury", "Carrie", and "Yentl". She is also known for acting in Broadway. Early life. Irving was born in Palo Alto, California. She was the daughter of film and stage director Jules Irving (né Jules Israel) and actress Priscilla Pointer. Irving's brother is a writer and director David Irving, and her sister Katie Irving is a singer and teacher of deaf children. Irving is of Jewish from her father's side and has a little bit of Welsh and Cherokee ancestry on her mother's. She was raised in the Christian Science faith, which means that she believed that God made the earth. Alphonse Mucha Alphonse Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs. Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations. Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play "Gismonda" by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha. Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the "Mucha Style" but became known as "Art Nouveau" (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads. In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours. The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts." He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion. Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace. David Attenborough Sir David Frederick Attenborough (; born 8 May 1926) is a British naturalist and television personality. Attenborough was born in London and grew up in Leicester. He is one of the most famous naturalists in the world. He presents many programs about nature, talking about the lives of animals and has stopped millions of people polluting our oceans. He has won many prestigious award and honorable mentions. In 1980 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. He is a younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough. He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white, colour, HD, 3D and 4K. In 2022, the United Nations Environment Programme honored him as a Champion of the Earth "for his dedication to research, documentation, and advocacy for the protection of nature and its restoration". Species named in Attenborough's honour. At least fifteen species and genera, both living and extinct, have been named in Attenborough's honour. Plants. Plants named after him include Arthropods. Arthropods named after Attenborough include Living vertebrates. Vertebrates have also been named after Attenborough, including the Views on population. In 2012 Attenborough was quoted as saying that the planet has always and will always look after itself but: what worries him most about the future of the natural world is that people are out of touch with it ... over half the world is urbanised; some people don't see any real thing except a rat or a pigeon ... ecosystems are incredibly complex and you fiddle with them at your peril". When David Attenborough began his career, in 1950, Earth's human population was measured at just 2.5 billion people ... in 2012 he said: “We cannot continue to deny the problem. People have pushed aside the question of population sustainability and not considered it because it is too awkward, embarrassing and difficult. But we have to talk about it″. In January 2013, while being interviewed by "Radio Times", he said: “We are a plague on the Earth. It’s coming home to roost over the next 50 years or so. It’s not just climate change; it’s sheer space, places to grow food for this enormous horde. Either we limit our population growth or the natural world will do it for us, and the natural world is doing it for us right now”. In a "Daily Telegraph" interview in September 2013 he said: "What are all these famines in Ethiopia? What are they about?" / "They're about too many people for too little land. That's what it's about. And we are blinding ourselves. We say, get the United Nations to send them bags of flour. That's barmy". Gingerbread Gingerbread is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history. Etymology. Before, "gingerbread" (from Latin "zingiber", then Old French "gingebras") meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices. History. Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide. German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444. The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events. Baldness Baldness (also known as alopecia) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose if somebody cuts off all their hair off. Some monks or South Korean soldiers in the army do this. Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as androgenic alopecia. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women. Alopecia totalis is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives. Alopecia areata (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp.[1][2] Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness. Common basilisk The Common Basilisk (Basiliscus basiliscus) is a type of lizard. It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams. The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family. It is also known as the "Jesus Christ Lizard" because it can run on the surface of water. Manuel Antonio National Park Manuel Antonio National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. Over 150,000 people visit it every year. Many animals can be seen here, including the Common basilisk. Manuel Antonio park was listed by Forbes magazine in 2011 among the world's 12 most beautiful national parks. United Nations Development Fund for Women The United Nations Development Fund for Women commonly known as UNIFEM (from the French ""Fonds de développement des Nations unies pour la femme" is a fund of United Nations established in New York in 1976 aimed for equality as men and taking part in society of women. It provides financial and technical aid for the better condition of women together with United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Nicole Kidman was elected as goodwill ambassador. In 2011, it will be a part of the new institution "UN Women". Shake Shake may refer to: Exorcism Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called "exorcists". Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them. List of movies about Martin Luther Numerous movies have been produced about Martin Luther's life and his doings. In a narrow sense, a Luther movie is a feature movie or a television movie. In an wider sense a Luther movie could also be a documentary movie about Martin Luther, like Curt Oertel's "Der gehorsame Rebell" (translated: "The Obedient Rebel"). Background. Since the time of the silent movies movies telling the story of Martin Luther have been made. 1911 was made the silent movie "Doktor Martinus Luther", with a running time of round about 20 minutes. 1913, 1923 und 1927 were made the next movies. The movies of the year 1923 and 1927 were made with support of the church. The newest movie is called "Luther". It was released in 2003. Luther (1928 movie) Luther is a 1928 movie about the life of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation. The silent movie starred Eugen Klöpfer as Luther and Theodor Loos as Philipp Melanchthon. Luther (2003 movie) Luther is a 2003 biopic about the life of Martin Luther (1483–1546). The movie starred Joseph Fiennes as Luther himself and Alfred Molina as Johann Tetzel. Plot. The movie covers Luther's life from his becoming a monk in 1505 to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. Robbie Coltrane Anthony Robert McMillan OBE (30 March 1950 – 14 October 2022), known professionally as Robbie Coltrane, was a Scottish actor, author and comedian. He is known both for his role as Dr. Eddie "Fitz" Fitzgerald in the British television series "Cracker" during the 1990s and as Rubeus Hagrid in the "Harry Potter" movies. Life and career. Life. Coltrane was born on 30 March 1950 in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire. He lived in Killearn Stirlingshire. He had a son named Spencer and a daughter named Alice. Coltrane had osteoarthritis in later life. He said he was in "constant pain all day" in 2016. On 14 October 2022, Coltrane died at a hospital in Larbert, Scotland, at the age of 72. The cause of death was multiple organ failure caused by sepsis, a respiratory tract infection, and heart block. He had also been diagnosed with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Career. Coltrane began his acting career in his early twenties. He took the stage name Coltrane in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane In 2006, Robbie received an OBE for his services to drama. Martin Luther (1953 movie) Martin Luther is a 1953 movie biography of Martin Luther. It was directed by Irving Pichel, who also plays a supporting role. The movie starred Niall MacGinnis as Luther. Plot. The movie begins in the year 1505. Luther goes into a monastery in Erfurt, but he is in fear of God. One day he finds God's mercy in the New Testament (in Romans 1:17). Later he published his Ninety-Five Theses. In the year 1521, in the view of the pope, he should recant on the Diet of Worms. But there he does it not. Instead he says "Here I Stand". The movie ends with the presentation of the Augsburg Confession. Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 movie) Martin Luther, Heretic was a movie made in 1983, the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. The movie starred Jonathan Pryce as Luther and Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz. Plot. The movie begins in the year 1506, while Luther was a monk. The movie ends in the year 1522, when Luther returns from his exile at Wartburg Castle to Wittenberg. Potassium sulfide Potassium sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2S. It contains potassium and sulfide ions. The potassium is in its +1 oxidation state. Properties. Potassium sulfide is a colorless solid when it is pure. Sometimes it is not pure and it is yellow-brown. It reacts with water to make KHS, potassium hydrogen sulfide, and potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a potassium salt. Preparation. Potassium sulfide is made by reacting potassium with sulfur. Many times the potassium is dissolved in liquid ammonia. It can also be made by reacting potassium sulfate with carbon. It is made when black powder is burned. Schoep's Ice Cream Schoep's Ice Cream is an ice cream manufacturing company based in Madison, Wisconsin. History. Schoep's Ice Cream was founded by E.J. Schoephoester in 1928. Schoephoester produced and sold the ice cream in his grocery store. By 1937 Schoep's Ice Cream had become well known locally and E. B. Schoephoester sold his company to Peter B. Thomsen, a butter maker. The company has been kept in the Thomsen family, and as of 2008 it was owned in part by nineteen members of the Thomsen family. Operation. All of Schoep's Ice Cream is currently produced from a single factory located on Helena Street in Madison, Wisconsin. As of 2008 Schoep's was producing 6,000 gallons of ice cream an hour and 2.5 million gallons a year. With this high production rate, Schoep's has been recognized as the top producer of ice cream in the state of Wisconsin. Due to this growth, in 2005, Schoep's opened a $7 million, 46,000-square-foot distribution center on Manufacturers Drive, near the Dane County Regional Airport. This new facility features space for 3,600 pallets and 14 loading-dock doors. Before this facility was built, Schoep's had shipped all of their ice cream from two loading docks at their factory. Contracts. Walgreens. Schoep's is not well known around the United States as Schoep's Ice Cream, but as Walgreens brand Ice Cream. Since 1993 Schoep's has been the sole producer of ice cream sold under the Walgreens label. This contract accounts for more than 25 percent of Schoep's business. Brandon Flowers Brandon Flowers (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician. He is the singer and keyboardist of American rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album called Flamingo. He is married with three sons named Ammon, Gunnar and Henry. Early life. He was born in Henderson, Nevada. His parents are of Dutch, English, French, German, Lithuanian and Scottish descent. Awards. Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" (also nominated in 2006, 2007, & 2009). He won "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011. He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 "GQ" awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011. In 2012, Flowers was named the #6 Greatest Frontman of All Time by Xfm. He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards. Luther (1974 movie) Luther is a 1974 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Stacy Keach as Luther. Plot. The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. The movie begins in the year 1506 and ends in the year 1526. Karate belts Karate belts are a measure of a student/teacher ability. For example, a Brown belt is higher than a Blue Belt. Usual rank. All styles of karate range from white to black. There are some theories about how belts came to be. The "dying" theory. Some believe when a student graduated a kyu, he/she would dye their current belt the new, desired color. This was often done in Japan during WWII when it was a very poor country. The "dirty belt" theory. This is a theory that demonstrates how a student would, as they trained, dirty their belt overtime. More of a myth than a theory, a student started with a white belt. As sweat, dirt, and other debris occupied not only the belt, but the karate gi, his/her color appeared to get darker and closer to black. Luther (1965 movie) Luther is a 1965 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Alec McCowen as Luther. Plot. The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. Karate gi A karate gi is a standardized piece of karate clothing that acts as a uniform. Whether or not a student is ranked, one must bring a gi to the academy. Components. A karate gi includes a martial arts jacket, as well as a martial arts pant. The gi is white. The belt can be: Luther (1964 movie) Luther is a 1964 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Terry Norris as Luther. Plot. The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. Luther (1968 movie) Luther is a 1968 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Robert Shaw as Luther. Plot. The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, penthrite (or — rarely and primarily in German — as nitropenta) is one of the most powerful high explosives known. It has a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1.66. PETN can be used as a plastic explosive. PETN can also be use as a drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as angina pectoris. In this context, it helps widening blood vessels, which is known as vasodilatation. PETN is among the most widely used substances for vasodilatation. Dan (rank) A Dan is a measure of advanced rank, often used in martial arts and the board game go. It usually ranges from 1 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater skill. In martial arts, it is used for black belts only. In go or shogi, players of 1 Dan or above can be considered "masters". Dan literally means "step" in Japanese. Composition. Usually, the belt of a Dan martial artist will have a number of strips according to the person's rank. Dan in Japan. This table shows how to call dan in Japanese. Notable players with higher dan. Go and shogi players are usually called by their dan by media like NHK and Asahi Shinbun. Dan (disambiguation) The term "dan" might refer to: Deinotherium Deinotherium was a large proboscidean related to modern elephants. Their downward curving tusks are notable. They are known from the middle Miocene to the early Pleistocene. "Dinotherium" is put in its own family (the Deinotheriidae) in the Proboscidea. There were several species of "Deinotherium" that lived in parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The "Deinotherium" was larger than today’s elephants. The way "Deinotherium" used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. It helps to remember that the Miocene was much warner and wetter than today, and that the Africa of the Miocene had rather different fauna from today. "Deinotherium" was a creature of muddy tropical rivers and forests, not the dry savannahs of today. It also lived in southern Europe and east to the Indian Subcontinent. Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found. Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its name in Tamil means "town of the respected Chira (name of a Jain monk)". It is also often called Trichy or Tiruchi. It was also called Trichinopoly by the British. Tiruchirappalli is the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirapalli District. It is the fourth-largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu. About 10,67,912 people lived there in 2008. It is a very old city with many important temples, monuments, churches and mosques. The famous temples being Rockfort Temple, Srirangam Temple, Thiruvanaikkovil Temple, Samayapuram Temple, Nachiyar Kovil etc. Nearby, Woraiyur, the old Trichy, is where the early Chola kings had their capital city, until about 850. There are picnic / sightseeing spots in and around trichy like Kallanai (Grand Anaicut) built by Karikala Cholan, Mukkombu. Rom ROM can mean Power-on self test The POST, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for "Power On Self Test". Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST. A POST usually checks the crucial, files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process. If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode. Other tools. LKGC (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again. System Restore works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal. System Repair is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled. Kill screen A kill screen is a screen that prevents progress from the player. The screens in some games stop the game with gibberish or otherwise impossible figures. In "Pac-Man", at a certain level the screen overflows and spreads fruits and ghosts across the arcade machine's screen. Games with kill screens. These are games that have integer overflow. Regular expression A regular expression (abbreviated regexp or regex) is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself. A regular expression processor is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string. A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions: Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters. Doktor Martinus Luther (1911) Doktor Martinus Luther (translated: "Doctor Martinus Luther") is a 1911 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. This movie is a silent movie. It starred Hermann Litt as Luther. Die Wittenberger Nachtigall Die Wittenberger Nachtigall () is a 1913 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. It is a silent movie. It starred Rudolf Essek as Luther. Background. Historical mistakes are the reason that the movie was forbidden for the youth. Disput u noći Disput u noći (translated: "Dispute in the Night") is a 1976 movie. The movie was made in Yugoslavia. Plot. The movie is about a dispute between Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther. So the movie shows parts of the life of Martin Luther. Martin Luther (1923 movie) Martin Luther is a 1923 silent movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Karl Wüstenhagen as Luther. 1986 Pacific hurricane season The 1986 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1986 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1986 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1986. These dates usually contain the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Activity. The number of storms this season was slightly above average. There were eight tropical storms, and six hurricanes. However, the number of major hurricanes was below average with three. Hurricane Agatha. On May 22, a tropical depression (a large and organized cloud mass) formed. It took a rare southeast track. On May 24, the depression made a lope strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha. Agatha headed almost due north. On May 25, reached minimal hurricane strength and turned to the east-southeast. Agatha weakened back to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression as it continued paralleling the coast of Mexico. Agatha restrengthened into a tropical storm for 12 hours on May 28 and 29 before dissipating for good that same day. Hurricane Estelle. At midday on July 16, a tropical depression formed. It acquired gale-force winds 12 hours later and was named Estelle. On July 18, it intensified into a hurricane. In an environment that favored an increase of the storm's winds, Estelle continued strengthening, and became the first major hurricane of the season on July 20. Estelle's forward motion increased to close to 20 knots. Estelle's path took it towards a potential landfall on the Big Island. Due to a shearing environment from a trough, Estelle weakened as it continued approaching Hawaii. A possible recurve never materialized, and the cyclone continued its path towards the Hawaiian Islands. The hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands. Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23. Early on July 25, Tropical Storm Estelle weakened to a depression. The tropical cyclone weakened two days later. Due to its rapid motion, Estelle kept pace with a large swell of water that it generated. In combination with a high spring tide and peripheral winds generated by Estelle, huge waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22. The high waves washed away five beachfront homes and severely damaged dozens of others in Vacation Land. The total damage was around 2 million (1986 USD) dollars. On Maui, waves washed away a dirt road on the eastern part of the island between Kipahulu and Kaupo. After Estelle passed by the islands, moisture related to the tropical cyclone caused heavy rainfall in the Ka'u and Puna districts on the Big Island. After Estelle dissipated, its moisture continued to spread over the islands, causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago. The only deaths reported were two drownings on Oahu that occurred on July 23. Hurricane Paine. A cloud mass became a tropical depression late on the September 27 roughly 200 miles southwest of Guatemala. Paralleling the Mexican coastline, the system became a tropical storm late on the 29th, about 350 miles west-southwest of Acapulco. It steadily intensified, peaking with winds of 100 mph. This made Paine a Category 2 hurricane, Paine entered the Gulf of California on the evening of October 1. The hurricane increased its motion, crossing the coast near San Jose (Boca del Rio) while still a hurricane. The system moved rapidly across Mexico, bringing significant rains from west Texas across Oklahoma and Kansas into the Mid-Mississippi Valley. Flooding was reported, with the worst flood begin near Oklahoma City, the capital of the US State of Oklahoma. Hurricane Roslyn. The next tropical cyclone originated as a tropical disturbance which moved westward offshore Nicaragua. During the early afternoon of the 15th, ship reports indicated the formation of a tropical depression near 10.2N 92.7W. The cyclone moved at a quick pace to the west- northwest south of a warm-core ridge. Early on the morning of the 16th, Roslyn became a tropical storm. By the morning of the October 17, it had developed into a hurricane south of Acapulco. Roslyn began to recurve within a few hundred miles of Manzanillo. Striking Mazatlán as a marginal hurricane on the 20th, the remains of the system caused heavy rains along the Middle Texas coast. It later moved northward through the Mississippi Valley, spreading light to moderate rains along its path and then started to spread rains across the Southern United States. Click here for the storm total rainfall graphic for Roslyn. Tropical Storm Georgette. On August 3, a tropical depression organized in the open ocean. Twelve hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Georgette before weakening to a depression 6 hours later. It then accelerated to a very rapid speed of 20-39 knots. Due to its fast speed, Georgette could not maintain a closed circulation, and the tropical storm degenerated into a non-cyclonic disturbance. The disturbance kept up its rapid forward motion, crossed the dateline, and entered the western Pacific. Five days later, Georgette reformed into a depression in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. As was customary, it kept its name. It eventually strengthened into a minimal typhoon (a hurricane in the West Pacific). It began to interact with a typohoon in the west Pacific, and thus cased it to dissipate. 1986 storm names. The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1986. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1992 season. This is the same list used for the 1980 season. Storms were named Orlene, Paine, and Roslyn for the first time in 1986, although Orlene had been used on the old four-year lists. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Oka. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. 1985 Pacific hurricane season The 1985 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. It officially started on May 15, 1985 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1985 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1985. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. At the time, the 1985 season was the most active on record in the eastern north Pacific (breaking a short-lived record set in 1983), with 25 tropical cyclones forming. Of those, 22 attained tropical storm intensity, 12 reaching hurricane intensity and 8 becoming major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. In addition, three additional systems formed in the central north Pacific, of which one became a hurricane and another became a typhoon before re-crossing the international dateline. Despite the activity, there were few notable systems this year. The only cyclone to make landfall was Hurricane Waldo, which caused damage in Mexico. Elsewhere, surf from Hurricane Pauline caused damage in Hawaii and either Pauline or the following system sank a sailing vessel. Notable storms. Hurricane Pauline. Hurricane Pauline caused heavy surf along the Big Island, which washed debris up onto roads. There was no damage reported. It threatened the islands enough to prompt a hurricane watch, which means winds of 74 mph or higher are possible during the next 36 hours. However, the hurricane turned away. Hurricane Rick. Rick was the strongest storm of the season, and at the time had the second strongest winds recorded in a tropical cyclone in the Central Pacific. It may also have contributed to the sailing vessel being overdue. Hurricane Terry. Terry was a powerful major hurricane that formed by the 15th of September. It became a major hurricane fours days later on the 19th, but it did not affect land while doing so. It eventually dissipated due to hostile conditions on the 24th, without ever impacting land. Hurricane Waldo. Tropical Depression Twenty Three-E formed from a disturbance on October 7. In an environment over warm waters (86 °F), it rapidly intensified, reaching Tropical Storm intensity the same day it formed. Waldo moved towards the Mexican coast. Just after peaking as a Category 2 hurricane on the hurricane scale, Waldo made landfall southwest of Culiacán. Waldo rapidly dissipated over land. Major damage, but no deaths were reported in Mexico. It was the season's lone landfall. Hurricane Xina. The first recorded twenty-second storm of a season formed October 25. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Xina early October 27. Xina began to start tracing out a huge oblong loop beneath an anticyclone. Xina peaked as a minimal major hurricane on October 29. As it finished the loop and left the cover of the anticyclone, Xina started falling apart. Cool waters took their toll on the cyclone, and Xina dissipated on November 5. Had the list of names not been extended, Xina would have been named "Alpha" instead. However, the anticipated exhaustion of the old list was averted, meaning that the east Pacific has never exhausted its list. Xina stayed at sea, and no casualties or damages were reported. 1985 storm names. The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1985. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1991 season. The name "Dolores" was misspelled as "Delores" in 1991. This is the same list used for the 1979 season, except for the added names. Storms were named Kevin, Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo, and Xina for the first time in 1985. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. One name from the Central Pacific list was used – Nele. It was the first usage for this name. One storm, Typhoon Skip, formed in the central Pacific but did not receive a name until it reached the west Pacific, therefore only Nele was used from the central Pacific list. Later during the '80s, the added names were made a permanent part of the Eastern Pacific lists, and other names were added for even-numbered years. Had the names not been added, this season would have been the first Pacific or Atlantic hurricane season to exceed the list, and had to have used a Greek letter named storm. This would not occur until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which saw an unprecedented 28 storms and 6 Greek names. Coordination geometry Coordination geometry is a way of showing how atoms are put in molecules. Molecules can be arranged different ways. They can be in a cube, a line, a triangle, a pyramid, or other shapes. Triclinic A triclinic crystal is shaped almost like a rectangle. It is slightly bent, though. Copper sulfate makes triclinic crystals. It is the least symmetric (meaning that both sides are not very similar). . In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system. Crystal structure In crystallography, the crystal structure is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal. The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties.. The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is cubic. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more. Each type of crystal structure has a unit cell, which is a small pattern of points that repeats through the whole crystal. For example, in a primitive cubic crystal, the unit cell is the eight corners of a cube. When many unit cells are next to each other, you get a crystal. Aliens of the Deep Aliens of the Deep is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life. Plot. Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take. The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths. The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, "Ghosts of the Abyss" (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS "Titanic". It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format. Hazard A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc. The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe. Risk and Safety Statements Risk and Safety Statements are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing. Okinawa Prefecture is traditionally a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu. Recent government proposals recognize the prefecture as its own region. The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa. Geography. Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan. It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan. Cities. Okinawa Prefecture has eleven cities. Okinawan names are in parentheses. Towns and villages. These are the towns and villages in each district. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 19% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Naminouegū" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the Ryukyu Islands. In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or which includes five sanctuaries. Gunma Prefecture is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi. History. In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province. Geography. Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous. Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture. Cities. There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture: Towns and villages. Towns and villages in each district: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja" is the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Kagoshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima. History. Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands. During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma. This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration. Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō. Geography. Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean. National Parks. National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Kagoshima jinja", "Hirasaki jinja" and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Osaka Prefecture is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Osaka. History. Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province. In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened. This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan. Geography. Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay. The flows through the prefecture. Cities. Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture: National Parks. National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. Shrines and Temples. "Hiraoka jinja", "Ōtori jina", and "Sumiyoshi taisha" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a convention and one of the international human rights law adopted by United Nations General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and entered into force 3 September 1981 established to prohibit all discrimination against women and to ensure their human rights and freedom on a basis of equality with men. As of 2017, 189 countries had ratified this Convention, that is, have made promise to realize this Convention. Countries which had not ratified it were Iran, Somalia, South Sudan, Tonga, the United States and Vatican City. Main Contents. Article 1 Discrimination against women means any distincting, excluding or limiting all kinds of the human rights and freedoms of women. Article 2 Countries must prohibit all discrimination against women by anyone, any groups and any companies and must change any law to protect women from discrimination. Article 4 Special measures to promote real equality between men and women and to protect mother women is not discrimination. Article 5 Abolishing any prejudices and custom which are out of the idea insisting that either sex is inferior or superior or out of stereotyped roles for men and women. Article 6 Protection women from all forms of human trafficking and prostitution. Article 7 The right to vote of women and to take part in government policy. Article 8 Rights of women to represent their government and take part in the work of international organisation. Article 9 Rights of women to change nationality and in marriage to an alien, women are not changed automatically changed her nationality according to that of the husband and have equal right as men about the nationality of her child. Article 10 Abolishing discrimination against women in the field of education; Article 11 1. To abolish discrimination against women in the field of working 2. To prevent discrimination against women in marriage motherhood, and ensure their right to work, countries have Article 12 Abolishing discrimination in the field of health care. Article 13 Article 14 Abolishing discrimination in rural areas. Article 15 Equality of women with men before law, also in civil matters and legal capacity. Article 16 From Article 19 to 30, about the Committee that watch the realisation of this Convention by countries. The Committee is composed of 23 members elected by countries. They must be "of high moral standing". Countries must submit a national report, at least every four years to the Committee and the Committee submit reports to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The committee also give suggestion to the countries on matter about the abolition of discrimination against women. Optional Protocol. This Convention also have the "Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". It admits women whose human rights written in this Convention are violated to claim to the Committee of the United Nations. Until now, September 2017, 109 countries have ratified it, that is, promised to United Nations to realize it. Garhwal 'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttrakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas. History. The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that "are" known are very vague and unreliable. MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only from Devpryag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settlled in Delhi for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the uttarakhand. Religious Aspect. Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Deoparyag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal. People. Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture.Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states.Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent. Culture. The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta. Singapore National Pledge The Singapore's National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet. The pledge. These are the words of the pledge: Rules for using the Pledge. These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government. Fish pie Fish pie is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatos over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie. Boiled egg A boiled egg is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs. Hard-boiled eggs. Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily. Soft-boiled eggs. Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cousin, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper. To make the perfect soft boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk. Yolk The yolk is the yellow center of an egg. It is only one cell. It is commonly seen in fried eggs. When it is mixed with the whites, it makes scrambled eggs. It is sometimes used in cooking. It is much higher in calories than the egg white. It has fat-soluble vitamins in it. Some eggs have two egg yolks in them. Egg white The egg white, also known as albumen, is the clear liquid part of the egg. The yellow part is called the egg yolk. The egg white holds the egg yolk in place. Most of the egg white is water. It is low in calories. They are high in protein. They can be whipped into a foam. The egg white foam is used to make many things like mousse and meringue. They are also used in baking. It is rich source of protein without high calorie or fat/cholesterol intake. Spanakopita Spanakopita is a Greek savory pastry, a type of spinach pie. It is filled with spinach, feta cheese, eggs, onions, and seasoning. This filling is wrapped in a pastry with olive oil. It is normally eaten as a snack. 1861 in architecture The year 1861 in architecture involved some significant events. Old Schwamb Mill The Old Schwamb Mill is the oldest continuously operating mill site in the United States. There has been a mill operating at this site since c.1650. The current mill is a 19th-century woodworking factory. The mill was built in 1861, and purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of picture frames. It remained within the family's ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time, however: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems. Halifax Town Hall Halifax Town Hall is a grade II listed, 19th century town hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is notable for its design and interiors by Charles Barry and his son, Edward Middleton Barry, and for its sculptures by John Thomas. Annisquam Bridge Annisquam Bridge is a historic bridge in Annisquam, Massachusetts, a village within the city of Gloucester. Built in 1861 to cross Lobster Cove, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a wood pile bridge. Sleepy Hollow Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide. Republic of Maryland The Republic of Maryland (also known as the Independent State of Maryland) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia. The area was first settled in 1834 by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper. History. In December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose. Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia. On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country. Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County. Year of the Four Emperors The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable turnover. The four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. The suicide of emperor Nero, in 68, was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. Between June of 68 and December of 69, Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba, Otho and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian, the first ruler of the Flavian Dynasty. This was an example of the political disturbances which occurred in the history of the Roman Empire. The military and political anarchy created by this civil war had serious repercussions, such as the outbreak of the Batavian rebellion. The Jewish Revolt was already ongoing. The succession. Nero to Galba. By June of 68, the Senate took the initiative to rid itself of Nero, declaring him a public enemy and Galba emperor. The Praetorian Guard were bribed to betray Nero, and Nero committed suicide. Galba was recognized as emperor and welcomed into the city at the head of his legions Galba did not remain popular for long. On his march to Rome, he either destroyed or took enormous fines from towns that did not accept him immediately. In Rome, Galba cancelled all the reforms of Nero, including benefits for many important persons. The army was not happy either. After his safe arrival in Rome, Galba refused to pay the rewards he had promised to soldiers who had supported him. The Roman treasury was indeed in a bad way after Nero's extravagances, but Galba did not handle the situation well. Like Nero, Galba had a fear of conspirators and executed many senators and equites without trial. Moreover, in the start of the civil year of 69 on January 1, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to the new emperor. On the following day, the legions acclaimed Vitellius, their governor, as emperor. Marcus Salvius Otho bribed the Praetorian Guard, already very unhappy with the emperor, to his side. When Galba heard about the "coup d'état" he went to the streets in an attempt to normalize the situation. It proved a mistake, because he could attract no supporters. Shortly afterwards, the Praetorian Guard killed him in the Forum. Otho to Vitellius. Otho was recognized as emperor by the Senate that same day. The new emperor was saluted with relief. Although ambitious and greedy, Otho did not have a record for tyranny or cruelty and was expected to be a fair emperor. However, trouble in the form of Vitellius was marching down on Italy from Germany. Vitellius had behind him the finest elite legions of the empire, composed of veterans of the Germanic Wars. These would prove to be his best arguments to gain power. Otho was not keen to begin another civil war and sent emissaries to propose a peace and inviting Vitellius to be his son-in-law. It was too late to reason; Vitellius' generals had half of his army heading to Italy. After a series of minor victories, Otho was defeated in the Battle of Bedriacum. Rather than flee and attempt a counter-attack, Otho decided to put an end to the anarchy and committed suicide. He had been emperor for a little more than three months. Vitellius to Vespasian. On the news of Otho's suicide, Vitellius was recognised as emperor by the Senate. Given this recognition, Vitellius set out for Rome. He faced problems from the start of his reign. The city was left very skeptical when Vitellius chose a day of bad auspices (according to Roman superstition) to accept the office of "Pontifex Maximus". Events would seemingly prove them right. With the throne tightly secured, Vitellius engaged in a series of feasts, banquets and triumphal parades that drove the imperial treasury close to bankruptcy. Debts were quickly accrued and money-lenders started to demand repayment. Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make such demands. Vitellius took the step of killing citizens who named him as their heir, often together with any co-heirs. Moreover, he engaged in a pursuit of every possible rival, inviting them to the palace with promises of power only to have them assassinated. Vespasian had been given a special command in Judaea by Nero in 67 with the task of putting down the Great Jewish Revolt. He gained the support of the governor of Syria, Gaius Licinius Mucianus. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria where he had been acclaimed Emperor on July 1, thereby gaining control of the vital grain supplies from Egypt. Vespasian's son Titus remained in Judaea to deal with the Jewish rebellion. Before the eastern legions could reach Rome, the Danubian legions of the provinces of Raetia and Moesia also acclaimed Vespasian as Emperor in August, and led by Marcus Antonius Primus invaded Italy. In October, the forces led by Primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius' army at the Second Battle of Bedriacum. Surrounded by enemies, Vitellius made a last attempt to win the city to his side, distributing bribes and promises of power where needed. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Vitellius went into hiding and prepared to flee, but decided on a last visit to the palace. There he was caught by Vespasian's men and killed. In seizing the capital, they burned down the temple of Jupiter. The Senate acknowledged Vespasian as emperor on the following day. It was 21 December 69, the year that had begun with Galba on the throne. Rockstar Games Rockstar Games is a video game company that has created well-known games such as the Grand Theft Auto series of games and the MidnightClub Racing Game series. The company was formerly known as BMG Interactive in its early years. RAGE. Rockstar Games have developed their own game engine called the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) to facilitate game development on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, and Wii systems. Slumdog Millionaire Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel "Q&A" and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?". Awards. "Slumdog Millionaire" was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight: It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film. Sherry Sherry is a wine made from grapes. It is produced in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. In Spanish, it is called vino de Jerez. Kinds of Sherry. There are many different kinds of Sherry: Scottish Conservative Party